𐰋𐰤

ben (romanization)
𐰋𐰤 (nominative singular)
𐰋𐰃𐰤𐰃 (accusative singular)
𐰋𐰤𐰭 (genitive singular)
𐰉𐰭𐰀 (dative locative singular)
𐰋𐰦𐰀 (singular)
𐰋𐰦𐰤 (ablative singular)
𐰉𐰭𐰺𐰆 (allative singular)
𐰋𐰨𐰀 (equative singular)
𐰋𐰤𐰃𐰤 (instrumental singular)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bẹ (“I”). Cognate with Chuvash эпӗ (ep̬ĕ, “I”), Khalaj mən (“I”), Turkish ben (“I”), Uzbek men (“I”), Bashkir мин (min, “I”), Yakut мин (min, “I”).


𐰾𐰃𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *siŕ (“you”). Cognate with Chuvash эсир (es̬ir), Khalaj siz, Turkish siz, Uzbek siz, Bashkir һеҙ (heź), Yakut эһиги (ehigi).

inh+

𐰖𐰭𐰡𐰲𐰃:𐰾𐰃𐰕

Denotes second person plural after certain verb tenses.

𐰋:𐰾𐰃𐰕

Denotes "to be" for second person plural


𐰾𐰤

sen (romanization)
𐰾𐰤 (nominative singular)
𐰾𐰃𐰤𐰃 (accusative singular)
𐰾𐰤𐰭 (genitive singular)
𐰽𐰭𐰀 (dative locative singular)
𐰾𐰦𐰀 (singular)
𐰾𐰦𐰤 (ablative singular)
𐰽𐰭𐰺𐰆 (allative singular)
𐰾𐰨𐰀 (equative singular)
𐰾𐰤𐰃𐰤 (instrumental singular)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sen (“thou”). Cognate with Chuvash эсӗ (es̬ĕ), Khalaj sən, Karakhanid سَنْ (sen, “you”), Turkish sen (“you”), -sin, Uzbek sen, Bashkir һин (hin), Yakut эн (en).

𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰲𐰃:𐰾𐰤

Denotes second person singular or plural after certain verb tenses.

𐰺𐰴𐰴:𐰾𐰤

second person singular
second person singular

Denotes "to be" for second person singular or plural


𐰼

-er (romanization)
-ir (romanization)
-r (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ür. Cognate with Turkish -er.

𐱅𐰔 (tez-, “to flee”) + 𐰼 (r²) → 𐱅𐰔𐰼 (tezer, “he/she/it flees”)

Forms simple present tense and aorist tense

𐰚𐰇𐰼 (kör-, “to see”) + 𐰼 (r²) → 𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰼 (körür, “seeing”)


𐰇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ü. Cognate with Turkish -i, -e.

𐱁 (aš-, “to pass”) + 𐰇 (ü) → 𐱁𐰀 (aša, “by passing”)

Makes converbs and adverbs out of verbs yielding "by, ...-ing"


𐰢𐰤

An early nasalized form of 𐰋𐰤 (ben), itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *ben (“I”). Cognate with Azerbaijani -əm, Turkish -im, Turkmen -in.

𐰽𐰲𐰺: 𐰢𐰤

𐰴𐰕𐰍𐰣𐰆𐰺:𐰢𐰤

Denotes first person singular after certain verb tenses.

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣: 𐰉𐰽𐰞𐰃𐰍: 𐰖𐰃𐰞𐰣:𐰢𐰤

Denotes "to be" for first person singular


𐱅𐰃

𐰓𐰏𐰇 (edgü, “good”) + 𐱅𐰃 (t²i) → 𐰓𐰏𐰇𐱅𐰃 (edgüti, “very well”)


𐰭

-iŋ (romanization)
-ïŋ (romanization)
-üŋ (romanization)
-uŋ (romanization)
-ŋ (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-iŋ. Cognate with Turkish -in

𐰢

1. first person singular possessive suffix 2. first person singular suffix for verbs

𐰢𐰔

1. first person plural possessive suffix 2. first person plural suffix for verbs

𐰭𐰔

1. second person plural possessive suffix 2. second person plural suffix for verbs

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰭 (ŋ) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰭 (oɣluŋ, “your child”)

second person singular possessive suffix

-𐰇𐰠 (öl-, “to die”) + 𐰭 (ŋ) → 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰭 (öltüŋ, “you died”)

second person singular suffix for certain verb tenses


𐰭

-iŋ (romanization)
-ïŋ (romanization)
-ŋ (romanization)

𐰋𐰃𐰠 (bil-, “to know”) + 𐰭 (ŋ) → 𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰭 (biliŋ, “you must know!”)

Suffix forming second person plural imperative

𐰏𐰠

second person singular imperative suffix


𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ig. Cognate with Chuvash -не (-ne), Turkish -i, Uzbek -ni, Kazakh -ні (-nı).

𐱃 (at, “horse”) + 𐰍 (ǧ) → 𐱃𐰍 (atïɣ, “the horse (accusative)”)


𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-g. Cognate with Chuvash -ӗ (-ĕ), Turkish -i, Uzbek -ik.

𐰋𐰃𐰠 (bil-, “to know”) + 𐰏 (g) → 𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏 (bilig, “knowledge”)


𐰤

𐰠𐰏 (elig, “hand”) + 𐰤 (n²) → 𐰠𐰏𐰤 (eligin, “using his/her/its hand”)


𐰤

𐰉𐰽 (bas-, “to press”) + 𐰤 (n²) → 𐰉𐰽𐰣 (basïn-, “to go down; to be overwhelmed”)

Forms reflexive verbs from intransitive or transitive ones


𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-en, equivalent to 𐰀 (-a) + 𐰤 (-n).

𐰀𐱃 (āt, “name”) + 𐰤 (n²) → 𐰀𐱃𐰣 (ātan-, “to be famous”)


𐰤

𐰉𐰆𐰞 (bul-, “to find”) + 𐰤 (n²) → 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰣 (bulun, “captive”)

Forms objects out of transitive verbs; forms subjects or action nouns out of intransitive verbs


𐰢𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-miĺ. Cognate with Turkish -miş.

𐰖𐰺𐱃 (yarat-, “to create”) + 𐰢𐱁 (mš) → 𐰖𐰺𐱃𐰢𐱁 (yaratmïš, “(I guess/I heard that) she/he/it created.”)


𐰓𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ti. Cognate with Chuvash -рӗ (-rĕ), Turkish -di, Uzbek -di, Kazakh -ді (-dı).

-𐰆𐰲 (uč-, “1. to fly 2. to die”) + 𐰓𐰃 (d²i) → 𐰆𐰲𐰑𐰃 (učdï, “he/she/it flew/died”)


𐰓𐰀𐰲𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-deči. Cognate with Turkmen -mekçi.

𐰆𐰲 (uč-, “1. to fly 2. to pass away”) + 𐰓𐰀𐰲𐰃 (d²ači) → 𐰆𐰲𐰑𐰀𐰲𐰃 (učdačï, “he/she/it will fly/pass away”)


𐰾𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-sa(r). Cognate with Chuvash -са (-sa), Khalaj -sa, Turkish -sa, Uzbek -sa, Bashkir -һа (-ha), Yakut -тар (-tar).

𐰉𐰆𐰞 (bol-, “to be”) + 𐰾𐰼 (s²r²) → 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰽𐰺 (bolsar, “if it happened, hopefully it happens”)


𐰤𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-niŋ. Cognate with Chuvash -ӑн (-ăn), Turkish -nin, Uzbek -ning, Kazakh -дің (-dıñ).

𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 (bodun, “people”) + 𐰤𐰭 (n²ŋ) → 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰭 (bodunuŋ, “the people's”)


𐰓𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-din. Cognate with Chuvash -рен (-ren), Turkish -den, Uzbek -dan, Bashkir -дән (-dən), Yakut -ттэн (-tten).

𐰇𐰭 (öŋ, “front”) + 𐰓𐰤 (d²n²) → 𐰇𐰭𐰓𐰤 (öŋdin, “from the front”)


𐰓𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-de. Cognate with Chuvash -ре (-re), Khalaj -də, Turkish -de, Uzbek -da, Bashkir -де (-de), Yakut -тэ (-te).

𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲 (tabɣač, “China”) + 𐰓𐰀 (d²a) → 𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰑𐰀 (tabɣačda, “at/from China”)


𐰲𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-če. Cognate with Turkish -çe.

𐰆𐰞 (ol, “that”) + 𐰲𐰀 (ča) → 𐰨𐰀 (anča, “like that”)


𐰋𐰃𐰕

biz (romanization)
𐰋𐰃𐰕 (nominative singular)
𐰋𐰔𐰤𐰃 (accusative singular)
𐰋𐰃𐰔𐰭 (genitive singular)
𐰋𐰃𐰔𐰭𐰀 (dative locative singular)
𐰋𐰃𐰔𐰤𐱅𐰀 (singular)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *biŕ (“we”). Cognate with Chuvash эпир (ep̬ir), Khalaj biz, Turkish biz, Turkish -iz, Uzbek biz, Bashkir беҙ (beź), Yakut биһиги (bihigi).

𐰴𐰡𐰲𐰃:𐰋𐰔

Denotes first person plural after certain verb tenses.

𐰕:𐰋𐰃𐰕


𐰚𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ke. Cognate with Chuvash -на (-na), Khalaj -kə, Turkish -e, Uzbek -ga, Kazakh -га (-ga), Yakut -га (-ga).

𐱃 (at, “horse”) + 𐰚𐰀 (ka) → 𐱃𐰴𐰀 (atqa, “to/at the horse”)


𐰏𐰼𐰇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-gerü. Cognate with Old Uyghur -kʾrw (-gerü), Karakhanid ـكرو (-gerü).

𐱃 (at, “horse”) + 𐰏𐰼𐰇 (gr²ü) → 𐱃𐰍𐰺𐰆 (atɣaru, “toward the horse”)


𐰠𐰢

-elim (romanization)
-lim (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-elim. Cognate with Turkish -alım

𐰘𐰆𐰺𐰃 (yorï-, “to walk”) + 𐰠𐰢 (l²m) → 𐰘𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰞𐰢 (yorïlïm, “let's walk!”)

Suffix forming first person plural imperative


𐰆𐰞

ol (romanization)
𐰆𐰞 (nominative singular)
𐰣𐰃 (accusative singular)
𐰣𐰃𐰭 (genitive singular)
𐰭𐰺 (dative locative singular)
𐰦𐰀 (singular)
𐰦𐰤 (ablative singular)
𐰭𐰺𐰆 (allative singular)
𐰨𐰀 (equative singular)
𐰣𐰃𐰣 (instrumental singular)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ol (“he/she/it/that”). Cognate with Chuvash вӑл (văl), Turkish o, Uzbek u, Bashkir ул (ul), Yakut ол (ol), Chinese 兀 (“that”).

𐰴𐰕𐰍𐰣𐰆𐰺:𐰆𐰞

Denotes third person singular or plural after certain verb tenses.

𐰪𐰃𐰍:𐰖𐰉𐰞𐰴:𐰆𐰞

Denotes "to be" for third person singular or plural


𐰘𐰤

-eyin (romanization)
-yin (romanization)

𐱅𐰇𐱁 (tüš-, “1. to fall, to go down 2. to perish”) + 𐰘𐰤 (y²n²) → 𐱅𐰇𐱁𐰘𐰤 (tüšeyin, “I must go down!”)

Suffix forming first person singular imperative


𐰏𐰠

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-gil. Cognate with Kipchak [script needed] (-gil)

-𐱁𐰃𐰓 (ešid-, “to listen”) + 𐰏𐰠 (gl²) → 𐰉𐰺𐰕𐰆𐰣 (ešidgil, “listen!”)

Suffix forming second person singular imperative


𐰔𐰇𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-zün. Cognate with Turkish -sin

𐰉𐰺 (bar-, “to go”) + 𐰔𐰇𐰤 (zün²) → 𐰉𐰺𐰕𐰆𐰣 (barzun, “he/she/it must go!”)


𐰢𐰔

head

𐰢𐰔 (-imiz, -ïmïz, -ümüz, -umuz, -miz, -mïz, -müz, -muz)

-imiz (romanization)
-ïmïz (romanization)
-ümüz (romanization)
-umuz (romanization)
-miz (romanization)
-mïz (romanization)
-müz (romanization)
-muz (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-imiŕ. Cognate with Turkish -imiz

𐰭

1. second person singular possessive suffix 2. second person singular suffix for verbs

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰢𐰔 (mz) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰢𐰕 (oɣlumuz, “our child”)

𐰇𐰠 (öl-, “to die”) + 𐰢𐰔 (mz) → 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰢𐰕 (öltümüz, “we died”)

first person plural suffix for certain verb tenses


𐰾𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-si. Cognate with Turkish -si

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰾𐰃 (s²i) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰭𐰕 (oɣlï, “his/her/its child”)

𐱅𐰉𐰀 (tebe, “camel”) + 𐰾𐰃 (s²i) → 𐱅𐰉𐰀𐰾𐰃 (tebesi, “his/her/its camel”)


𐰭𐰔

𐰭𐰔 (-iŋiz, -ïŋïz, -üŋüz, -uŋuz, -ŋiz, -ŋïz, -ŋüz, -ŋuz)

-iŋiz (romanization)
-ïŋïz (romanization)
-üŋüz (romanization)
-uŋuz (romanization)
-ŋiz (romanization)
-ŋïz (romanization)
-ŋüz (romanization)
-ŋuz (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-iŋiŕ. Cognate with Turkish -iniz

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰭𐰔 (ŋz) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰭𐰕 (oɣluŋuz, “your child”)

𐰇𐰠 (öl-, “to die”) + 𐰭𐰔 (ŋz) → 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰭𐰕 (öltüŋüz, “you died”)

second person plural suffix for certain verb tenses


𐰢

-im (romanization)
-ïm (romanization)
-üm (romanization)
-um (romanization)
-m (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-im. Cognate with Turkish -im

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰢 (m) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰢 (oɣlum, “my child”)

𐰇𐰠 (öl-, “to die”) + 𐰢 (m) → 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰢 (öltüm, “I died”)

first person singular possessive suffix for certain verb tenses


𐰇𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ür. Cognate with Turkish -ur.

𐰚𐰠 (kel-, “to come”) + 𐰇𐰼 (ür²) → -𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼 (kelür-, “to bring”)


𐱅

-ït (romanization)
-üt (romanization)
-t (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-t (“causative suffix”). Cognate with Turkish -t (“causative suffix”).

inh+

𐰍 (aɣ-, “to rise”) + 𐱅 (t²) → 𐰍𐱃 (aɣït-, “to raise”)

Forms transitive verbs from intransitive ones; forms causative verbs from transitive ones


𐰠𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-le. Cognate with Chuvash -ла (-la), Turkish -la, Kazakh -лау (-lau), Yakut -лаа (-laa). Compare also Mongolian -лах (-lax), Manchu ᠊ᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ (-lambi).

𐰉 (ab, “hunt”) + 𐰠𐰀 (l²a) → 𐰉𐰞𐰀 (abla-, “to hunt”)


𐰠𐰏𐰇

-ligü (romanization)
-lügü (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ligü (“comitative case”), possibly related to 𐰠𐰏 (-lig). Compare also Proto-Mongolic *-luxa (“comitative case”).

noncog

𐰃𐰤𐰃 (ini, “younger brother”) + 𐰠𐰏𐰇 (l²gü) → 𐰃𐰤𐰠𐰏𐰇 (iniligü, “with (my) younger brother”)


𐰏𐰇

𐰇𐰲 (üč, “three”) + 𐰏𐰇 (gü) → 𐰇𐰲𐰏𐰇 (üčegü, “a group of three”)


𐰨

-inč (romanization)
-ïnč (romanization)
-ünč (romanization)
-unč -nč (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-inč. Cognate with Chuvash -шӗ (-šĕ), Khalaj -minci, Turkish -inci, Uzbek -inchi, Bashkir -енсе (-yense), Yakut -ис (-is). Compare also Manchu ᠊ᠴᡳ (-ci).

𐰇𐰲 (üč, “three”) + 𐰨 (nč) → 𐰇𐰲𐰨 (üčünč, “third”)

𐰏𐰇

suffix forming the collective of numerals


𐰾𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-siŕ (“-less”). Cognate with Old Uyghur -𐽻𐽶𐽴 (-siz), Chuvash -сӗр (-sĕr), Turkish -siz, Uzbek -siz, Bashkir -һеҙ (-heź), Tuvan -сиз (-siz).

inh+

-less; a suffix denoting the lack of something