𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tōrug (“bay, reddish-brown”). Cognate with Turkish doru, Southern Altai торбок (torbok, “ox (with reddish-brown)”), Turkmen dōr, Tuvan доруг (dorug).

cog

𐰇𐰲𐰨:𐰘𐰏𐰤:𐰾𐰃𐰠𐰏:𐰋𐰏𐰭:𐰚𐰓𐰢𐰠𐰏:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰍:𐱃:𐰋𐰃𐰤𐰯:𐱅𐰏𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E33

Thirdly, he mounted Lord Yegen Silig's dressed bay horse and attacked.


𐱃𐰆𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tut- (“to grasp”). Cognate with Chuvash тыт (tyt), Khalaj tutmaq, Turkish tutmak, Uzbek tutmoq, Bashkir тотоу (totow), Yakut тут (tut).


𐰠𐱅𐰋𐰼

Borrowed from Sogdian 𐼹𐼰𐽂𐼱𐽀 (δʾtβr), from Bactrian υιλιτοβηρο (uilitobēro) and ultimately from Middle Persian lytβyyr, unrelated to 𐰠 (él, “realm”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽶𐾁𐾀𐽰𐽾 (élteber).

𐰆𐰖𐰍𐰺:𐰠𐱅𐰋𐰼:𐰘𐰇𐰔𐰲𐰀:𐰼𐰏:𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐱅𐰔𐰯:𐰉𐰺𐰑𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E37

The governor of the Uyghurs, together with about one hundred men, fled toward the east...


𐰉𐰆𐰑

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bod (“stature, size; tribe, kin”). Cognate with Turkish boy, Bashkir буй (buy).


𐰚𐰠

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kẹl-. Cognate with Chuvash кил (kil), Old Uyghur 𐽷𐽰𐾁𐽹𐽰𐽷 (kelmek), Khalaj kəlmək, Turkish gelmek, Uzbek kelmoq, Bashkir килеү (kilew), Yakut кэл (kel).


𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼

kl²ür² (romanization)
kelür- (romanization)

From 𐰚𐰠 (kel-, “to come”) + 𐰇𐰼 (-ür, “transitive suffix”), itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *kẹl- (“to come”). Cognate with Turkish getirmek.


𐰴𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *kač- (“to flee”). Cognate with Turkish kaçmak, Uzbek qochmoq, Bashkir ҡасыу (qasıw).

𐰋𐰏𐰃:𐰴𐰲𐰑𐰃


𐰆𐰞𐰖𐰆

From 𐰆𐰞𐰀 (ula-, “to attach”) + 𐰖𐰆 (-yu, “gerundive suffix”).

af

𐰇𐰏𐰢:𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰆𐰞𐰖𐰆:𐰇𐰏𐰠𐰼𐰢:𐰚𐰠𐰼𐰢:𐰚𐰠𐰭𐰇𐰤𐰢:𐰸𐰆𐰨𐰖𐰞𐰺𐰢:𐰉𐰆𐰨𐰀:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰃:𐰚𐰇𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰲𐰃:𐰼𐱅𐰃:𐰇𐰠𐰏𐰃:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰑𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰀:𐰖𐱃𐰆:𐰴𐰡𐰲𐰃:𐰼𐱅𐰏𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N9

My mother, the khatun, and my (step-)mothers, my elder sisters, my daughters-in-law, my princesses this many people who were going to survive would have become slaves, and those of you who were going to be killed would have been left lying at the camp and on roads.


𐰆𐰣𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *una- (“to approve”). Cognate with Turkish onamak.


𐰇𐰏𐰾𐰔

head

𐰇𐰏𐰾𐰔 (ögsüz)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ȫgsiŕ, equivalent to 𐰇𐰏 (ög, “mother”) + 𐰾𐰔 (-süz, “-less”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽻𐽳𐽴 (ögsüz), Turkish öksüz, Bashkir үкһеҙ (ükheź), Tuvan өскүс (ösküs).

𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰇𐰏𐰾𐰔:𐰴𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰤𐰯:𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰔:𐰼𐰤:𐰽𐰨𐰑𐰃:𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰆𐰍:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰢𐰓𐰃
kültégin:ögsüz:aqïn:binip:toquz:eren:sančdï:orduɣ:bérmedi
Having mounted his orphan white (horse), Prince Kül stabbed nine men and didn't surrender the camp.


𐰾𐰔

-siz (romanization)
-süz (romanization)
𐰽𐰔 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-siŕ (“-less”). Cognate with Old Uyghur -𐽻𐽶𐽴 (-siz), Chuvash -сӗр (-sĕr), Turkish -siz, Uzbek -siz, Bashkir -һеҙ (-heź), Tuvan -сиз (-siz).

inh+

-less; a suffix denoting the lack of something


𐰃𐰞𐰃𐰤

From 𐰃𐰞 (il-, “to catch”) + 𐰃𐰤 (-in), intransitive-reflexive form of Proto-Turkic *īl- (“to catch”). Cognate with Turkish ilmek

(intransitive) to be caught on something


𐰖𐰍𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yagu- (“to approach”).

𐰖𐰍𐰞:𐱅𐰃𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IW5


𐰊

Derived from Sogdian 𐼃 (β, “beth”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܒ (“beth”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /b/ and /v/, used with back vowels.


𐰖𐰭𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yaŋïl- (“to mistake”). Cognate with Turkish yanılmak.

𐰖𐰭𐰞𐰯:𐰇𐰠𐰾𐰚𐰭𐰤:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰦𐰀:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S10-11

...and how you would (otherwise) perish by making mistakes, this, too I have recorded here.


𐰆𐰍𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ogul (“child”). Cognate with Chuvash ывӑл (yvăl), Khakas oğul, Turkish oğul, Uzbek oʻgʻil, Bashkir ул (ul), Yakut уол (uol).


𐱃𐰖

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 大 (MC dajH|daH).

𐰴𐰭𐰃:𐰠𐰃𐰾𐰇𐰤:𐱃𐰖:𐰾𐰭𐰇𐰤:𐰉𐱁𐰑𐰆:𐰋𐰃𐰾:𐰘𐰇𐰔:𐰼𐰤:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S12:

...under the presidency of the great general Li Quan, the father of ... came five hundred men.


𐰉𐰽𐰣

b¹s¹n¹ (romanization)
basïn- (romanization)
𐰉𐰽𐰃𐰣 (alternative)

Derived from Proto-Turkic *bas- (“to press”), equivalent to 𐰉𐰽 (bas-, “to press”) + 𐰣 (-ïn).

der+

𐰔:𐱅𐰘𐰤:𐰤𐰀:𐰉𐰽𐰣𐰞𐰢

Why should we feel overwhelmed because of being few?


𐰖𐰆𐰍

→ Turkish: yuğ, yoğ, yığ (learned)

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *yōg (“funeral”), perhaps ultimately from Scythian, however a derivation from *yō- (“to erase”) has also been suggested. Compare Ossetian дугъ (duǧ), Ancient Greek δόγια (dógia, “funeral service”).

noncog

𐰖𐰆𐰍:𐰘𐰯𐰺𐰃𐰍:𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼𐰯:𐱅𐰃𐰚𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐱅𐰃
y¹uǧ:y²pr¹iǧ:kl²ür²p:t²ika:b²ir²t²i

c. 735 CE, Yollïġ Tigin (𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰞𐰃𐰍 𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤), Bilge Ḳaġan Inscription S.11 (Line 11, facing south)

They brought scent[ed candle]s for the funeral and set them up for us. […]


𐰑𐰨𐰃𐰍

head

𐰑𐰨𐰃𐰍 (adïnčïɣ)

Derived from Proto-Turkic *adï- (“to separate”), equivalent to 𐰑𐰣 (adïnč, “different”) + 𐰽𐰃𐰍 (-sïɣ).

der+

𐰭𐰺:𐰑𐰨𐰃𐰍:𐰉𐰺𐰴:𐰖𐰺𐱃𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S12:

I got them to build an extraordinary mausoleum.


𐰑𐰺𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *adrïl- (“to be separated”), passive form of *adïr- (“to separate”). Cognate with Turkish ayrılmak.

inh+

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰴𐰣𐰃𐰤:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰢𐰘𐰤:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰑𐰀:𐰑𐰺𐰡𐰃:𐰴𐰣𐰞𐰦𐰃

Without having found their khan, the Turkic people were parted from the Chinese, and got themselves a khan.


𐰍𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *iagïr (“heavy”). Cognate with Chuvash йывӑр (jyvăr), Turkish ağır, Uzbek ogʻir, Bashkir ауыр (awır), Yakut ыар (ıar).

𐰍𐰃𐰺:𐱃𐱁𐰃𐰍:𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰣:𐰃𐰍

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S15:

𐰉𐰆𐰨𐰀:𐰍𐰺:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E2:


𐰍𐰃𐱁

Derived from Proto-Turkic *agï (“treasure”).

der+

𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤𐰭:𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰃𐰣:𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁𐰃𐰤:𐰍𐰃𐱁𐰃𐰣:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰣

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, SW:

...Prince Kül's gold and silver, his treasures and possessions...


𐰍𐱃

Derived from Proto-Turkic *āg- (“to rise up”), equivalent 𐰍 (aɣ-, “to rise”) + 𐱃 (-ït).

𐰆𐰔𐰀:𐰖𐰪𐰀:𐰚𐰠𐰏𐰢𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰍𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E31:

I put their army, which had come assaulting and spreading, to flight.


𐰍𐰺𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *agrï- (“to hurt”). Cognate with Turkish ağrımak. compare Korean 아프다 (apeuda), which also means both to hurt and to be sick.

inh+

𐰆𐰞𐰍:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰢:𐰍𐰺𐰯:𐰖𐰸:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰲𐰀:𐰸𐰆𐰍:𐰾𐰭𐰇𐰤𐰏:𐰉𐰞𐰉𐰞:𐱅𐰃𐰚𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐱅𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S9:

When my oldest son died of being sick, I readily had Qu, the general, erect him a balbal.


𐰍𐱃𐰆𐰺

Derived from Proto-Turkic *āg- (“to rise up”), equivalent 𐰍𐱃 (aɣït-, “to raise”) + 𐱃𐰆𐰺 (-tur).

𐰖𐰸𐰺𐰆:𐱃:𐰘𐱅𐰀:𐰖𐰑𐰍𐰣:𐰃𐰍𐰲:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰣𐰆:𐰍𐱃𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN1:

(Then) I ordered them to ascend upward on foot, towing the horses after them, and holding onto the trees.


𐰴𐰃𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *iakït- (“to pour”), transitive form of *iak- (“to flow”). Cognate with Turkish akıtmak.

𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰋𐰏:𐰉𐱁𐰞𐰖𐰆:𐰴𐰃𐱃𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N8:

We ordered (the army) to carry out a raid, while we left Prince Kül at home to command (the camp).


𐰞𐰯𐰍𐰆𐱃

alpaɣut (romanization)
𐰞𐰯𐰍𐰆 (alternative)
𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰯𐰍𐰆𐱃 (alternative)

Derived from Proto-Turkic *alp (“warrior”), equivalent to 𐰞𐰯 (alp, “warrior”) + 𐰍𐰆𐱃 (-aɣut).

der+

𐰆𐰔𐰀:𐰚𐰠𐰢𐰾:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰍𐱃𐰯:𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰺𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐰆𐰍𐱁:𐰞𐰯𐰍𐰆:𐰆𐰣:𐰼𐰏:𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰀𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐰏𐰼𐰯:𐰇𐰠𐰼𐱅𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N7:

Prince Kül put their army, which had come assaulting, to flight and we surrounded and killed a Tongra squad consisting of ten champion warriors at the funeral of Prince Tonga.

used for various titles; hero, champion, warrior, officer


𐰞𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *alk- (“to finish, to complete, to destroy”).

inh+

𐰉𐰺𐰴𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰓𐰔𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏:𐱃𐱁𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰨:𐰖:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰃:𐰆𐱃𐰔𐰴𐰀:𐰴𐰆𐰯:𐰞𐰴𐰑𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, NE:

We finished his mausoleum, statues and paintings, and his inscription stone on the twenty-seventh day of the seventh month, on the Year of Monkey.


𐱃𐰢

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tām (“wall”). Cognate with Turkish dam (“roof”), Uzbek tom (“roof”), Kazakh там (tam, “grave”).

𐰘𐰃𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰃:𐰚𐰇𐰤:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰯:𐰉𐰆:𐱃𐱁𐰴𐰀:𐰉𐰆:𐱃𐰢𐰴𐰀:𐰴𐰆𐰯:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰍𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰃𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, SE:

Having sat down twenty days, I, Prince Yollug, inscribed on this stone and on this wall.


𐰔𐰲𐰃

Derived from Proto-Turkic *āŕ (“few, very little”), equivalent to 𐰀𐰕 (āz, “few”) + 𐰲𐰀 (-ča). Cognate with Turkish azca.

der+

𐰔𐰲𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐱅𐰔𐰢𐰾:𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IIW8:


𐰋𐰓𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *bediz (“decoration, ornamentation”). Cognate with Turkish bezemek. Compare also Proto-Mongolic *beder (“mark, stain”), a Turkic borrowing.


𐰋𐰓𐰃𐰔𐰠𐰀

Orkhon script variant of 𐽼𐽰𐽸𐽶𐽴𐽰𐽺𐽹𐽰𐽷 (pʾdyzʾnmʾk /bedizen-/) with different suffixation. Compare Old Turkic 𐰋𐰓𐰔 (b²d²z /bediz/).


𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰃

𐱅𐰏𐰓𐰢𐰔:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IIW4:

(Thus) we attacked and plundered (their camp).


𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰃

From 𐰖𐰆𐰞 (yol, “road”) + 𐰃 (-ï, “third person possessive suffix”)

af

𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐱁:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁𐰓𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N4:


𐰖𐰆𐰉𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yubul-, passive-reflexive form of *yub-.

𐰖𐰆𐰉𐰞𐰆:𐰃𐰤𐱅𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN2:


𐰘𐰃𐱅

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yit- (“to become lost”). Cognate with Turkish yitmek, Yakut сүт (süt).

inh+

𐰃𐰤𐰢:𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀:𐰚𐰃:𐱁𐰑:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀:𐰇𐰠𐰇:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰇:𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰦𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E27:

Together with my younger brother, Prince Kül, and together with two shads, dying and getting lost, I won.


𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yitür- (“to lose”), equivalent to 𐰘𐰃𐱅 (yit-, “to be lost”) + 𐰼 (-ür). Cognate with Turkish yitirmek, Yakut сүтэр (süter).


𐰴𐰉𐰽

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kabïĺč- (“to unite”). Cognate with Turkish kavuşmak, Uzbek qowushmoq, Kazakh қауысу (qauysu).

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰖𐰃𐰽:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰴𐰉𐰾𐰞𐰢:𐱅𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IE3:

'Let us reunite atop the Altai Mountains!" he said.


𐰯

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳠, 𐲠

Derived from Sogdian 𐼔 (p, “pe”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܦ (“pe”)

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /p/.


𐰁

Derived from Sogdian 𐼁 (ʾ, “aleph”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܐ (“aleph”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɑ/ or /æ/. The backness or frontness depends on the type of the consonant.


𐰄

Derived from Sogdian 𐼊 (y, “yodh”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܝ (“yodh”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /i/ /e/ or /ɯ/. The backness or frontness depends on the type of the consonant.


𐰈

Ultimately derived from Ancient Greek υ (u, “upsilon”) through intermediaries.

der+

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ø/ or /y/.


𐰌

Ultimately derived from Ancient Greek β (b, “beta”) through intermediaries.

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /b/ and /v/ used with front vowels.


𐰎

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɣ/, used with back vowels.


𐰐

Clauson suggest that it might ultimately be derived from Ancient Greek Γ (G, “gamma”) through intermediaries.

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɡ/, used with front vowels.


𐰒

Clauson suggests that it might ultimately be derived from Classical Syriac ܕ (“daleth”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /d/ and /ð/, used with back vowels.


𐰕

Clauson suggest that it might ultimately be derived from Ancient Greek Ζ (Z, “zeta”) through intermediaries.

(Irk Bitig, Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /z/, used in both vowel types.


𐰙

Two possibilities:
# Clauson (1962) suggests that it was derived from Sogdian 𐼊 (y, “yodh”) ultimately from Classical Syriac ܝ (“yodh”).
# Clauson (1970) suggests that it was derived from Ancient Greek Ι (I, “iota”) through intermediaries.

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /j/, used with front vowels.


𐰝

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /yk/, /øk/, /ky/, /kø/ used with front vowels.


𐰟

Derived from Sogdian 𐼌 (δ, “lamed”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܠ (“lamed”)

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /l/ with back vowels.


𐰧

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /nt/


𐰡

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /lt/


𐰥

Derived from Ancient Greek Ν (N, “nu”) through intermediaries.

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /n/, used with front vowels.


𐰩

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ntʃ/.


𐰫

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɲ/


𐰬

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ŋ/.


𐰰

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /yp/, /øp/, /py/, /pø/ used with front vowels.


𐰳

Derived from Sogdian 𐼗 (c, “sadhe”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܨ (“sadhe”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /t͡ʃ/.


𐰵

Derived from Sogdian 𐼉 (x, “heth”), ultimately from Derived from Classical Syriac ܚ (“heth”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /q/ used with back vowels.


𐰶

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳓, 𐲓

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɯq/.


𐰷

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɯq/.


𐰻

Derived from Sogdian 𐼘 (r, “resh”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܪ (“resh”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /r/, used with back vowels.


𐱀

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳤, 𐲤

Derived from Sogdian 𐼙 (š, “shin”) ultimately from Classical Syriac ܫ (“shin”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ʃ/.


𐱆

Derived from Sogdian 𐼜 (t, “taw”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܬ (“taw”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /t/, used with front vowels.


𐰏𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *egir- (“to spin”), from Proto-Turkic *eg- (“to bend”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽷 (äŋirmäk), Khalaj heyirmək, Turkish eğirmek, Uzbek yigirmoq. Compare also Mongolian ээрэх (eerex), a Turkic borrowing.

inh+

𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐰼𐰏:𐰽𐰨𐰑𐰃:𐱃𐰸𐰔:𐰼𐰏:𐰏𐰼𐰀:𐱃𐰸𐰃𐰑𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N5-6:

He stabbed one man (with a lance) and stroke nine men surrounding them.


𐰋𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ebir- (“to turn”). Cognate with Chuvash авӑр (avăr), Turkish evirmek.

𐰱𐰏𐰼𐱅𐰢:𐰴𐰞𐰭𐰤:𐰋𐰼𐰇:𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼𐱅𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E25:

I subjugated them and caused (their tribute) to be brought around.


𐰏𐰼𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *egri (“crooked, bent”) from *egir- (“to spin”), equivalent to 𐰏𐰼 (egir-, “to turn”) + 𐰃 (-i). Cognate with Turkish eğri.

𐰆𐰞:𐰘𐰼𐱅𐰀:𐰋𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸:𐱅𐰏𐰇𐰼𐱅𐰜:𐰇𐰲𐰤:𐰽𐰺𐰍:𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰇𐰼𐰭:𐰜𐰇𐰢𐰾:𐰶𐰃𐰔:𐰸𐰆𐰑𐰔:𐰏𐰼𐰃:𐱅𐰋𐰃:𐰍𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐰭𐰾𐰔:𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IIS3-4:

Now, since I, wise Tonyukuk, cause (the Turkic armies) to reach as far as those lands, they brought (home) the yellow gold and the white silver; girls and women; crooked camels and treasures in abundance.


𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇

Old Uyghur: twybw (töpü)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tepe. Cognate with Chuvash тӳпе (tüp̬e), Turkish tepe, Uzbek tepa, Bashkir түбә (tübə), Yakut төбө (töbö).

𐰴𐰭𐰢:𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰼𐰾:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰍:𐰇𐰏𐰢:𐰃𐰠𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰍:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰾𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰯:𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐰚𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, Omen E11:

...(they) held my father, Ilterish Khagan, and my mother, El Bilga Khatun, on top of heaven's hill and raised them upwards.


𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰞𐰀

Uncertain, however cognate with Danube Bulgar ΒΟΗΛΑ, ΒΟΥΗΛΑ, ΒΟΙΛΑ (BOYLA).

𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸:𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰞𐰀:𐰉𐰍𐰀:𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀:𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰼𐰾:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰖𐰣:𐰋𐰼𐰘𐰀:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰍:𐰇𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰴𐰃𐱃𐰪𐰍:𐰖𐰃𐰺𐰖𐰀:𐰆𐰍𐰔𐰍:𐰇𐰚𐰾:𐰝:𐰇𐰠𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IW6:

Having become a khagan in the company of the Wise Tonyukuk Boila Bagha Tarkhan, Ilterish killed in great numbers the Chinese to the south, the Kihtans to the east and the Oghuz to the north

a type of nobility, seemingly close to the ruler; boyar, boila


𐰉𐰞𐰃𐰶

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *balïk (“mud”). Cognate with Arghu بَلِقْ (balıq), Chuvash пылчăк (pylčăk), Turkish balçık, Uzbek balchiq, Bashkir балсыҡ (balsıq).

𐰚𐰃:𐰼𐰏:𐰽𐰨𐰑𐰃:𐰉𐰞𐰃𐰶𐰀:𐰉𐰽𐰃𐰴𐰑𐰯

He stabbed two men and buried them into the mud.


𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰠𐱅𐰤

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𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰠𐱅𐰤 (tögültün)

Uncertain, however there have been multiple attempts at understanding the etymology.
* Some connect the first part of the name to Proto-Turkic *tökül- (“to be poured”), the passive form of *tök- (“to pour”), however one should've expected -k- rather than -g- (cf. Turkish dökülmek) and there is no viable morphological way to derive it as there is no *-tün suffix.
* Some read it as tügül:tün and explain it as "not Tün", the first part coming from a hypothetical Proto-Turkic *tegül, however this is etymologically and phonetically improbable.
* Li suggests that the second element is borrowed from Middle Chinese 屯 (MC trwin|dwon, “village”) and reads it as "The Village of Tögül" although the first part still remains obscure.
Li also put forward the idea that it was used as the word for the Hetao region.

𐰋𐰼𐰘𐰀:𐰲𐰆𐰍𐰖:𐰘𐰃𐱁:𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰠𐱅𐰤:𐰖𐰔𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐰣𐰖𐰃𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰾𐰼:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰇𐰠𐰾𐰚𐰏

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S6-7:

If you intend to settle on the Yin mountains and on the Hetao region's plain in the south, O Turkic people, you will die!


𐰲𐰃𐰏𐰾𐰃

𐰲𐰃𐰏𐰾𐰃 (čigši)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 刺史 (MC tshjeH|tshjek sriX, “provincial governor”).

ltc-l

𐰆𐰖𐰍𐰺:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰃:𐱅𐰏𐱅𐰢𐰤:𐰉𐰆𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰓𐰝𐰓𐰀:𐰴𐰣𐰢𐰀:𐱃𐰺𐰍𐰴𐰉𐱂𐰃𐰴𐰍𐰾𐱃𐰲𐰸𐰋𐰏𐰔𐰚𐰼:𐰲𐰃𐰏𐰾𐰃:𐰉𐰃𐰞𐰀:𐰉𐰍𐰀𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣:𐰇𐰲𐰘𐰇𐰕𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰍𐰴:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰃
uyɣur:bodunïtegitimin:bubitidükde:qanïma:turɣaqbašïqaɣasatačuqbegzeker:čigši:bïla:baɣatarqan:üčyüzturɣaq:turïtdï
While the princes from my Uyghur people write this, the head of his guards Kagas Ataçuk, (along with) Begzeger the district magistrate and Bıla Bagha Tarkhan, three hundred guards planted (the inscription).


𐰎𐰿𐰎𐰁

head

𐰎𐰿𐰎𐰁 (ɣašɣa)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kaĺčga (“white spot on an animal's head”). The initial g- is due to the dialect of the writer, compare 𐰐𐰢𐰳𐰐 (Gemčig, “Khemchik”) and 𐰐𐰙𐰛 (géyik, “game”) from the same text.
Cognate with Southern Altai кашкалак (kaškalak), Azerbaijani qaşqa, Kyrgyz качка (kacka) and Khakas хасха (xasxa).
Compare also the borrowed Persian قشق (qašqa, “blaze”) and possibly Proto-Mongolic *kaljan (“white headed”).

inh+

𐰎𐰿𐰎𐰁:𐱄𐰫𐰢

8-10th century CE, Kemçik-Çıgrak (e-41), section 11:

(Yenisei Kyrgyz, zootomy) having a white forehead


𐰛𐰝𐰢𐰛

kk̥mk (romanization)
kökmek (romanization)

Unknown, there are some plausible cognates including Western Yugur kegmek (“a kind of deer”).

𐰙𐱆𐰄:𐰌𐰈𐰼𐰄:𐰈𐰠𐰼𐰓𐰢𐰀𐰊𐰻𐰽𐰎:𐰛𐰝𐰢𐰛𐰐𐰈𐰠𐰼𐰢𐰓𐰢𐰀

8-10th century CE, Begre (e-11), line 10:

I killed seven wolves, but did not kill leopards or stags.


𐰉𐰆𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *buŋ (“suffering”). Cognate with Turkish bunamak, Uzbek mung, Kazakh мұң (mūñ) and Yakut муҥ (muñ).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰖𐰃𐱁:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰽𐰺:𐰃𐰡𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰭:𐰖𐰸
türük:kagan:ötüken:yıš:olursar:ilte:buŋ:yok
[If] the Turkic Khagan sits [rules from] Ötüken Forest, there is no distress in the realm.

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S3


𐰼𐰚𐰃𐰤

→ Middle Chinese: 頡斤, 俟斤 https://baike.baidu.hk/item/%E9%A0%A1%E6%96%A4/966524

According to Kashgari, derived from Proto-Common Turkic *irk- (“to gather”). Clauson doubts this, however he also states that, if true, the original meaning may have been "convener". Tezcan suggests a derivation from 𐰼 (er, “man”), however there is a vowel mismatch.

𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰘𐰏𐰤:𐰼𐰚𐰃𐰤

7th century CE, Çoyr Inscription, line 3:


𐱄𐰪

Due to the two distinct spellings in the text the exact reading and etymology is uncertain.
There exists two main proposals:
* Tekin takes the first spelling as correct and proposes the reading atan ("gelded camel").
* Aydın on the other hand takes the second spelling as the right one and reads tań ("colt") whence Turkish tay. This would also make this the only instance of the word being spelled with -ń- as opposed to -y-.

...𐱄𐰫𐰞𐰺𐰢

9th century CE, Kemchik-Chigrak E-41, line 2

𐱂𐰖𐱄𐰏:𐱂𐰺𐰏:𐰡𐰣𐰢:𐰷𐰏𐰼𐰳𐰏<...>𐰢𐰍𐰃𐰖𐰓𐰼:𐱄𐰣𐰢
šy¹t¹g:šr¹g:ltn¹m:q̊²gr²čg<...>mǧiy¹d²r²:t¹n¹m

9th century CE, Kemchik-Chigrak E-41, line 5

May golds as yellow as pebbles, my dromedaries that are fat and brown, my colt/gelded camel carrying silk clothes.


𐰆𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *uč-. Compare Turkish uçmak, Uzbek uchmoq, Kyrgyz учуу (ucuu), Tuvan ужар (ujar).

𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤⁚𐰸𐰆𐰪𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀⁚𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰃⁚𐰘𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰚𐰃⁚𐰆𐰲𐰑𐰃
kül²t²ign²:q̊¹uńy²il¹qa:y²it²i:y²gr²mki:učd¹i
/Kül Tegin, ḳoɲ yïlḳa yéti yigirmiké učdï./

c. 732 CE, 𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰞𐰃𐰍:𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤 (Yollïġ Tigin), Kül Tegin Inscription N.13

Kültegin passed away on the seventeenth day of the Year of the Sheep.

(intransitive, figurative) to die, to pass away


𐰘𐰃𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yẹr. Compare Turkish yer, Uzbek yer, Kyrgyz жер (jer), Tuvan чер (çer).

𐰃𐰠⁚𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰽𐰴⁚𐰘𐰃𐰼⁚𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤⁚𐰘𐰃𐱁⁚𐰼𐰢𐱁
il²:t¹ut¹s¹q:y²ir²:üt²k̥n²:y²iš:r²mš
/il:tutsaq:yér:ötüken:yiš:ermiš/

8th century CE, Kultegin Inscription, S4

The place from which the country could be controlled was the Ötüken mountain.


𐰃𐰾

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *īĺč (“work, service”). Cognate with Turkish iş, Uzbek ish, Kazakh іс (ıs), Tuvan иш (iş) and Chuvash ӗҫ (ĕś).

q̊¹ur¹d¹n¹ǧ[...]in²m: p̊ül²t²ign²: ül²t²i[...]: is²g: p̊üčg: b²ir²t²p̊: üčn²: t²ür²p̊: b²il²ga: qǧn¹: y¹q̊¹iqa: in²m: p̊ül²t²ign²g: p̊üzd²ü: ul¹r¹t¹[...]:
/Qorudunug … inim Kültigin ölti … išig küčüg birtük üčün Türük bilge kagan ayuyïqa inim Kötiginig közedü olurt/
Since he protected … my brother Kültigin … for him we worked very hard [so that] his order [could become] law...

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, West-side 𐰸𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰣𐰍[...]𐰃𐰤𐰢: 𐰰𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤: 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃[...]: 𐰃𐰾𐰏: 𐰰𐰇𐰲𐰏: 𐰋𐰃𐰼𐱅𐰰: 𐰇𐰲𐰤: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰: 𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀: 𐰴𐰍𐰣: 𐰖𐰸𐰃𐰴𐰀: 𐰃𐰤𐰢: 𐰰𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤𐰏: 𐰰𐰇𐰕𐰓𐰇: 𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃[...]


𐰵𐰒𐱂

qd¹š (romanization)
qadaš (romanization)

By surface analysis, 𐰵 (qa) + 𐰒𐱂 (-daš), the first element of which is from Middle Chinese 家 (kae, “family”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽲𐽰𐽸𐽰𐽿 (qʾdʾš /ḳadaš/, “relative”).

cog

𐰴𐰣𐰢:𐱅𐰇𐰠𐰋𐰼𐰃:𐰴𐰺𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰚𐰇𐰠𐰏:𐰴𐰑𐱁𐰢:𐰾𐰔𐰢𐰀:𐰠𐱁𐰢𐰼:𐰇𐰏𐱁𐰼:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰣𐰼:𐰚𐰇𐰓𐰏𐰠𐰼𐰢:𐰶𐰃𐰔:𐰚𐰠𐰤𐰠𐰼𐰢:𐰋𐰝𐰢𐰓𐰢

8-10th century CE, Uyk-Turan (е-3), line 6:

...my relatives, my common Tölberi people, my Külik relatives, ownerless Elišim man, Ögüš man, Oγulan man, my sons in law, my daughters in law, I couldn't stay.


𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰼𐰇

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𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰼𐰇 (y²ügr²ü /yügerü/)

y²ügr²ü (romanization)
yügerü (romanization)

From earlier *yükgerü, from *yük + 𐰏𐰼𐰇 (gr²ü /-gerü/, allative suffix). Cognate to Azerbaijani yuxarı, Turkish yukarı (“upwards”).

af

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜⁚𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼⁚𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣⁚𐰏𐰼𐰯⁚𐰾𐰋𐰤𐰯⁚𐱃𐰆𐰭𐱃𐰢𐱁⁚𐰚𐰇𐰔𐰃⁚𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰼𐰇𐰚𐰇𐰼𐱅𐰃
t²ür²k̥:b²gl²r²:b¹ud¹n¹:gr²p:s²b²n²p:t¹uŋt¹mš:küzi:y²ügr²ükür²t²i

8th century CE, Bilge Khan Inscription, E2

The Turkic lords (and) people worshipped (me), loved (me) and raised their eyes up.


𐰯𐰆𐰺𐰢

Ultimately from Ancient Greek Ῥώμη (Rhṓmē), from Latin Rōma, possibly through Sogdian 𐫂𐫡𐫀𐫇𐫖 (βrʾwm /F(u)rōm/).

𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰲𐰃⁚𐰾𐰃𐰍𐱃𐰲𐰃⁚𐰇𐰭𐰼𐰀⁚𐰜𐰇𐰤⁚𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰽𐰴𐰑𐰀⁚𐰋𐰇𐰚𐰠𐰃⁚𐰲𐰇𐰠𐰏𐰠𐰃⁚𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲⁚𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇𐱅⁚𐰯𐰺⁚𐰯𐰆𐰺𐰢⁚𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰔⁚𐰇𐰲𐰸𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰴𐰣⁚𐰆𐱃𐰔𐱃𐱃𐰺⁚𐰶𐰃𐱃𐰪⁚𐱃𐱃𐰉𐰃⁚𐰉𐰆𐰨𐰀⁚𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣⁚𐰚𐰠𐰯𐰤⁚𐰽𐰃𐰍𐱃𐰀𐰢𐰾⁚𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰀𐰢𐰾
y¹uǧči:s²iǧt¹či:üŋr²a:k̥ün²:t¹uǧs¹qd¹a:b²ükl²i:čül²gl²i:t¹b¹ǧč:t²üpüt²:pr¹:pur¹m:q̊²ir¹qz:üčq̊¹ur¹iqn¹:ut¹zt¹t¹r¹:q̊²it¹ń:t¹t¹b¹i:b¹unča:b¹ud¹n¹:kl²pn²:s¹iǧt¹ams²:y¹uǧl¹ams²
/Yuɣčï sïɣïtčï öŋre kün toɣusïqda Bökli Čölügil, Tabɣač, Tüpüt, Apar, Purum, Qïrqïz, Üč-Qurïqan, Otuz-Tatar, Qïtań, Tatabï; bunča bodun kelipen sïɣïtamïš yuɣlamïš./
Mourning and lamenting [came] forth from the east the Bökli Čölügil, the Chinese, the Tibetans, the Avars, the Romans, the Kyrgyz, the Uch-Kurykans, the Otuz-Tatar, the Khitans, the Tatabi; all these people mourned and lamented as they came.


𐰢𐰀

𐰾𐰋 (*seb-) (“to love”) + 𐰢𐰀 (*-me) → 𐰾𐰋𐰢𐰀 (*sebme-) (“to not love”)