𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜

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𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 (türük)

⇒ Rouran: *türküt (“Turks”)

→ Middle Chinese: 突厥 (tʰuət̚ kɨut̚)

→ Middle Persian: twlk'

From Proto-Turkic *tür(ü)k (see there for more). Cognate with Chuvash тӗрӗк (tĕrĕk), Turkish Türk, Uzbek turk, Bashkir төрөк (török), Yakut турок (turok). Compare also Hungarian török, an ancient Turkic borrowing.

𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐱅𐰏:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰓𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰢𐱁:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰉𐰆:𐰇𐰓𐰚𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S1

I, the God-like and Heaven-born Turkic Bilge Khagan, succeeded to the throne at this time.


𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰞𐰍

𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰞𐰍 (qaɣanlïɣ)

From 𐰴𐰍𐰣 (qaɣan, “khagan, king, emperor”) + 𐰞𐰍 (-lïɣ). Cognate with Turkish kağanlı (“having a khagan”)

af

𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰞𐰍:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰼𐱅𐰢:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰢:𐰴𐰣𐰃:𐰤𐰀:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐰃𐰾𐰏:𐰚𐰇𐰲𐰏:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰼:𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E9

'We used to be people who had their own khagan. Where is our khagan now? To which khagan are we giving our services?' they said.


𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰴

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𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰴 (āčsïq)

From 𐰀𐰲 (āč-, “to hunger”) + 𐰾𐰴 (-sïq, “necessitative future suffix”).

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𐰾𐰤:𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰺:𐱃𐰆𐰽𐰴:𐰇𐰢𐰔:𐰾𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐱃𐰆𐰑𐰽𐰺:𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰴:𐰇𐰢𐰔:𐰾𐰤

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N6

If you become hungry, you do not think of satiety again, if you become satiated, you do not think of hunger again.


𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰴

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𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰴 (āčsïq)

third person necessitative future form of 𐰀𐰲 (āč-)


𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *teŋri (“sky, heaven, god”). Compare Turkish tanrı (“god”).

inh+

Tengri, the chief deity of Turkic mythology.


𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃

𐰀𐰞𐰀:𐱃𐰞𐰍:𐰖𐰆𐰞:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰢𐰤

𐰼:𐰉𐰆𐰽𐰆𐰽𐰞𐰆𐰍:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰃𐱃𐰞𐰍

The man became depressed (and) the sky cloudy.

𐰴𐰆𐰞:𐰽𐰉𐰃:𐰋𐰏𐰃𐰭𐰼𐰇:𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰤𐰇𐰼:𐰴𐰆𐰔𐰍𐰆𐰣:𐰽𐰉𐰃:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐰖𐰞𐰉𐰺𐰆𐰺

The slave's words are a request to his master; the ravens words are a prayer to heaven.


𐰴𐰍𐰣

Thought to be a borrowing from an uncertain source, possibly a Yeniseian language. Cognate to Turkish kağan (“khagan”), and Mongolian ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ (qaɣan, “king, khan”), which Clauson (1972) considers a loanword from Turkic; though the reverse loan direction (from Mongolic into Turkic) was equally likely, as Turks borrowed this title from the Rourans (as proposed by Vovin, 2007). Compare also Turkish hākān, an early Arabicized form from Arabic خاقان (ḵāqān).


𐰼𐱅𐰾

Unknown. Compare also Mongolian Эрчис (Erčis), Middle Chinese 額爾齊斯 (MC ngaek nyeX dzej|dzejH sje, “Irtysh river”).

ltc-l

𐰆𐰞:𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰾:𐱃𐰯𐰀:𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰘𐰃𐱁𐰍:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰀:𐰼𐱅𐰾:𐰇𐰏𐰔𐰏:𐰚𐰲𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰔
ol:yïlqa:türgiš:tapa:altun:yïšïɣ:toɣa:ertiš:ögüzüg:keče:yorïdïmïz

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E37

In that year we marched against the Türgesh climbing over the Altai Mountains crossing over the Irtysh river.


𐱃𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tāg (“mountain”). Cognate with Chuvash ту (tu), Khalaj tâğ, Turkish dağ (“mountain”), Uzbek togʻ, Bashkir тау (taw), Yakut тыа (tıa).

inh+

𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰚𐰇𐰲𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐱃𐰍:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰞:𐰽𐰆𐰉:𐰆𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰯𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰾:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰖𐰽:𐱇:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰯𐰤:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰖𐰆:𐰉𐰺𐰃𐰯𐰣

Thanks to the strength given by Heaven, having seen way (and) water on a mountain (and) having seen fresh grass on a mountain pasture, it went (there) walking.


𐰚𐰇𐰠

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kȫl (“lake”). Cognate with Chuvash кӳлӗ (külĕ), Turkish göl, Uzbek koʻl, Bashkir күл (kül), Yakut күөл (küöl).

𐰆𐰔𐰆𐰣𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰞𐰆𐰍:𐰚𐰇𐰔𐰭𐰇𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰚𐰇𐰠𐰚𐰀:𐰃𐰲𐰍𐰣𐰢𐰃𐰾

A lake around the vicinity of the Tuul River

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰃:𐰖𐰺𐰍𐰆𐰣:𐰚𐰇𐰠


𐰽𐰆𐰉

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sub (“water”). Cognate with Chuvash шыв (šyv), Khalaj suv, Turkish su (“water”), Uzbek suv, Bashkir һыу (hıw), Yakut уу (uu).

𐰚𐰃𐰓𐰃𐰔𐰃𐰏:𐰽𐰆𐰉𐰴𐰀:𐰽𐰆𐰸𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁

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𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁 (kümüš)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kümüĺ (“silver”). Compare Chuvash кӗмӗл (kĕmĕl, “silver”), Turkish gümüş (“silver”),Azerbaijani gümüş (“silver”), Uzbek kumush, Bashkir көмөш (kömöş), Yakut көмүс (kömüs).

inh+

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁:𐰃𐰾𐰏𐱅𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐱃𐰖:𐰉𐰆𐰭𐰽𐰔:𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰇𐰼

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S5

They give us gold, silver and silk in abundance.


𐰇𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *üč. Cognate with Chuvash виҫӗ (viś̬ĕ, “three”), Turkish üç (“three”), Turkmen üç (“three”), Uzbek uch (“three”), Bashkir өс (ös, “three”), Yakut үс (üs, “three”).

𐰀𐰴:𐱃:𐰴𐰺𐰽𐰽𐰃𐰣:𐰇𐰲:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰍𐱃𐰀:𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰞𐰀𐰯𐰣:𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰚𐰀:𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰼

A white horse, having chosen its adversary in three states of existence, sent it to a dumb for praying, it says.


𐰋𐰃𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bīr (“one”). Cognate with Chuvash пӗр (pĕr), Khalaj bî, Turkish bir (“one, once”), Uzbek bir, Bashkir бер (ber, “one”), Yakut биир (biir).

𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐱃𐰉𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐰘𐰇𐰔:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰘𐰇𐰔:𐱃𐰉𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐰢𐰃𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰢𐰃𐰭:𐱃𐰉𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐱅𐰇𐰢𐰤:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐱅𐰃𐰼

One spriaea became a hundred; a hundred spiraeas became a thousand (and) a thousand spiraeas became ten thousand, it says.


𐰋𐰃𐰼

𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐱃𐰆𐰑𐰽𐰺:𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰴:𐰇𐰢𐰕𐰾𐰤

...once you are satiated, you do not think of hunger again.


𐱅𐰇𐰼𐱅

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tȫrt (“four”). Cognate with Chuvash тӑваттӑ (tăvattă, “four”), Khalaj tö̂rt (“four”), Turkish dört (“four”), Turkmen dȫrt (“four”), Uzbek toʻrt (“four”), Bashkir дүрт (dürt, “four”), Yakut түөрт (tüört, “four”).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐱅:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰭𐱃𐰴𐰃:𐰓𐰏𐰇𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃:𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰯𐰤:𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰋𐰓𐰃𐰔𐰠𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐱅𐰃𐰼

The good (and) skillful men in four quarters of the world, having assembled (there), rejoice and adorn (his court), it says.


𐰘𐱅𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yẹt(t)i (“seven”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫиччӗ (śiččĕ), Turkish yedi (“seven”), Uzbek yetti, Bashkir ете (yete, “seven”), Yakut сэттэ (sette).

𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴:𐰺𐱃𐰸𐰃:𐰘𐱅𐰃:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰢𐰾:𐰘𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰾:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰾𐰢𐰾

9th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E15

He went on campaigns forty-seven times and engaged in twenty battles.


𐰞𐱃𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *altï (“six”). Cognate with Chuvash улттӑ (ulttă), Khalaj alta, Azerbaijani altı (“six”), Turkish altı (“six”), Gagauz altı (“six”), Uzbek olti (“six”), Bashkir алты (altı), Crimean Tatar altı (“six”), Yakut алта (alta).

𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E28


𐰆𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ōn (“ten”). Cognate with Chuvash вуннӑ (vunnă), Turkish on, Turkmen ōn, Uzbek on, Bashkir ун (un), Yakut уон (uon).

𐰆𐰣:𐰼𐰏:𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰀𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐰏𐰼𐰯:𐰇𐰠𐰼𐱅𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N7

We surrounded and killed a Tongra squad consisting of ten champion warriors at the funeral of Prince Tonga.


𐰚𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ẹk(k)i (“two”). Cognate with Chuvash икӗ (ik̬ĕ), Khalaj əkki, Turkish iki (“two”), Uzbek ikki, Bashkir ике (ike), Yakut икки (ikki).

𐰆𐱃𐰺𐰆:𐰚𐰃:𐰖𐰞𐰍:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃𐰣:𐰽𐰆𐰸𐰆𐰽𐰢𐰃𐰾

(This road god) apparently met two joyful human beings.


𐰋𐰃𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bïŋ (“thousand”). Cognate with Chuvash пин (pin), Khalaj ming, Turkish bin (“thousand”), Turkmen müň (“thousand”), Uzbek ming, Bashkir мең (meñ, “thousand”), Yakut муҥ (muñ). Compare also Mongolian мянга (mjanga) and Manchu ᠮᡳᠩᡤᠠᠨ (minggan).


𐰠𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *elig (“hand”). Cognate with Chuvash алӑ (ală), Old Uyghur 𐽰𐾁𐽰𐽷 (elig), Turkish el (“hand”), Uzbek ilik, Yakut илии (ilii).

𐰴𐰣:𐰠𐰏𐰃𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰠𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ellig (“fifty”). Cognate with Chuvash аллă (allă), Old Uyghur 𐽰𐾁𐽰𐽷 (elig), Khalaj əllig, Turkish elli (“fifty”), Uzbek ellik, Bashkir илле (ille), Khakas иліг (ilìg).

𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰠𐰏:𐰘𐰃𐰞:𐰃𐰾𐰏:𐰚𐰇𐰲𐰏:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E8

...and gave their services and power to him for fifty years.


𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃

Inherited from Common Turkic *kiši (“person, people”). Cognate with Khalaj kişi (“woman”), Turkish kişi, Uzbek kishi, Bashkir кеше (keşe), Yakut киһи (kihi).

𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰾𐰃𐰓𐱅𐰃:𐰽𐰺𐰀:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰃:𐱅𐰃𐰼

Heaven above heard it; people below understood it, it says.

𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃𐰣:𐰴𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰆𐱃𐰆𐰔𐰢𐰑𐰸:𐰖𐰣𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰸𐰆𐰔𐰆𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰽:𐰴𐰆𐰪:𐰆𐱃𐰢𐰃𐰾

So far from losing his son and wife he yet won ninety loose sheep.


𐰞𐰯

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *alp (“difficult, hard, brave; warrior”). Cognate with Chuvash улӑп (ulăp), Turkish alp (“hero”), Uzbek alp, Kazakh алып (alyp, “giant”), Tatar алып (alıp, “giant”), Yakut алып (alıp, “craftiness, deception, magic”).


𐰞𐰯

𐰦𐰍:𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕

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𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕 (toŋuz)

Inherited from Common Turkic *toŋuz (“pig”). Cognate with Azerbaijani donuz, Khalaj tongquz, Turkish domuz, Uzbek toʻngʻiz, Bashkir дуңғыҙ (duñğıź).

inh+

𐰑𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰔𐰞𐰃:𐰀𐰺𐱃:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰽𐰆𐰸𐰽𐰢𐰃𐰾

A bear and a boar met on a mountain pass.


𐰪𐰃𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ańïg (“evil, sin”), equivalent to 𐰪 (ań-, “to fear”) + 𐰃𐰍 (-ïɣ). Cognate with Old Uyghur ʾʾyyγ (ayïɣ, “bad, extremely”), Karakhanid اَيِغْ (ayïɣ, “very, extremely”), Yakut аньыы (anyıı, “sin, evil”).

cog

𐰖𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐰸𐰆𐰦𐰸𐰑𐰀:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰼𐰀:𐰪𐰍:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏:𐰦𐰀:𐰇𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰼𐰢𐰾

After such people have settled close to them, they are said to plan their ill will there.


𐰪𐰃𐰍

𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰭𐰠𐰼:𐰢𐰆𐰭𐰞𐰆𐰍:𐰆𐰞:𐰪𐰃𐰍:𐰖𐰉𐰞𐰴:𐰆𐰞

Know thus: it is distressing (and) very bad.


𐰑𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *adïg (“bear”). Cognate with Turkish ayı (“bear”), Uzbek ayiq (“bear”), Bashkir айыу (ayıw, “bear”), Tuvan адыг (adıg, “bear”), Khakas азығ (azığ, “bear”).

inh+

𐰑𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰔𐰞𐰃:𐰀𐰺𐱃:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰽𐰆𐰸𐰽𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰉𐰆𐰕𐰍𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *buŕagu (“calf”). Cognate with Chuvash пӑру (păru), Turkish buzağı, Uzbek buzoq, Bashkir быҙау (bıźaw). Compare also Proto-Mongolic *biraxu, Hungarian borjú, Turkic borrowings.

𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰭:𐰾𐰼𐰃:𐰃𐰼𐰚𐰚:𐰉𐰆𐰔𐰍𐰆:𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰃𐰾

(Nevertheless) she gave birth to a white-spotted bull calf.


𐰽𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *s(i)ač (“hair”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫӳҫ (śüś), Khalaj saç, Turkish saç (“hair”), Uzbek soch, Bashkir сәс (səs), Yakut ас (as).

𐰉𐰆𐰨𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰽𐰲𐰃𐰤:𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴𐰃𐰤:𐰖----:𐰉𐰃𐰲𐰑𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S12

This many peoples cut out their hairs and tore their ears.


𐰽𐰲

Inherited from Common Turkic *sạč- (“to scatter”). Cognate with Turkish saçmak (“to scatter”), Uzbek sochmoq, Bashkir сәсеү (səsew), Yakut ыс (ıs). Compare also Mongolian цацах (cacax), Manchu ᠰᡳᠰᠠᠮᠪᡳ (sisambi).

𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰭:𐰚𐰇𐰯𐰇𐰚𐰇𐰢𐰃𐰤:𐰽𐰲𐰺:𐰢𐰤


𐰓𐰏𐰇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *edgü (“good, excellent”). Cognate with Chuvash ырӑ (yră, “good”), Turkish iyi (“good”), Uzbek ezgu, Bashkir изге (izge, “holy, sacred”), Yakut үтүө (ütüö, “good”).

𐰽𐰺𐰍:𐱃𐰞𐰍:𐰽𐰉𐰲𐰃:𐰖𐰔𐰍:𐱃𐰞𐰍:𐰖𐰞𐰉𐰲:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰾𐰇𐰔:𐰽𐰉:𐰠𐱅𐰃:𐰚𐰠𐰃𐰼:𐱅𐰃𐰼

There comes a messenger on a yellow horse (and) an envoy on a dark brown horse, bringing good tidings, it says.


𐰃𐰤𐰏𐰛

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ingek (“cow”). Cognate with Chuvash ӗне (ĕne), Turkish inek (“cow”), Uyghur ئىنەك (inek), Yakut ынах (ınaq). Compare also Mongolian үнээ (ünee), Hungarian ünő, Turkic borrowings.

𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰭:𐰾𐰼𐰃:𐰃𐰤𐰏𐰚:𐰉𐰆𐰔𐰀𐰍𐰆𐰞𐰲𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰢𐰃𐰾

A white-spotted cow was on the point of calving.


𐰾𐰃𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *siŕ (“you”). Cognate with Chuvash эсир (es̬ir), Khalaj siz, Turkish siz, Uzbek siz, Bashkir һеҙ (heź), Yakut эһиги (ehigi).


𐰾𐰃𐰕

𐰖𐰭𐰡𐰲𐰃:𐰾𐰃𐰕

Denotes second person plural after certain verb tenses.

𐰋:𐰾𐰃𐰕

Denotes "to be" for second person plural


𐰾𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sen (“thou”). Cognate with Chuvash эсӗ (es̬ĕ), Khalaj sən, Karakhanid سَنْ (sen, “you”), Turkish sen (“you”), -sin, Uzbek sen, Bashkir һин (hin), Yakut эн (en).


𐰾𐰤

sen (romanization)
𐰾𐰤 (nominative singular)
𐰾𐰃𐰤𐰃 (accusative singular)
𐰾𐰤𐰭 (genitive singular)
𐰽𐰭𐰀 (dative locative singular)
𐰾𐰦𐰀 (singular)
𐰾𐰦𐰤 (ablative singular)
𐰽𐰭𐰺𐰆 (allative singular)
𐰾𐰨𐰀 (equative singular)
𐰾𐰤𐰃𐰤 (instrumental singular)

𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰲𐰃:𐰾𐰤

Denotes second person singular or plural after certain verb tenses.

𐰺𐰴𐰴:𐰾𐰤

second person singular
second person singular

Denotes "to be" for second person singular or plural


𐰾𐰤

Inherited from Common Turkic *esen (“sound, safe”). Cognate with Old Uyghur “s’n (esen), Turkish esen, Uzbek eson, Bashkir иҫән (iśən), Khakas изен (izen).

𐰾𐰤:𐱅𐰇𐰜𐰠:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰢𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰼

(Thus, the sheep) became safe and sound, it says.


𐰋𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bẹ (“I”). Cognate with Chuvash эпӗ (ep̬ĕ, “I”), Khalaj mən (“I”), Turkish ben (“I”), Uzbek men (“I”), Bashkir мин (min, “I”), Yakut мин (min, “I”).

𐰋𐰠𐰏𐰾𐰃:𐰲𐰉𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰤:𐰜:𐰼𐱅𐰢

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IW7

I, myself, was his advisor and commander.


𐰋𐰤

ben (romanization)
𐰋𐰤 (nominative singular)
𐰋𐰃𐰤𐰃 (accusative singular)
𐰋𐰤𐰭 (genitive singular)
𐰉𐰭𐰀 (dative locative singular)
𐰋𐰦𐰀 (singular)
𐰋𐰦𐰤 (ablative singular)
𐰉𐰭𐰺𐰆 (allative singular)
𐰋𐰨𐰀 (equative singular)
𐰋𐰤𐰃𐰤 (instrumental singular)


𐰋𐰏

→ Middle Chinese: 匐 (*bək̚)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bēg (“lord”), itself of uncertain origins, see Turkish bey for more. Cognate with Bulgar باك (bêk, “ruler”), Old Uyghur 𐽼𐽷 (pk), 𐽼𐽰𐽷 (pʾk, “lord, chief”), Karakhanid باكْ (bēg, “chief, a woman's husband”), Azerbaijani bəy (“mister, gentleman; lord”), Turkish bey (“mister, gentleman; lord”).

cog

𐰋𐰏:𐰼:𐰖𐰆𐰣𐱃𐰃𐰭𐰺𐰆:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰑𐰍𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *adgïr. Cognate with Chuvash ӑйӑр (ăjăr), Karakhanid اَذْغِرْ (aδɣïr, “stallion”), Turkish aygır (“stallion”), Uzbek aygʻir, Bashkir айғыр (ayğır, “stallion”), Yakut атыыр (atıır).

𐰇𐰏𐰼𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰴𐰆𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰍:𐰑𐰍𐰺:𐰢𐰤


𐱃

Derived from Classical Syriac ܛ (“teth”).

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /t/, used with back vowels.


𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *at (“horse”). Cognate with Chuvash ут (ut), Khalaj hat, Turkish at (“horse”), Uzbek ot, Bashkir ат (at), Yakut ат (at).

inh+

A white horse, having chosen its adversary in three states of existence, sent it to a dumb for praying, it says.


𐰖𐰆𐰣𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yunt (“horse, mare”). Cognate to Karakhanid يُنْدْ (yund, “horse”), Chagatai یونت (yunt, “horse”), Old Anatolian Turkish یونت (yont, “mare”), dialectal Turkish yont (“stray animal”).

cog

𐰋𐰏:𐰼:𐰖𐰆𐰣𐱃𐰃𐰭𐰺𐰆:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰇𐰓

From Proto-Turkic *öd (“time”). Cognate to Old Uyghur [script needed] (öd, “time”), Karakhanid اُذْ (öδ, “time”), Southern Altai ӧй (öy, “time”), Turkish öğle (“noon”).

𐰇𐰓:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰖𐰽𐰺:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐰯:𐰇𐰠𐰏𐰠𐰃:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N10

Mankind were always created to die when heaven assigns the time.


𐰇𐰓

From Proto-Turkic *ȫt (“gall”). Originally attested as 𐰇𐰓𐰃𐰭𐰀 (ödiŋe, “to their galls”), due to long vowel /t/ was probably voiced to /d/ in possessive forms and therefore the original form can actually be 𐰇𐱅 (öt). Compare Turkmen ȫt (“gall”), but "ȫd-" after vowels. Cognate with Chuvash ват (vat), Turkish öd, Uzbek oʻt, Bashkir үт (üt), Yakut үөс (üös).

𐰇𐰓𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰚𐰇𐰤𐰃:𐱅𐰏𐰓𐰜:𐰇𐰲𐰤

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E29

...and since envy touched their galls...


𐰆

Derived from Sogdian 𐼇 (w, “waw”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܘ (“waw”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /o/ or /u/.


𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ū (“sleep”). Compare Karakhanid اُو (ū, “sleep”), Yakut уу (uu, “sleep”).

inh+

𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰇𐰏:𐰉𐱃𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰺𐰍:𐰾𐰇𐰚𐰯𐰤:𐰚𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐱁𐰍:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰯:𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰔:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰆𐰑𐰀:𐰉𐰽𐰑𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E35:

Having opened our way through the lance-deep snow, we marched up over the Sayan Mountains and fell upon the Kyrgyz people while they were asleep.


𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *u- (“to be able, capable”). Compare Karakhanid اُغَنْ (uɣan, “having power over all things”), Turkish -a-ma- (“not to be able”).

cog

𐱇𐰽𐰆𐰔:𐰽𐰆𐰉𐰽𐰆𐰔:𐰴𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰆𐰖𐰃𐰣:𐰤𐰲𐰜:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰖𐰃𐰣:𐱅𐰃𐰼

How shall I be able (to manage) without water and grass? How shall I walk along? it says.


𐰇

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳞, 𐲞, 𐳝, 𐲝, 𐳟, 𐲟, 𐳬, 𐲭

Ultimately derived from Ancient Greek υ (u, “upsilon”) through intermediaries.

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ø/ or /y/.


𐰇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ȫ- (“to think understand”). Compare Karakhanid اُو (ȫ-, “to understand”), Old Uyghur ՚wy (ö-, “to think, remember”).

cog

𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰃𐰤:𐰇𐰯𐰤:𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰇𐰼𐰇:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾

(Then), thinking of its place, it went running (towards it).

(intransitive) to think, think of, remember


𐰇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ü. Cognate with Turkish -i, -e.

𐱁 (aš-, “to pass”) + 𐰇 (ü) → 𐱁𐰀 (aša, “by passing”)

Makes converbs and adverbs out of verbs yielding "by, ...-ing"


𐰼

Derived from Ancient Greek Ρ (R, “rho”) through intermediaries.

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /r/, used with front vowels.


𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *er- (“to be”). Cognate with Turkish imek (“to be”), Uzbek emoq, Yakut эр (er, “to be”).

inh+

𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰏:𐰋𐰏:𐰼:𐰼𐰢𐰃𐰾

(intransitive) to be (something, somewhere)


𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēr (“man”). Cognate with Chuvash ар (ar), Khalaj hər, Turkish er, Uzbek er, Bashkir ир (ir), Khakas ир (ir). Compare also Mongolian эр (er).

𐰼:𐰉𐰴𐰀:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r- (“to reach”). Cognate with Turkish ermek. Compare also Hungarian ér (“to reach”)


𐰼

-er (romanization)
-ir (romanization)
-r (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ür. Cognate with Turkish -er.

𐱅𐰔 (tez-, “to flee”) + 𐰼 (r²) → 𐱅𐰔𐰼 (tezer, “he/she/it flees”)

Forms simple present tense and aorist tense

𐰚𐰇𐰼 (kör-, “to see”) + 𐰼 (r²) → 𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰼 (körür, “seeing”)


𐰉

Derived from Sogdian 𐼃 (β, “beth”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܒ (“beth”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /b/ and /v/, used with back vowels.


𐰉

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āb (“hunt, chase”). Cognate with, Turkish av (“hunt, hunting”), Turkmen āw (“hunt”), Uzbek ov, Bashkir ау (aw). Compare also Mongolian ав (av), Manchu ᠠᠪᠠ (aba).

𐰼:𐰉𐰴𐰀:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰋

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳂, 𐲂

Ultimately derived from Ancient Greek β (b, “beta”) through intermediaries.

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /b/ and /v/ used with front vowels.


𐰋

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *eb (“house”). Cognate with Khalaj həv, Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽱 (äv), Turkish ev (“house”), Uzbek uy, Bashkir өй (öy), Tuvan өг (ög).

inh+

𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰍:𐰋:𐰇𐰼𐱅𐰤𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰲

Derived from Sogdian 𐼗 (c, “sadhe”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܨ (“sadhe”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /t͡ʃ/.


𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ač- (“to open”). Cognate with Chuvash уҫ (uś), Khalaj haçmaq, Turkish aç- (“to open”), Uzbek ochmoq, Bashkir асыу (asıw), Yakut ас (as).

𐱃𐰞𐰢:𐰆𐰺𐰃:𐰖𐰺𐰣:𐰲𐰀:𐰖𐰽𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰤:𐰖𐰞𐰢:𐰴𐰖𐰍:𐰖𐰺𐰀:𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰖𐰞𐰭𐰆𐰽𐰆𐰣:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐱅𐰃𐰼

A bold youth marches alone, opening (his) shoulder, striking and splitting the bare rock with a broad arrow-head, it says.


𐰀𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ạ̄č (“hungry, hunger”). Cognate with Chuvash выҫӑ (vyś̬ă), Turkish aç (“hungry”), Uzbek och, Bashkir ас (as, “hungry”), Yakut аас (aas, “hungry”).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰀𐰲:𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E38


𐰀𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ạ̄č- (“to hunger”). Cognate with Karakhanid ااجْماقْ (āčmaq, “to hunger”), Turkish acıkmak (“to hunger”), Uzbek ochiqmoq, Bashkir асығыу (asığıw), Yakut аас (aas).

cog

If you become hungry, you do not think of satiety again, if you become satiated, you do not think of hunger again.


𐰉𐰆𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bōl- (“to become”). Cognate with Chuvash пулма (pulma), Karakhanid [script needed] (bolmāq), Turkmen bōlmak, Uyghur بولماق (bolmaq), Uzbek boʻlmoq, Bashkir булыу (bulıw), Kazakh болу (bolu), Khakas поларға (polarğa), Kyrgyz болуу (boluu), Southern Altai болор (bolor), Tuvan болур (bolur), Yakut буол (buol). Possibly cognate with Azerbaijani olmaq, Turkish olmak, Crimean Tatar olmaq.

inh+

𐰾𐰤:𐱅𐰇𐰜𐰠:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰢𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰼


𐰉𐰆𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bul- (“to find”). Cognate with Khalaj bulmaq, Azerbaijani bulmaq, Turkish bulmak, Yakut бул (bul).

𐰚𐰇𐰤:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆:𐰘𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰆𐰯:𐱅𐰇𐰤:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆:𐰴𐰣𐱃𐰀:𐰤𐰏𐰇𐰓𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰖:𐰆𐰞:𐱃𐰃𐰼

After having lost it at noon, where and how would it find it at midnight?, it says.


𐰋𐰃𐰠

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bil- (“to know”). Cognate with Chuvash пӗл (pĕl), Khalaj bilmək, Azerbaijani bilmək (“to know”), Turkish bilmek (“to know”), Uzbek bilmoq (“to know”), Bashkir белеү (belew, “to know”), Yakut бил (bil).

𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰾𐰃𐰓𐱅𐰃:𐰽𐰺𐰀:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰃:𐱅𐰃𐰼

Heaven above heard it; men below understood i t, it says.


𐰋𐰃𐰠

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bẹ̄l(k) (“waist”). Cognate with Turkish bel (“waist”), Uzbek bel, Bashkir бил (bil, “waist”), Tuvan бел (bel).

𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐰴𐰺𐰃:𐰇𐰚𐰇𐰔𐰇𐰏:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰲𐰀:𐰴𐰆𐰢𐰆𐰺𐰽𐰍𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐰢𐰃𐰾

An old ox was eaten by ants, gnawing around its waist.


𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bulga- (“to stir, stir up”). Cognate with Chuvash пӑлхан (pălh̬an), Turkish bulamak, Uzbek bulgʻamoq, Bashkir болғау (bolğaw), Yakut булаа (bulaa). Compare also Turkish karıştırmak (“to stir, mix, disturb, cause trouble”) for semantics and Hungarian bolygat (“to bother; to create disorder”), a Turkic borrowing.

cog

𐰞𐰶𐰑𐰀:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐱅𐰾𐰺:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰜𐰓𐰀:𐰜𐰇𐰠𐰃𐰲𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰯𐰞𐰖𐰆𐱅𐰏𐰯:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰖𐰆
[béšba]lïqda:törtsü[ŋüš]:süŋüšdükde:küličoroplayutegip:bulɣayu

8th century CE, Kul-Chur Inscription, W11

At his fourth fights at Bish-Balyk, Kul-Chur made sudden attacks (on the enemy) and disordered...

to produce a state of disorder, put in disorder, to disturb, to cause trouble


𐰍𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āgïŕ (“mouth”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫӑвар (śăvar), Khalaj âğız, Turkish ağız (“mouth”), Uzbek ogʻiz, Bashkir ауыҙ (awıź), Tuvan аас (aas).

inh+

𐰋𐰇𐰼𐰃:𐰍𐰔𐰃:𐰢𐰾𐰃𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰑𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *adak (“foot”). Cognate with Chuvash ура (ura), Khalaj hadaq, Turkish ayak (“foot, leg”), Uzbek oyoq, Bashkir аҙаҡ (aźaq), Yakut атах (ataq).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰑𐰴:𐰴𐰢𐱁𐱃𐰑𐰃:𐰖𐰉𐰞𐰴:𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰀𐰲𐰃:𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N6-7

The Turkic people's feet tottered and were about to be put to rout.


𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *biti- (“to write”), itself generally thought to be borrowed from Middle Chinese 筆 (MC pit, “writing brush”). Cognate to Old Uyghur [script needed] (biti-, “to write”), Karakhanid [script needed] (biti-, “to write”), Old Anatolian Turkish [script needed] (biti-, “to be destined”). See also Mongolian бичих (bičix, “to write”), a Turkic borrowing.

cog

𐰉𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰀:𐰍𐰆𐰺𐰆:𐰾𐰓𐰯:𐰲𐰢𐰔:𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰏:𐰽𐰭𐰆𐰣:𐰃𐱅𐰀𐰲𐰸:𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰃𐰓𐰢

...after having listened to the burua guru ( i.e. the spiritual master of presage), wrote (this book) for our affectionate big brother General Itachuk.


𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏

→ Turkish: betik

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bitig; equivalent to 𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰃 (b²it²i /biti-/, “to write”) + -𐰏 (-g /-g/). Cognate with Old Uyghur [script needed] (bitig, “inscription, scripture”), Karakhanid بِتِكٔ (bitik, “anything written; book, letter...”), Old Anatolian Turkish بتی (biti, “letter, written document”), Bashkir бетеү (betew, “amulet”). Compare also Mongolian бичиг (bičig), a Turkic borrowing.

cog

𐰢𐱃𐰃:𐰢𐰺𐰴:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰣𐰢:𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰭𐰠𐰼:𐰉𐰆:𐰃𐰺𐰴:𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰃𐰏:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰆𐰞

9th century CE, 𐰃𐰺𐰴:𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰃𐰏 [Irk Bitig] (overall work in Old Turkic and Literary Chinese), Omen 5:

Now, my dear children, know thus: this book of omens is good.


𐰖𐰺𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yạrïn (“morning”). Cognate to Chuvash ыран (yran), Karakhanid يَرِنْ (yarïn, “tomorrow”), Turkish yarın (“tomorrow”), Yakut сарсын (sarsın).

inh+

𐰖𐰺𐰣:𐰚𐰃𐰲𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰼:𐰢𐰤

(Early) in the morning and (late) in the evening I amble along.


𐰛𐰃𐰲𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kēče (“night, evening”). Cognate with Chuvash каҫ (kaś), Khalaj kêçə, Turkish gece (“night”), Turkmen gīje (“night”), Uzbek kecha, Bashkir кисә (kisə), Yakut киэһэ (kiehe, “evening”).

𐱅𐰤:𐰾𐰃:𐰢𐰤:𐰖𐰺𐰣:𐰚𐰃𐰲𐰀:𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰤:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰢𐰤

I am the Son of Heaven. In the morning and evening, I enjoy sitting on the golden throne.


𐰴

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳔, 𐲔

Derived from Sogdian 𐼉 (x, “heth”), ultimately from Derived from Classical Syriac ܚ (“heth”).

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /q/ used with back vowels.


𐰇𐰼𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ürüŋ (“white”). Cognate with Old Uyghur [script needed] (ürüŋ, “white”), Karakhanid [script needed] (ürüŋ, “white”), Khalaj hürün, Turkish ürün (“milk, dairy product”), Yakut үрүҥ (ürüñ, “white”).

cog

𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰭:𐰾𐰼𐰃:𐰃𐰤𐰏𐰚:𐰉𐰆𐰔𐰀𐰍𐰆𐰞𐰲𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰢𐰃𐰾

A white-spotted cow was on the point of calving.


𐰀𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āk (“white”). Compare Turkish ak (“white”), Turkmen āk (“white”), Uzbek oq, Bashkir аҡ (aq), Yakut ак (ak).

inh+

𐰀𐰴:𐰋𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰴𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰣𐰞𐰀𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐱃𐰆𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰆𐰍:𐰑𐰍𐰺𐰞𐰴:𐰖𐰺𐰀𐰍𐰖

...his white mare had just foaled, (he thought) it would fit to be a golden-hoofed stallion.


𐰃𐰍𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ïgač (“tree”). Cognate with Chuvash йывӑҫ (jyvăś, “tree”), Uzbek yogʻoch (“tree”), Turkish ağaç (“tree”), Bashkir ағас (ağas, “tree; wood, timber”).

cog

𐰴𐰆𐰔𐰍𐰆𐰣𐰆𐰍:𐰃𐰍𐰲𐰴𐰀:𐰉𐰀𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰃

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳐, 𐲐, 𐳑, 𐲑

Derived from Sogdian 𐼊 (y, “yodh”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܝ (“yodh”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /i/ /e/ or /ɯ/. The backness or frontness depends on the type of the consonant.


𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ï (“bush, tree”). Cognate with Old Uyghur ՚y (ï, “plant”), Karakhanid يٖيكٖى (yigi, “bushy”).

inh+

𐱃𐰍:𐰃𐰴𐰀:𐰉𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐰼𐱅𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN3:


𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ï̄- (“to send”). Cognate with Southern Altai ийер (iyer, “to send”).

𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰚𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰼:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰯:𐰺𐰴𐱁:𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰚𐱁:𐰃𐰽𐰺:𐰤𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰭𐰍:𐰖𐰸

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S8:

If you stay in the land of Ötüken and send caravans from there, you will have no trouble.


𐰚𐰇𐰚

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kȫk (“blue, green”). Cognate with Chuvash кӑвак (kăvak), Khalaj kö̂k, Turkish gök, Uzbek koʻk, Bashkir күк (kük), Yakut күөх (küöq). Compare also Mongolian хөх (xöx), Proto-Tungusic *kuku (“blue”) and also Hungarian kék, a Turkic borrowing.

𐰚𐰇𐰚:𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰢𐰆𐰞:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰣:𐰴𐰆𐰽:𐰢𐰤


𐰖𐰆𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yōl (“road”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫул (śul), Khalaj yôl, Turkish yol (“road, way”), Turkmen ýōl (“road”), Uzbek yoʻl, Bashkir юл (yul, “road”), Yakut суол (suol, “road”).

𐰀𐰞𐰀:𐱃𐰞𐰍:𐰖𐰆𐰞:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰢𐰤

road, a way used for travelling between places


𐰴𐰆𐰢𐰆𐰺𐰽𐰍𐰀

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𐰴𐰆𐰢𐰆𐰺𐰽𐰍𐰀 (qumursɣa)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kumursga (“ant”). Cognate with Khalaj qumurğâç, Salar gumısgan, Uzbek qumursqa, Bashkir ҡырмыҫҡа (qırmıśqa), Yakut кымырдаҕас (kımırdağas).


𐰢𐰤

An early nasalized form of 𐰋𐰤 (ben), itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *ben (“I”). Cognate with Azerbaijani -əm, Turkish -im, Turkmen -in.


𐰢𐰤

𐰽𐰲𐰺: 𐰢𐰤

𐰴𐰕𐰍𐰣𐰆𐰺:𐰢𐰤

Denotes first person singular after certain verb tenses.

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣: 𐰉𐰽𐰞𐰃𐰍: 𐰖𐰃𐰞𐰣:𐰢𐰤

Denotes "to be" for first person singular


𐰋𐰃𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bẹ̄ĺ (“five”). Cognate with Chuvash пиллӗк (pillĕk, “five”), Karakhanid بٖيشْ (bḗš, “five”) Azerbaijani beş (“five”), Turkish beş (“five”), Gagauz beş (“five”), Uzbek besh, Bashkir биш (biş), Yakut биэс (bies, “five”).

𐰉𐰺𐰽:𐰖𐰃𐰞:𐰚𐰃𐰤𐱅𐰃:𐰖:𐰋𐰃𐰾:𐰘𐰃𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰃𐰚𐰀

In the Year of Tiger, on the fifteenth (day of) the second month,


𐰈𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰤

head

𐰈𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰤 (örgin)

Possibly ultimately from Proto-Turkic *ȫr- (“to rise”). Cognate with Old Uyghur [script needed] (örgin, “throne”).


𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *altun (“gold”). Cognate with Chuvash ылтӑн (ylt̬ăn, “gold”), Karakhanid اَلْتُونْ (altūn, “gold”), Old Uyghur ʾʾltwn (altun, “gold”), Turkish altın (“gold, golden”), Uzbek oltin, Bashkir алтын (altın, “gold”), Yakut алтан (altan, “copper”), Khakas алтын (altın, “gold, golden”). Compare also Manchu ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ (aisin) and Mongolian алт (alt), a Turkic borrowing.

inh+

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁:𐰃𐰾𐰏𐱅𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐱃𐰖:𐰉𐰆𐰭𐰽𐰔:𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰇𐰼

They give us gold, silver and silk in abundance.


𐰴𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kaŋ (“father”). Cognate to Karakhanid قَنْكْسِقْ (qaŋsïq, “step-father”), Karakhanid قَنْكْدَشْ (qaŋdaš, “half brother”), Old Uyghur qʾnk (qaŋ, “father”).

cog

𐰴𐰆𐰍𐰆:𐰴𐰆𐰽:𐰴𐰣𐰀𐱃𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰯𐰣𐰃𐰣:𐰴𐰞𐰃𐰖𐰆:𐰉𐰺𐰃𐰯𐰣:𐰇𐰏𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰴𐰭𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰃𐰾

The swan placed (him) on its wings (and) flew up with him. (Thus) it brought him to his mother and father.


𐰯𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *apa (“father”). Cognate to Karakhanid اَبا (apā, “father, bear”), Old Uyghur ʾʾpʾ (apa, “ancestor”), Khakas аба (aba, “father”). Compare also Buryat аба (aba, “father”), Mongolian авга (avga, “paternal uncle”), ав (av, “father”).

inh+

𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰲𐰃𐰢:𐰯𐰀𐰢:𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰃𐰾𐱅𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰢𐱁
kiši:oɣlïnta:üze:ečim:apam:bumïn:qaɣan:istemi:qaɣan:olurmïš

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E1

Over the human beings, my ancestors Bumin Khagan and Istemi Khagan became rulers.


𐱃𐰆𐰖𐰆𐰍

head

𐱃𐰆𐰖𐰆𐰍 (tuyuɣ)

Inherited from Common Turkic *tuńak. Cognate with Turkish toynak (“hoof”), Uzbek tuyoq, Bashkir тояҡ (toyaq, “hoof”), Yakut туйах (tuyaq).

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐱃𐰆𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰆𐰍:𐰑𐰍𐰺𐰞𐰴:𐰖𐰺𐰀𐰍𐰖
altun:tuyuɣluɣ:adɣïrlïq:yaraɣay
(He thought): it would fit to be a golden-hoofed stallion.


𐰴𐰆𐰍𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kugu (“swan”). Cognate with Karakhanid قُغُو (quɣū, “swan”), Turkish kuğu (“swan”), Turkmen guw (“swan”), Uyghur قۇ (qu), Kyrgyz куу (kuu, “swan”), Tuvan куу (kuu).

inh+

𐰼:𐰴𐰆𐰍𐰆:𐰴𐰆𐰽𐰴𐰀:𐰽𐰆𐰴𐰆𐰽𐰢𐰾


𐰚𐰇𐰲

Inherited from Common Turkic *kǖč (“power”). Cognate with Khalaj kü̂ç, Turkish güç, Uzbek kuch, Bashkir көс (kös), Yakut күүс (küüs). Compare also Mongolian хүч (xüč), a Turkic borrowing.

𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰚𐰇𐰲𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐱃𐰍:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰞:𐰽𐰆𐰉:𐰆𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰯𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰾:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰖𐰽:𐱇:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰯𐰤:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰖𐰆:𐰉𐰺𐰃𐰯𐰣:𐰽𐰆𐰉:𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰯𐰤:𐰖𐰀𐰽:𐰘𐰃𐰯𐰤:𐰇𐰠𐰇𐰢𐰓𐰀:𐰆𐰔𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰼

Thanks to the strength given by Heaven, having seen way (and) water on a mountain (and) having seen fresh grass on a mountain pasture, it went (there) walking. (Thus), drinking the water (and) eating the fresh grass it escaped death, it says.


𐰴𐰆𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰍

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𐰴𐰆𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰍 (qutluɣ)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kutlug (“fortunate, blessed”) equivalent to 𐰴𐰆𐱃 (qut, “luck, fortune”) + 𐰞𐰆𐰍 (-luɣ). Cognate with Turkish kutlu (“happy, blessed”).

inh+

𐰲𐰆𐰚:𐱅𐰃𐰭:𐰴𐰆𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰍:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰔𐰆𐰣:𐱅𐰃𐰼

'Lark! May your flesh be blessed!', he says.


𐱃𐰃𐰭𐰞𐰀

head

𐱃𐰃𐰭𐰞𐰀 (tïŋla-)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tïŋla- (“to listen”). Cognate to Chuvash тӑнла (tănla), Karakhanid تِنْكْلاماقْ (tïŋlāmāq, “to listen”), Old Uyghur tynklʾmʾq (tïŋlamaq, “to listen”), Turkish dinlemek (“to listen”), Turkmen diňlemek (“to listen”), Uzbek tinglamoq, Kazakh тыңдау (tyñdau, “to listen”), Kyrgyz тыңдоо (tıŋdoo, “to listen”), Tuvan дыңнаалаар (dıñnaalaar). Compare also Mongolian чагнах (čagnax).

cog

تِنْكْلاماقْ

𐰇𐰏𐰇𐰢:𐰇𐱅𐰃𐰤:𐰞𐰖𐰃𐰣:𐰴𐰭𐰢:𐰽𐰉𐰃𐰣:𐱃𐰃𐰭𐰞𐰖𐰃𐰣:𐱅𐰃𐰯:𐰚𐰠𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰼

He came back saying 'I will take my mother's advice (and) listen to my father's words', it says.


𐱃𐰃𐰺𐰭𐰴

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𐱃𐰃𐰺𐰭𐰴 (tïrŋaq)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tïrŋa-k (“fingernail, claw”). Cognate with Chuvash чӗрне (čĕrne), Karakhanid تِرْنْكاقْ (tïrŋaq, “fingernail”), Old Uyghur [script needed] (tïrŋaq, “fingernail”), Turkish tırnak (“fingernail”), Turkmen dyrnak (“fingernail”), Uzbek tirnoq, Bashkir тырнаҡ (tırnaq, “fingernail”), Tuvan дыргак (dırgak, “fingernail”), Yakut тыҥырах (tıñıraq, “nail, claw”).

cog

𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰣:𐰴𐰆𐰽:𐱃𐰃𐰺𐰭𐰴𐰃:𐰽𐰆𐰲𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰣𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐰖𐰣𐰀:𐱃𐰃𐱃𐰃𐰤𐰢𐰾

(anatomy, zootomy) nail, fingernail, claw


𐱅𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tē- (“to say”). Cognate to Karakhanid [script needed] (tḗmēk, “to say”), Old Uyghur [script needed] (te-, “to say”), Turkish demek (“to say”), Turkmen diýmek (“to say”), Kyrgyz дөө (döö, “to say”), Yakut диэ (die, “to say”).

cog

𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰣:𐰴𐰆𐰽:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰓𐰤:𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰃:𐱃𐰉𐰽𐰍𐰣:𐱅𐰃𐰯𐰤:𐰴𐰯𐰢𐰃𐰾

A hawk, saying (to itself) 'Here is a hare!', (flew) down from the sky (and tried to) catch it.


𐱅𐰃

𐰓𐰏𐰇 (edgü, “good”) + 𐱅𐰃 (t²i) → 𐰓𐰏𐰇𐱅𐰃 (edgüti, “very well”)


𐰴𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰍𐰽𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kur(u)gsak (“stomach”). Cognate with Karakhanid قُرُغْساقْ (quruɣsaq, “stomach”), Turkish kursak, Yakut куртах (kurtaq).

cog

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰴𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰍𐰽𐰴𐰢𐰃𐰤:𐰴𐰃𐰞𐰲𐰃𐰣:𐰚𐰾𐰃𐰯𐰤:𐰇𐰔𐰇𐰢:𐰖𐰆𐰞:𐰃𐰤𐱅𐰃𐰤:𐰉𐰽𐰢𐰃𐰣:𐰖𐰆𐰞:𐰋𐰃𐰤𐱅𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰼

Cutting my golden stomach with a sword, pluck my self out of its lair and pluck my head out of its house, it says.


𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰺𐰆𐰸

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kudruk (“tail”). Cognate with Chuvash хӳре (hüre), Khalaj qudruq, Karakhanid قُذْرُقْ (quδruq, “tail”), Turkish kuyruk (“tail”), Uzbek quyruq, Bashkir ҡойроҡ (qoyroq), Yakut кутурук (kuturuk, “tail”). Compare also Mongolian хударга (xudarga).

inh+

𐱃𐰃𐰍:𐱃:𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰺𐰆𐰸𐰃𐰣:𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰇𐰯:𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰼𐱅:𐰖𐰔𐰍:𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰃:𐰖𐰑𐰺𐱃

Tie up the roan horse's tail into a knot and make it run until it breaks wind; make the bay (horse) run until it (almost) spreads down (on the ground)


𐰚𐰇𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kör- (“to see, look”). Cognate with Chuvash курма (kurma), Turkish gör- (“to see”), Uzbek koʻrmoq, Bashkir күреү (kürew), Yakut көр (kör).

𐰇𐰓𐰢𐰭:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰭:𐰇𐰼𐰚𐱅𐱅𐰭:𐱅𐰃𐰼
ödmeŋ:körmeŋ:ürk(m)eŋ:tér

'Don't get excited, don't look at it (and) don't frighten it!', it says.

𐰉𐰆𐰭𐰑𐰯:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰘𐰠𐰇:𐰜𐰼:𐱅𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN2

Having become utterly bored, the khagan said: 'Ride fast!'

(auxiliary verb) Forms verbs with the sense of being ordered to do them


𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”). Cognate with Chuvash хӑлха (hălh̬a), Khalaj qulaq, Karakhanid قُلْقاقْ (qulqaq), قُلْخاقْ (qulχaq, “ear”), Old Uyghur [script needed] (qulqaq, “ear”), Turkish kulak (“ear”), Uzbek quloq, Bashkir ҡолаҡ (qolaq), Yakut кулгаах (kulgaaq, “ear”). Compare also Mongolian хулхи (xulxi).

cog

𐰚𐰇𐰕𐰤:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰓𐰜:𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴𐰣:𐰾𐰓𐰢𐰓𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰢𐰣

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N11

...my people who have not been seen by eye and have not been heard by ear...


𐰀𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āŕ (“few, very little”). Cognate with Karakhanid اازْ (āz, “scanty”), Turkish az (“few, little”), Turkmen āz (“few, little”), Bashkir әҙ (əź, “few, little”).

inh+

𐰋𐰃𐰔:𐰔:𐰼𐱅𐰢𐰔:𐰖𐰉𐰔:𐰼𐱅𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E32


𐰀𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āŕ- (“to go astray, lose one's way”). Cognate with Karakhanid اازْماقْ (āzmāq, “to lose one's way”), Chuvash ур (ur, “to lose mind, go mad”), Turkmen āzmak (“to go astray”), Turkish azmak (“to go astray, to go mad”), Bashkir аҙыу (aźıw, “to lead immoral life, degenerate”).

cog

𐰴𐰆𐰽:𐰆𐰍𐰃:𐰆𐰲𐰀:𐰀𐰔𐱃𐰃:𐰚𐰃𐰘𐰃𐰚:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰇𐰼𐰇:𐰀𐰔𐱃𐰃:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰖𐰆:𐰀𐰔𐱃𐰃

The young birds lost their way flying, the young deer lost their way running and the children lost their way walking.

(intransitive) to go astray, to lose one's way

𐰚𐰇𐰥𐰀𐰖𐰀𐰔𐰑𐰢𐰀

8-10th century CE, Begre (e-11), line 2:

Alas, I separated from the sun and the moon.

(figurative, intransitive) to die, perish


𐰠

Derived from Ancient Greek λ (l, “lambda”) through intermediaries.

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /l/, used with front vowels.


𐰴𐰆𐰕𐰍𐰆𐰣

head

𐰴𐰆𐰕𐰍𐰆𐰣 (quzɣun)

Inherited from Common Turkic *kuzgun (“raven”). Cognate with Old Uyghur [script needed] (quzɣun, “raven”), Karakhanid قُزْغوُنْ (quzɣūn, “raven”), Turkish kuzgun (“raven”), Uzbek kuzg'un, Bashkir ҡоҙғон (qoźğon, “raven”), Tuvan кускун (kuskun).

cog

𐰴𐰆𐰞:𐰽𐰉𐰃:𐰋𐰏𐰃𐰭𐰼𐰇:𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰤𐰇𐰼:𐰴𐰆𐰔𐰍𐰆𐰣:𐰽𐰉𐰃:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐰖𐰞𐰉𐰺𐰆𐰺

The slave's words are a request to his master; the raven's words are a prayer to heaven.


𐰃𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ič (“the interior of something”). Cognate with Chuvash ӑш (ăš, “interior”), Turkish iç (“interior”), Bashkir эс (es, “interior”), Uzbek ich (“interior”), Yakut ис (is, “interior; guts”).

inh+

𐰚𐰼𐰀𐰚𐰇:𐰃𐰲𐰃:𐰤𐰀:𐱅𐰏:𐰆𐰞

What is the inside of the tent frame like?


𐰃𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ič- (“to drink”). Cognate with Chuvash ӗҫ (ĕś, “to drink”), Turkish iç- (“to drink”), Bashkir эсеү (esew, “to drink”), Uzbek ichmoq (“to drink”), Yakut ис (is, “to drink”).

𐰽𐰆𐰉:𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰯𐰤:𐰖𐰀𐰽:𐰘𐰃𐰯𐰤:𐰇𐰠𐰇𐰢𐰓𐰀:𐰆𐰔𐰢𐰃𐰾

(Thus), drinking the water and eating the fresh grass it escaped death, it says.


𐰉𐰞𐰶

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bialïk (“city, fortress”). Cognate with Old Uyghur [script needed] (balïq, “town”), Karakhanid بَلِقْ (balïq, “stronghold, town”). Compare Mongolian ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ (balɣasu, “city”), a Turkic borrowing.

cog

𐰭:𐰃𐰠𐰚:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰆:𐰉𐰞𐰶𐰑𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁𐰓𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N4


𐰴𐰆𐰽

Inherited from Common Turkic *kuĺ (“bird”). Compare Khalaj quş, Turkish kuş (“bird”), Uzbek kush, Bashkir ҡош (qoş), Yakut кус (kus).

inh+

𐰖𐰍𐰴:𐰃𐰍𐰲:𐰖𐰀𐰖𐰞𐰍𐰢:𐰴𐰆𐰽𐰞𐰍:𐰃𐰍𐰲:𐰴𐰃𐰽𐰞𐰍𐰢:𐰦𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰢𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰼

My summer quarters is (beneath) the nut-trees (and) my winter quarters is (beneath) the trees where birds crowd.


𐰉𐰆

bu (romanization)
𐰉𐰆 (nominative singular)
𐰉𐰆𐰣𐰃 (accusative singular)
𐰉𐰆𐰣𐰃𐰭 (genitive singular)
𐰉𐰆𐰭𐰺 (dative locative singular)
𐰉𐰆𐰦𐰀 (singular)
𐰉𐰆𐰦𐰤 (ablative singular)
𐰉𐰆𐰭𐰺𐰆 (allative singular)
𐰉𐰆𐰨𐰀 (equative singular)
𐰉𐰆𐰣𐰃𐰣 (instrumental singular)

otk-decl

𐰉𐰆𐰣𐰃𐰭 (bunïŋ)

𐰉𐰆𐰣𐰃𐰣 (bunïn)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bu (“this”). Cognate with Turkish bu (“this”), Uzbek bu, Bashkir был (bıl), Tuvan бо (bo).

inh+

𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰭𐰠𐰼:𐰉𐰆:𐰃𐰺𐰴:𐰉𐰽𐰃𐰣𐱃𐰀:𐰀𐰔:𐰢𐰏𐰚𐰃:𐰉𐰺:𐰚𐰃𐰤:𐰖𐰣𐰀:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰺

Know thus: at the beginning of this omen there i s a little pain; (but) later it becomes good again.


𐰛𐰈𐰤𐰾

head

𐰛𐰈𐰤𐰾 (küneš)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *küneĺ (“sun, sunny place”). Cognate with 𐰚𐰇𐰤 (kün, “sun, day”), Chuvash хӗвел (hĕvel, “sun”), Turkish güneş (“sun, sunlight, sunny place”), Uzbek quyosh, Bashkir ҡояш (qoyaş), Yakut куйаас (kuyaas).

cog

𐰚𐰇𐰤𐰾𐰚𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰺:𐰆𐰞


𐰇𐰠

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *öl- (“to die”). Cognate with Chuvash вил (vil), Khalaj hölmək, Turkish öl- (“to die”), Uzbek oʻlmoq, Bashkir үлеү (ülew), Yakut өл (öl).

inh+

𐰇𐰠𐰏𐰖:𐰢𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰢𐰾


𐰆𐰑𐰍𐰆𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *odgur- (“to wake”), causative of the unattested stem *od-. Cognate with Old Uyghur [script needed] (odɣur-, “to wake (tr.)”), Karakhanid [script needed] (oδɣur-, “to wake (tr.)”), Khakas усхурарға (usxurarğa, “to wake (tr.)”), Turkish uyar- (“to warn, alert”). From the same root see; Turkish uyan- (“to wake up (intr.)”), Old Uyghur [script needed] (odun-, “to wake up (intr.)”), Karakhanid [script needed] (oδuɣ, “awake”).

cog

𐰆𐰑𐰃𐰍𐰢𐰍:𐰆𐰑𐰍𐰆𐰺:𐰖𐱃𐰍𐰞𐰃𐰍:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐰢𐰤

I go on my way waking those who were asleep (and) rousing those who were lying down.

(transitive) to wake someone, to make someone awake


𐰈𐰛𐰈𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *öküŕ (“ox”). Cognate with Chuvash вӑкӑр (văk̬ăr), Karakhanid [script needed] (öküz, “ox”), Turkish öküz (“ox”), Uzbek hoʻkiz, Bashkir үгеҙ (ügeź), Yakut оҕус (oğus). Compare also Mongolian үхэр (üxer), a Turkic borrowing.

inh+

𐰚𐰃:𐰇𐰚𐰇𐰔𐰇𐰏:𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐰉𐰆𐰴𐰺𐰽𐰃𐰴𐰀:𐰚𐰇𐰠𐰢𐰾

(A man) harnessed two oxen to one wooden plough.


𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ortu (“middle”), from Proto-Turkic *or-. Cognate with Karakhanid [script needed] (ortu, “middle”), Turkish orta, Uzbek o'rta, Bashkir урта (urta), Yakut орто (orto).


𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆

𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆:𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰓𐰀:𐰢𐰍𐰴𐰀:𐰽𐰆𐰸𐰆𐰽𐰢𐰃𐰾

In an open (central) place it came across a wild goat.


𐰖𐰍𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yagï (“enemy, war”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫу (śu, “heathen”), Karakhanid يَغٖى (yaɣï̄, “enemy”), Ottoman Turkish یاغی (yağı, “stranger, enemy”), Kazakh жау (jau, “enemy”), Khakas чаа (çaa, “war”). Compare also Mongolian дайн (dajn, “war”), Evenki догор (dogor, “friend”), Korean 되 (doe).

cog

𐰴𐰣:𐰾𐰇𐰚𐰀:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐰖𐰍𐰃𐰍:𐰽𐰣𐰨𐰢𐰃𐰾
qn¹:s²üka:b¹r¹mis²:y¹ǧiǧ:s¹n¹nčmis²

A khan went on a campaign (and) routed the enemy.


𐰖𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yāg (“fat”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫу (śu), Khalaj yâğ, Karakhanid ياغْ (yāɣ, “fat”), Turkish yağ (“fat, oil”), Uzbek yoʻg, Yakut сыа (sıa).

inh+

𐰖𐰍𐰞𐰍:𐰴𐰢𐰃𐰲:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰖𐰞𐰍𐰖𐰆:𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰃𐰠𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐰇𐰠𐰇𐰢𐰓𐰀:𐰆𐰔𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰼

She kept herself alive by licking a greasy ladle (and thus) she escaped death, it says.


𐰖𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yag- (“to rain”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫу (śu), Khalaj yağmaq, Karakhanid يَغْماقْ (yaɣmāq, “to rain, pour down”), Turkish yağmak (“to rain”), Bashkir яуыу (yawıw), Tuvan чаар (çaar).

cog

𐰉𐰆𐰔:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰃𐱃:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰑𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰆𐰣:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰖𐰍𐰑𐰃

A gray cloud passed; it rained over people.


𐰖𐰀𐰽

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yāĺ (“young, fresh; vegetables”). Cognate with Old Uyghur yʾš (yaš, “fresh, moist”), Karakhanid ياشْ (yāš, “fresh, vegetable”), Turkish yaş (“fresh, wet, moist”), Turkmen ýāş (“young”), Uzbek yosh, Bashkir йәш (yəş), Tuvan чаш (çaş).

cog

Thanks to the strength given by Heaven, having seen way (and) water on a mountain (and) having seen fresh grass on a mountain pasture, it went (there) walking. (Thus), drinking the water (and) eating the fresh grass it escaped death, it says.


𐰾𐰋𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sebin- (“to rejoice”), from the reflexive form of *seb- (“to love”), equivalent to 𐰾𐰋 (seb-, “to love, like”) + 𐰤 (-in). Cognate with Turkish sevinmek (“to rejoice, be happy”), Bashkir һөйөнөү (höyönöw).

cog

𐰖𐰣𐰀:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰴𐰆𐱃𐰃𐰣𐱃𐰀:𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰨:𐰖𐰃𐰞𐱃𐰀:𐰴𐰆𐰯:𐰾𐰤:𐱅𐰇𐰚𐰠:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰾𐰢𐰾:𐰴𐰆𐰯:𐰇𐰏𐰃𐰼𐰼:𐰾𐰋𐰃𐰤𐰇𐰼:𐱅𐰃𐰼

And again, by the grace of Heaven, they all met in the third year, safe and sound. They all rejoiced and were glad, it says.

(intransitive) to rejoice, be happy, be joyful


𐰡𐰢𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *altmïĺ (“sixty”). Cognate with Chuvash утмӑл (utmăl, “sixty”), Khalaj altmış, Karakhanid اَلْتْمِشْ (altmïš, “sixty”), Turkish altmış (“sixty”), Uzbek oltmish, Bashkir алтмыш (altmış).


𐰚𐰠𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kẹlin (“bride, daughter-in-law”). Cognate with Chuvash кин (kin), Azerbaijani gəlin, Turkish gelin, Uzbek kelin, Kazakh келін (kelın), Bashkir килен (kilen, “daughter-in-law”), Tuvan келин (kelin).

cog

𐰇𐰏𐰢:𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰆𐰞𐰖𐰆:𐰇𐰏𐰠𐰼𐰢:𐰚𐰠𐰼𐰢:𐰚𐰠𐰭𐰇𐰤𐰢:𐰸𐰆𐰨𐰖𐰞𐰺𐰢:𐰉𐰆𐰨𐰀:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰃:𐰚𐰇𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰲𐰃:𐰼𐱅𐰃:𐰇𐰠𐰏𐰃:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰑𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰀:𐰖𐱃𐰆:𐰴𐰡𐰲𐰃:𐰼𐱅𐰏𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N9

My mother, the khatun, and my (step-)mothers, my elder sisters, my daughters-in-law, my princesses this many people who were going to survive would have become slaves, and those of you who were going to be killed would have been left lying at the camp and on roads.


𐰆𐰍𐰺𐰃

From Proto-Turkic *ogrï (“thief”). Cognate with Chuvash вӑрӑ (vără, “thief”), Turkish oğru (“thief”), Uzbek oʼgʼri (“thief”), Bashkir уғры (uğrı, “thief”), Yakut уор (uor, “to steal”). Compare also Hungarian orv (“treacherous”), a Turkic borrowing.

𐰆𐱃𐰺𐰆:𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰓𐰀:𐰆𐰍𐰺𐰃:𐰽𐰆𐰸𐰆𐰽𐰆𐰯:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰆𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰢𐰃𐰤𐰢𐰃𐰾

(On its way home) a thief came across. He caught and mounted it.


𐰢𐱃𐰃

Derived from Proto-Turkic *em-. Cognate with Azerbaijani indi, Turkish şimdi, Uzbek endi, Tatar инде (inde), Tuvan ам (am).

𐰢𐱃𐰃:𐰢𐰺𐰴:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰣𐰢:𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰭𐰠𐰼


𐰞

Derived from Sogdian 𐼌 (δ, “lamed”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܠ (“lamed”)

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /l/ with back vowels.


𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ạl- (“to take”). Cognate to Chuvash ил (il), Karakhanid آل (al, “to take”), Azerbaijani al, Turkish almak (“take, buy”), Uzbek olmoq, Bashkir алыу (alıw), Yakut ыл (ıl, “take”).

inh+

He came back saying 'I will take my mother's advice (and) listen to my father's words', it says.

𐰴𐰺𐰞𐰸𐰆𐰍:𐰇𐰠𐰼𐱅𐰢𐰔:𐰞𐱃𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N2:

We killed the Karluks and conquered them.


𐰖

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳚, 𐲚

Pictogram of a bow, compare Proto-Turkic *yā(y) (“bow”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /j/, used with back vowels.


𐰖

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āń(k) (“moon, month”). Cognate with Chuvash уйӑх (ujăh), Khalaj hây, Turkish ay (“moon, month”), Uzbek oy, Bashkir ай (ay), Yakut ый (ıy).

𐰖𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰢𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰏:𐰖𐰃𐰑𐰃𐱃𐰢𐰖𐰃𐰣:𐰖𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰢𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰏:𐰺𐱃𐰀𐱃𐰢𐰖𐰃𐰣

I will not make one that has reached (the stage of) a year stink, (or) one that has reached (the stage of) a month go bad.


𐰖

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āy- (“to say, to tell”). Cognate with Chuvash ыйт (yjt), Khalaj hâymaq, Turkish ayıtmak, Uzbek aytmoq, Bashkir әйтеү (əytew), Yakut ый (ıy).

𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸𐰀:𐰉𐰭𐰀:𐰖𐰑𐰃
bilge:tońuquq:baŋa:aydï
He ordered me, Bilge Tonyukuk, (as follows):..

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN7

(transitive) to tell, to declare, to order


𐰸

Pictogram of an arrow, compare Proto-Turkic *ok (“arrow”), whence Etymology 2.

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /uq/, /oq/, /qu/, /qo/, used with back vowels.


𐰸

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ok (“arrow”). Cognate with Chuvash ухӑ (uh̬ă), Turkish ok, Uzbek oʻq, Bashkir уҡ (uq), Yakut ох (oq).

𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐰼𐰏:𐰸𐰣:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰃:𐰚𐰃:𐰼𐰏:𐰆𐰑:𐱁𐰺𐰆:𐰽𐰨𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E36:

He hit one man with an arrow and stabbed two men through their thighs.


𐰸

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ōk (“tribe”). Cognate with Chuvash йӑх (jăh).

𐰆𐰣:𐰸:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰃:𐰖𐰍𐰢𐰔:𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IE2:

The khagan of the Ten Tribes was our enemy.


𐰸

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ök (“emphatic particle”).

Alternative form of 𐰜 (ök) after back vowels


𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚

Alternative spelling of 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 (t²ür²k̥) as seen on the Tonyukuk inscription. Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *tür(ü)k.


𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bodun (“people, nation”), possibly equivalent to 𐰉𐰆𐰑 (bod, “stature; tribe”) + 𐰣 (-an, “plural suffix”) + 𐰤 (n²).

af

𐰉𐰆𐰔:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰃𐱃:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰑𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰆𐰣:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰖𐰍𐰑𐰃

people, nation, population, ordinary people


𐰾𐰚𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sekiŕ. Cognate with Chuvash саккӑр (sakkăr), Khalaj səkkiz, Turkish sekiz, Uzbek sakkiz, Bashkir һигеҙ (higeź), Yakut аҕыс (ağıs).

𐰴𐰭𐰢:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰆𐰲𐰑𐰸𐰑𐰀:𐰇𐰔𐰢:𐰾𐰚𐰃𐰔:𐰖𐱁𐰑𐰀:𐰴𐰞𐱃𐰢

9th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E13-14

When my father, the khagan, passed away, I was at the age of eight.


𐰭

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ŋ/.


𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *eŋ (“superlative suffix”). Cognate with Turkish en.

inh+

𐰭:𐰠𐰚𐰃:𐱃𐰑𐰴𐰣:𐰲𐰆𐰺𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰔:𐱃𐰍:𐰋𐰃𐰤𐰯:𐱅𐰏𐰓𐰃
eŋ:ilki:tadïqïn:čorïŋ:boz:atïɣ:binip:tegdi

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscriptions, E32

Very first, he mounted Tadıq Chor's gray horse and attacked.


𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *aŋ (“wild game”).

𐰉𐰺𐰽:𐰚𐰃𐰘𐰃𐰚:𐰭𐰚𐰀:𐰢𐰭𐰚𐰀:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰭

-iŋ (romanization)
-ïŋ (romanization)
-üŋ (romanization)
-uŋ (romanization)
-ŋ (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-iŋ. Cognate with Turkish -in

𐰢

1. first person singular possessive suffix 2. first person singular suffix for verbs

𐰢𐰔

1. first person plural possessive suffix 2. first person plural suffix for verbs

𐰭𐰔

1. second person plural possessive suffix 2. second person plural suffix for verbs

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰭 (ŋ) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰭 (oɣluŋ, “your child”)

second person singular possessive suffix

-𐰇𐰠 (öl-, “to die”) + 𐰭 (ŋ) → 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰭 (öltüŋ, “you died”)

second person singular suffix for certain verb tenses


𐰭

-iŋ (romanization)
-ïŋ (romanization)
-ŋ (romanization)

𐰋𐰃𐰠 (bil-, “to know”) + 𐰭 (ŋ) → 𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰭 (biliŋ, “you must know!”)

Suffix forming second person plural imperative

𐰏𐰠

second person singular imperative suffix


𐰾𐰇𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *söŕ. Cognate of Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Crimean Tatar, and Khalaj söz, Uzbek soʻz, Kazakh and Kyrgyz сөз (söz), Tatar сүз (süz), Bashkir һүҙ (hüź), Yakut өс (ös), etc.

cog

𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰾𐰇𐰔:𐰽𐰉:𐰠𐱅𐰃:𐰚𐰠𐰃𐰼:𐱅𐰃𐰼

He comes bringing good tidings, it says.


𐰹

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /uq/, /oq/, /qu/, /qo/, used with back vowels.


𐰊𐱄𐰆𐰻

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bagatur, itself of uncertain origins. Cognate with Bashkir батыр (batır), Kazakh батыр (batyr), Turkish Batur. Compare also Proto-Mongolic *baxatur whence Mongolian баатар (baatar), Persian بهادر (bahâdor) whence Turkish bahadır and Middle Chinese 冒頓 (MC mawH|mok twonH).

𐰼𐰓𐰢:𐰊𐰟𐰽𐰻:𐰢𐰆𐰣𐰎:𐰼𐰢𐰕:𐰢𐰆𐰣𐰎:𐰼𐰾𐰢:𐰕𐰼𐰈:𐰟𐰵𐰣𐰯:𐰼𐰓𐰢𐰠𐰐:𐰊𐱄𐰆𐰻:𐰢𐰥

When there is valor, there is no sorrow, and when there is sorrow, then I am the hero Ezeru


𐰘𐰃𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yẹg. Cognate with Chuvash ҫи (śi), Azerbaijani yey, Turkish yeğ.

𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐱁𐰑𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐰏:𐰃𐰓𐰃:𐰖𐰸:𐰼𐰢𐱁
ötüken:yїšda:yég:idi:yoq:ermiš

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S4

There were no better lords in the Ötüken Mountains.


𐰢𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *mak (“praise”). Cognate with Chuvash мухта (muhta, “to praise”), Azerbaijani maxtanmaq (“to brag”), Uzbek maqtamoq, Bashkir маҡтау (maqtaw, “to praise”), Yakut махтан (maqtan, “to thank”). Compare also Mongolian магтах (magtax, “to praise”).

inh+

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼𐰃𐰤:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰃𐰤:𐰼𐱅𐰭𐰇:𐱅𐰃:𐰢𐰍:𐰃𐱅𐰓𐰃:𐰇𐰏𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S15

(My father, the khagan), profoundly glorified and praised the Turkic lords and people.


𐰸𐰆𐰨𐰖

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 公主 (MC kuwng tsyuX, “princess”). Compare also Japanese 公主 (kōshu), Korean 공주 (gongju), Mongolian гүнж (günž), Chinese borrowings.

𐰋𐰃𐰭𐰼𐰇:𐰚𐰠𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰨:𐰴𐰆𐰨𐰆𐰖𐰃:𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰞𐰣𐰢𐰃𐰾

He went to (look at) his house (and saw that) his third princess had just given birth to a son.


𐰛

Derived from Sogdian 𐼋 (k, “kaph”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܟ (“kaph”).

(Irk Bitig, Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /k/, used with front vowels.


𐰋𐰇𐰼𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bȫrü. Cognate with Khalaj bö̂ri, Turkish börü, Uyghur بۆرە (böre, “fox”), Bashkir бүре (büre), Shor пӧрӱ (pörü), Khakas пӱӱр (püür), Tuvan бөрү (börü), Yakut бөрө (börö), Dolgan бөрө (börö).

𐰋𐰇𐰼𐰃:𐰍𐰔𐰃:𐰢𐰾𐰃𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰸𐰆𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kut. Cognate with Chuvash хӑт (hăt), Old Uyghur 𐽷𐽳𐾀 (kut), Karakhanid قُتْ (qut), Turkish kut, Uzbek қут (qut), Bashkir ҡот (qot), Kazakh құт (qūt), Kyrgyz кут (kut), Shor қут (qut), Khakas хут (xut), Tuvan кут (kut), Dolgan кут (kut), Yakut кут (kut). Compare also Mongolian хутаг (xutag) and Manchu ᡥᡠᡨᡠᡵᡳ (huturi), Turkic borrowings.

𐰆𐰲𐰺𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰆𐰍:𐰴𐰆𐱃𐰆𐰭:𐰖𐰆𐰸:𐱅𐰃𐰼

(In short), you don't have a good fortune to be celebrated with flying flags, it says.

𐰴𐰆𐱃:𐰴𐰆𐰞𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰑

Clauson suggest that it might ultimately be derived from Classical Syriac ܕ (“daleth”).

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /d/ and /ð/, used with back vowels.


𐰍

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɣ/, used with back vowels.


𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āg- (“to rise up”). Cognate with Azerbaijani ağmaq (“to outweigh; to rise up”), Turkish ağmak (“to outweigh; to rise up”), Gagauz aamaa (“to vaporize”), Turkmen āgmak (“to overflow”), Kazakh ауу (auu).

cog

𐰖𐰖𐰞𐰍:𐱃𐰍𐰢𐰀:𐰍𐰯𐰣:𐰖𐰖𐰞𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰺:𐰢𐰤

Climbing the mountain which is my summer residence, I stay there for the summer.

(intransitive) to rise, to ascend, to climb


𐰏

Clauson suggest that it might ultimately be derived from Ancient Greek Γ (G, “gamma”) through intermediaries.

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɡ/, used with front vowels.


𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ig. Cognate with Chuvash -не (-ne), Turkish -i, Uzbek -ni, Kazakh -ні (-nı).

𐱃 (at, “horse”) + 𐰍 (ǧ) → 𐱃𐰍 (atïɣ, “the horse (accusative)”)


𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-g. Cognate with Chuvash -ӗ (-ĕ), Turkish -i, Uzbek -ik.

𐰋𐰃𐰠 (bil-, “to know”) + 𐰏 (g) → 𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏 (bilig, “knowledge”)


𐰇𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *üŕ- (“to break, tear, demolish”). Cognate with Khalaj hüzmək, Turkish üzmek (“to tear; to upset”), Uzbek uzmoq, Bashkir өҙөү (öźöw).

inh+

𐰖𐰆𐰖𐰴𐰀:𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰏:𐱅𐰆𐰯𐰞𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰆𐰲𐰔:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰘𐰨𐰏𐰀:𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰏:𐰇𐰔𐰏𐰠𐰃:𐰆𐰲𐰔:𐰖𐰆𐰖𐰴𐰀:𐰴𐰞𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰾𐰺:𐱃𐰆𐰯𐰞𐰍𐰆𐰞𐰸:𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰘𐰨𐰏𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰽𐰺:𐰇𐰔𐰏𐰠𐰜:𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IS6-7

That which is thin is easy to bend, they say; that which is tender is easy to break. If thin becomes thick, it is hard to bend it, they say; and if tender becomes tough, it is hard to break it, they say.


𐰘𐰇𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yǖŕ (“hundred”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫӗр (śĕr), Khalaj yü̂z, Azerbaijani yüz (“hundred”), Turkish yüz (“hundred”), Uzbek yuz, Bashkir йөҙ (yöź), Yakut сүүс (süüs).

𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐱃𐰉𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐰘𐰇𐰔:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰘𐰇𐰔:𐱃𐰉𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐰢𐰃𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰢𐰃𐰭:𐱃𐰉𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐱅𐰇𐰢𐰤:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐱅𐰃𐰼

One spriaea became a hundred; a hundred spiraeas became a thousand (and) a thousand spiraeas became ten thousand, it says.


𐰘𐰇𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yǖŕ (“face”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫӑвар (śăvar), Khalaj yü̂z, Azerbaijani yüz (“face”), Turkish yüz (“face”), Uzbek yuz, Bashkir йөҙ (yöź), Yakut сүүс (süüs).

𐰖𐰺𐰴𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐰖𐰞𐰢𐰽𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐰘𐰇𐰔:𐰺𐱃𐰸:𐰸𐰆𐰣:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰃:𐰘𐰇𐰔𐰭𐰀:𐰉𐱁𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐱅𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E33

They hit (him) with more than a hundred arrows on his armor and caftan; (but he did not let the enemy hit him) even once on his face or head.


𐰌𐰥

Yenisei Kyrgyz variant of Old Turkic 𐰋𐰤 (b²n²).


𐰌𐰝

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bök- (“to be satiated”).
Cognate with Turkish bıkmak, Bashkir бүкеү (bükew), Tuvan пөкер (pöker).

𐰟𐱄𐰆𐰣𐰠𐰐:𐰛𐰅𐱀𐰐:𐰌𐰅𐰠𐰢𐱆𐰁:𐰊𐰣𐱄𐰢:𐱆𐰮𐰼𐰄𐰅𐰠𐰢:𐰛𐰁:𐰌𐰝𐰢𐰓𐰢:𐰾𐰄𐰕𐰢𐰁𐰗𐱄𐰁

8-10th century CE, Uyuk-Turan (e-3), section 2:

I tied my gilded quiver onto my waist. I couldn't be satisfied of my holy country what pain! Alas!

(Yenisei Kyrgyz, intransitive) to be satiated


𐰃𐰤𐰐𐰤

Cognate with Old Uyghur [script needed] (ingen), Turkmen inen, Kazakh іңген (ıñgen).


𐱆𐰕𐰃𐰐

Derived from 𐱆𐰕 (tez-, “to flee”) + 𐰃𐰐 (-ig). Cognate with Turkish tez.

𐱆𐰕𐰃𐰐:𐰛𐰅𐰙𐰛𐰓𐰁:𐰟𐰯:𐰌𐰥

8-10th century CE, Kızıl-Çıraa II (e-44)


𐰊𐰎𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bugu. Cognate with Kazakh бұғы (būğy, “deer”), Uzbek bug’u (“deer”). Compare also Proto-Mongolic *bugu, perhaps a Turkic borrowing.

𐰛𐰈𐰛:𐰌𐰈𐰼𐰄:𐰵𐰻𐰁:𐰽:𐰊𐰎𐰆:𐰈𐰠𐰼𐱆𐰄𐰢

I killed a blue wolf, a black ermine and a buck.


𐱄

Derived from Classical Syriac ܛ (“teth”).

der+

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /t/, used with back vowels.


𐱄

𐱄𐱂𐰺𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐱅𐰭𐰕𐰀𐱅𐰆𐱄𐱂𐰺𐰚𐰈𐰲:𐰼𐱅𐰭𐰕𐰀

8-10th century CE, Altın-Köl I (e-28), section 5:

If you would throw it, you were the hero; if you would hold it, you were the power itself.

atsar alp ertiŋiz e t²utsar küč ertiŋiz e


𐰿𐰥

Derived from Proto-Turkic *ẹĺ- (“to walk, to trot”), equivalent to 𐰿 (eš-, “to trot”) + 𐰥 (-in) Cognate with Turkish eşmek.

𐰿𐰣𐰹𐰃:𐱄𐰟𐰻𐰢:𐰿𐰥𐱆𐰢


𐰨𐰆𐰞𐰀

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 暗償 (MC 'omH dzyang|dzyangH) and suffixed with 𐰞𐰀 (-la).

𐰆𐰭:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰸:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰲𐰃𐰤:𐰖𐰺𐰴𐰞𐰍:𐰠𐰏𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰑𐰃:𐰖𐰺𐰴𐰞𐰍𐰑𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐰨𐰆𐰞𐰑𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E32

He took the governor's brother-in-law prisoner while he had weapons in his hands, and presented him.


𐰸𐱃𐰖

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 縞帶 (MC kawX|kawH tajH).

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁:𐰃𐰾𐰏𐱅𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐱃𐰖:𐰉𐰆𐰭𐰽𐰔:𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰇𐰼

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S5

They give us gold, silver and silk in abundance.


𐱃𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *to- (“to be full”). Cognate with Chuvash тӑран (tăran), Khalaj todmaq, Turkish doymak, Uzbek toʻymoq, Bashkir туйыу (tuyıw), Yakut тот (tot).

inh+

𐰾𐰤:𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰺:𐱃𐰆𐰽𐰴:𐰇𐰢𐰔:𐰾𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐱃𐰆𐰑𐰽𐰺:𐰀𐰲𐰾𐰴:𐰇𐰢𐰔:𐰾𐰤

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N6

If you become hungry, you do not think of being satiated again, if you become satiated, you do not think of hunger again.


𐱃𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tu- (“to close”).

𐰜𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰃:𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐱃𐰆𐰢𐰾:𐱅𐰘𐰤:𐰾𐰓𐰯:𐰉𐰆:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰣:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰽𐰺:𐰖𐰺𐰢𐰲𐰃:𐱅𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IE6

When I heard that there is only one road to the Sayan Mountains, and it is (now) closed (by snow), I said: 'If we go that way, it will not be good (for us)'.


𐰚𐰃𐰘𐰃𐰚

head

𐰚𐰃𐰘𐰃𐰚 (kéyik)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *keyik (“deer”). Cognate with Chuvash кайӑк (kajăk, “bird”), Turkish geyik, Uzbek kiyik, Khakas киик (kiik).

inh+

𐰉𐰺𐰽:𐰚𐰃𐰘𐰃𐰚:𐰭𐰚𐰀:𐰢𐰭𐰚𐰀:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾

herbivorous wild animals, game, prey, deer


𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *togan. Cognate with Turkish doğan, Pecheneg towan.

𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰭:𐰾𐰼𐰃:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰣:𐰴𐰆𐰽:𐰢𐰤:𐰲𐰃𐰣𐱃𐰣:𐰃𐰍𐰲:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰢𐰤

I am a white-spotted falcon. I enjoy sitting on a sandal-wood tree.


𐰀𐰞𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āla (“variegated”). Cognate with Chuvash ула (ula), Khalaj hâla bula, Turkish ala, Uzbek ola, Bashkir ала (ala), Yakut ала (ala).

𐰀𐰞𐰀:𐱃𐰞𐰍:𐰖𐰆𐰞:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰢𐰤

I am the road god with a variegated horse.


𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *oglan, equivalent to 𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰣 (-an, “plural suffix”). Cognate with Turkish oğlan, Turkmen oglan, Uzbek oʻgʻlon, Bashkir улан (ulan), Kazakh ұлан (ūlan), Tatar олан (olan), улан (ulan), углан (uğlan).

af

𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰣:𐰚𐰚𐰜:𐱅𐰔𐰚𐰃𐰤:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃

The children found the dung of an eagle.


𐰱

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳰, 𐲰

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /itʃ/.


𐰓

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳇, 𐲇

Clauson suggest that it might ultimately be derived from Ancient Greek Κ (K, “kappa”) through intermediaries. According to Clauson, the circle that Ancient Greek Δ (D, “delta”) had become in Asia was unsuitable for this script which is why the inventor chose to derive it from a variant of Κ (K, “kappa”).
In an older study, he also suggests Ancient Greek Χ (Kh, “chi”) and gives the reason that the inventor ran out of homophonic models.

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /d/ and /ð/, used with front vowels.


𐰚

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳍, 𐲍

Derived from Sogdian 𐼋 (k, “kaph”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܟ (“kaph”).


𐰽

Derived from Sogdian 𐼑 (s, “samekh”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܣ (“samekh”)

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /s/, used with back vowels.


𐰾

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳥, 𐲥

Two possibilities:
# Clauson (1962) suggests that it was Derived from Sogdian 𐼈 (z, “zayn”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܙ (“zayn”).
# Clauson (1970) suggests that it was Derived from Ancient Greek Σ (S, “sigma”) through intermediaries.

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /s/, used with front vowels.


𐱇

Pictogram of grass, compare Proto-Turkic *ot (“grass”), whence Etymology 2.

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ot/.


𐱇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ot (grass). Cognate with Chuvash утӑ (ut̬ă), Turkish ot (“grass, herb”), Azerbaijani ot, Turkmen ot, Uzbek oʻt, Bashkir ут (ut), Yakut от (ot).

𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰚𐰇𐰲𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐱃𐰍:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰞:𐰽𐰆𐰉:𐰆𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰯𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰾:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰖𐰽:𐱇:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰯𐰤:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰖𐰆:𐰉𐰺𐰃𐰯𐰣:𐰽𐰆𐰉:𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰯𐰤:𐰖𐰀𐰽:𐰘𐰃𐰯𐰤:𐰇𐰠𐰇𐰢𐰓𐰀:𐰆𐰔𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰼

Thanks to the strength given by Heaven, having seen way (and) water on a mountain (and) having seen fresh grass on a mountain pasture, it went (there) walking. (Thus), drinking the water (and) eating the fresh grass it escaped death, it says.


𐰦

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /nt/


𐰦

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ānt (“oath”). Cognate with Khalaj ând, Turkish ant (oath), Azerbaijani and, Turkmen ant, Uzbek ont, Bashkir ант (ant), Western Yugur at.

inh+

𐰦𐰞𐰍:𐰑𐰽𐰢:𐰀:𐰦𐰽𐰃𐰔𐰑:𐰀:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐱁𐰢:𐰀:𐰑𐰺𐰞𐰑𐰢:𐰀

O my sworn and unsworn comrades, o my good companion! I departed!

a drink which is mixture of blood and koumiss that been used for taking an oath.


𐰤

Derived from Ancient Greek Ν (N, “nu”) through intermediaries.

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /n/, used with front vowels.


𐰤

𐰠𐰏 (elig, “hand”) + 𐰤 (n²) → 𐰠𐰏𐰤 (eligin, “using his/her/its hand”)


𐰤

𐰉𐰽 (bas-, “to press”) + 𐰤 (n²) → 𐰉𐰽𐰣 (basïn-, “to go down; to be overwhelmed”)

Forms reflexive verbs from intransitive or transitive ones


𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-en, equivalent to 𐰀 (-a) + 𐰤 (-n).

𐰀𐱃 (āt, “name”) + 𐰤 (n²) → 𐰀𐱃𐰣 (ātan-, “to be famous”)


𐰤

𐰉𐰆𐰞 (bul-, “to find”) + 𐰤 (n²) → 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰣 (bulun, “captive”)

Forms objects out of transitive verbs; forms subjects or action nouns out of intransitive verbs


𐱈

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /bɑʃ/


𐱈

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *baĺč (“head”). Cognate with Chuvash пуҫ (puś), Karakhanid بَشْ (baš), Turkish baş, Azerbaijani baş, Turkmen baş, Uzbek bosh, Uyghur باش (bash), Crimean Tatar baş, Tatar baş, Kazakh бас (bas), Kyrgyz баш (baş), Yakut бас (bas).

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰉𐰽𐰞𐰍:𐰖𐰃𐰞𐰣:𐰢𐰤

𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰭𐰠𐰼:𐰉𐰆:𐰃𐰺𐰴:𐰉𐰽𐰃𐰣𐱃𐰀:𐰔𐰔:𐰔𐰔:𐰢𐰏𐰚𐰃:𐰉𐰺:𐰚𐰃𐰤:𐰖𐰣𐰀:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰺

Know thus: at the beginning of this omen there is a little pain; (but) later it becomes good again.


𐰿

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɑʃ/.


𐰿

Uncertain, possibly borrowed from Middle Persian [script needed] (āš), from Avestan 𐬁𐬯𐬀 (āsa) or inherited from Proto-Turkic *(i)aĺ (“meal, food”). Cognate with Turkish aş, Azerbaijani aş, Bashkir аш (aş), Yakut ас (as).

inh+

𐰃𐰲𐰼𐰀:𐱁𐰽𐰔:𐱃𐱁𐰺𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰽𐰔:𐰖𐰉𐰔:𐰖𐰉𐰞𐰴:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰦𐰀:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E26

I ruled over a poor and miserable people who were foodless on the inside and clothless on the outside.


𐱁

Derived from Sogdian 𐼙 (š, “shin”) ultimately from Classical Syriac ܫ (“shin”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ʃ/.


𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ẹĺ- (“to walk, to trot”). Cognate with Chuvash ишме (išme), Turkish eşmek, Yakut ис (is).

𐰀𐰞𐰀:𐱃𐰞𐰍:𐰖𐰆𐰞:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰢𐰤:𐰖𐰺𐰣:𐰚𐰃𐰲𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰼:𐰢𐰤

I am the road god with a dappled horse. (Early) in the morning and (late) in the evening I amble along.


𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄ĺ (friend, companion, mate). Cognate with Turkish eş (spouse, match), Tuvan эш (eş, “friend”).

inh+

𐰦𐰞𐰍:𐰑𐰽𐰢:𐰀:𐰦𐰽𐰃𐰔𐰑:𐰀:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐱁𐰢:𐰀:𐰑𐰺𐰞𐰑𐰢:𐰀


𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tokuŕ. Cognate with Chuvash тӑххӑр (tăhhăr), Khalaj toqquz, Turkish dokuz, Uzbek toʻqqiz, Bashkir туғыҙ (tuğıź), Yakut тоҕус (toğus).

𐱃𐰆𐰸𐰆𐰔:𐰺𐰞𐰃:𐰽𐰃𐰍𐰆𐰣:𐰚𐰃𐰘𐰃𐰚:𐰢𐰤

I am a male maral deer with a nine-branched horn.


𐱁𐰦𐰆𐰭

head

𐱁𐰦𐰆𐰭 (Šantuŋ)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 山東 (MC srean tuwng, “Shandong”). Compare also Japanese 山東 (Santō), Korean 산동 (Sandong), Vietnamese Sơn Đông, English Shandong, Chinese borrowings.

𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐱁𐰦𐰆𐰭:𐰖𐰕𐰃𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢:𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰖𐰴𐰀:𐰚𐰃𐰲𐰏:𐱅𐰏𐰢𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, G3

I went on campaigns eastwards up to the Shandong plain; I almost reached the ocean.


𐰔

Clauson suggest that it might ultimately be derived from Ancient Greek Ζ (Z, “zeta”) through intermediaries.

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /z/, used in both vowel types.


𐰾𐰭𐰇𐰤

head

𐰾𐰭𐰇𐰤 (seŋün)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 將軍 (MC tsjang|tsjangH kjun, “general”). Compare also Japanese 将軍 (shōgun), Korean 장군 (janggun), Manchu ᠵᠠᠩᡤᡳᠨ (janggin) and Khitan 𘰷𘯀𘱚𘱕 (*s iaŋ g ün), Chinese borrowings.

𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐰸𐰆𐰣𐰃:𐰾𐰭𐰇𐰤𐰏:𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰾:𐰴𐰃𐱃𐰪𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰺𐰀:𐰾𐰢𐰏:𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰾
tabɣačɣaru:qunï:seŋünüg:ïdmïš:qïtańɣaru:toŋra:esimig:ïdmïš
(He) is said to have sent General Qu to the Chinese and Tongra Esim to the Khitan Empire

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscriptions, IS2


𐱁𐰑

From an Iranian language, ultimately from Proto-Iranian *xšáyati. Compare also Turkish şah (“shah”) a borrowing from the same source through Persian شاه (šâh, “king”).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐱅𐰘𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰃:𐰖𐱁𐰃𐰢𐰴𐰀:𐱃𐰺𐰑𐰆𐱁:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱁𐰑:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E15

I ruled over the Tardu people as their shad at the age of fourteen.

Shad, a title, usually considered to be one step below the khagan


𐰢𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-miĺ. Cognate with Turkish -miş.

𐰖𐰺𐱃 (yarat-, “to create”) + 𐰢𐱁 (mš) → 𐰖𐰺𐱃𐰢𐱁 (yaratmïš, “(I guess/I heard that) she/he/it created.”)


𐰓𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ti. Cognate with Chuvash -рӗ (-rĕ), Turkish -di, Uzbek -di, Kazakh -ді (-dı).

-𐰆𐰲 (uč-, “1. to fly 2. to die”) + 𐰓𐰃 (d²i) → 𐰆𐰲𐰑𐰃 (učdï, “he/she/it flew/died”)


𐰓𐰀𐰲𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-deči. Cognate with Turkmen -mekçi.

𐰆𐰲 (uč-, “1. to fly 2. to pass away”) + 𐰓𐰀𐰲𐰃 (d²ači) → 𐰆𐰲𐰑𐰀𐰲𐰃 (učdačï, “he/she/it will fly/pass away”)


𐰾𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-sa(r). Cognate with Chuvash -са (-sa), Khalaj -sa, Turkish -sa, Uzbek -sa, Bashkir -һа (-ha), Yakut -тар (-tar).

𐰉𐰆𐰞 (bol-, “to be”) + 𐰾𐰼 (s²r²) → 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰽𐰺 (bolsar, “if it happened, hopefully it happens”)


𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲

𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲 (Tabɣač)

Uncertain, check out Tuoba for more. Cognate with Middle Chinese 拓跋 (MC thak|tsyek bat).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰀𐱃𐰃𐰤:𐰃𐱃𐰃:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰍𐰃:𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰀𐱃𐰃𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰯𐰣:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰠𐰏:𐰘𐰃𐰞

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E7-8

The Turkic lords abondened their Turkic titles. Those lords who were in China held the Chinese titles and obeyed the Chinese emperor and gave their services to him for fifty years.


𐰔𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *aŕu. Cognate with Tuvan азы (azı).

𐰔𐰆:𐰉𐰆:𐰽𐰉𐰢𐰑𐰀:𐰃𐰏𐰓:𐰉𐰺:𐰍𐰆

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N7-8


𐰤𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-niŋ. Cognate with Chuvash -ӑн (-ăn), Turkish -nin, Uzbek -ning, Kazakh -дің (-dıñ).

𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 (bodun, “people”) + 𐰤𐰭 (n²ŋ) → 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰭 (bodunuŋ, “the people's”)


𐰲𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-če. Cognate with Turkish -çe.

𐰆𐰞 (ol, “that”) + 𐰲𐰀 (ča) → 𐰨𐰀 (anča, “like that”)


𐰓𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-din. Cognate with Chuvash -рен (-ren), Turkish -den, Uzbek -dan, Bashkir -дән (-dən), Yakut -ттэн (-tten).

𐰇𐰭 (öŋ, “front”) + 𐰓𐰤 (d²n²) → 𐰇𐰭𐰓𐰤 (öŋdin, “from the front”)


𐰚𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ke. Cognate with Chuvash -на (-na), Khalaj -kə, Turkish -e, Uzbek -ga, Kazakh -га (-ga), Yakut -га (-ga).

𐱃 (at, “horse”) + 𐰚𐰀 (ka) → 𐱃𐰴𐰀 (atqa, “to/at the horse”)


𐰓𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-de. Cognate with Chuvash -ре (-re), Khalaj -də, Turkish -de, Uzbek -da, Bashkir -де (-de), Yakut -тэ (-te).

𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲 (tabɣač, “China”) + 𐰓𐰀 (d²a) → 𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰑𐰀 (tabɣačda, “at/from China”)


𐰏𐰼𐰇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-gerü. Cognate with Old Uyghur -kʾrw (-gerü), Karakhanid ـكرو (-gerü).

𐱃 (at, “horse”) + 𐰏𐰼𐰇 (gr²ü) → 𐱃𐰍𐰺𐰆 (atɣaru, “toward the horse”)


𐰸𐰆𐰪

Inherited from Common Turkic *koń (“sheep”). Cognate with Khalaj qôn, Turkish koyun, Uzbek qo’y, Tatar қуй, Tuvan хой (xoy). Compare also Mongolian хонь (xonʹ) and Manchu ᡥᠣᠨᡳᠨ (honin), Turkic borrowings.

inh+

𐰴𐰭𐰢:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰇𐰼𐰃:𐱅𐰏:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰖𐰍𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐰪 :𐱅𐰏:𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E12

...the soldiers of my father, the khagan, were like wolves and, his enemies were like sheep.


𐰶𐰃𐱃𐰪

head

𐰶𐰃𐱃𐰪 (Qïtań)

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:

→ Turkish: Hitay (rare)

Turkmen: Hytaý

Karluk:

Uyghur: خىتاي (xitay)

Uzbek: Xitoy

Kipchak:

Northern Kipchak:

Kazakh: Қытай (Qytai)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: Кытай (Kıtay)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Yakut: Кытай (Kıtay)

Slavic:

→ Old East Slavic: Китаи (Kitai)

Belarusian: Кіта́й (Kitáj)

desctree

Russian: Кита́й (Kitáj)
→ Adyghe: Китай (Kitaj)
→ Livvi: Kitai
→ Veps: Kitai
→ Yakut: Китай (Kitay)

Carpathian Rusyn: Кіта́й (Kitáj)

Ukrainian: Кита́й (Kytáj)

→ Persian: ختای (xatây)

→ Latin: Cataya, Cathaya

French: Cathay

→ English: Cathay

Italian: Catai

Portuguese: Catai

Spanish: Catay

Borrowed from Khitan 𘱿𘲫 (*qid ún) or Khitan 𘱿𘱤 (*qid i). Cognate with Middle Chinese 契丹 (MC khejH|khj+t|khet tan, “Khitans”) and Mongolian Кидан (Kidan). More at Khitan.

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E5, Mongolia
𐰆𐱃𐰔𐱃𐱃𐰺 : 𐰶𐰃𐱃𐰪 : 𐱃𐱃𐰉𐰃
otuztatar:qïtań:tatabï
...Thirty Mongols, Khitan Empire, Tatabi...


𐰋𐰃𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *biŕ (“we”). Cognate with Chuvash эпир (ep̬ir), Khalaj biz, Turkish biz, Turkish -iz, Uzbek biz, Bashkir беҙ (beź), Yakut биһиги (bihigi).


𐰋𐰃𐰕

biz (romanization)
𐰋𐰃𐰕 (nominative singular)
𐰋𐰔𐰤𐰃 (accusative singular)
𐰋𐰃𐰔𐰭 (genitive singular)
𐰋𐰃𐰔𐰭𐰀 (dative locative singular)
𐰋𐰃𐰔𐰤𐱅𐰀 (singular)

𐰴𐰡𐰲𐰃:𐰋𐰔

Denotes first person plural after certain verb tenses.

𐰕:𐰋𐰃𐰕


𐰆𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ol (“he/she/it/that”). Cognate with Chuvash вӑл (văl), Turkish o, Uzbek u, Bashkir ул (ul), Yakut ол (ol), Chinese 兀 (“that”).

inh+

the third person singular or plural pronoun


𐰆𐰞

ol (romanization)
𐰆𐰞 (nominative singular)
𐰣𐰃 (accusative singular)
𐰣𐰃𐰭 (genitive singular)
𐰭𐰺 (dative locative singular)
𐰦𐰀 (singular)
𐰦𐰤 (ablative singular)
𐰭𐰺𐰆 (allative singular)
𐰨𐰀 (equative singular)
𐰣𐰃𐰣 (instrumental singular)

𐰴𐰕𐰍𐰣𐰆𐰺:𐰆𐰞

Denotes third person singular or plural after certain verb tenses.

𐰪𐰃𐰍:𐰖𐰉𐰞𐰴:𐰆𐰞

Denotes "to be" for third person singular or plural


𐰆𐰞𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *olur- (“to sit”). Cognate with Chuvash лар (lar), Turkish oturmak, Uzbek oʻtirmoq, Bashkir ултырыу (ultırıw), Yakut олор (olor).

𐱅𐰤:𐰾𐰃:𐰢𐰤:𐰖𐰺𐰣:𐰚𐰃𐰲𐰀:𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰤:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰢𐰤

I am the Son of Heaven. In the morning and evening, I enjoy sitting on the golden throne.

𐰃𐰲𐰼𐰀:𐱁𐰽𐰔:𐱃𐱁𐰺𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰽𐰔:𐰖𐰉𐰔:𐰖𐰉𐰞𐰴:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰦𐰀:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰢


𐰖𐰃𐰞𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yï̄lan (“snake”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫӗлен (śĕlen), Khalaj yilân, Turkish yılan (“snake”), Uzbek ilon, Bashkir йылан (yılan), Tuvan чылан (çılan).

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰉𐰽𐰞𐰍:𐰖𐰃𐰞𐰣:𐰢𐰤


𐱅𐰃𐰘𐰤

From 𐱅𐰃 (té-, “to say”) + 𐰘𐰤 (-yin). Cognate with Turkish diye.

𐰺𐰴𐱁:𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰔:𐱅𐰃𐰘𐰤:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E25

Since they didn't send a caravan, I sent an army.


𐰠𐰢

-elim (romanization)
-lim (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-elim. Cognate with Turkish -alım

𐰘𐰆𐰺𐰃 (yorï-, “to walk”) + 𐰠𐰢 (l²m) → 𐰘𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰞𐰢 (yorïlïm, “let's walk!”)

Suffix forming first person plural imperative

𐰏𐰠

second person singular imperative suffix


𐰏𐰠

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-gil. Cognate with Kipchak [script needed] (-gil)

-𐱁𐰃𐰓 (ešid-, “to listen”) + 𐰏𐰠 (gl²) → 𐰉𐰺𐰕𐰆𐰣 (ešidgil, “listen!”)

Suffix forming second person singular imperative


𐰘𐰤

-eyin (romanization)
-yin (romanization)

𐱅𐰇𐱁 (tüš-, “1. to fall, to go down 2. to perish”) + 𐰘𐰤 (y²n²) → 𐱅𐰇𐱁𐰘𐰤 (tüšeyin, “I must go down!”)

Suffix forming first person singular imperative


𐰔𐰇𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-zün. Cognate with Turkish -sin

𐰉𐰺 (bar-, “to go”) + 𐰔𐰇𐰤 (zün²) → 𐰉𐰺𐰕𐰆𐰣 (barzun, “he/she/it must go!”)


𐰢𐰔

head

𐰢𐰔 (-imiz, -ïmïz, -ümüz, -umuz, -miz, -mïz, -müz, -muz)

-imiz (romanization)
-ïmïz (romanization)
-ümüz (romanization)
-umuz (romanization)
-miz (romanization)
-mïz (romanization)
-müz (romanization)
-muz (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-imiŕ. Cognate with Turkish -imiz

𐰢

1. first person singular possessive suffix 2. first person singular suffix for verbs

𐰭

1. second person singular possessive suffix 2. second person singular suffix for verbs

𐰭𐰕

1. second person plural possessive suffix 2. second person plural suffix for verbs

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰢𐰔 (mz) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰢𐰕 (oɣlumuz, “our child”)

𐰇𐰠 (öl-, “to die”) + 𐰢𐰔 (mz) → 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰢𐰕 (öltümüz, “we died”)

first person plural suffix for certain verb tenses


𐰭𐰔

𐰭𐰔 (-iŋiz, -ïŋïz, -üŋüz, -uŋuz, -ŋiz, -ŋïz, -ŋüz, -ŋuz)

-iŋiz (romanization)
-ïŋïz (romanization)
-üŋüz (romanization)
-uŋuz (romanization)
-ŋiz (romanization)
-ŋïz (romanization)
-ŋüz (romanization)
-ŋuz (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-iŋiŕ. Cognate with Turkish -iniz

𐰢𐰔

1. first person plural possessive suffix 2. first person plural suffix for verbs

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰭𐰔 (ŋz) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰭𐰕 (oɣluŋuz, “your child”)

𐰇𐰠 (öl-, “to die”) + 𐰭𐰔 (ŋz) → 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰭𐰕 (öltüŋüz, “you died”)

second person plural suffix for certain verb tenses


𐰾𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-si. Cognate with Turkish -si

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰾𐰃 (s²i) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰭𐰕 (oɣlï, “his/her/its child”)

𐱅𐰉𐰀 (tebe, “camel”) + 𐰾𐰃 (s²i) → 𐱅𐰉𐰀𐰾𐰃 (tebesi, “his/her/its camel”)


𐰢

Derived from Sogdian 𐼍 (m, “mem”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܡ (“mem”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /m/.


𐰢

-im (romanization)
-ïm (romanization)
-üm (romanization)
-um (romanization)
-m (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-im. Cognate with Turkish -im

𐰆𐰍𐰞 (oɣul, “child”) + 𐰢 (m) → 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰢 (oɣlum, “my child”)

𐰇𐰠 (öl-, “to die”) + 𐰢 (m) → 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰢 (öltüm, “I died”)

first person singular possessive suffix for certain verb tenses


𐰚𐰇𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *köŕ (“eye”). Cognate with Chuvash куҫ (kuś), Khalaj köz, Turkish göz (“eye”), Uzbek koʻz, Bashkir күҙ (küź), Khakas кӧс.

inh+

𐰚𐰇𐰕𐰤:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰓𐰜:𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴𐰣:𐰾𐰓𐰢𐰓𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰢𐰣

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N11

...my people who have not been seen by eye and have not been heard by ear...


𐰚𐰇𐰕

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kǖŕ (“autumn”). Cognate with Chuvash кӗр (kĕr), Turkish güz (“autumn”), Uzbek kuz, Bashkir көҙ (köź), Yakut күһүн (kühün).

8th century CE, Tariat Inscription
𐰆𐰞𐰖𐰃𐰞:𐰚𐰇𐰕𐰤𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰢
olyïl:küzünilgerü:yorïdïm

That year, during autumn, I walked forward...


𐰆𐰍𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *oguĺ (“kin, generation”).

𐰖𐱁𐰢𐰀:𐰉𐰽𐰢𐰞:𐰃𐰑𐰸𐱃:𐰆𐰍𐱁𐰢:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐱅𐰼𐰃:𐰺𐰴𐱁:𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰔:𐱅𐰃𐰘𐰤:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

At the age of twenty, I went on a campaign against the Basmil-Qut, who were my tribe, because they did not send caravans.


𐰢𐰇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *mü. Cognate with Chuvash -им (-im), Turkish mi, Uzbek -mi, Bashkir -ме (-me).

𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃 (ölti, “he/she/it died”) + 𐰢𐰇 (mü) → 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃:𐰢𐰇 (ölti:mü, “Did he/she/it die?”)


𐰲𐰚𐰚

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *čekik (“lark, crane”).

𐰲𐰆𐰚:𐱅𐰃𐰭:𐰴𐰆𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰍:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰔𐰆𐰣:𐱅𐰃𐰼

'Lark! May your flesh enjoy divine favor!', he says.


𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤

head

𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤 (Ötüken)

→ Middle Chinese: 於都斤

𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐱁𐰑𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐰏:𐰃𐰓𐰃:𐰖𐰸:𐰼𐰢𐱁

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S4

A land better than the Otuken mountains does not exist at all!

Otuken, the capital of the First Turkic Khaganate and the Uyghur Khaganate.


𐰉𐰆𐰸𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *buka (“bull”). Cognate with, Hungarian bika, Turkish boğa (“bull”), Uzbek buqa, Bashkir Буға (Buğa, “Taurus”). Compare also Mongolian бух (bux), Manchu ᠪᡠᡴᠠ (buka, “ram”), possibly Turkic borrowings.

inh+

𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰸𐰉𐰆𐰸𐰞𐰃:𐰾𐰢𐰔𐰉𐰆𐰸𐰞𐰃:𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰑𐰀:𐰋𐰇𐰭𐰾𐰼:𐰾𐰢𐰔𐰉𐰆𐰸𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰸:𐰉𐰆𐰸𐰀:𐱅𐰘𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰢𐰔𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐱅𐰘𐰤

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IW5-6

I said to myself and I thought: If lean bulls and fat bulls kick one another at a distance, one cannot distinguish between lean bulls and fat bulls, they say.


𐰚𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤

Uncertain, however most attempts at derivation suggest 𐰚𐰇𐰚 (kök, “blue”) + 𐰢𐰤 (-men, “deadjectival nominal suffix”), although historical forms of such a derivation point toward *kökmen with -k- not -g-.
Some older sources suggest that the word had meant the Sayan Mountains, however Aydın states that it'd be far too westward and instead suggests that it meant Tannu-Ola Mountains instead.

af

𐰚𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤:𐱁𐰀:𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰔:𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E17:

We went on campaigns up to the land of Kyrgyzes, beyond the Tannu-Ola mountains.


𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸

Uncertain, check out Tonyukuk for theories.

𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸:𐰋𐰤:𐰇𐰔𐰢:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰃𐰠𐰭𐰀:𐰶𐰠𐰦𐰢

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IW1

I myself, wise Tonyukuk, was born in the country of China.

Tonyukuk, a tarkhan & adviser of the Second Turkic Khaganate


𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰔

head

𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰔 (Qïrqïz)

Uncertain, check out Kyrgyz people for theories. Cognate with Kyrgyz кыргыз (kırgız). Compare also Middle Chinese 吉爾吉斯 (MC kjit nyeX kjit sje, “Kyrgyz”), a Turkic borrowing through Manchu ᡴᡳᡵᡤᡳᠰ (kirgis).

𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰔:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰆𐰑𐰀:𐰉𐰽𐰑𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E35

...and fell upon the Kyrgyz people while they were asleep.


𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣

𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰲𐰃𐰢:𐰯𐰀𐰢:𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰃𐰾𐱅𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰢𐱁
kiši:oɣlïnta:üze:ečim:apam:bumïn:qaɣan:istemi:qaɣan:olurmïš

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E1

Bumin, the first khagan and the founder of the First Turkic Khaganate


𐱅𐰃𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tīŕ (“knee”). Cognate with Chuvash чӗр (čĕr), Turkish diz, Uzbek tiz, Kazakh тізе (tıze), Yakut түһэх (tüheq). Compare also Hungarian térd, a Turkic borrowing.

inh+

𐰉𐱁𐰞𐰍𐰍:𐰘𐰜𐰦𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰔𐰲𐰏𐰏:𐰾𐰇𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E2

They made bow those, who had heads and made kneel those, who had knees.


𐰉𐰆𐰍𐰺𐰀

head

𐰉𐰆𐰍𐰺𐰀 (buɣra)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bugra (“male camel”). Cognate with Turkish buğra (“male camel”).

inh+

𐱅𐰃𐱅𐰃𐰼:𐰉𐰆𐰍𐰺𐰀:𐰢𐰤:𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰭:𐰚𐰇𐰯𐰇𐰚𐰇𐰢𐰃𐰤:𐰽𐰲𐰺:𐰢𐰤

I am a camel stallion. I scatter my white froth.


𐰉𐰆𐱃𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *botu (“calf of a camel”). Cognate with Turkish potuk (“calf of a camel”).

𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰭:𐰃𐰤𐰏𐰤𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐱃𐰆𐰞𐰀𐰢𐰃𐰾

...his white female camel had just given birth to a camel calf.


𐰃𐰤𐰏𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ingen (“female camel”). Cognate with 𐰃𐰤𐰏𐰛 (ingek, “cow”).

𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰭:𐰃𐰤𐰏𐰤𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐱃𐰆𐰞𐰀𐰢𐰃𐰾

...his white female camel had just given birth to a colt.


𐱅𐰋𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tebe (“camel”). Cognate with Turkish deve (“camel”).

𐱅𐰋𐰀:𐱅𐰃𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰚𐰀:𐱅𐰇𐰾𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰖𐰖

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yāy (“summer; spring”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫулла (śulla), Azerbaijani yay (“summer”), Bashkir йәй (yəy), Yakut сайын (sayın).

𐰖𐰞𐰉𐰲𐰃:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰽𐰉𐰃:𐰇𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰚𐰠𐰢𐰔:𐱅𐰃𐰘𐰤:𐰖𐰖𐰣:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E39

Since their envoys, their good news and their blessings stopped coming to us, I went on a campaign in the summer.


𐰶𐰃𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kïĺ (“winter”). Cognate with Chuvash хӗл (hĕl), Turkish kış (“winter”), Khalaj qış, Uzbek kish, Bashkir ҡыш (qış), Yakut кыһын (kıhın).

𐰆𐱃𐰔:𐰺𐱃𐰸𐰃:𐰾𐰚𐰔:𐰖𐱁𐰢𐰀:𐰶𐰃𐱁𐰣:𐰶𐰃𐱃𐰪:𐱃𐰯𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S2

At the age of thirty-eight, in winter, I went on a campaign against the Khitan Empire.


𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰤

head

𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰤 (örgin)

From 𐰇𐰼 (ör-, “to raise; to plait”) + 𐰏𐰃𐰤 (-gin) itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *ȫr- (“to raise; to plait”).

inh+

𐱅𐰤:𐰾𐰃:𐰢𐰤:𐰖𐰺𐰣:𐰚𐰃𐰲𐰀:𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰃𐰤:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰢𐰤

I am the Son of Heaven. In the morning and evening, I enjoy sitting on the golden throne.


𐰖𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yāŕ (“spring; summer”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫур (śur), Khalaj yâaz, Turkish yaz (“summer”), Uzbek yoz, Bashkir яҙ (yaź), Yakut саас (saas). Compare also Hungarian nyár, a Turkic borrowing.

𐰆𐱃𐰔:𐰺𐱃𐰸𐰃:𐱃𐰆𐰴𐰔:𐰖𐱁𐰢𐰃:𐰖𐰔𐰣:𐱃𐱃𐰉𐰃:𐱃𐰯𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

At the age of thirty-nine, in spring, I went on a campaign against the Kumo Xi.


𐱅𐰇𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tǖn (“night”). Cognate with Turkish dün (“yesterday”), Uzbek tun, Bashkir төн (tön), Uzbek tun, Tuvan дүн (dün).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰤:𐱅𐰇𐰤:𐰆𐰑𐰢𐰑𐰢:𐰚𐰇𐰤𐱅𐰔:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰢𐰑𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E27

...for the sake of the Turkic people, I did not sleep by night and I did not relax by day.


𐰚𐰇𐰤𐱅𐰔

head

𐰚𐰇𐰤𐱅𐰔 (küntüz)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *küntüŕ (“daytime, morning; noon”), equivalent to 𐰚𐰇𐰤 (kün, “day; sun”) + 𐱅𐰔 (-tüz). Cognate with Chuvash кӑнтӑр (kănt̬ăr), Turkish gündüz (“daytime, morning”), Uzbek kunduz, Bashkir көндөҙ (köndöź), Yakut күнүс (künüs).

inh+

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰤:𐱅𐰇𐰤:𐰆𐰑𐰢𐰑𐰢:𐰚𐰇𐰤𐱅𐰔:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰢𐰑𐰢


𐰚𐰇𐰤𐱅𐰔

head

𐰚𐰇𐰤𐱅𐰔 (küntüz)


𐰋𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰤

𐰋𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰤 (béčin)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bẹ̄čin itself of unknown origins, possibly a borrowing from an Iranian language, compare Persian بوزینه (buzine, “monkey”).

9th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, NE
𐰉𐰺𐰴𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰓𐰔𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏:𐱃𐱁𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰨:𐰖:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰃:𐰆𐱃𐰔𐰴𐰀:𐰴𐰆𐰯:𐰞𐰴𐰑𐰢𐰔
barqïn:bedizin:bitig:tašïn:béčin:yïlqa:yétinč:ay:yéti:otuzqa:qop:alqdïmïz

We finished his mausoleum, statues and paintings, and his inscription stone on the twenty-seventh day of the seventh month, on the Year of Monkey.


𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *birle. Cognate with Chuvash пӗрле (pĕrle), Khalaj bilə, Turkish ile, Uzbek bilan, Bashkir менән (menən), Tuvan биле (bile).

𐰃𐰤𐰢:𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰔𐰠𐱁𐰓𐰢𐰔
inim:kültégin:birle:sözlešdimiz

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E26

I and Prince Kül, and my younger brother, consulted together.


𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇𐱅

𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇𐱅 (Töpüt)

Uncertain, possibly derived from Proto-Turkic *tepü (“hill, top”), equivalent to 𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇 (töpü, “hill”) + 𐱅 (-t, “plurality suffix”) More at Tibet.

af

𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇𐱅:𐰯𐰺
tabɣač:töpüt:apar

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E5


𐰉𐰺𐰽

Arthur Anthony Macdonell
Tocharian languages

Inherited from Common Turkic *bars (“a large feline”) itself of unknown origins.
# The general consensus considers it a borrowing from an Iranian language, compare Sogdian 𐼾𐼴𐽀𐼹𐼰𐼻𐼸 (pwrδʾnk), Persian پلنگ (palang) and Sanskrit पृदाकु (pṛdāku, “viper; tiger, panther”).
# Nishanyan instead suggests a borrowing from a Tocharian language, compare Tocharian A and B pärs- (“to sprinkle, splash”).
Cognate with Turkish pars (“leopard, panther”). Compare also Middle Mongol ᠪᠠᠷᠰ (bars), a Turkic borrowing.

cog

𐰾𐰤𐰏𐰤:𐰉𐰺𐰽:𐰢𐰤

esnegen:bars:men
I am a yawning panther.

a type of large feline; panther, leopard, tiger

𐰉𐰺𐰽:𐰋𐰏:𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E20

Bars Bek, the first khagan and the founder of the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate


𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰪𐰀

head

𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰪𐰀 (turńa)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *turńa (“crane”). Cognate with Turkish turna.

inh+

𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰪𐰖𐰀:𐰴𐰆𐰽:𐱅𐰇𐰾𐰤𐰀𐰚𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰴𐰆𐰣𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐱅𐰘𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tegiŋ (“squirrel”). Cognate with Turkish değin, Uzbek tiyin, Bashkir тейен (teyen, “squirrel”), Yakut тииҥ (tiiñ, “squirrel”).

𐰚𐰇𐰚:𐱅𐰘𐰭𐰃𐰤:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜𐰢𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰢𐰀:𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰣𐰆:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐱅𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N12

...and blue squirrels I gained for my Turkic people.


𐰜

(Orkhon Turkic) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /yk/, /øk/, /ky/, /kø/ used with front vowels.


𐰜

From Proto-Turkic *ök (“emphatic particle”).

𐰋𐰠𐰏𐰾𐰃:𐰲𐰉𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰤:𐰜:𐰼𐱅𐰢

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, W7

I, myself, was his advisor and commander.


𐰇𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ȫg (“mind”).

𐰴𐰆𐰍𐰆:𐰴𐰆𐰽:𐰴𐰣𐰀𐱃𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰯𐰣𐰃𐰣:𐰴𐰞𐰃𐰖𐰆:𐰉𐰺𐰃𐰯𐰣:𐰇𐰏𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰴𐰭𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰃𐰾

The swan placed (him) on its wings (and) flew up with him. (Thus) it brought him to his mother and father.


𐰇𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ȫg- (to praise). Cognate with Turkish övmek, Yakut үөр (üör).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼𐰃𐰤:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰃𐰤:𐰼𐱅𐰭𐰇:𐱅𐰃:𐰢𐰍:𐰃𐱅𐰓𐰃:𐰇𐰏𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S15

(My father, the khagan), profoundly glorified and praised the Turkic lords and people.


𐰴𐰢𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kamug (all, together).
Cognate with Azerbaijani hamı (everyone, all), Tuvan хамык (xamık).
Compare also Mongolian хамаг (xamag) and Persian همه (hame), for more detailed explanation for their relation, see the Proto-Turkic entry.

𐰴𐰢𐰍:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰖𐰺𐰸:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐱅𐰃𐰼

The light shone over everything, it says.


𐰚𐰓𐰢

Inherited from Common Turkic *kedim (“outfit, clothing”) equivalent to 𐰚𐰓 (ked-, “to wear”) + 𐰢 (-im). Cognate with Turkish giyim, Uzbek kiyim, Bashkir кейем (keyem).

inh+

𐰇𐰲𐰨:𐰘𐰏𐰤:𐰾𐰃𐰠𐰏:𐰋𐰏𐰭:𐰚𐰓𐰢𐰠𐰏:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰍:𐱃:𐰋𐰃𐰤𐰯:𐱅𐰏𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E33

Thirdly, he mounted Lord Yegen Silig's dressed bay horse and attacked.


𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏

From 𐰋𐰃𐰠 (bil-, “to know”) + 𐰏 (-ig) itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *bil- (“to know”). Cognate with Azerbaijani bilik.

𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰢𐰔:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰞:𐰽𐰉𐰍:𐰞𐰯:𐰖𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐰉𐰺𐰯:𐰇𐰚𐱁:𐰚𐰃𐱁𐰃:𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰏

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S7

Having heard these words, you unwise people went close to them and were killed in great numbers.

𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰼:𐰚𐰇𐰔𐰢:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰔:𐱅𐰏:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰼:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰢:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰢𐰔:𐱅𐰏:𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N10

My eyes which have always seen became as if they were blind, my mind which has always been conscious became as if it were unconscious.


𐰇𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ür. Cognate with Turkish -ur.

𐰚𐰠 (kel-, “to come”) + 𐰇𐰼 (ür²) → -𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼 (kelür-, “to bring”)


𐰋𐰇𐰚𐰠𐰃

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𐰋𐰇𐰚𐰠𐰃 (Bökli)

Uncertain, possibly borrowed from a Koreanic language.

𐰋𐰇𐰚𐰠𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰘𐰇:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E8

...he campaigned all the way to the emperor of the Goguryeo Empire...


𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰨

𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰨 (bulɣanč)

From 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰀 (bulɣa-, “to stir; to cause disorder, to disturb”) + 𐰨 (-nč). Compare Bulgar possibly from Proto-Turkic *bulgar (“disturber”), aorist form of *bulga- and Turkish karışık (“mixed; disorderly”).

af

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰨:𐰆𐰞:𐱅𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, E5

...and he had said that the Turkic people were in disorder.


𐰍𐰆𐰺𐰆

Borrowed from Sanskrit गुरु (guru, “venerable, respectable”). Cognate with English guru.

bor+

𐰉𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰀:𐰍𐰆𐰺𐰆:𐰾𐰓𐰯:𐰲𐰢𐰔:𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰏:𐰽𐰭𐰆𐰣:𐰃𐱅𐰀𐰲𐰸:𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰃𐰓𐰢

...after having listened to the burua guru ( i.e. the spiritual master of presage), wrote (this book) for our affectionate big brother General Itachuk.


𐰼𐰨

𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰺𐰸𐰃:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰼𐰨:𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰼𐰨

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E4

Their officers, too, were presumably wise and tough.


𐱃𐰭𐰆𐱃

𐰘𐱅𐰃:𐰘𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰃:𐰖𐱁𐰢𐰀:𐱃𐰭𐰆𐱃:𐱃𐰯𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E24

When I was seventeen years old, I went on a campaign against the Tangut.


𐱃𐰸𐰺𐰽𐰃𐰤

Uncertain, probably from an Iranian source. More at Tocharians.

𐱅𐰔𐰃𐰚:𐱃𐰸𐰺𐰽𐰃𐰤

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IIS1


From 𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣 (altun, “gold”) + 𐰖𐰃𐱁 (yïš, “mountain”), Literally, “golden mountain”.

compound

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰖𐰃𐰾𐰑𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN8:


𐰲𐰃𐰍𐰪

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𐰲𐰃𐰍𐰪 (čïɣań)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *čï̄gań (“poor”). Compare also Greek τσιγγάνος (tsingános).

inh+

𐰲𐰃𐰍𐰪𐰍:𐰉𐰖:𐰶𐰡𐰃:𐰔𐰃𐰍:𐰜𐰇𐱁:𐰶𐰡𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E16

He made the poor rich and the few numerous.


𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰨

From 𐱃𐰺𐰃𐰴 (tarïq-, “to be uneasy, to be difficult”) + 𐰨 (-ïnč) from 𐱃𐰺 (tar, “narrow”) itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *tār (“narrow”). Cognate with Turkish dar (“narrow”), Uzbek tor, Bashkir тар (tar), Tuvan тар (tar).

inh+

𐰆𐰍𐰔𐰃:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰨:𐰆𐰞:𐱅𐰢𐰾

He had said that the tribes were uneasy again.

uneasy, difficult, hard to manage (of a person or animal)


𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰺𐰸

From an unattested root 𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰺 (buyur-, “to order”) + 𐰸 (-uq), itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *buyur- (“to order”). Cognate with Chuvash пӳр (pür), Khalaj buyurmaq, Turkish buyurmak (“to order, to request”), Turkish buyruk (“order”), Uzbek buyurmoq, Bashkir бойороу (boyorow).

cog

𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰺𐰸𐰃:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰼𐰨:𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰼𐰨

Their ministers, too, were presumably wise and tough.


𐰞𐰍𐰔𐰃𐰤

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𐰞𐰍𐰔𐰃𐰤 (laɣzïn)

Unknown, but considered foreign for phonological reasons.
# Clauson suggests a Tocharian origin, however Vovin notes that the only recorded word for pig in Tocharian languages is Tocharian B suwo from Proto-Indo-European *suw-on- (“pig”).
# Doerfer considers the word to be of Hunnic origin.
# Hamilton agrees with Ligeti on it being a borrowing from a Paleo-Asiatic language.
# Räsänen considers a Chinese origin but like Cluson doesn't give a specific example. He also points out Mongolian логш (logš, “pigsty”).
# Thomson suggests a relation with Manchu ᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (ulgiyan, “swine, pig”).

𐰞𐰍𐰔𐰃𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰞:𐰋𐰃𐰾𐰨:𐰖:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰃:𐰆𐱃𐰔𐰴𐰀

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S10

In the year of Pig, on the twenty-seventh day of the fifth month...

(astrology) year of the Pig, the twelfth year under the twelve-year lunar cycle.


𐰖𐰃𐱁

𐰖𐰃𐱁 (y¹iš /yïš/)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *jïĺ. Compare Karakhanid [script needed] (yïš), Kyrgyz жыш (jış), Yakut сис (sis).

𐰇𐱅𐰚𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰽𐰍𐰀𐰺𐰆:𐰆𐰑𐰔𐱅𐰢
üt²kn²:y²is¹ǧar¹u:ud¹zt²m
/ötüken:yïšɣaru:uduztïm/

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IS8

I lead them toward the Ötüken mountains.

𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰃𐰤⁚𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀⁚𐰽𐰆𐰭𐰀⁚𐰘𐰃𐱁𐰑𐰀⁚𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁𐰓𐰢𐰔
qǧn¹in²:b²ir²l²a:s¹uŋa:y²išd¹a:s²üŋšd²mz

8th century CE, Kultegin Inscription, E35

We fought with their kagan at the Songa mountains.


𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰜

𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰜 (süŋük)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *siŋük (“bone”). Cognate with Chuvash шӑмӑ (šămă), Azerbaijani sümük (“bone”), Uzbek suyak, Bashkir һөйәк (höyək), Yakut уҥуох (uñuoq).

inh+

𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰜𐰇𐰭:𐱃𐰍𐰲𐰀:𐰖𐱃𐰑𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E24

...your bones heaped up like a mountain.


From 𐱅𐰢𐰼 (temir, “iron”) + 𐰴𐰯𐰍 (qapïɣ, “door, gate”), literally Iron Gate.

compound

𐱅𐰢𐰺𐰴𐰯𐰍𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐰦𐰺𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E2


𐰆𐰖𐰍𐰺

Uncertain, likely not from 𐰆𐰑 (ud-, “to follow”), more at Uyghurs.
Cognates include Old Uyghur 𐽳𐽶𐽲𐽳𐽾 (uygur), Middle Chinese 回鶻 (ɦuʌiɦˠuɛt̚) and Chinese 回族 (Huízú, “Hui people”).

𐰆𐰖𐰍𐰺:𐰠𐱅𐰋𐰼:𐰘𐰇𐰔𐰲𐰀:𐰼𐰏:𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐱅𐰔𐰯:𐰉𐰺𐰑𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E37

The governor of the Uyghurs, together with about one hundred men, fled toward the east...


𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁

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𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁 (süŋüš)

From 𐰾𐰇𐰭 (süŋ-, “to pierce”) + 𐱁 (-üš) itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *süŋ- (“to pierce, to war”). Cognate with 𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁 (süŋüš-, “to fight, to war”), 𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰏 (süŋüg, “lance, spear”).

inh+

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E40, Mongolia
𐰆𐰞𐰍:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁𐰢𐱁
uluɣ:süŋüš:süŋüšmüš


𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁

head

𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁 (süŋüš-)

From 𐰾𐰇𐰭 (süŋ-, “to pierce”) + 𐱁 (-üš) itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *süŋ- (“to pierce, to war”). Cognate with 𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁 (süŋüš, “battle, war”), 𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰏 (süŋüg, “lance, spear”).

𐰆𐰞𐰍:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁𐰢𐱁

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E40

uluɣ:süŋüš:süŋüšmüš


𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰏

𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰏 (süŋüg)

From 𐰾𐰇𐰭 (süŋ-, “to pierce”) + 𐰏 (-üg) itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *süŋ- (“to pierce, to war”). Cognate with 𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁 (süŋüš, “battle, war”), 𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁 (süŋüš-, “to fight, to war”).

𐰾𐰇𐰭𐰏:𐰉𐱃𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰺𐰍:𐰾𐰇𐰚𐰯𐰤

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, D26-27

Having opened our way through the lance-deep snow...


𐰉𐰖

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bāy (“rich”). Cognate with Turkish bay (“mister, sir, gentleman”), Uzbek boy, Bashkir бай (bay). Compare also Mongolian баян (bajan), a Turkic borrowing and Manchu ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ (bayan), a Mongolic borrowing.

inh+

𐰲𐰃𐰍𐰪:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰉𐰖:𐰴𐰃𐰡𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S10


𐰋𐰭𐰏𐰇

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𐰋𐰭𐰏𐰇 (beŋgü)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *beŋgü (“eternal”) possibly from Middle Chinese 萬古 (MC mjonH kuX, “aeons, eternal”). Cognate with Turkish bengi (“eternal”), Uzbek mangu (“eternal”), Bashkir мәңге (məñge, “eternal”), Yakut мэҥэ (meñe, “eternal”).

inh+

𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐱁:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰽𐰺:𐰋𐰭𐰏𐰇:𐰃𐰠:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰲𐰃:𐰾𐰤
ötüken:yïš:olursar:beŋgü:él:tuta:olurtačï:sen

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S8

If you stay at the Ötüken mountains, you will live forever dominating the tribes!


𐰶𐰃𐰽𐰞

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𐰶𐰃𐰽𐰞 (qïsïl)

Derivation from 𐰶𐰃𐰽 (qïs-, “to squeeze; to suppress, subdue”) + 𐰞 (-ïl) itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *kïs- (“to squeeze”). Cognate with Chuvash хӗс (hĕs), Turkish kısmak (“to reduce, squeeze”), Kazakh қысу (qysu).

inh+

𐰾𐰠𐰭𐰀:𐰸𐰆𐰑𐰃:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰯𐰣:𐰴𐰺𐰍𐰣:𐰶𐰃𐰽𐰞𐱃𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰤:𐰉𐰺𐰴𐰃𐰤:𐰦𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰔𐰑𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E37

Having marched down along the Selenga, I destroyed their residences there, at the Qarghan glen.


𐰽𐰣𐰽𐰔

Derived from Proto-Turkic *sān (“number”), equivalent to 𐰽𐰣 (san, “number”) + 𐰽𐰔 (-sïz), literally "numberless". Cognate with Old Uyghur s՚n (san, “number”), Turkmen san, Uzbek son, Bashkir һан (han, “number”), Tuvan сан (san).

der+

𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰇𐰔𐰠𐰚:𐱃𐰃𐰤:𐰴𐰺𐰀:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰚𐰇𐰚:𐱅𐰘𐰭𐰃𐰤:𐰽𐰣𐰽𐰔:𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼𐰯:𐰸𐰆𐰯:𐰸𐰆𐱃𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S12

They brought their good saddle-horses, their black sables and blue squirrels in an uncountable number and left them all.


𐰀

Derived from Sogdian 𐼁 (ʾ, “aleph”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܐ (“aleph”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɑ/ or /æ/. The backness or frontness depends on the type of the consonant.


𐰀

Cognate with Turkish ey (“vocative particle”).

𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼𐰢:𐰀

a vocative particle, used for direct address; O, oh, hey


𐰓𐰃𐱃𐰺

Borrowed from Sogdian 𐼹𐼷𐼻𐼹𐼰𐼰𐽀 (δynδʾʾr, “religious”). Cognate with Turkish dindar (“religious”).

bor+

𐱃𐰖𐰏𐰇𐰤𐱃𐰣:𐰢𐰣𐰃𐰽𐱃𐰣𐱃𐰴𐰃:𐰚𐰃𐰲𐰏:𐰓𐰃𐱃𐰺:𐰉𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰀:𐰍𐰆𐰺𐰆:𐰾𐰓𐰯
taygüntan:manïstantaqï:kičig:di(n)tar:burua:ɣuru:ešidip

...I, the young pious staying at the Taygüntan monastery, after having listened to the spiritual master of presage...


𐰲𐰃𐰣𐱃𐰣

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𐰲𐰃𐰣𐱃𐰣 (čïntan)

Borrowed from Sanskrit चन्दन (candana, “sandalwood”). Cognate with Turkish sandal (“sandalwood”). Compare also English sandalwood, a Sanskrit borrowing.

bor+

𐰲𐰃𐰣𐱃𐰣:𐰃𐰍𐰲:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰢𐰤

I enjoy while sitting on a sandalwood tree.


𐰆𐰑

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ud- (“to follow; to conform”). Cognate with Turkish uymak (“to match, to follow”).

inh+

𐱃𐰺𐰑𐰆𐰾:𐰽𐰑𐰺𐰀:𐰆𐰑𐰃:𐰖𐰖𐰑𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IIW6

...pursuing them toward the shad of the Tardush.


𐰠𐰇

→ Middle Mongol: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Classical Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ／луу (luu)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 龍 (MC ljowng, “dragon”), specifically from a dialect without the final -ŋ.

𐰠𐰇:𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀:

8th century CE, Ongin Inscription, Supp. 4


𐱅𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *teŕ- (“to flee”). Cognate with Turkish tez (“quickly, fast”).

𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰇𐰏𐰃𐰤𐱅𐰀:𐰴𐰭𐰃𐰣𐱃𐰀:𐰇𐰋𐰚𐰠𐰀𐰯𐰤:𐱅𐰔𐰯𐰤:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾

A son, being angry with his mother and father, ran away.


𐰚𐰇𐰔𐰭𐰇

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𐰚𐰇𐰔𐰭𐰇 (közŋü)

Derived from Proto-Turkic *köŕ (“eye”), equivalent to 𐰚𐰇𐰔𐰤 (közün-, “to be seen, to be visible”) + 𐰏𐰇 (-gü). Cognate with Azerbaijani güzgü (“mirror”), Uzbek koʻzgu, Bashkir көҙгө (köźgö, “mirror”).

af

𐰆𐰔𐰆𐰣𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰞𐰆𐰍:𐰚𐰇𐰔𐰭𐰇𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰚𐰇𐰠𐰚𐰀:𐰃𐰲𐰍𐰣𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰚𐰃𐰓𐰃𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kidiŕ (“felt”). Cognate with Turkish kiyiz (“felt”), Uzbek kigiz, Bashkir кейеҙ (keyeź, “felt”), Tuvan кидис (kidis).

inh+

𐰚𐰃𐰓𐰃𐰔𐰃𐰏:𐰽𐰆𐰉𐰴𐰀:𐰽𐰆𐰸𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰋𐰓𐰜

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bedük (“big”). Cognate with Turkish büyük (“big”).

𐰋𐰓𐰃𐰔:𐱅𐰃𐰔:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰇𐰤𐰇𐰯𐰤:𐰢𐰇𐰭𐰼𐰀𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰢𐰤
bed[ük]:tiz:üze:ünüpen:möŋreyür:men

Rising on my big (and powerful) knees, I bellow.


𐰚𐰃𐰲𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kičüg (“small”). Cognate with Chuvash кӗҫӗн (kĕś̬ĕn), Turkish küçük (“small”), Uzbek kichik, Bashkir кесе (kese), Yakut куччугуй (kuccuguy). Compare also Hungarian kicsiny, a Turkic borrowing.


𐰲𐰉𐰾

Inherited from Common Turkic *čabïš (“commander”). Cognate with Turkish çavuş (“sergeant; noncommissioned officer”).

cog

𐰋𐰠𐰏𐰾𐰃:𐰲𐰉𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰤:𐰝:𐰼𐱅𐰢

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IS7

I, myself, was his advisor and commander.


𐰆𐰖𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ūya (“nest”). Cognate with Chuvash йӑва (jăva, “nest”), Turkish yuva (“nest”), Uzbek uya (“nest”), Bashkir оя (oya, “nest”).

inh+

𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰆𐰖𐰀𐰽𐰃𐰭𐰺𐰆:𐰇𐰏𐰃𐰼𐰀:𐰾𐰋𐰃𐰤𐰇:𐰚𐰠𐰃𐰼:𐱅𐰃𐰼

After having found it comes to its den rejoicing and happily, it says.


𐰃𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *īn (“lair”). Cognate with Turkish in (“lair”), Turkmen hīn (“lair”), Uzbek in, Kazakh ін (ın), Yakut иин (iin).

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰴𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰍𐰽𐰴𐰢𐰃𐰤:𐰴𐰃𐰞𐰲𐰃𐰣:𐰚𐰾𐰃𐰯𐰤:𐰇𐰔𐰇𐰢:𐰖𐰆𐰞:𐰃𐰤𐱅𐰃𐰤:𐰉𐰽𐰢𐰃𐰣:𐰖𐰆𐰞:𐰋𐰃𐰤𐱅𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰼

Cutting my golden stomach with a sword, pluck my self out of its lair and pluck my head out of its house, it says.


𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰇𐰼

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𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰇𐰼 (yügür-)

Inherited from Common Turkic *yügür- (“to run”). Cognate with Azerbaijani yüyürmək (“to run”), Uzbek yugurmoq, Bashkir йүгереү (yügerew), Tuvan чүгүрер (çügürer).

inh+

𐰴𐰆𐰽:𐰆𐰍𐰃:𐰆𐰲𐰀:𐰀𐰔𐱃𐰃:𐰚𐰃𐰘𐰃𐰚:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰇𐰼𐰇:'𐰔𐱃𐰃:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰖𐰆:𐰀𐰔𐱃𐰃

The young birds lost their way flying, the young deer lost their way running and the children lost their way walking..


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𐰘𐰨𐰇:𐰇𐰏𐰔 (Yinčü Ögüz)

From 𐰘𐰨𐰇 (yinčü, “pearl”) + 𐰇𐰏𐰔 (ögüz, “river”), literally “Pearl River”, likely a calque from Middle Persian origin, whence also Ancient Greek Ἰᾰξᾰ́ρτης (Iaxártēs). More at Syr Darya.

compound

𐰸𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐰘𐰨𐰇:𐰇𐰏𐰔:𐰚𐰲𐰀:𐱅𐰢𐰼𐰴𐰯𐰍𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S3

Westwards I went on campaigns up to the Iron Gate beyond Syr Darya...


𐰘𐰨𐰇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yinčü, itself borrowed from Middle Chinese 珍珠 (MC trin tsyu, “pearl, gem”). Cognate with Chuvash ӗнчӗ (ĕnč̬ĕ), Turkish inci (“pearl”), Uzbek inju, Bashkir ынйы (ınyı), Yakut чөмчүүк (cömcüük). Compare also Hungarian gyöngy, Russian же́мчуг (žémčug), Turkic borrowings.


𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀

From 𐰋𐰃𐰠 (bil-, “to know”) + 𐰏𐰀- (-ge). Cognate with Turkish bilge (“wise, sage”).

𐰋𐰠𐰏𐰾𐰃:𐰲𐰉𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰤:𐰜:𐰼𐱅𐰢


𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀

𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐱅𐰏:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰓𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰢𐱁:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰉𐰆:𐰇𐰓𐰚𐰀:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S1

I, the God-like and Heaven-born Turkic Bilge Khagan, succeeded to the throne at this time.

Bilge Khagan, a khagan of the Second Turkic Khaganate


𐰖𐰑𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yadag (“foot soldier; on foot”). Cognate with Turkish yaya (“pedestrian”), Uzbek yayov (“on foot”), Bashkir йәйәү (yəyəw, “by foot”), Yakut сатыы (satıı, “on foot”).

inh+

𐰖𐰑𐰍:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰚𐰦𐰃:𐰚𐰇𐰤:𐰸𐰆𐰯:𐰇𐰠𐰼𐱅𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S1

On the second day, I killed their foot soldiers in great numbers.


𐰚𐰦𐰇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kẹntü (“self”). Cognate with Turkish kendi (“self”), Yakut кини (kini, “third person singular pronoun”).

cog

𐰨𐰯:𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐰚𐰤𐱅𐰇:𐰇𐰠𐰇𐰏𐰃:𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰃𐰏:𐰆𐰞

Thus, everyone is master of their own fate.


𐰶𐰃𐰔𐰞

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𐰶𐰃𐰔𐰞 (qïzïl)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kïŕïl (“red”). Cognate with Chuvash хӗрлӗ (hĕrlĕ), Khalaj qızıl, Azerbaijani qızıl (“gold, golden”), Turkish kızıl (“crimson”), Uzbek qizil, Bashkir ҡыҙыл (qıźıl, “red”), Yakut кыһыл (kıhıl).

inh+

𐰖𐰽𐰞:𐰴𐰖𐰀:𐰖𐰖𐰞𐰍𐰢:𐰴𐰃𐰔𐰃𐰞:𐰴𐰖𐰀:𐰴𐰃𐰽𐰞𐰍𐰢:𐰆𐰞

My summer quarters is a green rock and my winter quarters is a red rock.


𐰖𐱁𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yāĺïl (“green”), equivalent to 𐰖𐰀𐰽 (yāš) + 𐰞 (-ïl). Cognate with Chuvash ҫулҫӑ (śulś̬ă, “leaf”), Khalaj yâşıl (“green”), Azerbaijani yaşıl (“green”), Turkish yeşil (“green”), Uzbek yashil (“green”), Bashkir йәшел (yəşel, “green”), Yakut саһыл (sahıl, “fox”).

𐰖𐰽𐰞:𐰴𐰖𐰀:𐰖𐰖𐰞𐰍𐰢:𐰴𐰃𐰔𐰃𐰞:𐰴𐰖𐰀:𐰴𐰃𐰽𐰞𐰍𐰢:𐰆𐰞


𐰋𐰇𐰠𐰤

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𐰋𐰇𐰠𐰤 (bölün)

𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇𐱅:𐰴𐰍𐰦𐰀:𐰋𐰇𐰠𐰤:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N12


𐰇𐰤

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ȫn- (“to rise, grow”).


𐰢𐰇𐰭𐰼𐰀

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𐰢𐰇𐰭𐰼𐰀 (möŋre-)

Inherited from Common Turkic *böŋre- (“to howl”). Cognate with Turkish böğürmek, Bashkir мөңрәү (möñrəw), Yakut маҥыраа (mañıraa, “to moo”). Compare also Proto-Mongolic *büxüre- (“to howl”), Proto-Tungusic *būni- (“to howl”).


𐱃𐰉𐰞𐰴𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tiabïlku (“spirea; jujube”).

inh+

𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐱃𐰉𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐰘𐰇𐰔:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰘𐰇𐰔:𐱃𐰉𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐰢𐰃𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰢𐰃𐰭:𐱃𐰉𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐱅𐰇𐰢𐰤:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐱅𐰃𐰼

One spriaea became a hundred; a hundred spiraeas became a thousand (and) a thousand spiraeas became ten thousand, it says.


𐰽𐰺𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *siarïg (“yellow; white”). Cognate to Chuvash шурӑ (šură, “white”), Khalaj sâruğ, Turkish sarı, Uzbek sariq, Bashkir һары (harı), Yakut араҕас (arağas). Compare also Mongolian шар (šar) as well as Hungarian sárga, a Turkic borrowing.

𐰽𐰺𐰍:𐱃𐰞𐰍:𐰽𐰉𐰲𐰃:𐰖𐰔𐰍:𐱃𐰞𐰍:𐰖𐰞𐰉𐰲:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰾𐰇𐰔:𐰽𐰉:𐰠𐱅𐰃:𐰚𐰠𐰃𐰼:𐱅𐰃𐰼

There comes a messenger on a yellow horse (and) an envoy on a dark brown horse, bringing good tidings, it says.


𐰖𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yāĺ (“age”). Cognate to Chuvash ҫул (śul), Khalaj yâaş, Turkish yaş, Uzbek yosh, Bashkir йәш (yəş), Yakut саас (saas).

𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰘𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰃:𐰖𐱁𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰲𐰃𐰢:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰤:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰨𐰀:𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰦𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E31

At the age of sixteen, for the sake of the realm and laws of my uncle, the khagan, he accomplished the following:..


𐰖𐰀𐱁𐰀

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𐰖𐰀𐱁𐰀 (yāša-)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yāĺa- (“to live”), equivalent to 𐰖𐱁 (yaš, “age”) + 𐰀 (-a). Cognate with Turkish yaşamak, Uzbek yashamoq, Bashkir йәшәү (yəşəw), Khakas чазирға (çazirğa, “to live (up to a certain age)”).

cog

𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰴𐰃𐰺𐰴:𐰖𐰀𐱁𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐰼𐱅𐰃
kültégin:birqïrq:yāšayur:erti

Prince Kül had lived up to thirty-one years old then.


𐱅𐰃𐰤𐰾𐰃

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𐱅𐰃𐰤𐰾𐰃 (ténsi)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 天子 (MC then tsiX). Compare also Japanese 天子 (tenshi), Korean 천자 (cheonja), Chinese borrowings as well as Manchu ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᠵᡠᡳ (abkai jui), Chagatai اسمان نینک اوغلی, Classical Mongolian ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ
ᠬᠥᠪᠡᠭᠦᠨ (tngri-yin köbegün), Chinese calques.

cog

اسمان نینک اوغلی

Chagatai اسمان نینک اوغلی

ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠪᠡᠭᠦᠨ

𐱅𐰤:𐰾𐰃:𐰢𐰤


𐱃𐰆𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *toŋ-. Cognate with Turkish donmak, Uzbek to'ngmoq, Bashkir туңыу (tuñıw), Yakut тоҥ (toñ).

𐰴𐰣𐰍𐰃:𐰇𐰠𐰢𐰾:𐰚𐰇𐰭𐰀𐰚𐰃:𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰢𐰃𐰾

Her favorite (lover) has died (and) her pail has frozen.


𐱃𐰉𐰽𐰍𐰣

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𐱃𐰉𐰽𐰍𐰣 (tabïšɣan)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tabïĺgan (“hare”). Cognate with Khalaj tavuşğân, Turkish tavşan, Uzbek tovushqon, Yakut табысхан (tabısqan). Compare also Mongolian туулай (tuulaj).

inh+

𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰣:𐰴𐰆𐰽:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰓𐰤:𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰃:𐱃𐰉𐰽𐰍𐰣:𐱅𐰃𐰯𐰤:𐰴𐰯𐰢𐰃𐰾

A hawk, saying (to itself) 'Here is a hare!', (flew) down from the sky (and tried to) catch it.


𐰍𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āgïl (“fold, village”). Cognate with Chuvash ял (jal), Turkish ağıl, Bashkir ауыл (awıl), Yakut ыал (ıal). Compare also Hungarian ól, a Turkic borrowing.

𐰴𐰆𐱃:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐰍𐰞𐰭𐱃𐰀:𐰖𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰃𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰔𐰆𐰣:𐰇𐰔𐰇𐰭:𐰆𐰔𐰆𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰔𐰆𐰣:𐱅𐰃𐰢𐰃𐰾

(The god) gave his divine favor (and) said: 'May you get livestock in your pens! May your life be long!'


𐰆𐰖

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ōy- (“to hollow, to peck”). Cognate with Turkish oymak, Uzbek oʻymoq, Bashkir уйыу (uyıw).

inh+

𐰆𐰽:𐰃𐰲:𐰆𐰖𐰍𐰀𐰞𐰃:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾

...went to hollow out internal organs and intestines (of slaughtered animals).


𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tīri- (“to live”). Cognate with Chuvash чӗрӗ (čĕrĕ), Turkish diri, Uzbek tirik, Kazakh тірі (tırı).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰯:𐰃𐰠:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰽𐰴𐰭𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰦𐰀:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢:𐰖𐰭𐰞𐰯:𐰇𐰠𐰾𐰚𐰭𐰤:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰦𐰀:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢

How you should live and dominate (other) tribes, I have recorded here; and how you would (otherwise) perish by being unfaithful, this, too, I have recorded here.


𐰽𐰃𐰍𐰆𐰣

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𐰽𐰃𐰍𐰆𐰣 (sïɣun)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sïgun (“elk, moose”). Cognate with Turkish sığın (“moose”), Uzbek suygun, Southern Altai суун (suun), Tuvan сыын (sıın, “maral”).

inh+

𐱃𐰆𐰸𐰆𐰔:𐰺𐰞𐰃:𐰽𐰃𐰍𐰆𐰣:𐰚𐰃𐰘𐰃𐰚:𐰢𐰤

I am a male maral deer with a nine-branched horn.


𐰪𐱃

Derived from Proto-Turkic *ań- (“to fear”), equivalent to 𐰪 (ań-, “to fear”) + 𐱃 (-ït). Cognate with Mongolian айх (ajx).

der+

𐰣𐰃:𐰪𐱃𐰖𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰯:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E41

In order to frighten them, I started a campaign.


𐰖𐰃𐰣

Derived from Proto-Turkic *ań- (“to fear”), equivalent to 𐰪 (ań-, “to fear”) + 𐰃𐰣 (-ïn). Cognate with Mongolian айх (ajx).

𐰴𐰆𐰺𐰴𐰢𐰀:𐰓𐰏𐰇𐱅𐰃:𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰤:𐰖𐰃𐰣𐰢𐰀:𐰓𐰏𐰇𐱅𐰃:𐰖𐰞𐰉𐰺:𐱅𐰃𐰼

'Fear not, pray well; do not be afraid, implore well!' it says.


𐰇𐰼𐰛

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ürk- (“to be afraid”). Cognate with Turkish ürkmek, Uzbek hurkmoq, Kyrgyz үркүү (ürküü).

inh+

𐰉𐰖:𐰼:𐰴𐰆𐰪𐰃:𐰇𐰼𐰚𐰇𐰯𐰤:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾

A rich man's sheep went away after being frightened.


𐰴𐰆𐰺𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kork- (“to fear”). Cognate with Chuvash хӑра (hăra), Turkish korkmak, Uzbek qoʻrqmoq, Bashkir ҡурҡыу (qurqıw), Tuvan коргар (korgar).

𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰴𐰆𐰺𐰴𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰪

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɲ/


𐰪

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ań- (“to fear”). Cognate with Mongolian айх (ajx).

𐰪𐰯:𐱃𐰍𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰔𐰃𐰚:𐱃𐰸𐰺𐰽𐰃𐰤

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IIS1

...Having feared the Arabic tribes and Tocharians...


𐰋𐰇𐰝

Derived from Proto-Turkic *bük- (“to bend”). Cognate with Turkish bük, bükmek.

der+

𐰴𐱃𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰴𐰞𐰢𐰑𐰸:𐰋𐰇𐰝𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰢𐰸:𐱅𐰃𐰼

Nothing remained right to its floors (and) nothing was left right to its corners, it says.


𐰋𐰃𐰾

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *biĺč- (“to ripen”). Cognate with Chuvash пиҫ (piś), Khalaj bışmaq, Turkish pişmek, Uzbek pishmoq, Bashkir бешеү (beşew), Yakut бус (bus).

inh+

𐱃𐰺𐰃𐰍:𐰋𐰃𐰾𐰓𐰃:𐰖𐰽:𐱇:𐰇𐰤𐰓𐰃

The crops ripened; the fresh grass sprouted.


𐱃𐰣

Borrowed from Middle Persian tn' (tan, “body”). Cognate with Turkish ten (“skin”), Uzbek tan, Bashkir тән (tən).

bor+

𐱃𐰣𐰢:𐱅𐰇𐰾𐰃:𐱃𐰴𐰃:𐱅𐰇𐰚𐰀:𐰢𐰔𐰚𐰤:𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰖𐰑𐰀:𐰖𐱃𐰯𐰣:𐱃𐰯𐰞:𐰀𐰑𐰆𐰴𐰢𐰃𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰺:𐰢𐰤:𐰾𐰋𐰓𐰜𐰢𐰃𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰢𐰤

Although the feathers of my body are not yet fully grown, lying down by the sea, I catch what I please (and) I eat what I like.


𐱅𐰇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tǖk (“hair”). Cognate with Chuvash тӗк (tĕk), Khalaj tü̂k, Turkish tüy, Uzbek tuk, Bashkir төк (tök), Yakut түү (tüü).


𐰖𐰞𐰉𐰺

Derived from Proto-Turkic *yāl-. Cognate with Turkish yalvarmak, Kazakh жалбару (jalbaru), Tuvan чалбарыыр (çalbarıır).

𐰴𐰆𐰺𐰴𐰢𐰀:𐰓𐰏𐰇𐱅𐰃:𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰤:𐰖𐰃𐰣𐰢𐰀:𐰓𐰏𐰇𐱅𐰃:𐰖𐰞𐰉𐰺:𐱅𐰃𐰼


𐰖𐰆𐰺𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yūrt (“camping-site”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫурт (śurt), Khalaj yûrt, Turkish yurt, Uzbek yurt, Bashkir йорт (yort), Yakut сурт (surt). Compare also Russian ю́рта (júrta), a Turkic borrowing.

𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰏:𐰴𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰍𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰀:𐰴𐰞𐰢𐰃𐰾

A devout old woman remained (alone) in a (deserted) camp.


𐰴𐰆𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kol- (“to ask for”). Cognate with Turkish kolay (“easy”).

𐰴𐰆𐱃:𐰴𐰆𐰞𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰴𐰆𐰞

Inherited from Common Turkic *kul (“slave, servant”). Cognate with Turkish kul (“servant”), Uzbek qul, Bashkir ҡол (qol), Yakut кулут (kulut).

𐰴𐰆𐰞:𐰽𐰉𐰃:𐰋𐰏𐰃𐰭𐰼𐰇:𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰤𐰇𐰼:𐰴𐰆𐰔𐰍𐰆𐰣:𐰽𐰉𐰃:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐰖𐰞𐰉𐰺𐰆𐰺

The slave's words are a request to his master; the ravens words are a prayer to heaven.


𐰉𐰞𐰉𐰞

→ English: balbal (learned)

Borrowed from a Mongolic language, compare Mongolian баримал (barimal, “sculpture”). Compare also Hungarian bálvány (“idol”).

cog

𐰴𐰭𐰢:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐰉𐱁𐰞𐰖𐰆:𐰉𐰔:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰍:𐰉𐰞𐰉𐰞:𐱅𐰃𐰚𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E16

(My uncle, the khagan) first erected Baz Khagan as a monument for my father, the khagan.