oré-ruba

[ɔ.ɾɛˈɾu.βa]

Calque of Portuguese pai-nosso, from oré (“our”) + ruba (“father”).
Compare Guaraní Ore Ru.

M. Marã iabêpe iarobia^([sic]) cüácatú Tupã recé, ixupébé iande recotebẽçâba pabẽ recé ıâieruré cüa catúne?
D. Orerûba cüacatuâbo.
M. Aépe Virgem MARIA Senhora nossa, marã iabe iaierurecüacatúne?
D. Ave MARIA, Salve Rainha abe cüâcatûreme: iepi memébe çäânga ixupé cecẽ oierobiá étébo.

1687, João Filipe Bettendorff, “Dialogo II”, in Compendio da Doutrina Christãa Na lingua Portugueza, e Brasilica [Compendium of the Christian Doctrine in the Portuguese and Brasílica Language] (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Do que pertence á Esperança, e Caridade, &c., pages 64–65, column 2; republished as José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo, editor, Lisbon: Offic. de Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, 1800:

M. In what way will we know well to trust in God and ask him for all our needs?
D. By knowing the Lord's Prayer well.
M. And as for the Virgin Mary Our Lady, in what way will we know well to ask her?
D. By knowing the Hail Mary and the Salve Regina well, always pronouncing them and trusting in her a lot.

(Christianity, Late Tupi) Lord's Prayer, Our Father (the prayer taught by Jesus Christ to his disciples)


mba'e'ueteeté

From mba'e (“thing”) + 'u (“act of eating”) + eteeté (“immense, too much”), literally “immense act of eating things, act of eating things too much”.

af

Mbaé û ètè ètè robajàra, Oyanhóte mbaeû.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter 1, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], 1 edition, Livro Primeiro da Doctrina Christam (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 18:

The opposite of gluttony [is] eating only enough.


manema

→ Brazilian Portuguese: manema

(derogatory) coward (person who lacks courage)


manema

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


itamembeka

Nheengatu: itá-membeka

Gabriel Soares de Sousa
w:Gabriel Soares de Sousa

Noticia do Brasil
w:pt:Notícia do Brasil


moporanga

Nheengatu: mupuranga


itaekobé

From itá (“metal”) + ekobé (“living”), literally “living metal”.


itanema

From itá (“metal”) + nema (“stinking”), literally “stinking metal”.
Compare Guaraní itane.


itaîunema

From itaîuba (“gold”) + nema (“stinking”), literally “stinking gold”.


itaesakanga

From itá (“stone”) + esakanga (“shining, translucent”), literally “shining, translucent stone”.


apûã

Coordinate term: embé (“lower lip”)

labium superius oris
labium superius oris


abaeté

Nheengatu: awaeté

→ Brazilian Portuguese: abaetê, Abaeté

(Late Tupi, Christianity) layman (man who is not an ordained cleric)


itaîngapema

→ Brazilian Portuguese: tangapema

maẽ co xe itãgapema
xepope ndoicoi tenhe
pemobocaõma e.

c. 1589, Joseph of Anchieta, “Recebimẽto, q̃ fezeraõ oſ Jndioſ de guaraparĩ ao Pᵉ Prouĩcial Marçal Belliarte [Reception that the Guaraparim's Indians made for the provincial priest Marçal Beliarte]” (chapter XXI), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Guarapari, page 23v, column 2, lines 189–191; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 56:

Look, this warclub of mine is not aimlessly in my hands, it is in fact the weapon that will shatter you all.

S. Pedro y tãgapema ocequij / morubixàba rembiauçuba / Malco ceribaè rapixapa, / ynambi mondôra

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter III, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n137/mode/1up Livro Terceiro do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 54v:

Saint Peter drew the sword and struck a servant of the high priest named Malchus, cutting off his ear.

Enhonong de itaingapema ndecuaì[…]

c. 1628, Luís Figueira, “Da Prepoſição 5. parte da oração”, in Arte da lingua Braſilica [Art of the Brasílica Language]^(https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Galeria:Arte_da_l%C3%ADngua_bras%C3%ADlica_(circa_1628).pdf) (overall work in Portuguese), Lisbon: Manuel da Silva, page 68:


itaîngapema

a tree whose wood was used to make warclubs. Further details are uncertain.


pepó

Nheengatu: pepú

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pepo, from Proto-Tupian *pepˀo.

etymon

[…]ndeiteè abà tecô catû pupé onhemope pôbo obébé ráma recê[…]

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter IIII, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n340/mode/1up Livro Oitavo dos quatro novissimos do homen […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, pages 169–169v:

For this very reason man, with his virtue, gives himself wings to fly.

wing (appendage of an animal's body that enables it to fly)

Aipepooc.

1622, anonymous author, “Depenar como aue”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 94; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

fletching; empennage (feathers attached to an arrow)


saraûaîa

Borrowed from Portuguese salvage (“savage”).

bor+

ſarauayamo oroico
caape oroyemonhãga
oroju nde momorãga
ore aiba reropo.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter 27, in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 27v, lines 37–40; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 569:

Savages we are,
for being born in the woods.
We came to celebrate you,
casting away our wickedness.


aûsupara

head

aûsupara (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute taûsupara, R1 raûsupara, R2 saûsupara)

M. Marãpe Iudeos recou aereme?
D. O pocê pocê pabenhe cecê, / eymoyarûcaribîrà yoaçàba recè, / oyabo, ymondobonhè ndereicoi / Ceſar nde rubixàba rauçupàramo, / oyabo.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter VIII, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n137/mode/1up Livro Terceiro do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, pages 60v—61:

Master: How were the jews?
Disciple: They all kept shouting “order him to be nailled on the cross!” because of it, as well as “letting him go away, you don't act like one that steems your leader Caesar!”.


îandûaba

→ German: Enduape

→ Portuguese: enduape

From îandu (“greater rhea”) + aba (“plumage”), literally “plumage of greater rhea”.

af

headdress used by the Tupi Indians on their buttocks, which was hung from the waist


akanetá

→ Portuguese: canitar


aîura

Nheengatu: ayura

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jur, from Proto-Tupian *wut.
Cognate with Paraguayan Guaraní ajúra.

anhura (alternative)
îura (alternative)
nhura (alternative)

Oyâbo acé Sanctos ará cuábi, oyábo bê acé ycãgoerĩ tiruã mombaêtêo oaiuri cerecõbocecê onhemoapicicatuabo yepi cecé oyerobiâ.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Da inſtituição do Domingo”, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Catalogo dos dias Santos de guarda, & de jejum (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 12v:

The same way people acknowledge the saints' days, they too worship even their little bones as well, keeping them in their necks so as to always comfort themselves, trusting in them.

neck (part of the body connecting the head and the trunk)

Jganhurĩ.

1622, anonymous author, “Colo mui delgado como da cabaça”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 77; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

neck (the tapered part of a bottle toward the opening)


mamõygûara

From mamõ (“outside, afar”) + -ygûar (origin, nativity, or residency suffix) + -a (nominal suffix), literally “one who is from outside, one who is from afar”.


pupîara

By surface analysis, pupé (“inside of”) + -yûar (origin, nativity, or residency suffix) + -a (nominal suffix).


yky'yra

head

yky'yra (possessable, IIb class pluriform, absolute tyky'yra, R1 ryky'yra, R2 tyky'yra)

[ɨ.kɨˈʔɨ.ɾa]


eky'yra

eky'yra (possessable, IIb class pluriform, absolute teky'yra, R1 reky'yra, R2 teky'yra)

[ɛ.kɨˈʔɨ.ɾa]


yke'yra

yke'yra (possessable, IIb class pluriform, absolute tyke'yra, R1 ryke'yra, R2 tyke'yra)

tyke'yra (absolute)
eky'yra (alternative)
yky'yra (alternative)

[ɨ.kɛˈʔɨ.ɾa]

Guixobo açobaitĩ derequiȷra.

c. 1628, Luís Figueira, Arte da lingua Braſilica [Art of the Brasílica Language]^(https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Galeria:Arte_da_l%C3%ADngua_bras%C3%ADlica_(circa_1628).pdf) (overall work in Portuguese), Lisbon: Manuel da Silva, page 89v:

older cousin, son of the father's brother (of a man)

older nephew, son of the brother (of a man)


tapy'yîuna

→ Kariri: tapɨɲu

Nheengatu: tapayuna

→ Portuguese: tapanhaúna


tamûatá

Nheengatu: tamuatá

desc

→ Brazilian Portuguese: tamuatá, tamboatá, tambuatá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tamoata.

inh+

armored catfish. Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:


îakutinga

Nheengatu: yakú-tinga

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: jacutinga
→ English: jacutinga

From îaku (“typical guan”) + ting (“white”) + -a.

af

Pipile jacutinga
Pipile jacutinga#Translingual

(South Tupi) jacutinga (Pipile jacutinga)


porabyky

head

porabyky (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute morabyky)

Nheengatu: murakí


'anga

Nheengatu: anga

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ʔaŋ (“shadow”).

inh+

Jmboapiaba cuyaba
angae çemimotara,
moraçeya rerobiara
ypia yaiporaca
nomoetei omonhangara

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 67, lines 323–327; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 125:

To empty theyr gourds, shadow is what they really want. The belief in the dance fills their hearts. They don't honor their creator.

shadow (dark image projected onto a surface)

Xenheẽanga.

1622, anonymous author, “Toada da fala pollo Eco”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 129; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

Anheang epiac.

1622, anonymous author, “Uer-se como em espelho”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 144; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

reflection (something that is reflected)

Che-encg.

1578, Jean de Léry, chapter XX, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, page 366:

back (side of any object which is opposite the front)

yanderubete Ieſu
yande recobe meẽgara
oimõboreauçucatu
yãde amotareimbara
anhãga aiba
morapitiara
yãde anga iucaçara

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “Cãtiga & el ſin Vẽtura” (chapter XXV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 26, column 1, lines 1-7; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 61:

Our true father Jesus, donor of our souls. Our enemy, the devil's wickedness, the slaughterer, the killer of our souls, has aflicted him so much.

(Late Tupi, Christianity) soul (spirit or essence of a person)


beraba

Nheengatu: werawa

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *βeraβ (“lightning”).

Near-synonym: endy (“shine from a source of light”)

Otĩ coâtacî ocêma
Nde berâba roba quê
Yacî tatá cuépé ê
Ynhe mimi nde coêma
Ara rorî pábété

1618, Cristóvão Valente, “Outra em louvor da Virgem”, in Antônio de Araújo, compiler, Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Cantigas na lingoa pera os mininos da Sancta Doctrina (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 2v:

The sun is rising ashamed before your shine. Far away the stars hide. You are the morning, the day's true reason for happiness

Putunuçu porarabo
oroicotebẽ gatu
Emonanamo ereiu
oreputuna peabo
tupã beraba reru.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “Da Conceiſaõ de Noſsa ſãr” (chapter LXII), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 146, column 2, lines 36–40; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 276:

Enduring the great darkness, we are very anguished. Thus, you come to repel our darkness, bringing God's splendor.


araryboîa

→ Portuguese: araramboia

By surface analysis, arara (“macaw”) + 'yba (“plant”) + mboîa (“snake”), literally “snake of the macaws' plant”. See also araryba. For the b + m(b)/p > b sound change, compare 'ybotyra ('yba + potyra), kuabe'eng (kuab + me'eng), obeba (oba + peba), etc. Compare also cobra-papagaio, one of the Portuguese names for the snake, seemingly a calque.

surface analysis

emerald tree boa (venomous snake from the boid family, which climbs trees and can reach up to 2 meters in length)


kyseapara

Nheengatu: kisé-apara

Etymology tree
Proto-Tupian *kɨt͡ʃe
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kɨt͡ʃe
Old Tupi kysé
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *apar
Old Tupi apar
Proto-Tupian *-ap
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ?
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi kyseapara
From kysé (“knife”) + apar (“bent”) + -a.

etymon

Dereroupé xeapare amon?

1613–1614, Yves d'Évreux, chapter L, in Suitte de l'histoire des choses plus memorables advenues en Maragnan es années 1613 et 1614 (overall work in French), Paris: François Huby, published 1615, page 224:


angaîpaba

Nheengatu: angaipawa

Etymology tree
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ʔaŋ
Old Tupi 'anga
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *aiβ
Old Tupi aíb
Proto-Tupian *-ap
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ?
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi aíba
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ
Old Tupi -sab
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi angaîpaba
From 'anga (“soul”) + aíba (“wickedness”) + -sab (instrumentalizer suffix) + -a. Coined by Jesuits in the 16th century.

af

sin (violation of divine will or religious law)


aíba

Nheengatu: aíwa

→ Brazilian Portuguese: aíva

wickedness (state of being wicked; evil disposition)

roughness (property of being rough; not smooth)


pindobusu

(hapax legomenon) palm tree leaves used as roofing


inaîá

Nheengatu: inayá

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: inajá, anajá, anaiá, najá
→ English: inajá

*anaîá (alternative)
*indaîa (alternative)


inaîagûasu

From inaîá (“inajá”) + -gûasu (augmentative suffix).

af

Ymoçapira, Anhanga mocequiyâba ymonhegoâcébába:aypô tecô poranga recé acecerecou ocotipe, aépe ymoyâcecóbo, igoaburû, coipo inayagoáçû apepoéra amô pupé ynhangirê, oque yanondé, coipo opac-îre y pupé o ye igpij yanonde, y yarôc-etê rupî-be amoaé çapixára reraçôbono.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter I, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n/mode/1up Livro nono. No qual se contem varias bençoens, […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, Effeitos da agoa Benta, pages 173–174:

The third of them is a way of frightening the Devil, to make it run away. For this beautiful procedure people keep [the holy water] in their own room, pouring it inside a vessel or some dried coconut shell and hanging in there before their sleep or sprinkling themselves after they wake up, bringing some more similar to it as soon as too much has been used up.

Historia Naturalis Brasiliae
w:Historia Naturalis Brasiliae

Cocos nucifera
Cocos nucifera#Translingual


agûapé

Nheengatu: awapé

→ Brazilian Portuguese: aguapé

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *awape.

inh+

common water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)


inaîagûasu'yba

From inaîagûasu (“coconut”) + 'yba (“tree”).

(Late Tupi) coconut palm (Cocos nucifera)


pinima

head

pinima (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute minima)

Nheengatu: pinima

→ Brazilian Portuguese: pinima

Tobapinĩma.

1622, anonymous author, “Sardas do rosto”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 113; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

spot (round or irregular patch on the surface of a thing)


pitaûã

Nheengatu: pitawã

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: pitanguá
→ English: pitangua

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pɨtawari.

etymon

Pitaoão são passarinhos do tamanho e côr dos canarios, e tem uma corôa branca na cabeça; fazem grandes ninhos nos mangues, ao longo dos rios salgados, onde põem dous ovos; e mantem-se dos peixinhos que alcançam por sua lança.

[1587, Gabriel Soares de Sousa, “Em que se conta a natureza de algumas aves da agua salgada [Where it is told about the nature of some saltwater birds]” (chapter LXXXIV), in Notícia do Brasil (in Portuguese), Salvador; republished as Francisco Adolpho de Varnhagen, editor, Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587, 2nd edition, Rio de Janeiro: João Ignancio da Silva, 1879, page 213:

“Pitaûã” are birds of the size and color of canaries, and have a white crown on the head; they make large nests in the mangroves, by the saltwater rivers, where they lay their eggs; and they feed on small fishes that they reach through their spear[?].

(hapax legomenon) A species of mangrove bird. Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:

Eduardo de Almeida Navarro
w:Eduardo de Almeida Navarro


pitangûagûasu

Nheengatu: pitawãwasú

→ Brazilian Portuguese: pitanguá-açu


kuruba

Nheengatu: kuruba

→ Brazilian Portuguese: curuba

From Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kuruβ + Old Tupi -a.

Tobâ curuba.

1622, anonymous author, “Espinha carnal do rosto”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 126; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

pimple (inflamed spot on the surface of the skin)

wart (type of deformed growth occurring on the skin)


seîxuîurá

seî‧xu‧îu‧rá

From seîxu (“Pleiades”) + îurá (“grill”), literally “grill of the Pleiades”.

af

(astronomy) Name of a constellation with nine stars arranged like a grill, which, according to the indigenous people, announced the rain. Further details are uncertain.


sembiararaîybo'ira

From sembiara (“[one's] prey”) + raîyra (“[someone's] daughter”) + po'yra (“necklace”), literally “necklace of one's prey's daughter”.

(astronomy) Name of a constellation which, according to the indigenous people, announced the rain. Further details are uncertain.


kariîó

→ Brazilian Portuguese: carijó

* IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [ka.ɾiˈjɔ], [ka.ɾiˈʒɔ]
* Hyphenation: ka‧ri‧îó

Mara-pé perouagérrè-rèrè?
Margaiat[…]Ouétaca[…]Ouèauem[…]Caraia[…]Karios[…]

1578, Jean de Léry, chapter XIX, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, page 354:

“What are your enemies’ names?”
“Maracajá, Goitacá, Guaianá, Karajá, Carijó.”

(now historical, South Tupi) an indigenous people that lived in South Brazil


murukuîá

Nheengatu: murukuyá

→ Portuguese: maracujá (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *murukuja.
Cognate with Paraguayan Guaraní mburukuja.

etymon

passionflower (any plant in the genus Passiflora)

passion fruit (edible fruit of the passionflower)


miapé

head

miapé (possessable, IId class pluriform, absolute miapé, R1 remiapé, R2 semiapé, R3 o emiapé)

Nheengatu: miapé

→ Kariri: miapé

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *mɨjape.
Cognate with Guaraní mbujape.

etymon

MIapé íbac igoâra
Abiá bebé remiû.
Xeanga recó pucú.

1618, Cristóvão Valente, “Outra do Santissimo Sacramento”, in Antônio de Araújo, compiler, Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Cantigas na lingoa pera os mininos da Sancta Doctrina (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, unnumbered page:

Heavenly bread, angel's food. My soul's eternal life.

Marãpe miapé iande iâra JESUS Christo retéramo, caöĩ abé çuguŷramo iiecuaboki?

1687, João Filipe Bettendorff, “Da comunhão”, in Compendio da Doutrina Christãa Na lingua Portugueza, e Brasilica [Compendium of the Christian Doctrine in the Portuguese and Brasílica Language] (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), page 86, column 2; republished as José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo, editor, Lisbon: Offic. de Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, 1800:

How does bread turn into Jesus Christ's body and wine into blood?


sapaîu

→ Brazilian Portuguese: sapaju

desctree

→ French: sapajou
→ English: sapajou
→ Translingual: Sapajus

sapajou. Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:

black-striped capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus)


takûara

Nheengatu: takwara

→ Brazilian Portuguese: taquara

Derived from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *takʷar.

etymon

bamboo. Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:


kopa'yba

Nheengatu: kupaíwa

desctree

→ Portuguese: copaíba
→ English: copaiba

From Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kopaʔɨβ + Old Tupi -a.

etymon

copaiba tree. Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:

copaiba (oleoresin extracted from such trees)


piã

head

piã (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute miã)

Nheengatu: piã

→ Brazilian Portuguese: piã

→ French: pian


agûará

Nheengatu: awará

desc

Brazilian Portuguese: → aguará, ⇒ lobo-guará

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *awara.

inh+

Aîukaukar agûará Pedro supé.

Xe gûatáreme agûará xe repîaki.

Agûaráramo ereîkó.

Chrysocyon brachyurus
Chrysocyon brachyurus#Translingual

(hapax legomenon) maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

eŷmbaba îagûara · îagûapytanga · îagûara [edit]


paraná

Língua Geral Amazônica and Língua Geral Paulista form of paranã


'ybatatã

From 'yba (“stalk”) + atãatã (“very hard”).


gûatapy

Nheengatu: watapí

desc

→ Portuguese: atapu, guatapi, uatapi, uatapu, vatapu

a very large sea snail, a univalve gastropod mollusk with a large opening

the shell of a very large sea snail, commonly referred to as a conch

jewelry made from the shells of this sea snail


akará

Nheengatu: akará

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: acará, cará
→ English: acara
→ Hunsrik: Karaa

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *akara.

etymon

acara (common name of various fish in the family Cichlidae)


kuriboka

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: caboclo, caboco
→ English: caboclo
→ Hunsrik: Kabock

(Late Tupi, hapax legomenon) person of mixed Indigenous Brazilian and African descent


amyîu

Nheengatu: abiú
→ Brazilian Portuguese: abiu, abio
→ English: abiu
→ Hunsrik: Abiu

(North Tupi, hapax legomenon) abiu (Pouteria caimito)


maxaru

Borrowed from Portuguese machado (“axe”).


tapijra

Vocabulary in the Brasílica Language spelling of tapi'ira


amoré

Nheengatu: amuré

desc

Brazilian Portuguese: amoré, amboré, aimoré, amoreia, moré, moreia, muré

goby. Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:


karakará

Nheengatu: karakará

Brazilian Portuguese: carcará, caracará

Cognate with Guarayu and Urubú-Kaapor karakara.

southern crested caracara
southern crested caracara

Caracara plancus
Caracara plancus#Translingual

caracara. Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:

southern crested caracara (Caracara plancus)

Caracara cheriway
Caracara cheriway#Translingual

northern crested caracara (Caracara cheriway)

Milvago chimachima
Milvago chimachima#Translingual


îabutikaba

desctree

→ Portuguese: jabuticaba, jaboticaba
→ English: jaboticaba
→ Hunsrik: Schabutikaab
→ Spanish: jabuticaba

Navarro derives it from îaboti (“tortoise”) + kaba (“fat”), although the /o/ > /u/ change and the relation to the animal aren't very clear.

(hapax legomenon) jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora)


sukuriîu

Nheengatu: sukuriyú

→ Portuguese: sucuri

sukuriú (alternative)
sukuriúba (alternative)

Joseph of Anchieta (1560) chapter VIII, in Epistola quamplurimarum rerum naturalium quae S. Vicentii (nunc S. Pauli) provinciam incolunt sistens descriptionem (overall work in Latin); republished as Diogo de Toledo Lara Ordonhez, editor, Lisboa: Typis Academiae, 1799, page 10: “Çucuryúba”

Xe giboya, xe coço / xe tamuyuçu Aimbire / Çucuriju, taguato / tamandoa atirabebo / xe anhanga morope.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 66v; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 124:

I'm a boa, a heron, I'm the great tamoio Aîmbiré. A anaconda, a goshawk, a shaggy anteater, I'm a people-burning devil.


kaninana

Nheengatu: kaninana

→ Portuguese: caninana

Gabriel Soares de Sousa (1587) chapter CXIII, in Noticia do Brasil (overall work in Portuguese), Salvador; republished as Francisco Adolpho de Varnhagen, editor, Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587, Rio de Janeiro: Laemmert, 1851, page 264: “Caninam”

a black and yellow colubrid. Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:

tropical chicken snake (Spilotes pullatus)

Fernão Cardim (p. 1583) “A Treatiſe of Braſil, written by a Portugall which had long lived there”, in Samuel Purchas, transl., Francis Cooke, compiler, Pvrchas his Pilgrimes, part IV, book VII, chapter I § 4 (overall work in English), London: H. Fetherston, published 1625, page 1303: “Caninana”

anonymous author (1622) “cobra”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Portuguese), Piratininga; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, volume 1, São Paulo: USP, 1953, page 76: “Caninana”

a green colubrid. Further details are uncertain.


îundi'a

Nheengatu: yandiá

→ Brazilian Portuguese: jundiá, jandiá, nhandiá
→ Hunsrik: Schundiaa

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *juniʔa.

etymon

nhandi'a (alternative)
nhundi'a (alternative)

catfish (any fish of the order Siluriformes)


gûakary

Nheengatu: wakarí

desc

→ Brazilian Portuguese: acari, cari, guacari, uacari

Vacari / he peixe armado de laminas he de cor pardo salpicado de preto a pedra parece hũ penhasco tofa he de 3 pal[mos] he de co[mer]

[c. 1631, Christovão de Lisboa, Historia dos animaes e arvores do Maranhão [History of Maranhão's animals and trees] (in Portuguese), Lisbon, page 175v:

“Gûakary” is a fish armed with blades. It's brown mottled with black. The stone looks like a cliff [?]. It's 3 spans long. It's edible.

Gvacari Braſilienſibus: piſcis ſubrotundo ſeu pyramidali corpore, pedalis vel paulo majoris longitudinis[…]

[1648, Georg Marcgrave, Willem Piso, Historia Naturalis Brasiliae [Brazilian Natural History], Rerum Naturalium Historiae, book IV, chapter XIII (in Latin), Amsterdam: Elzevir, page 166:

“Gûakary” from Brazil: fish with a subrotund or pyramidal body, about as long as a foot or slight longer […]

A dark-colored armored catfish. Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:

suckermouth catfish (Hypostomus plecostomus)


akaka'i

desctree

Nheengatu: wakarí, akarí (obsolete)
→ Brazilian Portuguese: uacari
→ English: uakari

(hapax legomenon) howler monkey. Further details are uncertain.


îandara

Nheengatu: yandara

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁yaǵ-der.
Latin ieientō
Latin ientō
Vulgar Latin *iantāre
Old Galician-Portuguese jantar
Portuguese jantar
Proto-Tupian *-ap
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ?
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi îandara
Adapted borrowing of Portuguese jantar + -a. The term was borrowed in the 18th century, before jantar got the modern sense of “evening meal”.


sokó

Nheengatu: sukú

→ Brazilian Portuguese: socó

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *soko.

etymon

heron. Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:

Tigrisoma lineatum
Tigrisoma lineatum#Translingual

rufescent tiger heron (Tigrisoma lineatum)


amana 'ara

Nheengatu: amana-ara


nhamandakaru

Nheengatu: mandakarú

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: mandacaru, jamacaru, mandacarú (misspelling)
→ English: mandacaru
→ Spanish: mandacaru

îamakaru (alternative)
îaramakaru (alternative)

L'Yarammacarou eſt vue plante fort monſtrueuſe & bigearre, plus groſſe beaucoup que la cuiſſe, haute de dix ou douze pieds, ayãt cinq ou ſix branches qui font preſque de meſme groſſfeur iuſque au bout. Cette plante eſt ſi rendre que d'un ſeul coup d'eſpée l'on en couperoit deux ou trois. Elle eſt toute verte au dehors & blanche dedans, iamais ne porte de fueilles, mais elle eſt toute enuironnéed'eſpines lon/gues comme le doigt: ſa fleur eſt rouge cramoiſie meſlée de bleu d'où il en proviẽt vn fruict plus grosque le poing tout rouge par dehors & tres-blanc par le dedans, remply de petits pepins qui ſe mangent avec le fruict lequel eſt tres-doux & tres-agreable, ayant le meſme gouſt que les freſes que nous auons icy.

[1614, Claude d'Abbeville, chapter XXXVIII, in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L'Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 228:

Iamacarv[…]Arbor magna. Primum erumpit è terra folium unum octangulum , cujus anguli ſuny tertes, æqualis orancs craſſitiei quaſi exſculpti eſſent , ordine ſpinulis in ſtellulæ modum poſitis armati, & inter quaſlibet duas tales ſtellulas tranſverſalis quaedam lineola eminet. Huic uni folio alia plura more itidem Tunæ annaſcuntur , ejuſdem figuræ; quodlibet unum, duos, tres, quandoque & ſex pedes longum, verguntque ut plurimum in altum, brachium humanum craſſa, quandoque craſſiora: ſucceſſu autem temporis folium inferius corticeni gryſeum acquirit ac in caudicem lignoſum & craſſum abit ſpongioſum tamen & facile cæduum; folia vero quæ caudici proxima ramorum vicem ſupplent, cætera foliorum. Caudex vetus ac ramoſa ilia ſolia ſpinas denique amittunt, neque ſpinoſa manent, ſed tantum ſolia. Hos huic Caudicifolitarius provenit albus, magnus, figura ſimilis quarto loco deſcripto: ſequitur ſrudus ovo anſerino duplo major, ovalis figuræ, exterius ruber obſcure, qui comeditur.

[1648, Georg Marcgrave, Willem Piso, Historia Naturalis Brasiliae [Brazilian Natural History], Historiae Plantarum, book III, chapter XV (in Latin), Amsterdam: Elzevir, page 126:

cactus. Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:


tybypoîa

Nheengatu: teyupuya, tipipuya, tiyipuya

From tyby (“grave”) + poî (“to offer”) + -a, literally “grave offering”.


missa-pytuna

Nheengatu: misa-pituna

Literally, “Mass night”.
The first part is an unadapted borrowing from Portuguese missa, which is why the final syllable was not dropped in the compound. A proper adaptation would result in *mixá, following the same rules seen in kamixá: palatalization of /s/ into /ʃ/ after /i/ and change of stress from a paroxytone to an oxytone, as no stems could end in ⟨s⟩ or ⟨x⟩.


îuá

→ Portuguese: juá

Iva Braſilienſibus, eſt ſrutex eodem modo creſcens quo Iurepeba, ſimilique ligno, ſed ſolet altius affurgere. Caudex ſpinoſus ac leni hirſutie præditus. Folia inordinate poſita, pallide viridia, oblonga, non ira laciniata ut Iurepebæ, leni hirſutie ſeu lanugine infecta. / Flores itidem ſert ut Iurepeba, lacteos, quinque foliis conſtantes, inſtar ſtellæ expanſos, in medio autem ſtaminula lutea ſunt erecta. / Fructum ſert magnitudine majoris pomi vulgaris, rotundum, initio ſaturate vindem ac brunna lanugine tectum per maturitatem citrini colons ac ſplendcntcm. Cortex inſtar teſtæ ovi frangibilis, intus continct pulpam ſucculentam , flaveſcentem, quæ copioſa ſemina, lentium figura, magnitudine & colore continet. Pulpa illa admodum dulcis eſt & grata ſormicis; ab hominibus non comeditur.

[1648, Georg Marcgrave, Willem Piso, Historia Naturalis Brasiliae [Brazilian Natural History], Historiae Plantarum, book II, chapter IV (in Latin), Amsterdam: Elzevir, page 63:

(hapax legomenon) a solanum similar to the jurubeba. Further details are uncertain.


karapina

Nheengatu: karapina

→ Portuguese: carapina

Uncertain. Some sources consider it a borrowing from Portuguese carpinteiro, but the adaptation of -eiro isn't clear (see pereru (“blacksmith”), from ferreiro).


carapina

Vocabulary in the Brasílica Language spelling of karapina


agûeá

axle, axletree (pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves)


ymbaba

head

ymbaba (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tymbaba, R1 rymbaba, R2 symbaba)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Abá mbäé mombucâpa, abá rymbâbâ iucâbo, abá mundéçûpa ipórôca.

1686 [1618], Antônio de Araújo, chapter 7, in Bartolomeu de Leão, editor, Cateciſmo Braſilico da Doutrina Chriſtãa [Brazilian Catechism of the Christian Doctrine], 2 edition, Cateciſmo […] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Miguel Deslandes, page 108:

Destroying someone's things, killing someone's livestock, visiting someone's traps, and emptying them.

Oapixâra rymbâba iagoâra remimomocẽgoéra, coipó cemijucá poéra raçâra.

Those who take what the domesticated dog of their peer has chased, or what it has killed.


agueâ

Vocabulary in the Brasílica Language spelling of agûeá


agueâpopig

Vocabulary in the Brasílica Language spelling of agûeapopy


pirasema

Nheengatu: pirasema

→ Brazilian Portuguese: piracema

(hapax legomenon) the period of the year when fish migrate upriver to reproduce


gûyrapuka

Nheengatu: arapuka

→ Brazilian Portuguese: arapuca

(hapax legomenon) a type of trap used to catch birds


pu'ama

head

pu'ama (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute mu'ama)

→ Brazilian Portuguese: muamba

Noipotari yanderi / yandeçumarãpuama / yandereco caturãma / oi meenguca iepi.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “Dança” (chapter LXXIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 172v, lines 70–73; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 323:

She didn't want our enemies' assault onto us, always making them give [us] our future happiness.


pyxuna

Nheengatu: pixuna


surara

Nheengatu: surara

Borrowed from Portuguese soldado, from Old Galician-Portuguese soldado.

etymon

Sargento, Soraretà abé / Fumo xe çüí oieruré; / Aé: cosinha pupé oicò, / Icatù ixüí peraçò. / Opabenhè opocàpocá, / Ogoeraçó petýmãtã / Oiepé nhó xe möeté, / Oimëeng ixébo piráẽm.

a. 1757, anonymous author, Narração que faz um sertanejo a um seu amigo de uma viagem que fez pelo sertão; republished as Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, “Um texto anônimo, em língua geral amazônica, do século XVIII”, in Revista USP, number 90, São Paulo, 2011 August 25, →DOI, page 186:

The sergeant and the soldiers asked for smoke; I said: “it's in the kitchen, it's good, take it”. They all laughed a lot, they took hard tobacco. Only one [of them] thanked me: he gave me a salted fish.


mimotara

head

mimotara (possessable, IId class pluriform, absolute mimotara, R1 remimotara, R2 semimotara, R3 o emimotara)

From mi- (passive deverbalizer prefix) + potar (“to want, to desire”) + -a (nominal suffix), literally “that which someone wants, desires”.

af

Marãpè acè recou T. remimotara mopõragoâma recè T. opitibõmotâ?

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter 10, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], 1 edition, [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n164/mode/1up Livro Quarto do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 74v:

How does one behave in order to fulfill God's will, hoping for God's help?


mimbo'e

head

mimbo'e (possessable, IId class pluriform, absolute mimbo'e, R1 remimbo'e, R2 semimbo'e, R3 o emimbo'e)

From mi- (passive deverbalizer prefix) + mbo'e (“to teach, to instruct”), literally “that which someone teaches”.


ybytugûasu

Nheengatu: iwituwasú

From ybytu (“wind”) + -gûasu (augmentative suffix), literally “big wind”.

Apo Meiren geuppaw y wittu wasu Jmmou.

1557, Hans Staden, chapter 37, in Warhaftige Hiſtoria [True History], volume 1 (overall work in German), Marburg: Andreas Kolbe, unnumbered page:

That wicked Frenchman made the gale come.


igbigtuguaçu

Vocabulary in the Brasílica Language spelling of ybytugûasu


'ykaraiburu

From 'ykaraíba (“holy water”) + uru (“vessel, container”).

(Christianity, hapax legomenon) stoup (holy water font)


igcaraiburu

Vocabulary in the Brasílica Language spelling of 'ykaraiburu


kamarara

Nheengatu: kamarara

Etymology tree
Old Spanish camara
Spanish cámara
Proto-Italic *-ātos
Latin -ātus
Late Latin -āta
Spanish -ada
Spanish camaradabor.
Portuguese camaradabor.
Old Tupi kamarara
Borrowed from Portuguese camarada, borrowed from Spanish camarada, from cámara + -ada.

etymon

Ixé nde Paí camarára, / Nde Paí abé xe rauçupára; / Ereicò cüáb xe iopoitàra, / Aipó opotár Iandé Iára.

a. 1757, anonymous author, Narração que faz um sertanejo a um seu amigo de uma viagem que fez pelo sertão; republished as Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, “Um texto anônimo, em língua geral amazônica, do século XVIII”, in Revista USP, number 90, São Paulo, 2011 August 25, →DOI, page 189:

I'm a comrade of your priest, your priest is also friends with me; you can feed me, that's what Our Lord wants.


marakatĩ

desctree

Nheengatu: marakatĩ
→ Brazilian Portuguese: maracatim

Etymology tree
Italian briga
Proto-Italic *-āzi
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Latin -ereinflu.
Latin -āre
Italian -are
Italian brigare
Latin -ansder.
Italian -ante
Italian brigante
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos
Proto-Italic *-īnos
Latin -īnus
Italian -ino
Italian brigantinocalq.
Catalan bergantíbor.
Portuguese bergantimbor.
Old Tupi marakatĩ
Borrowed from Portuguese bragantim.


akãpyra

head

akãpyra (possessable, IIe class pluriform, absolute sakãpyra, R1 rakãpyra, R2 sakãpyra)

Nheengatu: akapira

[ãˌkãˈpɨ.ɾa]

From akã (“branch”) + apyra (“extremity”).

tip (of a stick, tree branch, or something similar)


gûyrasapukaîusu

From gûyrasapukaîa (“rooster”) + -usu (augmentative suffix), literally “big rooster”.

af

(Late Tupi, hapax legomenon) turkey (any bird in the genus Meleagris)


guîraçapucayuçû

Vocabulary in the Brasílica Language spelling of gûyrasapukaîusu


aysó

[…] o aigçô abè ocepiac.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter 2, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], 1 edition, [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n104/mode/1up Livro Segundo do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 37v:


komandá

Nheengatu: kumandá

→ Brazilian Portuguese: comandá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kumana.

etymon

a native bean species. Further details are uncertain.

Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgaris#Translingual

(Late Tupi) common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)


gûaragûasu

From gûará (a fish of the family Cichlidae) + -gûasu (augmentative suffix), literally “big guará”.

af

a fish of the family Carangidae. Further details are uncertain.


gûaîmĩ ûyrapara

Nheengatu: waimĩ-mirapara


gûarugûá

desctree

Nheengatu: waruá
→ Emerillon: waruwa
→ Wayampi: warua

Uncertain. Perhaps borrowed from Middle French miroir. First attested in 1578.

arugûá (alternative)
aruá (alternative)
ûaruá (alternative)

(Late Tupi) mirror (smooth reflecting surface)


aruá

nonlemma

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


gûaîay

possessable (romanization)
*ûaîay (alternative)

feather adornments, headdresses, feathered ornaments worn on the head


ysypó

Nheengatu: sipú

→ Brazilian Portuguese: cipó

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ɨt͡ʃɨpo.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní yxypo.

etymon

Uſu-potuue

1578, Jean de Léry, chapter XX, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, page 349:


ûyrapara

Nheengatu: mirapara

urapara (alternative)
ybyrapara (alternative)

Aurapapirar.

1622, anonymous author, “Armar arco, ou bêsta”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 41; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:


paîa

tlb

(Língua Geral Amazônica, Língua Geral Paulista)

Nheengatu: paya

Adapted borrowing of Portuguese pai (“father”) + -a (nominal suffix). First attested in 1680–1698.

af

— Abápe erimba'e Tupana omonhangypy yby pora[…]? / — Îandé paîypy[…]

a. 1698, João Filipe Bettendorff, chapter IV, in Doutrina Christaã / Em lingua geral dos Indios do Estado do Brasil / e Maranhão, composta pelo P. Philippe Bettendorff / traduzida em lingoa irregular, e vulgar uzada nestes tempos, page 16:

— Who formerly did God make first as an inhabitant of the earth? / — Our first father.

xepaia

a. 1756, Anton Meisterburg, “Pay”, in [Dicionário de Trier] (overall work in Portuguese and Old Tupi), Baixo Xingu, Pará, page 30v, column 1, line 20; republished as Jean-Claude Muller et al., editors, Dicionário de língua geral amazônica, Potsdam: University of Potsdam, 2019, →DOI, page 213:


krusá

→ Kariri: kɾudza

desctree

Old Tupi: (LGA, LGP) kurusá
Nheengatu: kurusá
→ Brazilian Portuguese: Curuçá

Borrowed from Portuguese cruz, from Old Galician-Portuguese cruz, from Latin crux, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-.
Compare Paraguayan Guaraní kurusu.

etymon

O atijbari / Cruça oçupi / Membeca çuj / Ieſu ceroari, / cece abapoari / ndereçape nhe / Abape ⁓. // Y aipo açaça / ypi recebe / Cruça çoce nhe / Xejara moja / oique itapigua / nde angapupe / Abap arapora / oico nde yabe.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “Doſ Miſterioſ do Rozairo de noſsa ſar̃” (chapter XXXIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 37v, lines 69–84; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 83:

On his own shoulder, he lifts the cross. Out of weakness, Jesus falls with it. Men strike him before your eyes. What inhabitant of the world is like you? They pierce his hands along with his feet, upon the cross nailing my lord. The nails sink deep into your soul. What inhabitant of the world is like you?

Cruſſa chépopé ſecoremé, ouyiemo cruſſaue tooure Ieropary oycoue aermé, naſſequeie chouéne ichouy

1614, Claude d'Abbeville, “De la mort de trois Indiens Topinamba qui eſtoient venus en France” (chapter LVII), in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L'Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (overall work in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 357:

If the cross is in my hands, while I am blessing myself—let the devils come at that moment—I will not fear them.


îabebyra

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jaβeβɨr.

inh+

w:Faculty of Philosophy, Languages and Human Sciences, University of São Paulo


kunhã'yba

[kũˌɲãˈʔɨ.βa]

xe cunhã ibamo arecô

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Taboada dos nomes do parenteſco, que ha na lingoa Braſilica” (chapter XIIII), in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], 1 edition, [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n227/mode/1up Livro Sexto do Confessionário […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 114:


nhau'uma

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nhau'uma (possessable, IId class pluriform, absolute nhau'uma, R1 renhau'uma, R2 senhau'uma, R3 o enhau'uma)

nhau'uma (absolute)
na'uma (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jauˀum, from Proto-Tupian *waˀẽuˀum.

inh+

nhauúmóca

1555, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter II, in Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil (overall work in Portuguese), Coimbra: Antonio de Mariz, published 1595, page 2v:

Marã, itánhépe, coipó ybyrá, nhäûma çüí imonhanghimbyra nhé pe acé oimoeté?

1686 [1618], Antônio de Araújo, edited by Bartolomeu de Leão, Cateciſmo Braſilico da Doutrina Chriſtãa [Brazilian Catechism of the Christian Doctrine], 2 edition, Cateciſmo […] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Miguel Deslandes, page 15:

What about stone or wood? Do people essentially worship what is made of clay?

clay (mineral substance used in ceramics)


esagûarugûá

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esagûarugûá (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tesagûarugûá, R1 resagûarugûá, R2 sesagûarugûá)

tesagûarugûá (absolute)
esaarugûá (alternative)
esagûaruá (alternative)

Nheengatu: esá-waruá

blinkers (blinders for people or animals)

José Mariano da Conceição Velloso
w:pt:José Mariano da Conceição Velloso

(Língua Geral Amazônica) glasses, spectacles


esaarugûá

esaarugûá (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tesaarugûá, R1 resaarugûá, R2 sesaarugûá)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


esagûaruá

esagûaruá (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tesagûaruá, R1 resagûaruá, R2 sesagûaruá)

(Língua Geral Amazônica) Alternative form of esagûarugûá


urubitinga

⇒ Translingual: Buteogallus urubitinga

Etymology tree
Proto-Tupian *urupˀu
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *uruβu
Old Tupi urubu
Old Tupi -'ĩ
Old Tupi ting
Proto-Tupian *-ap
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ?
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi urubitinga
From urubu (“vulture”) + -'ĩ (diminutive suffix) + ting (“white”) + -a (nominalizer suffix).

af

Buteogallus urubitinga
Buteogallus urubitinga#Translingual

(hapax legomenon) great black hawk (Buteogallus urubitinga)


pokaku'i

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pokaku'i (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute mokaku'i)

Old Tupi: pokaba ku'i (LGA)

Nheengatu: mukawakuí

From pokaba (“firearm”) + ku'i (“powder”).

T. — Esse non bat
F. — Coromo
T. — Neîn.
F. — Mocap[…]Mororocap[…]Mocap-coui[…]Mocap-couiourou[…]

1578, Jean de Léry, chapter XX, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, pages 124–125:

T. — Name everything.
F. — Just a moment.
T. — Alright.
F. — Firearms, bombards, gunpowder, gunpowder containers.

gunpowder (explosive mixture used in gunnery)


akaîá

Nheengatu: kayá

→ Brazilian Portuguese: cajá, acajá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *akaja.

etymon

Spondias mombin
Spondias mombin#Translingual


po'ykaraíba

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po'ykaraíba (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute mo'ykaraíba)

(Christianity) prayer beads, rosary beads


pereru

Borrowed from Portuguese ferreiro, from Old Galician-Portuguese ferreiro, from Latin ferrārius, from ferrum + -ārius.

etymon

peîreîru (alternative)
pereîru (alternative)


apykaba

Nheengatu: wapikawa

→ Kariri: pɨka

By surface analysis, gûapyk (“to sit”) + -ab (circumstantial suffix) + -a (nominal suffix), literally “place to sit”.

surface analysis

peru apicaba amo / begue yayomõgueta, / tonhãdu ume aba

c. 1585, Joseph of Anchieta, “[Na Aldeia de Guaraparim] [In the Village of Guaraparim]” (chapter LXIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Guarapari, page 150v, lines 253–255; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 285:

Bring some seats. Let's speak quietly so the Indians don't notice it.


ybyrapararanga

From ybyrá (“wood”) + pararang (“to roll”) + -a (nominal suffix), literally “wood that rolls”.

af

(proscribed) A wheel that moves along the air.

cart (wheeled vehicle drawn by an animal)


ybyrapararanga

→ Kariri: wirapararã


xyra

Alternative form of syra following a word ending in i or î


takaká

→? Portuguese: tacacá

Comandaí, tacacá abé, / Çupí catú äú ára iabé.

a. 1757, anonymous author, Narração que faz um sertanejo a um seu amigo de uma viagem que fez pelo sertão; republished as Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, “Um texto anônimo, em língua geral amazônica, do século XVIII”, in Revista USP, number 90, São Paulo, 2011 August 25, →DOI, page 183:

Beans and tacacá—yes, I ate them every day.


ytá

ócitâ

1555, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter IIII, in Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil (overall work in Portuguese), Coimbra: Antonio de Mariz, published 1595, page 9:

Ynimbebigtâ

1622, anonymous author, “Leito, pela armação somente”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 20; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

Wikipedia:Art of Grammar of the Most Used Language on the Coast of Brazil

post, foundation, frame (main components that support a machine or any structure)


ytá

Aobigtâ

1622, anonymous author, “Tear”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 125; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

Inĩitâ


karanderu

→? Portuguese: Carandiru

Borrowed from Portuguese carneiro (“ram”). A more expected adaptation would be *karaneru. The realization of /n/ as [nd] can be explained by the known Guaraní influence on Língua Geral Paulista, as is quite noticeable in kambarara (in Língua Geral Amazônica, kamarara).


kambarara

Etymology tree
Old Spanish camara
Spanish cámara
Proto-Italic *-ātos
Latin -ātus
Late Latin -āta
Spanish -ada
Spanish camaradabor.
Portuguese camaradabor.
Old Tupi kambarara
Borrowed from Portuguese camarada, borrowed from Spanish camarada, from cámara + -ada. The realization of /m/ as [mb] can be explained by the known Guaraní influence on Língua Geral Paulista. See also karanderu.

etymon

(hapax legomenon) Língua Geral Paulista form of kamarara (“friend”)


mbarakaîá

From marakaîá. The realization of /m/ as [mb] can be explained by the known Guaraní influence on Língua Geral Paulista.

(hapax legomenon) Língua Geral Paulista form of marakaîá (“cat”)


sumarana

From sumarã, possibly reanalyzed as a compound of marã, which has marana as a variant, hence it may be a case of hypercorrection. The word sumarã appears to have no cognates in other languages of the same family, so its etymology is attributed to Kariri, in which it is also attested and can be better analyzed.

(hapax legomenon) Língua Geral Paulista form of sumarã (“enemy”)


seborá

Borrowed from Portuguese cebola, from Old Galician-Portuguese cebola, from Latin cēpulla, from cēpa + -ulus.
Compare Paraguayan Guaraní sevói.


pikyra

→ Portuguese: piquira, pequira

By surface analysis, pira (“skin”) + kyra (“tender”), literally “tender skin”. Cognate with Classical Guaraní piquĭ.

surface analysis

(hapax legomenon) A small fish. Further details are uncertain.


kupi'ĩ

Nheengatu: kupĩ

→ Brazilian Portuguese: cupim

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kupiʔi, from Proto-Tupian *ᵑkupˀi.

etymon

termite (any insect in the taxon Isoptera)


sagrapyra

Partial calque of Portuguese sagrado (“sacred”), from Portuguese sagrar /sagrado (“to consecrate, sacred”) + -pyr (passive nominalizer suffix) + -a (nominal suffix).
The suffix -pyr typically requires the prefix s- to precede it (in the case of pluriform verbs, as in saûsubypyra (“that which is loved”)) or the pronoun i (as in i îukapyra (“that which is killed”)). This does not occur in the present case, which may be explained either by a reanalysis of sagrapyra as already containing the prefix s- or by the fact that, if the pronoun i were to be added, the resulting form *i xagrapyra might have been difficult for the native people being catechized to recognize and understand. See also missa-pytuna.

af

[…] ndë rëõagoéra, nde poraraçagoéra sagrapŷreté […]

1687, João Filipe Bettendorff, “Acto de Contrição”, in Compendio da Doutrina Christãa Na lingua Portugueza, e Brasilica [Compendium of the Christian Doctrine in the Portuguese and Brasílica Language] (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), page 29, column 2; republished as José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo, editor, Lisbon: Offic. de Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, 1800:


etãmirĩ

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etãmirĩ (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tetãmirĩ, R1 retãmirĩ, R2 setãmirĩ)

From etama (“land”) + mirĩ (“small”), literally “small land”.


etamusu

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etamusu (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tetamusu, R1 retamusu, R2 setamusu)

From etama (“land”) + -usu (augmentative suffix), literally “big land”.


'ygapó

Nheengatu: igapú, gapú

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: igapó
→ English: igapó


mykura

Nheengatu: mikura

→ Portuguese: mucura, micura

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *mɨkur.


pirakabaru

Etymology tree
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pira
Old Tupi pirá
Proto-Celtic *kaballosder.?
Latin caballus
Old Galician-Portuguese cavalo
Portuguese cavalobor.
Old Tupi kabaru
Old Tupi pirakabaru
From pirá (“fish”) + kabaru (“horse”), possibly a calque of Portuguese cavalo-marinho (“sea horse”).


sakûãîba'egûyra

From sakûãîba'e (“male”) + gûyra (“bottom”).

(hapax legomenon) a woman with masculine manners; a butch woman, a mannish woman (who has never been with a man, has a woman, speaks and fights like a man)


kûarasy 'ara

Nheengatu: kurasí-ara


tabusu

From taba (“village”) + -usu (augmentative suffix).

af

Tau-ouſcou-pe-ouim

1578, Jean de Léry, chapter XX, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, page 361:

D. Oiucâ agoera repiramo amoa piâba tobajára maranari tecoára irã âcoè tabuçu Ieruſalem y aba pôra mõbebaoâma cuapanhe, aipo y eû.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter IX, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n137/mode/1up Livro Terceiro do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, pages 61v–62:


patygûá

Nheengatu: patuá

→ Portuguese: patuá, patiguá, picuá

patugûá (alternative)
patuá (alternative)

hamper, type of basket made from palm leaves, wicker basket


musiky

Nheengatu: musikí

Tambem este mar lança fóra pelas praias alforrecas ou corôas de frades, como aquellas que sahem no rio de Lisboa na praia de Belém e em outras partes; e na Bahia sahem ás vezes juntas duas, e tres mil d’ellas, a que os indios chamam muciquî.

[1587, Gabriel Soares de Sousa, chapter CXLIII, in Notícia do Brasil (in Portuguese), Salvador; republished as Francisco Adolpho de Varnhagen, editor, Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587, 2nd edition, Rio de Janeiro: João Ignancio da Silva, 1879, page 273:

Movcicv Braſilienſibus, excrementum maris pellucidum; pulchre rubrum & leviſſimum; bullæ inſtar, figura varia, nunc ovali, nunc triangulari fere, aquis ſupernatat[…]

[1648, Georg Marcgrave, Willem Piso, Historia Naturalis Brasiliae [Brazilian Natural History], Medicina Brasiliensi, book III, chapter (in Latin), Amsterdam: Elzevir, page 44:


abaregûasu

→ Brazilian Portuguese: abaré-guaçu

From abaré (“priest”) + -gûasu (augmentative suffix), literally “big priest”.

Angari / abare goaçu cori / aroguata

c. 1589, Joseph of Anchieta, “Recebimẽto, q̃ fezeraõ oſ Jndioſ de guaraparĩ ao Pᵉ Prouĩcial Marçal Belliarte [Reception that the Guaraparim's Indians made for the provincial priest Marçal Beliarte]” (chapter XXI), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Guarapari, page 23v, column 2, lines 194–199; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 56:

2. Acê cibâpe Abârè goaçûnhandî caraîba nonga

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter I, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Livro Primeiro da Doctrina Christam (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, Sete Santa Madre Igreja Sacramentos [Seven Holy Mother Church Sacraments], page 17v:

2. On the people's forehead, the bishop puts the holy oil.

Iecatúpe: Abaré goaçu Papa angaipâba recé nhirõ mëênga acêbo, Tupã recobiâramo oecó pupé?

1687, João Filipe Bettendorff, “Dialogo I”, in Compendio da Doutrina Christãa Na lingua Portugueza, e Brasilica [Compendium of the Christian Doctrine in the Portuguese and Brasílica Language] (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), page 57, column 2; republished as José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo, editor, Lisbon: Offic. de Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, 1800:

Can the supreme pontiff Pope give us the pardon for our sins, as the substitute of God?

(Christianity) Any clergyman of a rank higher than a priest, such as a bishop or prelate.


mboîgûasu

Eduardo de Almeida Navarro
Historia naturalis Brasiliae

Either a blend of mboîa (“snake”) + sygûasu (“deer”) or from mboîa + *gûasu (“deer”).
Some sources may suggest that the term derives from mboîa + -gûasu (augmentative suffix), but since mboîa is a paroxytone word, its augmentative form should actually be mboîusu. Furthermore, the Portuguese term used to refer to the species in the Historia naturalis Brasiliae, cobra-de-veado, may be a calque from Old Tupi.

blend

A snake. Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:


tamandûa'i

desctree

Nheengatu: tamanduaí
→ Brazilian Portuguese: tamanduaí

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tamanuʔaʔi. By surface analysis, tamandûá (“anteater”) + -'ĩ (diminutive suffix).

surf

Tamandva-i Braſilienſibus, Belgis Kleyn Miereneter. Animal vulpeculæ Americanæ magnitudine, vel paulo major.

[1648, Georg Marcgrave, Willem Piso, Historia Naturalis Brasiliae [Brazilian Natural History], Rerum Naturalium Historiae, book VI, chapter IV (in Latin), Amsterdam: Elzevir, page 225:

“Tamandûa'i” from Brazil, “Kleyn Miereneter” [small anteater] in Dutch. An animal the size of an American fox, or a bit larger.

(hapax legomenon) southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla)


head

o eopakatu mba'e tetiruã monhanga e'ikatuba'e

opakatu mba'e tetiruã monhanga e'ikatuba'e (unpossessable)

Literally, “that which shows itself well making all and any things”.