y

head

y (possessable, IIb class pluriform, absolute ty, R1 ry, R2 ty)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tɨ (“liquid, urine”), from Proto-Tupian *tˀɨ (“liquid, urine”). Doublet of ty.
Cognate with Sateré-Mawé hɨ (“river”), Guaraní ty (“urine”).

inh+

juice, while it's still inside the fruit


y

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tɨ (“river”), from Proto-Tupian *it͡ʃˀɨ (“river”).
Cognate with Awetí hɨ (“river”) and Sateré-Mawé ihɨ (“river”).


amana

Nheengatu: amana

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *aman, from Proto-Tupian *aman.
Cognate with Guaraní ama.

etymon

Opigc amana.

1622, anonymous author, “Escampar a chuua”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 122; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

rain (condensed water falling from a cloud)

Açape monhang amana

c. 1628, Luís Figueira, Arte da lingua Braſilica [Art of the Brasílica Language]^(https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Galeria:Arte_da_l%C3%ADngua_bras%C3%ADlica_(circa_1628).pdf) (overall work in Portuguese), Lisbon: Manuel da Silva, page 48:


amana

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Jndi cori tiaço, / Temimino repenhana / aunhenhe cetama amana

c. 1585, Joseph of Anchieta, “[Na Aldeia de Guaraparim] [In the Village of Guaraparim]” (chapter LXIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Guarapari, page 149v, column 2, lines 161–163; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 283:

Let's go with him today, attack the Temiminó, immediatly encircling their land.


uba

head

uba (possessable, IIb class pluriform, absolute tuba, R1 ruba, R2 tuba)

Nheengatu: uba

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tup (“father”), from Proto-Tupian *t͡sup (“father”).
Cognate with Guaraní túva.

inh+

Coordinate term: sy (“mother”)

paternal uncle (brother of one's father)

first cousin once removed
first cousin once removed

first cousin once removed (cousin of one's father)

(Christianity, Late Tupi) godfather (man present at the christening of a baby)


uba

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ʔɨβ (“thigh”), from Proto-Tupian *kʔɨp (“leg”).
Cognate with Guaraní uvã.


sy

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *t͡ʃɨ, from Proto-Tupian *tɨ.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní xy and Guaraní sy


amỹîa

head

amỹîa (possessable, IIb class pluriform, absolute tamỹîa, R1 ramỹîa, R2 tamỹîa, female equivalent aryîa)

tamỹîa (absolute)
aryîa (feminine)
amũîa (alternative)
amỹnha (alternative)
ambynha (alternative)

Ycaõygoaçu pipo / xeramũya jaguaruna? / eneĩ taçobeipo, / eri, auyete paco / ayeguac uinhemouna

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 142, lines 698–702; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 718:

By the way, does my grandpa Jaguaruna have much cauim? Come on! I'm gonna get drunk! Wait! Actually, I must adorn myself with black paint...

Ereyoiaipe, ereyaópe, ereyangaópe nde ruba, de cî, nde ramuya, nde ariya?

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Preguntas ſobre o Quuarto Mandamento” (chapter V), in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n227/mode/1up Livro Sexto do Confessionário […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 100v, line 7:

Have you befooled, dishonoured, vituperated your father, your mother, your grandfather, your grandmother?


amỹîa

amỹîa (possessable, IIb class pluriform, absolute tamỹîa, R1 ramỹîa, R2 tamỹîa)

tamỹîa (absolute)
amũîa (alternative)
amỹnha (alternative)
ambynha (alternative)

O pap cheramouyn maè pouaire aitih.

1578, Jean de Léry, chapter 20, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, page 132:

I've thrown away all my ancestors old belongings.


tutyra

brother of one's mother (maternal uncle)


era

era (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tera, R1 rera, R2 sera)

Nheengatu: era

→⇒ Portuguese: xará

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *teT, from Proto-Tupian *jeT.
Cognate with Guaraní téra.


kana

Nheengatu: kana

Borrowed from Portuguese cana, from Old Galician-Portuguese cana, from Latin canna, borrowed from Ancient Greek κᾰ́ννᾱ (kắnnā), borrowed from Akkadian qanûm.

etymon

Saccharum officinarum
Saccharum officinarum#Translingual


py

head

py (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute mby)

Nheengatu: pí

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pɨ, *mbɨ, from Proto-Tupian *pɨ, *mbɨ.
Cognate with Guaraní py.


py

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pɨ, from Proto-Tupian *pɨ.


ty

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tɨ (“liquid, urine”), from Proto-Tupian *tˀɨ (“liquid, urine”). Doublet of y.
Cognate with Sateré-Mawé hɨ (“river”), Guaraní ty (“urine”).


rana

Nheengatu: rana

→ Brazilian Portuguese: -rana


aba

aba (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute taba, R1 raba, R2 saba)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *rap, from Proto-Mawé-Guaraní *t͡sap, from Proto-Tupian *jap.
Cognate with Sateré-Mawé sap, Guaraní ague.

fur (hairy coat of various mammal species)

pykasuaba


una

una (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tuna, R1 runa, R2 suna)

Nheengatu: una (adjective)


kama

Nheengatu: kama

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kam, from Proto-Tupian *ᵑkam.
Cognate with Paraguayan Guaraní káma.

breast; chest (front of the human thorax)


atu'uba

atu'uba (possessable, IIb class pluriform, absolute tatu'uba, R1 ratu'uba, R2 tatu'uba)

tatu'uba (absolute)
atuuba (alternative)


só

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *t͡so, from Proto-Tupian *t͡so.
Cognate with Guaraní ho.


'e

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ʔe /*ʔi, from Proto-Tupian *kʔe (“to say, to do”).
Cognate with Guaraní 'e.


'a

From Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ʔa (“fruit, head”), from Proto-Tupian *ʔa (“fruit, head”).
Cognate with Sateré-Mawé 'a and Guaraní 'a.

(chiefly in compounds) head (part of the body)

(vocative, in reverence) dude; bro term of address for a man

(vocative, in reverence) companion; comrade; term of address for a friend

(vocative, in reverence) sir; term of address for an old man


syra

Yxira

c. 1628, Luís Figueira, “Diuiſaõ do nome em cõmum”, in Arte da lingua Braſilica [Art of the Brasílica Language]^(https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Galeria:Arte_da_l%C3%ADngua_bras%C3%ADlica_(circa_1628).pdf) (overall work in Portuguese), Lisbon: Manuel da Silva, page 39:


paranã

desctree

Nheengatu: paraná, paranã
→ Brazilian Portuguese: paraná

→ Portuguese: Paraná

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *paranã.

etymon

ſ. ſebaſtiaõ abe / marana rerecoaroera / Tamũya quireĩbagoera / omõbab erimbae / nitibangai çetãbuera // Opa Paranapucu / Yacutinga, Moroi / Çarigueya, Guiriri / Pindoba, Parigoaçu / Curuça, Miapeig. // Jabebiraçic tapera / aqueime niporetai, / yauye muamaroera, / oyoibiri çeombuera / parana ibiri ycoai.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, pages 137–138, lines 593–607; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, pages 713–714:

Saint Sebastian too, the patron of war, destroyed the Tamoios, the brave ones; their old lands don't exist anymore. None of them – Paranapucu, Jacutinga, Moroí, Sarigueia, Guiriri, Pindoba, Pariguaçu, Curuçá, Miapeí, Jabebiracica's village – have had anything for a long time. The enemies surrended; their bodies were side by side along the sea.

Acôcoríparanâmèné[…]

1555, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter VII, in Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil (overall work in Portuguese), Coimbra: Antonio de Mariz, published 1595, page 22:

Oquir coêcoẽ amâna, Paranã momũgabo.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter IIII, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n104/mode/1up Livro Segundo do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 41v:

The morning kept seeing the rain pour, filling the sea

Paranã rupi[…]aguatâ.

1622, anonymous author, “Nauegar”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 48; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

José Mariano da Conceição Velloso
w:pt:José Mariano da Conceição Velloso

Língua geral dos índios das Américas
w:Língua geral dos índios das Américas

Coritéité aiepabóc, / Paranà rupí aiparabóc, / Moçapýr tüibäé uçú, / Çupí ocepiác pytún uçú.

a. 1757, anonymous author, Narração que faz um sertanejo a um seu amigo de uma viagem que fez pelo sertão, page 190; republished as Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, “Um texto anônimo, em língua geral amazônica, do século XVIII”, in Revista USP, number 90, São Paulo, 2011 August 25, →DOI, page 190:

Soon I departed. By the river, I chose three very old men. They really saw in the dark.

José Joaquim Machado de Oliveira
w:pt:José Joaquim Machado de Oliveira

(Língua Geral Amazônica, Língua Geral Paulista) river


îasy

Nheengatu: yasí

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jat͡sɨ, from Proto-Tupian *watɨ.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní jaxy and Paraguayan Guaraní jasy.

inh+

Jacibaeyaú[…]

1622, anonymous author, “Eclypsar-se a lua”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 108; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

Marã eteĩ raumope amó Anhangarata pôra recou ycô ârapupe oyepe yaci Tupã ebanoĩ çuí omomborû omoingoberememô[…]

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Do primeiro nouiſsimo, que he a morte” (chapter I), in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n340/mode/1up Livro Oitavo dos quatro novissimos do homen […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 156v:

How would an inhabitant of Hell live in this world if God made him live out of there for a month?

(Late Tupi, hapax legomenon) month (period into which a year is divided)


îasy

→ Portuguese: jaci

palm tree of the species Attalea butyracea


tupi

Nheengatu: tupí

→ Portuguese: tupi

From Tupi, a mythological figure said to be the ancestor of all Tupian peoples.

Kûeîsé, r'akó, amõ kanhemi, / ogûeîypa Magûeápe. / Abaré ogû erasoá'pe, / n'asaûsubi, i nhegûasemi, / tupi supa xe rekoá'pe.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, Auto de São Lourenço [Play of Saint Lawrence], Niterói, page 33, lines 110–114; republished in Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, transl., compiled by Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, Teatro, 2nd edition, São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2006, →ISBN:

Yesterday, for certain, some have gone missing, going down to Magûeá. Because the priests took them, I don't love them, they fled, visiting the Tupi in my home.

—[…]Paranãgûasu rasapa, / ybytyrybo gûibebébo, / asó tupi moangaîpapa, / a'e ré, muru mombapa, / xe ratápe seroîkébo.
— Mba'e apŷabap'aîpó?
— Tupinakyîa, keygûara, / tĩapyra moroupîara. / Muru, anhẽ, oîanga'o! / Nd'oîabyangáî îaguara...

c. 1585, Joseph of Anchieta, Na aldeia de Guaraparim [In the village of Guaraparim], Guarapari, page 142, lines 183–192; republished in Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, transl., compiled by Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, Teatro, 2nd edition, São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2006, →ISBN:

— Crossing the ocean, flying over the mountains, I went to make the Tupi sin, bringing them to my fire after that to kill the damned. / — Which men are these? / —The Tupiniquim, who live here, enemy informants. The damned, indeed, vituperate them! They truly are no different than the jaguars...

Tupi (any of several related indigenous nations of coastal Brazil that spoke Old Tupi)

(strictly) the Tupian people that lived in the São Vicente capitancy.


poxy

head

poxy (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute moxy)


katu

Nheengatu: katú

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *katu, from Proto-Tupian *katˀu.


é

head

é (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute té, R1 ré, R2 sé)


oka

oka (possessable, IIc class pluriform, absolute oka, R1 roka, R2 soka)

Nheengatu: uka

→ Brazilian Portuguese: oca

Etymology tree
Proto-Tupian *ekʷ
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ok
Proto-Tupian *-ap
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ?
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi oka
Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ok, *rok, from Proto-Tupian *ekʷ.
Cognate with Sateré-Mawé sok, Guaraní óga.

inh+

Tatá osapy oré roka.

Eîori i mosykyîébo, t'oîkó umé oka rupi oré 'anga monguébo.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, Auto de São Lourenço [Play of Saint Lawrence], Niterói; republished in Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, transl., compiled by Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, Teatro, 2nd edition, São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2006, →ISBN:

Come to scare them away, so that they may be no longer in our houses corrupting our souls.


uru

head

uru (possessable, IIc class pluriform, absolute uru, R1 ruru, R2 suru)

Nheengatu: irú, urutú

→ Portuguese: uru

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ɨru (“basket”), from Proto-Tupian *ɨrʲu (“basket”).
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní yru and Sateré-Mawé hɨt.

inh+

SAM Paulo Tupã boya nheengoéra aypo peremiendugoêra, Tupã yande recô mondicâba rupî yande recé teõ ariré, ogoété çuì ôûruçuî acê anga cemebé, Tupã cecomonhang-i, auyenhe cecôrama meẽga y xupé[…]

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter 2, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n340/mode/1up Livro Oitavo dos quatro novissimos do homen […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 159:

Those were the words of God's servant Saint Paul that you've heard. After death falling onto us according to God's way of ending our life, soon after peoples' souls leave their own bodies, their own wrappers, God judges them, inconsiderately, giving them they future condition.

wrapper (something that wraps or covers other)

T. — Eſſe nou bat.
F. — Coromo.
T. — Neîn.
F. — Mocap[…]Mororocap[…]Mocap-coui[…]Mocap-couiourou[…]

1578, Jean de Léry, chapter XX, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, page 343:

T. — Name everything.
F. — Just a moment.
T. — Alright.
F. — Firearms, bombards, gunpowder, gunpowder containers.

[…]mbaè poxî catupabem rûrû aübigoé[…]

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter 3, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n340/mode/1up Livro Oitavo dos quatro novissimos do homen […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 165:

O you despicable vessel of very many evil things!

Jquigrurû

1622, anonymous author, “Saleiro”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 112; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

vessel; container (item in which objects may be stored and transported)

Coordinate term: ygara

(nautical) vessel (craft designed for transportation on water)

Eimõdeb itangapêma çurupe eí[…]

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter 3, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n137/mode/1up Livro Terceiro do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 54v:


uru

head

uru (possessable, IId class pluriform, absolute uru, R1 repuru, R2 sepuru, R3 o epuru)

Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil

Wikipedia:Art of Grammar of the Most Used Language on the Coast of Brazil


uru

Nheengatu: urú

→ Portuguese: uru

New World quail (any bird in the family Odontophoridae)


pana

tlb

(Língua Geral Amazônica, Língua Geral Paulista)

Nheengatu: pana

Adapted borrowing of Portuguese pano + -a.


tatu

Nheengatu: tatú

→ French: tatou (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: tatu (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tatu, from Proto-Tupian *jat͡sju. First attested in 1553.
Cognate with Guaraní tatu and Sateré-Mawé sahu.

etymon

Pierre Belon (1553) chapter III, in Les observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses memorables trouvées en Grèce, Asie, Judée, Egypte, Arabie et autres pays estranges, book 1 (overall work in Middle French), Paris: G. Corrozet, page 5: “Tatou”

Hans Staden (1557) chapter XXX, in Warhaftige Hiſtoria [True History], volume 2 (overall work in German), Marburg: Andreas Kolbe, unnumbered page: “Dattu”

André Thevet (1557–1558) chapter 24, in Les singularitez de la France Antarctique [The singularities of France Antarctique] (overall work in Middle French), Paris: Maurice de La Porte, page 48: “Tatou”

Joseph of Anchieta (1560) chapter XXVIII, in Epistola quamplurimarum rerum naturalium quae S. Vicentii (nunc S. Pauli) provinciam incolunt sistens descriptionem (overall work in Latin); republished as Diogo de Toledo Lara Ordonhez, editor, Lisboa: Typis Academiae, 1799, page 20: “Tatû”

Jean de Léry (1578) Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, page 156: “Tatou”

Fernão Cardim (p. 1583) “A Treatiſe of Braſil, written by a Portugall which had long lived there”, in Samuel Purchas, transl., Francis Cooke, compiler, Pvrchas his Pilgrimes, part IV, book VII, chapter I § IIII (overall work in English), London: H. Fetherston, published 1625, page 1302: “Tatu”

Gabriel Soares de Sousa (1587) chapter CII, in Noticia do Brasil (overall work in Portuguese), Salvador; republished as Francisco Adolpho de Varnhagen, editor, Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587, Rio de Janeiro: Laemmert, 1851, page 251: “tatús”

Francisco Soares (1590–1596) “Tatu caualo armado”, in De alguãs Cousas mais notaueis do brasil e de alguñs costumes dos Indios [Of some of Brazil's most notable things and some Indian customs] (overall work in Portuguese), page 41; republished as Antônio Geraldo da Cunha, compiler, Coisas Notáveis do Brasil (Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, 1966, page 111, line 1055: “Tatu”

Claude d'Abbeville (1614) chapter XV, in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L'Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (overall work in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 96v: “Tatous”

Georg Marcgrave, Willem Piso (1648) Historia Naturalis Brasiliae [Brazilian Natural History], Rerum Naturalium Historiae, book VI, chapter VIII (overall work in Latin), Amsterdam: Elzevir, page 231: “Tatv”

armadillo (any mammal in the order Cingulata)


aru

tpw-verb

aru (first-person singular active indicative aîaru, first-person singular negative active indicative n'aîaruî, noun aru) (transitive)

aîaru (active first-person indicative singular)
n'aîaruî (active first-person indicative negative singular)
aru (noun)
Causative
aruukar
Causative-comitative
eroaru
Reflexive
îearu
-ba'e
oîaruba'e
emi-
emiaru
miaru
-pyr
-pyra
i arupyra
-sab
-saba
arûaba
arusaba
-sar
-sara
arûara
arusara
Singular
Singular & Plural
Plural
1ˢᵗ person
2ⁿᵈ person
3ʳᵈ person
1ˢᵗ person exclusive
1ˢᵗ person inclusive
Indicative (active)
aîaru (active)
ereîaru (active)
oîaru (active)
oroîaru (active)
îaîaru (active)
peîaru (active)
Permissive (active)
t'aîaru (active)
t'ereîaru (active)
t'oîaru (active)
t'oroîaru (active)
t'îaîaru (active)
ta peîaru (active)
Imperative (active)
eîaru (active)
Negative indicative (active)
n'aîaruî (active)
n'ereîaruî (active)
n'oîaruî (active)
n'oroîaruî (active)
n'îaîaruî (active)
na peîaruî (active)
Negative permissive (active)
t'aîaru umẽ (active)
t'ereîaru umẽ (active)
t'oîaru umẽ (active)
t'oroîaru umẽ (active)
t'îaîaru umẽ (active)
ta peîaru umẽ (active)
Negative imperative (active)
eîaru umẽ (active)
peîaru umẽ (active)
Affirmative (infinitive)
aru (infinitive)
Negative (infinitive)
arue'yma (infinitive)
Affirmative (gerund)
xe arûabo (gerund)
nde arûabo (gerund)
i arûabo (gerund)
oré arûabo (gerund)
îandé arûabo (gerund)
pe arûabo (gerund)
Negative (gerund)
xe arue'yma (gerund)
nde arue'yma (gerund)
i arue'yma (gerund)
oré arue'yma (gerund)
îandé arue'yma (gerund)
pe arue'yma (gerund)
xe aruû (gerund)
i aruû (gerund)
oré aruû (gerund)
îandé aruû (gerund)
xe arue'ymi (gerund)
i arue'ymi (gerund)
oré arue'ymi (gerund)
îandé arue'ymi (gerund)


aru

Nheengatu: arú

→ Brazilian Portuguese: aru


oba

head

oba (possessable, IIe class pluriform, absolute soba, R1 roba, R2 soba)

Nheengatu: awa

leaf (green, flat organ of most vegetative plants)


pira

pira (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute mbira)

Nheengatu: pira

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pir, from Proto-Tupian *pit.
Cognate with Paraguayan Guaraní pire.

skin (outer protective layer of the body of a person or animal)


pora

Nheengatu: pura, -pura

content; contents (that which is contained)

component (smaller, self-contained part of larger entity)


pora

fruit (end result, effect or consequence)


pora

pora (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute mbora)

inhabitant (someone or thing who lives in a place)


pora

bruise; scratch (mark on the skin left by a blow)

pypora

mark; print (visible impression left on a surface)


aty

aty (possessable, IIb class pluriform, absolute taty, R1 raty, R2 taty)

taty (absolute)
atu (alternative)
taty (alternative)


musu

Nheengatu: musũ

desc

→ Portuguese: muçum, muçu, mussum, mussu (proscribed)

marbled swamp eel (Synbranchus marmoratus)


pó

head

pó (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute mbó)

Nheengatu: pú

From Proto-Tupi-Guarani *po, from Proto-Tupian *po.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní and Paraguayan Guaraní po.

Nde morerecoâr xerî / Nde poguîrêpe xenonga / Nde raquîpoêra rupî / Toçô xeanga yepi, / Tecô catû mono onga.

1618, Cristóvão Valente, “Do nome ſantifsimo de IESV”, in Antônio de Araújo, compiler, Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Cantigas na lingoa pera os mininos da Sancta Doctrina (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck:

Be thou my guardian putting thy hands on me. Through your footprints, may my soul always go collecting virtues.


pó

Poquîgâ.

1622, anonymous author, “Çuja cousa ser como quer .s. da 1.ª maneira”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 87; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:


arara

Nheengatu: arara

desctree

→ Portuguese: arara
>? Saramaccan: alála

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *arar, from Proto-Tupian *arat. Doublet of ará.

etymon

ſarau.[…]To, añe, baepeque / caninde obi yaçoara? / Doyabij muru arara.
Aimb. Caraibebe ae / morojubica ponitara.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 75v, lines 708–712; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 142:

Sarauaia: “Oh! Truly, what looks like a blue ara here? The bastard is no different than a macaw”.
Aimbiré: “He's the angel that orders the hanging”.


karu

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kaʔru, from *kar- (“thing”) + *ʔu (“to eat”), literally “to eat things”.
Cognate with Awetí kat-ʔu, Guaraní karu.

af

overeating (the act of eating to excess)


abati

Nheengatu: awatí

→ Krenak: jauatü

→ Portuguese: abati, avati, auati

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *aβati.
Cognate with Guaraní avati.


tinga

Nheengatu: tinga

Mbäétepe coé tinga acẽ remipiâca, Abaré Hostia rupíreme, acẽ iurupebé imohdebme: nã miape ruã?

1687, João Filipe Bettendorff, “Dialogo II”, in Compendio da Doutrina Christãa Na lingua Portugueza, e Brasilica [Compendium of the Christian Doctrine in the Portuguese and Brasílica Language] (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Da Communhão, page 84, column 2; republished as José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo, editor, Lisbon: Offic. de Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, 1800:

But what is that white thing that is seen, when the priest rises the host, and when put in people's mouths: isn't it bread?

lightness (the relative whiteness or transparency of a colour)


tinga

nausea (feeling of illness or discomfort in the digestive system)

nauseous thing (something that causes nausea)


siri

→ Portuguese: siri

swimming crab (any crab of the family Portunidae)


mena

Nheengatu: mena

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *men, from Proto-Tupian *men.
Cognate with Paraguayan Guaraní ména.

Coordinate term: emirekó (“wife”)


pé

head

pé (possessable, IId class pluriform, absolute pé, R1 rapé, R2 sapé, R3 o apé)

Nheengatu: pé, rapé, sapé

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-rape/*pe, from Proto-Tupian *jape/*pe.

inh+

Xe ruba rapé


pé

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pe, from Proto-Tupian *pe.

shell; carapace (protective covering of a turtle)

scale (keratin pieces covering the skin of certain animals, particularly fish and reptiles)


panema

head

panema (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute manema)


panema

Nheengatu: panema

→ Brazilian Portuguese: panema

wretch (unhappy, unfortunate, or miserable person)


taba

Nheengatu: tawa (“city”)

desc

→ Brazilian Portuguese: taba (“Tupian village”)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *taβ, from Proto-Tupian *tˀap. Cognate with Guaraní táva.

etymon

Xe anho / co taba pupe aico / çerecoaramo uitecobo, / xereco rupi imoingobo, / que çuj aço mamo / amo taba rapecobo.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 60, lines 26–31; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 111:

Just me lived in this village, staying as its guardian, making it follow my law. From there, I went far away, visiting other villages.

Acai, aceca yepe / mitaçaba amo guitecobo / eri, xemocẽ meme / tabaçui Abare / quepe catu xemondobo.

c. 1585, Joseph of Anchieta, “[Na Aldeia de Guaraparim] [In the Village of Guaraparim]” (chapter LXIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Guarapari, page 148, column 1, lines 1–5; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 280:

Oh, although I'm looking for some place to stay, argh! The priest always expels me from the village, sending me very far away.

Tàba Roma yàpe amo caraìba moçacàra rimbaè, cunhâ marãgatù membireima cemirecòramo[…]

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “5. Dedic S. Maria ad Niues”, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Catalogo dos dias Santos de guarda, & de jejum (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, pages 6v–7:

In the city called “Rome”, a noble Chirstian had a kind wife with no children.

M Umãmepe imomendári?
D Paraíso Terreal táporángatú pupé.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “Matrimônio”, in [Doutrina Cristã]; republished as Armando Cardoso, compiler, Doutrina Cristã: Catecismo brasílico, volume I, São Paulo: Loyola, 1992, →ISBN, page 226, line 6:

Master:Where did he wed them?
Disciple: At the Terrestrial Paradise, a very beautiful place.


taba

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


paka

Nheengatu: paka

desctree

→ Portuguese: paca
→ English: paca
→ Galician: paca

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pak.
Cognate with Guaraní paka.

Paka onhan.

Pacarupiara[…]

1622, anonymous author, Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 73; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

Cuniculus paca
Cuniculus paca#Translingual


sema

Nheengatu: sema

exit; leaving (action of going out or going away)


poru

XEremipîcirõ bîra / Micoatiâra xererurû, / Peẽme ceruri pîra / Cece ê ceroc-ipîra / Oipeà vmoã o purû.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], 1 edition (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck:

Chosen by me, the book bearer of my name is brought to you; it is thanks to it the baptized have already turned away from their cannibalism.


kaba

Nheengatu: kawa

→ Brazilian Portuguese: caba

Derived from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kaβ, from Proto-Tupian *ŋgap.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní kavy and Paraguayan Guaraní káva.

wasp (any insect of the family Vespidae)


kaba

Nheengatu: kawa

Derived from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kaβ, from Proto-Tupian *kʲap.

xecâba, decâba, ycâba.

1613, Pero de Castilho, “Câba. Gordura”, in Nomes das partes do corpo humano pella lingua do Brasil; republished as Plínio Ayrosa, editor, São Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 1937, page 31, line 73:

fat (specialized animal tissue with high lipid content)

Ycaba[…]

1622, anonymous author, “Nata do leit”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 48; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:


papera

Nheengatu: papera

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πάπυρος (pápuros)bor.
Latin papȳrusslbor.
Old Catalan paperbor.
Old Galician-Portuguese papel
Portuguese papel
Proto-Tupian *-ap
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ?
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi papera
Adapted borrowing of Portuguese papel (“paper”) + -a.

af

Tereyucaucar benhẽ e serã nhandu ẽdebeco xepapera reracoara Maẽ rae amo Ereyucaucariguá aebae ã aicúgoábiguá[…]derigceira Capitão Diogo da Costa aimondo endebe xepapera reracobo coy ã

1645 October 4, Antônio Filipe Camarão, Letter to Pedro Poti (Camarão Indians' letters; 3):

Are you really going to, as usual, have the deliverer of this letter of mine killed? See, I already know you had the other one killed. Your older brother, Capitão Diogo da Costa, I send carrying my letter now.

Ecemi coxepapera repiaca rupibe

1645 October 17, Diogo da Costa, Letter to Pedro Poti (Camarão Indians' letters; 4):

Just leave, as soon as you see this letter of mine.

Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
w:Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius

(Late Tupi) letter (written communication)

aiemböè papéra recé.

a. 1756, Anton Meisterburg, “Estudar”, in [Dicionário de Trier] (overall work in Portuguese and Old Tupi), Baixo Xingu, Pará, page 19r, column 1, line 284; republished as Jean-Claude Muller et al., editors, Dicionário de língua geral amazônica, Potsdam: University of Potsdam, 2019, →DOI, page 167:


parati

Nheengatu: paratí

→ Brazilian Portuguese: parati

w:True History: An Account of Cannibal Captivity in Brazil

grey mullet Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:


parati

Manihot esculenta
Manihot esculenta#Translingual

Gabriel Soares de Sousa
w:Gabriel Soares de Sousa

Noticia do Brasil
w:pt:Notícia do Brasil

a cultivar of manioc (Manihot esculenta)


resé

Nheengatu: resé


kanga

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kaŋ, from Proto-Tupian *kaŋ.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní kã.

etymon

M. O atá yepé cerà y ij bà mocõya ita pigoâ coaráma rece?
D. Oatá yepè.
M. Marãpe ibiâ cerecou, ymondîca potà?
D. Opaçama pupè yapitiũcequicequij etebo ycanga yeptâçába peabo oyo çuî.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter IX, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n137/mode/1up Livro Terceiro do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 62v:

Master: Was his arm too short to reach the place where the nails would go?
Disciple: It was.
Master: What did they do, wanting to draw them closer?
Disciple: With a whole rope they tied it, pulling it a lot and separating its bones from their joints.

Ocanga.

1622, anonymous author, “Madeira, ou madeiramento pa. casas ou de casas.”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 27; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

frame (structural elements of a building or other constructed object)


atá

head

atá (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tatá, R1 ratá, R2 satá)

Nheengatu: atá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ata, from Proto-Tupian *atʲa.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní tata and Paraguayan Guaraní tata.


sapatu

tlb

(Língua Geral Amazônica, Língua Geral Paulista)

Nheengatu: sapatú

amondéb[…]çapatú.

a. 1756, Anton Meisterburg, “Calçar o çapato”, in [Dicionário de Trier] (overall work in Portuguese and Old Tupi), Baixo Xingu, Pará, page 125, line 61; republished as Jean-Claude Muller et al., editors, Dicionário de língua geral amazônica, Potsdam: University of Potsdam, 2019, →DOI:

Çapatù nhó mirí çabé,
Äé noiocýb cerecoára,
Chapeo iapara oguereco,
Ipòpe bastao mirí oico

a. 1758, anonymous author, “Primeiro relato”, in Lida dos missionários com os sertanejos, page 107, lines 21–24; republished as Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, “A escravização dos índios num texto missionário em língua geral do século XVIII”, in Revista USP, number 78, São Paulo, 2008 August 25, →DOI, page 107:

Only small, mouldy shoes the owners don't clean. They have bent hats and have small clubs in their hands.


kamusi

Nheengatu: kamutí

→ Portuguese: camucim

urn (vessel for the remains of a deceased person)

(by extension) cave where those urns were placed


naná

Nheengatu: naná, ananá, nanã

→ Portuguese: ananás (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *nanã.
Cognate with Paraguayan Guaraní anana.

etymon

Ananas comosus
Ananas comosus#Translingual

Les singularitez de la France Antarctique

Historia Naturalis Brasiliae
w:Historia Naturalis Brasiliae


itá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ita, from Proto-Tupian *wɨca.
Cognate with Guaraní ita.

(Late Tupi) chains; shackles (restraint fit over a human or animal appendage)


itá

Nheengatu: itá

Kysé xe itá pupé aîmonhang.

stone, when refering to pieces used to make tools


panama

>? Portuguese: panapaná, panapanã

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *panam, from Proto-Tupian.
Cognate with Guaraní panambi.


kunhã

Nheengatu: kunhã

→ Portuguese: cunhã

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kujã.
Cognate with Guaraní kuña and Mbyá Guaraní kunha.

Amó kunhã suí i mo-ingó-é-bo.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, Poesias tupis, São Paulo, published 1941:

He made a woman different from any other.

woman, especially an indigenous woman from the Americas


urubu

Nheengatu: urubú

desctree

→ Portuguese: urubu, urubú (1931-prescribed spelling)
→ Catalan: urubú
→ English: urubu
 (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *uruβu, from Proto-Tupian *urupˀu.
Cognate with Sateré-Mawé uruwu and Guaraní yryvu.

etymon

New World vulture (any vulture in the family Cathartidae)


pratu

Nheengatu: paratú, paratu

Borrowed from Portuguese prato, from Old Galician-Portuguese prato, borrowed from Vulgar Latin *plattus, borrowed from Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús), from Proto-Indo-European *pléth₂us, from *pleth₂- + *-us.

plate (flat dish for eating or serving food)


akanga

Nheengatu: akanga

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *a-kaŋ. By surface analysis, 'a (“head”) + kanga (“bone”).


asy

head

asy (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tasy, R1 rasy, R2 sasy)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tat͡sɨ (“to hurt, pain”), from Proto-Tupian *(j)atɨ (“to hurt, pain”).
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní axy.

inh+

Na sasyî


ruru

nonlemma

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


sapé

→ Portuguese: sapé, sapê

satintail (any grass in the genus Imperata)


peba

head

peba (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute mbeba)

Nheengatu: pewa

→ Brazilian Portuguese: peba

flattening (act or the result of making something flat)


ka'a

Nheengatu: kaá

→ Brazilian Portuguese: caá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kaʔa (“forest, leaf”).
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní ka'a and Guaraní ka'a.

inh+

woods; forest (dense collection of trees)

branch (woody part of a tree arising from the trunk)

leaf (green, flat organ of most vegetative plants)


oby

head

oby (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute toby, R1 roby, R2 soby)


anama

Nheengatu: anama

people; nation (community of people with a common culture)


anama

Nheengatu: anama


matamatá

Nheengatu: matamatá

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: matamatá, matá-matá, mata-mata
→ English: matamata

matamata he armado não se come

[c. 1631, Christovão de Lisboa, Historia dos animaes e arvores do Maranhão [History of Maranhão's animals and trees] (in Portuguese), Lisbon, page 174v:

(hapax legomenon) matamata (Chelus fimbriata)


irara

Nheengatu: irara

→ Portuguese: irara


pereba

head

pereba (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute mereba)

Nheengatu: perewa

→ Brazilian Portuguese: pereba

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pereβ, from Proto-Tupian *perep.

inh+

Near-synonyms: kutukagûera, pora


pupuka

head

pupuka (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute mupuka)

Y pupucbae, coipo oquêra pupe o pupucoera moripa, ycatupenhe temomoã, o pacagoeri pe, eybae.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter VII, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n137/mode/1up Livro Terceiro do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 72:

Are you a self-polluter or took delight in your pollution during your sleep, saying "How I wish she was naked!" when you woke up?


pirá

Nheengatu: pirá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pira.
Cognate with Guaraní pira.


ybyrá

Nheengatu: mirá

→ Portuguese: Ibirá, Iburá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ɨβɨra. Sense 5 is a semantic loan from Portuguese madeiro.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní and Paraguayan Guaraní yvyra.

cog

Igbigraîpigpeain

1622, anonymous author, “Pe, pello grosso da aruore, masto, etc.”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 68; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

[…]Aybyrá áb[…]

c. 1628, Luís Figueira, “De algũas dições, que ſos per ſi nao ſignificão; mas juntas a outras partes da oração, lhe dão ſentido differente”, in Arte da lingua Braſilica [Art of the Brasílica Language]^(https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Galeria:Arte_da_l%C3%ADngua_bras%C3%ADlica_(circa_1628).pdf) (overall work in Portuguese), Lisbon: Manuel da Silva, page 79:

Ainupã xerayra ybyrà pupè[…]

c. 1628, Luís Figueira, “Da Prepoſição 5. parte da oração”, in Arte da lingua Braſilica [Art of the Brasílica Language]^(https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Galeria:Arte_da_l%C3%ADngua_bras%C3%ADlica_(circa_1628).pdf) (overall work in Portuguese), Lisbon: Manuel da Silva, page 67v:

yãde anga rauçupape / ibira pupe omanomo / yãde repimeẽgape / anhãgape oyemoiromo / yãde rauçupa / yãde raromo / yãde anga piciromo.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “Cãtiga & el ſin Vẽtura” (chapter XXV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 26, column 1, lines 8–14; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 61:

Because of his love for our soul, he dies on the cross; to give us the remission, infuriating himself because of the devil, loving us, looking after us, saving our soul.


ybytu

Nheengatu: iwitú

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ɨ-βɨtu, from Proto-Tupian *pɨt͡sʲu. Doublet of pytu.
Cognate with Guaraní yvytu.


kûarasy

Nheengatu: kurasí

→ Portuguese: Guaraci

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kʷarat͡ʃɨ, possibly from Proto-Tupian *ŋkʷat. Navarro hypothesizes a compound kó (“this”) + 'ara (“day”) + sy (“mother”), literally “the mother, origin of this day”, but the term is present in other Tupi-Guarani languages.
Cognate with Paraguayan Guaraní kuarahy.

af

Guaix. To, aipo nipapaçabi, / coaracimo oique yepemo / opa taba moangaipabi.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 69v, lines 420–422; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 130:

Guaixará: Oh! There's no way to count that, even if the sun sets. Everything makes the village sin.


mbó

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *mbo, from Proto-Tupian *mbo.


îuká

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *juka. By surface analysis, îura (“neck”) + ká (“to break”).
Cognate with Guaraní juka.


esá

head

esá (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tesá, R1 resá, R2 sesá)

Nheengatu: esá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tsetsa, from Proto-Tupian *(e-)t͡sa.
Cognate with Guaraní tesa.


îuru

Nheengatu: yurú

[…]Tupam yandé recô monhang iré mocoinnho tecôráma, mocoinnho abà recoábane: coniã igbâca Tupã rauçupâra recoâbamo coniã Anhanga ratà yangapâbaè recoâbamonô. Ndeicatui abâ jurû Anhangaratapé têco aci ête mombegoábo. Cacî eténiã Tupam remipeà poêra Anhanga irunamo mbaéacícatûpábem porárá, ogoêco poreauçnbetè ogoecó marã âra reroyna. Nã mbobi nho ruã acayû aiûbane, auyerámanhête. Ndeîteê yaceó anhó monhanga, ymõbic-eîmane[…]

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Do terceiɹo nouiſsimo, que he o inferno” (chapter III), in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], 1 edition, [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n340/mode/1up Livro Oitavo dos quatro novissimos do homen […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 163:

After God judges us, there will be only two future outcomes, only two dwellings for people: on one side heaven will be the dwelling of those who love God, and on the other side hell will be the dwelling of sinners. The mouths of people cannot tell the extremely painful things of hell. Behold, great is the suffering of those whom God has rejected, enduring much pain alongside the Devil, with their wretched and afflicted condition. It will not be just a few years, but forever. That is why they make only tears, never ceasing them.


gûyrá

Nheengatu: wirá

→ Brazilian Portuguese: uirá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *wɨra.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní and Paraguayan Guaraní guyra.

cog

[…]ouyratin oour chèuè[…]

1614, Claude d'Abbeville, “De la mort de trois Indiens Topinamba qui eſtoient venus en France” (chapter LVII), in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L'Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (overall work in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 353:


nhandu

→ Portuguese: nandu, nhandu

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *janu.

îandu (alternative)
nhandy (alternative)

Rhea americana
Rhea americana#Translingual


nhandu

→ Portuguese: nhandu


potyra

head

potyra (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute motyra)

Nheengatu: putira

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *potɨr, from Proto-Tupian *potˀɨt.
Cognate with Awetí potɨt, Mbyá Guaraní poty and Sateré-Mawé pohɨt.


aîó

→ Brazilian Portuguese: aió

saddlebag (pouch laid across the back of a horse)

pocket (bag stitched to an item of clothing)


kamby

Nheengatu: kambí

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kamɨ. By surface analysis, kama (“breast”) + y (“liquid”).
Cognate with Guaraní kamby.

surf

milk (white liquid produced by the mammary glands)


pysã

head

pysã (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute mysã)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pɨt͡ʃã, from Proto-Tupian *pɨt͡ʃˀã.
Cognate with Guaraní pysã.


abá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *aβa.
Cognate with Guaraní ava.

man (human, a person regardless of gender or sex)

Abá peró supé onhe'eng.

The Indigenous folks talked to the Portuguese.

— Abá ra'yrape ûĩ?!
— Sé! Abá ra'yra, ipó...

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, Auto de São Lourenço [Play of Saint Lawrence], Niterói, page 48; republished in Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, transl., compiled by Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, Teatro, 2nd edition, São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2006, →ISBN:

— Whose sons are these?!
— No idea! Sons of Indigenous people, definitely...


marakaîá

Nheengatu: marakayá

→ Portuguese: maracajá, ⇒ gato-maracajá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *marakaja. Cognate with Guaraní mbarakaja.

etymon

maragûaó (alternative)
mbarakaîá (alternative)

Leopardus wiedii
Leopardus wiedii#Translingual

Small spotted cat of the genus Leopardus. Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:

Leopardus pardalis
Leopardus pardalis#Translingual

Leopardus tigrinus
Leopardus tigrinus#Translingual

Maracajás são uns gatos bravos tamanhos como cabritos de seis mezes; são muito gordos, e na feição pontualmente como os outros gatos, mas pintados de amarello e preto em raias, cousa muito formosa; e são felpudos, mas tem o cabo muito macio, e as unhas grandes e muito agudas; parem muitos filhos, e mantem-se das aves que tomam pelas arvores, por onde andam como bogios. Os que se tomam pequenos fazem-se em casa muito domesticos, mas não lhe escapa gallinha nem papagaio, que não matem.

[1587, Gabriel Soares de Sousa, chapter XCVIII, in Notícia do Brasil (in Portuguese), Salvador; republished as Francisco Adolpho de Varnhagen, editor, Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587, 2nd edition, Rio de Janeiro: João Ignancio da Silva, 1879, page 227:

Il y a d'autres animaux qui ſont eſpeces de Chats ſauuages que les Indiens appellent Margaia qui ont pareillement la peau fort belle eſtant tauelez de toutes parts.

[1614, Claude d'Abbeville, chapter XLI, in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L'Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 251v:

Maragvao ſive Maracaia Braſilienſibus, eſt felis ſilveſtris, cujus hîc multi reperiuntur, & variorum colorum[…]

[1648, Georg Marcgrave, Willem Piso, Historia Naturalis Brasiliae [Brazilian Natural History], Rerum Naturalium Historiae, book VI, chapter IX (in Latin), Amsterdam: Elzevir, page 233:

Mara-pé perouagérrè-rèrè?
Margaiat[…]

1578, Jean de Léry, chapter XIX, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, page 354:

— What are your enemies' names?
— Maracajá […]

(now historical) Maracajá, an indigenous people enemy to the Tupinambá


mboîa

Nheengatu: buya

→ Portuguese: mboia

Derived from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *moj, from Proto-Tupian *moj.

Eua yandeci ipi / onhemomotarete / ibaporanga rece / boya nhe enga rupi / y ijquiebo, ygoabonhe

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter LXIII, in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 147v, lines 1–5; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 279:

Eve, our first mother, was much attracted by the beautiful fruit, after the snake’s words, and indeed picking it, and eating it.


akuti

Nheengatu: akutí

→ French: agouti, acouchi

desctree

→? Dutch: agoeti
Afrikaans: agoeti
→ Sranan Tongo: aguti

→ English: agouti, acouchi, acouchy

→ Italian: aguti

→? Russian: агути (aguti)

desc

→ Portuguese: cutia (with regular loss of word-initial /a/), aguti, aguchi, acouti, acuti

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *akuti, from Proto-Tupian *akutˀi.
Cognate with Guaraní akuti.

etymon

agouti (any rodent in the genus Dasyprocta)


kururu

Nheengatu: kururú

Portuguese: → cururu, ⇒ sapo-cururu

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kururu.
Cognate with Guaraní kururu.

Rhinella marina
Rhinella marina#Translingual

true toad. Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:

Anjo. Baepe que tuj opica? / Andira ruâpee. / Panama, coipo guaiquica? / enero, cururu açica? / eri, carigueya e. / Ejori / baenẽ baepoxi / bora, miaratacaca / ceboi, tamarutaca
ſarau[aya] — Xepoeirai, xeropecij / auye, teume xemombaca.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 71, lines 483–493; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 133:

Angel: What is here, lying still? Is it a bat, a butterfly or a short-tailed opossum? Maybe a crippled toad? Ay opossum! Come, you stinky, nasty thing, stingless bee, skunk, worm, mantis shrimp.
Saraûaîa: I'm tired, I'm sleepy. Enough! Don't wake me up!

Gabriel Soares de Sousa (1587) chapter CXV, in Noticia do Brasil (overall work in Portuguese), Salvador; republished as Francisco Adolpho de Varnhagen, editor, Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587, Rio de Janeiro: Laemmert, 1851, page 266: “cururús [kururu]”

Claude d'Abbeville (1614) chapter XLI, in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L'Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (overall work in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 253v: “Courourou [Kururu]”

anonymous author (1622) “Sapo”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Portuguese), Piratininga; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, volume 2, São Paulo: USP, 1953, page 113: “Cururu [Kururu]”

Georg Marcgrave, Willem Piso (1648) Historia Naturalis Brasiliae [Brazilian Natural History], Medicina Brasiliensi, book 3, chapter 1 (overall work in Latin), Amsterdam: Elzevir, page 46: “Cururu [Kururu]”


morubixaba

Nheengatu: muruixawa

→ Brazilian Portuguese: morubixaba

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani [Term?]. By surface analysis, moro- (“people”) + ubixaba (“leader”).
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní mboruvixa and Paraguayan Guaraní mburuvicha.

surf

Bourouuichaue de akan omano?

1614, Claude d'Abbeville, chapter LII, in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L'Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (overall work in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 327v:

(Late Tupi) monarch (ruler of an absolute monarchy)

(Late Tupi) judge (public judicial official)

(Late Tupi) superior (person of higher rank)


îakaré

Nheengatu: yakaré

desctree

→ Portuguese: jacaré
→ English: yacare
→ Galician: jacaré
→ Hunsrik: Schakaree

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jakare.
Cognate with Guaraní jakare, Tembé zakare and Tocantins Asurini and Xingú Asuriní sakare.

cog

Îakaré 'y suí osem.

caiman (any crocodilian of the subfamily Caimaninae)


akaîu

Nheengatu: akayú

desctree

→ French: acajou
→ English: cashew, acajou

→ Portuguese: caju, acaju
→ Gujarati: કાજુ (kāju)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: काजू (kājū)
Urdu: کاجُو (kājū)
→ Konkani: काजू (kājū)
→ Marathi: काजू (kājū)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਕਾਜੂ (kājū)
Shahmukhi script: کاجُو (kājū)
→ Spanish: cajú
→ Telugu: కాజు (kāju) — dialectal
→ Hunsrik: akaschu

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *akaju.

etymon

Anacardium occidentale
Anacardium occidentale#Translingual

(hapax legomenon) cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale)

29.p. Nde agoâçape coîr?
30.p. Mbobîpe Iaci canhémi, coipô acajú ajubamo cecè nderecoreme meme?

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter VII, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n227/mode/1up Livro Sexto do Confessionário […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 104v:

29th question: Where you adulterous today?
30th question: How many times did the moon go down and the cashews ripe with this same condition?

Acajuig[…]

1622, anonymous author, “Uinho de uuas”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 146; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

cashew apple (accessory fruit of Anacardium occidentale)

(loosely) any tree in the genus Anacardium and their fruit


membyra

Nheengatu: mimbira

/mɛ̃ˈᵐbɨ.ɾa/

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *mẽmbyT, from Proto-Tupian *mẽpyT. By surface analysis, mena (“husband”) + a'yra (“semen”).
Cognate with Guaraní memby.


ybaka

Nheengatu: iwaka

→ Portuguese: ibaque, Ibaque (learned)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ɨβa-k (“sky”), from Proto-Tupian *ɨpʷa- (“high”). Doublet of ybaté. The sense of heaven is a semantic loan from Portuguese céu.
Cognate with Guaraní yvága.


aoba

Unknown.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní and Paraguayan Guaraní ao.

sail (piece of fabric attached to a sailboat)


ybaté

Nheengatu: iwaté (“height”)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ɨβa-te (“high”), from Proto-Tupian *ɨpʷa- (“high”). Doublet of ybaka.
Cognate with Guaraní yvate.


piranga

head

piranga (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute miranga)

Nheengatu: piranga


etá

etá (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tetá, R1 retá, R2 setá)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *eta (“too”). Doublet of eté.
Cognate with Guaraní heta, -ete.

inh+

many; multitude (large number of people or things)


nambi

Nheengatu: nambí

→ Brazilian Portuguese: nambi

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *nami. Cognate with Guaraní nambi.

etymon

Coordinate term: apysá (“earhole”)

S. Pedro y tãgapema ocequij morubixàba rembiauçuba Malco ceribaè ra pixapa, ynambi mondôra

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Paſſo da Prizão.” (chapter III), in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n137/mode/1up Livro Terceiro do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 54b:

Saint Peter drew his sword, striking a servant of the high priest called Malchus, cutting off his ear.

Nambiguaçû[…]Baenambiguaçû.

1622, anonymous author, “Orelhudo [Big-eared]”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 59; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

auricle; ear lobe (external part of the organ of hearing)

Coordinate term: pysykaba (“handle of a basket”)


apekũ

→ Portuguese: apecum

transition area between mangal and dry land


mairi

Nheengatu: mairí

mairy (alternative)
mauri (alternative)
mayri (alternative)


ygara

Nheengatu: igara

→ Brazilian Portuguese: igara

⇒ Brazilian Portuguese: igarapé

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ɨar.
Cognate with Guaraní yga.

Coordinate term: uru

Yangaipa co de boya
na xererecocatui
yaribobõ omõgui
igara coabipota

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter LXVIII, in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 168, lines 72–75; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 314:

These servants of yours are evil. They don't treat me well. They knock down the bridge, wanting the canoe to pass [under it].

Jgara rocabigtera.

1622, anonymous author, “Conuês de nauio”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 81; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:


îaboti

Nheengatu: yautí

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: jabuti, jaboti, jabotí (1931-prescribed spelling), jabutí (1931-prescribed spelling), jaboty (obsolete)
→ English: jabuti

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jaβoti.

etymon

red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius)

yellow-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis denticulatus)


atã

head

atã (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tatã, R1 ratã, R2 satã)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *atã (“strong, hard”).
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní atã.

inh+

Daetee / Deratangatu reçe / uiyecoca, uiyerobia.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 62, lines 99–101; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 115:

For that reason I lean on your great strength, I trust.


aîa

head

aîa (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute taîa, R1 raîa, R2 saîa)


mimby

mimby (possessable, IId class pluriform, absolute mimby, R1 remimby, R2 semimby, R3 o emimby)

Nheengatu: membí

→ Portuguese: membi

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *mimɨ. By surface analysis, mi- (passive deverbalizer prefix) + py (“to flute”).
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní mimby.


'y

Nheengatu: ií

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ʔɨ, from Proto-Tupian *ʔɨ.
Cognate with Aurá, Awetí, Emerillon, Guajá, Sateré-Mawé, Tapirapé, Tembé, and Xingú Asuriní ʔɨ and Guaraní y.


akã

head

akã (possessable, IIe class pluriform, absolute sakã, R1 rakã, R2 sakã)

Nheengatu: akanga

Çacã rece yiepocoqui.

1622, anonymous author, “Embarrar como o q. uinha pelo Rio abaixo, ou a frecha nos ramos da aruore”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 111; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:


usá

usá (unpossessable, female equivalent kunduru)

→ Portuguese: uçá, usá

→ Translingual: Uca

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ut͡ʃa (“crab”).


pará

Nheengatu: pará

→ Portuguese: Pará

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *para.
Cognate with Guaraní para.


pirãîagûara

desctree

Nheengatu: pirayawara
→ Brazilian Portuguese: pirajaguara
→ Tucano: piraiauára

According to Navarro, from pirãîa (“piranha”) + gûara (“eater”), although the presence of the medial ⟨a⟩ in the final compound is highly irregular: a proper formation would be *pirãîgûara. Contemporary sources actually interpret it as pirá (“fish”) + îagûara (“jaguar”), which could be proven right by Nheengatu having pirayawara, and not *piranhawara.

Pyraiaguara / he especie de porco marinho no sabor he como porco principalmente o figado tem as partes genitais como o porco tem noue palmos de comprido e grosso nesta proporção face do rabo manteiga as femeias parẽ como os animais tem hũ buraco asima do naris por onde respira e lanca algua

[c. 1631, Christovão de Lisboa, Historia dos animaes e arvores do Maranhão [History of Maranhão's animals and trees] (in Portuguese), Lisbon, pages 175r–175v:

“Pirãîagûara” is a species of mereswine. It tastes like pork, specially the liver. It has the genital parts as the pig. It's 9 spans long and proportionally thick. Butter is made from the tail. The females give birth like the beasts. It has a hole above the nose from where it breathes and spouts water.

Amazon river dolphin
Amazon river dolphin

Inia geoffrensis
Inia geoffrensis#Translingual


kó

Nheengatu: kú

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ko, from Proto-Tupian *ᵑko.
Cognate with Chiripá koy.

Eremondarõpe nde rapixaba kópe?

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, edited by Armando Cardoso, Doutrina Cristã: doutrina autógrafa e confessionário, volume II, São Paulo: Edições Loyola, published 1993, page 98:

Did thou steal from thy neighbour's farm?

farm; plantation; tillage (area of land designated for agricultural growth)


peró

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πέτρος (pétros)
Ancient Greek Πέτρος (Pétros)bor.
Latin Petrus
Old Galician-Portuguese Pedro
Portuguese Pedrobor.
Old Tupi Peró
Old Tupi peró
Nominalization of Peró (“Peter”). The name was so common in Portugal in the 16th century that it became a noun among the Tupi.

etymon

Peros-engaipa

1578, Jean de Léry, chapter XIIII, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, page 221:

(Late Tupi) Portuguese (person native to Portugal)


pindá

→ Portuguese: pindá


pindá

→ Portuguese: pindá


yba

(used chiefly in compounds) plant, tree.


upaba

head

upaba (possessable, IIb class pluriform, absolute tupaba, R1 rupaba, R2 tupaba)

Nheengatu: tupa, tupé

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-upaβ, from Proto-Tupian *-upap. By surface analysis, ub (“to lie”) + -ab (instrumentalizer suffix) + -a, literally “lying place”.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní upa.

surf

Ejori teremondo / Xeçuj teco angaipaba / co xeanga deruçaba / derupabamo toico.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter L, in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 97, column 1, lines 10–13; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 184:

Come to make sin go away from my body. Here's my soul, place of your arrival; it shall be your bed.

bed (prepared spot in which to spend the night)

field (wide, open space that is used to grow crops)

[…]çoô mimbâba rôca ogoar gupabamo[…]

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “25. Natiuitas Dòmini. G. I.”, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Catalogo dos dias Santos de guarda, & de jejum (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 9v:

He took the livestock animal's house as his lodging.

lodging (place to live or lodge; sleeping accommodation)


upaba

Nheengatu: ipawa

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ʔɨupaβ, from Proto-Tupian *-upap. By surface analysis, y (“water”) + ub (“to lie”) + -ab (instrumentalizer suffix) + -a, literally “water's lying place”.
Cognate with Guaraní ypa.


tapiti

Nheengatu: tapetí, tapití

desctree

→ Portuguese: tapiti, tapeti
→ English: tapeti

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tapiti.
Cognate with Guaraní tapiti.

etymon

tapeti, cottontail (rabbit of the genus Sylvilagus)

(astronomy) Name of a constellation. Further details are uncertain.


mberu

→ Brazilian Portuguese: biru


sykyîé

Through metathesis of kysyîé, itself cognate with
Emerillon kiʤe,
Guajajára kyze,
Guaraní kyhyje,
Parakanã kyyxe,
Tenharim kyhyji,
Wayampi kyje, and
Xingú Asuriní kyyje.

sekyîé (alternative)
kysyîé (alternative)

fear (emotion caused by actual or perceived danger or threat)


pytá

head

pytá (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute mytá)

Cognate with Guajajára and Guaraní pyta.


ygarusu

→ Portuguese: Igarassu, Igaraçu

From ygara (“canoe”) + -usu (augmentative suffix).

af

Oñemombeúpe abá guarininamo osó janondé, ygarusúpe oári janondé?

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “[Confissão]”, in [Doutrina Cristã]; republished as Armando Cardoso, compiler, Doutrina Cristã: Catecismo brasílico, volume 1, São Paulo: Loyola, 1992, →ISBN, page 212, line 33:

Does someone confess themselves before going to war, before boarding a ship?


kûara

Nheengatu: kuara, kwara

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kʷa, from Proto-Tupian *kʷat.
Cognate with Awetí kwat, Guaraní kua.

Pesem tatu kûara suí.

itaîukûara

mine (excavation from which ore or solid minerals are taken)


kûara

→ Portuguese: quarar

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kʷat, from Proto-Tupian *ŋgəat. Doublet of kûarasy. Pronunciation possibly influenced by Etymology 1.


kunumĩ

desctree

Old Tupi: kurumĩ (LGA), kulumĩ (LGP)
Nheengatu: kurumĩ
→ Brazilian Portuguese: curumim, colomi, colomim, columim, culumi, culumim, curumi

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kunumĩ.
Cognate with Guarayu, Mbyá Guaraní, and Paraguayan Guaraní kunumi and Urubú-Kaapor kurumĩ.

cog

Ebokûeî kunumĩ nde membyra.


nhe'enga

Nheengatu: nheenga

[ɲɛˈʔɛ̃.ᵑɡa]

Oré nhe'enga oîkoeeté.

errand (oral message trusted to a person for delivery)

Eresendubype îagûara nhe'enga?


tupinambá

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: tupinambá
→ English: Tupinambá
→ Finnish: tupinambá, tupinamba
→ Spanish: tupinambá

→ French: tupinamba, topinambou, topinambour
→ German: Topinambur
→ Italian: topinambur
→ Portuguese: tupinambor, tupinambo

Unknown, but Eduardo de Almeida Navarro suggests tupi + anama + mbá.

Tupinambá (member of the Tupinambá people)


ygûasu

→? Portuguese: Iguaçu
→ German: Iguaçu
→ English: Iguazu, Iguaçu, Iguassu
→ French: Iguaçu

From y (“water, river”) + -gûasu (“big”).


xó

Alternative form of só following a word ending in i or î


meru

Nheengatu: merú

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *meru.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní mberu.

fly (any insect in the suborder Brachycera)

(strictly) New World screwworm fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax)


etama

head

etama (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tetama, R1 retama, R2 setama)

Nheengatu: etama, tama

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *etam
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní etã.

Dè angatouran etè erimahé apouyaue mondoüé cherétan à poupé[…]

1614, Claude d'Abbeville, quoting Itapucu, “HARANGVE FAICTE au Roy en preſence de la Reyne Regente ſa Mere par Itapoucou du depuis nommé Louys Marie au nom des Maragnans”, in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L'Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (overall work in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 341v:

You were very benevolent in the past, sending men, chiefs and warriors to my land.

land; homeland (traditional territory of an ethnic group)

Cecobiárõbîrape temireco êtê, coipo menetè peretáme doâra?

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter X, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n192/mode/1up Livro Quinto do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 96:

Should be replaced the true wife or true husband that are in your dwellings?

Coordinate term: ysaubẽ


tamandûá

Nheengatu: tamanduá

→ Portuguese: tamanduá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tamanuʔa.

etymon

Aco xejubicaroera / tataurana, tamãdoa! / xejubic benheo pota[…]

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 76, lines 713–715; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 143:

That is the one who strangled me, a stinging caterpillar, an anteater, wanting to strangle me again!

Tamandoá é um animal do tamanho de uma raposa, que tem o rosto como furão; a côr é preta, o rabo delgado na arreigada, e com o cabello curto; e d’ahi para a ponta é muito felpudo, e tem n’ella os cabellos grossos como cavallo, e tamanhos e tantos que se cobre todo com elles quando dorme; tem as mãos como cão, com grandes unhas e muito voltadas, de que se fazem apitos. Este bicho se mantem de formigas[…]

[1587, Gabriel Soares de Sousa, chapter XCVIII, in Notícia do Brasil (in Portuguese), Salvador; republished as Francisco Adolpho de Varnhagen, editor, Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587, 2nd edition, Rio de Janeiro: João Ignancio da Silva, 1879, page 227:

Il y a vne certaine eſpece d'animaux nommé Tamandoua grand comme vn Cheual, ayant la teſte semblable à celle d'vn Pourceau, les oreilles à celle d'vn Chien, le muſeau fort pointu & long enuiron d'vn pied, la langue fort longue & eſtroitte, le poil de tout le corps aſſez ſemblable à celuy du Cheual, ſinon qu'il eſt plus gros, la / queuë toffuë pareillement comme celle du Cheual, les pieds fourcheus comme le Bœuf.

[1614, Claude d'Abbeville, chapter XLI, in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L'Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 249v:

Myrmecophaga tridactyla
Myrmecophaga tridactyla#Translingual

giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)


tataûrana

→ Portuguese: taturana

From atá (“fire”) + un (“black”) + ran (“like”) + -a.

af

Akó xe îubykarûera, tataûrana, tamandûá…!

1999, José de Anchieta, Teatro de Anchieta (play; overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Martins Fontes, page 62:

That is the one who strangled me, a stinging caterpillar, an anteater…!


anũ

Nheengatu: anú

desctree

→ Portuguese: anu, anum, ani
→? English: ani

Crotophaga ani
Crotophaga ani#Translingual


tupãberaba

Nheengatu: tupã-werawa

From tupã (“thunder”) + beraba (“shine”).


gûaîbĩ

head

gûaîbĩ (possessable, male equivalent tuîba'e)

tuîba'e (masculine)
gûaîmĩ (alternative)

Nheengatu: waimĩ

→ Brazilian Portuguese: Guaibim

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *waiβĩ.


îagûara

Nheengatu: yawara

→ Portuguese: jaguara

Derived from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jawar.
Cognate with Guaraní jagua.

Jau ware ſche[…]

1557, Hans Staden, quoting Cunhambebe, chapter 44, in Warhaftige Hiſtoria [True History], volume 1 (overall work in German), Marburg: Andreas Kolbe, unnumbered page:

Ajucancar iaguara Pedro çupe[…]

c. 1628, Luís Figueira, “De algũas dições, que ſos per ſi não ſignificão; mas juntas a outras parstes da oração, lhe dão ſentido differente”, in Arte da lingua Braſilica [Art of the Brasílica Language]^(https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Galeria:Arte_da_l%C3%ADngua_bras%C3%ADlica_(circa_1628).pdf) (overall work in Portuguese), Lisbon: Manuel da Silva, page 79v:

Panthera onca
Panthera onca#Translingual

eŷmbaba îagûara · îagûapytanga · îagûara [edit]

Canis familiaris
Canis familiaris#Translingual

îagûapopeba


sumarã

xumarã (alternative)
sumarana (alternative)

Oroyerobia nderi / ſ. L^(ço) angaturama / eçarõ ore retama / ore çumarã çui

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 92, lines 1427–1430; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 175:

We trust you, blessed Saint Lawrence. Protect our land from our archenemies.


ybatinga

From ybaka (“sky”) + tinga (“whiteness”).


îasytatá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jat͡sɨtata. By surface analysis, îasy (“moon”) + atá (“fire”).
Cognate with Guaraní jasytata.


tanimbuka

Nheengatu: tanimbuka

→? Brazilian Portuguese: tanimbuca

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tanimuk.
Cognate with Paraguayan Guaraní tanimbu.

inh+

Quarta feira tanimbucaräîba raçâpe iecüacúpabuçú, Quareſma iâba nhëypyrûnghi: ipupé quarenta âra iaiecüacúbine.

1686 [1618], Antônio de Araújo, “Em Março”, in Bartolomeu de Leão, editor, Cateciſmo Braſilico da Doutrina Chriſtãa [Brazilian Catechism of the Christian Doctrine], 2 edition, Catalogo dos dias Santos de guarda, & de jejum (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Miguel Deslandes, page 122:

When the Ash Wednesday (literally, “Wednesday's holy ashes”) passes, the great fasting called Lent starts: in it, we will fast for forty days.


kaûã

Nheengatu: wakawã

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: acauã, acuã, cauã, uacauã
→ English: acauã

desc

→ Brazilian Portuguese: Cauã, Cauê, Kauã, Kauan, Kawan

Gabriel Soares de Sousa (1587) chapter LXXXV, in Noticia do Brasil (overall work in Portuguese), Salvador; republished as Francisco Adolpho de Varnhagen, editor, Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587, Rio de Janeiro: Laemmert, 1851, page 234: “Oacaoam [Ûakaûã]”

Claude d'Abbeville (1614) chapter XXXIX, in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L'Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (overall work in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 233: “Chouä [Kaûã]”

Herpetotheres cachinnans
Herpetotheres cachinnans#Translingual

(North Tupi) laughing falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans)


gûyratinga

Nheengatu: wirá-tinga

→ Brazilian Portuguese: Guiratinga

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *wɨratiŋ. By surface analysis, gûyrá (“bird”) + ting (“white”) + -a.
Cognate with Paraguayan Guaraní guyratĩ.


pytanga

Nheengatu: pitanga, mitanga

tint (pale or faint tinge of any color; especially, a variation of a color obtained by adding white)


pytanga

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: pitanga
→ English: pitanga
→ Hunsrik: Pitange, Pitangebaam


îuba

Yapigtejuba.

1622, anonymous author, “Gema de ouo”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 147; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:


îararaka

Nheengatu: yararaka

→ Portuguese: jararaca
→ English: jararaca
→ Hunsrik: Scharack
→ Polish: żararaka
⇒ Translingual: Bothrops jararaca

Derived from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jararak.
Cognate with Guaraní jarara.


tukana

Nheengatu: tukana

→ French: toucan m (see there for further descendants)

→ New Latin: tucana, Tucana

→ Portuguese: tucano m (see there for further descendants)

Derived from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tũkãn, from Proto-Tupian *jɨokãn.
Cognate with Kamayurá tukan, Mbyá Guaraní and Wayampi tukã.

Ramphastos toco
Ramphastos toco#Translingual


baîaku

Nheengatu: mamayakú

→ Portuguese: baiacu, baiagu

gûamaîaku (alternative)
gûambaîaku (alternative)
maîaku (alternative)

blowfish; porcupinefish (any species of fish in the order Tetraodontiformes that have the ability to inflate themselves to a globe)


ka'atinga

Nheengatu: kaatinga

desc

→ Paraguayan Guaraní: ka'atĩnga (learned)

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: caatinga, Caatinga, catinga
→ English: caatinga

From ka'a (“forest”) + ting (“white”) + -a.

caatinga (sparse, thorny wooded area of northeastern Brazil)


sagûi

Nheengatu: sawĩ

→ Portuguese: sagui

Callithrix jacchus
Callithrix jacchus#Translingual

(North Tupi) common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

(South Tupi) golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia)


samambaîa

Nheengatu: samambaya

→ Portuguese: samambaia (“fern”)

From sama (“rope”) + paîa (“weight”), literally, “weight rope”, or more loosely translated as “pendant rope”, referring to the shape of its leaves.

lit

Tillandsia usneoides
Tillandsia usneoides#Translingual

forked fern (any fern in the genus Dicranopteris)


surukuku

Nheengatu: surukukú

→ Portuguese: surucucu


kuîmbuka

→ Portuguese: cumbuca, cuiambuca

From kuîa (“calabash”) + bok (“to split”) + -a; thus called because the bowl was made with a half of the split fruit.


gûabiraba

Nheengatu: wawirawa

desctree

→ Portuguese: gabiroba, guabiroba, gabirova, gavirova, guabirova
→ Hunsrik: Gabirob

tree of the species Campomanesia xanthocarpa

(loosely) any tree in the genus Campomanesia


mandubi

Nheengatu: mandubí

desc

→ Portuguese: mandubi, mendubi, mendubim, amendoim

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *manuβi.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní and Paraguayan Guaraní manduvi.

cog

mundubi (alternative)
munduí (alternative)

Arachis hypogaea
Arachis hypogaea#Translingual


taîaoba

⇒ Portuguese: taioba

Xanthosoma sagittifolium
Xanthosoma sagittifolium#Translingual

arrowleaf elephant's ear (Xanthosoma sagittifolium)


îyboîa

Nheengatu: jibuya

→ Portuguese: jiboia
→ English: jiboya


eîrara

Nheengatu: irara

desc

Portuguese: → irara, → papa-mel (calque)

⇒? English: tayra

Etymology tree
Proto-Tupian *ewit
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *eir
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ar
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *eirar
Proto-Tupian *-ap
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ?
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi eîrara
From Proto-Tupi-Guarani *eirar + Old Tupi -a. By surface analysis, eíra (“honey”) + ar (“to drink”) + -a, literally “honey drinker”.
Cognate with Guarayu eirar and Guaraní eira.


tapi'ira

Nheengatu: tapiira

→ Portuguese: Tapira, tapira, tapiira

desctree

→? French: tapir
→ English: tapir
→ German: Tapir
→ Ottoman Turkish: طاپر
Turkish: tapir
→ Polish: tapir
→ Kashubian: tapir
→? Portuguese: tapir
→? Spanish: tapir
→ Catalan: tapir
→ Dutch: tapir
→ Sundanese: tapir
→ Tagalog: tapir
→ Swedish: tapir

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tapiʔir.
Cognate with Guajajára tapi'ir and Mbyá Guaraní tapi'i.

etymon

[…]xéreimbâba tapiîra

1555, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter V, in Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil (overall work in Portuguese), Coimbra: Antonio de Mariz, published 1595, page 14v:

Le langaige du breſiL
w:Le langaige du Bresil

Les singularitez de la France Antarctique

tapi'ikaba

Tapijra oço ogoapixara pyri[…]

c. 1628, Luís Figueira, “Da Prepoſição 5. parte da oração”, in Arte da lingua Braſilica [Art of the Brasílica Language]^(https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Galeria:Arte_da_l%C3%ADngua_bras%C3%ADlica_(circa_1628).pdf) (overall work in Portuguese), Lisbon: Manuel da Silva, page 68:


kapi'i

Nheengatu: kapiĩ

→ Portuguese: capim

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kapiʔi. By surface analysis, ka'a (“leaf”) + po'i (“slender”).
Cognate with Guaraní kapi'i.

surf

hay (grass cut and dried for use as animal fodder)

thatch (straw for covering roofs or stacks)


sabîá

→ Portuguese: sabiá

Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní havia and Paraguayan Guaraní havía.

thrush (any species of songbirds of the genus Turdus)


gûanhumỹ

desc

→ Portuguese: guaiamum, guaiamu, gaiamu, goiamu, goiamum, guaiumum

gûaîamũ (alternative)
gûanhamũ (alternative)
ûanhamũ (alternative)
ûanhumy (alternative)

[ɡʷã.ɲũˈmɨ̃]

IL ſe trouue auſſi diuerſes ſortes de Crabes ou de Cancres, comme les Ouègnomoin leſquels ſont plus grands que les deux mains, gros à proportion & preſque tout bleus, ayant leurs mordans ou leurs deux pieds de deuãt gros comme le poing, ils ſe nichent dedans des trous qu'ils font en terre & aux pieds des arbres, d'où on les tire malaiſément & font bons à manger.

[1614, Claude d'Abbeville, chapter XL, in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L'Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 247v:

All sorts of crabs are found, like the “gûanhumỹ”, which are larger than two hands, equally thick and almost all blue, having their “bitters” or two front feet as large as a fist. They nest in holes they make in the ground and at the bottom of trees, from where they are difficult to pull out and are good to eat.


e'õ

head

e'õ (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute te'õ, R1 re'õ, R2 se'õ)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-eʔõ (“to die”), from Proto-Tupian *eʔõ (“to die”).
Cognate with Guaraní e'õ and Eastern Bolivian Guaraní tẽo.

inh+

Opá te'õ îandé mondyki.

1952 [1618], Antônio de Araújo, Catecismo na Língua Brasílica, Rio de Janeiro: PUC, page 315:

Aypò teõ yanonde irã amo abà angaipabeté Ante Chriſto ceribaè ruri onhemoetébo, oyo êce aba yerobiára potà yxe ê pepicíroâna, oyábo abà çupe, y xe è Chriſto yába, oyabo tenhẽne, Tupã çuî yepeápotà

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Do ſegundo nouiſsimo, que he o juizo particular, & final” (chapter II), in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], 1 edition, [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n340/mode/1up Livro Oitavo dos quatro novissimos do homen […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 160:

Before these deaths, in the future a very evil man called the Antichrist will come, growing proud, wanting people to trust in him, saying to people "I myself am your savior", improperly saying "I myself am the so-called Christ", wanting them to turn away from God.

numbing (the act by which something is numbed)


'ybakamusi

→ Portuguese: Cambuci, cambuci

A tropical fruit tree native to South America (Campomanesia phaea).


aîpĩ

→ Portuguese: aipim

Manihot esculenta
Manihot esculenta#Translingual


arasá

Nheengatu: arasá

→ Portuguese: araçá


aratiku

Nheengatu: aratikú

→ Portuguese: araticum, araticu (dated)

A tropical fruit tree native to South America (Annona crassiflora)

(loosely) custard apple (any tree in the genus Annona)


'ybá

Nheengatu: iyá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ɨˀβa (“fruit”). By surface analysis, 'yba (“plant”) + 'a (“fruit”).
Cognate with Guaraní yva.


'ybapytanga

/ʔɨˌβa.pɨˈtã.ŋa/

From 'ybá (“fruit”) + pytang (“reddish”) + -a.


komixã

→ Portuguese: grumixama


peke'i

→ Brazilian Portuguese: pequi

Caryocar brasiliense, a tree native to the Brazilian cerrado


mani'oka

Nheengatu: maniáka

desctree

→ Portuguese: mandioca
→ Spanish: mandioca
→ Middle French: manioc
French: manioc
→ German: Maniok
→ Ottoman Turkish: مانیوق
Turkish: manyok
→ Romanian: manioc
→ English: manioc
→ Lingala: manyɔ́kɔ
→ Romanian: manioc
→ Kongo: mandioko

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *maniʔok. By surface analysis, *mani + 'ok + -a.
Cognate with Guaraní mandi'o.

inh+

manioc; cassava root (Manihot esculenta)


makaxera

Portuguese: → macaxera, ⇒ macaxeira


tapi'oka

Nheengatu: tipiáka

desctree

→ Portuguese: tapioca
→ Armenian: տապիոկա (tapioka)
→ Esperanto: tapioko
→ English: tapioca
→ Maori: tapioka
→ Marshallese: tapioka
→ Tagalog: tapyoka
→ Finnish: tapioka
→ French: tapioca
→ Ottoman Turkish: تاپیوقا
Turkish: tapyoka
→ Romanian: tapiocă
→ German: Tapioka
→ Indonesian: tapioka
→ Japanese: タピオカ
→ Spanish: tapioca

tapioca (starchy food made from cassava)


tare'ira

Nheengatu: tarira

→ Brazilian Portuguese: traíra, trahira (pre-standardization spelling)
→ English: trahira
→ Hunsrik: Traira

From Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tareʔir + Old Tupi -a.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní tare'y.


îabyru

Nheengatu: yaburú

desctree

→ Portuguese: jaburu, jabiru
→ English: jabiru

Jabiru mycteria
Jabiru mycteria#Translingual


îuriti

Nheengatu: yurutí

→ Portuguese: juriti

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *juriti.
Cognate with Guaraní jeruti.

inh+

îeruti (alternative)
îurutĩ (alternative)


uruku

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *uruku, from Proto-Tupian *ɨrʲuku.
Cognate with Guaraní uruku.

Bixa orellana
Bixa orellana#Translingual


uruku

Nheengatu: urukú

→ Portuguese: urucum, urucu

achiote (orange-red dye obtained from the anchiote seed)


kupu'yûasu

desctree

Nheengatu: kupuasú
→ Brazilian Portuguese: cupuaçu
→ English: cupuassu
→ Spanish: cupuazú
→ Curripaco: kopowaso
→ Tariana: kupuasú
→ Yuhup: kupuwasú

From *kupu'y (“cupuí”) + -ûasu (augmentative suffix).

af

(North Tupi) cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum)


migûá

Nheengatu: miwá

desctree

→ Portuguese: biguá
→ Dutch: bigua-aalscholver

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *miwa. Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní and Paraguayan Guaraní mbigua.

cog

migua he hũ pasoro tamanho como hũ gramde capaõ pardo pela barigua e pelo pesquoso e pelas azas preta e bramquo por baixo e as pomtas das azas e o rabo preto eles amdão sempre na auguoa nadamdo e com o corpo debaixo daguoa e o pesquoco e a cabesa fora dauguoa eles fazem tres filhos e os ouos cam e ha muito gramde camtidade e andam em bãdos em riba dos laguos de auguoa dose e comen peixe e he muito bom comer

[c. 1631, Christovão de Lisboa, Historia dos animaes e arvores do Maranhão [History of Maranhão's animals and trees] (in Portuguese), Lisbon, page 185r:

“migûá” is a bird as big as a capon, brown on the belly and neck, black on the wing['s overside], white on its underside and its tips and black [on the] tail. They are always swimming on the water, with the body underwater and the head and neck over it. They breed three chicks […] . There are plenty of them and they live in groups over freshwater lakes, eat fish and are very good to eat.

Anhinga anhinga
Anhinga anhinga#Translingual


xabi

tlb

(Língua Geral Amazônica, Língua Geral Paulista)

Nheengatu: xawí

Borrowed from Portuguese chave, from Old Galician-Portuguese chave, from Latin clāvis, from Proto-Italic *klāwis, from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂w-.

etymon

key (device designed to open and close a lock)


katinga

Nheengatu: katinga

→ Portuguese: catinga

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *katiŋ. By surface analysis, aby'aka (“stench”) + ting (“nauseous”) + -a.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní kaxĩ.

surf

funk (foul or unpleasant smell, especially body odour)


mokyrana

→ Portuguese: muquirana

Pediculus humanus humanus
Wikispecies:Pediculus humanus humanus


mba'etatá

Nheengatu: mbaetatá

desc

→ Portuguese: boitatá, baitatá, batatá, biatatá, bata, batatão


mba'e

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *maʔe. The euphemistic use for the penis is a semantic loan from Portuguese membro.
Cognate with Guaraní and Mbyá Guaraní mba'e.

Bae ete caugoaçu
caõy moyebiyebira,
aipo cauçucatupira,
aipo anhe yamombeu,
aipo imomorangimbira.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 60v, lines 42–46; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 112:

A very good thing is binge drinking, to be vomiting cauim. That's what should be well steemed, we trully proclaim that, that's what should be praised.

thing (that which is considered to exist as a separate entity, object, quality or concept)

Ereyemomotápe abà mbaè recè: mbaé cátu jaramo cecó moaciabo?

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter XI, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n227/mode/1up Livro Sexto do Confessionário […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 109v:

Did you covet someone's things, envying the possessor of many things?

thing (an individual object or distinct entity)

Anjo. Deitee nderuumuçu
aba anga momoxiabo
baeuuma tayaçu
oroapi cori yandu
ſarau. Acai, teume xerapiabo.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 71, lines 499–503; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 133:

Angel: For that very reason your dirtiness misshapes the men's souls. You muddy thing, you pig! I'm gonna burn you today as always.
Saraûaîa: Enough, quit your burning!

(derogatory, in compounds) thing (a living being or creature)

Epè-noeré-coih?peroupichah-mae?

1578, Jean de Léry, chapter XX, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, page 362:

provision; supply (food obtained for future use)

Aiquîtigquîtigc[…]Baecaguera pupe.

1622, anonymous author, “Enseuar”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 117; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

Jmbaepepe ynhigbõu?

1622, anonymous author, “Membro, ou parte do corpo”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 35; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

In which limb did they hit you with an arrow?

"Oútemo ké kuñã xe posé" erépe, nde mbaé pýmamo?

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “[Sextum Mandatum]”, in [Doutrina Cristã]; republished as Armando Cardoso, compiler, Doutrina Cristã: Doutrina autógrafa e confessionário, volume 2, São Paulo: Loyola, 1992, →ISBN, page 93, line 53:

Have you said "I wish a woman came here to my side!", being your member hard?

(folklore) bogey (hostile supernatural creature)


kapi'iûara

Nheengatu: kapiwara

→ Portuguese: capivara

→ English: capybara

→ Spanish: capibara

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kapiʔiβar. By surface analysis, kapi'i (“grass”) + gûara (“eater”).
Cognate with Guaraní kapi'yva.

surf

kapi'ibara (alternative)
kapibara (alternative)
kapi'igûara (alternative)

Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris
Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris#Translingual


o'o

head

o'o (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute to'o, R1 ro'o, R2 so'o)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *oʔo (“meat”), from Proto-Tupian.
Cognate with Guaraní so'o.

inh+

meat; flesh (muscle tissue of an animal)


eté

head

eté (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute teté, R1 reté, R2 seté)


eté

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *eta (“too”). Doublet of etá.
Cognate with Guaraní heta, -ete.


xema

Alternative form of sema following a word ending in i or î


pindoba

Nheengatu: pindawa

→ Portuguese: pindoba, pindova

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pinoβ.

etymon

Meronym: inaîá

Attalea oleifera
Attalea oleifera#Translingual

palm tree of the species Attalea oleifera


mba'ekugûaba

mba'e (“thing”) + kugûab (“to know”) + -a


andyrá

Nheengatu: andirá

→ Brazilian Portuguese: andirá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *anɨra.

inh+

Anjo. Baepe que tuj opica?
Andira ruâpee.
Panama, coipo guaiquica?
enero, cururu açica?
eri, carigueya e.
Ejori
baenẽ baepoxi
bora, miaratacaca
ceboi, tamarutaca
ſarau[aya] — Xepoeirai, xeropecij
auye, teume xemombaca.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 71, lines 483–493; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 133:

Angel: What is here, lying still? Is it a bat, a butterfly or a short-tailed opossum? Maybe a crippled frog? Ay opossum! Come, you stinky, nasty thing, stingless bee, skunk, worm, mantis shrimp.
Saraûaîa: I'm tired, I'm sleepy. Enough! Don't wake me up!

Gabriel Soares de Sousa
w:Gabriel Soares de Sousa

Noticia do Brasil
w:pt:Notícia do Brasil

bat (any flying mammal of the order Chiroptera)

(strictly) common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus)


u'i

Nheengatu: uí


maraba

→ Portuguese: marabá (learned)


ro'y

Nheengatu: uí, ruí

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *roʔɨ (“cold”).
Cognate with Guaraní ro'y.


ypy

Nheengatu: ipí

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ʔɨpɨ (“base of a tree”), from Proto-Tupian *kˀɨpˀɨ (“tree trunk”).
Cognate with Guaraní ypy.

inh+

first (person or thing in the first position)

base; basis; foundation (supporting, lower or bottom component of a structure or object)


ypy

head

ypy (possessable, IIb class pluriform, absolute typy, R1 rypy, R2 typy)

Nheengatu: ipí, tipí, ripí


eíra

Nheengatu: ira

Etymology tree
Proto-Tupian *ewit
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *eir
Proto-Tupian *-ap
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ?
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi eíra
From Proto-Tupi-Guarani *eir + Old Tupi -a.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní ei and Paraguayan Guaraní eíra.

etymon

honey (sweet substance produced by bees)


eíra

Nheengatu: ira

→ Brazilian Portuguese: irá

meliponine (any stingless bee of the tribe Meliponini)


py'a

head

py'a (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute my'a)

Nheengatu: piá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pɨʔa (“liver”), from Proto-Tupian *pɨʔa (“liver”).
Cognate with Guaraní py'a.

inh+

ſar.[…]Yia muru, ipiapuera / xepotabamo toico.
Aimb. xe cori ipia çoo.
ſara. tou yande roipiroera / çeçe pabê tiaixoo.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 76v, lines 739–743; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 144:

Sarauaia: Serves them right! Their severed livers are gonna be my portion.
Aîmbiré: Today I want their loin.
Sarauaia: The one's that stayed at our houses shall eat them. We should invite everyone because of them.

Ché-puyac.

1578, Jean de Léry, chapter XX, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, page 365:

Xepiaecotebẽ.

1622, anonymous author, Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 36; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

(figuratively) heart (source of one's feelings and emotions)

(figuratively) mind; brains (source of one's thoughts and awareness)

Acoeime aicotebẽ / Xerecopochipuruabo / taiticpac coty ypeabo / xenhiãme tereique / Xepig-a moingatuabo.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter L, in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 97, column 2, lines 27–31; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 184:

In the past, I was anguished, commiting wrongdoings. May I throw away all traps, repelling them. May you enter in my heart, protecting my core.

(figuratively) core; bowels (deepest or innermost part)


pa'i

Nheengatu: paí

mister (term of address to an adult male)

(Christianity, Late Tupi) father (term of address to a priest)

Xe reroketé pa'i

(Christianity, Late Tupi, by extension) priest, clergyman


ye'ẽ

— Marãnamope peîapó aîpó ye'ẽ? — Oroîapó, îagûara xe boîá ra'yra gûarûera mbo'asagûama resé.

— Why are you making that pitfall? — We are making it to catch the jaguar that ate my servant's son.

(hapax legomenon) pitfall (trap consisting of a concealed pit in the ground)


a'y

Nheengatu: aí

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: aí, aígue
→ English: ai

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *aʔɨ, from Proto-Tupian *aʔi. Cognate with Paraguayan Guaraní a'i.

etymon

N’estes matos se cria um animal mui estranho, a que os indios chamam ahy, e os portuguezes preguiça[…]; o qual é felpudo como cão d’agua, e do mesmo tamanho; e tem a cor cinzenta, os braços e pernas grandes, com pouca carne, e muita lã; tem as unhas como cão e muito voltadas; a cabeça como gato, mas coberta de gadelhas que lhe cobrem os olhos; os dentes como gato.

[1587, Gabriel Soares de Sousa, chapter CVII, in Notícia do Brasil (in Portuguese), Salvador; republished as Francisco Adolpho de Varnhagen, editor, Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587, 2nd edition, Rio de Janeiro: João Ignancio da Silva, 1879, page 236:

AI Braſilienſibus, Lufitanis Priguiza, Noſtratibus Luyaert / id eſt, Ignavus: animal magnitudine mediocris Vulpis noſtratis[…]

[1648, Georg Marcgrave, Willem Piso, Historia Naturalis Brasiliae [Brazilian Natural History], Rerum Naturalium Historiae, book VI, chapter I (in Latin), Amsterdam: Elzevir, page 221:

brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus)


xy

Alternative form of sy following a word ending in i or î


xu'u

Alternative form of su'u following a word ending in i or î


tupã

Nheengatu: tupã, tupana

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tupã.


musurana

→ Brazilian Portuguese: muçurana

From musu (“swamp eel”) + ran (“false”) + -a.

Des tages ʒuuorne/ehe ſie anheben ʒutrincken/binden ſie dem gefangenen die ſchnur Muſſurana vmb den hals.

[1557, Hans Staden, chapter XXIV, in Warhaftige Hiſtoria [True History], volume 2 (in German), Marburg: Andreas Kolbe, unnumbered page:

The next day, as soon as they start drinking, they tie the “musurana” rope around the prisoner's neck.

Tataurana / eru que nde moçurana.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 76v, lines 744–745; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 144:

Os contrarios que os Tupinambás cativam na guerra, ou de outra qualquer maneira, metem-nos em prisões, as quaes são cordas de algodão grossas, que para isso tem mui louçãs, a que chamam mucuranas, as quaes são tecidas como os cabos dos cabrestos de Africa; e com ellas os atam pela cinta e pelo pescoço[…]

[1587, Gabriel Soares de Sousa, chapter CLXXI, in Notícia do Brasil (in Portuguese), Salvador; republished as Francisco Adolpho de Varnhagen, editor, Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587, 2nd edition, Rio de Janeiro: João Ignancio da Silva, 1879, page 303:

The oppositors that the Tupinambá hold captive in war, or by any other means, are placed in prisions, which are thick cotton ropes that they have high regard, that they call “musurana”, weaved as the cables of African halters; and with that they tie them up by the waist and neck.

A cotton rope tied around the waist and neck of the prisioner to be killed in an anthropophagic ritual.


so'o

Nheengatu: suú

[…]çoô, pirà, guîrà retãmeengàba ê ycô ára[…]

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter 4, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n340/mode/1up Livro Oitavo dos quatro novissimos do homen […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 166v:

This world is the true promised land of the beasts of venery, fishes and birds.

game; beast of venery (wild animal hunted for food)

Ageroure soo ressé.

1613–1614, Yves d'Évreux, chapter XXIII, in Suitte de l'histoire des choses plus memorables advenues en Maragnan es années 1613 et 1614 (overall work in French), Paris: François Huby, published 1615, page 97:


so'o

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


ku'a

Nheengatu: kuá


apixara

head

apixara (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tapixara, R1 rapixara, R2 sapixara)

Tapi'ira osó ogû apixara pyri.

L. Figueira, Arte da Língua brasilica (1621)

The bull went close to its own companion(s).

a colleague, a companion, someone on the same status in the indigenous society, a simile, mate, friend

Nde rapixara pixé, mba'enem-y îu!

Thou art like a scorch, you stinking thing!


kuîa

kuîa (possessable, IId class pluriform, absolute kuîa, R1 rekuîa, R2 sekuîa, R3 o ekuîa)

Nheengatu: kuya

desctree

→ Portuguese: cuia, cuya (obsolete)
→ Hunsrik: Kui

Derived from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kuj.
Cognate with Tocantins Asurini kosa, Cocama kuja, Aurá kwi and Tembé kuj.

Crescentia cujete
Crescentia cujete#Translingual

calabash (fruit of the calabash tree Crescentia cujete)


kuîa

fall, in the sense of detaching from something


mo'ema

head

mo'ema (possessable, IId class pluriform, absolute mo'ema, R1 remo'ema, R2 semo'ema, R3 o emo'ema)


irũ

...Peîori, xe irũ-etá ...

a companion, partner in the same profession


kanindé

Nheengatu: kanindé

desc

Brazilian Portuguese: → canindé, → Cananéia, ⇒ arara-canindé

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kanine
Cognate with Guaraní kaninde.

inh+

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, Auto de São Lourenço [Play of Saint Lawrence], Niterói, page 62; republished in Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, transl., compiled by Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, Teatro, 2nd edition, São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2006, →ISBN:

blue-and-yellow macaw
blue-and-yellow macaw