escama

Spanish: escama

From Latin squāmam, accusative of squāma.

[…] ca alli a una laguna q̃ ſe tiene cõ la. en q̃ a unos peces tamannos como un palmo. ⁊ no an eſcama nĩguna.

[…] for in that place there is a pool in which there are large fish, the size of a handspan, and they have no scales whatsoever.


heredad

heredad

Tod ome d'otra uilla que uiniere demandar a nuestro uizino heredad, por nuestro foro le responda.

1234 – 1275, anonymous, Fuero de cáceres 315

Any man from another village who comes asking a neighbour of ours for inheritance must respond to him with our fuero.


guisa

Spanish: guisa

From a Germanic root related to *wīsaz (“wise”), perhaps through Gothic *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰 (*weisa). Cognate with German Weise (“way, manner”).

Vio ſaul el albergada de los philiſteos e ouo mẏedo. ⁊ demãdo c̃ſeio al nr̃o ſẽnor. E nol reſpõdio en nulla guẏſa.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 32v:

[Then] Saul saw the encampment of the Philistines and he was afraid. And he sought the counsel of Our Lord, [but] He did not respond to him in any way.


reptar

Spanish: retar

Spanish: retar

Probably borrowed from Old Catalan or Old Occitan reptar, inherited from Latin reputāre.


sufre

Spanish: azufre

From Latin sulfur, sulphur, sulphure, from Proto-Indo-European *swelplos, from the root *swel- (“to burn, smoulder”). Compare Catalan sofre and French soufre.

[…] ⁊ puſieren cabo della un poco de ſufre. ⁊ ruciaren la piedra con agua ſaldra della fuego tan fuerte […]

[…] and should they put atop it some sulfur and spray it with water, then the stone would spit fire so strong […]

Idem, f. 13r.
& es fallada en tierra de affrica en las mineras del ſufre. Liuiana es. ⁊ fuerte de q̃brantar.

And it is found in the land of Africa, in the sulfur mines. It is light, but also hard to break.


nevar

Ladino: inyevar

Spanish: nevar

From Vulgar Latin *nevāre, ultimately from Latin nivem (“snow”, noun). First attested in Alfonso X's General Estoria (see quotation).

E cuenta otrossí que los omnes d'aquella tierra que lo catan fallan por cosa provada que de la manera que nieva e llueve en tierra de Mauritaña ó es aquella fuent que d'essa guisa crece o mingua el Nilo.

ca. 1275, Alfonso X, General Estoria Primera parte, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez Pietro-Borja, 2002, Alcalá de Henares: Universidad de Alcalá de Henares)

And he says, moreover, that men of that land observe, and find it proven, that depending on how it snows or rains in Mauritania, where that source is found, thus the Nile increases or decreases.


camisa

Ladino: kamisa

Spanish: camisa (see there for further descendants)

From Late Latin camisia, borrowed from Proto-West Germanic *hamiþi, from *hamō + *-iþi.

etymon

1140-1207, El Cantar de mio Cid (The Song of my Lord), 72r, 3612-3638: Cantar de mio Cid
el belmez con la camisa e con la guarnizón

the padded tunic with the shirt and gambleston


colpe

Spanish: golpe

Perhaps a deverbal noun of golpar, colpar. See more under modern golpe.

Martĩ antolinez vn colpe dio a galue

between 1140 and 1207, anonymous, Cantar de myo Cid 765


diezmo

desctree

Spanish: diezmo
→ Classical Nahuatl: diezmo

From Latin decimus (“tenth”), from decem (“ten”).

Estonz exio melchẏsedec a abraam a la carrera. e bẽdixol. ⁊ dẏxo. Benedicto sea abraam de dẏos el alto. e diol pã ⁊ vino q̃ anos en figura de x̃s. e abraam a el diol el diezmo. de todo lo q̃ aduzie.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2r:

Then Melchizedek sent Abram on his way, and blessed him, and said, “Blessed be Abram of God the [Most] High.” And he gave him bread and wine, which to us is a figure of Christ. And to him Abram gave the tithe of all he had taken.


ximia

From Latin simia. Compare Modern Spanish simio.

La ximia, si pariere dos fijos, al uno aborreçe & al otro quiere bien

1350, anonymous author, edited by María Teresa Herrera and María Nieves Sánchez, Traducción de la "Historia de Jerusalem abreviada" de Jacobo de Vitriaco, Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca, published 2000:

The female monkey, if it brought forth two children, one is abandoned and one is loved


encantador

Spanish: encantador

From Latin incantātōrem, singular accusative of incantātor (“enchanter, soothsayer”), from incantō (“I enchant”).

Sant peẏdro fo p̃dicar en roma. e por occaſiõ de ſimõ magus el encantador. nero el enꝑador fizolo meter en .+. dela cabeça aẏuſo e delos pies aſuſo.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49r:

Saint Peter went to Rome to preach, and because of Simon Magus the sorcerer Nero the emperor had him put on a cross with his head down and his feet up.


fonda

Spanish: honda

Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol. e vino a el etomo el eſpada. de golias. etaiol la cabeça. el eſpada ela cabeça aduxola aieruſalem.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him. And he approached him and took Goliath's sword and cut off his head. And the sword and the head he brought to Jerusalem.


pan

Ladino: pan

Spanish: pan (see there for further descendants)

Del agua fezist vino e dela piedra pan,

Of the water Thou madest wine and of the stone bread,


estivo

Spanish: estío (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin [tempus] aestīvum (literally “summertime”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese estio.

inh+

mid–late 13th c., Siete Partidas, I.V.XIII
...et las primeras, que son de verano, comienzan en el segundo miercoles de quaraesma, et las segundas, que son del estivo, comienzan en el primero miercoles despues de cinquaesma...

...and the first [set of Ember Days], which are in spring, begin on the second Wednesday of Lent, while the second [set of Ember Days], which are in summer, begin on the first Wednesday after Pentecost...


abbat

Spanish: abad

Inherited from Latin abbātem, from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶς (abbâs), from Aramaic אבא (’abbā, “father”).

The abbot Don Sancho Christian of the Creator prayed the matins around the dawns

Cantar de Mío Cid El abbat don Sancho christiano del Criador rezava los matines a buelta de los albores (...)


camello

Ladino: kameyo (Latin spelling)

Spanish: camello

From Vulgar Latin *camēllus, from Latin camēlus (additional /l/ due to influence from the ending -ĕllus, which did not however change the stressed vowel), from Ancient Greek κάμηλος (kámēlos).

Catarõ ⁊ vierõ vna requa de paganos de los de ẏſmael. E vinien de galaat cõ ſos camellos cargados de mercaduras e ẏuã a egipto

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

They looked up and saw a pagan caravan, of those of Ishmael. And they were coming from Gilead with their camels loaded with goods, and they were headed to Egypt.


fiero

head

fiero (feminine singular fiera, masculine plural fieros, feminine plural fieras)

fiera (feminine singular)
fieros (masculine plural)
fieras (feminine plural)

Spanish: fiero, fiera

Dẏxo nr̃o ſẽnor amoẏſen. maduRga ala mannana ⁊ di a pharaon. Q ẏol digo q̃ dexe mio pueblo. E ſi nõblo dexare echare en el ẏenſos vaſſallos beſtias fieras. ⁊ emplir ſe an todas las caſas ⁊ todala tr̃a. E marauillar ſe an en es dẏa.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 14r:

Our Lord said unto Moses, “Rise early in the morning and say unto Pharaoh that I order he let my people go, and that should he not let them go, I will unleash upon him and his servants savage beasts, and they will fill every house and all the earth, and on that day they will be awed. […]”


omne

Ladino:

Hebrew script: אומברי

Latin script: ombre

desctree

Spanish: hombre
Chavacano: hombre
→ English: hombre
→ French: hombre
→ English: ombre
→ Papiamentu: hòmber

From Latin hominem, the accusative of homō. Attested into the late 13th century.


safir

Spanish: zafiro

From Old French saphir, from Latin sapphīrus, from Ancient Greek σάπφειρος (sáppheiros), or an apocopic form of safiro.

Et eſta piedra es cardena en ſu color aſſi q̃ ſemeia al ſafir en la cardenor mas nõ en la luz. ca a eſta nõ traspaſſa el uiso como al ſafir faze ca la su color es mucho espeſſa ⁊ turuia

And this stone is purple in color, so that it resembles the sapphire in purpleness; but not in light, for sight cannot see through it like it does through sapphire, for its color is too thick and murky.


pimienta

Spanish: pimienta

From pimiento (“pepper plant”), from Latin pigmentum (“color, pigment”).

Negra es de color ⁊ pareſce en ella ya q̃to de uermeiura; aſſi que ſemeia alos granos dela pimienta.

It is black in color, but it also has to it some redness, so that it resembles peppercorns.


buey

Ladino: buey

Spanish: buey

From Latin bovem. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese boi and Old French buef.

Nó cobdicies coſa de to uezino. Ni cobdicies mugier de to proximo. Nẏ ſu máceba. ny ſo bueẏ. ni ſo aſno. Ni su mula. Ni nulla coſa de to vezino.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 18v:

Do not covet your neighbor's goods. Nor covet your neighbor's wife, nor his female servant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, nor his mule, nor any other thing that belongs to your neighbor.

Idem, f. 36r.
Job fue much rich õe e ouo .v. fijos. ⁊ .iij. fijas. ⁊ ouo .mil. ouejas. ⁊ .iij. mil. camellos. ⁊ .d. iugos de bueẏes. ⁊ .v. mil aſnas.

Job was a very rich man. And he had five sons and three daughters. And he owned a thousand sheep and three thousand camels and five hundred yoke of oxen and five thousand donkeys.


infierno

Spanish: infierno
→ Cebuano: impiyerno
→ Tagalog: impiyerno

From Latin īnfernum; attested from 1140. Regarding the phonetics (Latin in normally becomes en in Spanish), the word was perhaps influenced or reinforced by the Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation. There were similar developments in other Romance languages.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6r. a.
e dẏxo decẽdre / al infierno dolorioſo ſo por mẏo / fijo.

And he said: "I shall descend to hell unto my son in mourning."

Idem, 8r.
e ſi perdiere a beniamin deſcen / dre en mi ueieza enel ĩfierno. e / plorar lo he ẏ.

And should I lose Benjamin I will descend to hell, in my old age, and I shall mourn him there.

(biblical) Sheol, the Hebrew term for the underworld; hell.


desierto

Spanish: desierto

Borrowed from Latin dēsertum (“wasteland; desert”), from dēsertus (“forsaken; abandoned”).

allẏ en ebrõ. vinierõ las eſpias. del deſierto de faram. a tierra de promiſſion. Caleph. ⁊ ioſue. eſſos .x. cõpãneros.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v:

The spies went there, from the desert of Paran, to Hebron, the Promised Land. Caleb, Joshua and their ten companions.


nuera

Spanish: nuera

From Vulgar Latin *nŏra, from Late Latin nura, from Classical Latin nurus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *snusós.

c1200: Alemeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6r. a.
E iudas fue veer ſos ganados cõ un ſo amygo. e dyxierõlo atamar ſu nuera.

And Judah went to see his cattle with a friend of his and they informed Tamar, his daughter-in-law.

Idem, f. 6r. b.
Acabo de .iij. meſes. dyxierõ le aiuda q̃ su nuera tamar era p̃nada.

After three months they told Judah that Tamar, his daughter-in-law, was pregnant.


poço

Spanish: pozo

Inherited from Latin puteus. Compare its written form with Portuguese poço

(...) et abet se adimplir del poço de sancto Dominico per foro (...)

c. 1132, Cartularios de Valpuesta, doc 162

And it is to be fulfilled from the well of Saint Dominic by charter.

well (hole in the ground as a source of water or other fluids)


guitarra

Spanish: guitarra

Borrowed from Arabic قِيثَارَة (qīṯāra), borrowed from Aramaic קיתרא, borrowed from Ancient Greek κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ (kithárā). Doublet of cedra.

etymon

Aurás por encuentro la companya de los proffectas deuallantes de la altura, et delant ellos es el salterio et la viola et la guitarra et la rabeua

c. 1376–1396, Juan Fernández de Heredia, “De la informacion, insstruccion ho establimiento et començamiento de religion” (chapter 76), in [Rams de Flores o Libro de Actoridades], page 164c; republished as Conrado Guardiola Alcover, editor (in Spanish), Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico, 1998, →ISBN, pages 222–223:


figado

Ladino: ligado

Spanish: hígado

From Late Latin fīcātum (“liver”), from Latin iecur fīcātum (“fig-stuffed liver”).

inh

dixo el angel abrel e trayent coraçon e el figado & la fiel e cõ eſto ſanara to padre aſſi lo fizo.

13th century, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, page 35vb:

the angel said: "open it and take out the heart, the liver and the gall, and with them your father will be healed", and so he did.


mercader

Ladino: merkader

Spanish: mercader

Borrowed from Old Catalan mercader, the native formation being mercadero.

—Dime, amigo, ¿para qué serías tú bueno?
—¡Ay hombre bueno!—dixo él—, ¿y quién vos dixo mi nombre?
—¿Y cómo?—dixo el mercader—, ¿Amigo te dizen?
—Amigo—dixo él—me dizen.
—Plázeme—dixo el mercader.

ca. 1300, anonymous, Libro del cavallero Cifar f. 94v, (ed. by Juan Manuel Cacho Blecua, pub. by Universidad de Zaragoza, 2003)

"Tell me, amigo, what are you good at?"
"Oh, my good man," he said, "who told you my name?"
"What do you mean?" said the merchant, "Is Amigo your name?"
"It is Amigo," said he.
"I like that," said the merchant.

merchant (person who traffics in commodities for profit)


mandragora

Spanish: mandrágora

From Medieval Latin mandragorās, from Ancient Greek μανδραγόρᾱς (mandragórās).

Et ſu uertud ſe mueſtra contra los otros toſſicos. ſi non contra aquellos que naſcen de tierra. por que ſon de natura frios. aſſi como mandragoras. o bellinno, o otras coſas que ſon daquella natura.

(Can we date this quote?), (Please provide the book title or journal name):

And its virtue is shown against the other poisons, those that sprout from the earth, because they are cold by nature; such as mandrakes, or henbane or other things of that nature.


legar

Spanish: legar (regional, rare)

legáronli las manos con un fuerte dogal.

c. 1260, Gonzalo de Berceo, Milagros de Nuestra Señora:

They tied his hands together with a strong noose.

w:Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico

to make impotent for procreation through the use of a spell or hex


faz

Spanish: haz, faz


faz

second-person singular imperative of facer


cabeça

Ladino:

Hebrew script: קאב׳יסה

Latin script: kavesa

Spanish: cabeza

From Vulgar Latin capitia, from the neuter plural accusative of capitium (“covering for the head”) (reanalyzed as a feminine singular), from caput (“head”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 2.
dixo ſõnaua q̃ tenẏa / .iij. canaſtiellos. blãcos ſobre / mẏ cabeça. en el canaſtiello ſu / ſano auẏa del comer de phara / on. E las aues del cielo comien / del canaſtiello ſobre mẏ. cabeça

he said: "I dreamt I had three white baskets on my head, and on the uppermost basket was all that which the pharaoh ate, and the birds of the sky ate from the basket upon my head."


braço

Ladino: braso

Spanish: brazo

From Latin brachium, bracchium (“forearm, arm”), from Ancient Greek βραχίων (brakhíōn, “arm”).

Corrio eſau aencuẽtro de ſo ermano. E abraçol ⁊ echo ſobre ſo cuello el braço. E ſaludolo. ⁊ omillos eſau. E toda ſu cõpãna de iacob.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5r:

Esau ran to meet his brother, and he embraced him and put his arm over his neck. And he greeted him and bowed before Esau, and so too all of Jacob's company.


dezir

Ladino: dezir, dizer, dizir

Spanish: decir


çapato

→ Aragonese: zapato

→ Mirandese: çapato

desctree

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: çapato
Galician: zapato
Portuguese: sapato
→ Chichewa: nsapato
→ Itsekiri: sabátù
→ Lingala: sapáto
→ Makalero: saapatu (“shoe”)
→ Malay: sepatu
Indonesian: sepatu
→ Chinese: 十巴拄, 巴拄
→ Old Tupi: sapatu
Nheengatu: sapatú
→ Sranan Tongo: pata
Dutch: patta
→ Tamil: சப்பாத்து (cappāttu)
→ Tetum: sapatu
→ Urhobo: isabatu

Spanish: zapato
→ Bikol Central: sapatos
→ Cebuano: sapatos
→ Chayuco Mixtec: zapato
→ Cora: tsapoáto
→ Cuyunon: sapatos
→ Guaraní: sapatu
→ Hiligaynon: sapatos
→ Ilocano: sapatos
→ Kapampangan: sapatus
→ Masbatenyo: sapatos
→ Sambali: sapatos
→ Southern Catanduanes Bicolano: sapatos
→ Tagalog: sapatos
→ Tausug: sapatus
→ Tetelcingo Nahuatl: sapötos
→ Waray-Waray: sapatos
→ Ye'kwana: sajatu


propheta

Spanish: profeta

Borrowed from Latin prophēta, from Ancient Greek προφήτης (prophḗtēs).

The prophet said: "that which the creator puts in my mouth, that is what I shall speak."

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 42r. a. dixo el ppħa [propheta] lo q̃ el criador puſie / re em mi boca eſſo fablare […]

Idem, f. 42r. b.
agora por eſto ppħizauan tus / pphetas falsedat.

And now because of this your prophets make false prophecies.


segar

Ladino: segar

Spanish: segar


biuora

Spanish: víbora

From Latin vīpera. If the spelling is taken at face value, it may imply metathesis of the original b and v.

Et ningun om̃e non puede llegar o naſce aquel ryo por que ay muchas ſirpientes ⁊ otras beſtias pozonadas de muchas maneras. ⁊ alli ſon las biuoras que matan ſola miente dela uiſta.

And no one can reach the place where that river has its source, for there are many snakes and many kinds of venomous beasts, and snakes that are able to kill with their sight.

Idem, f. 23r.
[…] Et aun a otra uertud q́ si la traen por la mordedura de la biuora, sana.
And it has yet another virtue, that if they rub it over a snake bite, it heals.


pharaon

Spanish: faraón

Borrowed from Late Latin pharaō, from Ancient Greek φαραώ (pharaṓ), from Biblical Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (par‘ōh), from Egyptian pr:aA (pr-ꜥꜣ, “palace, pharaoh”).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">pr-ꜥꜣ</i>

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 12r. a.
Fablat agora delant pharaon & dezidle que myo padre me coyuro. […] dixo pharaon ſub & ſotierra to padre.

Speak now before Pharaoh and tell him that my father asked [something] of me. […] Pharaoh said: "go forth and bury your father".

Idem, f. 11r. b.
E ſubieron cõ el todos ſos vaſallos de pharaon. los mayores de su caſa de pharaon & todos los mayores de egypto.
And all of Pharaoh's vassals went forth with him; the elders of the house of Pharaoh and all the elders of Egypt.


ombro

Ladino: ombro

Spanish: hombro

From Latin umerus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃émsos (“shoulder”).

Meçio myo çid los ombros ⁊ en grameo la tieſta

ca. 1140-1207, anonymous, Poem of the Cid 13

My Cid shrugged his shoulders and shook his head


espia

Spanish: espía

From Gothic *𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰 (*spaiha), from Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to see, look”), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”).

Mando el nr̃o ſeñor amoẏſen q̃ tremetiesſe eſpias atiera de chanaan por barũtar q̃ tr̃a era

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 22v:

Our Lord ordered Moses to send spies to the land of Canaan to get a sense of what [kind of] land it was.


almendra

Ladino: almendra

Spanish: almendra
→ Chavacano: almendra

From Vulgar Latin, from Latin amygdala, from Ancient Greek ἀμυγδάλη (amugdálē).

[…] E fizierõ aſi fijos de iſrꝉ eotro dia floreçio el blago de aaron ⁊ leuo almẽdras.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 23r:

[…] And so they did the children of Israel. And on the next day the staff of Aaron blossomed and bore almonds.


arquero

Spanish: arquero

From Late Latin arcārius, alteration of arcuārius, from Latin arcus (“bow”).

[…] ⁊ alcaçáron los phẏliſteos a ſaul. E mataró le .iij. fijos e aionata ⁊ amẏnadab e melchẏſſue cóſiguẏeron los arq́ros a ſaul e fue el mal có ellos […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 32v:

[…] And the Philistines overtook Saul and killed his three sons, Jonathan, Abinadab and Malki-Shua. The archers found Saul and he fared not well with them. […]

Idem, f. 42r.
fueró ala batalla a ramot galaad. e demudos el Rey de ſus armas. e entros ala batalla. e tirol .j. arq́ro. e firiol entrela loriga elas brafoneras.

And they went up to the battle at Remoth Gilead. And the king disguised his armor and went into battle. And an archer shot him and wounded him between the cuirass and arm braces.


aborrecimiento

osp-noun

aborrecimiento m (plural aborrecimientos)

Spanish: aborrecimiento

From aborrecer (“to loathe, abhor”) + -miento.

af

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 69v.
enforteçra firmanento a los mayores una ſetmana e en media la ſetmana faldra la oſtia. ẏ el ſacrificio e el tiempo ſera aborecimiento e de ſoldadura troal cabo e fin ſera dada ſobrel deſolant

And he will strengthen a covenant with many for one week, and in the middle of the week he will take away the offering. And the sacrifice in the temple will be abomination and desolation, until the consummation and end will be unleashed upon the desolator.


menaça

Ladin: amenasa

Spanish: menaza, amenaza

Papiamentu: amenasa

From Latin minācia, a noun based on mināx (“threatening”).

dixo ẏſaẏas a los menſageros q̃l embio el reẏ ezechias aſſi dizredes al nr̃o ſennor q̃ diz el criador Nõ temas delas menazas q̃ oiſt de los uaſſallos del reẏ de ſur. Afe yo trametre uiẽto ⁊ oyra tal palabra. por q̃stornara aſu tr̃a ⁊ ẏl fara morir aeſpada.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 54r:

Isaiah said the messengers sent to him by king Hezekiah, “You will tell our master that thus says the Creator, ‘Do not fear the threats you have heard from the servants of the king of the south. Lo, I will send wind and he will hear a rumor such that he will return to his land, and there he will be made to die by the sword.’”


segund

Spanish: según

Vivién segund la regla en toda onestad

13th c., Gonzalo de Berceo, Los milagros de nuestra señora 506

They lived following the rule in all honesty

Lo cual yo no niego, pero atrevime a ello pensando que me harías merced no segund quien la pedía, mas segund tú, que la haviés de dar

1492, Diego de San Pedro, Cárcel de Amor 151

I don't deny this, but I dared to do it thinking that you would forgive me, not because of who was asking for forgiveness, but because it's proper of you, who had to do it


Roma

Spanish: Roma

From Latin Rōma. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese Roma.

Sant peẏdro fo p̃dicar en roma. e por occaſiõ de ſimõ magus el encantador. nero el enꝑador fizolo meter en .+. dela cabeça aẏuſo e delos pies aſuſo.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

Saint Peter went to Rome to preach, and because of Simon Magus the sorcerer Nero the emperor had him put on a cross with his head down and his feet up.


nómina

Spanish: nómina

Borrowed from Latin nōmina, derived from nōmen. First attested in the late 13th-century Gran Conquista de Ultramar.

reliquary or small shrine with the names of saints


huebra

Spanish: huebra

[…] &́ vieron la gĺa de iſŕl dedios. Como huebra de blãcor. &́ de cristal. ⁊ como color de los cieloˢ mõdos […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 19r:

[…] and they saw the glory of the God of Israel, like a work of white and crystal, and like the color of realm of the heavens. […]


oliera

E dixo ella biua el ſẽnor dios q̃ no e pan ſi nõ un poco de farina en la tinẏella. E un poco de olẏo ẽna olẏera e q̃ero coger .ij. lẽnos e fer lo e pora mi q̃ comamos ⁊ nõ^([sic]) muramos

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38r:

And she said, “As the Lord God lives, I have no bread, but only some flour in a jar and a little oil in an oil jug. And I want to gather a couple of logs and make it for myself, that we may eat it and not die”.


ayre

Ladino: ayre

Spanish: aire

From Latin āer, from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr).

Sotil es de cuerpo ca ſe muda aſſi como el ayre que quando es claro es ella clara. ⁊ quando turuio turuia.

Its light of body, for it changes like the air; it is clear when it is clear, and cloudy when it is cloudy.


logar

Spanish: lugar

Inherited from Late Latin locālem, from Latin locus. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese logar.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 48v. col. 1.
to / do lo compro por .L. marcos de / plata. e fizo ẏ altar. e ſac̃fico / al criador. e finco la mortaldat / en aq̃l logar

All of it he bought for fifty shekels of silver, and he made an altar and offered a sacrifice to the creator, and so the dying left that place.


maslo

Spanish: macho

Inherited from Vulgar Latin māsclus, contracted form of Latin māsculus (“male”).

c. 1200, La Fazienda de Ultramar, fol 11v
Mando el Rey alas amas ebreas. Quando nasciesse el fijo maslo que lo matassen.

The king commanded the Hebrew mistresses to kill the son when he was born a male.


liebre

Spanish: liebre
→ Tagalog: liyebre

[…] pero la gente daq̃lla tierra o ella es mas fallada, llaman le la piedra dela liebre, por eſta razon. q̃ en aquel logar o entra el grand ryo del nilo en la mar medio terrana, cria ſe y un animal que ſemeia en ſus miembros ⁊ en todas ſus fayciones ala liebre de tierra. ⁊ por endel llaman liebre marina.

[…] but the people of that land, where it is most found, call it the stone of the hare for this reason; that in that place, where the great river Nile enters the Mediterranean Sea, there breeds an animal that is similar in its limbs and all of its features to the land hare, and thus they call it a marine hare.


vazio

head

vazio (feminine singular vazia, masculine plural vazios, feminine plural vazias)

vazia (feminine singular)
vazios (masculine plural)
vazias (feminine plural)

Ladino: vazio

Spanish: vacío

e dixol ue e pid uaſos atos uezinos uazios ⁊ nõ pocos. uernas ⁊ cerraras tu puerta tu e tus fijos baziaredes la oliera ſobre todos los baſſos ⁊ el pleno toldras

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar f. 43r

And he said to her “Go, and ask your neighbors for empty vessels, and not a few. You will come and shut your door. You and your sons will empty the jar of oil over all the vessels and each full [one] you will put away.”


Salomon

Spanish: Salomón

From Latin Salomōn, from Ancient Greek Σολομών (Solomṓn), from Biblical Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה (šĕlōmōʰ), from שָׁלוֹם (šālōm, “peace”).

Todo lo que auia. y metio zorobabel. e ſos conpãneros por mandado de cyrus reẏ de ꝑſia toda la uaſiella de oro q̃ fizo el rey ſalomõ pora lacaſa del c̃ador.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76r:

All that there was Zerubbabel placed there with his company by command of Cyrus, King of Persia; all the vessels of gold that King Solomon had made for the House of the Creator.


banno

Ladino: banyo

Spanish: baño

Inherited from Latin baneum, variant of Latin balneum.

E nes ſos dias yo daniel era dolorioſo .iij. ſedmanas de dias. pan cobdiciadero ni carne non comj nin ui non etro en mi boca niẽ bano non fu banado troa q̃s cumplieron .vij. semanas de dias

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 69:

In those days, I, Daniel, was mournful for three weeks' worth of days. I ate no no pleasant bread or meat, nor did wine enter my mouth, nor was I bathed in a bath until three week's worth of days passed.


exir

Inherited from Latin exīre.
According to Coromines and Pascual, unused by the 15th century, by the end of which Antonio de Nebrija reports a minor use of its imperative, exe/exi, as an interjection for dogs.
Had the word lived on in modern Spanish, it would have yielded *ejir.

Non oſan fueras exir nĩ con el ſe aiuntar

They do not dare go out, nor come across him [the Cid]


golondrina

Spanish: golondrina

From a metathetic alteration of Latin hirundinem, accusative of hirundō, with addition of the diminutive suffix -ina.

DEl dizenoueno grado del ſigno de gemini, es la piedra de la golondrina. Et es una delas preciadas piedras que a entre todas aq́llas que se fazen en los animales. Et qui la quiſiere fallar, deue tomar el primero pollo que faze la golondrina en el anno. […]

Of the nineteenth degree of the sign of Gemini is the stone of the swallow. And it is one of the most valued of the stones that form within animals. And he who wishes to find it must take the first chick born to a swallow during the year. […]


alquimia

Spanish: alquimia

From Andalusian Arabic اَلْكِيمْيَا (alkímya) and Medieval Latin alchemia, from Arabic اَلْكِيمِيَاء (al-kīmiyāʔ), from Ancient Greek χυμείᾱ (khumeíā, “art of alloying metals”), from χύμα (khúma, “ingot, bar”).

der

اَلْكِيمْيَا

اَلْكِيمِيَاء

Arabic اَلْكِيمِيَاء (al-kīmiyāʔ)

Et por ende los que ſe trabaian de alquimia aque llaman la obra mayor, deuen parar miétes que non dannen el nombre del ſaber. ca alquimia tanto quiere dezir, como maeſtria pora meiorar las coſas ca non empeorar las.

And therefore those who work with alchemy, which they call the greatest work, must stop before they tarnish the name of knowledge; for alchemy means both mastery to make things better as well as to make them worse.

Idem, f. 34v.

But because this pertains to the works of alchemy, we did not wish to include it here in this book.

Mas por que eſto perteneſce ala obra dalquimia, no quiſiemos meter lo aqui en eſte libro.


egual

Spanish: igual

Duras son de quebrantar. ⁊ non sõ eguales en grandez. ca dellas ay grandes & dellas peq̃nnas […]

They are hard to break, and not of equal size, for they can be both big and small […]

Idem, f. 72v.
Et dela humida la que es clara ⁊ a color de lech. ⁊ es egual en todas sus partidas ⁊ a olor de fuego.

And the damp one, the one that is light and the color of milk, it is the same in all its parts, and smells like fire.


dexar

From earlier lexar and variants, from Latin laxāre.

Por mis fijas q̃m dexaron yo nõ he desonor / Ca uos las casastes Rey
(modernized spelling) Por mis hijas que me dejaron, yo no(n) he deshonor, / ca vos las casaste(i)s, rey.

between 1140-1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid 3149-3150

I have no dishonour [to account for] from my daughters, who left me [after they married], as you oversaw their marriage, my king

Todos son exidos las puertas dexadas an abiertas

between 1140-1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid 461

Everyone has gone out; they have left the doors open

Hyd por castiella & dexen uos andar minaya
(modernized spelling) Id por Castilla e déjen(v)os andar, Minaya.

between 1140-1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid 897

Go to Castille, and they should let you pass, Minaya


ía

From Latin habēbat, third-person singular indicative imperfect of habeō.

first-person singular imperfect indicative of ir

third-person singular imperfect indicative of ir


sospirar

Spanish: suspirar

From Latin suspirāre, present active infinitive of suspirō.

Sospiro myo çid ca mucho auie grãdes cuydados

between 1140-1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid 6

Sighed my Cid, because he had many big worries


samaritano

head

samaritano m (plural samaritanos, feminine singular samaritana, feminine plural samaritana)

samaritanos (plural)
samaritana (feminine singular)
samaritana (feminine plural)

Spanish: samaritano

From Latin samarītānus, from Samarīa (“Samaria”).

aeſstos om̃s dizian ſamaritanoᷤ. por ſobron los clamauan ſobromen por ſamaria ſamaritanoᷤ ni eran iudios ni x̃anos ni paganos. temian al criador ſiruien le como iudios. e adorauan las ẏdolas como paganos e aſſi fuerõ ellos eſos fijos troal dia de oẏ. por esto les dizẽ ſamaritanoᷤ.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 44v:

These men they called Samaritans. After Sobron they called them Sobromen; after Samaria, Samaritans. They were neither Jews nor Christians nor pagans. They feared the Creator, they served Him like Jews, and they worshiped the idols like pagans. And thus they were, and their children, up to the present day. This is why they are called Samaritans.


algodon

desctree

Spanish: algodón
→ Bikol Central: algodon
→ Chavacano: algodon
→ Hiligaynon: algodon
→ Tagalog: algodon

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic قطن (quṭun), from Arabic قُطُن (quṭun).

bor+

Et los fiſicos daquella tierra queman este algodon ⁊ fazen lo poluos ⁊ meten los en los oios por q̃ tuelle la lagrema ⁊ toda la humidat que a en ellos.

And physicians from that land burn this cotton and turn it into a dust they use on the eyes, because it removes tears and all the moisture from them.


exe

Spanish: eje

njn torno mas su correr contra el exe del firmamjento que lieua las planetas apriessa commo quien las rroba.

c. 1284, Alfonso X, General Estoria 5, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez Prieto, 2002)

... nor did it turn its run any longer against the axis of the sky, which carries the planets along fast as if it were stealing them


exe

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Aorient exe el sol

between 1140 and 1207, anonymous, Cid 1091

third-person singular present active indicative of exir

second-person singular imperative of exir


buho

Spanish: búho

[…] la uertud de figura de mugier q́ ua antella un ninno. ⁊ tiene ſolos pies un buho, ⁊ ſobre ſu cabeça eſtas figuras de letras.

[…] the virtue of the figure of a woman and a child before her, and under her feet an owl, and over her head the shapes of these letters.


Marruecos

desctree

Spanish: Marruecos
→ Central Huasteca Nahuatl: Marruecos
→ Central Nahuatl: Marruecos
→ Guaraní: Marruéko
→ Tagalog: Marwekos
→ Western Huasteca Nahuatl: Marruecos

From Arabic مَرَّاكُش (marrākuš). First documented in the Cid. The Arabic form was adapted into local Romance in a shape like /maˈrɔkos/, with /ɔ/ rendering an Arabic [ɒː] or similar (cf. Old Catalan Marrocs, Old Galician-Portuguese Marrocos). It seems once the form reached Castille it was “translated” into /maˈru͡ekos/ according to the cross-dialectal correspondence /ɔ/ ⇔ /u͡e/ (as in Portuguese forte ⇔ Spanish fuerte).

Marrakech (a city in the Almoravid emirate)


rienda

Spanish: rienda

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin retina (via */ˈrɛd(e)na/, a noun derived from Latin retinēre (“hold back, restrain”), with metathesis of /dn/ (compare Spanish candado < *cadnado < Latin catēnātum). Compare Portuguese rédea.

Desý tomó el cavallo por la rienda, que era muy bueno, e fuélo dar a Esmeré. E Esmeré cavalgó luego e tóvogelo en muy grant merçet, e aguyjó por ese canpo. Grant pavor ovieron griegos quando lo vieron a cavallo.

ca. 1300-1325, anonymous, Cuento muy fermoso de Otas de Roma, (ed. by Herbert L. Baird, Jr., 1976, Madrid: Real Academia Española)

Desy took the horse by its reins, as it was very good, and went to give it to Esmere. And Esmere mounted it right away, thanking him greatly, and rode it through the field. The Greeks were in great fear when they saw him on a horse.

E desque el cuerpo del Cid dél descavalgaron, nunca ombre lo cavalgó y siempre lo llevavan al agua por la rienda.

1498, anonymous, Crónica del Çid Ruy Díaz chap. 66, (ed. by Nieves Baranda, 1995, Madrid: Turner Libros)

And since the body of the Cid was unmounted [from the horse], no one ever rode it again, taking it to water by the reins [and bridle].


calçada

Spanish: calzada

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *calciāta (“paved road”), feminine of calciātus (“paved with limestone”), ultimately from Latin calx (“pebble”).

inh+

Passó por Alcobiella, que de Castiella fin es ya; la calçada de Quinea ívala traspassar (...)

He passed through Alcobiella which is already the end of Castile, the Quinea road he was going to cross (...)

(...) e a moion cubierto pora o passa la calzada en ayuela. (...)

and a covered sign where the roadway passes through Ayuela


adarve

Spanish: adarve

From Andalusian Arabic الدَّرْب (ad-dárb), from Arabic دَرْب (darb, “path, pass, way”).

Ya querián los de fuera al adarve llegar,

c. 1240 – 1250, anonymous, Libro de Alexandre p. 175, (ed. by Jesús Cañas, 1988, Madrid: Cátedra)

Those outside now wanted to go through the wall walk,
but those inside were wise to forbid it to them

mas bien ge lo sabién los de dentro vedar

Y fueron todos corriendo a los adarves de los muros, ca, si no fueran tan aína llegados, perdiérase la villa, atan de rezio se llegavan los de fuera a las puertas a combatir.

c. 1300 – 1305, anonymous, Libro del cavallero Cifar fol. 9v, (ed. by Juan Manuel Cacho Blecua, 2003, Universidad de Zaragoza)

And they all ran to the wall walks, because, if they did not arrive fast, the village would be lost as the outsiders were fiercely coming to the gates for a fight.

Por muchos enxenplos se declara que muchas vezes los enemigos mueren a la entrada que avian tomado la çibdad, lo qual acaesçe sin dubda si los que guardan los muros retovieren los adarves o torres o ovieren ocupado algunos lugares altos. Entonçe gente de qualquier hedad & aun las mugeres fieren a sus enemigos desde las finiestras & de los tejados con piedras & con otras maneras de dardos.

1454 – 1500, Fray Alonso de San Cristóbal, Libro de Vegecio de la caballería fol. 114r, (ed. by María Teresa Herrera and María Nieves Sánchez, 2000, Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca)

In many examples it is stated that many times enemies die at the entrance, having taken the city, which no doubt occurs if those guarding the wall manage to retain the wall walks or towers or if they occupy some high places. Then, people of any age, and even women, wound the enemy from the windows and roofs with stones and any other kinds of projectiles.

wall walk, allure (protected pathway on a wall of a city or castle)


Vizcaya

Ladino: Vizkaya

Spanish: Vizcaya

Ultimately from Basque bizkar (“low ridge”).

Don Diago, Sennor de Vizcaya, Alferez del rey confirma

Don Diego, Lord of Biscay, ensign of the King, confirms

Biscay (a lordship corresponding to the modern province of Biscay, Spain)


fruente

Spanish: frente
→ Portuguese: frente

Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol. e vino a el etomo el eſpada. de golias. etaiol la cabeça. el eſpada ela cabeça aduxola aieruſalem.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him. And he approached him and took Goliath's sword and cut off his head. And the sword and the head he brought to Jerusalem.


sortera

female equivalent of sortero, a woman who draws lots, an oracle or soothsayer


melanconia

Spanish: melanconía


andadura

Spanish: andadura

Qvádo lo ſopo labá al dia t́cero. q́ ſe ẏua priſo de ſos amẏgos. E fue trá Jacob. Andadura .vij. dias. e alcáçol en el móte de galaath.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4v:

When Laban came to know on the third day that he was fleeing, he took his relatives and went after Jacob, walking seven days, and he overtook him on the hill of Gilead.


sabia

female equivalent of sabio, a learned woman


-eno

head

-eno m (feminine -ena, masculine plural -enos, feminine plural -enas)

-ena (feminine)
-enos (masculine plural)
-enas (feminine plural)

Inherited from Latin -ēnus, an extended form of -nus (suffix used to form distributive/collective numerals). Cognate with Catalan -è.


Damasco

Spanish: Damasco

From Latin Damascus, from Ancient Greek Δαμασκός (Damaskós), from Semitic.

Sant pablo q̃ ante auie nõbre ſaulus fue del tribu de beniamin naſcio en iuda e al ſegũdo año ap̃s dela paſſiõ de iħu xp̃o baptizo ananias e damaſco […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

Saint Paul, who before had the name Saul, was of the tribe of Benjamin. He was born in Judea, and in the second year after the Passion of Jesus Christ Ananias baptized [him] in Damascus […]


otero

Spanish: otero

Uncertain, perhaps from Latin altārium (“high altar”), or alternatively a derivative of oto (“high”) (from Latin altus) with the suffix -ero. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese outeiro.

Fraguaron altares en todas las cibdades e fizieron ẏdolas e puſieron las por los oteros e ſolos arbores e fizieron les holocauſt encenſaronlas ffizieron coſas malas por dexar al ćador e ſiruieron las ẏdolas e fizieron las coſas q́ dixo nó fagades.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 44r:

The set up altars in every city and made idols and placed them on the hills and under the trees, and they made them burnt offerings and incensed them. They did wicked things by abandoning the Creator, and they served the idols and did the things [of which] He had said, “Do not do [this].”

Et eſta fallan en la tierra aq́ dizen azench en un otero que es çerca del albuhera azeda

And they find it in the land they call Azench, on a hillock that is near a bitter pool.


amidos

Inherited from Latin invītus, an adverbialisation of a nominative adjective. Often found with a preceding a or de, much like the Old Galician-Portuguese envidos~anvidos.
/nβ/ merged with /mb/ early on (hence vacillating spellings like convenir~combenir). The morpheme boundary *em-bidos, already shaky in the absence of a word such as *bidos, collapsed once contamination with the preceding preposition a resulted in ambidos, no longer analysable as a prefixed form. (Although a prefix a- did exist, it could not be seen as a constituent of ambidos, since that would imply a following element with the impossible onset /mb/.) Now stranded in the interior of the word, /mb/ was subjected to the same intervocalic attrition seen in Latin palumbēs, lumbus > Spanish paloma, lomo.

Ixió del monesterio el sennor a amidos

Ca. 1230–1237, Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos, 104

Sir [Dominic] left the monastery reluctantly
He bade farewell to all his dear fellow-monks...

Despidióse de todos los sus fraires queridos...

Ca. 1250, anonymous, Libro de los buenos proverbios que dijeron los filósofos y sabios antiguos (ed. by Harlam Sturm, 1971)

I do not know what else to say to all of you, but I will be taken out unwillingly from this world; I lived in this world, and I will leave it unwillingly.

Yo non sé ál que vos diga, mas se que me sacaran a amidos deste sieglo, y visque en el sieglo y saldre d'él amidos.


ric

[…] ⁊ fuxo en tierra de madian. Auia ẏ un ric om̃e q́ auẏa nõbre ietro. e raguel ſu mugier auẏa .vij. fijas. E dio la una por mugier a moẏſẽ. Eſta auie nõbre ſephora.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 12r:

[…] And he fled to the land of Midian, where there lived a rich man whose name was Jethro and Reuel, whose wife had seven daughters. And he gave Moses one of them in marriage, and her name was Zipporah.

There, before Gaza, Saint Philip baptized the rich man who was of Candace, the queen. He was from Ethiopia and had come to Jerusalem to pray at the temple. […]

Idem, f. 82v. Alli delãt gazar baptizo ſãt felip al rẏc õe q̃ era de cãdace la reẏna. ⁊ el era de ethiopia e veno a iħrꝉm al tenple orar. […]


idola

Feminine form of idolo (“idol”). Compare Old Occitan ydola.

veno un ſacerdot ſamaria. e estido ẏ. e demoſtroles cumo temieſſen al criador. fazia cadauno ſu ẏdola. etenian las en ſus caſas.

[So] a priest came to Samaria, and he dwelt there and showed them how to fear the Creator. [But] each one made their idol, and they kept them in their houses.

(religion) idol, particularly of a goddess


ermano

osp-noun

ermano m (plural ermanos, feminine singular ermana, feminine plural ermanas)

ermanos (plural)
ermana (feminine singular)
ermanas (feminine plural)

Ladino: ermano

Spanish: hermano (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin *germānus (“brother”), from Latin germānus (“of a brother or sister”).

inh

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5r. a.
Corrio eſau aencuẽtro de ſo ermano. E abraçol & echo ſobre ſo cuello el braço.

Esau ran to meet with his brother, then he hugged him and put his arm over his neck.

Idem, f. 5v. b.
Vino ioſep aſos ermanos. e priſierõ le & deſpoiarõle el palio. e echarõle en el pozo.
Joseph came to this brothers; they imprisoned him and unclothed him and threw him into the well.


femna

Spanish: hembra
→ English: hembra

You shall put in the ark for coming with you male and female (...)

c. 1200, La Fazienda de Ultramar, fol 36v (...) metras en el archa por uenir contigo maslo e femna (...)


vendimia

Spanish: vendimia

From Latin vindēmia, from vīnum (“wine”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 61v. col. 1.
Todos / los iudios q̃ eran foydos por / todas tierras uinierõ agodolias / e eſtidierõ en la tra e cogierõ / ſus mieſſes eſus. Vendimias

All the Jews that had been made to flee across the land came to Gedaliah and settled the land and harvested their grains and grapes for wine


cuer

Spanish: cor

From Vulgar Latin *corem m, from Latin cor n.

Fizo ioiade taiamiento con el reẏ e con el pueblo que ſiruieſſen al ćador de buen cuer.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 58r:

Jehoiada made a covenant with the king and with the people, that they should serve the Creator with a good heart.


-tat

Spanish: -tad

From Latin -tās, from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts.

Used in forming a noun to represent the property corresponding to an adjective; -ity


culantro

Ladino: kulantro

Spanish: cilantro

English: cilantro

From Late Latin coliandrum, from Latin coriandrum (“coriander”), from Ancient Greek κορίανδρον (koríandron).

Clamaron caſado de iſr̃l ſo nõbre magna caera como ſemẏent de culantro blanco. E ſo ſabor como breſcas de myel

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r:

The house of Israel gave it the name manna, because it was like the seed of white coriander, and its taste like that of honeycombs.

Coriandrum sativum
Coriandrum sativum#Translingual

coriander, cilantro (Coriandrum sativum)


esmeralda

Spanish: esmeralda

From Old French esmeralde, ultimately from Latin smaragdus, from Ancient Greek σμάραγδος (smáragdos).

Et la ſu uerdura ⁊ la ſu reſplandor es muy meior que dela otra eſmeralda.

And its greenness and gleam are much better than those of the other emerald.

Idem, f. 54r.
Et eſtas ſon falladas en las mineras del oro o fallan las bonas eſmeraldas.

And these are found in the goldmines where they find the best emeralds.


xugo

Spanish: jugo

Inherited from Latin sūcus. For the development of the initial consonant, compare xeringa and xabon.

e dizen a otra piedra malanites, este nonbre por que quando la quebrantan salle della vn xugo dulçe como mjel

c. 1223, anonymous author, Semejanza del mundo:

and there is another stone named malanites, thus called because when it is broken, some juice, sweet like honey, comes out of it


sortija

Spanish: sortija

From Late Latin *sorticula (“a small lot, table or ticket”), from Latin sors (“chances, lot”).

[…] E q̃ero q̃tu aẏas poder. ſobre todo quãto ẏoe. eſea ſos tu mano. priſo pharaon la ſortija. de oro q auie en ſu mano ⁊ diola a iosep.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 7r:

“[…] And I want you to have power over all that I have, and that it be under your command.” [And] Pharaoh took the gold ring from his hand and gave it to Joseph.

Idem, f. 20r.
Derrõpierõ todo el pueblo las ſortijas del oro q̃ teniẽ en ſus oreias. &́ aduxierõ las aaron ⁊ priſolas en su mano. ⁊ metiolas en la forma. E ſalio vezerro forjada.

All the people broke the rings of gold they wore on their ears, and they gave them to Aaron, and he took them in his hand and cast them into the mold, and out came a forged calf.


carcelero

Spanish: carcelero

From Latin carcerārius, from carcer (“prison”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 1.
e fue nŕo ſénor có ioſep e diol ſu gŕa e ouo grát amor có el caŕelero.

and the Lord was with Joseph and gave him grace and great favor with the prison warden.


trobar

Spanish: trovar

Probably borrowed from Old Occitan trobar, from Vulgar Latin *tropāre.

Nunca trobé en sieglo logar tan deleitoso

c. 1260, Gonzalo de Berceo, Milagros de Nuestra Señora:

I never found anywhere else such a delightful place


cervesa

Spanish: cerveza (see there for further descendants)


sacerdot

e entraron en ſa caſa de la ydola bual e destruyeron todo lo que fallaron e mataron al ſacerdot dela ydola

And they entered the house of the idol Baal and destroyed all they found. And they killed the idol's priest.

Idem, f. 80r.
EN cabo dela uilla de iſrꝉ apart de oriẽt es tenplum domini caſa del c̃aador. alli era zacharias ſacerdoth. eueno a el el angel enuncio la nauidat de ſo fijo ſant juan baptiſta

In the city of Israel, in the eastern part, is the Temple of the Lord, house of the Creator. There Zachariah was priest, and the angel came to him and announced the birth of his son Saint John the Baptist.


ayuso

Sant peẏdro fo p̃dicar en roma. e por occaſiõ de ſimõ magus el encantador. nero el enꝑador fizolo meter en .+. dela cabeça aẏuſo e delos pies aſuſo.

Saint Peter went to Rome to preach, and because of Simon Magus the sorcerer Nero the emperor had him put on a cross with his head down and his feet up.


yuso

Inherited from Late Latin iūsum~iōsum, from Classical Latin deorsum. Attested from AD 935.


xaque

Spanish: jaque

From Arabic; see discussion in the modern descendant jaque.


robi

Spanish: rubí

From Old French rubi, rubin, from Medieval Latin rubīnus lapis (“red stone”), from Latin rubeus (“reddish, red”).

der

DEla segunda faz del ſigno de leon es la piedra aque llaman robi. & deſta auemos ementado ya en eſte libro en el .iiij. grado del ſigno de leon.

Of the second facet of the sign of Leo is the stone they call ruby, which we have already recalled in this book in the fourth degree of the sign of Leo.


leona

Spanish: leona


premer

Spanish: premir

Ante mẏo çid la cabeça p̄mio & el Roſtro finco
(modernized spelling) Ante mío Cid, la cabeza premió, y el rostro hincó

between 1140-1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mío Cid 2299

In front of my Cid, [the lion] lowered its head, and put its head on the ground

Veriedes tantas lanças p̄mer & alçar
(modernized spelling) Veríedes tantas lanzas premer e alzar

between 1140-1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mío Cid 726

You would all see people lower and raise spears


pulmon

Spanish: pulmón

Borrowed from Latin pulmōnem, pulmō, from Proto-Indo-European *pléwmō.

Et preſta mucho en el arte de fiſica. ca ſi dierẽ della molida a beuer a qui se faze tiſſico. o al que a llagaſen el pulmon ſana.

And it is very useful in the art of physic, for if it is given ground to drink to someone with tuberculosis, or whose lung has ulcers, they heal.


cabrito

Spanish: cabrito

From cabra (“goat”) + -ito. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese cabrito.

priſierõ la ueſtidura. de ioſeph e degollaron vn cabrito. ⁊ enſangrẽtarõ la en la ſangre. ⁊ enbiarõ la aſo padre q̃ la connocieſſe. e dixieron eſto fallamoˢ

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

[Then] they took Joseph's clothing and beheaded a young goat, and bloodied it in its blood. And they sent it to their father, that he would recognize it, and said, “We found this.”


sepulcro

Spanish: sepulcro

depues eſt emp̠ador domicianus eſilio aſant iuan apoſtol e euangeliſta. euenos ala ẏſla de padmoˢ e cõuertio grãd pũeblo. e aun dia de domingo entro biuo enel ſepulcro depues reguardarõ ſos om̃s el ſepulcro e noẏ trobarõ ſino magna q̃ bullie eolio.

After this, the emperor Domitian exiled Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist, and he came to the island of Patmos and converted many people. And on a Sunday he entered the grave alive. Later, when his followers inspected the grave, they found there nothing but manna that bubbled and oil.


proeza

Coromines and Pascual suspect that because Old Spanish pro was not an adjective (meaning 'brave', cf. Old French preu), the Old Spanish term was probably borrowed from Old French proece (> modern French prouesse), or alternatively from Old Occitan proeza or Old Catalan proeza. Ultimately derived from Late Latin prōde + Latin -itia. First attested in the Libro de Alexandre.

El rëy Alexandre, thesoro de proeza,

c. 1240 – 1250, anonymous, Libro de Alexandre, (ed. by Jesús Cañas, 1988, Madrid: Cátedra, page 408)

King Alexander, a trove of prowess, an arch of wisdom, an example of nobility...


flum

From Latin flūmen. Perhaps a shortening of flumen.

Delãt ierico a .ij. milleros en la riƀa del flum iordan es bethania o baptizaua ſant ioħn baptiſta.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 31r:

Two thousand paces from Jericho, on the bank of the Jordan River is Bethany, where Saint John the Baptist baptized.


pedrisco

Spanish: pedrisco

I ẏo fare cras plouer pedriſco mui grãt. e nõ fue tal en egipto. des q̃ fue poblada troa agora. e tu aplega todo lo tuẏo q̃ es en el cãpo. ⁊ los q̃ nõ ſe acogierẽ alas caſas morrã del pedriſco.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 14v:

“[…] And tomorrow I will make it rain a great hailstorm such that Egypt has never seen since it was settled until now. And you, bring inside all that you have in the field. And those who do not take shelter in their homes will die from the hail.”


gengibre

Spanish: jengibre
→ Basque: jengibre

desctree

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: gengibre
Galician: xenxibre
Portuguese: gengibre

→ Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: xenxibre


peyne

Spanish: peine

From Latin pectinem, accusative of pecten.

[…] ⁊ ſi deſpues en aquella agua moiarẽ el peyne ⁊ peynarẽ con el los cabellos tinnen ſe negros de tintura q̃ dura muy grand tiempo.

[…] and if after they were to wet the comb in that water and comb their hair with it, they would be dyed black with a very long-lasting dye.


subdito

Spanish: súbdito

Borrowed from Latin subditus. According to Coromines and Pascual, first attested in Juan Ruiz.

Otrosi puede el papa sus decretales far

early 14th century, Juan Ruiz, Libro de buen amor 13

Moreover, the Pope can emit decrees,
in which he orders his subjects to pay a certain penalty

en que a sus subditos manda çierta pena dar


tabernaculo

Spanish: tabernáculo

From Latin tabernāculum (“tent, tabernacle”), from taberna (“hut, cabin”).

emoẏſẽ p̃ſo eltabernaculo etẽdiol fuera del abergadaetodo om̃e q̃ auia cueta alli yua all nr̃o ſeñor pedir merced emoẏſẽ q̃nd entraua en el tabernacɫo uinia la coruina de la nuf e eſtaua ala puerta dela tiẽda efablaua con moẏſẽ ala uiſta del pueblo é elloſ do eſtauan humilarõſe

c. 1200, Almerich, w:Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 20v:

And Moses took the tabernacle and pitched it outside the encampment, and every man that had a grievance would go there to Our Lord to ask for mercy. And when Moses entered into the tabernacle the pillar of cloud would come and stand at the door to the tent, and [He] would speak to Moses in view of the people, and they bowed down where they were.


setmana

Ladino: semana

Spanish: semana

From Late Latin septimānam, singular accusative of septimāna, from the Latin septimānus (“related to the seventh element of a series”, adjective), derived from septimus (“seventh”).

inh

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 69v. col. 1.
enforteçra firmanento a los mayores una ſetmana e en la media ſetmana faldra la oſtia.

he will enforce a covenant with many for a week, but in the middle of the week the oblation will cease.


salze

Spanish: sauce, salce

Por cortar salze. / Tod ome que cortare salze ageno: torne el salze á su duenno: con .iiij. mezcales.

c. 1242, anonymous author, Fuero de Brihuega:

Et déue'l el alcalle mandar que el palo aya en luengo tanto commo el omne que á de parar el derecho, & á en ancho en el cuerpo & vna mano de más, & sea de salze seco & sea tan grueso que quepa por la mano del alcalle.

c. 1284, anonymous author, Libro de los fueros de Castiella, f. 40v:

Otrossí, a qual omne quiere que fallaren cortando faya, o mostaio, o pino, o povo, o nieço, o maello, o salze gatiello, o robre, o azevo, por qual árbol quier d'estos, salves' con tres vezinos; si [non se salvar]e, peche II moravedís.

c. 1295, anonymous author, Fuero de Sepúlveda, f. 45r:


nuf

Fue el dia t̃cero al alba dela man. ⁊ vinẏerõ truenos ⁊ relãpagos ⁊ nuf grãt ſobrel mõt. Y uoz de cuerno grãt mucho E ouẏerõ pauor grãt tod el pueblo q̃ era enel albergada.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 18r:

It was the early morning of the third day, and there came thunder and flashes of lightning and a great cloud upon the mountain, and the very mighty blast of a [ram's] horn, and all the people who were in the camp felt great fear.


fierro

Ladino: fierro

Spanish: fierro, hierro

Papiamentu: heru

Et aun a otra ꝑpriedat que el uidrio la obedece ⁊ tiral aſſi como la aymante tira el fierro.

And yet another property is that glass obeys it and it pulls it, just like the magnet attracts iron.


asna

Spanish: asna

female equivalent of asno; a she-ass, a female donkey


dragma

From Late Latin dragma, from Latin drachma, from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ).

[…] si dierẽ del poluo della a beuer peſante de quatro dragmas al q̃ a dolor en el eſtentino a que llaman colon ſana luego.

[…] if they were to give four drams of weight of it powdered to drink to someone whose gut, the one they call colon, ached, he would be cured.

Idem, f. 79r.
La ſegunda es q̃ ſi beuiere om̃e della peſo duna dragma purga melanconia temprada miente ⁊ bien.

The second is that if one were to drink of it the weight of one dram, it purges black bile soon and well.

drachma, dram (coin and unit of measure)


coraçon

Ladino: korasón

Spanish: corazón (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin *corāceōnem, derived from Latin cor.

con obras de amor é coraçon puro.

a. 1430, Juan Alfonso de Baena, Cancionero de Baena:

with the labours of love and a pure heart.


cherubin

head

cherubin m (plural cherubines or cherubins)

Spanish: querubín

Borrowed from Late Latin cherūbīm, from Hebrew כְּרוּבִים (kərûḇîm, “cherubim, cherubs”).

der

aduxieron los ſacerdotes el archa del teſtament del criador emetieron la en ſc̃a ſc̃o ſolas alas delos cherubines

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49v:

the priests led the Ark of the Testimony of the Creator and placed it in the Holy of Holies, under the wings of the cherubim

Idem, f. 54r.
aſennor dios de los fonſſados de iſrꝉ q̃ eſtas ſobre los cherubines tu eres dios aſolas e todos los regnos de la tierra en tu mano

Oh, Lord God of the hosts of Israel, that art above the cherubim, Thou alone art God and all the kingdoms of Earth are in thy hand


escorpion

Spanish: escorpión

From Latin scorpiō, from Ancient Greek σκορπίος (skorpíos).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 23v. b.
enbio el nr̃o ſeñor en el pueblo culuebros e eſcorpiones / a qui mordian los iudios los culuebros

And our Lord sent among the people snakes and scorpions, and here the snakes bit the Jews.


bezerro

Spanish: becerro

From Late Latin becerrus, from Iberian *ribiccu, possibly a metathesis of *(i)bicirru (“chamois”), ultimately borrowed from the same Alpine Proto-Indo-European language that produced Latin ibex and camocis (see English chamois). Compare Latin ībex and Old Galician-Portuguese bezerro.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2r. a.
e el fue alas bacas. e aduxo vn bezerro tierno. e lech. & mãteca.

then he went where the cows were and brought back a young calf, some milk and curds.

Idem, f. 20v. b.

then the Lord killed many among the people for what they had done with the calf made by Aaron.

e mato el señor del pueblo muchos por lo q̃ fizieron el bezerro q̃ fizo aron


blago

Spanish: blago

Semi-learned borrowing from Latin baculum.

slbor

viola iuda cubierta e nola cõnoçio. E cuedo q̃ era putana. E dixol ẏaz comẏgo ⁊ dẏxo ella q̃ me daras. Acordarõ ſe q̃l dieſſe uncabrito e diol pẽnos ſo anẏello. Ela cinta q̃ cinnẏa. E el blago q̃ tenẏa. en su mano.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6r:

Judah saw her covered and did not recognize her, and he assumed she was a prostitute. And he said to her, “Lay with me”, and she replied, “What will you give me?” They agreed he would give her a young goat, and he pledged her his ring and his girdle and the staff he had in his hand.

Idem, f. 23r.
Sacco moẏſen todos los blagos auiſta de fijos de iſrꝉ. dixo el nr̃o ſeñor amoẏſen Torna elblago de aarõ delant el teſtamẽt por guardo lo por ſenal a fijos de isrꝉ ⁊ q̃dar ſe an ſus q̃rellas de ſobre mj e nõ morã

Moses brought out all the staffs in view of the children of Israel. Our Lord said to Moses, “Put Aaron's staff in front of the Testimony to keep as a sign for the children of Israel, and they will hold back their complaints against me, and they will not die.”


segur

Spanish: segur

From Latin secūris, related to secō (“I cut”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese segur.

pues quãdo frago ſalomon la caſa maẏlla. ni segur ni nulla ferramienta no ẏ fue aẏuda en la caſa del criador.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49r:

Now when Solomon built the house, [no] hammer, nor axe nor any iron tool was heard there, in the house of the Creator.


myo

head

myo m sg (first person singular possessive of singular masculine, masculine plural myos, feminine mya, feminine plural myas)

of singular masculine (first-person possessive singular)
myos (masculine plural)
mya (feminine)
myas (feminine plural)


azeyte

Ladino: azeyte (Latin spelling)

Spanish: aceite

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic زَيْت (zayt).

Et ſo uirtut es que preſta al que ouiere poſtema. fregandola con el azeyte. et dandol abeuer. lo que ſallier del fregamiento.

And its virtue is that it cures those with abscesses by washing it with oil and giving them to drink what results from the washing.


fablar

Ladino: avlar

Spanish: hablar (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin fābulārī (“chat, converse”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese falar.


ermana

osp-noun

ermana f (plural ermanas, masculine singular ermano, masculine plural ermanos)

ermanas (plural)
ermano (masculine singular)
ermanos (masculine plural)

Ladino: ermana

Spanish: hermana

Feminine form of ermano (“brother”), or from Latin germāna.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 23v. a.
emurio alli mariã el ermana de aron q̃ nõ auiã q̃ comer nĩ q̃ beuer

and there died Miriam, the sister of Aaron, who had nothing to eat or to drink

Idem, f. 80v. b.
alli eran maria & marta ermanas delazaro el q̃ ressucito ih̃u x̊
there lived Mary and Martha, sisters of Lazarus, the one whom Jesus Christ had resurrected


circuncision

Spanish: circuncisión

From Latin circumcīsiōnem, accusative singular of circumcīsiō, from circumcīdō (“I cut around”).

[…] Do albergo fallo el angel del ſeñor ⁊ q̃ſol matar priſo vna piedra aguda ⁊ circuncido ſo fijo ⁊ folgo edixo. Nouio de ſãgre eres acircunciſiones.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 13r:

[…] Where he lodged he found the angel of the Lord, who attempted to kill him. So she took sharp stone and circumcised her son and cast it and said, “You are a bridegroom of blood [to me] through circumcisions.”


traxe

(yo) traje

From Latin traxī, first-person singular indicative perfect of trahō, trahere.

first-person singular preterite indicative of traer


ninno

Spanish: ninna

Unknown. Perhaps originally imitative. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese meninno (“boy”).


disçiplo

Spanish: discípulo


buturo

From Latin būtȳrum, from Ancient Greek βούτῡρον (boútūron); cognate with French beurre, Italian burro.


orgul

Borrowed from Old Catalan orgull, from Vulgar Latin *orgollium, borrowed from Proto-West Germanic *uʀgōllju.

[…] ora alcriador e quiçab oẏra al nŕo ſennor las palabras e el orgul de rabceſſe q́ lo trametio el reẏ de ſur ſo ſeńor por de noſtar al dios uiuo.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 54r:

“ […] Pray to the Creator and perhaps Our Lord will hear the words and pride of Rabshakeh, whom the king of the south, his master, sent to defy the Living God.”


fongo

Spanish: hongo

Et otroſſi presta mucho cõtral toſſico que uiene departe delos fongos.

And it is also useful against the poison that comes from mushrooms.

Idem, f. 50v.
Et es de natura calient ⁊ humida. Et la ſu forma es atal como fongo, ⁊ dend a ella eſte nombre.

And it is warm and damp in nature. And its shape is that of a mushroom, thus the name it has been given.


semblança

Spanish: semblanza

From Old Occitan semblança or Old French semblance.

[…] e dentro enel semblanca de .iiij. bestias e. eſta era ſue uiſta ſemblança de omne. auie .iiij. fazes acada vna. e .iiij. alas. a cada una delas e ſos pies derechos e las plantas de ſos pies como plantas de pies de berzero en tallado como el animne calient e manos de omne ujſſs alas a quatro partes.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 62r:

[…] and within it the appearance of four beasts. And this was their likeness: Human in appearance. They had four faces each, and each one of them had four wings. And their feet were straight, and the soles of their feet like the soles of a calf's feet, burnished liked hot bronze. And human hands under their wings on their four sides.


piélago

Spanish: piélago

Inherited from Latin pelagus, from Ancient Greek πέλαγος (pélagos). See the modern descendant for more.

aq̃llas / cibdades fizerõ ſe pielago de / agua.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar fol. 2v. a.


candelero

Spanish: candelero

A semi-learned borrowing from Medieval Latin candēlārius, from Latin candēla (“candle”), from candeō (“I shine, glow”).

slbor

e p̃ſo el altar de oro ela meſa e los cãdeleros e las lãpadas e todo el guarniment de oro q̃ era ẽ la caſa del c̃ador

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76r:

And he took the altar of gold and the table and the candlesticks and the lamps and all the furnishings of gold that were in the House of the Creator.


Zorobabel

Spanish: Zorobabel

From Latin Zorobabel, from Ancient Greek Ζοροβαβέλ (Zorobabél), from Hebrew זְרֻבָּבֶל (Zerūbāḇel).

Todo lo que auia. y metio zorobabel. e ſos conpãneros por mandado de cyrus reẏ de ꝑſia toda la uaſiella de oro q̃ fizo el rey ſalomõ pora lacaſa del c̃ador.

All that there was Zerubbabel placed there with his company by command of Cyrus, King of Persia; all the vessels of gold that King Solomon had made for the House of the Creator.


mugier

Ladino: mujer

Spanish: mujer


fidalgo

Spanish: hidalgo

Contraction of fijo d'algo, literally "son of something / of wealth".

Largo deve de ser el rey o prínçipe o regidor de reyno a los nobles e fidalgos e de buen linage e a los otros que bien obraren e alguna fazaña e nobleza de caballería fezieren o en otras cosas bien e lealmente lo sirvieren

c. 1237, anonymous, Libro de los doce sabios, o Tratado de la nobleza y lealtad p. 87, (ed. by John K. Walsh, 1975, Madrid: Real Academia Española)

A king or prince or ruler of a kingdom must be generous with the nobles who are both hidalgos and of good descent, and to those who carry out good deeds and some feat or act of chivalry, or who in other aspects serve him well and loyally.


naf

Et la eſtrella luzient que es en la popa dela naf a poder ſobreſta piedra ⁊ della recibe la fuerça ⁊ la uertud.

And the bright star on the stern of the ship has power over this stone, and it receives from it strength and virtue.


foja

Ladino: oja

Spanish: hoja

From Late Latin folia, from the plural of Latin folium (“leaf”).


alhenna

Spanish: alheña

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic حِنَّاء (ḥinnāʔ).

Et ſi deſpues mezclaren aquel uino con alhenna. ⁊ lauaren los cabellos con ello tinnenſe prietos de tintura que nunqua ſe tuelle […]

And if after they should mix that wine with henna and wash their hair with it, it would be dyed a dark color with an unfading dye […]

Lawsonia inermis
Lawsonia inermis#Translingual


carcel

Spanish: cárcel

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 1.
⁊ metiolos pharaon en / la carcel o era ioſep.

and Pharaoh put them in the same prison where Joseph was.


talega

Spanish: talega

From Andalusian Arabic تَعْلِيقَة (taʕlīqa, “something hung, suspended”).

bor

Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol. e vino a el etomo el eſpada. de golias. etaiol la cabeça. el eſpada ela cabeça aduxola aieruſalem.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him. And he approached him and took Goliath's sword and cut off his head. And the sword and the head he brought to Jerusalem.


figuera

Ladino: figera

⇒ igera

Spanish: higuera

From Latin fīcāria, feminine of fīcārius (“of figs”), from fīcus (“fig”).

judgara ẽtre pueblos muchos. e afazara ẏenteſ fuerteſ aluen. etraſtornaran ſuſ eſpadas por açadas. ⁊ ſuslanças por foçeſ. non alçara ẏent contra ẏent eſpada. enõ aura mas batalla. Sera caſcuno ſo ſu uid. eſoſu figuera.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 72v:

He will judge between many peoples and arbitrate [between] strong people from afar. And they will reshape their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not raise sword against nation, and there will be no more battle. Each one shall be under his vine, and under his fig tree.


cobdo

Ladino: kovdo

Spanish: codo


desque

Spanish: desque

From des + que, from Latin dē + ex, and Early Medieval Latin quid (“that (conjunction)”).

der

El potriello desque nace fasta tres días non puede con la boca alcançar a tierra.

c. 1275, Alfonso X, General Estoria, primera parte, (ed. by Prieto-Borja, 2002, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares)

A foal, from the time it is born till three days later, cannot reach the ground with its mouth.


fazaña

Spanish: hazaña

From Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic حَسَنَة (ḥasana, “good deed, alms”), from the root ح س ن (ḥ-s-n), compare Old Galician-Portuguese façanna. Coromines and Pascual suggest influence of fazer, from Latin facere. Such a derivation would help explain the voiced /dz/ of the Old Spanish term, already attested with -z- in the 12th and 13th centuries, including its first attestation by 1150.

Nuncua de preste oí atal fazaña.

betw. 1246-1252, Gonzalo de Berceo, Los Milagros de nuestra Señora, (ed. by Claudio García Turza, 1992, Madrid: Espasa-Calple)

Never have I ever heard such a feat by a priest.


loriga

Spanish: loriga

From Latin lōrīca, perhaps from lōrum (“leather strap”).

fuerõ ala batalla a ramot galaad. e demudos el Rey de ſus armas. e entros ala batalla. e tirol .j. arq̃ro. e firiol entrela loriga elas brafoneras.

And they went up to the battle at Remoth Gilead. And the king disguised his armor and went into battle. And an archer shot him and wounded him between the cuirass and arm braces.


vexiga

Spanish: vejiga

En Gallizia e en Asturias á omnes que son de linage de cavallos, e llámanle en el latín tiellones, que quiere dezir en el lenguage de Castiella fascas omnes que an todas las emfermedades que vienen a los otros omnes si non la dolencia de la vexiga, que escusan por aquella natura mezclada que an de omne e de cavallo.

c. 1275, Alfonso X, General Estoria, primera parte, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez Prieto-Borja, 2002, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares)

In Galicia and Asturias, there are people who are of horse descent, called tiellones in Latin, which in the language of Castile is fascas, people who have all the diseases that afflict other people but bladder pain, which they excuse as due to their mixed nature, being both human and horse.


yente

Ladino: djente

Spanish: gente

From Latin gentēs, the accusative plural form of gēns (clan)


seze

Spanish: sece (obsolete)

From Latin sēdecim. Replaced by the analogically formed dieciséis in modern Spanish.


averar

Spanish: adverar

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin advērāre.


aranna

Ladino: aranya

Spanish: araña

Inherited from Latin arāneam, from or akin to Ancient Greek ἀράχνη (arákhnē). Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese aranna.

Et ſu uertud es contra todos los toſſicos delos animales que non ſon mucho empozonados aſſi como arannas ⁊ bieſpas. ⁊ tauanos, ⁊ eſtas coſas menudas atales que naſcen dela tierra.

And its virtue is against all of the venoms of the animals that are not as venomous, such as spiders, and wasps, and gadflies, and small things such as these that are born from the earth.


gouierno

Spanish: gobierno


finiestra

Spanish: hiniestra, finiestra

From Latin fenestra, probably from Etruscan.

Qvando entro noe en el archa auẏe .dc. annos e fue el diluuio de las aguas abrieron ſe todas las fõtanas del abiſmo ⁊ fueron abiertas las fẏnieſtras de los cielos e plouio ſobre la tŕa .xL. dias ⁊ .xL. noches.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37r:

When Noah entered the ark he was six hundred years old. And the deluge of the waters took place. All the fountains of the deep were opened and so too the windows of the heavens. And it rained upon the earth forty days and forty nights.


fermosura

Ladino: ermozura

Spanish: hermosura

Et ſobre eſta fregan el oro. ⁊ la plata. ⁊ el eſtanno. ⁊ el plomo. ⁊ el cobre. ⁊ pareſce ſu color. ⁊ ſu fermoſura. ⁊ ſu bondat.

And on it they wash gold, and silver, and tin, and lead, and copper, and it makes apparent their color, and beauty, and goodness.


fermoso

head

fermoso (feminine singular fermosa, masculine plural fermosos, feminine plural fermosas)

fermosa (feminine singular)
fermosos (masculine plural)
fermosas (feminine plural)

Ladino: ermozo

Spanish: hermoso

From Latin fōrmōsus, from fōrma (“form, figure”) + -osus (“-ose: full of”).

Laban auie .ij. fijas la maẏor auie nõbre lẏa. e la menor rachel. E lẏa. auie los oios muelles. e rachel era muẏ fermoſa. e eſta amo iacob.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4r:

Laban had two daughters. The older had the name Leah, and the younger Rachel. And Leah had weak eyes, and Rachel was very beautiful, and it was her whom Jacob loved.


fambre

Ladino: fambre, פﬞאמברי

⇒ ambre, אמברי

Spanish: fambre

⇒ hambre

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *fam(i)ne(m), from Latin famēs.

inh+

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r. a.
por q̃ nos adoxiste en el deſiert por matar atodos de fãbre.

for you have brought us forth into the desert to kill us all with hunger.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 7r. a.-f. 7r. b.
Apres deſstos vernã otros. vij. de fãbre q̃ nõ mẽbrara a los om̃s de / los .vij. ãnos. de la fartura. E nũqua fue mayor fãbre en tierra de egipto.

After these will come another seven of famine so that no one shall remember the seven years of plenty. And never was there such famine in the land of Egypt.


uebos

From Latin opus (“work, need”) (compare Italian uopo (“need”)).

Fue al ſiervo de Dios eſt enfermo levado / embïólo Tüencio de ſus uebos guiſado.

ca. 1230, Gonzalo de Berceo, Vida de San Millán de la Cogolla 162-163

This sickly man went to the servant of God / he was sent by Tuencio well aware of his needs.

need (something that is needed, necessary)


estrellero

Spanish: estrellero

De como nascio Mahomat. & de lo que dixo dell Judio estrellero.

c. 1270, Alfonso X, Estoria de Espanna, f. 163r:

On how Muhammad was born and what the Jewish astrologer said about him.

Idem, f. 163v

On how the Jewish astrologer said that the two angels should rip out Muhammad's heart.

De como dixo ell Judio estrellero que sacaran el coraçon a Mahomat los dos angeles.


ensamne

desctree

Spanish: enjambre
→ Northern Puebla Nahuatl: jambre

From Vulgar Latin *exāmine, from Latin exāmen (“swarm”).

[…] A cabo de dias tornos por prẽder la ⁊ aplego por ueer o ẏazia el leõ muerto. efallo enel cuerpo del leõ .j. enſãne dabejas e mẏel : crebãtolo cõ ſus manos ⁊ comẏo

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 82r:

[…] After some days he returned to take her, and he approached to see where the dead lion lay. And he found in the lion's carcass a swarm of bees and honey. So he broke it with his hands and ate.


culuebro

Spanish: culebro

From Vulgar Latin colober, altered from Classical Latin coluber.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 12v. b.
Dixo ael el ſẽnor q̃ es. Eſſo de tu mano Reſpuſo uerga. E dixo echala en tierra echola & fizos culuebro.

The Lord said to him: "What is that in your hand?", and he responded: "a rod", then he said: "cast it down", and so he cast it and it became a serpent.

Idem, f. 23v. b.

and our Lord sent among the people snakes and scorpions / here the snakes bit the Jews

enbio el nr̃o ſeñor en el pueblo culuebros e eſcorpiones / a qui mordian los iudios los culuebros


fuerça

Ladino: fuersa (Latin spelling)

Spanish: fuerza

From Late Latin fortia, from Latin fortis, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“fort”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 20r. a.
Q̃ saq̃ſt de t̃ra de egypto. con fuerça grãt & cõ mano fuert.

Whom you brought out of Egypt with great power and a mighty hand.

Idem, f. 82v. a.

then she cut his hair and Sampson woke up having no strength, and then the Philistines took him prisoner

e cortol los cabellos e ſperto ſãpſõ e nõ ouo nada de fuerça e priſierõ le los philiſteos


quantia

Spanish: cuantía

Et el tirar que eſta faz, es ſegũd la quantia della ala del fierro que tira […]

And the pull that it has depends on the amount of it [compared] to the iron it is pulling. […]


aramne

Spanish: alambre (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin *arāmen, variant of Late Latin aerāmen, derived from Latin aer-.

c1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63r. a.
e uj vn om̃e en ſu catar cuemo aramne. e una cuerda de lino en ſue mano e una canna por meſurar.

And I saw a man in its gateway [whose appearance was] like bronze, with a linen cord and a measuring rod in his hand.

but leave its root, and bind it with iron and bronze to the grass

Idem, f. 66r. a. mas ſu rayz dexa. e ligala con fiero e con aramne en la yerba […]

Idem, ff. 66r. b.-66v. a.

and their wives drank the wine and they worshiped their gods of gold and silver, of bronze, iron, stone and wood.

e ſus mugieres beuiã el uino e loauan a ſos dios de oro e de plata e de aramne e de fiero e de piedra e de madero.


quarentena

Spanish: cuarentena

From Medieval Latin quarentīna (“forty days”), from Latin quadrāgintā (“forty”).

der

Tras ierico al ſol poniẽt es la quarẽtena. O xp̃s aẏuno .xl. dias & .xl. noches alli ſuſo en el mõt o quiſo tentar el diablo a xp̃s.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 31r:

Behind Jericho, toward the setting sun, is the quarantine, where Christ fasted forty days and forty nights. There, on the mountain where the Devil attempted to tempt Christ.

(biblical) quarantine (desert where Christ fasted for forty days and nights)


aguila

Spanish: águila

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 62v. a.
ela ſemblanca de ſus fazes cuemo fazes de omne e fazes de leó adieſtro atodas quatro. e fazes de buey. De ſiniſtro atodas .iiij. e fazes daguila atodas .iiij.

Each of the four had the face of a human being, and on the right side each had the face of a lion, and on the left each the face of an ox; each also had the face of an eagle.

Idem, f. 67v. a.

The first was like a lion, and it had the wings of an eagle. I saw its wings torn off and fall to the ground so that it stood on its feet like a man.

la primera semeiaua leon e auie alas de aguila ueye que mesauan sus alas e cayen atierra e sobre sos piedes como omne se leuantaua


enzina

Spanish: encina

From Vulgar Latin *ilicīna, from Latin īlex (“holm oak”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v. b.
ally delãt ebrõ. es mõt mãbre. e ouo y grãt arbor. e fue enzina. ala rayz daq̃l arbor estaua abraã.

There, past Hebron, is the hill Mamre, where there was a great holm oak. Abraham was [sitting] on the root of that tree.

Idem, f. 2r. a.
q̃ndo eſtaua abraã ſola enzina ẽ mãbre & vio .iij. barones q̃ paſauan por la carrera.

When Abraham was [sitting] by the holm oak in Mamre he saw three men who were passing nearby.


meollo

Ladino: meoyo

Spanish: meollo

Inherited from Late Latin *medullum, from Latin medulla.
Compare Old Galician-Portuguese meolo.

etymon

el primero es el seso comunal que esta en la delantera parte del meollo de la cabeça

1265, Alfonso X of Castile, Siete Partidas, Primera Partida, page 107:


cantador

Spanish: cantador

From Latin cantātōrem, singular accusative of cantātor (“musician, singer”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese cantador.

dixo heliſeₛ viuo es el ſennor delos fõſados delant q̃en ẏo eſto q̃ ſi ñ fueſſe por berguẽça de ioſapha nó cataria ati nj not ueria. agora adozid me .j. cantador epues q̃nt adios cantare ſera ſobrel ppħiſmo del criador.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 42v:

[Then] Elisha said, “The Lord of Hosts lives, before whom I stand, [for] were it not out of regard for Jehoshaphat, I would not look at you nor see you. [But] now bring me a singer.” And so when to God he sings the prophecy of the Creator will be upon him.


blancor

Spanish: blancor

[…] &́ vieron la gĺa de iſŕl dedios. Como huebra de blãcor. &́ de cristal. ⁊ como color de los cieloˢ módos […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 19r:

[…] and they saw the glory of the God of Israel, like a work of white and crystal, and like the color of realm of the heavens. […]


mancebia

Spanish: mancebía

From mancebo (“young man, youth”) + -ia.

Priegot mucho q̃ te miẽbre del amor. ⁊ de la cõpãnia. que ẏo ⁊ ti ouẏemos en nr̃a mãçebia.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:

I beg dearly that it remind you of the affection and company that you and I shared in our youth.


fartura

Spanish: hartura

E dixierõ agora fueſſemos muertos por mano del criador en tr̃a de egẏpto. Qvȧdo seẏemos ſobre las ollas de la carne ⁊ comẏemos pã afartura.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r:

And they said: "If only we had died by the Lord's hand in Egypt! Where we sat over pots of meat and ate bread to our fill."


grossura

Spanish: grosura

Reſpuſo ẏſaac ⁊ dẏxo. De groſſura de la tierra ⁊ del ruçio ſera tu bẽdicion. De los cieloᷤ ſera tu bendicion. Sobre tu eſpada biuras. E ato ermano seruiras. […]

Isaac answered and said, “Your blessing shall be away from the fatness of the earth and from the dew. Your blessing shall be away from the heavens. You shall live by the sword and your brother you shall serve. […] ”


gafo

head

gafo (feminine singular gafa, masculine plural gafos, feminine plural gafas)

gafa (feminine singular)
gafos (masculine plural)
gafas (feminine plural)

Spanish: gafo

Eſte herodes Murio mala muerte deuẏno gafo de pues por la grãt pudor q̃ ſalẏo del ⁊ nõ lo podie ſofrir. el Miſmo ſe mato cõ .j. guchiello.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 78r:

This Herod died a bad death. He became leprous [and] then, because of the great shame which he displayed and could not bear, he killed himself with a knife.


jocundo

Spanish: jocundo

Borrowed from Late Latin iōcundus, from Classical Latin iūcundus (“delightful, pleasant”), derived from iocus (“joke”). First attested in 1438 in Juan de Mena.

mostraron rostro jocundo

1438, Juan de Mena, Coronación del Marqués de Santillana, (as shown in the RAE's diachronic corpus, from an edition by Miguel Ángel Pérez Priego, for Planeta (1989))


ariento

From Latin argentum (“silver”), from Proto-Italic *argentom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm.

a certain silver coin used in the kingdoms of Castile and León

E vendierõ le por .xx. ariẽtos. El ariento ualia dẏño ⁊ medio. ço ſõ xxx. dẏneros.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

And [so] they sold him for twenty shekels. The shekel was worth a denarius and a half, so it was thirty denarii [in all].


axedrez

desctree

Spanish: ajedrez
→ Bikol Central: ahedres
→ Cebuano: ahedres
→ Hiligaynon: ahedres
→ Tagalog: ahedres

Borrowed from Arabic الشَّطْرَنْج (aš-šaṭranj), from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭠𐭲𐭫𐭠𐭭𐭢 (cʾtlʾng /čatrang/), from Sanskrit चतुरङ्ग (caturaṅga).

bor+

الشَّطْرَنْج


clerigo

Spanish: clérigo

Semi-learned borrowing from Late Latin clēricus, from Ancient Greek κληρικός (klērikós), from κλῆρος (klêros, “clergy”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r. b.
El to clerigo almerich. a / Rçidiano de antiochẏa. réde gŕas / adios & atẏ.

Your cleric Almerich, archdeacon of Antioch, gives thanks to God and to you.


Castiella

desctree

Spanish: Castilla
→ French: Castille
→ English: Castile
→ Classical Nahuatl: Caxtillan
→ Kaqchikel: kaxlan
→ Pipil: caztiyah
→ Tagalog: Kastila

Toponym based on the feminine of castiello (“castle”).

[…] del noble Rey don alfonso […] Sennor de caſtiella de Toledo de Leon de Gallizia de Seuilla de cordoua de Murcia de Jahen. ⁊ del Algarbe.

[…] of the noble king don Alfonso […] lord of Castile, of Toledo, of León, of Galicia, of Seville, of Cordoba, of Murcia, of Jaén and of the Algarve.


sennor

Ladino: sinyor

Spanish: señor

From Latin seniōrem, accusative of senior (“old”).

Idem, 4v.
Et precian la mucho los grandes ſẽnores

And the great lords do very much admire her.


Espanna

Ladino: Espanya / איספאנײה

Spanish: España (see there for further descendants)

From Latin Hispānia, possibly derived from the Punic אי שפן (I-Shaphan, “coast of hyraxes”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese Espanha.

der

1260, Gonzalo de Berceo, Milagros de Nuestra Señora (Milagro XIX - Un parto maravilloso)

In Greece and in Africa, and in the entire Iberian Peninsula

En Greçia e en Africa, e en toda Espanna.

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English


rodiella

Spanish: rodilla

From Late Latin rotellam, accusative of rotella, diminutive of Latin rota (“wheel”).

Et la eſtrella que es en la rodiella dieſtra dela mugier cadenada a poder ⁊ ſennorio ſobreſta piedra […]

And the star in the knee of this woman in chains has power and dominion over this stone […]

And the star in the knees of the woman sitting on the chair has power over this stone […]

Idem, f. 7v. Et la eſtrella que es ſobre las rodiellas dela mugier q̃ eſta aſſentada en la ſiella a poder ſobreſta piedra […]


Saragoça

Old Galician-Portuguese: Saragoça

Portuguese: Saragoça

Spanish: Zaragoza

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic سَرَقُسْطَة (saraqusṭa) (apparently with metathesis), from Latin Caesaraugusta.

Et ffallan la otroſſi en eſpanna en unos montes q ſõ çerca de Saragoça en un logar q̃ dizen diche. Et otroſſi en el monte q̃ es cabo granada aq̃ llaman ſoler en unas cueuas q̃ y a. Pero tan bien las de ſaragoça como las de granada ſon pocas.

And they find another in Spain in some hills near Zaragoza, in a place they calle Diche. Yet another is found in a hill that is around Granada, which they call Soler, in some caves that are near there. But those from Zaragoza, as well as those from Granada, are few.

Zaragoza (the capital city of the modern autonomous community of Aragon, Spain)


esmeril

Spanish: esmeril

From Old French esmeril, from Old Italian smeriglio, ultimately from Ancient Greek σμύρις (smúris).

Et ſi la pulen con el poluo daquella piedra que llaman en arauigo azumberic que es ala que nos dezimos eſmeril. eſclareſce ya quanto ⁊ fazes fremoſa.

And if it is polished with the powder of the stone called azumberic in Arabic, the one we call emery, it brightens and becomes beautiful.


aniello

Spanish: anillo

From Latin ānellus, diminutive of ānulus (“ring, signet ring”).

viola iuda cubierta e nola cõnoçio. E cuedo q̃ era putana. E dixol ẏaz comẏgo ⁊ dẏxo ella q̃ me daras. Acordarõ ſe q̃l dieſſe uncabrito e diol pẽnos ſo anẏello. Ela cinta q̃ cinnẏa. E el blago q̃ tenẏa. en su mano.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6r:

Judah saw her covered and did not recognize her, and he assumed she was a prostitute. And he said to her, “Lay with me”, and she replied, “What will you give me?” They agreed he would give her a young goat, and he pledged her his ring and his girdle and the staff he had in his hand.


seruidumne

Spanish: servidumbre

From Latin servitūdinem, singular accusative of servitūdō (“servitude”), from servus (“slave, servant”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese servidom, servidõe, servidũe.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 84v. a.
q̃t / adux de tr̃a de egipto de caſa de ſ̃ / uidũne [ſeruidumne] te redemi.

[I] who led you from the land of Egypt, from the house of servitude I redeemed you.


tiniebra

Spanish: tiniebla

Dixo nr̃o ſẽnor amoẏſen. Tiẽt tu mano alos cielos. ⁊ ſera oſcuridat. ⁊ tẽdio moẏſen ſus manos ⁊ fue tiniebra en toda tr̃a de egipto .iij. dias […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 15r:

[Then] Our Lord said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward the heavens, and there will be darkness.” And Moses stretched out his hands and there was darkness in all the land of Egypt for three days […]


emellizo

Spanish: mellizo

From Vulgar Latin *gemellīcius, from Latin gemellus, diminutive of geminus (“twin”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 3v. a.
Cũplieron ſe los dias q̃ o / uo que aparir q̃ emellizos ſalie / rõ de so uiẽtre.

Her days to give birth were completed, behold, twins came forth from of her womb.


arcidiano

Spanish: arcediano

From Late Latin archidiaconus, based on Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-, “chief”) + διάκονος (diákonos, “servant, minister”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r.
[R]emont por la gracia de dios. arçobispo de Toledo. a don almeric. arçidiano de antiochia con grant amor ſalut ⁊ amidtad.
Remont, by the Grace of God archbishop of Toledo, to master Almerich, archdeacon of Antioch, with great love, haleness and goodwill.

To this the archdeacon responded thus, “My lord, master Remont, archbishop of Toledo, your cleric Almerich, archdeacon of Antioch, gives thanks to God and to you”. […]

Idem, f. 1r. a qui reſpódio el arcidiano El mẏo ſénor dó remont. arçobispo de Toledo. El to clerigo almerich. aRçidiano de antiochẏa. réde gŕas adios & atẏ. […]


arçobispo

desctree

Spanish: arzobispo
Chavacano: arzobispo
→ Bikol Central: arsobispo
→ Cebuano: arsobispo
→ Chibcha: arçobispo
→ Hiligaynon: arsobispo
→ Ilocano: arsobispo
→ Tagalog: arsobispo

→ Andalusian Arabic: ارصبشب (arṣubišbu)

From Late Latin archiepiscopus, based on Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-, “chief”) + ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos, “bishop”).

Remont, by the grace of God, archbishop of Toledo, to don Almeric, archdeacon of Antioch […]

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r. a. [R] / emont por la gracia de dios. arço / biſpo de Toledo. a don alemeric. arçi / diano de antiochia […]


ynojo

Spanish: hinojo

Inherited from Late Latin genuculum, alteration of Latin geniculum, diminutive of genū (“knee”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu. Cognate to Old Galician-Portuguese gẽolho.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 33v. b.
e / mandol el nr̃o sennor q̃ quãdo / vinieſſe al agua q̃ todos fincaſ / ſen los ynojos e beurien del / agua cõ las bocas como canes

And our Lord ordered him that when he came to the water [he should separate] all those [who] kneeled their knees and those who drank from the water with their mouths like dogs.

All those who did not kneel their knees before the idol and all the mouths that did not kiss her […]

Idem, f. 34r. b. Todos aq̃llos / q̃ nõ fincaron los ynojos / ala ydola e todas las bocas q̃ / la no beſaron […]


cibdat

Ladino: sivdad

Spanish: ciudad (see there for further descendants)

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2v. a.
eſtos angeles c q̃ fablo abraã. vinieron a ſodoma e loth ſedia ala puerta de la cibdat. e violos & leuãtos cõtra ellõ.

These angels to whom Abraham spoke came to Sodom, and Lot was sitting by the city gate. And he saw them and got up to meet them.

Idem, f. 3r. a.
Tomo eleazar .x. camellos. / de la meioria de ſo ſéẽnor. efue / arrama araim cibdat de na / cor.

Eliezer took ten of his master's best camels and made for Aram-Naharaim to the city of Nahor.


canastiello

Spanish: canastillo
→ English: canistel (from a dialectal variant)

From Latin canistellum, diminutive of canistrum. Influenced by a perceived derivation from canasto (“basket”) + -iello.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 2.
dixo ſõnaua q̃ tenẏa / .iij. canaſtiellos. blãcos ſobre / mẏ cabeça. en el canaſtiello ſu / ſano auẏa del comer de phara / on. E las aues del cielo comien / del canaſtiello ſobre mẏ. cabeça / dixo iosep eſtos tres canaſtiellos / Tres dias sõ.

he said: "I dreamt I had three white baskets on my head, and on the uppermost basket was all that which the pharaoh ate, and the birds of the sky ate from the basket upon my head." Joseph said: "These three baskets represent three days […]."


mortaldat

Spanish: mortandad

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 48v. col. 1.
to / do lo compro por .L. marcos de / plata. e fizo ẏ altar. e ſac̃fico / al criador. e finco la mortaldad / en aq̃l logar

All of it he bought for fifty shekels of silver, and he made an altar and offered a sacrifice to the creator, and so the dying left that place.


cabdiello

Spanish: caudillo
→ Catalan: cabdill (from obsolete form cabdillo)
→ English: caudillo
→ French: caudillo
→ Portuguese: caudilho
→ Russian: кауди́льо (kaudílʹo)

From Late Latin capitellum (“small head”), diminutive of Latin capitulum, from caput (“head”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 30r. col. 2.
E dixierõ q ſubra / de lãte nos por cabdiello enla / batalla. Dixo nŕo ſẽnor iuda / ſubra caẏo dare la tŕa en ſu / mano.

And they said: "Who shall go up before us as our leader in battle?". Our Lord said: "Judah shall go up, for I will hand him the land."


janero

Ladino:

Hebrew script: גֿינירו

Latin script: jenero

Spanish: enero (see there for further descendants)

From Latin Iānuārius. Attested from 1171. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese janeiro.


Mathathias

Spanish: Matatías

From Latin Mathathiās, an alternative form of Mattathiās, from Ancient Greek Μᾰττᾰθῐ́ᾱς (Mattathíās), from Hebrew מַתִּתְיָהוּ (mattiṯyāhū).

der

מַתִּתְיָהוּ

Hebrew מַתִּתְיָהוּ (mattiṯyāhū)

EN ieruſalem era mathathias. […] ⁊ era om̃e q̃ amaua el criador […] e lo temie e ouo .v. fijos muy buenos cauallós e el uno uo nõbre iudas macabeus. e el otro ionatan. ⁊ leaza. e ſimeon. e ioan

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76r:

[There] lived in Jerusalem Mattathias, and he was a man that loved the Creator and feared Him. And he had five sons, very upright men, and one had the name Judas Maccabeus, and the other Jonathan, and Eleazar and Simon and John.


palomo

Spanish: palomo

From Latin palumbum, accusative of palumbus, alternative form of palumbēs (“wood pigeon”).

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37r. col. 2.
[…] de pues enbio el palomo ⁊ ueno a ora de uieſperas aduxo ramo de olẏua cõ ſus fojas uerdes en su boca

[…] and then he sent out the dove, and it came in the evening with an olive branch with green leaves in its beak.


amariello

head

amariello m (feminine amariella, masculine plural amariellos, feminine plural amariellas)

amariella (feminine)
amariellos (masculine plural)
amariellas (feminine plural)

From Early Medieval Latin amārellus (“yellowish, pale”), derived from Latin amārus (“bitter”).

inh

[…] aſſi que ſe non puede quebrantar con ninguna coſa ſi no cõ el laton amariello que es tinto con la tutia de alexandria.

[…] so it cannot be broken with anything except with the yellow brass tainted by Alexandrian zinc oxide.

Idem, 23v.
Eſta es piedra muy preciada ⁊ muy noble. ⁊ fallan la de muchas colores. ca dellas ay amariellas claras. ⁊ otras pardas.

This is a very prized and noble stone. It can be found in many colors, for some are yellow, some are pale and some are dun.

Idem, 46r.
[…] ⁊ traen los poluos ſobre los dientes que ſon amariellos o prietos torna los blãcos.

[…] and [when] they cover yellow or darkened teeth with the dust, it turns them white.

Idem, 48v.
[…] Et las mas q dellas fallã es cabo las palmas mõteſinas. De color ſemeia ala iargõça amariella.

[…] And most of them they find among mountain palm trees. In color it is similar to yellow zircon.


amariello

Spanish: amarillo

Et la color deſta piedra es mezclada de uerde con uermeio. pero la uerdura della es tan flaca que tira a amariello.

And the color of this stone is mixed between green and red, but the greenness is so slight that it tends more toward yellow.


criazon

Spanish: criazón

From Latin creātiō, from creō (“I create”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v. col. 2.
e fue tras ellos cõ cccᵗᵒˢ ⁊ xxviij. omnes de ſu c̃azon

and he went after them, with three hundred and twenty-eight men from his household


amiztat

Ladino: amistad

Spanish: amistad

Papiamentu: amistat

From Vulgar Latin *amīcitātem, derived from Latin amīcus (“friend”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 30v. col. 1.
e uos comẽdo q̃ nõ o / uieſſedes amẏztad cõ eſtas / ẏẽtes.

and then he ordered you not to be friendly toward these people.

[…] nin podra ſu marido tomar otra muger. nin querer la bien nin aun non podra auer amiztat con otro ſi non con el que ella amare.

[…] nor will her husband be able to take or love another woman; nor will she able to befriend a man other than the one she loves.


fazienda

Spanish: hacienda

From Latin facienda, feminine passive participle of faciō (“I make”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 1.
dio grãdes bozes e touo el mãto de ioſep ante ſy. Troa q uyno ſo ſẽnor e contol eſta faziẽda

she cried out and kept Joseph's garment beside her. Then his master returned and she told him of this incident.


alacran

Spanish: alacrán

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic عَقْرَب (ʕaqrab, “scorpion”).

[…] preſtal contra contra toda ferida de culuebra o de alacran. o de otra beſtia emponzonada.

[…] it serves against any injury made by a snake or a scorpion, or of any other venomous beast.


bezahar

Spanish: bezaar

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic بَازَهْر (bāzahr).

Es ſu color amariella ⁊ por eſſol dizen el bezahar amariello.

Its color is yellow, which is why they call it the yellow bezoar.

Idem, f. 31r.
[…] eſta no mueſtra ninguna uertud cõtral danno de los toſſicos; aſſi como el bezahar lo faze.

[…] this one does not exhibit virtues against the damage of poisons, unlike the bezoar, which does.


escuridat

qualifier

see <i class="Latn mention" lang="es">oscuridad</i>

Spanish: escuridad (see oscuridad)

From Latin obscūritās, from obscūrus (“dark”).

Et semeia al criſtal. pero deſdizel ya quanto. ca ha en medio una eſcuridat. que semeia linna negra.

Furthermore, it resembles glass, though not entirely, for it has in the center a dark area resembling a black streak.

shadow; a dark patch, spot or area on or underneath a surface


-iella

Spanish: -illa

(added to feminine nouns and adjectives) A diminutive suffix.


oscuridat

Spanish: oscuridad

Dixo nr̃o ſẽnor amoẏſen. Tiẽt tu mano alos cielos. ⁊ ſera oſcuridat.

[Then] Our Lord said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward the heavens, and there will be darkness.”

[…] ⁊ non a en ſi ninguna obſcuridat. nin otra coſa quel embargue la color.

[…] And it has within itself no darkness, nor anything else that could obscure its color.

Idem, f. 79r.
Piedra es que deſſeca mucho. ⁊ retiene. ⁊ tuelle la oſcuridat del uiſo.

A stone that dries and retains a lot, and that removes darkness from eyesight.


menudiello

head

menudiello m (feminine menudiella, masculine plural menudiellos, feminine plural menudiellas)

menudiella (feminine)
menudiellos (masculine plural)
menudiellas (feminine plural)

Spanish: menudillo

[…] ⁊ en beuiendo lo fazen ſe en ella unas ampollas menudiellas.

[…] and when drinking it, very small blisters form on its surface.

It is covered with holes all over and seems to be made from minute worms. Its color is red mixed with dun […]

Idem, 49v. Eſta es toda forada ⁊ fecha en forma de guſanos menudiellos. De color es uermeia mezclada con pardo […]

diminutive of menudo; minute, minuscule.


-iello

Spanish: -illo

From Latin -ellum, accusative of -ellus.

(added to masculine nouns and adjectives) A diminutive suffix.