𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜

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𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 (türük)

türük (romanization)
𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚 (alternative)
𐱆𐰈𐰼𐰝 (alternative)

⇒ Rouran: *türküt (“Turks”)

→ Middle Chinese: 突厥 (thwot kjut)

→ Middle Persian: twlk'

From Proto-Turkic *tür(ü)k (see there for more). Cognate with Azerbaijani türk, Chuvash тӗрӗк (tĕrĕk), Turkish Türk, Uzbek turk, Bashkir төрөк (török), Yakut турок (turok). Compare also Hungarian török, an ancient Turkic borrowing.

𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐱅𐰏:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰓𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰢𐱁:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰉𐰆:𐰇𐰓𐰚𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S1

I, the God-like and Heaven-born Turkic Bilge Khagan, succeeded to the throne at this time.


𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *teŋri (“sky, heaven, god”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶 (tnkry /téŋri/), Karakhanid تَنْكْرٖى (teŋrī), Yakut таҥара (tañara) Turkish tanrı.

inh+

Tengri, the chief deity of Turkic mythology.


𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰴

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𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰴 (āčsïq)

From 𐰀𐰲 (āč-, “to hunger”) + 𐰾𐰴 (-sïq, “necessitative future suffix”).

af

𐰾𐰤:𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰺:𐱃𐰆𐰽𐰴:𐰇𐰢𐰔:𐰾𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐱃𐰆𐰑𐰽𐰺:𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰴:𐰇𐰢𐰔:𐰾𐰤

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N6

If you become hungry, you do not think of satiety again, if you become satiated, you do not think of hunger again.


𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰴

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𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰴 (āčsïq)

third person necessitative future form of 𐰀𐰲 (āč-)


𐰴𐰍𐰣

qǧn¹ (romanization)
qaġan (romanization)
xaġan (romanization)
𐰴𐰣 (alternative)

→ English: khagan

→ Kazakh: қаған (qağan) (learned)

→ Turkish: kağan (learned)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kagan (“male ruler, khan”), see there for more.
Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽲𐽰𐽺 (qʾn /ḳan/) and Mongolian ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ (qaɣan, “king, khan”) and Turkish han.

inh+

𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐱅𐰏:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰓𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰢𐱁:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰉𐰆:𐰇𐰓𐰚𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰢
t²ŋr²i:t²g:t²ŋr²id²a:b¹ul¹mš:t²ür²k̥:b²il²ga:qǧn¹:b¹u:üd²ka:ul¹r¹t¹m
/Täŋritäg, Täŋridä bolmuš Türük Bilgä Qaġan, bu ödkä olurtum./

c. 732 CE, Yollïġ Tigin (𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰞𐰃𐰍 𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤), Kül Tegin Inscription line 1, facing south

I, the God-like and Heaven-born Turkish Bilgä Khagan, I succeeded to the throne by this time.

(politics, sociology) male ruler, khagan, king


𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰞𐰍

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𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰞𐰍 (qaɣanlïɣ)

From 𐰴𐰍𐰣 (qaɣan, “khagan, king, emperor”) + 𐰞𐰍 (-lïɣ). Cognate with Turkish kağanlı (“having a khagan”)

af

𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰞𐰍:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰼𐱅𐰢:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰢:𐰴𐰣𐰃:𐰤𐰀:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐰃𐰾𐰏:𐰚𐰇𐰲𐰏:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰼:𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E9

'We used to be people who had their own khagan. Where is our khagan now? To which khagan are we giving our services?' they said.


𐱃𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tāg (“mountain”). Cognate with Chuvash ту (tu), Khalaj tâğ, Turkish dağ (“mountain”), Uzbek togʻ, Bashkir тау (taw), Yakut тыа (tıa).


𐰚𐰇𐰠

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kȫl (“lake”). Cognate with Chuvash кӳлӗ (külĕ), Turkish göl, Uzbek koʻl, Bashkir күл (kül), Yakut күөл (küöl).

A lake around the vicinity of the Tuul River

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰃:𐰖𐰺𐰍𐰆𐰣:𐰚𐰇𐰠


𐰽𐰆𐰉

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sub (“water”).


𐰼𐱅𐰾

Unknown. Compare also Mongolian Эрчис (Erčis), Middle Chinese 額爾齊斯 (MC ngaek nyeX dzej|dzejH sje, “Irtysh river”).

ltc-l

𐰆𐰞:𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰾:𐱃𐰯𐰀:𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰘𐰃𐱁𐰍:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰀:𐰼𐱅𐰾:𐰇𐰏𐰔𐰏:𐰚𐰲𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰔
ol:yïlqa:türgiš:tapa:altun:yïšïɣ:toɣa:ertiš:ögüzüg:keče:yorïdïmïz

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E37

In that year we marched against the Türgesh climbing over the Altai Mountains crossing over the Irtysh river.


𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁

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𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁 (kümüš)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kümüĺ (“silver”). Compare Chuvash кӗмӗл (kĕmĕl, “silver”), Turkish gümüş (“silver”),Azerbaijani gümüş (“silver”), Uzbek kumush, Bashkir көмөш (kömöş), Yakut көмүс (kömüs).

inh+

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁:𐰃𐰾𐰏𐱅𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐱃𐰖:𐰉𐰆𐰭𐰽𐰔:𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰇𐰼

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S5

They give us gold, silver and silk in abundance.


𐰇𐰲

üč (romanization)
𐰈𐰲 (alternative)
𐰇𐰳 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *üč. Cognate with Chuvash виҫӗ (viś̬ĕ, “three”), Turkish üç (“three”), Turkmen üç (“three”), Uzbek uch (“three”), Bashkir өс (ös, “three”), Yakut үс (üs, “three”).


𐰚𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ẹk(k)i (“two”). Cognate with Chuvash икӗ (ik̬ĕ), Khalaj əkki, Turkish iki (“two”), Uzbek ikki, Bashkir ике (ike), Yakut икки (ikki).


𐰋𐰃𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bīr (“one”). Cognate with Chuvash пӗр (pĕr), Khalaj bî, Turkish bir (“one, once”), Uzbek bir, Bashkir бер (ber, “one”), Yakut биир (biir).


𐰋𐰃𐰼

𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐱃𐰆𐰑𐰽𐰺:𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰴:𐰇𐰢𐰕𐰾𐰤
b²ir²:t¹ud¹s¹r¹:ačs²q:ümzs²n²

20th of September 735, 𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰞𐰃𐰍:𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤 (Yollïġ Tégin), Bilge Ḳaġan Inscription N6

[…] once you get full, you would not think of famishing again.


𐰞𐱃𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *altï (“six”). Cognate with Chuvash улттӑ (ulttă), Khalaj alta, Azerbaijani altı (“six”), Turkish altı (“six”), Gagauz altı (“six”), Uzbek olti (“six”), Bashkir алты (altı), Crimean Tatar altı (“six”), Yakut алта (alta).

𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E28


𐱅𐰇𐰼𐱅

t²ür²t² (romanization)
tört (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tȫrt (“four”). Cognate with Chuvash тӑваттӑ (tăvattă, “four”), Khalaj tö̂rt (“four”), Turkish dört (“four”), Turkmen dȫrt (“four”), Uzbek toʻrt (“four”), Bashkir дүрт (dürt, “four”), Yakut түөрт (tüört, “four”).


𐰘𐱅𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yẹt(t)i (“seven”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫиччӗ (śiččĕ), Turkish yedi (“seven”), Uzbek yetti, Bashkir ете (yete, “seven”), Yakut сэттэ (sette).

𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴:𐰺𐱃𐰸𐰃:𐰘𐱅𐰃:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰢𐰾:𐰘𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰾:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰾𐰢𐰾

9th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E15

He went on campaigns forty-seven times and engaged in twenty battles.


𐰠𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *elig (“hand”). Cognate with Chuvash алӑ (ală), Old Uyghur 𐽰𐾁𐽰𐽷 (elig), Turkish el (“hand”), Uzbek ilik, Yakut илии (ilii).


𐰠𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ellig (“fifty”). Cognate with Chuvash аллă (allă), Old Uyghur 𐽰𐾁𐽰𐽷 (elig), Khalaj əllig, Turkish elli (“fifty”), Uzbek ellik, Bashkir илле (ille), Khakas иліг (ilìg).

𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰠𐰏:𐰘𐰃𐰞:𐰃𐰾𐰏:𐰚𐰇𐰲𐰏:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰢𐰾
kür²ms²:l²g:y²il¹:is²g:küčg:b²ir²ms²

c. 735 CE, 𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰞𐰃𐰍:𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤 (Yollïġ Tégin), Kül Tégin Inscription E8

[…] and served under them for fifty years.

/ […] körmiš, elig yïl išig küčüg bérmiš./


𐰆𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ōn (“ten”). Cognate with Chuvash вуннӑ (vunnă), Turkish on, Turkmen ōn, Uzbek on, Bashkir ун (un), Yakut уон (uon).

𐰆𐰣:𐰼𐰏:𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰀𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐰏𐰼𐰯:𐰇𐰠𐰼𐱅𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N7

We surrounded and killed a Tongra squad consisting of ten champion warriors at the funeral of Prince Tonga.


𐰋𐰃𐰭

biŋ (romanization)
𐰉𐰃𐰭 (alternative)
𐰢𐰃𐰭 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bïŋ (“thousand”). Cognate with Chuvash пин (pin), Khalaj ming, Turkish bin (“thousand”), Turkmen müň (“thousand”), Uzbek ming, Bashkir мең (meñ, “thousand”), Yakut муҥ (muñ). Compare also Mongolian мянга (mjanga) and Manchu ᠮᡳᠩᡤᠠᠨ (minggan).


𐰞𐰯

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *alp (“difficult, hard, brave; warrior”). Cognate with Chuvash улӑп (ulăp), Turkish alp (“hero”), Uzbek alp, Kazakh алып (alyp, “giant”), Tatar алып (alıp, “giant”), Yakut алып (alıp, “craftiness, deception, magic”).


𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *kiši.

inh+

𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰏:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰞𐰯:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰏:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢𐰕:𐰼𐰢𐰾:
d²gü:b²il²ga:kis²ig:d²gü:l¹p:kis²ig:y¹ur¹t¹mz:r²ms²:

732 CE, Bilge Ḳaġan (𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰴𐰍𐰣), Kültegin Inscription S6 (KT1G.13.06)

[The Chinese] do not let the people who know well and the people who are valiant tire themselves.

/Edgü bilge kišig, edgü alp kišig yorïtmaz ermiš./


𐰽𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *s(i)ač (“hair”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫӳҫ (śüś), Khalaj saç, Turkish saç (“hair”), Uzbek soch, Bashkir сәс (səs), Yakut ас (as).

𐰉𐰆𐰨𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰽𐰲𐰃𐰤:𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴𐰃𐰤:𐰖----:𐰉𐰃𐰲𐰑𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S12

This many peoples cut out their hairs and tore their ears.


𐰽𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *sač- (“to scatter”). Cognate with Turkish saçmak (“to scatter”), Uzbek sochmoq, Bashkir сәсеү (səsew), Yakut ыс (ıs). Compare also Mongolian цацах (cacax), Manchu ᠰᡳᠰᠠᠮᠪᡳ (sisambi).

inh+

𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰭:𐰚𐰇𐰯𐰇𐰚𐰇𐰢𐰃𐰤:𐰽𐰲𐰺:𐰢𐰤


𐰑𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *adïg (“bear”). Cognate with Turkish ayı (“bear”), Uzbek ayiq (“bear”), Bashkir айыу (ayıw, “bear”), Tuvan адыг (adıg, “bear”), Khakas азығ (azığ, “bear”).


𐰪𐰃𐰍

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𐰪𐰃𐰍 (ńiǧ /aɲïġ/)

ńiǧ (romanization)
aɲïġ (romanization)
𐰪𐰍 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ańïg (“evil, sin”), equivalent to 𐰪 (ań-, “to fear”) + 𐰃𐰍 (-ïɣ). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽰𐽶𐽶𐽲 (ʾʾyyq /ayïɣ/, “bad”), Karakhanid اَيِغْ (ayïɣ, “very, extremely”), Yakut аньыы (anyıı, “sin, evil”).

cog

𐰖𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐰸𐰆𐰦𐰸𐰑𐰀:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰼𐰀:𐰪𐰍:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏:𐰦𐰀:𐰇𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰼𐰢𐰾

After such people have settled close to them, they are said to plan their ill will there.


𐰓𐰏𐰇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *edgü (“good, excellent”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽸𐽷𐽳 (ʾdkw /edgü/), Chuvash ырӑ (yră, “good”), Turkish iyi (“good”), Uzbek ezgu, Bashkir изге (izge, “holy, sacred”), Yakut үтүө (ütüö, “good”).


𐰃𐰤𐰏𐰛

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ingek (“cow”). Cognate with Chuvash ӗне (ĕne), Turkish inek (“cow”), Uyghur ئىنەك (inek), Yakut ынах (ınaq). Compare also Mongolian үнээ (ünee), Hungarian ünő, Turkic borrowings.


𐰋𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bẹ (“I”). Cognate with Chuvash эпӗ (ep̬ĕ, “I”), Khalaj mən (“I”), Turkish ben (“I”), Uzbek men (“I”), Bashkir мин (min, “I”), Yakut мин (min, “I”).

𐰋𐰠𐰏𐰾𐰃:𐰲𐰉𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰤:𐰜:𐰼𐱅𐰢

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IW7

I, myself, was his advisor and commander.


𐰋𐰤

ben (romanization)
𐰢𐰤 (alternative)
𐰌𐰥 (alternative)


𐰾𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sen (“thou”). Cognate with Chuvash эсӗ (es̬ĕ), Khalaj sən, Karakhanid سَنْ (sen, “you”), Turkish sen (“you”), -sin, Uzbek sen, Bashkir һин (hin), Yakut эн (en).


𐰾𐰤

s²n² (romanization)
sen (romanization)
𐰾𐰃𐰤 (alternative)

𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰲𐰃:𐰾𐰤

ül²t²či:s²n²

Denotes second person singular or plural after certain verb tenses.

𐰺𐰴𐰴:𐰾𐰤

second person singular
second person singular

Denotes "to be" for second person singular or plural


𐰾𐰃𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *siŕ (“you”). Cognate with Chuvash эсир (es̬ir), Khalaj siz, Turkish siz, Uzbek siz, Bashkir һеҙ (heź), Yakut эһиги (ehigi).


𐰾𐰃𐰕

𐰖𐰭𐰡𐰲𐰃:𐰾𐰃𐰕

Denotes second person plural after certain verb tenses.

Denotes "to be" for second person plural


𐰋𐰏

→ Middle Chinese: 匐 (*bək̚)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bēg (“lord”), itself of uncertain origins, see Turkish bey for more. Cognate with Bulgar باك (bêk, “ruler”), Old Uyghur 𐽼𐽷 (pk), 𐽼𐽰𐽷 (pʾk, “lord, chief”), Karakhanid باكْ (bēg, “chief, a woman's husband”), Azerbaijani bəy (“mister, gentleman; lord”), Turkish bey (“mister, gentleman; lord”).


𐰑𐰍𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *adgïr. Cognate with Chuvash ӑйӑр (ăjăr), Karakhanid اَذْغِرْ (aδɣïr, “stallion”), Turkish aygır (“stallion”), Uzbek aygʻir, Bashkir айғыр (ayğır, “stallion”), Yakut атыыр (atıır).


𐱃

Derived from Classical Syriac ܛ (“teth”).

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /t/, used with back vowels.


𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *at (“horse”). Cognate with Chuvash ут (ut), Khalaj hat, Turkish at (“horse”), Uzbek ot, Bashkir ат (at), Yakut ат (at).


𐰼

Derived from Ancient Greek Ρ (R, “rho”) through intermediaries.

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /r/, used with front vowels.


𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *er- (“to be”). Cognate with Turkish imek (“to be”), Uzbek emoq, Yakut эр (er, “to be”).

(intransitive) to be (something, somewhere)


𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēr (“man”). Cognate with Chuvash ар (ar), Khalaj hər, Turkish er, Uzbek er, Bashkir ир (ir), Khakas ир (ir). Compare also Mongolian эр (er).


𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r- (“to reach”). Cognate with Turkish ermek. Compare also Hungarian ér (“to reach”)


𐰼

-er (romanization)
-ir (romanization)
-r (romanization)
𐰺 (alternative)
𐰇𐰼 (alternative)
𐰆𐰺 (alternative)
𐰘𐰇𐰼 (alternative)
𐰖𐰆𐰺 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ür. Cognate with Turkish -er.

𐱅𐰔 (t²z /tez-/, “to flee away”) + 𐰼 (r²) → 𐱅𐰔𐰼 (t²zr² /Tezer./, “They flee away.”)

Forms simple present tense and aorist tense

𐰚𐰇𐰼 (kür² /kör-/, “to see”) + 𐰼 (r²) → 𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰼 (kür²ür² /Körür./, “They see.”)


𐰖𐰆𐰣𐱄

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yunt (“horse, mare”). Cognate to Karakhanid يُنْدْ (yund, “horse”), Chagatai یونت (yunt, “horse”), Old Anatolian Turkish یونت (yont, “mare”), dialectal Turkish yont (“stray animal”).

cog

𐰉𐰃𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰺𐰴:𐰖𐰆𐰣𐱄:𐰾𐰃𐰕𐰢𐰀:
b¹iŋ:b¹ud¹r¹q:y¹un¹t¹:s²izma:

circa 8th-9th centuries, 𐱂𐰆𐰢𐰆𐰠𐰆𐰐𐰁 (Šümül-öge), Kezheelig-Hovu (е-45) line 8

(Yenisei Kyrgyz, equestrianism, hapax legomenon) horse


𐰆

Derived from Sogdian 𐼇 (w, “waw”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܘ (“waw”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /o/ or /u/.


𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ū (“sleep”). Compare Karakhanid اُو (ū, “sleep”), Yakut уу (uu, “sleep”).

inh+

𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰇𐰏:𐰉𐱃𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰺𐰍:𐰾𐰇𐰚𐰯𐰤:𐰚𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐱁𐰍:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰯:𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰔:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰆𐰑𐰀:𐰉𐰽𐰑𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E35:

Having opened our way through the lance-deep snow, we marched up over the Sayan Mountains and fell upon the Kyrgyz people while they were asleep.


𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *u- (“to be able, capable”). Compare Karakhanid اُغَنْ (uɣan, “having power over all things”), Turkish -a-ma- (“not to be able”).


𐰇

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳞, 𐲞, 𐳝, 𐲝, 𐳟, 𐲟, 𐳬, 𐲭

Ultimately derived from Ancient Greek υ (u, “upsilon”) through intermediaries.

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ø/ or /y/.


𐰇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ȫ- (“to think understand”). Compare Karakhanid اُو (ȫ-, “to understand”), Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ʾwymʾk /ö-/, “to think, remember”).

cog

(intransitive) to think, think of, remember


𐰇

-ü (romanization)
𐰆 (alternative)
𐰀 (alternative)
𐰃 (alternative)
𐰘𐰇 (alternative)
𐰖𐰆 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ü. Cognate with Turkish -i, -e.

𐱁 (aš-, “to pass”) + 𐰇 (ü) → 𐱁𐰀 (aša, “by passing”)

Makes converbs and adverbs out of verbs yielding "by, ...-ing"


𐰇𐰓

From Proto-Turkic *öd (“time”). Cognate to Old Uyghur [script needed] (öd, “time”), Karakhanid اُذْ (öδ, “time”), Southern Altai ӧй (öy, “time”), Turkish öğle (“noon”).

𐰇𐰓:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰖𐰽𐰺:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐰯:𐰇𐰠𐰏𐰠𐰃:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N10

Mankind were always created to die when heaven assigns the time.


𐰇𐰓

From Proto-Turkic *ȫt (“gall”). Originally attested as 𐰇𐰓𐰃𐰭𐰀 (ödiŋe, “to their galls”), due to long vowel /t/ was probably voiced to /d/ in possessive forms and therefore the original form can actually be 𐰇𐱅 (öt). Compare Turkmen ȫt (“gall”), but "ȫd-" after vowels. Cognate with Chuvash ват (vat), Turkish öd, Uzbek oʻt, Bashkir үт (üt), Yakut үөс (üös).

𐰇𐰓𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰚𐰇𐰤𐰃:𐱅𐰏𐰓𐰜:𐰇𐰲𐰤

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E29

...and since envy touched their galls...


𐰋

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳂, 𐲂

Ultimately derived from Ancient Greek β (b, “beta”) through intermediaries.

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /b/ and /v/ used with front vowels.


𐰋

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *äb (“house”).
Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽱 (ʾβ /ev/); Tuvan өг (ög), Khakas иб (ib), Shor ӱй (üy), Northern Altai ӱг (üg); Siberian Tatar өй (öy), Bashkir өй (öy), Tatar өй (öy); Uyghur ئۆي / öy / өй, Uzbek uy; Turkish ev (“house”); Khalaj həv; etc.


𐰉

Derived from Sogdian 𐼃 (β, “beth”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܒ (“beth”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /b/ and /v/, used with back vowels.


𐰉

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āb (“hunt, chase”). Cognate with, Turkish av (“hunt, hunting”), Turkmen āw (“hunt”), Uzbek ov, Bashkir ау (aw). Compare also Mongolian ав (av), Manchu ᠠᠪᠠ (aba).


𐰉𐰆𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bōl- (“to become”). Cognate with Chuvash пулма (pulma), Karakhanid [script needed] (bolmāq), Turkmen bōlmak, Uyghur بولماق (bolmaq), Uzbek boʻlmoq, Bashkir булыу (bulıw), Kazakh болу (bolu), Khakas поларға (polarğa), Kyrgyz болуу (boluu), Southern Altai болор (bolor), Tuvan болур (bolur), Yakut буол (buol). Possibly cognate with Azerbaijani olmaq, Turkish olmak, Crimean Tatar olmaq.


𐰉𐰆𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bul- (“to find”). Cognate with Khalaj bulmaq, Azerbaijani bulmaq, Turkish bulmak, Yakut бул (bul).


𐰲

Derived from Sogdian 𐼗 (c, “sadhe”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܨ (“sadhe”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /t͡ʃ/.


𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ač- (“to open”). Cognate with Chuvash уҫ (uś), Khalaj haçmaq, Turkish aç- (“to open”), Uzbek ochmoq, Bashkir асыу (asıw), Yakut ас (as).


𐰀𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āč (“hungry, hunger”). Cognate with Chuvash выҫӑ (vyś̬ă), Turkish aç (“hungry”), Uzbek och, Bashkir ас (as, “hungry”), Yakut аас (aas, “hungry”).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰀𐰲:𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E38


𐰀𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āč- (“to hunger”). Cognate with Karakhanid ااجْماقْ (āčmaq, “to hunger”), Turkish acıkmak (“to hunger”), Uzbek ochiqmoq, Bashkir асығыу (asığıw), Yakut аас (aas).

cog

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N6


𐰋𐰃𐰠

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bil- (“to know”). Cognate with Chuvash пӗл (pĕl), Khalaj bilmək, Azerbaijani bilmək (“to know”), Turkish bilmek (“to know”), Uzbek bilmoq (“to know”), Bashkir белеү (belew, “to know”), Yakut бил (bil).


𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bulga- (“to stir, stir up”). Cognate with Chuvash пӑлхан (pălh̬an), Turkish bulamak, Uzbek bulgʻamoq, Bashkir болғау (bolğaw), Yakut булаа (bulaa). Compare also Turkish karıştırmak (“to stir, mix, disturb, cause trouble”) for semantics and Hungarian bolygat (“to bother; to create disorder”), a Turkic borrowing.

cog

𐰞𐰶𐰑𐰀:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐱅𐰾𐰺:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰜𐰓𐰀:𐰜𐰇𐰠𐰃𐰲𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰯𐰞𐰖𐰆𐱅𐰏𐰯:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰖𐰆
[béšba]lïqda:törtsü[ŋüš]:süŋüšdükde:küličoroplayutegip:bulɣayu

8th century CE, Kul-Chur Inscription, W11

At his fourth fights at Bish-Balyk, Kul-Chur made sudden attacks (on the enemy) and disordered...

to produce a state of disorder, put in disorder, to disturb, to cause trouble


𐰍𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āgïŕ (“mouth”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫӑвар (śăvar), Khalaj âğız, Turkish ağız (“mouth”), Uzbek ogʻiz, Bashkir ауыҙ (awıź), Tuvan аас (aas).


𐰑𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *adak (“foot”). Cognate with Chuvash ура (ura), Khalaj hadaq, Turkish ayak (“foot, leg”), Uzbek oyoq, Bashkir аҙаҡ (aźaq), Yakut атах (ataq).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰑𐰴:𐰴𐰢𐱁𐱃𐰑𐰃:𐰖𐰉𐰞𐰴:𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰀𐰲𐰃:𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N6-7

The Turkic people's feet tottered and were about to be put to rout.


𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *biti- (“to write”), itself generally thought to be borrowed from Middle Chinese 筆 (MC pit, “writing brush”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽼𐽶𐾀𐽶𐽹𐽰𐽷 (pytymʾk /biti-/, “to write”), Karakhanid [script needed] (biti-, “to write”), Old Anatolian Turkish [script needed] (biti-, “to be destined”), Northern Altai битиерге (bitiyerge, “to write”).


𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏

→ Turkish: betik

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bitig; equivalent to 𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰃 (b²it²i /biti-/, “to write”) + -𐰏 (-g /-g/). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽼𐽶𐾀𐽶𐽷 (pytyk /bitig/, “inscription, scripture, book”), Karakhanid بِتِكٔ (bitik, “anything written; book, letter”), Old Anatolian Turkish بتی (biti, “letter, written document”), Bashkir бетеү (betew, “amulet”), Azerbaijani bitik (“letter”). Compare also Mongolian бичиг (bičig), a Turkic borrowing.


𐰴

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳔, 𐲔

Derived from Sogdian 𐼉 (x, “heth”), ultimately from Derived from Classical Syriac ܚ (“heth”).

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /q/ used with back vowels.


𐰀𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āk (“white”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽰𐽵𐾄 (ak), Turkish ak (“white”), Turkmen āk (“white”), Uzbek oq, Bashkir аҡ (aq), Yakut ак (ak).


𐰇𐰼𐰭

head

𐰇𐰼𐰭 (ür²ŋ /ürüŋ/)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ürüŋ (“white”). Cognate with Old Uyghur [script needed] (ürüŋ, “white”), Karakhanid [script needed] (ürüŋ, “white”), Khalaj hürün, Turkish ürün (“milk, dairy product”), Yakut үрүҥ (ürüñ, “white”).


𐰃

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳐, 𐲐, 𐳑, 𐲑

Derived from Sogdian 𐼊 (y, “yodh”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܝ (“yodh”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /i/ /e/ or /ɯ/. The backness or frontness depends on the type of the consonant.


𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ï (“bush, tree”). Cognate with Old Uyghur ՚y (ï, “plant”), Karakhanid يٖيكٖى (yigi, “bushy”).

inh+

𐱃𐰍:𐰃𐰴𐰀:𐰉𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐰼𐱅𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN3:


𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ï̄- (“to send”). Cognate with Southern Altai ийер (iyer, “to send”).

𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰚𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰼:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰯:𐰺𐰴𐱁:𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰚𐱁:𐰃𐰽𐰺:𐰤𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰭𐰍:𐰖𐰸

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S8:

If you stay in the land of Ötüken and send caravans from there, you will have no trouble.


𐰃𐰍𐰲

head

𐰃𐰍𐰲 (iǧč /ïġač/)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ïgač (“tree”). Cognate with Chuvash йывӑҫ (jyvăś, “tree”), Uzbek yogʻoch (“tree”), Turkish ağaç (“tree”), Bashkir ағас (ağas, “tree; wood, timber”).


𐰚𐰇𐰚

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kȫk (“blue, green”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /kök/), Chuvash кӑвак (kăvak), Khalaj kö̂k, Turkish gök, Uzbek koʻk, Bashkir күк (kük), Yakut күөх (küöq) and also Hungarian kék, a Turkic borrowing.


𐰖𐰆𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yōl (“road”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫул (śul), Khalaj yôl, Turkish yol (“road, way”), Turkmen ýōl (“road”), Uzbek yoʻl, Bashkir юл (yul, “road”), Yakut суол (suol, “road”).

road, a way used for travelling between places


𐰢𐰤

An early nasalized form of 𐰋𐰤 (ben), itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *ben (“I”). Cognate with Azerbaijani -əm, Turkish -im, Turkmen -in.


𐰢𐰤

men (romanization)
𐰋𐰤 (alternative)
𐰌𐰥 (alternative)

𐰽𐰲𐰺: 𐰢𐰤

𐰴𐰕𐰍𐰣𐰆𐰺:𐰢𐰤

Denotes first person singular after certain verb tenses.

Denotes "to be" for first person singular


𐰋𐰃𐱁

head

𐰋𐰃𐱁 (b²iš /béš/)

b²iš (romanization)
béš (romanization)
𐰋𐱁 (alternative)
𐰋𐰃𐰾 (alternative)
𐰌𐰂𐱀 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bẹ̄ĺ (“five”). Cognate with Chuvash пиллӗк (pillĕk, “five”), Karakhanid بٖيشْ (bḗš, “five”) Azerbaijani beş (“five”), Turkish beş (“five”), Gagauz beş (“five”), Uzbek besh, Bashkir биш (biş), Yakut биэс (bies, “five”).


𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *altun (“gold”). Cognate with Chuvash ылтӑн (ylt̬ăn, “gold”), Karakhanid اَلْتُونْ (altūn, “gold”), Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽺 (ʾʾltwn /altun/, “gold”), Turkish altın (“gold, golden”), Uzbek oltin, Bashkir алтын (altın, “gold”), Yakut алтан (altan, “copper”), Khakas алтын (altın, “gold, golden”). Compare also Manchu ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ (aisin) and Mongolian алт (alt), a Turkic borrowing.

cog

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁:𐰃𐰾𐰏𐱅𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐱃𐰖:𐰉𐰆𐰭𐰽𐰔:𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰇𐰼
l¹t¹un¹:kümš:is²gt²i:q̊¹ut¹y¹:b¹uŋs¹z:nča:b²ir²ür²

𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰞𐰃𐰍:𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤 (Yollïġ Tégin), Kül Tegin Inscription S5

They gift us gold, silver and silk in abundance like so.

/Altun, kümüš, išgiti ḳutay buŋsïz anča birür./


𐰈𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰤

head

𐰈𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰤 (örgin)

Possibly ultimately from Proto-Turkic *ȫr- (“to rise”). Cognate with Old Uyghur [script needed] (örgin, “throne”).


𐰴𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kaŋ (“father”). Cognate to Karakhanid قَنْكْسِقْ (qaŋsïq, “step-father”), Karakhanid قَنْكْدَشْ (qaŋdaš, “half brother”), Old Uyghur qʾnk (qaŋ, “father”).


𐰯𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *apa (“father”). Cognate to Karakhanid اَبا (apā, “father, bear”), Old Uyghur ʾʾpʾ (apa, “ancestor”), Khakas аба (aba, “father”). Compare also Buryat аба (aba, “father”), Mongolian авга (avga, “paternal uncle”), ав (av, “father”).

inh+

𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰲𐰃𐰢:𐰯𐰀𐰢:𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰃𐰾𐱅𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰢𐱁
kiši:oɣlïnta:üze:ečim:apam:bumïn:qaɣan:istemi:qaɣan:olurmïš

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E1

Over the human beings, my ancestors Bumin Khagan and Istemi Khagan became rulers.


𐰚𐰇𐰲

head

𐰚𐰇𐰲 (küč /küč/)

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *kǖč (“power”). Cognate with Khalaj kü̂ç, Turkish güç, Uzbek kuch, Bashkir көс (kös), Yakut күүс (küüs). Compare also Mongolian хүч (xüč), a Turkic borrowing.


𐰴𐰆𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰍

head

𐰴𐰆𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰍 (qutluɣ)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kutlug (“fortunate, blessed”) equivalent to 𐰴𐰆𐱃 (qut, “luck, fortune”) + 𐰞𐰆𐰍 (-luɣ). Cognate with Turkish kutlu (“happy, blessed”).


𐱅𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tē- (“to say”). Cognate to Karakhanid [script needed] (tḗmēk, “to say”), Old Uyghur [script needed] (te-, “to say”), Turkish demek (“to say”), Turkmen diýmek (“to say”), Kyrgyz дөө (döö, “to say”), Yakut диэ (die, “to say”).


𐱅𐰃

-ti (romanization)
𐱃𐰃 (alternative)
𐰓𐰃 (alternative)
𐰑𐰃 (alternative)

𐰓𐰏𐰇 (edgü, “good”) + 𐱅𐰃 (t²i) → 𐰓𐰏𐰇𐱅𐰃 (edgüti, “very well”)


𐰚𐰇𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kör- (“to see, look”). Cognate with Chuvash курма (kurma), Turkish gör- (“to see”), Uzbek koʻrmoq, Bashkir күреү (kürew), Yakut көр (kör).

inh+

𐰉𐰆𐰭𐰑𐰯:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰘𐰠𐰇:𐰜𐰼:𐱅𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN2

Having become utterly bored, the khagan said: 'Ride fast!'

(auxiliary verb) Forms verbs with the sense of being ordered to do them


𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”). Cognate with Chuvash хӑлха (hălh̬a), Khalaj qulaq, Karakhanid قُلْقاقْ (qulqaq), قُلْخاقْ (qulχaq, “ear”), Old Uyghur [script needed] (qulqaq, “ear”), Turkish kulak (“ear”), Uzbek quloq, Bashkir ҡолаҡ (qolaq), Yakut кулгаах (kulgaaq, “ear”). Compare also Mongolian хулхи (xulxi).

cog

𐰚𐰇𐰕𐰤:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰓𐰜:𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴𐰣:𐰾𐰓𐰢𐰓𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰢𐰣

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N11

...my people who have not been seen by eye and have not been heard by ear...


𐰀𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āŕ (“few, very little”). Cognate with Karakhanid اازْ (āz, “scanty”), Turkish az (“few, little”), Turkmen āz (“few, little”), Bashkir әҙ (əź, “few, little”).

inh+

𐰋𐰃𐰔:𐰔:𐰼𐱅𐰢𐰔:𐰖𐰉𐰔:𐰼𐱅𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E32


𐰀𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āŕ- (“to go astray, lose one's way”). Cognate with Karakhanid اازْماقْ (āzmāq, “to lose one's way”), Chuvash ур (ur, “to lose mind, go mad”), Turkmen āzmak (“to go astray”), Turkish azmak (“to go astray, to go mad”), Bashkir аҙыу (aźıw, “to lead immoral life, degenerate”).

cog

(intransitive) to go astray, to lose one's way

𐰚𐰇𐰥𐰀𐰖𐰀𐰔𐰑𐰢𐰀
kün²ay¹azd¹ma

circa 8th-9th centuries, Begre (e-11) line 2.5

In day and night I perished [over the loss of my wife and my master.]

(figurative, intransitive) to die, perish

to go astray, to lose one's way
to die, perish


𐰠

Derived from Ancient Greek λ (l, “lambda”) through intermediaries.

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /l/, used with front vowels.


𐰃𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ič (“the interior of something”). Cognate with Chuvash ӑш (ăš, “interior”), Turkish iç (“interior”), Bashkir эс (es, “interior”), Uzbek ich (“interior”), Yakut ис (is, “interior; guts”).


𐰉𐰞𐰶

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bialïk (“city, fortress”). Cognate with Old Uyghur [script needed] (balïq, “town”), Karakhanid بَلِقْ (balïq, “stronghold, town”). Compare Mongolian ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ (balɣasu, “city”), a Turkic borrowing.

cog

𐰭:𐰃𐰠𐰚:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰆:𐰉𐰞𐰶𐰑𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁𐰓𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N4


𐰉𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bu (“this”). Cognate with Turkish bu (“this”), Uzbek bu, Bashkir был (bıl), Tuvan бо (bo).


𐰇𐰠

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *öl- (“to die”). Cognate with Chuvash вил (vil), Khalaj hölmək, Turkish öl- (“to die”), Uzbek oʻlmoq, Bashkir үлеү (ülew), Yakut өл (öl).


𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ortu (“middle”), from Proto-Turkic *or-. Cognate with Karakhanid [script needed] (ortu, “middle”), Turkish orta, Uzbek o'rta, Bashkir урта (urta), Yakut орто (orto).


𐰖𐰍𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yagï (“enemy, war”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫу (śu, “heathen”), Karakhanid يَغٖى (yaɣï̄, “enemy”), Ottoman Turkish یاغی (yağı, “stranger, enemy”), Kazakh жау (jau, “enemy”), Khakas чаа (çaa, “war”).


𐰾𐰋𐰤

s²b²n² (romanization)
sebin- (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sebin- (“to rejoice”), from the reflexive form of *seb- (“to love”), equivalent to 𐰾𐰋 (seb-, “to love, like”) + 𐰤 (-in). Cognate with Turkish sevinmek (“to rejoice, be happy”), Bashkir һөйөнөү (höyönöw).

cog

(intransitive) to rejoice, be happy, be joyful


𐰡𐰢𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *altmïĺ (“sixty”). Cognate with Chuvash утмӑл (utmăl, “sixty”), Khalaj altmış, Karakhanid اَلْتْمِشْ (altmïš, “sixty”), Turkish altmış (“sixty”), Uzbek oltmish, Bashkir алтмыш (altmış).


𐰚𐰠𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kẹlin (“bride, daughter-in-law”). Cognate with Chuvash кин (kin), Azerbaijani gəlin, Turkish gelin, Uzbek kelin, Kazakh келін (kelın), Bashkir килен (kilen, “daughter-in-law”), Tuvan келин (kelin).

cog

𐰇𐰏𐰢:𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰆𐰞𐰖𐰆:𐰇𐰏𐰠𐰼𐰢:𐰚𐰠𐰼𐰢:𐰚𐰠𐰭𐰇𐰤𐰢:𐰸𐰆𐰨𐰖𐰞𐰺𐰢:𐰉𐰆𐰨𐰀:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰃:𐰚𐰇𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰲𐰃:𐰼𐱅𐰃:𐰇𐰠𐰏𐰃:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰑𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰀:𐰖𐱃𐰆:𐰴𐰡𐰲𐰃:𐰼𐱅𐰏𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N9

My mother, the khatun, and my (step-)mothers, my elder sisters, my daughters-in-law, my princesses this many people who were going to survive would have become slaves, and those of you who were going to be killed would have been left lying at the camp and on roads.


𐰢𐱃𐰃

Derived from Proto-Turkic *em-. Cognate with Azerbaijani indi, Turkish şimdi, Uzbek endi, Tatar инде (inde), Tuvan ам (am).


𐰞

Derived from Sogdian 𐼌 (δ, “lamed”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܠ (“lamed”)

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /l/ with back vowels.


𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *al- (“to take”). Cognate to Chuvash ил (il), Karakhanid آل (al, “to take”), Azerbaijani al, Turkish almak (“take, buy”), Uzbek olmoq, Bashkir алыу (alıw), Yakut ыл (ıl, “take”).

inh+

𐰴𐰺𐰞𐰸𐰆𐰍:𐰇𐰠𐰼𐱅𐰢𐰔:𐰞𐱃𐰢𐰔
qr¹l¹q̊¹uǧ:ül²r²t²mz:l¹t¹mz
/Ḳarluḳïġ ölürtümüz altïmïz./

c. 735 CE, 𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰞𐰃𐰍:𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤 (Yollïġ Tégin), Kül Tégin Inscription N.2

We killed and conquered the Ḳarluḳ nation.


𐰖

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳚, 𐲚

Pictogram of a bow, compare Proto-Turkic *yā(y) (“bow”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /j/, used with back vowels.


𐰖

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āń(k) (“moon, month”). Cognate with Chuvash уйӑх (ujăh), Khalaj hây, Turkish ay (“moon, month”), Uzbek oy, Bashkir ай (ay), Yakut ый (ıy).


𐰖

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āy- (“to say, to tell”). Cognate with Chuvash ыйт (yjt), Khalaj hâymaq, Turkish ayıtmak, Uzbek aytmoq, Bashkir әйтеү (əytew), Yakut ый (ıy).

𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸𐰀:𐰉𐰭𐰀:𐰖𐰑𐰃
bilge:tońuquq:baŋa:aydï
He ordered me, Bilge Tonyukuk, (as follows):..

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN7

(transitive) to tell, to declare, to order


𐰸

Pictogram of an arrow, compare Proto-Turkic *ok (“arrow”), whence Etymology 2.

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /uq/, /oq/, /qu/, /qo/, used with back vowels.


𐰸

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ok (“arrow”). Cognate with Chuvash ухӑ (uh̬ă), Turkish ok, Uzbek oʻq, Bashkir уҡ (uq), Yakut ох (oq).

𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐰼𐰏:𐰸𐰣:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰃:𐰚𐰃:𐰼𐰏:𐰆𐰑:𐱁𐰺𐰆:𐰽𐰨𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E36:

He hit one man with an arrow and stabbed two men through their thighs.


𐰸

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ōk (“tribe”). Cognate with Chuvash йӑх (jăh).

𐰆𐰣:𐰸:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰃:𐰖𐰍𐰢𐰔:𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IE2:

The khagan of the Ten Tribes was our enemy.


𐰸

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ök (“emphatic particle”).

Alternative form of 𐰜 (ök) after back vowels


𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚

Alternative spelling of 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 (t²ür²k̥) as seen on the Tonyukuk inscription. Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *tür(ü)k.


𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bodun (“people, nation”), possibly equivalent to 𐰉𐰆𐰑 (bod, “stature; tribe”) + 𐰣 (-an, “plural suffix”).

af

(anthropology, sociology) people, nation


𐰾𐰚𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sekiŕ. Cognate with Chuvash саккӑр (sakkăr), Khalaj səkkiz, Turkish sekiz, Uzbek sakkiz, Bashkir һигеҙ (higeź), Yakut аҕыс (ağıs).

𐰴𐰭𐰢:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰆𐰲𐰑𐰸𐰑𐰀:𐰇𐰔𐰢:𐰾𐰚𐰃𐰔:𐰖𐱁𐰑𐰀:𐰴𐰞𐱃𐰢

9th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E13-14

When my father, the khagan, passed away, I was at the age of eight.


𐰭

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ŋ/.


𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *eŋ (“superlative suffix”). Cognate with Turkish en.

inh+

𐰭:𐰠𐰚𐰃:𐱃𐰑𐰴𐰣:𐰲𐰆𐰺𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰔:𐱃𐰍:𐰋𐰃𐰤𐰯:𐱅𐰏𐰓𐰃
ŋ:l²ki:t¹d¹qn¹:čur¹ŋ:b¹uz:t¹ǧ:b²in²p:t²gd²i
/Eŋ ilki Tadïḳïn Čorïn boz atïġ binip tegdi./
First order of business, he mounted Tadïḳ Čor's roan horse and went up [to the enemy.]

c. 735 CE, 𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰞𐰃𐰍:𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤 (Yollïġ Tégin), Kül Tégin Inscription E.32


𐰭

-iŋ (romanization)
-ïŋ (romanization)
-üŋ (romanization)
-uŋ (romanization)
-ŋ (romanization)
𐰏- (alternative)
𐰍- (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-iŋ. Cognate with Turkish -in

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (uǧl¹ /oɣul/, “child”) + 𐰭 (ŋ) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰭 (uǧl¹ŋ /oġluŋ/, “your child”)

second person singular possessive suffix

-𐰇𐰠 (-ül² /öl-/, “to die”) + 𐰭 (ŋ) → 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰭 (ül²t²ŋ /Öltüŋ./, “You died”)

second person singular suffix for certain verb tenses


𐰭

-iŋ (romanization)
-ïŋ (romanization)
-ŋ (romanization)

𐰋𐰃𐰠 (b²il² /bil-/, “to know”) + 𐰭 (ŋ) → 𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰭 (b²il²ŋ /Biliŋ./, “You must know!”)

Suffix forming second person plural imperative

𐰏𐰠

second person singular imperative suffix


𐰹

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /uq/, /oq/, /qu/, /qo/, used with back vowels.


𐰊𐱄𐰆𐰻

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bagatur, itself of uncertain origins. Cognate with Bashkir батыр (batır), Kazakh батыр (batyr), Turkish Batur. Compare also Proto-Mongolic *baxatur whence Mongolian баатар (baatar), Persian بهادر (bahâdor) whence Turkish bahadır and Middle Chinese 冒頓 (MC mawH|mok twonH).

𐰼𐰓𐰢:𐰊𐰟𐰽𐰻:𐰢𐰆𐰣𐰎:𐰼𐰢𐰕:𐰢𐰆𐰣𐰎:𐰼𐰾𐰢:𐰕𐰼𐰈:𐰟𐰵𐰣𐰯:𐰼𐰓𐰢𐰠𐰐:𐰊𐱄𐰆𐰻:𐰢𐰥

When there is valor, there is no sorrow, and when there is sorrow, then I am the hero Ezeru


𐰘𐰃𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yẹg. Cognate with Chuvash ҫи (śi), Azerbaijani yey, Turkish yeğ.

𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐱁𐰑𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐰏:𐰃𐰓𐰃:𐰖𐰸:𐰼𐰢𐱁
ötüken:yїšda:yég:idi:yoq:ermiš

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S4

There were no better lords in the Ötüken Mountains.


𐰢𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *mak (“praise”). Cognate with Chuvash мухта (muhta, “to praise”), Azerbaijani maxtanmaq (“to brag”), Uzbek maqtamoq, Bashkir маҡтау (maqtaw, “to praise”), Yakut махтан (maqtan, “to thank”). Compare also Mongolian магтах (magtax, “to praise”).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼𐰃𐰤:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰃𐰤:𐰼𐱅𐰭𐰇:𐱅𐰃:𐰢𐰍:𐰃𐱅𐰓𐰃:𐰇𐰏𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S15

(My father, the khagan), profoundly glorified and praised the Turkic lords and people.


𐰸𐰆𐰨𐰖

q̊¹unčy¹ (romanization)
qunčuy (romanization)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 公主 (MC kuwng tsyuX, “princess”). Compare also Old Uyghur 𐽲𐽳𐽺𐽽𐽳𐽶 (qwncwy /ḳunčuy/, “dame, princess”), Japanese 公主 (kōshu), Korean 공주 (gongju), Mongolian гүнж (günž), Chinese borrowings.


𐰋𐰇𐰼𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bȫrü.
cognates
Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽼𐽳𐽶𐽾𐽳 (pwyrw /börü/), Khalaj bö̂ri, Turkish and Crimean Tatar börü, Uzbek bo‘ri, Kazakh бөрі (börı), Uyghur بۆرە (böre), Bashkir бүре (büre), Shor пӧрӱ (pörü), Khakas пӱӱр (püür), Tuvan бөрү (börü), and Yakut and Dolgan бөрө (börö).


𐰛

Derived from Sogdian 𐼋 (k, “kaph”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܟ (“kaph”).

(Irk Bitig, Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /k/, used with front vowels.


𐰸𐰆𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kut. Cognate with Chuvash хӑт (hăt), Old Uyghur 𐽷𐽳𐾀 (kut), Karakhanid قُتْ (qut), Turkish kut, Uzbek қут (qut), Bashkir ҡот (qot), Kazakh құт (qūt), Kyrgyz кут (kut), Shor қут (qut), Khakas хут (xut), Tuvan кут (kut), Dolgan кут (kut), Yakut кут (kut). Compare also Mongolian хутаг (xutag) and Manchu ᡥᡠᡨᡠᡵᡳ (huturi), Turkic borrowings.

good fortune,happiness, joy
(shamanism) the favour of heaven

good fortune,happiness, joy
the favour of heaven


𐰍

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɣ/, used with back vowels.


𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āg- (“to rise up”). Cognate with Azerbaijani ağmaq (“to outweigh; to rise up”), Turkish ağmak (“to outweigh; to rise up”), Gagauz aamaa (“to vaporize”), Turkmen āgmak (“to overflow”), Kazakh ауу (auu).

cog

(intransitive) to rise, to ascend, to climb


𐰏

Clauson suggest that it might ultimately be derived from Ancient Greek Γ (G, “gamma”) through intermediaries.

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɡ/, used with front vowels.


𐰏

-g (romanization)
-ig (romanization)
𐰍 (alternative)
𐰇𐰏 (alternative)
𐰆𐰍 (alternative)
𐰤 (alternative)
𐰣 (alternative)
𐰤𐰃 (alternative)
𐰣𐰃 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ig. Cognate with Chuvash -не (-ne), Turkish -i, Uzbek -ni, Kazakh -ні (-nı).

𐱃 (at, “horse”) + 𐰍 (ǧ) → 𐱃𐰍 (atïɣ, “the horse (accusative)”)


𐰏

-g (romanization)
-ig (romanization)
𐰍 (alternative)
𐰇𐰏 (alternative)
𐰆𐰍 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-g. Cognate with Chuvash -ӗ (-ĕ), Turkish -i, Uzbek -ik.

𐰋𐰃𐰠 (bil-, “to know”) + 𐰏 (g) → 𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏 (bilig, “knowledge”)


𐰑

Clauson suggests that it might ultimately be derived from Classical Syriac ܕ (“daleth”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /d/ and /ð/, used with back vowels.


𐰇𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *üŕ- (“to break, tear, demolish”). Cognate with Khalaj hüzmək, Turkish üzmek (“to tear; to upset”), Uzbek uzmoq, Bashkir өҙөү (öźöw).

inh+

𐰖𐰆𐰖𐰴𐰀:𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰏:𐱅𐰆𐰯𐰞𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰆𐰲𐰔:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰘𐰨𐰏𐰀:𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰏:𐰇𐰔𐰏𐰠𐰃:𐰆𐰲𐰔:𐰖𐰆𐰖𐰴𐰀:𐰴𐰞𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰾𐰺:𐱃𐰆𐰯𐰞𐰍𐰆𐰞𐰸:𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰘𐰨𐰏𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰽𐰺:𐰇𐰔𐰏𐰠𐰜:𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IS6-7

That which is thin is easy to bend, they say; that which is tender is easy to break. If thin becomes thick, it is hard to bend it, they say; and if tender becomes tough, it is hard to break it, they say.


𐰘𐰇𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yǖŕ (“hundred”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫӗр (śĕr), Khalaj yü̂z, Azerbaijani yüz (“hundred”), Turkish yüz (“hundred”), Uzbek yuz, Bashkir йөҙ (yöź), Yakut сүүс (süüs).


𐰘𐰇𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yǖŕ (“face”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫӑвар (śăvar), Khalaj yü̂z, Azerbaijani üz (“face”), Turkish yüz (“face”), Uzbek yuz, Bashkir йөҙ (yöź), Yakut сүүс (süüs).

𐰖𐰺𐰴𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐰖𐰞𐰢𐰽𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐰘𐰇𐰔:𐰺𐱃𐰸:𐰸𐰆𐰣:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰃:𐰘𐰇𐰔𐰭𐰀:𐰉𐱁𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐱅𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E33

They hit (him) with more than a hundred arrows on his armor and caftan; (but he did not let the enemy hit him) even once on his face or head.


𐰌𐰝

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bök- (“to be satiated”).
Cognate with Turkish bıkmak, Bashkir бүкеү (bükew), Tuvan пөкер (pöker).

𐰟𐱄𐰆𐰣𐰠𐰐:𐰛𐰅𐱀𐰐:𐰌𐰅𐰠𐰢𐱆𐰁:𐰊𐰣𐱄𐰢:𐱆𐰮𐰼𐰄𐰅𐰠𐰢:𐰛𐰁:𐰌𐰝𐰢𐰓𐰢:𐰾𐰄𐰕𐰢𐰁𐰗𐱄𐰁

8-10th century CE, Uyuk-Turan (e-3), section 2:

I tied my gilded quiver onto my waist. I couldn't be satisfied of my holy country what pain! Alas!

(Yenisei Kyrgyz, intransitive) to be satiated


𐰌𐰥

Yenisei Kyrgyz variant of Old Turkic 𐰋𐰤 (b²n²).


𐰃𐰥𐰐𐰥

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *in ~ *in-gen (“female camel”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐰃𐰤𐰏𐰤 (in²gn² /ingen/, “female camel”) and Karakhanid اِنْكانْ (ïnğan).

cog

𐰃𐰥𐰭𐰕𐰚𐰁:𐰃𐰲𐰭𐰕𐰚𐰁:𐰃𐰥𐰐𐰥𐰘𐰝𐰃:𐰃𐰠𐰕:𐱅𐰈𐱀𐰼𐱅𐰭𐰕
in²ŋzka:ičŋzka:in²gn²y²k̥i:il²z:t²üšr²t²ŋz

circa 8th-9th centuries, Altyn-kol (е-28) line 9

Please drop off your she-camel carriages [and give them] to your younger and elder brothers.

/İniŋizke, ečiŋizke ingen yüki eliz tüšürtiŋiz./


𐰊𐰎𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bugu. Cognate with Kazakh бұғы (būğy, “deer”), Uzbek bug’u (“deer”). Compare also Proto-Mongolic *bugu, perhaps a Turkic borrowing.

𐰛𐰈𐰛:𐰌𐰈𐰼𐰄:𐰵𐰻𐰁:𐰽:𐰊𐰎𐰆:𐰈𐰠𐰼𐱆𐰄𐰢

I killed a blue wolf, a black ermine and a buck.


𐱄

Derived from Classical Syriac ܛ (“teth”).

der+

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /t/, used with back vowels.


𐱄

𐱄𐱂𐰺𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐱅𐰭𐰕𐰀𐱅𐰆𐱄𐱂𐰺𐰚𐰈𐰲:𐰼𐱅𐰭𐰕𐰀

8-10th century CE, Altın-Köl I (e-28), section 5:

If you would throw it, you were the hero; if you would hold it, you were the power itself.

atsar alp ertiŋiz e t²utsar küč ertiŋiz e


𐰿𐰥

Derived from Proto-Turkic *ẹĺ- (“to walk, to trot”), equivalent to 𐰿 (eš-, “to trot”) + 𐰥 (-in) Cognate with Turkish eşmek.

𐰿𐰣𐰹𐰃:𐱄𐰟𐰻𐰢:𐰿𐰥𐱆𐰢


𐱆𐰕𐰃𐰐

Derived from 𐱆𐰕 (tez-, “to flee”) + 𐰃𐰐 (-ig). Cognate with Turkish tez.

𐱆𐰕𐰃𐰐:𐰛𐰅𐰙𐰛𐰓𐰁:𐰟𐰯:𐰌𐰥

8-10th century CE, Kızıl-Çıraa II (e-44)


𐰨𐰆𐰞𐰀

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 暗償 (MC 'omH dzyang|dzyangH) and suffixed with 𐰞𐰀 (-la).

𐰆𐰭:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰸:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰲𐰃𐰤:𐰖𐰺𐰴𐰞𐰍:𐰠𐰏𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰑𐰃:𐰖𐰺𐰴𐰞𐰍𐰑𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐰨𐰆𐰞𐰑𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E32

He took the governor's brother-in-law prisoner while he had weapons in his hands, and presented him.


𐰸𐱃𐰖

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 縞帶 (MC kawX|kawH tajH).

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁:𐰃𐰾𐰏𐱅𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐱃𐰖:𐰉𐰆𐰭𐰽𐰔:𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰇𐰼

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S5

They give us gold, silver and silk in abundance.


𐱃𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *to- (“to be full”). Cognate with Chuvash тӑран (tăran), Khalaj todmaq, Turkish doymak, Uzbek toʻymoq, Bashkir туйыу (tuyıw), Yakut тот (tot).

inh+

𐰾𐰤:𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰺:𐱃𐰆𐰽𐰴:𐰇𐰢𐰔:𐰾𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐱃𐰆𐰑𐰽𐰺:𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰴:𐰇𐰢𐰔:𐰾𐰤

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N6

If you become hungry, you do not think of being satiated again, if you become satiated, you do not think of hunger again.


𐱃𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tu- (“to close”).

𐰜𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰃:𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐱃𐰆𐰢𐰾:𐱅𐰘𐰤:𐰾𐰓𐰯:𐰉𐰆:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰣:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰽𐰺:𐰖𐰺𐰢𐰲𐰃:𐱅𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IE6

When I heard that there is only one road to the Sayan Mountains, and it is (now) closed (by snow), I said: 'If we go that way, it will not be good (for us)'.


𐰚𐰃𐰘𐰃𐰚

head

𐰚𐰃𐰘𐰃𐰚 (kéyik)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *keyik (“deer”). Cognate with Chuvash кайӑк (kajăk, “bird”), Turkish geyik, Uzbek kiyik, Khakas киик (kiik).

inh+

herbivorous wild animals, game, prey, deer


𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *oglan, equivalent to 𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰣 (-an, “plural suffix”). Cognate with Turkish oğlan, Turkmen oglan, Uzbek oʻgʻlon, Bashkir улан (ulan), Kazakh ұлан (ūlan), Tatar олан (olan), улан (ulan), углан (uğlan).


𐰓

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳇, 𐲇

Clauson suggest that it might ultimately be derived from Ancient Greek Κ (K, “kappa”) through intermediaries. According to Clauson, the circle that Ancient Greek Δ (D, “delta”) had become in Asia was unsuitable for this script which is why the inventor chose to derive it from a variant of Κ (K, “kappa”).
In an older study, he also suggests Ancient Greek Χ (Kh, “chi”) and gives the reason that the inventor ran out of homophonic models.

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /d/ and /ð/, used with front vowels.


𐰚

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳍, 𐲍

Derived from Sogdian 𐼋 (k, “kaph”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܟ (“kaph”).


𐰤

Derived from Ancient Greek Ν (N, “nu”) through intermediaries.

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /n/, used with front vowels.


𐰤

-n (romanization)
-in (romanization)
𐰣 (alternative)
𐰃𐰤 (alternative)
𐰃𐰣 (alternative)

𐰠𐰏 (elig, “hand”) + 𐰤 (n²) → 𐰠𐰏𐰤 (eligin, “using his/her/its hand”)


𐰤

𐰉𐰽 (bas-, “to press”) + 𐰤 (n²) → 𐰉𐰽𐰣 (basïn-, “to go down; to be overwhelmed”)

Forms reflexive verbs from intransitive or transitive ones


𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-en, equivalent to 𐰀 (-a) + 𐰤 (-n).

𐰀𐱃 (āt, “name”) + 𐰤 (n²) → 𐰀𐱃𐰣 (ātan-, “to be famous”)


𐰤

𐰉𐰆𐰞 (bul-, “to find”) + 𐰤 (n²) → 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰣 (bulun, “captive”)

Forms objects out of transitive verbs; forms subjects or action nouns out of intransitive verbs


𐰦

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /nt/


𐰦

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ānt (“oath”). Cognate with Khalaj ând, Turkish ant (oath), Azerbaijani and, Turkmen ant, Uzbek ont, Bashkir ант (ant), Western Yugur at.

inh+

𐰦𐰞𐰍:𐰑𐰽𐰢:𐰀:𐰦𐰽𐰃𐰔𐰑:𐰀:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐱁𐰢:𐰀:𐰑𐰺𐰞𐰑𐰢:𐰀

O my sworn and unsworn comrades, o my good companion! I departed!

a drink which is mixture of blood and koumiss that been used for taking an oath.


𐰱

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳰, 𐲰

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /itʃ/.


𐰽

Derived from Sogdian 𐼑 (s, “samekh”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܣ (“samekh”)

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /s/, used with back vowels.


𐰾

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳥, 𐲥

Two possibilities:
# Clauson (1962) suggests that it was Derived from Sogdian 𐼈 (z, “zayn”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܙ (“zayn”).
# Clauson (1970) suggests that it was Derived from Ancient Greek Σ (S, “sigma”) through intermediaries.

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /s/, used with front vowels.


𐱇

Pictogram of grass, compare Proto-Turkic *ot (“grass”). See the Old Uyghur entry below.

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ot/ (Irk Bitig and Yenisei Kyrgyz)


𐱈

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /bɑʃ/


𐱈

baš (romanization)
𐰉𐱁 (alternative)
𐰉𐰽 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *baĺč (“head”). Cognate with Chuvash пуҫ (puś), Karakhanid بَشْ (baš), Turkish baş, Azerbaijani baş, Turkmen baş, Uzbek bosh, Uyghur باش (bash), Crimean Tatar baş, Tatar baş, Kazakh бас (bas), Kyrgyz баш (baş), Yakut бас (bas).


𐱁

Derived from Sogdian 𐼙 (š, “shin”) ultimately from Classical Syriac ܫ (“shin”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ʃ/.


𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄ĺ (friend, companion, mate). Cognate with Azerbaijani əş, Turkish eş (spouse, match), Tuvan эш (eş, “friend”).

inh+

𐰦𐰞𐰍:𐰑𐰽𐰢:𐰀:𐰦𐰽𐰃𐰔𐰑:𐰀:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐱁𐰢:𐰀:𐰑𐰺𐰞𐰑𐰢:𐰀


𐰿

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɑʃ/.


𐰿

Uncertain, possibly borrowed from Middle Persian [script needed] (āš), from Avestan 𐬁𐬯𐬀 (āsa) or inherited from Proto-Turkic *(i)aĺ (“meal, food”). Cognate with Turkish aş, Azerbaijani aş, Bashkir аш (aş), Yakut ас (as).

inh+

𐰃𐰲𐰼𐰀:𐱁𐰽𐰔:𐱃𐱁𐰺𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰽𐰔:𐰖𐰉𐰔:𐰖𐰉𐰞𐰴:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰦𐰀:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E26

I ruled over a poor and miserable people who were foodless on the inside and clothless on the outside.


𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tokuŕ. Cognate with Chuvash тӑххӑр (tăhhăr), Khalaj toqquz, Turkish dokuz, Uzbek toʻqqiz, Bashkir туғыҙ (tuğıź), Yakut тоҕус (toğus).


𐰔

Clauson suggest that it might ultimately be derived from Ancient Greek Ζ (Z, “zeta”) through intermediaries.

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /z/, used in both vowel types.


𐱁𐰦𐰆𐰭

head

𐱁𐰦𐰆𐰭 (Šantuŋ)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 山東 (MC srean tuwng, “Shandong”). Compare also Japanese 山東 (Santō), Korean 산동 (Sandong), Vietnamese Sơn Đông, English Shandong, Chinese borrowings.

𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐱁𐰦𐰆𐰭:𐰖𐰕𐰃𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢:𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰖𐰴𐰀:𐰚𐰃𐰲𐰏:𐱅𐰏𐰢𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, G3

I went on campaigns eastwards up to the Shandong plain; I almost reached the ocean.


𐰾𐰭𐰇𐰤

𐰾𐰭𐰇𐰤 (seŋün)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 將軍 (tsjangᴴ kjun, “general”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽻𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽳𐽺 (sʾnkwn /saŋun/, “general, a male given name”).

cog

𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐰸𐰆𐰣𐰃:𐰾𐰭𐰇𐰤𐰏:𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰾:𐰴𐰃𐱃𐰪𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰺𐰀:𐰾𐰢𐰏:𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰾
t¹b¹ǧčǧr¹u:q̊¹un¹i:s²ŋün²g:id¹ms²:qit¹ńǧr¹u:t¹uŋr¹a:s²mg:id¹ms²
/Tabġačġaru, Ḳunï Seŋünüg ïdmïš. Ḳïtaɲġaru, Toŋra Esimig ïdmïš./

c. 716 CE, 𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸 (Bilge Tuɲuḳuḳ), Bain-Tsokto (Tuɲuḳuḳ) Inscriptions IS2

He has sent General Qu to deal with the Tabġač people. He has sent Toŋra Esim to deal with the Ḳïtaɲ people.


𐱁𐰑

From an Iranian language, ultimately from Proto-Iranian *xšáyati. Compare also Turkish şah (“shah”) a borrowing from the same source through Persian شاه (šâh, “king”).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐱅𐰘𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰃:𐰖𐱁𐰃𐰢𐰴𐰀:𐱃𐰺𐰑𐰆𐱁:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱁𐰑:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E15

I ruled over the Tardu people as their shad at the age of fourteen.

Shad, a title, usually considered to be one step below the khagan


𐰢𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-miĺ. Cognate with Turkish -miş.

𐰖𐰺𐱃𐰢𐱁:

[It is said that] they have created [it].


𐰓𐰃

-di (romanization)
𐰑𐰃 (alternative)
𐱅𐰃 (alternative)
𐱃𐰃 (alternative)
𐰡𐰃 (alternative)
𐰦𐰃 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ti. Cognate with Chuvash -рӗ (-rĕ), Turkish -di, Uzbek -di, Kazakh -ді (-dı).

-𐰆𐰲 (uč-, “1. to fly 2. to die”) + 𐰓𐰃 (d²i) → 𐰆𐰲𐰑𐰃 (učdï, “he/she/it flew/died”)


𐰓𐰀𐰲𐰃

-deči (romanization)
𐰑𐰀𐰲𐰃 (alternative)
𐱅𐰀𐰲𐰃 (alternative)
𐱃𐰀𐰲𐰃 (alternative)
𐰡𐰀𐰲𐰃 (alternative)
𐰦𐰀𐰲𐰃 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-deči. Cognate with Turkmen -mekçi.

𐰆𐰲 (uč-, “1. to fly 2. to pass away”) + 𐰓𐰀𐰲𐰃 (d²ači) → 𐰆𐰲𐰑𐰀𐰲𐰃 (učdačï, “he/she/it will fly/pass away”)


𐰾𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-sa(r). Cognate with Chuvash -са (-sa), Khalaj -sa, Turkish -sa, Uzbek -sa, Bashkir -һа (-ha), Yakut -тар (-tar).

𐰉𐰆𐰞 (bol-, “to be”) + 𐰾𐰼 (s²r²) → 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰽𐰺 (bolsar, “if it happened, hopefully it happens”)


𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲

head

𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲 (Tabɣač)

Uncertain, check out Tuoba for more. Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐾀𐽰𐽱𐽲𐽰𐽽 (Tavgač), Middle Chinese 拓跋 (MC thak|tsyek bat).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰀𐱃𐰃𐰤:𐰃𐱃𐰃:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰍𐰃:𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰀𐱃𐰃𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰯𐰣:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰠𐰏:𐰘𐰃𐰞

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E7-8

The Turkic lords abondened their Turkic titles. Those lords who were in China held the Chinese titles and obeyed the Chinese emperor and gave their services to him for fifty years.


𐰶𐰃𐱃𐰪

𐰶𐰃𐱃𐰪 (Qïtań)

Borrowed from Khitan 𘱿𘲫 (*qid ún) or Khitan 𘱿𘱤 (*qid i). Cognate with Middle Chinese 契丹 (MC khejH|khj+t|khet tan, “Khitans”) and Mongolian Кидан (Kidan). More at Khitan.

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E5, Mongolia
𐰆𐱃𐰔𐱃𐱃𐰺 : 𐰶𐰃𐱃𐰪 : 𐱃𐱃𐰉𐰃
otuztatar:qïtań:tatabï
...Thirty Mongols, Khitan Empire, Tatabi...


𐰔𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *aŕu. Cognate with Tuvan азы (azı).

𐰔𐰆:𐰉𐰆:𐰽𐰉𐰢𐰑𐰀:𐰃𐰏𐰓:𐰉𐰺:𐰍𐰆

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N7-8


𐰓𐰀

-de (romanization)
𐰑𐰀 (alternative)
𐱅𐰀 (alternative)
𐱃𐰀 (alternative)
𐰦𐰀 (alternative)
𐰡𐰀 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-de. Cognate with Chuvash -ре (-re), Khalaj -də, Turkish -de, Uzbek -da, Bashkir -де (-de), Yakut -тэ (-te).

𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲 (tabɣač, “China”) + 𐰓𐰀 (d²a) → 𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰑𐰀 (tabɣačda, “at/from China”)


𐰓𐰤

-din (romanization)
𐰑𐰤 (alternative)
𐱅𐰤 (alternative)
𐱃𐰤 (alternative)
𐰦𐰤 (alternative)
𐰡𐰤 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-din. Cognate with Chuvash -рен (-ren), Turkish -den, Uzbek -dan, Bashkir -дән (-dən), Yakut -ттэн (-tten).

𐰇𐰭 (öŋ, “front”) + 𐰓𐰤 (d²n²) → 𐰇𐰭𐰓𐰤 (öŋdin, “from the front”)


𐰤𐰭

-niŋ (romanization)
-nüŋ (romanization)
𐰣𐰭- (alternative)
𐰭- (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-niŋ. Cognate with Chuvash -ӑн (-ăn), Turkish -nin, Uzbek -ning, Kazakh -дің (-dıñ).

𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 (bodun, “people”) + 𐰤𐰭 (n²ŋ) → 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰭 (bodunuŋ, “the people's”)


𐰚𐰀

-ke (romanization)
𐰴𐰀- (alternative)
𐰭𐰀- (alternative)
𐰀- (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ke. Cognate with Chuvash -на (-na), Khalaj -kə, Turkish -e, Uzbek -ga, Kazakh -га (-ga), Yakut -га (-ga).

𐱃 (at, “horse”) + 𐰚𐰀 (ka) → 𐱃𐰴𐰀 (atqa, “to/at the horse”)


𐰲𐰀

-če (romanization)
-ča (romanization)
𐰨𐰀 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-če. Cognate with Turkish -çe.

𐰆𐰞 (ol, “that”) + 𐰲𐰀 (ča) → 𐰨𐰀 (anča, “like that”)


𐰏𐰼𐰇

-gerü (romanization)
𐰍𐰺𐰆- (alternative)
𐰭𐰼𐰇- (alternative)
𐰭𐰺𐰆- (alternative)
𐰼𐰇- (alternative)
𐰺𐰆- (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-gerü. Cognate with Old Uyghur -kʾrw (-gerü), Karakhanid ـكرو (-gerü).

𐱃 (at, “horse”) + 𐰏𐰼𐰇 (gr²ü) → 𐱃𐰍𐰺𐰆 (atɣaru, “toward the horse”)


𐰋𐰃𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *biŕ (“we”). Cognate with Chuvash эпир (ep̬ir), Khalaj biz, Turkish biz, Turkish -iz, Uzbek biz, Bashkir беҙ (beź), Yakut биһиги (bihigi).


𐰋𐰃𐰕

𐰴𐰡𐰲𐰃:𐰋𐰔

Denotes first person plural after certain verb tenses.

𐰕:𐰋𐰃𐰕


𐰆𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ol (“he/she/it/that”). Cognate with Chuvash вӑл (văl), Turkish o, Uzbek u, Bashkir ул (ul), Yakut ол (ol), Chinese 兀 (“that”).

inh+

the third person singular or plural pronoun


𐰆𐰞

:𐰴𐰕𐰍𐰣𐰆𐰺:𐰆𐰞

Denotes third person singular or plural after certain verb tenses.

Denotes "to be" for third person singular or plural


𐰆𐰞𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *olur- (“to sit”). Cognate with Chuvash лар (lar), Turkish oturmak, Uzbek oʻtirmoq, Bashkir ултырыу (ultırıw), Yakut олор (olor).

(transitive and intransitive) to sit, to settle

𐰃𐰲𐰼𐰀:𐱁𐰽𐰔:𐱃𐱁𐰺𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰽𐰔:𐰖𐰉𐰔:𐰖𐰉𐰞𐰴:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰦𐰀:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰢
ičr²a:šs¹z:t¹šr¹a:t¹un¹s¹z:y¹b¹z:y¹b¹l¹q:b¹ud¹nta:üza:ul¹r¹t¹m

𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰞𐰃𐰍:𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤 (Yollïġ Tégin), Kül Tégin Inscription E.26

I ruled over a poor and miserable people who were starving and ragless.

/İčre ašsïz, tašra tonsuz yabïz yablaḳ bodunta üze olurtum./

to sit, to settle
to rule, to be throned


𐰸𐰆𐰪

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *koń (“sheep”). Cognate with Khalaj qôn, Turkish koyun, Uzbek qo’y, Tatar қуй, Tuvan хой (xoy). Compare also Mongolian хонь (xonʹ) and Manchu ᡥᠣᠨᡳᠨ (honin), Turkic borrowings.

𐰴𐰭𐰢:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰇𐰼𐰃:𐱅𐰏:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰖𐰍𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐰪 :𐱅𐰏:𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E12

...the soldiers of my father, the khagan, were like wolves and, his enemies were like sheep.


𐰉𐰆𐰸𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *buka (“bull”). Cognate with, Hungarian bika, Turkish boğa (“bull”), Uzbek buqa, Bashkir Буға (Buğa, “Taurus”). Compare also Mongolian бух (bux), Manchu ᠪᡠᡴᠠ (buka, “ram”), possibly Turkic borrowings.

𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰸𐰉𐰆𐰸𐰞𐰃:𐰾𐰢𐰔𐰉𐰆𐰸𐰞𐰃:𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰑𐰀:𐰋𐰇𐰭𐰾𐰼:𐰾𐰢𐰔𐰉𐰆𐰸𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰸:𐰉𐰆𐰸𐰀:𐱅𐰘𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰢𐰔𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐱅𐰘𐰤

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IW5-6

I said to myself and I thought: If lean bulls and fat bulls kick one another at a distance, one cannot distinguish between lean bulls and fat bulls, they say.


𐰚𐰇𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *köŕ (“eye”). Cognate with Chuvash куҫ (kuś), Khalaj köz, Turkish göz (“eye”), Uzbek koʻz, Bashkir күҙ (küź), Khakas кӧс.

𐰚𐰇𐰕𐰤:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰓𐰜:𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴𐰣:𐰾𐰓𐰢𐰓𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰢𐰣

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N11

...my people who have not been seen by eye and have not been heard by ear...


𐰚𐰇𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kǖŕ (“autumn”). Cognate with Chuvash кӗр (kĕr), Turkish güz (“autumn”), Uzbek kuz, Bashkir көҙ (köź), Yakut күһүн (kühün).

𐰆𐰞𐰖𐰃𐰞:𐰚𐰇𐰕𐰤𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰢

That year, during autumn, I marched forward […]


𐰔𐰇𐰤

-zün (romanization)
𐰕𐰆𐰣- (alternative)
𐰲𐰆𐰣- (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-zün. Cognate with Turkish -sin

𐰉𐰺 (bar-, “to go”) + 𐰔𐰇𐰤 (zün²) → 𐰉𐰺𐰕𐰆𐰣 (barzun, “he/she/it must go!”)

𐰏𐰠

second person singular imperative suffix


𐰘𐰤

-eyin (romanization)
-yin (romanization)
𐰖𐰣 (alternative)

𐱅𐰇𐱁 (tüš-, “1. to fall, to go down 2. to perish”) + 𐰘𐰤 (y²n²) → 𐱅𐰇𐱁𐰘𐰤 (tüšeyin, “I must go down!”)

Suffix forming first person singular imperative


𐰏𐰠

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-gil. Cognate with Kipchak [script needed] (-gil)

-𐱁𐰃𐰓 (ešid-, “to listen”) + 𐰏𐰠 (gl²) → 𐰉𐰺𐰕𐰆𐰣 (ešidgil, “listen!”)

Suffix forming second person singular imperative


𐰠𐰢

-elim (romanization)
-lim (romanization)
𐰞𐰢 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-elim. Cognate with Turkish -alım

𐰘𐰆𐰺𐰃 (yorï-, “to walk”) + 𐰠𐰢 (l²m) → 𐰘𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰞𐰢 (yorïlïm, “let's walk!”)

Suffix forming first person plural imperative


𐰢

Derived from Sogdian 𐼍 (m, “mem”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܡ (“mem”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /m/.


𐰢

-im (romanization)
-ïm (romanization)
-üm (romanization)
-um (romanization)
-m (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-im. Cognate with Turkish -im

𐰭

1. second person singular possessive suffix 2. second person singular suffix for verbs

𐰢𐰕

1. first person plural possessive suffix 2. first person plural suffix for verbs

𐰭𐰕

1. second person plural possessive suffix 2. second person plural suffix for verbs

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰢 (m) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰢 (oɣlum, “my child”)

𐰇𐰠 (öl-, “to die”) + 𐰢 (m) → 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰢 (öltüm, “I died”)

first person singular possessive suffix for certain verb tenses


𐰢𐰔

head

𐰢𐰔 (-imiz, -ïmïz, -ümüz, -umuz, -miz, -mïz, -müz, -muz)

-imiz (romanization)
-ïmïz (romanization)
-ümüz (romanization)
-umuz (romanization)
-miz (romanization)
-mïz (romanization)
-müz (romanization)
-muz (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-imiŕ. Cognate with Turkish -imiz

𐰢

1. first person singular possessive suffix 2. first person singular suffix for verbs

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰢𐰔 (mz) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰢𐰕 (oɣlumuz, “our child”)

𐰇𐰠 (öl-, “to die”) + 𐰢𐰔 (mz) → 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰢𐰕 (öltümüz, “we died”)

first person plural suffix for certain verb tenses


𐰭𐰔

𐰭𐰔 (-iŋiz, -ïŋïz, -üŋüz, -uŋuz, -ŋiz, -ŋïz, -ŋüz, -ŋuz)

-iŋiz (romanization)
-ïŋïz (romanization)
-üŋüz (romanization)
-uŋuz (romanization)
-ŋiz (romanization)
-ŋïz (romanization)
-ŋüz (romanization)
-ŋuz (romanization)
𐰏𐰔 (alternative)
𐰍𐰔 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-iŋiŕ. Cognate with Turkish -iniz

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰭𐰔 (ŋz) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰭𐰕 (oɣluŋuz, “your child”)

𐰇𐰠 (öl-, “to die”) + 𐰭𐰔 (ŋz) → 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰭𐰕 (öltüŋüz, “you died”)

second person plural suffix for certain verb tenses


𐰾𐰃

-si (romanization)
𐰽𐰃- (alternative)
𐰃- (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-si. Cognate with Turkish -si

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰾𐰃 (s²i) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰭𐰕 (oɣlï, “his/her/its child”)

𐱅𐰉𐰀 (tebe, “camel”) + 𐰾𐰃 (s²i) → 𐱅𐰉𐰀𐰾𐰃 (tebesi, “his/her/its camel”)


𐱅𐰃𐰘𐰤

From 𐱅𐰃 (té-, “to say”) + 𐰘𐰤 (-yin). Cognate with Turkish diye.

𐰺𐰴𐱁:𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰔:𐱅𐰃𐰘𐰤:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E25

Since they didn't send a caravan, I sent an army.


𐰆𐰍𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *oguĺ (“kin, generation”).

inh+

𐰖𐱁𐰢𐰀:𐰉𐰽𐰢𐰞:𐰃𐰑𐰸𐱃:𐰆𐰍𐱁𐰢:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐱅𐰼𐰃:𐰺𐰴𐱁:𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰔:𐱅𐰃𐰘𐰤:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

At the age of twenty, I went on a campaign against the Basmil-Qut, who were my tribe, because they did not send caravans.


𐰢𐰇

mü (romanization)
𐰢𐰆 (alternative)
𐰏𐰇 (alternative)
𐰍𐰆 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *mü. Cognate with Chuvash -им (-im), Turkish mi, Uzbek -mi, Bashkir -ме (-me).

𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃 (ölti, “he/she/it died”) + 𐰢𐰇 (mü) → 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃:𐰢𐰇 (ölti:mü, “Did he/she/it die?”)


𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤

head

𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤 (Ötüken)

Ötüken (romanization)
𐰈𐱆𐰝𐰥 (alternative)

→ Middle Chinese: 於都斤

𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐱁𐰑𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐰏:𐰃𐰓𐰃:𐰖𐰸:𐰼𐰢𐱁

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S4

A land better than the Otuken mountains does not exist at all!

Otuken, the capital of the First Turkic Khaganate and the Uyghur Khaganate.


𐰚𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤

kögmen (romanization)
𐰜𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤 (alternative)

Uncertain, however most attempts at derivation suggest 𐰚𐰇𐰚 (kök, “blue”) + 𐰢𐰤 (-men, “deadjectival nominal suffix”), although historical forms of such a derivation point toward *kökmen with -k- not -g-.
Some older sources suggest that the word had meant the Sayan Mountains, however Aydın states that it'd be far too westward and instead suggests that it meant Tannu-Ola Mountains instead.

af

𐰚𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤:𐱁𐰀:𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰔:𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E17:

We went on campaigns up to the land of Kyrgyzes, beyond the Tannu-Ola mountains.


𐱅𐰃𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tīŕ (“knee”). Cognate with Chuvash чӗр (čĕr), Turkish diz, Uzbek tiz, Kazakh тізе (tıze), Yakut түһэх (tüheq). Compare also Hungarian térd, a Turkic borrowing.

inh+

𐰉𐱁𐰞𐰍𐰍:𐰘𐰜𐰦𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰔𐰲𐰏𐰏:𐰾𐰇𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E2

They made bow those, who had heads and made kneel those, who had knees.


𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸

Tońuquq (romanization)
𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰖𐰸𐰸 (alternative)

Uncertain, check out Tonyukuk for theories.

𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸:𐰋𐰤:𐰇𐰔𐰢:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰃𐰠𐰭𐰀:𐰶𐰠𐰦𐰢

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IW1

I myself, wise Tonyukuk, was born in the country of China.

Tonyukuk, a tarkhan & adviser of the Second Turkic Khaganate


𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰔

head

𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰔 (Qïrqïz)

Uncertain, check out Kyrgyz people for theories. Cognate with Kyrgyz кыргыз (kırgız). Compare also Middle Chinese 吉爾吉斯 (MC kjit nyeX kjit sje, “Kyrgyz”), a Turkic borrowing through Manchu ᡴᡳᡵᡤᡳᠰ (kirgis).

𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰔:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰆𐰑𐰀:𐰉𐰽𐰑𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E35

...and fell upon the Kyrgyz people while they were asleep.


𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *birle. Cognate with Chuvash пӗрле (pĕrle), Khalaj bilə, Turkish ile, Uzbek bilan, Bashkir менән (menən), Tuvan биле (bile).

𐰃𐰤𐰢:𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰔𐰠𐱁𐰓𐰢𐰔
inim:kültégin:birle:sözlešdimiz

I and Prince Kül, and my younger brother, consulted together.


𐰖𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yāŕ (“spring; summer”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫур (śur), Khalaj yâaz, Turkish yaz (“summer”), Uzbek yoz, Bashkir яҙ (yaź), Yakut саас (saas). Compare also Hungarian nyár, a Turkic borrowing.

inh+

𐰆𐱃𐰔:𐰺𐱃𐰸𐰃:𐱃𐰆𐰴𐰔:𐰖𐱁𐰢𐰃:𐰖𐰔𐰣:𐱃𐱃𐰉𐰃:𐱃𐰯𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S2

At the age of thirty-nine, in spring, I went on a campaign against the Kumo Xi.


𐰖𐰖

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yāy (“summer; spring”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫулла (śulla), Azerbaijani yay (“summer”), Bashkir йәй (yəy), Yakut сайын (sayın).

𐰖𐰞𐰉𐰲𐰃:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰽𐰉𐰃:𐰇𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰚𐰠𐰢𐰔:𐱅𐰃𐰘𐰤:𐰖𐰖𐰣:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E39

Since their envoys, their good news and their blessings stopped coming to us, I went on a campaign in the summer.


𐰶𐰃𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kïĺ (“winter”). Cognate with Chuvash хӗл (hĕl), Turkish kış (“winter”), Khalaj qış, Uzbek kish, Bashkir ҡыш (qış), Yakut кыһын (kıhın).

𐰆𐱃𐰔:𐰺𐱃𐰸𐰃:𐰾𐰚𐰔:𐰖𐱁𐰢𐰀:𐰶𐰃𐱁𐰣:𐰶𐰃𐱃𐰪:𐱃𐰯𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

At the age of thirty-eight, in winter, I went on a campaign against the Khitan Empire.


𐱅𐰇𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tǖn (“night”). Cognate with Turkish dün (“yesterday”), Uzbek tun, Bashkir төн (tön), Uzbek tun, Tuvan дүн (dün).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰤:𐱅𐰇𐰤:𐰆𐰑𐰢𐰑𐰢:𐰚𐰇𐰤𐱅𐰔:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰢𐰑𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E27

...for the sake of the Turkic people, I did not sleep by night and I did not relax by day.


𐰚𐰇𐰤𐱅𐰔

head

𐰚𐰇𐰤𐱅𐰔 (küntüz)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *küntüŕ (“daytime, morning; noon”), equivalent to 𐰚𐰇𐰤 (kün, “day; sun”) + 𐱅𐰔 (-tüz). Cognate with Chuvash кӑнтӑр (kănt̬ăr), Turkish gündüz (“daytime, morning”), Uzbek kunduz, Bashkir көндөҙ (köndöź), Yakut күнүс (künüs).

inh+

{ant|otk|𐱅𐰇𐰤|ts=tün}}

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰤:𐱅𐰇𐰤:𐰆𐰑𐰢𐰑𐰢:𐰚𐰇𐰤𐱅𐰔:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰢𐰑𐰢


𐱆𐰌𐰄

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tebe (“camel”). Cognate with Turkish deve (“camel”).

𐰟𐰄𐱆𐰐𐱆𐰌𐰄𐰆𐰠𐰼𐱆𐰄𐰢
l¹it²gt²b²iul²r²t²im

circa 10th century, 𐰄𐰼𐰵𐰥 𐰱𐰻𐰎𐰱𐰆𐰻 (İrkin Čarïġ-čor), Del Uul Inscription I.4


𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣

𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰲𐰃𐰢:𐰯𐰀𐰢:𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰃𐰾𐱅𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰢𐱁
kiši:oɣlïnta:üze:ečim:apam:bumïn:qaɣan:istemi:qaɣan:olurmïš

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E1

Bumin, the first khagan and the founder of the First Turkic Khaganate


𐰉𐰺𐰽

Arthur Anthony Macdonell
Tocharian languages

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *bars (“a large feline”) itself of unknown origins.
# The general consensus considers it a borrowing from an Iranian language, compare Sogdian 𐼾𐼴𐽀𐼹𐼰𐼻𐼸 (pwrδʾnk), Persian پلنگ (palang) and Sanskrit पृदाकु (pṛdāku, “viper; tiger, panther”).
# Nishanyan instead suggests a borrowing from a Tocharian language, compare Tocharian A and B pärs- (“to sprinkle, splash”).
Cognate with Turkish pars (“leopard, panther”). Compare also Middle Mongol ᠪᠠᠷᠰ (bars), a Turkic borrowing.

cog

a type of large feline; panther, leopard, tiger

𐰉𐰺𐰽:𐰋𐰏:𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E20


𐰋𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰤

head

𐰋𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰤 (béčin)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bẹ̄čin itself of unknown origins, possibly a borrowing from an Iranian language, compare Persian بوزینه (buzine, “monkey”).

9th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, NE
𐰉𐰺𐰴𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰓𐰔𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏:𐱃𐱁𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰨:𐰖:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰃:𐰆𐱃𐰔𐰴𐰀:𐰴𐰆𐰯:𐰞𐰴𐰑𐰢𐰔
barqïn:bedizin:bitig:tašïn:béčin:yïlqa:yétinč:ay:yéti:otuzqa:qop:alqdïmïz

We finished his mausoleum, statues and paintings, and his inscription stone on the twenty-seventh day of the seventh month, on the Year of Monkey.


𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇𐱅

𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇𐱅 (Töpüt)

Uncertain, possibly derived from Proto-Turkic *tepe (“hill, top”), equivalent to 𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇 (töpü, “hill”) + 𐱅 (-t, “plurality suffix”) More at Tibet.

af

Tibet (a geographic region in Central Asia, the homeland of the Tibetan people)

𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇𐱅:𐰯𐰺
tabɣač:töpüt:apar

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E5


𐱅𐰘𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tegiŋ (“squirrel”). Cognate with Turkish değin, Uzbek tiyin, Bashkir тейен (teyen, “squirrel”), Yakut тииҥ (tiiñ, “squirrel”).

inh+

𐰚𐰇𐰚:𐱅𐰘𐰭𐰃𐰤:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜𐰢𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰢𐰀:𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰣𐰆:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐱅𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N12

...and blue squirrels I gained for my Turkic people.


𐰜

(Orkhon Turkic) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /yk/, /øk/, /ky/, /kø/ used with front vowels.


𐰜

ök (romanization)
𐰸 (alternative)
𐰝 (alternative)
𐰹 (alternative)
𐰚- (alternative)
𐰴- (alternative)

From Proto-Turkic *ök (“emphatic particle”).

𐰋𐰠𐰏𐰾𐰃:𐰲𐰉𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰤:𐰜:𐰼𐱅𐰢

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, W7

I, myself, was his advisor and commander.


𐰇𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ȫg (“mother”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽵 (ʾwyx /ög/), Turkish üvey (“step-”)


𐰇𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ȫg- (to praise). Cognate with Turkish övmek, Yakut үөр (üör).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼𐰃𐰤:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰃𐰤:𐰼𐱅𐰭𐰇:𐱅𐰃:𐰢𐰍:𐰃𐱅𐰓𐰃:𐰇𐰏𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S15

(My father, the khagan), profoundly glorified and praised the Turkic lords and people.


𐰴𐰢𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kamug (all, together).
Cognate with Azerbaijani hamı (everyone, all), Tuvan хамык (xamık).
Compare also Mongolian хамаг (xamag) and Persian همه (hame), for more detailed explanation for their relation, see the Proto-Turkic entry.


𐰚𐰓𐰢

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *kedim (“outfit, clothing”) equivalent to 𐰚𐰓 (ked-, “to wear”) + 𐰢 (-im). Cognate with Turkish giyim, Uzbek kiyim, Bashkir кейем (keyem).

inh+

𐰇𐰲𐰨:𐰘𐰏𐰤:𐰾𐰃𐰠𐰏:𐰋𐰏𐰭:𐰚𐰓𐰢𐰠𐰏:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰍:𐱃:𐰋𐰃𐰤𐰯:𐱅𐰏𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E33

Thirdly, he mounted Lord Yegen Silig's dressed bay horse and attacked.


𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏

From 𐰋𐰃𐰠 (bil-, “to know”) + 𐰏 (-ig) itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *bil- (“to know”). Cognate with Azerbaijani bilik.

𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰢𐰔:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰞:𐰽𐰉𐰍:𐰞𐰯:𐰖𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐰉𐰺𐰯:𐰇𐰚𐱁:𐰚𐰃𐱁𐰃:𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰏

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S7

Having heard these words, you unwise people went close to them and were killed in great numbers.

𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰼:𐰚𐰇𐰔𐰢:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰔:𐱅𐰏:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰼:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰢:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰢𐰔:𐱅𐰏:𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N10

My eyes which have always seen became as if they were blind, my mind which has always been conscious became as if it were unconscious.


𐰇𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ür. Cognate with Turkish -ur.

𐰚𐰠 (kel-, “to come”) + 𐰇𐰼 (ür²) → -𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼 (kelür-, “to bring”)


𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰨

head

𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰨 (bulɣanč)

From 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰀 (bulɣa-, “to stir; to cause disorder, to disturb”) + 𐰨 (-nč). Compare Bulgar possibly from Proto-Turkic *bulgar (“disturber”), aorist form of *bulga- and Turkish karışık (“mixed; disorderly”).

af

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰨:𐰆𐰞:𐱅𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, E5

...and he had said that the Turkic people were in disorder.


𐰋𐰇𐰚𐰠𐰃

head

𐰋𐰇𐰚𐰠𐰃 (Bökli)

Uncertain, possibly borrowed from a Koreanic language.

𐰋𐰇𐰚𐰠𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰘𐰇:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E8

...he campaigned all the way to the emperor of the Goguryeo Empire...


𐰲𐰃𐰍𐰪

𐰲𐰃𐰍𐰪 (čïɣań)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *čï̄gań (“poor”). Compare also Greek τσιγγάνος (tsingános).

inh+

𐰲𐰃𐰍𐰪𐰍:𐰉𐰖:𐰶𐰡𐰃:𐰔𐰃𐰍:𐰜𐰇𐱁:𐰶𐰡𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E16

He made the poor rich and the few numerous.


𐰉𐰖

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bāy (“rich”). Cognate with Turkish bay (“mister, sir, gentleman”), Uzbek boy, Bashkir бай (bay). Compare also Mongolian баян (bajan), a Turkic borrowing and Manchu ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ (bayan), a Mongolic borrowing.

𐰲𐰃𐰍𐰪:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰉𐰖:𐰴𐰃𐰡𐰢
čiǧń:b¹ud¹n¹ǧ:b¹y¹:qiltm

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S10


𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰨

From 𐱃𐰺𐰃𐰴 (tarïq-, “to be uneasy, to be difficult”) + 𐰨 (-ïnč) from 𐱃𐰺 (tar, “narrow”) itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *tār (“narrow”). Cognate with Turkish dar (“narrow”), Uzbek tor, Bashkir тар (tar), Tuvan тар (tar).

inh+

𐰆𐰍𐰔𐰃:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰨:𐰆𐰞:𐱅𐰢𐰾

He had said that the tribes were uneasy again.

uneasy, difficult, hard to manage (of a person or animal)


𐰼𐰨

𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰺𐰸𐰃:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰼𐰨:𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰼𐰨

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E4

Their officers, too, were presumably wise and tough.


𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰺𐰸

From an unattested root 𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰺 (buyur-, “to order”) + 𐰸 (-uq), itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *buyur- (“to order”). Cognate with Chuvash пӳр (pür), Khalaj buyurmaq, Turkish buyurmak (“to order, to request”), Turkish buyruk (“order”), Uzbek buyurmoq, Bashkir бойороу (boyorow).

cog

𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰺𐰸𐰃:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰼𐰨:𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰼𐰨

Their ministers, too, were presumably wise and tough.


𐱃𐰭𐰆𐱃

𐰘𐱅𐰃:𐰘𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰃:𐰖𐱁𐰢𐰀:𐱃𐰭𐰆𐱃:𐱃𐰯𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E24

When I was seventeen years old, I went on a campaign against the Tangut.


𐱃𐰸𐰺𐰽𐰃𐰤

Uncertain, probably from an Iranian source. More at Tocharians.

𐱅𐰔𐰃𐰚:𐱃𐰸𐰺𐰽𐰃𐰤

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IIS1


From 𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣 (altun, “gold”) + 𐰖𐰃𐱁 (yïš, “mountain”), Literally, “golden mountain”.

compound

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰖𐰃𐰾𐰑𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN8:


𐰖𐰃𐱁

head

𐰖𐰃𐱁 (y¹iš /yïš/)

y¹iš (romanization)
yïš (romanization)
𐰘𐰃𐱁 (alternative)
𐰖𐰃𐰽 (alternative)
𐰘𐰃𐰽 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yïš. Compare Karakhanid [script needed] (yïš), Kyrgyz жыш (jış), Yakut сис (sis).

𐰇𐱅𐰚𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰽𐰍𐰀𐰺𐰆:𐰆𐰑𐰔𐱅𐰢
üt²kn²:y²is¹ǧar¹u:ud¹zt²m
/ötüken:yïšɣaru:uduztïm/

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IS8

I lead them toward the Ötüken mountains.

𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰃𐰤⁚𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀⁚𐰽𐰆𐰭𐰀⁚𐰘𐰃𐱁𐰑𐰀⁚𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁𐰓𐰢𐰔
qǧn¹in²:b²ir²l²a:s¹uŋa:y²išd¹a:s²üŋšd²mz

8th century CE, Kultegin Inscription, E35

We fought with their kagan at the Songa mountains.


𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰜

𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰜 (süŋük)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *siŋük (“bone”). Cognate with Chuvash шӑмӑ (šămă), Azerbaijani sümük (“bone”), Uzbek suyak, Bashkir һөйәк (höyək), Yakut уҥуох (uñuoq).

inh+

𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰜𐰇𐰭:𐱃𐰍𐰲𐰀:𐰖𐱃𐰑𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E24

...your bones heaped up like a mountain.


𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁

head

𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁 (süŋüš)

From 𐰾𐰇𐰭 (süŋ-, “to pierce”) + 𐱁 (-üš) itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *süŋ- (“to pierce, to war”). Cognate with 𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁 (süŋüš-, “to fight, to war”), 𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰏 (süŋüg, “lance, spear”).

inh+

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E40, Mongolia
𐰆𐰞𐰍:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁𐰢𐱁
uluɣ:süŋüš:süŋüšmüš


𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁

head

𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁 (süŋüš-)

From 𐰾𐰇𐰭 (süŋ-, “to pierce”) + 𐱁 (-üš) itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *süŋ- (“to pierce, to war”). Cognate with 𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁 (süŋüš, “battle, war”), 𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰏 (süŋüg, “lance, spear”).

𐰆𐰞𐰍:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁𐰢𐱁

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E40

uluɣ:süŋüš:süŋüšmüš


𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰏

𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰏 (süŋüg)

From 𐰾𐰇𐰭 (süŋ-, “to pierce”) + 𐰏 (-üg) itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *süŋ- (“to pierce, to war”). Cognate with 𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁 (süŋüš, “battle, war”), 𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁 (süŋüš-, “to fight, to war”).

𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰏:𐰉𐱃𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰺𐰍:𐰾𐰇𐰚𐰯𐰤

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, D26-27

Having opened our way through the lance-deep snow...


𐰞𐰍𐰔𐰃𐰤

𐰞𐰍𐰔𐰃𐰤 (laɣzïn)

Unknown, but considered foreign for phonological reasons.
* Clauson suggests a Tocharian origin, however Vovin notes that the only recorded word for pig in Tocharian languages is Tocharian B suwo from Proto-Indo-European *suw-on- (“pig”).
* Doerfer considers the word to be of Hunnic origin.
* Hamilton agrees with Ligeti on it being a borrowing from a Paleo-Asiatic language.
* Räsänen considers a Chinese origin but like Cluson doesn't give a specific example. He also points out Mongolian логш (logš, “pigsty”).
* Thomson suggests a relation with Manchu ᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (ulgiyan, “swine, pig”).

𐰞𐰍𐰔𐰃𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰞:𐰋𐰃𐰾𐰨:𐰖:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰃:𐰆𐱃𐰔𐰴𐰀

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S10

In the year of Pig, on the twenty-seventh day of the fifth month...

(astrology) year of the Pig, the twelfth year under the twelve-year lunar cycle.


From 𐱅𐰢𐰼 (temir, “iron”) + 𐰴𐰯𐰍 (qapïɣ, “door, gate”), literally Iron Gate.

compound

𐱅𐰢𐰺𐰴𐰯𐰍𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐰦𐰺𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E2


𐰆𐰖𐰍𐰺

Uncertain, likely not from 𐰆𐰑 (ud-, “to follow”), more at Uyghurs.
Cognates include Old Uyghur 𐽳𐽶𐽲𐽳𐽾 (wyqwr /Uyġur/), Middle Chinese 回鶻 (ɦuʌiɦˠuɛt̚) and Chinese 回族 (Huízú, “Hui people”).

𐰆𐰖𐰍𐰺:𐰠𐱅𐰋𐰼:𐰘𐰇𐰔𐰲𐰀:𐰼𐰏:𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐱅𐰔𐰯:𐰉𐰺𐰑𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E37

The governor of the Uyghurs, together with about one hundred men, fled toward the east...


𐰆𐰑

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ud- (“to follow; to conform”). Cognate with Azerbaijani uymaq, Turkish uymak (“to match, to follow”).

inh+

𐱃𐰺𐰑𐰆𐰾:𐰽𐰑𐰺𐰀:𐰆𐰑𐰃:𐰖𐰖𐰑𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IIW6

...pursuing them toward the shad of the Tardush.


𐰋𐰭𐰏𐰇

head

𐰋𐰭𐰏𐰇 (beŋgü)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *beŋgü (“eternal”) possibly from Middle Chinese 萬古 (MC mjonH kuX, “aeons, eternal”). Cognate with Turkish bengi (“eternal”), Uzbek mangu (“eternal”), Bashkir мәңге (məñge, “eternal”), Yakut мэҥэ (meñe, “eternal”).

inh+

𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐱁:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰽𐰺:𐰋𐰭𐰏𐰇:𐰃𐰠:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰲𐰃:𐰾𐰤
ötüken:yïš:olursar:beŋgü:él:tuta:olurtačï:sen

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S8

If you stay at the Ötüken mountains, you will live forever dominating the tribes!


𐰶𐰃𐰽𐰞

head

𐰶𐰃𐰽𐰞 (qïsïl)

Derivation from 𐰶𐰃𐰽 (qïs-, “to squeeze; to suppress, subdue”) + 𐰞 (-ïl) itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *kïs- (“to squeeze”). Cognate with Chuvash хӗс (hĕs), Turkish kısmak (“to reduce, squeeze”), Kazakh қысу (qysu).

inh+

𐰾𐰠𐰭𐰀:𐰸𐰆𐰑𐰃:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰯𐰣:𐰴𐰺𐰍𐰣:𐰶𐰃𐰽𐰞𐱃𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰤:𐰉𐰺𐰴𐰃𐰤:𐰦𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰔𐰑𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E37

Having marched down along the Selenga, I destroyed their residences there, at the Qarghan glen.


𐰽𐰣𐰽𐰔

Derived from Proto-Turkic *sān (“number”), equivalent to 𐰽𐰣 (san, “number”) + 𐰽𐰔 (-sïz), literally "numberless". Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽻𐽰𐽺 (san, “number”), Turkmen san, Uzbek son, Bashkir һан (han, “number”), Tuvan сан (san).

der+

𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰇𐰔𐰠𐰚:𐱃𐰃𐰤:𐰴𐰺𐰀:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰚𐰇𐰚:𐱅𐰘𐰭𐰃𐰤:𐰽𐰣𐰽𐰔:𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼𐰯:𐰸𐰆𐰯:𐰸𐰆𐱃𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S12

They brought their good saddle-horses, their black sables and blue squirrels in an uncountable number and left them all.


𐰀

Derived from Sogdian 𐼁 (ʾ, “aleph”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܐ (“aleph”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɑ/ or /æ/. The backness or frontness depends on the type of the consonant.


𐰀

Cognate with Turkish ey (“vocative particle”).

𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼𐰢:𐰀

a vocative particle, used for direct address; O, oh, hey


𐰠𐰇

→ Middle Mongol: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Classical Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ /луу (luu)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 龍 (MC ljowng, “dragon”), specifically from a dialect without the final -ŋ.

𐰠𐰇:𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀:

8th century CE, Ongin Inscription, Supp. 4


𐰚𐰃𐰲𐰏

kičg (romanization)
kičig (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kičüg (“small”). Cognate with Chuvash кӗҫӗн (kĕś̬ĕn), Turkish küçük (“small”), Uzbek kichik, Bashkir кесе (kese), Yakut куччугуй (kuccuguy). Compare also Hungarian kicsiny, a Turkic borrowing.


𐰖𐰑𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yadag (“foot soldier; on foot”). Cognate with Turkish yaya (“pedestrian”), Uzbek yayov (“on foot”), Bashkir йәйәү (yəyəw, “by foot”), Yakut сатыы (satıı, “on foot”).

inh+

𐰖𐰑𐰍:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰚𐰦𐰃:𐰚𐰇𐰤:𐰸𐰆𐰯:𐰇𐰠𐰼𐱅𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S1

On the second day, I killed their foot soldiers in great numbers.


𐰲𐰉𐰾

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *čabïš (“commander”). Cognate with Turkish çavuş (“sergeant; noncommissioned officer”).

cog

𐰋𐰠𐰏𐰾𐰃:𐰲𐰉𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰤:𐰝:𐰼𐱅𐰢

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IS7

I, myself, was his advisor and commander.


𐰋𐰓𐰜

b²d²k̥ (romanization)
bedük (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bedük (“big”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽼𐽰𐽸𐽳𐽷 (pʾdwk /bedük/), Tuvan бедик (bedik), Turkish büyük.


𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰇𐰼

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𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰇𐰼 (y²ügür² /yügür-/)

y²ügür² (romanization)
yügür- (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *yügür- (“to run”). Cognate with Azerbaijani yüyürmək (“to run”), Uzbek yugurmoq, Bashkir йүгереү (yügerew), Tuvan чүгүрер (çügürer).


𐰘𐰨𐰇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yinčü, itself borrowed from Middle Chinese 珍珠 (MC trin tsyu, “pearl, gem”). Cognate with Chuvash ӗнчӗ (ĕnč̬ĕ), Turkish inci (“pearl”), Uzbek inju, Bashkir ынйы (ınyı), Yakut чөмчүүк (cömcüük). Compare also Hungarian gyöngy, Russian же́мчуг (žémčug), Turkic borrowings.


head

𐰘𐰨𐰇:𐰇𐰏𐰔 (Yinčü Ögüz)

From 𐰘𐰨𐰇 (yinčü, “pearl”) + 𐰇𐰏𐰔 (ögüz, “river”), literally “Pearl River”, likely a calque from Middle Persian origin, whence also Ancient Greek Ἰᾰξᾰ́ρτης (Iăxắrtēs). More at Syr Darya.

compound

𐰸𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐰘𐰨𐰇:𐰇𐰏𐰔:𐰚𐰲𐰀:𐱅𐰢𐰼𐰴𐰯𐰍𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S3

Westwards I went on campaigns up to the Iron Gate beyond Syr Darya...


𐰖𐱁𐰞

y¹šl¹ (romanization)
yašïl (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yāĺïl (“green”), equivalent to 𐰖𐰀𐰽 (yāš) + 𐰞 (-ïl). Cognate with Chuvash ҫулҫӑ (śulś̬ă, “leaf”), Khalaj yâşıl (“green”), Azerbaijani yaşıl (“green”), Turkish yeşil (“green”), Uzbek yashil (“green”), Bashkir йәшел (yəşel, “green”), Yakut саһыл (sahıl, “fox”).


𐰶𐰃𐰔𐰞

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𐰶𐰃𐰔𐰞 (q̊²izl¹ /ḳïzïl/)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kïŕïl (“red”). Cognate with Chuvash хӗрлӗ (hĕrlĕ), Khalaj qızıl, Azerbaijani qızıl (“gold, golden”), Turkish kızıl (“crimson”), Uzbek qizil, Bashkir ҡыҙыл (qıźıl, “red”), Yakut кыһыл (kıhıl).


𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀

From 𐰋𐰃𐰠 (bil-, “to know”) + 𐰏𐰀- (-ge). Cognate with Turkish bilge (“wise, sage”).

𐰋𐰠𐰏𐰾𐰃:𐰲𐰉𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰤:𐰜:𐰼𐱅𐰢


𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀

𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐱅𐰏:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰓𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰢𐱁:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰉𐰆:𐰇𐰓𐰚𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S1

I, the God-like and Heaven-born Turkic Bilge Khagan, succeeded to the throne at this time.

Bilge Khagan, a khagan of the Second Turkic Khaganate


𐰚𐰦𐰇

kntü (romanization)
kentü (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kẹntü (“self”). Cognate with Turkish kendi (“self”), Yakut кини (kini, “third person singular pronoun”).


𐰋𐰇𐰠𐰤

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𐰋𐰇𐰠𐰤 (bölün)

𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇𐱅:𐰴𐰍𐰦𐰀:𐰋𐰇𐰠𐰤:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N12


𐰽𐰺𐰍

s¹r¹ǧ (romanization)
sarïɣ (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *siarïg (“yellow; white”). Cognate to Chuvash шурӑ (šură, “white”), Khalaj sâruğ, Turkish sarı, Uzbek sariq, Bashkir һары (harı), Yakut араҕас (arağas). Compare also Mongolian шар (šar) as well as Hungarian sárga, a Turkic borrowing.


𐰖𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yāĺ (“age”). Cognate to Chuvash ҫул (śul), Khalaj yâaş, Turkish yaş, Uzbek yosh, Bashkir йәш (yəş), Yakut саас (saas).

𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰘𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰃:𐰖𐱁𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰲𐰃𐰢:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰤:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰨𐰀:𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰦𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E31

At the age of sixteen, for the sake of the realm and laws of my uncle, the khagan, he accomplished the following:..


𐰖𐰀𐱁𐰀

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𐰖𐰀𐱁𐰀 (yāša-)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yāĺa- (“to live”), equivalent to 𐰖𐱁 (yaš, “age”) + 𐰀 (-a). Cognate with Turkish yaşamak, Uzbek yashamoq, Bashkir йәшәү (yəşəw), Khakas чазирға (çazirğa, “to live (up to a certain age)”).

cog

𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰴𐰃𐰺𐰴:𐰖𐰀𐱁𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐰼𐱅𐰃
kültégin:birqïrq:yāšayur:erti

Prince Kül had lived up to thirty-one years old then.


𐱃𐰉𐰽𐰍𐰣

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𐱃𐰉𐰽𐰍𐰣 (t¹b¹s¹ǧn¹ /tabïšġan/)

t¹b¹s¹ǧn¹ (romanization)
tabïšġan (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tabïĺgan (“hare”). Cognate with Khalaj tavuşğân, Turkish tavşan, Uzbek tovushqon, Yakut табысхан (tabısqan). Compare also Mongolian туулай (tuulaj).


𐱅𐰃𐰤𐰾𐰃

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 天子 (then tsi^X).


𐰽𐰃𐰍𐰆𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sïgun (“elk, moose”). Cognate with Turkish sığın (“moose”), Uzbek suygun, Southern Altai суун (suun), Tuvan сыын (sıın, “maral”).


𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tīri- (“to live”). Cognate with Chuvash чӗрӗ (čĕrĕ), Turkish diri, Uzbek tirik, Kazakh тірі (tırı).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰯:𐰃𐰠:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰽𐰴𐰭𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰦𐰀:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢:𐰖𐰭𐰞𐰯:𐰇𐰠𐰾𐰚𐰭𐰤:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰦𐰀:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S10

How you should live and dominate (other) tribes, I have recorded here; and how you would (otherwise) perish by being unfaithful, this, too, I have recorded here.


𐰴𐰆𐰺𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kork- (“to fear”). Cognate with Chuvash хӑра (hăra), Turkish korkmak, Uzbek qoʻrqmoq, Bashkir ҡурҡыу (qurqıw), Tuvan коргар (korgar).


𐰪

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɲ/


𐰪

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ań- (“to fear”). Cognate with Mongolian айх (ajx).

𐰪𐰯:𐱃𐰍𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰔𐰃𐰚:𐱃𐰸𐰺𐰽𐰃𐰤

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IIS1

...Having feared the Arabic tribes and Tocharians...


𐰪𐱃

Derived from Proto-Turkic *ań- (“to fear”), equivalent to 𐰪 (ań-, “to fear”) + 𐱃 (-ït). Cognate with Mongolian айх (ajx).

der+

𐰣𐰃:𐰪𐱃𐰖𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰯:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E41

In order to frighten them, I started a campaign.


𐰖𐰆𐰺𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yūrt (“camping-site”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫурт (śurt), Khalaj yûrt, Turkish yurt, Uzbek yurt, Bashkir йорт (yort), Yakut сурт (surt). Compare also Russian ю́рта (júrta), a Turkic borrowing.


𐱅𐰃𐰠𐰀

Derived from Proto-Turkic *til (“tongue”), equivalent to 𐱅𐰃𐰠 (til) + 𐰀 (-e). Cognate with Turkish dilemek, Uzbek tilamoq, Kazakh тілеу (tıleu).


𐰴𐰆𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *kul (“slave, servant”). Cognate with Turkish kul (“servant”), Uzbek qul, Bashkir ҡол (qol), Yakut кулут (kulut).


𐰖𐰞𐰉𐰲

y¹l¹b¹č (romanization)
yalabač (romanization)

Derived from Proto-Turkic *yāl- (“?”), perhaps related to *yāla- (“to lick”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽶𐽰𐾁𐽰𐽱𐽰𐽽 (yʾlʾβʾc /yalavač/, “prophet”).


𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yogan (“thick”). Cognate with Khalaj yoğun, Turkish yoğun.

inh+

𐰖𐰆𐰖𐰴𐰀:𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰏:𐱅𐰆𐰯𐰞𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰆𐰲𐰔:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰘𐰨𐰏𐰀:𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰏:𐰇𐰔𐰏𐰠𐰃:𐰆𐰲𐰔:𐰖𐰆𐰖𐰴𐰀:𐰴𐰞𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰾𐰺:𐱃𐰆𐰯𐰞𐰍𐰆𐰞𐰸:𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰘𐰨𐰏𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰽𐰺:𐰇𐰔𐰏𐰠𐰜:𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IS6-7

That which is thin is easy to bend, they say; that which is tender is easy to break. If thin becomes thick, it is hard to bend it, they say; and if tender becomes tough, it is hard to break it, they say.


𐰉𐰆𐰍𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *boguŕ (“throat”), equivalent to 𐰉𐰆𐰍 (boɣ-, “to strangle”) + 𐰔 (-uz). Cognate with Chuvash пыр (pyr), Khalaj boğız, Turkish boğaz, Uzbek boʼgʼiz, Bashkir боғаҙ (boğaź), Tuvan боостаа (boostaa).

𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰍𐰔𐰃:𐱃𐰸:𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IS1


𐱃𐰸

Derived from Proto-Turkic *to- (“to be full”), equivalent to 𐱃𐰆 (to-, “to be full”) + 𐰸 (-uq). Cognate with Turkish tok, Uzbek to'q, Bashkir туҡ (tuq), Khakas тох (tox).

der+

𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰍𐰔𐰃:𐱃𐰸:𐰼𐱅𐰃


𐱅

Derived from Sogdian 𐼜 (t, “taw”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܬ (“taw”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /t/, used with front vowels.


𐱅

-ït (romanization)
-üt (romanization)
-t (romanization)
𐱃 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-t (“causative suffix”). Cognate with Turkish -t (“causative suffix”).

inh+

𐰍 (aɣ-, “to rise”) + 𐱅 (t²) → 𐰍𐱃 (aɣït-, “to raise”)

Forms transitive verbs from intransitive ones; forms causative verbs from transitive ones


𐰉𐰞𐰉𐰞

→ English: balbal (learned)

Borrowed from a Mongolic language, compare Mongolian баримал (barimal, “sculpture”). Compare also Hungarian bálvány (“idol”).

cog

𐰴𐰭𐰢:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐰉𐱁𐰞𐰖𐰆:𐰉𐰔:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰍:𐰉𐰞𐰉𐰞:𐱅𐰃𐰚𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E16

(My uncle, the khagan) first erected Baz Khagan as a monument for my father, the khagan.


𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kaŕgan- (“to win”). Cognate with Chuvash хӑрхӑн (hărh̬ăn, “miser”), Turkish kazanmak.

inh+

𐰃𐰤𐰢:𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀:𐰚𐰃:𐱁𐰑:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀:𐰇𐰠𐰇:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰇:𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰦𐰢
inim:kültégin:birle:eki:šad:birle:ölü:yitü:qazɣantïm

Together with my younger brother, Prince Kül, and together with two shads, dying and getting lost, I won.


𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰨

qzǧnč (romanization)
qazɣanč (romanization)

From 𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰣 (qzǧn¹ /qazɣan-/, “to win, to earn”) + -𐰨 (-nč), from Proto-Turkic *kaŕgan- (“to win”). Cognate with Turkish kazanç.


𐰀𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āt (“name”). Cognate with Chuvash ят (jat), Khalaj ât, Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽰𐾀 (at), Turkish ad, Uzbek ot, Bashkir ат (at), Yakut аат (aat).

inh+

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰀𐱃𐰃𐰤:𐰃𐱃𐰃:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰍𐰃:𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰀𐱃𐰃𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰯𐰣:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E7-8

The Turkic lords abondened their Turkic titles. Those lords who were in China held the Chinese titles and obeyed the Chinese emperor and gave their services to him.


𐱅𐰇𐰚

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tök- (“to pour”). Cognate with Chuvash тӑкма (tăkma), Turkish dökmek, Uzbek toʻkmoq, Bashkir түгеү (tügew), Yakut тох (toq).

𐱃𐰆𐰚𐰔𐰍𐰔𐰚𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰃:𐰾𐰆𐰭𐰾:𐰾𐰆𐰭𐰾𐰓𐰜𐰓𐰀:...𐰀:𐱅𐰇𐰚𐰓𐰃
toquzoɣuzqa:yéti:süŋüš:süŋüšdükde:(ögüzk)e:tökdi

8th century CE, Kul-Chur Inscription, E4-5

When he fought seven times against the Nine Oghuzes, he poured them (on the river).


𐰃𐰺𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ïrk (“divination, hexagram, omen”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽶𐽾𐽲 (ʾyrq /ïrḳ/).

inh+

𐰉𐰆:𐰃𐰺𐰴:𐰉𐱁𐰃𐰣𐱃𐰀


𐱃𐰆𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tur- (“to stand”). Cognate with Chuvash тӑр (tăr), Khalaj turmaq, Turkish durmak, Uzbek turmoq, Bashkir тороу (torow), Yakut тур (tur).

(intransitive) to stand, stay, continue to exist


𐱃𐰆𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tōr- (“to become lean”).

𐰦𐰀:𐰴𐰞𐰢𐱁𐰃:𐰘𐰃𐰼:𐰽𐰖𐰆:𐰸𐰆𐰯:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰆:𐰇𐰠𐰇:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐰼𐱅𐰏

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S9

(Of you,) those who survived there, utterly exhausted, were marching in all directions.

(intransitive) to become lean, be emaciated, become exhausted


𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰸

t¹ur¹q̊¹ (romanization)
toruḳ (romanization)

Derived from Proto-Turkic *tōr- (“to become lean”), equivalent to 𐱃𐰆𐰺 (tor-, “to become lean”) + 𐰸 (-uq).


𐰤𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *nē- (“what”). Cognate with Chuvash мӗн (mĕn), Turkish ne, Uzbek na, Bashkir ни (ni), Tuvan чүү (çüü).

inh+

𐰋𐰤:𐰾𐰭𐰀:𐰤𐰀:𐰖𐰖𐰃𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN8

'What (else) shall I say to you?' he said.


𐰺

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳢, 𐲢

Derived from Sogdian 𐼘 (r, “resh”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܪ (“resh”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /r/, used with back vowels.


𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ar- (“to deceive; to cast spells”).

inh+

𐰾𐰇𐰲𐰃𐰏:𐰽𐰉𐰣:𐰘𐰃𐰢𐱁𐰴:𐰍𐰃𐰤:𐰺𐰯:𐰃𐰺𐰴:𐰉𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰨𐰀:𐰖𐰍𐰆𐱃𐰃𐰼:𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin
Inscription, S5:

Deceiving by means of their sweet words and soft materials, they are said to cause the remote people to come close in this manner.


𐰘𐰃𐰢𐱁𐰴

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𐰘𐰃𐰢𐱁𐰴 (yïmšaq)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yïmĺčak (“soft”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫемҫе (śemś̬e), Turkish yumuşak, Bashkir йомшаҡ (yomşaq), Yakut сымнаҕас (sımnağas).

inh+

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S5


𐰾𐰇𐰲𐰃𐰏

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𐰾𐰇𐰲𐰃𐰏 (süčig)

From Proto-Turkic *sǖčig (“sweet”). Cognate with Volga Bulgar سجو (sü(ü)çüw), Ottoman Turkish سوجی (süci, “wine”), Uzbek chuchuk, Bashkir сөсө (sösö), Yakut үчүгэй (ücügey).


𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰑

Derived from Proto-Common Turkic *kul (“slave, servant”), equivalent to 𐰴𐰆𐰞 (qul, “(male) slave, servant”) + 𐰑 (-ad).

af

𐰘𐱅𐰃𐰘𐰔:𐰼:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰯:𐰠𐰾𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰽𐰺𐰢𐰾:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰚𐰇𐰭𐰓𐰢𐰾:𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰑𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E13

After they had numbered seven hundred men, (my father, the khagan), organized and ordered the people who had lost their state and khagan, the people that had turned into slaves and servants...

(intransitive) to become a male slave, servant


Borrowed from Middle Chinese 舍人呂向 (MC syaeX|syaeH nyin ljoX syangH|xjangH).

ltc-l

𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰴𐰍𐰦𐰀:𐰃𐰾𐰘𐰃:𐰠𐰃𐰚𐰭:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃
tabɣač:qaɣanta:išiyi:likeŋ:kelti

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S12

From the Chinese emperor, Lü Xiang came.

Lü Xiang, one of the officials of Emperor Xuanzong who was sent in order to attend to Kültegin's funeral


𐰠𐰃𐰾𐰇𐰤

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𐰠𐰃𐰾𐰇𐰤 (Lisün)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 李佺 (MC liX tshjwen).

𐰴𐰭𐰃:𐰠𐰃𐰾𐰇𐰤:𐱃𐰖:𐰾𐰭𐰇𐰤:𐰉𐱁𐰑𐰆:𐰋𐰃𐰾:𐰘𐰇𐰔:𐰼𐰤:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S12

...under the presidency of the great general Li Quan, the father of ... came five hundred men.

Li Quan, a Tang Dynasty general sent by the Chinese emperor for Bilge Khagan's funeral


𐰲𐰆𐰍𐰖

𐰲𐰆𐰍𐰖 (čuɣay)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 石灰 (MC dzyek xwoj, “limestone”). Compare also Tuvan чугай (çugay, “lime”), Japanese 石灰 (sekkai, “lime”), Korean 석회 (seokhoe, “lime”) and Mongolian шохой (šoxoj, “lime”), Chinese borrowings.

𐰋𐰼𐰘𐰀:𐰲𐰆𐰍𐰖:𐰘𐰃𐱁:𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰠𐱅𐰤:𐰖𐰔𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐰣𐰖𐰃𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰾𐰼:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰇𐰠𐰾𐰚𐰏

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S6-7:

If you intend to settle on the Yin mountains and on the Hetao region's plain in the south, O Turkic people, you will die!


𐰲𐰆𐰉

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 州 (MC tsyuw, “state, oblast, district”). Compare also Mongolian жүү (žüü), Manchu ᠵᡝᠣ (jeo), Japanese 州 (shū), Korean 주 (ju), Chinese borrowings.

𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰲𐰆𐰉:𐰽𐰆𐰍𐰑𐰴:𐱃𐰯𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E31

We went on a campaign in the direction of six Sogdian states.


𐰠𐱅

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ẹlt-. Cognate with Chuvash леҫ (leś), Turkish iletmek, Bashkir илтеү (iltew), Yakut илт (ilt).


𐰃𐱅

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēt- (“to organize, make”). Cognate with Chuvash ту (tu), Turkish etmek, Bashkir итеү (itew), Khakas идерге (iderge).


𐰢𐰴𐰺𐰲

Borrowed from Sanskrit महाराज (mahārāja). Compare also English maharaja, Turkish mihrace, Sanskrit borrowings through Hindu and Persian respectively.

bor+

𐰆𐰣𐰸:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰢:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰾:𐰴𐰍𐰦𐰀:𐰢𐰴𐰺𐰲:𐱃𐰢𐰍𐰲𐰃:𐰆𐰍𐰔:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐱃𐰢𐰍𐰲𐰃:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃
onoq:oɣlum:türgiš:qaɣanta:maqarač:tamɣačï:oɣuz:bilge:tamɣačï:kelti

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S13

From my On-Ok descendants, from the Türgesh khagan, seal-keepers Maharaja and wise Oghuz came.

Maharaja, a seal-keeper of a khagan of the Türgesh tribe who was sent in order to attend to Kültegin's funeral


𐰲𐰭

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 張 (MC trjang|trjangH, “Zhang”). Compare also English Zhang, a Chinese borrowing.

𐰉𐰺𐰴:𐰃𐱅𐰏𐰇𐰲𐰃:𐰋𐰓𐰔:𐰖𐰺𐱃𐰍𐰢𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏:𐱃𐱁:𐰃𐱅𐰏𐰇𐰲𐰃:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰲𐰃𐰴𐰣𐰃:𐰲𐰭:𐰾𐰭𐰇𐰤:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃

General Zhang Quyi, the nephew of the Chinese emperor, came in order to build the mausoleum, to make sculptures, to paint and to prepare the insription stones.

General Zhang Quyi, the nephew of Emperor Xuanzong who was sent in order to attend to Kültegin's funeral


𐰲𐰆𐰺𐰴

Borrowed from an unattested Middle Persian swlk' (šōrak, “salt lake”). Cognate with Turkish çorak.

bor

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, SE
𐰲𐰆𐰺𐰴𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰯
čoraq:tegip


𐰲𐰃𐰴𐰣

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𐰲𐰃𐰴𐰣 (čïqan)

Uncertain, possibly from Mongolic language, compare Mongolian зээ (zee) and Turkmen çykan or a variant of Proto-Turkic *yegen (“nibling”), if so cognate with Turkish yeğen.


𐰲𐰆𐰺

Uncertain, possibly borrowed from Middle Chinese 卒 (MC tswit|tshwot|tswot, “soldier”).

𐰭:𐰠𐰚𐰃:𐱃𐰑𐰴𐰣:𐰲𐰆𐰺𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰔:𐱃𐰍:𐰋𐰃𐰤𐰯:𐱅𐰏𐰓𐰃
eŋ:ilki:tadïqïn:čorïŋ:boz:atïɣ:binip:tegdi

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscriptions, E32

Very first, he mounted Tadıq Chor's gray horse and attacked.


𐱄𐰆𐰟

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tul(k) (“widow”). Cognate with Chuvash тӑлӑх (tălăh, “orphan”), Old Uyghur twl (tul), Turkish dul, Uzbek tul, Bashkir тол (tol).

inh+

𐰵𐰆𐰗𐰒𐰁:𐰵𐰆𐰩𐰆𐰗𐰆𐰢:𐱄𐰆𐰟:𐰵𐰟𐱄𐰄:𐰾𐰄𐰕𐰢

My wife, the princess, at hearth became a widow, alas!


𐱅𐰇𐰢𐰤

t²ümn² (romanization)
tümen (romanization)

From Proto-Turkic *tümen (“ten thousand”), possibly from Middle Chinese 萬 (mjonᴴ, “myriad”) likely through Tocharian A tmāṃ.


𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰖

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *tāluy (“ocean”) itself borrowed from Middle Chinese 大流 (MC dajH|daH ljuw, literally “big current, stream”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐾀𐽰𐾁𐽳𐽶 (tʾlwy /taluy/, “sea, ocean”).


𐱃𐰯𐰞𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tapla- (“to like, to be pleased by”), from Proto-Turkic *tap- (“to worship, serve”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐾀𐽰𐽼𐾁𐽰𐽹𐽰𐽲 (tʾplʾmʾq /tapla-/, “to be pleased by, to like, to allow”).


𐱃𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *taŋ (“dawn, dusk”). Cognate with Turkish tan, Uzbek tong, Bashkir таң (tañ), Yakut тыҥ (tıñ).


𐱃𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *taĺ (“exterior”). Cognate with Turkish dış (“exterior”).

𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰤:𐱃𐱁𐰃𐰤:𐰑𐰨𐰃𐰍:𐰋𐰓𐰔:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢:𐱃𐱁:𐱃𐰆𐰴𐰃𐱃𐰑𐰢

I had its inside and outside decorated with wonderful paintings and sculptures (stones).


𐱃𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tāĺ (“stone”). Cognate with Chuvash чул (čul), Khalaj tâaş, Turkish taş, Uzbek tosh, Bashkir таш (taş), Yakut таас (taas).

𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰤:𐱃𐱁𐰃𐰤:𐰑𐰨𐰃𐰍:𐰋𐰓𐰔:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢:𐱃𐱁:𐱃𐰆𐰴𐰃𐱃𐰑𐰢


𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *xātun (“queen, lady”) itself borrowed from Sogdian 𐼶𐼴𐽂𐼷𐼻 (xwtyn). Cognate with Turkish kadın, Uzbek xotin, Bashkir ҡатын (qatın), Tuvan када (kada). Compare also Mongolian хатан (xatan).

𐰴𐰭𐰢:𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰼𐰾:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰍:𐰇𐰏𐰢:𐰃𐰠𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰍:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰾𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰯:𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐰚𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E11

(They) held my father Ilterish Khagan and my mother El Bilga Khatun at the top of heaven and raised them upwards.

a type of female ruler; khatun, queen, empress


𐰔𐰴𐰪𐰀

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𐰔𐰴𐰪𐰀 (azqïńa)

azqïńa (romanization)
𐰔𐰶𐰪𐰀 (alternative)

Derived from Proto-Turkic *āŕ (“few, very little”), equivalent to 𐰀𐰕 (āz, “few”) + 𐰴𐰪𐰀 (-qïńa). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽰𐽴𐽲𐽶𐽰 (ʾʾzqyʾ /az-ḳya/, “miniscule”).

cog

𐰆𐰞𐰍:𐰃𐰼𐰚𐰤:𐰔𐰶𐰪𐰀:𐰼𐰤:𐱅𐰔𐰯:𐰉𐰺𐰑𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E34

The great irkin, ran away together with very few men.


𐰅

Clauson suggest that it might ultimately be derived from Ancient Greek α (a, “alpha”) through intermediaries.

der+

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /e/.


𐰗

Pictogram of a bow, compare Proto-Turkic *yā(y) (“bow”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /j/, used with back vowels.


𐰽𐰗

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *say (“area covered with stones; shallow”). Cognate with Azerbaijani say.

inh+

𐰽𐰗:𐱆𐰐:𐰽𐰻𐰎:𐰡𐰣𐰢


𐰖𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yat- (“to lie down”). Cognate with Khalaj yatmaq, Turkish yatmak, Kyrgyz жатуу (jatuu), Yakut сыт (sıt).


𐰇𐰏𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *ügüz (“river”). Cognate with Old Uyghur ‘wykwz (ögüz, “river”). Compare also Mongolian үер (üjer), an early Turkic borrowing.

𐰆𐰞:𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰾:𐱃𐰯𐰀:𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰘𐰃𐱁𐰍:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰀:𐰼𐱅𐰾:𐰇𐰏𐰔𐰏:𐰚𐰲𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰔
ol:yïlqa:türgiš:tapa:altun:yïšïɣ:toɣa:ertiš:ögüzüg:keče:yorïdïmïz

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E37

In that year we marched against the Türgesh climbing over the Altai Mountains crossing over the Irtysh river.


𐰖𐰉𐰍𐰆

Of unknown origins, see Yabghu for more information.

𐱅𐰇𐰠𐰃𐰾:𐱃𐰺𐰑𐰆𐱁:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰦𐰀:𐱅𐰢𐰾:𐰖𐰉𐰍𐰆𐰍:𐱁𐰑𐰍:𐰦𐰀:𐰋𐰼𐰢𐰾
tölis:tarduš:bodunuɣ:anta:étmiš:yabɣuɣ:šadïɣ:anta:bérmiš

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E15

He also organized there the Tiele and Tardu people and gave them a yabghu and a shad there.


𐰍𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *agï (“treasure”). Cognate with Old Uyghur ’’xy (aɣï).


𐰉𐰞𐰀

Derived from Proto-Turkic *āb (“hunt, chase”), equivalent to 𐰉 (ab, “hunt”) + 𐰞𐰀 (-la). Cognate with, Turkish avlamak. Compare also Manchu ᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ (abalambi).

der+

𐰉:𐰉𐰞𐰀𐰽𐰺

8th century CE, Kul-Chur Inscription, W9


𐰨𐰀

Equative case of 𐰆𐰞 (ol, “that”). Cognate with Turkish anca.


𐰘

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳒, 𐲒

Two possibilities:
# Clauson (1962) suggests that it was derived from Sogdian 𐼊 (y, “yodh”) ultimately from Classical Syriac ܝ (“yodh”).
# Clauson (1970) suggests that it was derived from Ancient Greek Ι (I, “iota”) through intermediaries.

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /j/, used with front vowels.


𐰣

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳙, 𐲙

Derived from Sogdian 𐼐 (n, “nun”) ultimately from Classical Syriac ܢ (“nun”)

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /n/ with back vowels.


𐰉𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bā- (“to tie”). Cognate with Turkish bağ, Uzbek bogʻ, Bashkir бау (baw), Yakut быа (bıa).


𐰉𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bār (“there is”). Cognate with Chuvash пур (pur), Turkish var, Uzbek bor, Bashkir бар (bar), Yakut баар (baar).

𐰔𐰆:𐰉𐰆:𐰽𐰉𐰢𐰑𐰀:𐰃𐰏𐰓:𐰉𐰺:𐰍𐰆

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N7-8


𐰉𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bar- (“to walk, go”). Cognate with Chuvash пыр (pyr), Khalaj varmaq, Turkish varmak, Uzbek bormoq, Bashkir барыу (barıw), Yakut бар (bar).


𐰖𐰆𐰸

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yōk (“there is not, no”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫук (śuk), Khalaj yôq, Turkish yok, Uzbek yo'q, Bashkir юҡ (yuq), Yakut суох (suoq).

𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰯:𐰖𐰸:𐰲𐰃𐰍𐰪:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰸𐰆𐰯:𐰸𐰆𐰉𐰺𐱃𐰑𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S10

Having succeeded to the throne, I gathered all the poor and destitute people together.


𐰴𐰺𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kara (“black”). Cognate with Chuvash хура (hura), Old Uyghur 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰 (kara), Khalaj qara, Turkish kara, Uzbek qora, Bashkir ҡара (qara), Yakut хара (qara). Compare also Mongolian хар (xar).
For the second sense, compare Old Uyghur 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰 (kara, “vulgar, plebeian”).


𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yorï- (“to walk”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫӳре (śüre), Turkish yürümek, Uzbek yurmoq, Bashkir йөрөү (yöröw), Old Uyghur 𐽶𐽳𐽾𐽶𐽹𐽰𐽲 (ywrymʾq /yorïmaḳ/) and Yakut сырыт (sırıt).


𐰠𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-le. Cognate with Chuvash -ла (-la), Turkish -la, Kazakh -лау (-lau), Yakut -лаа (-laa). Compare also Mongolian -лах (-lax), Manchu ᠊ᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ (-lambi).

𐰉 (ab, “hunt”) + 𐰠𐰀 (l²a) → 𐰉𐰞𐰀 (abla-, “to hunt”)


𐰺𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *āra (“among, between”). Cognate with Turkish ara.


𐰽𐰺𐰀

Derived from Proto-Turkic *as-. Cognate with Turkish ast.


𐰇𐰔𐰀

Derived from Proto-Turkic *ǖŕ. Cognate with Turkish üst.


𐰉𐰽

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bas- (“to press”). Cognate with Chuvash пус (pus), Khalaj basmaq, Turkish basmak, Bashkir баҫыу (baśıw), Yakut баттаа (battaa). Compare also Hungarian baszik, a Turkic borrowing.

𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰉𐰽𐰢𐰽𐰺:𐰽𐰺𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐰼:𐱅𐰠𐰤𐰢𐰾𐰼:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰠𐰭𐰤:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰭𐰤:𐰚𐰢:𐰺𐱃𐱃𐰃:𐰆𐰑𐰀𐰲𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E22

If the sky above did not collapse and if the earth below did not give away, O Turkic people, who would be able to destroy your state and institutions?

𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰔:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰆𐰑𐰀:𐰉𐰽𐰑𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E35

...and fell upon the Kyrgyz people while they were asleep.


𐰘𐰯𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *yïpar (“smell, musk”). Cognate with Turkish yıpar, Bashkir йофар (yofar), Yakut сыбар (sıbar). Compare also Mongolian заарь (zaarʹ), a Turkic borrowing.

inh+

𐰖𐰆𐰍:𐰘𐰯𐰺𐰃𐰍:𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼𐰯:𐱅𐰃𐰚𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S11

They brought scented (candles) for the funeral and set them up for us.


𐰾𐰃𐰓

éšid- (romanization)
éšit- (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ẹĺit- (“to listen”). Cognate with Chuvash илт (ilt), Khalaj eşitmək, Turkish işitmek, Uzbek eshitmoq, Bashkir ишетеү (işetew), Yakut иһит (ihit).


𐰃𐰑𐰸

Derived from Proto-Turkic *ï̄- (“to send”), equivalent to 𐰃𐰑 (ïd-, “to send”) + 𐰸 (-uq). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽶𐽸𐽳𐽲 (ʾydwq /ïduk/), Southern Altai ийер (iyer, “to send”).

der+

𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰃𐰑𐰸:𐰘𐰼:𐰽𐰆𐰉:𐰲𐰃𐰢:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰸𐰆𐱃𐰃:𐱃𐰯𐰶𐰞𐰢𐰑𐰃:𐰼𐰨

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E35

Heaven above, the holy Earth and Water (Spirits below) and the soul of my uncle, the khagan, certainly did not like it.


𐰃𐰏𐰓

Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *igid- (“to nourish”).

inh+

𐰃𐰏𐰓𐰘𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰘𐰤:𐰽𐰴𐰣𐰯

I thought: 'I shall nourish (the people)'...


𐰃𐰏𐰓

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *igid (“lie”).

𐰔𐰆:𐰉𐰆:𐰽𐰉𐰢𐰑𐰀:𐰃𐰏𐰓:𐰉𐰺:𐰍𐰆


𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ordu (“palace”). Cognate with Turkish ordu, Uzbek orda, Bashkir урда (urda), Yakut ордуу (orduu).
Compare also Mongolian орд (ord) and Middle Chinese 甌脫 (*ʔəu dʱuɑt̚).


𐰖𐰣

Derived from Proto-Turkic *yaŋ- (“to retreat, to take a step back”) whence also Proto-Oghuz *yaŋša- (“to babble”).

der+

(intransitive) to return, to have a change of mind, to step back


𐰾𐰃𐰭𐰺

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𐰾𐰃𐰭𐰺 (sïŋar)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sïŋar (“a half”).

inh+

𐰾𐰃𐰭𐰺:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰏:𐰉𐰺𐰴𐰍:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰉𐰺𐰑𐰃:𐰾𐰃𐰭𐰺:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁𐰏𐰠𐰃:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E32

One half of their army marched off in order to plunder our residences, the other half of their army came in order to fight.


𐰖𐰉𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yabïŕ (“bad”), itself from the same ultimate source as 𐰖𐰉𐰞𐰴 (yablaq). Cognate with, Turkish yavuz, Kazakh жауыс (jauys).


𐰠𐰏𐰇

-ligü (romanization)
-lügü (romanization)
𐰞𐰍𐰆 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ligü (“comitative case”), possibly related to 𐰠𐰏 (-lig). Compare also Proto-Mongolic *-luxa (“comitative case”).

noncog

𐰃𐰤𐰃 (ini, “younger brother”) + 𐰠𐰏𐰇 (l²gü) → 𐰃𐰤𐰠𐰏𐰇 (iniligü, “with (my) younger brother”)


𐰋𐰼𐰘𐰀

Derived from Proto-Turkic *bẹrü (“hitherward”), equivalent to 𐰋𐰼𐰇 (bérü, “hitherward”) + 𐰘𐰀 (-ye). Cognate with Turkish beri.

der+

𐰋𐰼𐰘𐰀:𐰲𐰆𐰍𐰖:𐰘𐰃𐱁:𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰠𐱅𐰤:𐰖𐰔𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐰣𐰖𐰃𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰾𐰼:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰇𐰠𐰾𐰚𐰏
bériye:čoɣay:yïš:tögültün:yazï:qonayïn:téser:türük:bodun:ölsikig

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S6-7

If you intend to settle on the Yin mountains and on the Tögültün plain in the south, O Turkic people, you will die!


𐰋𐰼𐰇

Derived from Proto-Turkic *berü (“hitherward”). Cognate with Turkish beri.

𐰜𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤:𐰖𐰃𐰽𐰍:𐰋𐰼𐰇:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN4

Having gone around the Sayan mountains, we came.


𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰼𐰇

head

𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰼𐰇 (bérgerü)

Derived from Proto-Turkic *bẹrü (“hitherward”), equivalent to 𐰋𐰼𐰇 (bérü, “hitherward”) + 𐰏𐰼𐰇 (-gerü). Cognate with Turkish beri.

𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐰚𐰇𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰽𐰴𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐰚𐰇𐰤:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆𐰾𐰃𐰭𐰺𐰆:𐰸𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐰚𐰇𐰤:𐰉𐱃𐰾𐰶𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐰺𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐱅𐰇𐰤:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆𐰾𐰃𐰭𐰺𐰆

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S2

Eastwards, to the sunrise, southwards to the midday, westwards as far as the sunset, and northwards to the midnight...


𐰋𐰼𐰓𐰤

Derived from Proto-Turkic *bẹrü (“hitherward”), equivalent to 𐰋𐰼𐰇 (bérü, “hitherward”) + 𐰓𐰤 (-din). Cognate with Turkish beri.

𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰋𐰼𐰓𐰤:𐰘𐰤:𐱅𐰏:𐰶𐰃𐱃𐰪:𐰇𐰭𐰓𐰤:𐰘𐰤:𐱅𐰏:𐰋𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰺𐰑𐰦𐰖𐰣:𐱅𐰏𐰘𐰃𐰤

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IS4

(Therefore) you, Chinese, attack them from the south, and you, Khitan, attack them from the east, and I shall attack them from the north.


𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰼𐰇

ilgerü (romanization)
𐰃𐱁𐰏𐰼𐰇 (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ilgerü (“forward”). Cognate with Turkish ileri, Bashkir элгәре (elgəre).


𐰚𐰢

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”). Cognate with Chuvash кам (kam), Khalaj kim, Turkish kim, Uzbek kim, Bashkir кем (kem), Yakut ким (kim). Compare also Mongolian хэн (xen).


𐰏𐰇

𐰇𐰲 (üč, “three”) + 𐰏𐰇 (gü) → 𐰇𐰲𐰏𐰇 (üčegü, “a group of three”)


𐰨

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ntʃ/.


𐰨

-inč (romanization)
-ïnč (romanization)
-ünč (romanization)
-unč -nč (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-inč. Cognate with Chuvash -шӗ (-šĕ), Khalaj -minci, Turkish -inci, Uzbek -inchi, Bashkir -енсе (-yense), Yakut -ис (-is). Compare also Manchu ᠊ᠴᡳ (-ci).

𐰇𐰲 (üč, “three”) + 𐰨 (nč) → 𐰇𐰲𐰨 (üčünč, “third”)

𐰏𐰇

suffix forming the collective of numerals


𐰽𐰖𐰆

From 𐰽𐰀 (sa-, “to count, think, consider”) + 𐰖𐰆 (-yu), inherited from Proto-Turkic *sā- (“to count, consider, think”).

inh+

𐰦𐰀:𐰴𐰞𐰢𐱁𐰃:𐰘𐰃𐰼:𐰽𐰖𐰆:𐰸𐰆𐰯:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰆:𐰇𐰠𐰇:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐰼𐱅𐰏

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S9

(Of you), those who survived there, utterly exhausted, were marching in every direction.


𐰖𐰪

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yāń- (“to shake”). Cognate with Khalaj yâmaq, Azerbaijani yaxalamaq, Turkish yıkamak, Turkmen yāymak.

𐰣𐰃:𐰖𐰪𐰯:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰃:𐰖𐰺𐰍𐰆𐰣:𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰔𐰑𐰢𐰔
anï:yańïp:türgi:yarɣun:költe:bozdumuz

We dispersed them and put them to rout at the lake Türgi-Yargun.