𐰖𐰞𐰍𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yālga- (“to lick”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫула (śula), Khalaj yalğamaq, Turkish yalamak, Uzbek yalamoq, Bashkir ялау (yalaw), Yakut салаа (salaa), Tuvan чылгаар (çılgaar). Compare also Mongolian долоох (doloox, “to lick”).

inh+

𐰖𐰍𐰞𐰍:𐰴𐰢𐰃𐰲:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰖𐰞𐰍𐰖𐰆:𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰃𐰠𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐰇𐰠𐰇𐰢𐰓𐰀:𐰆𐰔𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰼

She kept herself alive by licking a greasy ladle (and thus) she escaped death, it says.


𐰖𐰞𐰉𐰲

Derived from Proto-Turkic *yāl-. Cognate with Turkish yalvaç (“prophet”).

𐰽𐰺𐰍:𐱃𐰞𐰍:𐰽𐰉𐰲𐰃:𐰖𐰔𐰍:𐱃𐰞𐰍:𐰖𐰞𐰉𐰲:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰾𐰇𐰔:𐰽𐰉:𐰠𐱅𐰃:𐰚𐰠𐰃𐰼:𐱅𐰃𐰼

There comes a messenger on a yellow horse (and) an envoy on a dark brown horse, bringing good tidings, it says.


𐰉𐰆𐰍𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *boguŕ (“throat”), equivalent to 𐰉𐰆𐰍 (boɣ-, “to strangle”) + 𐰔 (-uz). Cognate with Chuvash пыр (pyr), Khalaj boğız, Turkish boğaz, Uzbek boʼgʼiz, Bashkir боғаҙ (boğaź), Tuvan боостаа (boostaa).

𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰍𐰔𐰃:𐱃𐰸:𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IS1


𐱅𐰃𐰠𐰀

Derived from Proto-Turkic *til (“tongue”), equivalent to 𐱅𐰃𐰠 (til) + 𐰀 (-e). Cognate with Turkish dilemek, Uzbek tilamoq, Kazakh тілеу (tıleu).

der+

𐱅𐰏𐰠𐰝:𐰴𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰣:𐰃𐰼𐰛𐰛:𐰖𐰆𐰦𐰀:𐰢𐰃𐰏:𐱅𐰃𐰠𐰀𐰘𐰇𐰼

A blind foal wishes for an udder on a horse.


𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰨

Derived from Proto-Turkic *kaŕgan- (“to win”). Cognate with Turkish kazanç.

𐰲𐰃𐰍𐰪:𐰼:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰨𐰴𐰀:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐱃𐰸

Derived from Proto-Turkic *to- (“to be full”), equivalent to 𐱃𐰆 (to-, “to be full”) + 𐰸 (-uq). Cognate with Turkish tok, Uzbek to'q, Bashkir туҡ (tuq), Khakas тох (tox).

𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰍𐰔𐰃:𐱃𐰸:𐰼𐱅𐰃


𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kaŕgan- (“to win”). Cognate with Chuvash хӑрхӑн (hărh̬ăn, “miser”), Turkish kazanmak.

inh+

𐰃𐰤𐰢:𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀:𐰚𐰃:𐱁𐰑:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀:𐰇𐰠𐰇:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰇:𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰦𐰢
inim:kültégin:birle:eki:šad:birle:ölü:yitü:qazɣantïm

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E27

Together with my younger brother, Prince Kül, and together with two shads, dying and getting lost, I won.


𐰘𐰃𐰠

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yēl (“mane”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫилхе (śilh̬e), Turkish yele, Uzbek yol, Bashkir ял (yal), Yakut сиэл (siel). Compare also Mongolian дэл (del), Manchu ᡩᡝᠯᡠᠨ (delun) and Persian یال (yâl).

𐰘𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰆𐰺𐰽𐰆𐰍𐰃𐰭𐰣𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰃:𐰖𐰍𐰺𐰃𐰯𐰣:𐰴𐰢𐰽𐰖𐰆:𐰆𐰢𐰀𐱃𐰃𐰣:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰺:𐱅𐰃𐰼

(The horse), having galled up to its mane (and) its tail, stands still without being able to move, it says.


𐰃𐰺𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ïrk (“omen, prediction, divinition”).

inh+

𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰭𐰠𐰼:𐰉𐰆:𐰃𐰺𐰴:𐰉𐰽𐰃𐰣𐱃𐰀:𐰀𐰔:𐰢𐰏𐰚𐰃:𐰉𐰺:𐰚𐰃𐰤:𐰖𐰣𐰀:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰺

Know thus: at the beginning of this omen there is a little pain; (but) later it becomes good again.


𐱅𐰃𐰠𐰛𐰇

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𐱅𐰃𐰠𐰛𐰇 (tilkü)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tilkü (“fox”). Cognate with Chuvash тилӗ (tilĕ), Khalaj tilkü, Turkish tilki, Uzbek tulki, Bashkir төлкө (tölkö), Tuvan дилги (dilgi).

inh+

𐰉𐰽𐰃𐰣𐰆:𐰘𐰃𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐰇𐰔𐰃𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰠𐰛𐰇:𐰘𐰃𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰼

It kept on eating while sinking down, (but) itself was eaten by a fox, it says.


𐱅

Derived from Sogdian 𐼜 (t, “taw”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܬ (“taw”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /t/, used with front vowels.


𐱅

-ït (romanization)
-üt (romanization)
-t (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-t (“causative suffix”). Cognate with Turkish -t (“causative suffix”).

𐰍 (aɣ-, “to rise”) + 𐱅 (t²) → 𐰍𐱃 (aɣït-, “to raise”)

Forms transitive verbs from intransitive ones; forms causative verbs from transitive ones


𐱅𐰇𐰚

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tök- (“to pour”). Cognate with Chuvash тӑкма (tăkma), Turkish dökmek, Uzbek toʻkmoq, Bashkir түгеү (tügew), Yakut тох (toq).

𐱃𐰆𐰚𐰔𐰍𐰔𐰚𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰃:𐰾𐰆𐰭𐰾:𐰾𐰆𐰭𐰾𐰓𐰜𐰓𐰀:...𐰀:𐱅𐰇𐰚𐰓𐰃
toquzoɣuzqa:yéti:süŋüš:süŋüšdükde:(ögüzk)e:tökdi

8th century CE, Kul-Chur Inscription, E4-5

When he fought seven times against the Nine Oghuzes, he poured them (on the river).


𐰀𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āt (“name”). Cognate with Chuvash ят (jat), Khalaj ât, Turkish ad, Uzbek ot, Bashkir ат (at), Yakut аат (aat).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰀𐱃𐰃𐰤:𐰃𐱃𐰃:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰍𐰃:𐰋𐰏𐰠𐰼:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰀𐱃𐰃𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰯𐰣:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐰚𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E7-8

The Turkic lords abondened their Turkic titles. Those lords who were in China held the Chinese titles and obeyed the Chinese emperor and gave their services to him.


𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yogan (“thick”). Cognate with Khalaj yoğun, Turkish yoğun.

𐰖𐰆𐰖𐰴𐰀:𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰏:𐱅𐰆𐰯𐰞𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰆𐰲𐰔:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰘𐰨𐰏𐰀:𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰏:𐰇𐰔𐰏𐰠𐰃:𐰆𐰲𐰔:𐰖𐰆𐰖𐰴𐰀:𐰴𐰞𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰾𐰺:𐱃𐰆𐰯𐰞𐰍𐰆𐰞𐰸:𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰘𐰨𐰏𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰽𐰺:𐰇𐰔𐰏𐰠𐰜:𐰞𐰯:𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IS6-7

That which is thin is easy to bend, they say; that which is tender is easy to break. If thin becomes thick, it is hard to bend it, they say; and if tender becomes tough, it is hard to break it, they say.


𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰸

Derived from Proto-Turkic *tōr- (“to become lean”), equivalent to 𐱃𐰆𐰺 (tor-, “to become lean”) + 𐰸 (-uq).

der+

𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰸:𐱃:𐰾𐰢𐰼𐰃𐱅𐰃

A lean horse fattened itself (on a pasture).


𐱃𐰺𐰃𐰍

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𐱃𐰺𐰃𐰍 (tarïɣ)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tạrïg (“millet”). Cognate with Chuvash тырӑ (tyră), Turkish darı, Uzbek tariq, Bashkir тары (tarı), Khakas тарығ (tarığ). Compare also Mongolian тариа (taria), a Turkic borrowing.

inh+

𐱃𐰺𐰃𐰍:𐰋𐰃𐰾𐰓𐰃:𐰖𐰽:𐱇:𐰇𐰤𐰓𐰃

The crops ripened; the fresh grass sprouted.


𐱃𐰆𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tur- (“to stand”). Cognate with Chuvash тӑр (tăr), Khalaj turmaq, Turkish durmak, Uzbek turmoq, Bashkir тороу (torow), Yakut тур (tur).

𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰃:𐰽𐰺𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰔:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰃

The fog was hanging above (and) the dust was rising below

(intransitive) to stand, stay, continue to exist

𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰃:𐰽𐰺𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰔:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰃


𐱃𐰆𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tōr- (“to become lean”).

𐰦𐰀:𐰴𐰞𐰢𐱁𐰃:𐰘𐰃𐰼:𐰽𐰖𐰆:𐰸𐰆𐰯:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰆:𐰇𐰠𐰇:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐰼𐱅𐰏

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S9

(Of you,) those who survived there, utterly exhausted, were marching in all directions.

(intransitive) to become lean, be emaciated, become exhausted


𐰴𐰢𐰃𐰽

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𐰴𐰢𐰃𐰽 (qamïš)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kamïĺ (“reed”). Cognate with Chuvash хӑмӑл (hămăl), Turkish kamış, Uzbek qamish, Bashkir ҡамыш (qamış), Yakut хамыс (qamıs).

inh+

𐰴𐰢𐰃𐰽:𐰀𐰺𐰀:𐰴𐰞𐰢𐰃𐰾

(A slave girl) remained (alone) among the reeds.


𐰴𐰆𐰉𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kobï. Cognate with Turkish kof, kovuk.

𐰴𐰆𐰉𐰃:𐱃𐰞𐰍:𐰴𐰆𐰺𐰴𐰨𐰃𐰭:𐰖𐰆𐰸

(However), you are not afraid of having no reputation.


𐰾𐰇𐰲𐰃𐰏

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𐰾𐰇𐰲𐰃𐰏 (süčig)

From Proto-Turkic *sǖčig (“sweet”). Cognate with Volga Bulgar سجو (sü(ü)çüw), Ottoman Turkish سوجی (süci, “wine”), Uzbek chuchuk, Bashkir сөсө (sösö), Yakut үчүгэй (ücügey).

𐰾𐰇𐰲𐰃𐰏:𐰽𐰉𐰣:𐰘𐰃𐰢𐱁𐰴:𐰍𐰃𐰤:𐰺𐰯:𐰃𐰺𐰴:𐰉𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰨𐰀:𐰖𐰍𐰆𐱃𐰃𐰼:𐰼𐰢𐰾

Deceiving by means of their sweet words and soft materials, they are said to cause the remote people to come close in this manner.


𐰘𐰃𐰢𐱁𐰴

𐰘𐰃𐰢𐱁𐰴 (yïmšaq)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yïmĺčak (“soft”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫемҫе (śemś̬e), Turkish yumuşak, Bashkir йомшаҡ (yomşaq), Yakut сымнаҕас (sımnağas).

inh+

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S5


𐱃𐰖𐰏𐰇𐰤𐱃𐰣

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 大雲堂 (MC dajH|daH hjun dang).

𐱃𐰖𐰏𐰇𐰤𐱃𐰣:𐰢𐰣𐰃𐰽𐱃𐰣𐱃𐰴𐰃:𐰚𐰃𐰲𐰏:𐰓𐰃𐱃𐰺
taygüntan:manïstantaqï:kičig:di(n)tar
...I, the young pious (disciple) staying at the Taygüntan monastery...


𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰑

Derived from Common Turkic *kul (“slave, servant”), equivalent to 𐰴𐰆𐰞 (qul, “(male) slave, servant”) + 𐰑 (-ad).

af

𐰘𐱅𐰃𐰘𐰔:𐰼:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰯:𐰠𐰾𐰼𐰢𐰾:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰽𐰺𐰢𐰾:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰚𐰇𐰭𐰓𐰢𐰾:𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰑𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E13

After they had numbered seven hundred men, (my father, the khagan), organized and ordered the people who had lost their state and khagan, the people that had turned into slaves and servants...

(intransitive) to become a male slave, servant


𐰤𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *nē- (“what”). Cognate with Chuvash мӗн (mĕn), Turkish ne, Uzbek na, Bashkir ни (ni), Tuvan чүү (çüü).

inh+

𐰋𐰤:𐰾𐰭𐰀:𐰤𐰀:𐰖𐰖𐰃𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN8

'What (else) shall I say to you?' he said.


𐰠𐰃𐰾𐰇𐰤

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𐰠𐰃𐰾𐰇𐰤 (Lisün)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 李佺 (MC liX tshjwen).

𐰴𐰭𐰃:𐰠𐰃𐰾𐰇𐰤:𐱃𐰖:𐰾𐰭𐰇𐰤:𐰉𐱁𐰑𐰆:𐰋𐰃𐰾:𐰘𐰇𐰔:𐰼𐰤:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S12

...under the presidency of the great general Li Quan, the father of ... came five hundred men.

Li Quan, a Tang Dynasty general sent by the Chinese emperor for Bilge Khagan's funeral


Borrowed from Middle Chinese 舍人呂向 (MC syaeX|syaeH nyin ljoX syangH|xjangH).

ltc-l

𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰴𐰍𐰦𐰀:𐰃𐰾𐰘𐰃:𐰠𐰃𐰚𐰭:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃
tabɣač:qaɣanta:išiyi:likeŋ:kelti

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S12

From the Chinese emperor, Lü Xiang came.

Lü Xiang, one of the officials of Emperor Xuanzong who was sent in order to attend to Kültegin's funeral


𐰲𐰆𐰉

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 州 (MC tsyuw, “state, oblast, district”). Compare also Mongolian жүү (žüü), Manchu ᠵᡝᠣ (jeo), Japanese 州 (shū), Korean 주 (ju), Chinese borrowings.

𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰲𐰆𐰉:𐰽𐰆𐰍𐰑𐰴:𐱃𐰯𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E31

We went on a campaign in the direction of six Sogdian states.


𐰲𐰆𐰍𐰖

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𐰲𐰆𐰍𐰖 (čuɣay)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 石灰 (MC dzyek xwoj, “limestone”). Compare also Tuvan чугай (çugay, “lime”), Japanese 石灰 (sekkai, “lime”), Korean 석회 (seokhoe, “lime”) and Mongolian шохой (šoxoj, “lime”), Chinese borrowings.

𐰋𐰼𐰘𐰀:𐰲𐰆𐰍𐰖:𐰘𐰃𐱁:𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰠𐱅𐰤:𐰖𐰔𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐰣𐰖𐰃𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰾𐰼:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰇𐰠𐰾𐰚𐰏

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S6-7:

If you intend to settle on the Yin mountains and on the Hetao region's plain in the south, O Turkic people, you will die!


𐰺

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳢, 𐲢

Derived from Sogdian 𐼘 (r, “resh”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܪ (“resh”).

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /r/, used with back vowels.


𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ạ̄r- (“to be tired”).

inh+

𐰇𐰔𐰠𐰜:𐱃:𐰇𐰭:𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰓𐰀:𐰺𐰯:𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰆𐰯:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰆:𐰴𐰞𐰢𐰃𐰾

A favorite horse came to a standstill in a desert exhausted and wilting.


𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ar- (“to decieve; to cast spells”).

inh+

8th century CE, Kültegin
Inscription, S5:


𐰠𐱅

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ẹlt-. Cognate with Chuvash леҫ (leś), Turkish iletmek, Bashkir илтеү (iltew), Yakut илт (ilt).

There comes a messenger on a yellow horse (and) an envoy on a dark brown horse, bearing good tidings, it says.


𐰃𐱅

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēt- (“to organize, make”). Cognate with Chuvash ту (tu), Turkish etmek, Bashkir итеү (itew), Khakas идерге (iderge).

𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰏:𐰃𐱅𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐰢𐰤


𐰢𐰴𐰺𐰲

Borrowed from Sanskrit महाराज (mahārāja). Compare also English maharaja, Turkish mihrace, Sanskrit borrowings through Hindu and Persian respectively.

bor+

𐰆𐰣𐰸:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰢:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰾:𐰴𐰍𐰦𐰀:𐰢𐰴𐰺𐰲:𐱃𐰢𐰍𐰲𐰃:𐰆𐰍𐰔:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐱃𐰢𐰍𐰲𐰃:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃
onoq:oɣlum:türgiš:qaɣanta:maqarač:tamɣačï:oɣuz:bilge:tamɣačï:kelti

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S13

From my On-Ok descendants, from the Türgesh khagan, seal-keepers Maharaja and wise Oghuz came.

Maharaja, a seal-keeper of a khagan of the Türgesh tribe who was sent in order to attend to Kültegin's funeral


𐰲𐰭

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 張 (MC trjang|trjangH, “Zhang”). Compare also English Zhang, a Chinese borrowing.

𐰉𐰺𐰴:𐰃𐱅𐰏𐰇𐰲𐰃:𐰋𐰓𐰔:𐰖𐰺𐱃𐰍𐰢𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏:𐱃𐱁:𐰃𐱅𐰏𐰇𐰲𐰃:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰲𐰃𐰴𐰣𐰃:𐰲𐰭:𐰾𐰭𐰇𐰤:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃

General Zhang Quyi, the nephew of the Chinese emperor, came in order to build the mausoleum, to make sculptures, to paint and to prepare the insription stones.

General Zhang Quyi, the nephew of Emperor Xuanzong who was sent in order to attend to Kültegin's funeral


𐰲𐰆𐰺𐰴

Borrowed from an unattested Middle Persian swlk' (šōrak, “salt lake”). Cognate with Turkish çorak.

bor

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, SE
𐰲𐰆𐰺𐰴𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐰯
čoraq:tegip


𐰲𐰆𐰺

Uncertain, possibly borrowed from Middle Chinese 卒 (MC tswit|tshwot|tswot, “soldier”).

𐰭:𐰠𐰚𐰃:𐱃𐰑𐰴𐰣:𐰲𐰆𐰺𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰔:𐱃𐰍:𐰋𐰃𐰤𐰯:𐱅𐰏𐰓𐰃
eŋ:ilki:tadïqïn:čorïŋ:boz:atïɣ:binip:tegdi

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscriptions, E32

Very first, he mounted Tadıq Chor's gray horse and attacked.


𐰲𐰃𐰴𐰣

head

𐰲𐰃𐰴𐰣 (čïqan)

Uncertain, possibly from Mongolic language, compare Mongolian зээ (zee) and Turkmen çykan or a variant of Proto-Turkic *yegen (“nibling”), if so cognate with Turkish yeğen.


𐱄𐰆𐰟

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tul(k) (“widow”). Cognate with Chuvash тӑлӑх (tălăh, “orphan”), Old Uyghur twl (tul), Turkish dul, Uzbek tul, Bashkir тол (tol).

inh+

𐰵𐰆𐰗𐰒𐰁:𐰵𐰆𐰩𐰆𐰗𐰆𐰢:𐱄𐰆𐰟:𐰵𐰟𐱄𐰄:𐰾𐰄𐰕𐰢

My wife, the princess, at hearth became a widow, alas!


𐱅𐰇𐰢𐰤

From Proto-Turkic *tümen (“ten thousand”), possibly from Middle Chinese 萬 (MC mjonH, “myriad”) likely through Tocharian A tmāṃ. Compare also Japanese 万 (man), Korean 만 (man), Chinese borrowings and Mongolian түмэн (tümen), Manchu ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ (tumen), Turkic borrowings.

𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐱃𐰉𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐰘𐰇𐰔:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰘𐰇𐰔:𐱃𐰉𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐰢𐰃𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐰢𐰃𐰭:𐱃𐰉𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐱅𐰇𐰢𐰤:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐱅𐰃𐰼

One spriaea became a hundred; a hundred spiraeas became a thousand (and) a thousand spiraeas became ten thousand, it says.


𐱃𐰆𐰔

Inherited from Common Turkic *tōz (“dust”). Cognate with Turkish toz, Uyghur توز (toz), Kazakh тоз (toz), Western Yugur tos. Compare also Mongolian тоос (toos).

𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰃:𐰽𐰺𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰔:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰃


𐱃𐰆𐰢𐰣

Inherited from Common Turkic *tuman (“smoke, fog, mist”), equivalent to 𐱃𐰆 (tu-, “to enclose”) + 𐰢𐰣 (-man). Cognate with Turkish duman, Uzbek tuman, Bashkir томан (toman), Yakut туман (tuman). Compare also Russian тума́н (tumán), a Turkic borrowing.

inh+

𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰃:𐰽𐰺𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰔:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰃


𐰗

Pictogram of a bow, compare Proto-Turkic *yā(y) (“bow”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /j/, used with back vowels.


𐱃𐰯𐰞𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tapla- (“to like, to be pleased by”). Cognate with Old Uyghur t’pl’ (tapla-, “to be pleased by, to like, to allow”).

cog

𐱃𐰣𐰢:𐱅𐰇𐰾𐰃:𐱃𐰴𐰃:𐱅𐰇𐰚𐰀:𐰢𐰔𐰚𐰤:𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰖𐰑𐰀:𐰖𐱃𐰯𐰣:𐱃𐰯𐰞𐰀𐰑𐰆𐰴𐰢𐰃𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰺:𐰢𐰤:𐰾𐰋𐰓𐰜𐰢𐰃𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰢𐰤

Although the feathers of my body are not yet fully grown, lying down by the sea, I catch what I please (and) I eat what I like.


𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰖

Inherited from Common Turkic *tāluy (“ocean”) itself borrowed from Middle Chinese 大流 (MC dajH|daH ljuw, literally “big current, stream”); derivation from Common Turkic *tāl- (“to dive, to sink”) is likely folk etymology. Cognate with Old Uyghur t’lwy (taluy, “ocean”). Compare also Mongolian далай (dalaj), a Turkic borrowing.

noncog

𐱃𐰣𐰢:𐱅𐰇𐰾𐰃:𐱃𐰴𐰃:𐱅𐰇𐰚𐰀:𐰢𐰔𐰚𐰤:𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰖𐰑𐰀:𐰖𐱃𐰯𐰣:𐱃𐰯𐰞:𐰀𐰑𐰆𐰴𐰢𐰃𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰺:𐰢𐰤:𐰾𐰋𐰓𐰜𐰢𐰃𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰢𐰤


𐰽𐰗

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *say (“area covered with stones; shallow”). Cognate with Azerbaijani say.

inh+

𐰽𐰗:𐱆𐰐:𐰽𐰻𐰎:𐰡𐰣𐰢


𐰔𐰴𐰪𐰀

head

𐰔𐰴𐰪𐰀 (azqïńa)

Derived from Proto-Turkic *āŕ (“few, very little”), equivalent to 𐰀𐰕 (āz, “few”) + 𐰴𐰪𐰀 (-qïńa). Cognate with Old Uyghur ’’zxyn’ (azqïńa). Compare also Turkish azıcık (“very few”), diminutive of az (“few”).

der+

𐰆𐰞𐰍:𐰃𐰼𐰚𐰤:𐰔𐰶𐰪𐰀:𐰼𐰤:𐱅𐰔𐰯:𐰉𐰺𐰑𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E34

The great irkin, ran away together with very few men.


𐰖𐰉𐰍𐰆

Of unknown origins, see Yabghu for more information.

𐱅𐰇𐰠𐰃𐰾:𐱃𐰺𐰑𐰆𐱁:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰦𐰀:𐱅𐰢𐰾:𐰖𐰉𐰍𐰆𐰍:𐱁𐰑𐰍:𐰦𐰀:𐰋𐰼𐰢𐰾
tölis:tarduš:bodunuɣ:anta:étmiš:yabɣuɣ:šadïɣ:anta:bérmiš

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E15

He also organized there the Tiele and Tardu people and gave them a yabghu and a shad there.

Yabghu, a title, usually considered to be two steps below the khagan


𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *xātun (“queen, lady”) itself borrowed from Sogdian 𐼶𐼴𐽂𐼷𐼻 (xwtyn). Cognate with Turkish kadın, Uzbek xotin, Bashkir ҡатын (qatın), Tuvan када (kada). Compare also Mongolian хатан (xatan).

inh+

𐰴𐰭𐰢:𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰼𐰾:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰍:𐰇𐰏𐰢:𐰃𐰠𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰍:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰾𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰯:𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐰚𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E11

(They) held my father Ilterish Khagan and my mother El Bilga Khatun at the top of heaven and raised them upwards.

a type of female ruler; khatun, queen, empress


𐰴𐰖𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *k(i)aya (“rock”). Cognate with Old Uyghur x’y’ (qaya), Turkish kaya, Uzbek qoya, Bashkir ҡая (qaya), Yakut хайа (qaya). Compare also Mongolian хад (xad), Proto-Samoyedic *koəjə (“mountain”).

𐰖𐰽𐰞:𐰴𐰖𐰀:𐰖𐰖𐰞𐰍𐰢:𐰴𐰃𐰔𐰃𐰞:𐰴𐰖𐰀:𐰴𐰃𐰽𐰞𐰍𐰢:𐰆𐰞

My summer quarters is a green rock and my winter quarters is a red rock.


𐰅

Clauson suggest that it might ultimately be derived from Ancient Greek α (a, “alpha”) through intermediaries.

der+

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /e/.


𐰇𐰏𐰔

Inherited from Common Turkic *ügüz (“river”). Cognate with Old Uyghur ‘wykwz (ögüz, “river”). Compare also Mongolian үер (üjer), an early Turkic borrowing.

inh+

𐰆𐰞:𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰾:𐱃𐰯𐰀:𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰘𐰃𐱁𐰍:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰀:𐰼𐱅𐰾:𐰇𐰏𐰔𐰏:𐰚𐰲𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰔
ol:yïlqa:türgiš:tapa:altun:yïšïɣ:toɣa:ertiš:ögüzüg:keče:yorïdïmïz

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E37

In that year we marched against the Türgesh climbing over the Altai Mountains crossing over the Irtysh river.


𐰖𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yat- (“to lie down”). Cognate with Khalaj yatmaq, Turkish yatmak, Kyrgyz жатуу (jatuu), Yakut сыт (sıt).


𐱃𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *taĺ (“exterior”). Cognate with Turkish dış (“exterior”).

𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰤:𐱃𐱁𐰃𐰤:𐰑𐰨𐰃𐰍:𐰋𐰓𐰔:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢:𐱃𐱁:𐱃𐰆𐰴𐰃𐱃𐰑𐰢

I had its inside and outside decorated with wonderful paintings and sculptures (stones).


𐱃𐱁

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tiāĺ (“stone”). Cognate with Chuvash чул (čul), Khalaj tâaş, Turkish taş, Uzbek tosh, Bashkir таш (taş), Yakut таас (taas). Compare also Mongolian чулуу (čuluu), Evenki дёло (ʒolo).

𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰤:𐱃𐱁𐰃𐰤:𐰑𐰨𐰃𐰍:𐰋𐰓𐰔:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢:𐱃𐱁:𐱃𐰆𐰴𐰃𐱃𐰑𐰢


𐱃𐰞𐰢

Derived from Proto-Turkic *tāla- (“to harm”), equivalent to 𐱃𐰞𐰀 (tala-, “to harm”) + 𐰢 (-ïm). Cognate with Turkish dalamak.

der+

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰴𐰣𐱃𐰞𐰍:𐱃𐰞𐰢:𐰴𐰺𐰀:𐰴𐰆𐰽:𐰢𐰤


𐰍𐰣

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *agïn (“dumb”).

inh+

𐰀𐰴:𐱃:𐰴𐰺𐰽𐰽𐰃𐰣:𐰇𐰲:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰍𐱃𐰀:𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰞𐰀𐰯𐰣:𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰚𐰀:𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰼

A white horse, having chosen its adversary in three states of existence, sent it to a dumb for praying, it says.


𐰍𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *agï (“treasure”). Cognate with Old Uyghur ’’xy (aɣï).

Deceiving by means of their sweet words and soft materials, they are said to cause the remote people to come close in this manner.


𐰨𐰯

From a crasis of 𐰨𐰀 (anča, “like that”) + 𐰼𐰯 (erip, “by happening”).

af

𐰨𐰯:𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐰚𐰤𐱅𐰇:𐰇𐰠𐰇𐰏𐰃:𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰃𐰏:𐰆𐰞

Thus, everyone is master of his own fate.


𐰉𐰞𐰀

Derived from Proto-Turkic *āb (“hunt, chase”), equivalent to 𐰉 (ab, “hunt”) + 𐰞𐰀 (-la). Cognate with, Turkish avlamak. Compare also Manchu ᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ (abalambi).

der+

𐰉:𐰉𐰞𐰀𐰽𐰺

8th century CE, Kul-Chur Inscription, W9


𐰦𐰍

From a crasis of 𐰣 (an-, “that”) + 𐱅𐰏 (teg, “like, similar to”).

af

𐰦𐰍:𐰞𐰯:𐰢𐰤:𐰼𐰓𐰢𐰠𐰃𐰏:𐰢𐰤


𐰨𐰀

Equative case of 𐰆𐰞 (ol, “that”). Cognate with Turkish anca.

𐰢𐱃𐰃:𐰢𐰺𐰴:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰣𐰢:𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰭𐰠𐰼


𐰢𐰍𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ïmga (“wild mountain goat”). Compare also Mongolian ямаа (jamaa), a Turkic borrowing. Cognate with Turkish ime (“mountain goat”).

inh+

𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆:𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰓𐰀:𐰢𐰍𐰴𐰀:𐰽𐰆𐰸𐰆𐰽𐰢𐰃𐰾

In an open place it came across a wild goat.


𐱃𐰭

Inherited from Common Turkic *taŋ (“dawn, dusk”). Cognate with Turkish tan, Uzbek tong, Bashkir таң (tañ), Yakut тыҥ (tıñ).

𐱃𐰭:𐱃𐰭𐰞𐰺𐰑𐰃:𐰆𐰑𐰆:𐰘𐰃𐰼:𐰖𐰺𐰆𐰑𐰃:𐰆𐰑𐰆:𐰚𐰇𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰑𐰃

The dawn broke and the earth became bright and the sun rose.


𐰣

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳙, 𐲙

Derived from Sogdian 𐼐 (n, “nun”) ultimately from Classical Syriac ܢ (“nun”)

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /n/ with back vowels.


𐰖𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ańak (“pot, cup”).

𐰆𐰔𐰆𐰣𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰞𐰆𐰍:𐰃𐰓𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰖𐰴𐰃𐰣:𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾

A woman went away, leaving behind her cups and bowls


𐰘

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳒, 𐲒

Two possibilities:
# Clauson (1962) suggests that it was derived from Sogdian 𐼊 (y, “yodh”) ultimately from Classical Syriac ܝ (“yodh”).
# Clauson (1970) suggests that it was derived from Ancient Greek Ι (I, “iota”) through intermediaries.

der+

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /j/, used with front vowels.


𐰾𐰤𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *esne- (“to yawn”). Cognate with Chuvash анасла (anasla), Turkish esnemek, Uzbek esnamoq, Tatar иснәү (isnäw).

inh+

𐰾𐰤𐰏𐰤:𐰉𐰺𐰽:𐰢𐰤

esnegen:bars:men
I am a yawning leopard.


𐰉𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bā- (“to tie”). Cognate with Turkish bağ, Uzbek bogʻ, Bashkir бау (baw), Yakut быа (bıa).

𐰴𐰆𐰔𐰍𐰆𐰣𐰆𐰍:𐰃𐰍𐰲𐰴𐰀:𐰉𐰀𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰞𐰴𐰆

Derived from Proto-Turkic *alk- (“to finish, to complete, to destroy”), equivalent to 𐰞𐰴 (alq-, “to finish, to complete”) + 𐰆 (-u). Cognate with Old Uyghur “lxw (alqu).

af

𐰨𐰯:𐰞𐰴𐰆:𐰚𐰤𐱅𐰇:𐰇𐰠𐰇𐰏𐰃:𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰃𐰏:𐰆𐰞


𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰞𐰀

Derived from Proto-Turkic *talu (“choice, selection”), equivalent to 𐱃𐰞𐰆 (talu, “choice”) + 𐰞𐰀 (-la).


𐰉𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bār (“there is”). Cognate with Chuvash пур (pur), Turkish var, Uzbek bor, Bashkir бар (bar), Yakut баар (baar).

inh+

𐰔𐰆:𐰉𐰆:𐰽𐰉𐰢𐰑𐰀:𐰃𐰏𐰓:𐰉𐰺:𐰍𐰆

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, N7-8


𐰉𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bar- (“to walk, go”). Cognate with Chuvash пыр (pyr), Khalaj varmaq, Turkish varmak, Uzbek bormoq, Bashkir барыу (barıw), Yakut бар (bar).

𐰆𐰔𐰆𐰣𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰞𐰆𐰍:𐰃𐰓𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰖𐰴𐰃𐰣:𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰠𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-le. Cognate with Chuvash -ла (-la), Turkish -la, Kazakh -лау (-lau), Yakut -лаа (-laa). Compare also Mongolian -лах (-lax), Manchu ᠊ᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ (-lambi).

𐰉 (ab, “hunt”) + 𐰠𐰀 (l²a) → 𐰉𐰞𐰀 (abla-, “to hunt”)


𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yorï- (“to walk”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫӳре (śüre), Turkish yürümek, Uzbek yurmoq, Bashkir йөрөү (yöröw), Old Uyghur 𐽶𐽳𐽾𐽶𐽹𐽰𐽷 (yorïmak) and Yakut сырыт (sırıt).

𐰴𐰺𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰃𐱃:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰑𐰃:𐰴𐰢𐰍:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰖𐰍𐰑𐰃

A black cloud passed; it rained over everything.


𐰴𐰺𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kara (“black”). Cognate with Chuvash хура (hura), Khalaj qara, Turkish kara, Uzbek qora, Bashkir ҡара (qara), Yakut хара (qara). Compare also Mongolian хар (xar).

𐰴𐰺𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰃𐱃:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰑𐰃:𐰴𐰢𐰍:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰖𐰍𐰑𐰃

𐰴𐰺𐰀:𐰴𐰢𐰍:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰃:𐰇𐰏𐰃𐰼𐰼:𐱅𐰃𐰼


𐰖𐰆𐰸

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yōk (“there is not, no”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫук (śuk), Khalaj yôq, Turkish yok, Uzbek yo'q, Bashkir юҡ (yuq), Yakut суох (suoq).

𐰴𐰆𐰉𐰃:𐱃𐰞𐰍:𐰴𐰆𐰺𐰴𐰨𐰃𐰭:𐰖𐰆𐰸

(However), you are not afraid of having no reputation.


𐰖𐰆𐰸

𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰯:𐰖𐰸:𐰲𐰃𐰍𐰪:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰸𐰆𐰯:𐰸𐰆𐰉𐰺𐱃𐰑𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S10

Having succeeded to the throne, I gathered all the poor and destitute people together.


𐰢𐰺𐰴

Derived from Proto-Turkic *am-. Cognate with Old Uyghur ’’mr’x (amraq).

𐰢𐱃𐰃:𐰢𐰺𐰴:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰣𐰢:𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰭𐰠𐰼


𐰺𐰞𐰃

Uncertain, possibly derived from Common Turkic *āra whence 𐰺𐰀 (ara), Clauson suggests a loanword from an unknown language.

𐱃𐰆𐰸𐰆𐰔:𐰺𐰞𐰃:𐰽𐰃𐰍𐰆𐰣:𐰚𐰃𐰘𐰃𐰚:𐰢𐰤

I am a male maral deer with a nine-branched horn.

with a specific interval, branched, forked


𐰽𐰺𐰀

Derived from Proto-Turkic *as-. Cognate with Turkish ast.

𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰾𐰃𐰓𐱅𐰃:𐰽𐰺𐰀:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰃:𐱅𐰃𐰼

Heaven above heard it; people below understood it, it says.


𐰇𐰔𐰀

Derived from Proto-Turkic *ǖŕ. Cognate with Turkish üst.

𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰾𐰃𐰓𐱅𐰃:𐰽𐰺𐰀:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰃:𐱅𐰃𐰼


𐰺𐰀

Inherited from Common Turkic *āra (“among, between”). Cognate with Turkish ara.

𐰴𐰢𐰆𐰽:𐰀𐰺𐰀:𐰉𐰽𐰢


𐰽𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *asïg (“profit”). Compare also Mongolian ашиг (ašig), a Turkic borrowing.

𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰭𐰠𐰼:𐰽𐰍𐰃:𐰉𐰺:𐰓𐰏𐰇:𐰆𐰞

Know thus: (The omen) has profit, it is good.


𐰀𐱃𐰣

Derived from Proto-Turkic *āt (“name”), equivalent to 𐰀𐱃 (āt, “name”) + 𐰣 (-an). Cognate with Turkish atanmak (“to be appointed”).

𐰋𐰃𐰭𐰼𐰇:𐰚𐰠𐰾𐰼:𐰇𐰔𐰃:𐰀𐱃𐰣𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐰇𐰏𐰼𐰨𐰇𐰠𐰇𐰏:𐱃𐰃:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰠𐰃𐰏:𐰚𐰠𐰃𐰼:𐱅𐰃𐰼

When he comes home, he comes as a famous (and) joyful (warrior), (and) his horse as a capable (mount), it says.


𐰔𐰃𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *aŕïg. Cognate with Turkish azı (“molar”). Compare also Mongolian араа (araa), a Turkic borrowing.

𐰑𐰍𐰭:𐰴𐰺𐰣𐰃:𐰖𐰺𐰞𐰢𐰆𐰾:𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰔𐰆𐰭:𐰔𐰃𐰍𐰃:𐰽𐰃𐰣𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰼

(At fight) the bear's belly was slit open (and) the boar's tusks were broken, it says.


𐰃𐰑𐰸

Derived from Proto-Turkic *ï̄- (“to send”), equivalent to 𐰃𐰑 (ïd-, “to send”) + 𐰸 (-uq). Cognate with Southern Altai ийер (iyer, “to send”).

der+

𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰃𐰑𐰸:𐰘𐰼:𐰽𐰆𐰉:𐰲𐰃𐰢:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰸𐰆𐱃𐰃:𐱃𐰯𐰶𐰞𐰢𐰑𐰃:𐰼𐰨

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E35

Heaven above, the holy Earth and Water (Spirits below) and the soul of my uncle, the khagan, certainly did not like it.


𐰃𐰑

Derived from Proto-Turkic *ï̄- (“to send”), equivalent to 𐰃 (ï-, “to send”) + 𐰑 (-d). Cognate with Southern Altai ийер (iyer, “to send”).


𐰘𐰯𐰺

Inherited from Common Turkic *yïpar (“smell, musk”). Cognate with Turkish yıpar, Bashkir йофар (yofar), Yakut сыбар (sıbar). Compare also Mongolian заарь (zaarʹ), a Turkic borrowing.

inh+

𐰖𐰆𐰍:𐰘𐰯𐰺𐰃𐰍:𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼𐰯:𐱅𐰃𐰚𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S11

They brought scented (candles) for the funeral and set them up for us.


𐰾𐰃𐰓

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ẹĺit- (“to listen”). Cognate with Chuvash илт (ilt), Khalaj eşitmək, Turkish işitmek, Uzbek eshitmoq, Bashkir ишетеү (işetew), Yakut иһит (ihit).

𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰾𐰃𐰓𐱅𐰃:𐰽𐰺𐰀:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰃:𐱅𐰃𐰼


𐰖𐰭𐰺𐰀

Derived from Proto-Turkic *yaŋ- (“to babble”) whence also *yaŋša- (“to babble”).

der+

𐰖𐰺𐰣:𐰖𐰭𐰺𐰀𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐰚𐰃𐰲𐰀:𐰚𐰭𐰼𐰀𐰤𐰇𐰼:𐱅𐰃𐰼

She mumbles in the morning (and) mutters to herself in the evening.


𐰾𐰃𐰭𐰺

head

𐰾𐰃𐰭𐰺 (sïŋar)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sïŋar (“a half”).

inh+

𐰾𐰃𐰭𐰺:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰃:𐰋𐰏:𐰉𐰺𐰴𐰍:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰉𐰺𐰑𐰃:𐰾𐰃𐰭𐰺:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁𐰏𐰠𐰃:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E32

One half of their army marched off in order to plunder our residences, the other half of their army came in order to fight.


𐰖𐰯

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yap- (“to make”). Cognate with Turkish yapmak.

𐰴𐰣:𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰆:𐰖𐰯𐰢𐰃𐰾

After having ascended the throne, a khan built a royal camp.


𐰃𐰏𐰓

Inherited from Common Turkic *igid- (“to nourish”).

𐰃𐰏𐰓𐰘𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰘𐰤:𐰽𐰴𐰣𐰯

I thought: 'I shall nourish (the people)'...


𐰃𐰏𐰓

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *igid (“lie”).

𐰔𐰆:𐰉𐰆:𐰽𐰉𐰢𐰑𐰀:𐰃𐰏𐰓:𐰉𐰺:𐰍𐰆


𐰖𐰉𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yabïŕ (“bad”), itself from the same ultimate source as 𐰖𐰉𐰞𐰴 (yablaq). Cognate with, Turkish yavuz, Kazakh жауыс (jauys).

𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰭𐰠𐰼:𐰖𐰉𐰔:𐰆𐰞


𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ordu (“palace”). Cognate with Turkish ordu, Uzbek orda, Bashkir урда (urda), Yakut ордуу (orduu). Compare also Mongolian орд (ord), Middle Chinese 甌脫, possibly Turkic borrowings.

𐰴𐰣:𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰯𐰣:𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰆:𐰖𐰯𐰢𐰃𐰾


𐰉𐰍𐰽

Derived from Proto-Turkic *bāg (“connection, tie, rope”). Cognate with Turkish bağ, Uzbek bogʻ, Bashkir бау (baw), Yakut быа (bıa).

der+

𐰉𐰍𐰽𐰃:𐰤𐰀:𐱅𐰏


𐰠𐰏𐰇

-ligü (romanization)
-lügü (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-ligü (“comitative case”), possibly related to 𐰠𐰏 (-lig). Compare also Proto-Mongolic *-luxa (“comitative case”).

noncog

𐰃𐰤𐰃 (ini, “younger brother”) + 𐰠𐰏𐰇 (l²gü) → 𐰃𐰤𐰠𐰏𐰇 (iniligü, “with (my) younger brother”)


𐰉𐰽

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bas- (“to press”). Cognate with Chuvash пус (pus), Khalaj basmaq, Turkish basmak, Bashkir баҫыу (baśıw), Yakut баттаа (battaa). Compare also Hungarian baszik, a Turkic borrowing.

inh+

𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰉𐰽𐰢𐰽𐰺:𐰽𐰺𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐰼:𐱅𐰠𐰤𐰢𐰾𐰼:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰠𐰭𐰤:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰭𐰤:𐰚𐰢:𐰺𐱃𐱃𐰃:𐰆𐰑𐰀𐰲𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E22

If the sky above did not collapse and if the earth below did not give away, O Turkic people, who would be able to destroy your state and institutions?

𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰔:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍:𐰆𐰑𐰀:𐰉𐰽𐰑𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E35

...and fell upon the Kyrgyz people while they were asleep.


𐱃𐰆𐰔𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tuzak (“trap”). Cognate with Turkish tuzak, Bashkir тоҙаҡ (toźaq), Yakut туһах (tuhaq).

𐱃𐰆𐰖𐰢𐰀𐱃𐰃𐰣:𐱃𐰆𐰔𐰴𐰀:𐰃𐰞𐰃𐰤𐰢𐰃𐰾

(But) by not noticing it, was caught in a snare.


𐰏𐰇

𐰇𐰲 (üč, “three”) + 𐰏𐰇 (gü) → 𐰇𐰲𐰏𐰇 (üčegü, “a group of three”)


𐰋𐰼𐰇

Derived from Proto-Turkic *bẹrü (“hitherward”). Cognate with Turkish beri.

der+

𐰜𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤:𐰖𐰃𐰽𐰍:𐰋𐰼𐰇:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN4

Having gone around the Sayan mountains, we came.


𐰋𐰼𐰘𐰀

Derived from Proto-Turkic *bẹrü (“hitherward”), equivalent to 𐰋𐰼𐰇 (bérü, “hitherward”) + 𐰘𐰀 (-ye). Cognate with Turkish beri.

𐰋𐰼𐰘𐰀:𐰲𐰆𐰍𐰖:𐰘𐰃𐱁:𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰠𐱅𐰤:𐰖𐰔𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐰣𐰖𐰃𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰾𐰼:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰇𐰠𐰾𐰚𐰏
bériye:čoɣay:yïš:tögültün:yazï:qonayïn:téser:türük:bodun:ölsikig

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S6-7

If you intend to settle on the Yin mountains and on the Tögültün plain in the south, O Turkic people, you will die!


𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰼𐰇

head

𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰼𐰇 (bérgerü)

Derived from Proto-Turkic *bẹrü (“hitherward”), equivalent to 𐰋𐰼𐰇 (bérü, “hitherward”) + 𐰏𐰼𐰇 (-gerü). Cognate with Turkish beri.

𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐰚𐰇𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰽𐰴𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐰚𐰇𐰤:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆𐰾𐰃𐰭𐰺𐰆:𐰸𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐰚𐰇𐰤:𐰉𐱃𐰾𐰶𐰃𐰭𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐰺𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐱅𐰇𐰤:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆𐰾𐰃𐰭𐰺𐰆

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S2

Eastwards, to the sunrise, southwards to the midday, westwards as far as the sunset, and northwards to the midnight...


𐰋𐰼𐰓𐰤

Derived from Proto-Turkic *bẹrü (“hitherward”), equivalent to 𐰋𐰼𐰇 (bérü, “hitherward”) + 𐰓𐰤 (-din). Cognate with Turkish beri.

𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲:𐰋𐰼𐰓𐰤:𐰘𐰤:𐱅𐰏:𐰶𐰃𐱃𐰪:𐰇𐰭𐰓𐰤:𐰘𐰤:𐱅𐰏:𐰋𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰺𐰑𐰦𐰖𐰣:𐱅𐰏𐰘𐰃𐰤

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IS4

(Therefore) you, Chinese, attack them from the south, and you, Khitan, attack them from the east, and I shall attack them from the north.


𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰼𐰇

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ilgerü (“forward”). Cognate with Turkish ileri, Bashkir элгәре (elgəre).


𐰚𐰢

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”). Cognate with Chuvash кам (kam), Khalaj kim, Turkish kim, Uzbek kim, Bashkir кем (kem), Yakut ким (kim). Compare also Mongolian хэн (xen).


𐰨

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ntʃ/.


𐰨

-inč (romanization)
-ïnč (romanization)
-ünč (romanization)
-unč -nč (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-inč. Cognate with Chuvash -шӗ (-šĕ), Khalaj -minci, Turkish -inci, Uzbek -inchi, Bashkir -енсе (-yense), Yakut -ис (-is). Compare also Manchu ᠊ᠴᡳ (-ci).

𐰇𐰲 (üč, “three”) + 𐰨 (nč) → 𐰇𐰲𐰨 (üčünč, “third”)

𐰏𐰇

suffix forming the collective of numerals


𐰉𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰀

Borrowed from Middle Persian mwrw' (murwa).

bor+

𐰉𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰀:𐰍𐰆𐰺𐰆:𐰾𐰓𐰯:𐰲𐰢𐰔:𐰃𐰾𐰃𐰏:𐰽𐰭𐰆𐰣:𐰃𐱅𐰀𐰲𐰸:𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰃𐰓𐰢

...after having listened to the burua guru ( i.e. the spiritual master of presage), wrote (this book) for our affectionate big brother General Itachuk.


𐰽𐰖𐰆

From 𐰽𐰀 (sa-, “to count, think, consider”) + 𐰖𐰆 (-yu), inherited from Proto-Turkic *sā- (“to count, consider, think”).

inh+

𐰦𐰀:𐰴𐰞𐰢𐱁𐰃:𐰘𐰃𐰼:𐰽𐰖𐰆:𐰸𐰆𐰯:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰆:𐰇𐰠𐰇:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐰼𐱅𐰏

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S9

(Of you), those who survived there, utterly exhausted, were marching in every direction.


𐰖𐰪

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yāń- (“to shake”). Cognate with Khalaj yâmaq, Azerbaijani yaxalamaq, Turkish yıkamak, Turkmen yāymak.

𐰣𐰃:𐰖𐰪𐰯:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰃:𐰖𐰺𐰍𐰆𐰣:𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰔𐰑𐰢𐰔
anï:yańïp:türgi:yarɣun:költe:bozdumuz

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E34

We dispersed them and put them to rout at the lake Türgi-Yargun.


𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰍

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tōrug (“bay, reddish-brown”). Cognate with Turkish doru, Southern Altai торбок (torbok, “ox (with reddish-brown)”), Turkmen dōr, Tuvan доруг (dorug).

cog

𐰇𐰲𐰨:𐰘𐰏𐰤:𐰾𐰃𐰠𐰏:𐰋𐰏𐰭:𐰚𐰓𐰢𐰠𐰏:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰍:𐱃:𐰋𐰃𐰤𐰯:𐱅𐰏𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E33

Thirdly, he mounted Lord Yegen Silig's dressed bay horse and attacked.


𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰺𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tograk (“poplar”).

inh+

𐰖𐰍𐰴𐰞𐰍:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰺𐰴:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱅𐰇𐰾𐰇𐰯𐰤:𐰖𐰖𐰞𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐰢𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰼

Settling down on a poplar full of nuts, I spend the summer, it says.


𐰾𐰋

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *seb- (“to love, like”). Cognate with Chuvash сав (sav), Khalaj səvmək, Turkish sevmek, Uzbek sevmoq, Bashkir һөйөү (höyöw), Yakut иэй (iey).

𐱃𐰣𐰢:𐱅𐰇𐰾𐰃:𐱃𐰴𐰃:𐱅𐰇𐰚𐰀:𐰢𐰔𐰚𐰤:𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰖𐰑𐰀:𐰖𐱃𐰯𐰣:𐱃𐰯𐰞:𐰀𐰑𐰆𐰴𐰢𐰃𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰺:𐰢𐰤:𐰾𐰋𐰓𐰜𐰢𐰃𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰢𐰤

Although the feathers of my body are not yet fully grown, lying down by the sea, I catch what I please (and) I eat what I like.


𐱃𐰆𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tut- (“to grasp”). Cognate with Chuvash тыт (tyt), Khalaj tutmaq, Turkish tutmak, Uzbek tutmoq, Bashkir тотоу (totow), Yakut тут (tut).


𐰖𐰍𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yaŋgak (“walnut”). Cognate with Khalaj yağâq, Turkish yangak, Uzbek yongʻoq, Kazakh жаңғақ (jañğaq). Compare also Hungarian dió, a Turkic borrowing.

𐰖𐰍𐰴𐰞𐰍:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰺𐰴:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐱅𐰇𐰾𐰇𐰯𐰤:𐰖𐰖𐰞𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐰢𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰼


𐰠𐱅𐰋𐰼

Borrowed from Sogdian 𐼹𐼰𐽂𐼱𐽀 (δʾtβr), unrelated to 𐰠 (él, “realm”).

𐰆𐰖𐰍𐰺:𐰠𐱅𐰋𐰼:𐰘𐰇𐰔𐰲𐰀:𐰼𐰏:𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐱅𐰔𐰯:𐰉𐰺𐰑𐰃

The governor of the Uyghurs, together with about one hundred men, fled toward the east...


𐰉𐰆𐰑

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bod (“stature, size; tribe, kin”). Cognate with Turkish boy, Bashkir буй (buy).

inh+

𐰴𐰯𐰍𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰾𐰃𐰼:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰘𐰼𐰃𐰤𐱅𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰑:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐰃𐰓𐰃:𐰖𐰸:𐰼𐱅𐰲𐰃:𐰼𐱅𐰃

...In the land of Qapaghan Qaghan, and of the Turkic Sir people, there would've been neither tribes, nor people, nor human beings at all.


𐰚𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰼

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𐰚𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰼 (köčür-)

Causative form of an unrecorded 𐰚𐰇𐰲 (köč-, “to migrate”) + 𐰇𐰼 (-ür, “transitive suffix”), itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *köč- (“to migrate”).

inh+

𐰚𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰼𐰇:𐰴𐰆𐰣𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰆:𐰚𐰠𐰃𐰼

He comes (back) permitting (his soldiers) to nomadize and settle down (wherever they please).


𐰚𐰠

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kẹl-. Cognate with Chuvash кил (kil), Khalaj kəlmək, Turkish gelmek, Uzbek kelmoq, Bashkir килеү (kilew), Yakut кэл (kel).

𐰼:𐱅𐰼𐰚𐰠𐰘𐰇:𐰚𐰠𐰃𐰼


𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼

From 𐰚𐰠 (kel-, “to come”) + 𐰇𐰼 (-ür, “transitive suffix”), itself inherited from Proto-Turkic *kẹl- (“to come”). Cognate with Turkish getirmek.

inh+

𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰭:𐰾𐰼𐰃:𐰃𐰼𐰚𐰚:𐰉𐰆𐰔𐰍𐰆:𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰃𐰾

(Nevertheless) she gave birth to (brought) a white-spotted bull calf.


𐰴𐰲

Inherited from Common Turkic *kač- (“to flee”). Cognate with Turkish kaçmak, Uzbek qochmoq, Bashkir ҡасыу (qasıw).

𐰋𐰏𐰃:𐰴𐰲𐰑𐰃


𐰆𐰞𐰖𐰆

From 𐰆𐰞𐰀 (ula-, “to attach”) + 𐰖𐰆 (-yu, “gerundive suffix”).

af

𐰇𐰏𐰢:𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰆𐰞𐰖𐰆:𐰇𐰏𐰠𐰼𐰢:𐰚𐰠𐰼𐰢:𐰚𐰠𐰭𐰇𐰤𐰢:𐰸𐰆𐰨𐰖𐰞𐰺𐰢:𐰉𐰆𐰨𐰀:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰏𐰃:𐰚𐰇𐰭:𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰲𐰃:𐰼𐱅𐰃:𐰇𐰠𐰏𐰃:𐰖𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰑𐰀:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰀:𐰖𐱃𐰆:𐰴𐰡𐰲𐰃:𐰼𐱅𐰏𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N9

My mother, the khatun, and my (step-)mothers, my elder sisters, my daughters-in-law, my princesses this many people who were going to survive would have become slaves, and those of you who were going to be killed would have been left lying at the camp and on roads.


𐰆𐰞𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ula- (“to attach”). Cognate with Turkish ulamak.

inh+

𐰽𐰃𐰣𐰸𐰃𐰭𐰃𐰣:𐰾𐰯𐰼:𐰢𐰤:𐰇𐰔𐰇𐰜𐰃𐰭𐰃𐰤:𐰆𐰞𐰀𐰖𐰆𐰺:𐰢𐰤

I fix your broken parts (and) I join together your torn things.


𐰆𐰣𐰀

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *una- (“to approve”). Cognate with Turkish onamak.

𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰆𐰣𐰀𐰢𐰑𐰸


𐰃𐰞𐰃𐰤

From 𐰃𐰞 (il-, “to catch”) + 𐰃𐰤 (-in), intransitive-reflexive form of Proto-Turkic *īl- (“to catch”). Cognate with Turkish ilmek

𐱃𐰆𐰖𐰢𐰀𐱃𐰃𐰣:𐱃𐰆𐰔𐰴𐰀:𐰃𐰞𐰃𐰤𐰢𐰃𐰾

(But) by not noticing it, was caught in a snare

(intransitive) to be caught on something


𐰇𐰏𐰾𐰔

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𐰇𐰏𐰾𐰔 (ögsüz)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ȫgsiŕ, equivalent to 𐰇𐰏 (ög, “mother”) + 𐰾𐰔 (-süz, “-less”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽻𐽳𐽴 (ögsüz), Turkish öksüz, Bashkir үкһеҙ (ükheź), Tuvan өскүс (ösküs).

𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰇𐰏𐰾𐰔:𐰴𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰤𐰯:𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰔:𐰼𐰤:𐰽𐰨𐰑𐰃:𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰆𐰍:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰢𐰓𐰃
kültégin:ögsüz:aqïn:binip:toquz:eren:sančdï:orduɣ:bérmedi
Having mounted his orphan white (horse), Prince Kül stabbed nine men and didn't surrender the camp.


𐰾𐰔

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-siŕ (“-less”). Cognate with Old Uyghur -syz (-siz), Chuvash -сӗр (-sĕr), Turkish -siz, Uzbek -siz, Bashkir -һеҙ (-heź), Tuvan -сиз (-siz).

inh+

-less; a suffix denoting the lack of something


𐰖𐰍𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yagu- (“to approach”).

𐰖𐰍𐰞:𐱅𐰃𐰓𐰃

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IW5


𐰊

Derived from Sogdian 𐼃 (β, “beth”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܒ (“beth”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /b/ and /v/, used with back vowels.


𐰖𐰺𐰆

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yaru- (“to shine”). Cognate with Uzbek yorugʻ, Kazakh жарық (jaryq), Yakut сырдык (sırdık).

𐱃𐰭:𐱃𐰭𐰞𐰺𐰑𐰃:𐰆𐰑𐰆:𐰘𐰃𐰼:𐰖𐰺𐰆𐰑𐰃:𐰆𐰑𐰆:𐰚𐰇𐰤:𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰑𐰃

The dawn broke and the earth became bright and the sun rose.


𐰖𐰭𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yaŋïl- (“to mistake”). Cognate with Turkish yanılmak.

𐰖𐰭𐰞𐰯:𐰇𐰠𐰾𐰚𐰭𐰤:𐰘𐰢𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰦𐰀:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S10-11

...and how you would (otherwise) perish by making mistakes, this, too I have recorded here.


𐰖𐰺𐰸

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yaruk (“light”), equivalent to 𐰖𐰺𐰆 (yaru-, “to shine”) + 𐰸 (-uq). Cognate with Uzbek yorugʻ, Kazakh жарық (jaryq), Yakut сырдык (sırdık).

𐰴𐰢𐰍:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰖𐰺𐰸:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐱃𐰃:𐱅𐰃𐰼

The light shone over everything, it says.


𐱃𐰖

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 大 (MC dajH|daH).

𐰴𐰭𐰃:𐰠𐰃𐰾𐰇𐰤:𐱃𐰖:𐰾𐰭𐰇𐰤:𐰉𐱁𐰑𐰆:𐰋𐰃𐰾:𐰘𐰇𐰔:𐰼𐰤:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S12:

...under the presidency of the great general Li Quan, the father of ... came five hundred men.


𐰉𐰽𐰣

Derived from Proto-Turkic *bas- (“to press”), equivalent to 𐰉𐰽 (bas-, “to press”) + 𐰣 (-ïn).

der+

𐰔:𐱅𐰘𐰤:𐰤𐰀:𐰉𐰽𐰣𐰞𐰢

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IIW4:

Why should we feel overwhelmed because of being few?

𐰉𐰽𐰃𐰣𐰆:𐰘𐰃𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐰇𐰔𐰃𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰠𐰛𐰇:𐰘𐰃𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰼

It kept on eating while sinking down, (but) itself was eaten by a fox, it says.


𐰆𐰍𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ogul (“child”). Cognate with Chuvash ывӑл (yvăl), Khakas oğul, Turkish oğul, Uzbek oʻgʻil, Bashkir ул (ul), Yakut уол (uol).

inh+

𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃:𐰇𐰏𐰃𐰤𐱅𐰀:𐰴𐰭𐰃𐰣𐱃𐰀:𐰇𐰋𐰚𐰠𐰀𐰯𐰤:𐱅𐰔𐰯𐰤:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾

A son, being angry with his mother and father, ran away.


𐰖𐰆𐰍

Inherited from Common Turkic *yōg (“funeral”), perhaps ultimately from Scythian, however a derivation from *yō- (“to erase”) has also been suggested. Compare Ossetian дугъ (duǧ), Ancient Greek δόγια (dógia, “funeral service”).

noncog

𐰖𐰆𐰍:𐰘𐰯𐰺𐰃𐰍:𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼𐰯:𐱅𐰃𐰚𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S11:

They brought scented (candles) for the funeral and set them up for us.


𐰑𐰨𐰃𐰍

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𐰑𐰨𐰃𐰍 (adïnčïɣ)

Derived from Proto-Turkic *adï- (“to separate”), equivalent to 𐰑𐰣 (adïnč, “different”) + 𐰽𐰃𐰍 (-sïɣ).

der+

𐰭𐰺:𐰑𐰨𐰃𐰍:𐰉𐰺𐰴:𐰖𐰺𐱃𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S12:

I got them to build an extraordinary mausoleum.


𐰍𐰃𐱁

Derived from Proto-Turkic *agï (“treasure”).

𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤𐰭:𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰃𐰣:𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁𐰃𐰤:𐰍𐰃𐱁𐰃𐰣:𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰣

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, SW:

...Prince Kül's gold and silver, his treasures and possessions...


𐰍𐱃𐰆𐰺

Derived from Proto-Turkic *āg- (“to rise up”), equivalent 𐰍𐱃 (aɣït-, “to raise”) + 𐱃𐰆𐰺 (-tur).

𐰖𐰸𐰺𐰆:𐱃:𐰘𐱅𐰀:𐰖𐰑𐰍𐰣:𐰃𐰍𐰲:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰣𐰆:𐰍𐱃𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN1:

(Then) I ordered them to ascend upward on foot, towing the horses after them, and holding onto the trees.


𐰴𐰃𐱃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *iakït- (“to pour”), transitive form of *iak- (“to flow”). Cognate with Turkish akıtmak.

inh+

𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰋𐰏:𐰉𐱁𐰞𐰖𐰆:𐰴𐰃𐱃𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N8:

We ordered (the army) to carry out a raid, while we left Prince Kül at home to command (the camp).


𐰞𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *alk- (“to finish, to complete, to destroy”).

inh+

𐰉𐰺𐰴𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰓𐰔𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏:𐱃𐱁𐰃𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰨:𐰖:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰃:𐰆𐱃𐰔𐰴𐰀:𐰴𐰆𐰯:𐰞𐰴𐰑𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, NE:

We finished his mausoleum, statues and paintings, and his inscription stone on the twenty-seventh day of the seventh month, on the Year of Monkey.


𐰍𐰺

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *iagïr (“heavy”). Cognate with Chuvash йывӑр (jyvăr), Turkish ağır, Uzbek ogʻir, Bashkir ауыр (awır), Yakut ыар (ıar).

𐰍𐰃𐰺:𐱃𐱁𐰃𐰍:𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰣:𐰃𐰍

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S15:

𐰉𐰆𐰨𐰀:𐰍𐰺:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E2:


𐰞𐰯𐰍𐰆𐱃

Derived from Proto-Turkic *alp (“warrior”), equivalent to 𐰞𐰯 (alp, “warrior”) + 𐰍𐰆𐱃 (-aɣut).

der+

𐰆𐰔𐰀:𐰚𐰠𐰢𐰾:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰍𐱃𐰯:𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰺𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐰆𐰍𐱁:𐰞𐰯𐰍𐰆:𐰆𐰣:𐰼𐰏:𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰀𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐰏𐰼𐰯:𐰇𐰠𐰼𐱅𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N7:

Prince Kül put their army, which had come assaulting, to flight and we surrounded and killed a Tongra squad consisting of ten champion warriors at the funeral of Prince Tonga.

used for various titles; hero, champion, warrior, officer


𐰍𐱃

Derived from Proto-Turkic *āg- (“to rise up”), equivalent 𐰍 (aɣ-, “to rise”) + 𐱃 (-ït).

𐰆𐰔𐰀:𐰖𐰪𐰀:𐰚𐰠𐰏𐰢𐰀:𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰃𐰤:𐰍𐱃𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E31:

I put their army, which had come assaulting and spreading, to flight.


𐰑𐰺𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *adrïl- (“to be separated”), passive form of *adïr- (“to separate”). Cognate with Turkish ayrılmak.

inh+

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰴𐰣𐰃𐰤:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰢𐰘𐰤:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰑𐰀:𐰑𐰺𐰡𐰃:𐰴𐰣𐰞𐰦𐰃

Without having found their khan, the Turkic people were parted from the Chinese, and got themselves a khan.


𐰍𐰺𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *agrï- (“to hurt”). Cognate with Turkish ağrımak. compare Korean 아프다 (apeuda), which also means both to hurt and to be sick.

𐰆𐰞𐰍:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰢:𐰍𐰺𐰯:𐰖𐰸:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰲𐰀:𐰸𐰆𐰍:𐰾𐰭𐰇𐰤𐰏:𐰉𐰞𐰉𐰞:𐱅𐰃𐰚𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐱅𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, S9:

When my oldest son died of being sick, I readily had Qu, the general, erect him a balbal.


𐱃𐰢

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tām (“wall”). Cognate with Turkish dam (“roof”), Uzbek tom (“roof”), Kazakh там (tam, “grave”).

𐰘𐰃𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰃:𐰚𐰇𐰤:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰯:𐰉𐰆:𐱃𐱁𐰴𐰀:𐰉𐰆:𐱃𐰢𐰴𐰀:𐰴𐰆𐰯:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰍𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰃𐰓𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, SE:

Having sat down twenty days, I, Prince Yollug, inscribed on this stone and on this wall.


𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰍

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𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰍 (boluɣ)

From 𐰉𐰆𐰞 (bol-, “to happen”) + 𐰆𐰍 (-uɣ).

𐰀𐰴:𐱃:𐰴𐰺𐰽𐰽𐰃𐰣:𐰇𐰲:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰍𐱃𐰀:𐱃𐰞𐰆𐰞𐰀𐰯𐰣:𐰍𐰣𐰴𐰀:𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰚𐰀:𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰼

A white horse, having chosen its adversary in three states of existence, sent it to a dumb for praying, it says.


𐰔𐰲𐰃

Derived from Proto-Turkic *āŕ (“few, very little”), equivalent to 𐰀𐰕 (āz, “few”) + 𐰲𐰀 (-ča). Cognate with Turkish azca.

der+

𐰔𐰲𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐱅𐰔𐰢𐰾:𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IIW8:


𐰋𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bẹye (“mare”). Cognate with Uzbek biya, Bashkir бейә (beyə), Yakut биэ (bie).

inh+

𐰀𐰴:𐰋𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰴𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰣𐰞𐰀𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐱃𐰆𐰖𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰆𐰍:𐰑𐰍𐰺𐰞𐰴:𐰖𐰺𐰀𐰍𐰖

...his white mare had just foaled, (he thought) it would fit to be a golden-hoofed stallion.


𐰋𐰓𐰔

Inherited from Common Turkic *bediz (“decoration, ornamentation”). Cognate with Turkish bezemek. Compare also Proto-Mongolic *beder (“mark, stain”), a Turkic borrowing.


𐰖𐰆𐰉𐰞

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yubul-, passive-reflexive form of *yub-.

𐰖𐰆𐰉𐰞𐰆:𐰃𐰤𐱅𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IN2:


𐰘𐰃𐱅

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yit- (“to become lost”). Cognate with Turkish yitmek, Yakut сүт (süt).

𐰃𐰤𐰢:𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀:𐰚𐰃:𐱁𐰑:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀:𐰇𐰠𐰇:𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰇:𐰴𐰔𐰍𐰦𐰢

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, E27:

Together with my younger brother, Prince Kül, and together with two shads, dying and getting lost, I won.


𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yitür- (“to lose”), equivalent to 𐰘𐰃𐱅 (yit-, “to be lost”) + 𐰼 (-ür). Cognate with Turkish yitirmek, Yakut сүтэр (süter).

𐰚𐰇𐰤:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆:𐰘𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰆𐰯:𐱅𐰇𐰤:𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆:𐰴𐰣𐱃𐰀:𐰤𐰏𐰇𐰓𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰖:𐰆𐰞:𐱃𐰃𐰼

After having lost it at noon, where and how would it find it at midnight?, it says.


𐰋𐰓𐰔𐰠𐰀

Derived from Common Turkic *bediz (“decoration, ornamentation”), equivalent to 𐰋𐰓𐰔 (bediz, “decoration”) + 𐰠𐰀 (-le).

der+

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐱅:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰆𐰭𐱃𐰴𐰃:𐰓𐰏𐰇𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃:𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰯𐰤:𐰢𐰭𐰃𐰠𐰘𐰇𐰼:𐰋𐰓𐰃𐰔𐰠𐰘𐰇:𐱅𐰃𐰼

The good (and) skillful men in all quarters of the world, having assembled (there), rejoice and adorn (his court), it says.


𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yolï- (“to pluck”). Cognate with Chuvash ҫул (śul),Turkish yolmak, Uzbek yulmoq, Bashkir йолҡоу (yolqow), Yakut сулуй (suluy).

inh+

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰴𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰍𐰽𐰴𐰢𐰃𐰤:𐰴𐰃𐰞𐰲𐰃𐰣:𐰚𐰾𐰃𐰯𐰤:𐰇𐰔𐰇𐰢:𐰖𐰆𐰞:𐰃𐰤𐱅𐰃𐰤:𐰉𐰽𐰢𐰃𐰣:𐰖𐰆𐰞:𐰋𐰃𐰤𐱅𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰼

Cutting my golden stomach with a sword, pluck my self out of its lair and pluck my head out of its house, it says.

𐱅𐰏𐰓𐰢𐰔:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰃𐰑𐰢𐰔

(Thus) we attacked and plundered (their camp).


𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰃

From 𐰖𐰆𐰞 (yol, “road”) + 𐰃 (-ï, “third person possessive suffix”)

af

𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐱁:𐰖𐰆𐰞𐰃:𐰾𐰇𐰭𐱁𐰓𐰢𐰔

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N4:


𐰴𐰉𐰽

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kabïĺč- (“to unite”). Cognate with Turkish kavuşmak, Uzbek qowushmoq, Kazakh қауысу (qauysu).

inh+

𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰖𐰃𐰽:𐰇𐰔𐰀:𐰴𐰉𐰾𐰞𐰢:𐱅𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IE3:

'Let us reunite atop the Altai Mountains!" he said.


𐰧

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /nt/


𐰡

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /lt/


𐰝

(Irk Bitig, Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /yk/, /øk/, /ky/, /kø/ used with front vowels.


𐰩

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ntʃ/.


𐰬

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ŋ/.


𐰫

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɲ/


𐰰

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /yp/, /øp/, /py/, /pø/ used with front vowels.


𐰶

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳓, 𐲓

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɯq/.


𐰷

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɯq/.


𐰂

Derived from Sogdian 𐼁 (ʾ, “aleph”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܐ (“aleph”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɑ/ or /æ/. The backness or frontness depends on the type of the consonant.


𐰌

Ultimately derived from Ancient Greek β (b, “beta”) through intermediaries.

der+

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /b/ and /v/ used with front vowels.


𐰟

Derived from Sogdian 𐼌 (δ, “lamed”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܠ (“lamed”)

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /l/ with back vowels.


𐰄

Derived from Sogdian 𐼊 (y, “yodh”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܝ (“yodh”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /i/ /e/ or /ɯ/. The backness or frontness depends on the type of the consonant.


𐰎

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɣ/, used with back vowels.


𐰈

Ultimately derived from Ancient Greek υ (u, “upsilon”) through intermediaries.

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ø/ or /y/.


𐰐

Clauson suggest that it might ultimately be derived from Ancient Greek Γ (G, “gamma”) through intermediaries.

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ɡ/, used with front vowels.


𐰥

Derived from Ancient Greek Ν (N, “nu”) through intermediaries.

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /n/, used with front vowels.


𐰒

Clauson suggest that it might ultimately be derived from Classical Syriac ܕ (“daleth”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /d/ and /ð/, used with back vowels.


𐰕

Clauson suggest that it might ultimately be derived from Ancient Greek Ζ (Z, “zeta”) through intermediaries.

(Irk Bitig, Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /z/, used in both vowel types.


𐰙

Two possibilities:
# Clauson (1962) suggests that it was derived from Sogdian 𐼊 (y, “yodh”) ultimately from Classical Syriac ܝ (“yodh”).
# Clauson (1970) suggests that it was derived from Ancient Greek Ι (I, “iota”) through intermediaries.

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /j/, used with front vowels.


𐱆

Derived from Sogdian 𐼜 (t, “taw”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܬ (“taw”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /t/, used with front vowels.


𐱀

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳤, 𐲤

Derived from Sogdian 𐼙 (š, “shin”) ultimately from Classical Syriac ܫ (“shin”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /ʃ/.


𐰳

Derived from Sogdian 𐼗 (c, “sadhe”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܨ (“sadhe”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /t͡ʃ/.


𐰻

Derived from Sogdian 𐼘 (r, “resh”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܪ (“resh”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /r/, used with back vowels.


𐰯

⇒ Old Hungarian: 𐳠, 𐲠

Derived from Sogdian 𐼔 (p, “pe”), ultimately from Classical Syriac ܦ (“pe”)

A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /p/.


𐰵

Derived from Sogdian 𐼉 (x, “heth”), ultimately from Derived from Classical Syriac ܚ (“heth”).

(Yenisei Kyrgyz) A letter of the Old Turkic runic script, representing /q/ used with back vowels.


𐰋𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ebir- (“to turn”). Cognate with Chuvash авӑр (avăr), Turkish evirmek.

inh+

𐰱𐰏𐰼𐱅𐰢:𐰴𐰞𐰭𐰤:𐰋𐰼𐰇:𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼𐱅𐰢

8th century CE, Bilge Khagan Inscription, E25:

I subjugated them and caused (their tribute) to be brought around.


𐰏𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *egir- (“to spin”), from Proto-Turkic *eg- (“to bend”). Cognate with Old Uyghur 𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽷 (äŋirmäk), Khalaj heyirmək, Turkish eğirmek, Uzbek yigirmoq. Compare also Mongolian ээрэх (eerex), a Turkic borrowing.

𐰋𐰃𐰼:𐰼𐰏:𐰽𐰨𐰑𐰃:𐱃𐰸𐰔:𐰼𐰏:𐰏𐰼𐰀:𐱃𐰸𐰃𐰑𐰃

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N5-6:

He stabbed one man (with a lance) and stroke nine men surrounding them.


𐰏𐰼𐰃

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *egri (“crooked, bent”) from *egir- (“to spin”), equivalent to 𐰏𐰼 (egir-, “to turn”) + 𐰃 (-i). Cognate with Turkish eğri.

𐰆𐰞:𐰘𐰼𐱅𐰀:𐰋𐰤:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸:𐱅𐰏𐰇𐰼𐱅𐰜:𐰇𐰲𐰤:𐰽𐰺𐰍:𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰇𐰼𐰭:𐰜𐰇𐰢𐰾:𐰶𐰃𐰔:𐰸𐰆𐰑𐰔:𐰏𐰼𐰃:𐱅𐰋𐰃:𐰍𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐰭𐰾𐰔:𐰚𐰠𐰇𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IIS3-4:

Now, since I, wise Tonyukuk, cause (the Turkic armies) to reach as far as those lands, they brought (home) the yellow gold and the white silver; girls and women; crooked camels and treasures in abundance.


𐱅𐰇𐰏

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tüg- (“to tie, knot”). Cognate with Turkish düğmek, Uzbek tugmoq, Bashkir төйөу (töyöw), Tuvan дүйер (düyer).

𐱃𐰃𐰍:𐱃:𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰺𐰆𐰸𐰃𐰣:𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰇𐰯:𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰼𐱅:𐰖𐰔𐰍:𐰴𐰆𐰑𐰃:𐰖𐰑𐰺𐱃

Tie up the roan horse's tail into a knot and make it run until it breaks wind; make the bay (horse) run until it (almost) spreads down (on the ground)


𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇

Old Uyghur: twybw (töpü)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tepe. Cognate with Chuvash тӳпе (tüp̬e), Turkish tepe, Uzbek tepa, Bashkir түбә (tübə), Yakut төбө (töbö).

𐰴𐰭𐰢:𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰼𐰾:𐰴𐰍𐰣𐰍:𐰇𐰏𐰢:𐰃𐰠𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣𐰍:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰾𐰃𐰦𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰯:𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰼𐰇:𐰚𐰇𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰢𐰾

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, Omen E11:

...(they) held my father, Ilterish Khagan, and my mother, El Bilga Khatun, ontop of heaven's hill and raised them upwards.


𐰢𐰣𐰃𐰽𐱃𐰣

Old Uyghur: mʾnystʾn (manïstan)

Borrowed from Sogdian 𐼺𐼰𐼻𐼷𐼼𐽂𐼰𐼻 (mʾnystʾn, “monastery”).

bor+

𐱃𐰖𐰏𐰇𐰤𐱃𐰣:𐰢𐰣𐰃𐰽𐱃𐰣𐱃𐰴𐰃:𐰚𐰃𐰲𐰏:𐰓𐰃𐱃𐰺

...I, the young pious (disciple) staying at the Taygüntan monastery...


𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰞𐰀

Uncertain, however cognate with Danube Bulgar ΒΟΗΛΑ, ΒΟΥΗΛΑ, ΒΟΙΛΑ (BOYLA).

𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸:𐰉𐰆𐰖𐰞𐰀:𐰉𐰍𐰀:𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣:𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰀:𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰼𐰾:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰖𐰣:𐰋𐰼𐰘𐰀:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰍:𐰇𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰴𐰃𐱃𐰪𐰍:𐰖𐰃𐰺𐰖𐰀:𐰆𐰍𐰔𐰍:𐰇𐰚𐰾:𐰝:𐰇𐰠𐰼𐱅𐰃

8th century CE, Tonyukuk Inscription, IW6:

Having become a khagan in the company of the Wise Tonyukuk Boila Bagha Tarkhan, Ilterish killed in great numbers the Chinese to the south, the Kihtans to the east and the Oghuz to the north

a type of nobility, seemingly close to the ruler; boyar, boila


𐰉𐰞𐰃𐰶

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *balïk (“mud”). Cognate with Arghu بَلِقْ (balıq), Chuvash пылчăк (pylčăk), Turkish balçık, Uzbek balchiq, Bashkir балсыҡ (balsıq).

inh+

𐰚𐰃:𐰼𐰏:𐰽𐰨𐰑𐰃:𐰉𐰞𐰃𐰶𐰀:𐰉𐰽𐰃𐰴𐰑𐰯

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, N8:

He stabbed two men and buried them into the mud.


𐰲𐰃𐰏𐰾𐰃

head

𐰲𐰃𐰏𐰾𐰃 (čigši)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 刺史 (MC tshjeH|tshjek sriX, “provincial governor”).

ltc-l

𐰆𐰖𐰍𐰺:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰃:𐱅𐰏𐱅𐰢𐰤:𐰉𐰆𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰓𐰝𐰓𐰀:𐰴𐰣𐰢𐰀:𐱃𐰺𐰍𐰴𐰉𐱂𐰃𐰴𐰍𐰾𐱃𐰲𐰸𐰋𐰏𐰔𐰚𐰼:𐰲𐰃𐰏𐰾𐰃:𐰉𐰃𐰞𐰀:𐰉𐰍𐰀𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣:𐰇𐰲𐰘𐰇𐰕𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰍𐰴:𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰃
uyɣur:bodunïtegitimin:bubitidükde:qanïma:turɣaqbašïqaɣasatačuqbegzeker:čigši:bïla:baɣatarqan:üčyüzturɣaq:turïtdï
While the princes from my Uyghur people write this, the head of his guards Kagas Ataçuk, (along with) Begzeger the district magistrate and Bıla Bagha Tarkhan, three hundred guards planted (the inscription).


𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰠𐱅𐰤

head

𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰠𐱅𐰤 (tögültün)

Uncertain, however there have been multiple attempts at understanding the etymology.
# Some connect the first part of the name to Proto-Turkic *tökül- (“to be poured”), the passive form of *tök- (“to pour”), however one should've expected -k- rather than -g- (cf. Turkish dökülmek) and there is no viable morphological way to derive it as there is no *-tün suffix.
# Some read it as tügül:tün and explain it as "not Tün", the first part coming from a hypothetical Proto-Turkic *tegül, however this is etymologically and phonetically improbable.
# Li suggests that the second element is borrowed from Middle Chinese 屯 (MC trwin|dwon, “village”) and reads it as "The Village of Tögül" although the first part still remains obscure.
Li also put forward the idea that it was used as the word for the Hetao region.

𐰋𐰼𐰘𐰀:𐰲𐰆𐰍𐰖:𐰘𐰃𐱁:𐱅𐰇𐰏𐰠𐱅𐰤:𐰖𐰔𐰃:𐰸𐰆𐰣𐰖𐰃𐰤:𐱅𐰃𐰾𐰼:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰇𐰠𐰾𐰚𐰏

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S6-7:

If you intend to settle on the Yin mountains and on the Hetao region's plain in the south, O Turkic people, you will die!


𐰎𐰿𐰎𐰁

𐰎𐰿𐰎𐰁 (ɣašɣa)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kaĺčga (“white spot on an animal's head”). The initial g- is due to the dialect of the writer, compare 𐰐𐰢𐰳𐰐 (Gemčig, “Khemchik”) and 𐰐𐰙𐰛 (géyik, “game”) from the same text.
Cognate with Southern Altai кашкалак (kaškalak), Azerbaijani qaşqa, Kyrgyz качка (kacka) and Khakas хасха (xasxa).
Compare also the borrowed Persian قشق (qašqa, “blaze”) and possibly Proto-Mongolic *kaljan (“white headed”).

inh+

𐰎𐰿𐰎𐰁:𐱄𐰫𐰢

8-10th century CE, Kemçik-Çıgrak (e-41), section 11:

(Yenisei Kyrgyz, zootomy) having a white forehead


𐰛𐰝𐰢𐰛

Unknown, there are some plausible cognates including Western Yugur kegmek (“a kind of deer”).

𐰙𐱆𐰄:𐰌𐰈𐰼𐰄:𐰈𐰠𐰼𐰓𐰢𐰀𐰊𐰻𐰽𐰎:𐰛𐰝𐰢𐰛𐰐𐰈𐰠𐰼𐰢𐰓𐰢𐰀

8-10th century CE, Begre (e-11), line 10:

I killed seven wolves, but did not kill leopards or stags.


𐰉𐰆𐰭

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *buŋ (“suffering”). Cognate with Turkish bunamak, Uzbek mung, Kazakh мұң (mūñ) and Yakut муҥ (muñ).

𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰖𐰃𐱁:𐰆𐰞𐰺𐰽𐰺:𐰃𐰡𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰭:𐰖𐰸
türük:kagan:ötüken:yıš:olursar:ilte:buŋ:yok
[If] the Turkic Khagan sits [rules from] Ötüken Forest, there is no distress in the realm.

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, S3


𐰼𐰚𐰃𐰤

→ Middle Chinese: 頡斤, 俟斤 https://baike.baidu.hk/item/%E9%A0%A1%E6%96%A4/966524

According to Kashgari, derived from Common Turkic *irk- (“to gather”). Clauson doubts this, however he also states that, if true, the original meaning may have been "convener". Tezcan suggests a derivation from 𐰼 (er, “man”), however there is a vowel mismatch.

𐱃𐰆𐰣:𐰘𐰏𐰤:𐰼𐰚𐰃𐰤

7th century CE, Çoyr Inscription, line 3:


𐰽𐰆𐰸𐰆𐰽

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *sok-uĺč-, reciprocative of *sok-. Equivalent to 𐰽𐰆𐰸 (soq-, “to crush, to beat”) + 𐰆𐰽 (-uš, reciprocative suffix).

af

𐰆𐱃𐰺𐰆:𐰚𐰃:𐰖𐰞𐰍:𐰚𐰃𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃𐰣:𐰽𐰆𐰸𐰆𐰽𐰢𐰃𐰾

(This road god) apparently met two joyful human beings.

𐰑𐰍𐰞𐰃⁚𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰔𐰞𐰃⁚𐰀𐰺𐱃⁚𐰇𐰔𐰀⁚𐰽𐰆𐰸𐰽𐰢𐰃𐰾

A bear and a boar met on a mountain pass.

𐰉𐰖⁚𐰼⁚𐰴𐰆𐰪𐰃⁚𐰇𐰼𐰚𐰇𐰯𐰤⁚𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾⁚𐰋𐰇𐰼𐰃𐰚𐰀⁚𐰽𐰆𐰸𐰆𐰽𐰢𐰃𐰾

A rich man's sheep went away in a fright. It met a wolf.

𐰼⁚𐰴𐰆𐰍𐰆⁚𐰴𐰆𐰽𐰴𐰀⁚𐰽𐰆𐰴𐰆𐰽𐰢𐰾

𐰼⁚𐰇𐰢𐰀𐰠𐰘𐰇⁚𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾⁚𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰚𐰀⁚𐰽𐰆𐰸𐰆𐰽𐰢𐰃𐰾

𐰆𐰺𐱃𐰆⁚𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰓𐰀⁚𐰢𐰍𐰴𐰀⁚𐰽𐰆𐰸𐰆𐰽𐰢𐰃𐰾

In an open place it came across a wild goat.


𐰉𐰃𐰨𐰆

head

𐰉𐰃𐰨𐰆 (abïnču)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *iabïn-čï, from *iabï-.

𐰉𐰃𐰨𐰆⁚𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣⁚𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰔𐰆𐰣⁚𐱅𐰃𐰼

"May (this) slave girl be a queen!", it says.


𐰖𐰉𐰞𐰴

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yablak, itself from the same source as 𐰖𐰉𐰔 (yabïz).

𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕𐰆𐰭:𐰕𐰃𐰍𐰃:𐰽𐰃𐰣𐰢𐰃𐰾:𐱅𐰃𐰼:𐰨𐰀:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰃𐰭:𐰖𐰉𐰞𐰴:𐰆𐰞

The boar's tusks broke, it says. Know thus: (The omen) is bad.


𐱄𐰪

Due to the two distinct spellings in the text the exact reading and etymology is uncertain.
There exists two main proposals:
# Tekin takes the first spelling as correct and proposes the reading atan ("gelded camel").
# Aydın on the other hand takes the second spelling as the right one and reads tań ("colt") whence Turkish tay. This would also make this the only instance of the word being spelled with -ń- as opposed to -y-.

...𐱄𐰫𐰞𐰺𐰢

9th century CE, Kemchik-Chigrak E-41, line 2

𐱂𐰖𐱄𐰏:𐱂𐰺𐰏:𐰡𐰣𐰢:𐰷𐰏𐰼𐰳𐰏<...>𐰢𐰍𐰃𐰖𐰓𐰼:𐱄𐰣𐰢
šy¹t¹g:šr¹g:ltn¹m:q̊²gr²čg<...>mǧiy¹d²r²:t¹n¹m

9th century CE, Kemchik-Chigrak E-41, line 5

May golds as yellow as pebbles, my dromedaries that are fat and brown, my colt/gelded camel carrying silk clothes.


𐰆𐰲

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *uč-. Compare Turkish uçmak, Uzbek uchmoq, Kyrgyz учуу (ucuu), Tuvan ужар (ujar).

𐰴𐰆𐰽⁚𐰆𐰍𐰃⁚𐰆𐰲𐰀⁚𐰀𐰔𐱃𐰃
quš:oɣ(l)ï:uča:aztï

𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤⁚𐰸𐰆𐰪𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰀⁚𐰘𐰃𐱅𐰃⁚𐰘𐰏𐰼𐰢𐰚𐰃⁚𐰆𐰲𐰑𐰃
kültégin:qońyïlqa:yéti:yigirmiké:učdï

8th century CE, Kultegin Inscription, N13

Kültegin passed away on the seventeenth day of the Sheep Year


𐰇𐰯𐰏𐰇𐰚

𐰇𐰯𐰏𐰇𐰚 (üpgük)

𐰴𐰺𐰃⁚𐰇𐰯𐰏𐰇𐰚⁚𐰖𐰃𐰞⁚𐰖𐰺𐰆𐰢𐰔𐰴𐰣⁚𐱅𐰓𐰃

An old hoopoe sang before (the new) year dawned


𐰖𐰞𐰭𐰆𐰽

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yalŋuz. Compare Turkish yalnız, Uzbek yolgʻiz, Kyrgyz жалгыз (jalgız), Tuvan чаңгыс (çañgıs).

𐱃𐰞𐰢⁚𐰆𐰺𐰃⁚𐰖𐰺𐰣𐰲𐰀⁚𐰖𐰽𐰃𐰲𐰃𐰤⁚𐰖𐰞𐰢⁚𐰴𐰖𐰍⁚𐰖𐰺𐰀⁚𐰆𐰺𐰆𐰰𐰣⁚𐰖𐰞𐰭𐰆𐰽𐰆𐰣⁚𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰃𐰖𐰆𐰺⁚𐱅𐰃𐰼
talïm:urï:yarïn(:)ača:yasïčin:yalïm:qayaɣ:yara:urupan:yalŋusun:yurïyor:tér

A bold youth marches alone, opening (his) shoulder, striking and splitting the bare rock with a broad arrow-head, it says.


𐰘𐰃𐰼

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yẹr. Compare Turkish yer, Uzbek yer, Kyrgyz жер (jer), Tuvan чер (çer).

𐰃𐰠⁚𐱃𐰆𐱃𐰽𐰴⁚𐰘𐰃𐰼⁚𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤⁚𐰘𐰃𐱁⁚𐰼𐰢𐱁
il²:t¹ut¹s¹q:y²ir²:üt²k̥n²:y²iš:r²mš
/il:tutsaq:yér:ötüken:yiš:ermiš/

8th century CE, Kultegin Inscription, S4

The place from which the country could be controlled was the Ötüken mountain.

𐱃𐰆𐰺𐰸⁚𐱃⁚𐰾𐰢𐰼𐰃𐱅𐰃⁚𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰃𐰤⁚𐰇𐰯𐰤⁚𐰘𐰇𐰏𐰇𐰼𐰇⁚𐰉𐰺𐰢𐰃𐰾
t¹ur¹q̊¹:t¹:s²mr²it²i:y²ir²in²:üpn²:y²ügür²ü:b¹r¹mis²

A lean horse fattened itself (on a pasture). (Then), thinking of its place, it went running (towards it).


𐰃𐰾

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *īĺč (“work, service”). Cognate with Turkish iş, Uzbek ish, Kazakh іс (ıs), Tuvan иш (iş) and Chuvash ӗҫ (ĕś).

inh+

Qorudunug … inim Kültigin ölti … išig küčüg birtük üčün Türük bilge kagan ayuyïqa inim Kötiginig közedü olurt
Since he protected … my brother Kültigin … for him we worked very hard [so that] his order [could become] law...

8th century CE, Kültegin Inscription, West-side 𐰸𐰆𐰺𐰑𐰣𐰍[...]𐰃𐰤𐰢: 𐰰𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤: 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃[...]: 𐰃𐰾𐰏: 𐰰𐰇𐰲𐰏: 𐰋𐰃𐰼𐱅𐰰: 𐰇𐰲𐰤: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰: 𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀: 𐰴𐰍𐰣: 𐰖𐰸𐰃𐰴𐰀: 𐰃𐰤𐰢: 𐰰𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤𐰏: 𐰰𐰇𐰕𐰓𐰇: 𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃[...]