gruesso

head

gruesso (feminine singular gruessa, masculine plural gruessos, feminine plural gruessas)

gruessa (feminine singular)
gruessos (masculine plural)
gruessas (feminine plural)

Spanish: grueso

é golias era armado ſobre ſo cauallo eſt philiſteo auie de alto .vj. cobdos eun palmo. e auia el ẏelmo de azero. ela loriga peſaua .v. mil libras. e el aſta de ſue mano era tan grueſſa cuemo el enſullo del texedor el fierro peſaua .dc. peſas.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

And Goliath was armed on his horse. This Philistine was six cubits and a span in height, and he had a bronze helmet, and his coat of mail weighed five thousand shekels, and the shaft in his hand was as thick as a weaver's beam; the iron [point] weighed six hundred shekels.


Melchysedec

Spanish: Melquisedec

From Late Latin Melchisedech, from Koine Greek Μελχισέδεκ (Melkhisédek), from Hebrew מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק (malkī-ṣeḏeq).

der

מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק

Hebrew מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק (malkī-ṣeḏeq)

Estonz exio melchẏsedec a abraam a la carrera. e bẽdixol. ⁊ dẏxo. Benedicto sea abraam de dẏos el alto. e diol pã ⁊ vino q̃ anos en figura de xp̃s. e abraam a el diol el diezmo. de todo lo q̃ aduzie.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2r:

Then Melchizedek sent Abram on his way, and blessed him, and said, “Blessed be Abram of God the [Most] High.” And he gave him bread and wine, which to us is a figure of Christ. And to him Abram gave the tithe of all he had taken.


Abraam

Spanish: Abrahám, Abrahán

Borrowed from Late Latin Ābrahām, from Koine Greek Ἀβρᾱᾱ́μ (Abrāā́m), from Hebrew אַבְרָהָם (aḇrāˈhām).

Hebrew אַבְרָהָם (aḇrāˈhām)

Estonz exio melchẏsedec a abraam a la carrera. e bédixol. ⁊ dẏxo. Benedicto sea abraam de dẏos el alto. e diol pá ⁊ vino q́ anos en figura de xṕs. e abraam a el diol el diezmo. de todo lo q́ aduzie.


compeçamiento

Fue al cõpeçamiento q̃ eſtidieron ẏ. enõ temierõ al criador. etrametio el criador leones. ematarõ los.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 44v:

It was at the beginning that they dwelt there that they did not fear the Creator, and the Creator sent [among them] lions, and they killed them.


comendamiento

Spanish: comendamiento

e teſto nŕo ſennor en iſrɫ emando por mano delos ppħas q́ pphetizauan e dixo. Tornad uos de uŕas uias malas e guardat mios comendamiétos e mios fueros entoda la leẏ q́ acomende auŕos parientes por manos de mios ſieruos los ppħas.

And Our Lord gave witness in Israel and ordered by hand of the prophets that prophesied, and He said, “Turn from your wicked ways and keep my commandments and my statutes [according to] the entire Law I commended your ancestors by the hands of my servants the prophets.”


Josaphat

Spanish: Josafat

From Late Latin Iōsaphat, from Ancient Greek Ἰωσαφάτ (Iōsaphát), from Hebrew יְהוֹשָׁפָט (Yehōšāp̄āṭ).

Hebrew יְהוֹשָׁפָט (Yehōšāp̄āṭ)

Aplegos el Reẏ […] diſçrael adacab Reẏ đ iħrɫm. e fueron en ſemble e dixo el Reẏ diſrɫ al Reẏ de iħrɫm uaẏamos aramot galaad q̃ es ẏ él Reẏ de ſyria elidiemos é prender loemos. e dixo ioſaphat el Reẏ de iħrɫm ẏo ire cõtigo lo mẏo tuẏo eſ. el mio pueblo tuẏo es. emios cauallos tuẏos.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 41v:

The king […] of Israel approached Ahab, king of Jerusalem. And they came together, and the king of Israel said to the king of Jerusalem, “Let us go to Ramoth-Gilead, for the king of Syria is there, and let us fight and we will capture him.” And Jehoshaphat the king of Jerusalem said, “I will go with you. What is mine is yours. My people are yours, and my horses are yours.”


fornaguera

From Latin fornicāria, feminine of fornicārius (“fornicator”), from fornix (“brothel”).

Comienco q́ fablo nŕo ſenor aoſee dixo nŕo ſeńor aoſee ue eprent mugier fornaguera e faz fijos de fornicacion que fornicar fornicara la tŕa

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 70r:

It began that Our Lord spoke to Hosea, and Our Lord said to Hosea, “Go and take a fornicating woman and have children of fornication, for fornication will fornicate the land.”

prostitute, a promiscuous or fornicating woman


açada

Spanish: azada

From Vulgar Latin *asciāta, from Latin ascia (“axe”).

judgara ẽtre pueblos muchos. e afazara ẏenteſ fuerteſ aluen. etraſtornaran ſuſ eſpadas por açadas. ⁊ ſuslanças por foçeſ. non alçara ẏent contra ẏent eſpada. enõ aura mas batalla.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 72v:

He will judge between many peoples and arbitrate [between] strong people from afar. And they will reshape their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not raise sword against nation, and there will be no more battle.


nerbio

Spanish: nervio

Inherited from Latin nervus, either through niervo with metathesis of /j/; or more likely from the by-form nervia n pl or f, with /j/ raising the stressed vowel and blocking its diphthongization.

E. ppħize cuemo me acomendado e fue roydo quant ppħize cuemo tempeſtad. Aplegaronſe los hueſos a hueſos e carne e ſobre ellos nerbios e carne crubio ſobrellos cuero de ſuſo ſp̃u nõ auia en ellos.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63v:

And I prophesied as He had commanded me, and when I prophesied there was a noise like a storm. Bones to bones came together, and flesh; and tendons and flesh over them, [and] skin covered them from above. [But] there was no breath in them.


roydo

Spanish: ruido

From Latin rugītus (“roar, bellow”), from rugiō (“I roar, bellow”).


affliccion

Ladino: afrision

Spanish: aflicción

A conservative spelling or form of aflicion, from Latin afflīctiō.

¬ dixo ỹo dios de to padre. de abraam. ⁊ de ẏſaac. ⁊ de iacob. Aſcódio moẏſes ſus fazes ca temia de catar al nŕo ſénor. E dixo dios cate ⁊ ui. affliccion de myo pueblo q́ es en egipto. E ſo clamor […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 12r:

And He said, “I [am the] God of your father, of Abraham and of Isaac and of Jacob.” [Then] Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look at Our Lord. And God said, “I looked at and saw [the] affliction of my people who are in Egypt, and [heard] their cry. […] ”

Alternative form of aflicion, affliction, suffering


prophetismo

Spanish: profetismo

dixo heliſeᷤ viuo es el ſennor delos fõſados delant q̃en ẏo eſto q̃ ſi ñ fueſſe por berguẽça de ioſapha nõ cataria ati nj not ueria. agora adozid me .j. cantador epues q̃nt adios cantare ſera ſobrel ppħiſmo del criador.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 42v:

[Then] Elisha said, “The Lord of Hosts lives, before whom I stand, [for] were it not out of regard for Jehoshaphat, I would not look at you nor see you. [But] now bring me a singer.” And so when to God he sings the prophecy of the Creator will be upon him.


berguença

Ladino: verguensa

Spanish: vergüenza

From Latin verēcundia (“shame, awe”), from Latin verēcundus (“feeling shame; worthy or reverence, venerable”).

dixo heliſeₛ viuo es el ſennor delos fõſados delant q̃en ẏo eſto q̃ ſi ñ fueſſe por berguẽça de ioſapha nõ cataria ati nj not ueria. agora adozid me .j. cantador epues q̃nt adios cantare ſera ſobrel ppħiſmo del criador.


debdor

Ladino: devdor

Spanish: deudor

vna mugier delos ppħtas clamo aeliſeuₛ ppħta edixol. To ſieruo mio marido es muerto e to ſabet q́ fue temient del ćador afe do uiene eldebdor q́ ṕndras dos mios fijos por ſos ſieruos

[Now] the wife of one of the prophets cried out to Elisha the prophet and said to him, “Your servant, my husband, is dead, and you know that he was one who feared the Creator. And lo, his creditor is coming [and] he will take for himself my two sons as his slaves.”


euangelista

desctree

Spanish: evangelista
→ Tagalog: ebanghelista

From Latin evangelista, from Ancient Greek εὐαγγελιστής (euangelistḗs).

der

εὐαγγελιστής

depues eſt emꝑador domicianus eſilio aſant iuan apoſtol e euangeliſta. euenos ala ẏſla de padmoˢ e cõuertio grãd púeblo.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

After this, the emperor Domitian exiled Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist, and he came to the island of Patmos and converted many people.


mensage

Spanish: mensaje

Borrowed from Old Occitan messatge or Old French message, both from Early Medieval Latin missāticum, derived from Latin mittere (“send”).

Enbiarõle mẽſage aioſep. E dẏzierõ le to padre comẽdo ante q̃ murieſſe. E dixo aſſi dizredes aioſep. Priegot q̃ perdones el ẏerro atoˢ ermanos. e ſo peccado del mal quet fizierõ. Agora perdona a ſieruoˢ del dios de to padre. Ploro ioſep quãt eſtol fablarõ.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 11v:

[So] they sent a message to Joseph, and they said to him, “Your father commanded before he died, and he said thus, ‘You shall say to Joseph: I beg you forgive the transgression of your brothers, and their sin of the wrong they did to you.’ Now, forgive the servants of the God of your father.” Joseph wept when they spoke this to him.


remasaja

Related to remander (“to remain”). Compare Old French remasille and Old Occitan remazilha.

e fizo lo aſi qṽndo fueron los uaſos plenos dixo aſo fijo. dam uaſos dixol nõ e mas. este el olio e paga to debdor tuetos fillos beuid delas remaſaias.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 43a:

And she did so, [and] when the vessels were full she said to her son, “Give me [more] vessels.” [But] he said, “I have no more.” [Elisha said, “Sell] this oil and pay your creditor, [and] live you and your sons on the remainder.”


reysmo

→ Basque: erresuma

Apreˢ de herodes Regno ſo fijo el maẏor archelaᵍ. ⁊ fue partido el Reẏſmo de iħrſɫm en .iiij. partes

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 78r:

After Herod reigned his eldest son, Archelaus, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem was divided into four parts.


malaptia

From Old French maladie, from malade (“sick”).

Qvando ouiere fambre en la tierra omortalidat. o enfermedat oq́ado ouiere mal de enfermedat. o langoſta. o erugo. q́nt fuere q́l aq́xare ſo enemigo. enla tŕa oen las cibdades. Nulla plaga o nulla malaptia […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 50v:

Should there be famine in the land or great dying or sickness, or should there be the ill of sickness, or locusts or caterpillars, should their enemy threaten them in the land or in the cities, whatever plague or whatever malady, […]


muert

Clamo amoẏſẽ ⁊ a pharaon. e dixo peq̃ al ur̃o ſẽnor dios. Rogat por mi q̃ me ꝑdone eſta uez ſola. E riedre deſobre my eſta muert. Rogo moiſen al nr̃o ſẽnor. ⁊ veno uiẽto de fauõno ⁊ echo toda la langoſta en la mar.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 15r:

Pharaoh called Moses and said, “I have sinned against your Lord God. Pray that He forgive me just this once, and that he remove this death from over me.” [So] Moses prayed to Our Lord, and the west wind came and cast all the locusts into the sea.


fauonno

Clamo amoẏſẽ ⁊ a pharaon. e dixo peq̃ al ur̃o ſẽnor dios. Rogat por mi q̃ me ꝑdone eſta uez ſola. E riedre deſobre my eſta muert. Rogo moiſen al nr̃o ſẽnor. ⁊ veno uiẽto de fauõno ⁊ echo toda la langoſta en la mar. por todo eſto non dexo fijos de ẏſrael.

Pharaoh called Moses and said, “I have sinned against your Lord God. Pray that He forgive me just this once, and that he remove this death from over me.” [So] Moses prayed to Our Lord, and the west wind came and cast all the locusts into the sea. [But] after all of this he did not let the children of Israel go.


fidenisa

An alteration of Late Latin pȳthōnissa, feminine form of Latin pȳthon (“oracle, soothsayer”), from Ancient Greek Πῡθώ (Pūthṓ, “Pytho; Delphi”).

& fue demãdar cõſeio auna mugier ſortera q̃ era en edom aqui uino el reẏ ſaul de mandar ɔſeio ala fideniſa ſta mugier ouo mẏedo al reẏ e dixo q̃ nõ faria. Jvro ſaul e dixo biuo es el criador q̃ non uerna nĩgun mal atẏ por eſta coſa.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 32v:

Here king Saul came to seek counsel from the soothsayer And [so] he went to seek counsel from a soothsayer that lived in Edom. […] [But] this woman was afraid of the king, and she said she would not do [as he asked]. Saul swore and said, “Living is the Creator, that no harm shall come to you for this thing.”


adeuino

Spanish: adivino

From Latin dīvīnus (“prophetic”). Influenced by adeuinar (“to guess, solve”). Compare Old French devin.

Fveſſét ſamuel aſu caſa a ramata e nó vio mas ſamuel a ſaul faſta q́ ſamuel fue muerto ⁊ planieron le tod iſrɫ e ſotŕaron le en ramata ſu cibdat. & ſaul tollio los magos alos adeuinos de la tŕa.

Samuel went to his house in Ramah, and Samuel did not see Saul again before Samuel died. And all of Israel mourned him and they buried him in Ramah, his city. And Saul removed the necromancers and soothsayers from the land.


guchiello

Eſte herodes Murio mala muerte deuẏno gafo de pues por la grãt pudor q̃ ſalẏo del ⁊ nõ lo podie ſofrir. el Miſmo ſe mato cõ .j. guchiello.

This Herod died a bad death. He became leprous [and] then, because of the great shame which he displayed and could not bear, he killed himself with a knife.


philisteo

Spanish: filisteo

Borrowed from Late Latin Philistaeus, from Koine Greek Φυλιστιείμ (Phulistieím), from Hebrew פְּלִשְׁתִּים (pəlištîm).

פְּלִשְׁתִּים

Hebrew פְּלִשְׁתִּים (pəlištîm)

Aplegaron ſe los philiſteos e paſſaron en ſẏma. Aplego atod iſrl e paſſaron en móte gelboe. Vio ſaul el albergada de los philiſteos e ouo mẏedo.

The Philistines gathered and camped at Shunem. [Saul] gathered all of Israel and they camped at mount Gilboa. [Then] Saul saw the encampment of the Philistines and he was afraid.

Idem, f. 47r.
Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol.

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him.


visitança

dixo el nr̃o ſenor a moẏſen qui peccare en mi deſfer loe de mio libro. Agora ue e di ami pueblo cuemo fable mio angel andara delante ti e al dia de mi uiſitança uiſitare ſobre ellos ſos pecados e mato el ſẽnor del pueblo muchos por lo que fizieron el bezerro q̃ fizo aron

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 20v:

Our Lord said to Moses, “Whoever has sinned against Me, I will wipe out of my book. Now go and say to my people how I have spoken. My angel will go before you, and the day of my visit I will visit their sin upon them.” And the Lord killed many from among the people for what they did [with] the calf that Aaron made.


ennemigo

Dixo nr̃o ſẽnor amoyſen ſub aq̃ tu e el pueblo que ſaq̃ſt de egipto ala tierra q̃ iure aabraã á yſaac a iacob ẽ dix ato liñaie la dare trametre mio angel delante ti e detroyra tos eñemigos […]

[Then] Our Lord said to Moses, “Go up from here, you and the people whom you brought out of Egypt, to the land I swore to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob when I said ‘I will give it to your descendants.’ I will send my angel before you and he will destroy your enemies. […] ”


guarnimiento

Spanish: guarnimiento

From guarnir (“to dress, adorn”) + -miento. Compare Old French guarnement (“garment”).

Oyo eſto eſto^([sic]) el pueblo e ou gñde duelo enõ ſe q̃ſo guarnir deſu ueſtir. dixo nr̃o ſeñor amoẏſẽ diles q̃ ſe guarneſcã eẏo ſabre q̃ leſ fare. priſierõ fiios de iſrɫ. ſo guarnimiẽto de mõte oreb

The people heard this and there was great mourning, and they did not want to adorn their dress. [For] Our Lord said to Moses, “Tell them to adorn themselves and I will know what I will do to them.” [So] the children of Israel took off their ornaments from Mount Horeb [onward].


sedmana

E nes ſos dias yo daniel era dolorioſo .iij. ſedmanas de dias. pan cobdiciadero ni carne non comj nin ui non etro en mi boca niẽ bano non fu banado troa q̃s cumplieron .vij. semanas de dias

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 69:

In those days, I, Daniel, was mournful for three weeks' worth of days. I ate no no pleasant bread or meat, nor did wine enter my mouth, nor was I bathed in a bath until three weeks' worth of days passed.


dolorioso

head

dolorioso (feminine singular doloriosa, masculine plural doloriosos, feminine plural doloriosas)

doloriosa (feminine singular)
doloriosos (masculine plural)
doloriosas (feminine plural)

Spanish: doloroso

From Latin dolōrōsus (“painful, sorrowful”), from dolor (“pain, grief”).

E nes ſos dias yo daniel era dolorioſo .iij. ſedmanas de dias. pan cobdiciadero ni carne non comj nin ui non etro en mi boca niẽ bano non fu banado troa q́s cumplieron .vij. semanas de dias


companna

Spanish: compaña

From Vulgar Latin *compānia, from Late Latin compāniō (“companion”).

Corrio eſau aencuẽtro de ſo ermano. E abraçol ⁊ echo ſobre ſo cuello el braço. E ſaludolo. ⁊ omillos eſau. E toda ſu cõpãna de iacob.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5r:

Esau ran to meet his brother, and he embraced him and put his arm over his neck. And he greeted him and bowed before Esau, and so too all of Jacob's company.


maçonero

Spanish: mazonero

From Old French maçon (“mason, builder”) + -ero.

[…] e enbẏo amonte libano .lxxx. mil om̃s q̃ taiaſſen madera. e .lxx. mil maçoneros pora la obra de la piedra ſin los maẏorales q̃ les comendauan q̃ auien a fer.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49r:

[…] And he sent to Mount Lebanon eighty thousand men to cut wood and seventy thousand masons for the working of stone, besides the foremen who commanded them what they were to do.


mercadura

From Latin mercātūra, from mercor (“I trade, deal, sell”).

Catarõ ⁊ vierõ vna requa de paganos de los de ẏſmael. E vinien de galaat cõ ſos camellos cargados de mercaduras e ẏuã a egipto

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

They looked up and saw a pagan caravan, of those of Ishmael. And they were coming from Gilead with their camels loaded with goods, and they were headed to Egypt.


ysmael

dẏxo iudas aſos ermanos. Veo ẏſmaeles q̃ paſſan. Andat ⁊ uendamos le aeſtos moros q̃ paſſã. E nr̃as manos nõ metamos en el. […]

Judah said to his brothers, “I see Ishmaelites passing by. Come and let us sell him to these moors passing by, and not lay our hands on him. […] ”


Ysmael

Spanish: Ismael

From Late Latin Ismael, from Koine Greek Ἰσμαήλ (Ismaḗl), from Hebrew יִשְׁמָעֵאל (yīšmāʿēʿl, literally “God hears”).

der

They looked and saw a pagan caravan, of those of Ishmael. And they were coming from Gilead with their camels loaded with goods, and they were headed to Egypt.


requa

Spanish: recua

From Andalusian Arabic رَكْبَة (rakba), from Arabic رَكَبَة (rakaba), plural of رَاكِب (rākib, “rider”), from رَكِبَ (rakiba, “to ride”).


suenno

Ladino: esfuenyo, esuenyo

Spanish: sueño

From Latin somnium (“dream”), from somnus (“sleep, slumber”), from Proto-Italic *swepnos, from Proto-Indo-European *swépnos, from *swep- (“to sleep”).

Andat ⁊ matemoſle. Echemoſle en aq̃l pozo. E ueremos que prol aura so suenno. e pues diremos q̃ beſtia mala lo mato ⁊ lo comẏo. Oẏo lo ruben ⁊ peſol eq̃ſol enparar

“Go and let us kill him. Let us throw him into that pit, and we shall see of what use his dream is to him! And then we will say that a fierce beast killed and ate him.” Reuben heard this and was grieved by it, and decided to protect him.


vestimienta

Ladino: vestimienta

Spanish: vestimenta

From Latin vestīmenta, plural of vestīmentum (“garment, robe”), from vestiō (“I clothe”). Compare Old French vestement.

e depues ueno ſaul. ⁊ enop. e p̃ſo eſtos ſacerdotes e mato dent .Lxxx. ⁊ .v. reueſtidos de ſac̃dotal ueſtimienta

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 46r:

And then came Saul to Nob. And he took these priests and killed therein eighty-five men dressed in the priestly garments.


sortero

head

sortero m (plural sorteros, feminine singular sortera, feminine plural sorteras)

sorteros (plural)
sortera (feminine singular)
sorteras (feminine plural)

Spanish: sortero

From suerte (“lot, fate”) + -ero (occupational suffix). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese sorteira (“witch”).

cog

& fue demãdar cõſeio auna mugier ſortera q̃ era en edom […] ſta mugier ouo mẏedo al reẏ e dixo q̃ nõ faria.

And [so] he went to seek counsel from a soothsayer that lived in Edom. […] [But] this woman was afraid of the king, and she said she would not do [as he asked].

a person who draws lots, a soothsayer or oracle


deuinança

From deuinar (“to divine, guess”) + -ança, or through Latin dīvīnantia, plural of dīvīnāns (“foreseeing, divining”), from dīvīnō (“I foresee, fortell, divine”).

Non a aguero en iacob nĩ deuinãça en israel.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 25r:

“ […] There is no omen on Jacob nor divination on Israel. […] ”


aguero

Spanish: agüero


rabadura

Apparently from rabir (“to capture, kidnap”) + -dura.

[…] cõ leõ ſe leuantara e con leona ſe alcara nos echara faſta q̃ coma. rabadura e ſangre de matados breura.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, 25r:

“ […] Like a lion it shall rise up and like a lioness it shall lift itself up. It shall not lie down until it eats prey, and the blood of those slain it shall drink.”


bendicion

Spanish: bendición

Semi-learned borrowing from Ecclesiastical Latin benedictiōnem, singular accusative of benedictiō (“blessing”).

slbor

Reſpuſo ẏſaac ⁊ dẏxo. De groſſura de la tierra ⁊ del ruçio ſera tu bẽdicion. De los cieló ſera tu bendicion. Sobre tu eſpada biuras. E ato ermano seruiras. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4r:

Isaac answered and said, “Your blessing shall be away from the fatness of the earth and from the dew. Your blessing shall be away from the heavens. You shall live by the sword and your brother you shall serve. […] ”


montanna

Ladino: montanya

Spanish: montaña
→ English: Montana

From Early Medieval Latin montānia, a collective based on Latin montem. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese montanna, Old French montaigne.

Loth ouo miedo de ſeer ẽ ſegor eſubio alas mõtãnas cõ ſus .ij. fijas. eſtido en una cueua con ſus .ij. fijas. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2v:

Lot was afraid of staying in Zoar and [so] he went up to the mountains with his two daughters […]


juuentut

Spanish: juventud

From Latin iuventūtem, singular accusative of iuventūs, from iuvenis (“young”).

[…] Qve ẏo loar me pueda de ti en my veiez. Aſſẏ cuemo me loe en mẏ iuuétud.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:

[…] That I may be able to rejoice in you in my old age as I rejoiced in my youth.


firuient

Sant iuã euangeliſta fo de bethſaẏda. e p̃dico en aſia de pues lo fizo penar domiciariᵍ^([sic]) el emꝑador de roma. mãdo lo met̃ en una cuba dolio firuient.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

Saint John [the] Evangelist was from Bethsaida, and he preached in Asia. And then Domitian the emperor of Rome had him condemned, [so] he ordered he be put into a vat of boiling oil.


Peydro

Sant peẏdro fo ṕdicar en roma. e por occaſiõ de ſimõ magus el encantador. nero el enꝑador fizolo meter en .+. dela cabeça aẏuſo e delos pies aſuſo.

Saint Peter went to Rome to preach, and because of Simon Magus the sorcerer Nero the emperor had him put on a cross with his head down and his feet up.

(biblical, Christianity) Alternative form of Pedro, Peter

a male given name from Ancient Greek, equivalent to English Peter


asuso

Spanish: asuso

From Latin ad sūrsum (“above, upwards”).

Sant peẏdro fo p̃dicar en roma. e por occaſiõ de ſimõ magus el encantador. nero el enꝑador fizolo meter en .+. dela cabeça aẏuſo e delos pies aſuſo.


yvierno

El yuierno es exido q̃ el março qͥere entrar

between 1140 and 1207, anonymous, Cid 1619

Winter has gone out, and March wants to enter


ynvierno

Spanish: invierno

From Vulgar Latin *hīmbernum, a modification of Latin hībernum (tempus).

las formigas que son anjmalias viles enel tienpo del verano guardan pan de que se mantengan enel ynvierno.

1293, Castigos, fol. 244r, (BNM ms. 6559, ed. by William Plamer and Carig Frazier, 1992)

Ants, which are vile animals, save away bread during the summer to survive the winter on it.


viesso

The native inherited form of Latin versus (“verse”). Later replaced by the latinism verso.

Pues dize ende assí Ovidio d'esta razón estos viessos por latín, e la razón por que los él dixo assí estos viessos es ésta. Los gigantes se levantaron contra los sos dioses, […]

c. 1275, Alfonso X, General Estoria 1.14, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez Prieto-Borja, 2002, Alcalá de Henares: Universidad Alcalá de Henares)

And so Ovid says these verses in Latin due to a reason, and the reason why he said this is this. The giants revolted against their gods, […]

1335, Don Juan Manuel, El libro de los enxiemplos del conde Lucanor et de Patronio, Exemplo IIº
Et cuando don Johan falló este exiemplo, mandólo escrivir en este libro, et fizo estos viessos en que está avreviadamente toda la sentençia deste exiemplo.

And when don Juan found this exemplary story, he ordered to have it written in this book, and made these verses in which the whole intention of this story is expressed briefly.


venavlo

Spanish: venablo

Omnes de sus mesnadas fueron luego llegados, trauaron del uenaulo fieramient espantados

c. 1200, anonymous, Libro de Alexandre 1550-1551


bazio

head

bazio (feminine singular bazia, masculine plural bazios, feminine plural bazias)

bazia (feminine singular)
bazios (masculine plural)
bazias (feminine plural)

Vino Josep a sos ermanos e prisieronle e despoiaronle el palio e echaronle en el pozo. E este pozo era bazio e no y avia agua.

Joseph came to his brothers, and they imprisoned him and took his robe, and threw him into a well. The well was empty, with no water there.


loviello

Spanish: ovillo

From Late Latin lubellum < globellum, diminutive from Latin globus.


lonninco

1219 CE:, Aguilar de Campoo, B: AHN, MS 994, fols. 62v-63r (Plate 3)

...son or daughter, brother or sister, close [relative] or distant...

...fijo o fija ermano o ermana / ꝑminco o lonninco...


agradesçer

Spanish: agradecer

From a- + gradescer (“to thank”), derived from Late Latin grātum (“act of thanks”) + -ēscō, -ēscere.

E dixo que ha de aver en el creyente diez e seis virtudes: […] La quinzena es agradescer a Dios por las ocasiones que acaescen en el mundo.

ca. 1250, anonymous, Bocados de oro, (ed. by Mechthild Crombach, 1971, Bonn: Romanisches Seminar der Universität Bonn)

And he said that a believer must have sixteen virtues: […] The fifteenth one is to thank God for all events that happen in the world.


poner las cuernas

Spanish: poner los cuernos

Quien dixier: "yo te fodi la mugier e yo te pus las cuernas" o "yo te encegule", se otorgamjento ouier, peche .ccc. soldos e ixca por enemigo anuestro fuero

Whoever says "I fucked your wife and turned you into a cuckold", or "I cuckolded you", if they have wealth, may they pay 300 solidi and be considered an enemy to our lawbook


meytad

Spanish: mitad


quaraesma

Spanish: Cuaresma

mid–late 13th c., Siete Partidas, I.V.XIII
...et las primeras, que son de verano, comienzan en el segundo miercoles de quaraesma, et las segundas, que son del estivo, comienzan en el primero miercoles despues de cinquaesma...

...and the first [set of Ember Days], which are in spring, begin on the second Wednesday of Lent, while the second [set of Ember Days], which are in summer, begin on the first Wednesday after Pentecost...


potriello

Spanish: potrillo

E si el potriello pierde la madre recíbenle las otras yeguas pora criarle.

c. 1275, Alfonso X, General Estoria, primera parte, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez Prieto-Borja, 2002, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares)

And if the foal loses his mother, the other mares receive him to raise him.


façaña

Quando llegó el conde a su buena conpaña
falló a sus vassallos todos con fuerte saña,

c. 1250, anonymous, Poema de Fernán González p. 274, (ed. by Itzíar López Guil, 2001, Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva)

When the count arrived back at his good companions,
he found all his vassals strongly against him,
they were treating him so badly that it was a feat.


putaña

Uncertain. Likely a cognate of Italian puttana, and derived from a Vulgar Latin *pūtta, perhaps derived from *puta, feminine of Latin putus (“teeny boy”), but see that entry for issues with the existence of the term in Latin. For the suffix of this word, also compare the -ain ending of Old French putain (“whore”), nonain (“nun”), Mariain (“Mary”), Evain (“Eve”).

Dicit al fijo de la mala putaña que venga ante mí

betw. 1246-1252, Gonzalo de Berceo, Los Milagros de nuestra Señora, (ed. by Claudio García Turza, 1992, Madrid: Espasa-Calpe)


cutiano

Inherited from Latin cottīdiānus, cognate with Galician cotián, Sardinian fittianu. The change from pretonic -o- to -u- is regular before /j/, compare cuchar from Latin cochleāre (variant of cochlear).

el ladron. & ell mintroso cutiano eredaran destroymiento.

c. 1280, Alfonso X, General Estoria, cuarta parte, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja, 2002, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares)

The thief and the regular liar shall receive their Destruction [in Hell].


cutiano

Era un simple clérigo, pobre de clerecía,
dicié cutiano missa de la Sancta María;
non sabié decir otra, diciéla cada día,
más la sabié por uso que por sabiduría.
Fo est missacantano al bispo acusado
que era idïota, mal clérigo provado;
el "Salve Sancta Parens" sólo tenié usado,

betw. 1246 and 1252, Gonzalo de Berceo, Los Milagros de nuestra Señora, (ed. by Claudio García Turza, 1992, Madrid: Espasa-Calpe)

He was a simple cleric, poor in clerecy,
He would say the mass of Holy Mary every day;
He did not know any other, he said each day,
He knew it more out of habit than knowledge.
This mass-singer was accused before the bishop
with the charge of being an idiot, a proven bad cleric;
he was simply used to the Behold, Holy Mother
the fool in hardship did not know any other mass.

non sabié otra missa el torpe embargado.


gramatgo

From Latin grammaticus. Perhaps inherited instead of semi-learned, to judge by the syncope, and the existence of inherited terms in other medieval Romance languages (see the Latin etymon for cognates). The -tg- cluster may be equivalent to the -dg- cluster typical of 13th-century writing, as in judgar, -adgo. Attested once in the 12th-century Auto de reyes magos (see quotation). Non-synchronous doublet of grammático.

id me por mios abades
i por mios podestades
i por mios scribanos
i por meos gramatgos
i por mios streleros

12th c., anonymous, Auto de reyes magos 119-124, (ed. by Menéndez Pidal)


grammático

Spanish: gramático

Borrowed from Latin grammaticus. First attested near the end of the Old Spanish period, in the late 15th century. The term may have been rather novel at the time; Nebrija offers a more native equivalent in one of the quotations below. Non-synchronous doublet of gramatgo, attested once in the 12th century.

Enesto hay dos maneras de verbo los grammaticos dizen verbos que tienen tres tiempos conuiene saber. passado presente & venidero. los rethoricos dizen verbos por todas las palabras: o dictiones dela oraçion: proprio del verbo significar açtion o passion: o ambas cosas con tiempos & formas sin caso.

1490, Alfonso de Palencia, Universal vocabulario en latín y en romance, (ed. by Gracia Lozano López, 1992)

Now there are two definitions of verbo. It should be understood that grammarians say verbs have three tenses: past, present and future. Rhetoricians call all types of words verbos, or dictiones of speech. [Among grammarians] it is a property of a verbo to indicate an action one does or undergoes, or both things, in tenses and without cases.

Los casos del nombre son cinco. el primero por el cual las cosas se nombran o hazen & padecen: el cual los latinos llaman nominativo. El segundo por el cual dezimos cuia es alguna cosa. el cual los grammaticos llaman genitivo.

1492, Antonio de Nebrija, Gramática castellana, (ed. by John O'Neill, 1995)

There are five cases in a noun. The first one is used to name things as they do or undergo an action, which in Latin is known as "nominative". We use the second one to say something belongs to it, which grammarians call the "genitive".

[L]os que boluieron de griego en latin este nombre gramatica: llamaron la arte de letras: & a los professores & maestros della dixeron grammaticos: que en nuestra lengua podemos dezir letrados.

Those who brought grammar from Greek into Latin called the art of letters gramatica, and its scholars and teachers grammaticos, which in our language we could translate as [literally] "the lettered".


a furto

Spanish: a hurto

From Latin fūrtō (“stealthily, in secret”), maintained while reinforcing it with the Old Spanish preposition a, from Latin ad.

E puede aun dispensar con los clerigos que cantassen seyendo uedados que retengan sus beneficios. & con los que se ordenassen de mayores ordenes; dexando otras en medio. o usassen de ordenes de que nunqua ouiessen seydo ordenados. o si recibiessen algunas a furto.

mid 13th century, Alfonso X, Primera Partida

And he [a bishop] can dispense of clerics that hold mass, having been forbidden to do so, from keeping their benefits, and also with those that order themselves at higher ranks skipping some in the middle, as well as those who use a rank having never been ordered in it or having received any in secret.


feviella

Spanish: hebilla


mesquino

From Arabic مِسْكِين (miskīn, “poor”). First attested with the pre-literary spelling misquinos (plural) in the 10th/11th-century San Millan glosses.


mesquino

Spanish: mezquino

qui... pauperibus reddet : qui dat a los misquinos

10th or 11th century, anonymous, San Millan glosses, (as quoted by Coromines and Pascual)


judgo

From Latin iūdicum, genitive plural of iūdex (“a judge”). Compare certain adjectives in Old French derived from genitive plural nouns, e.g. ancienor (“ancient, belonging to the ancients”), francor (“French”), paienor (“pagan”).

fuero judgo
book of the law (metonymy from 'townsquare of the judges', Latin forum iūdicum)


piedra preçiosa

osp-noun

piedra preçiosa f (plural piedras preçiosas)

Spanish: piedra preciosa

Esso mjssmo dezimos de la piedra preçiosa que ffuesse engastonada en oro ageno.

by 1260, anonymous, Espéculo de Alfonso X

We say the same about any gem encrusted in other gold.


dereçar

Spanish: derezar (obsolete)

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *dīrēctiāre.


erzer

Spanish: erguir (rebuilt based on the conjugation yergo (“I raise”) (< Vulgar Latin *ergō)).

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *ergere, from Latin ērigere.


cangro

desctree

Spanish: cangrejo
→ Asturian: cangrexu
→ Galician: cangrexo, caranguexo
→ Portuguese: caranguejo


avuelo

Spanish: abuelo (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *av(i)olum, ultimately from Latin avus.

Abraham, our grandfather of honourable memory, when he came back from the battle with victory

c.1230, Sacrificio de la Misa Abrán, nuestro avuelo de ondrada memoria, quando de la fazienda tornava con victoria, (...)


carcelage

From Medieval Latin carcelāgium, a variant of carcerārium, ultimately from carcer (“jail, prison”).

jailer’s fees, prison fees (money paid to a jailkeeper by or on behalf of a prisoner for the food and drink supplied to that prisoner during incarceration)


ceresa

Spanish: cereza

Inherited from Vulgar Latin ceresia, from the neuter plural of Late Latin ceresium, from Latin cerasium, from Ancient Greek κεράσιον (kerásion, “cherry”), from κερασός (kerasós, “bird cherry”), ultimately possibly of Anatolian origin.
In the Cartularies of Valpuesta both masculine forms are recorded: cereso (c. 944) and cerezo (c. 1210) as well as a relatinisation zeraysum (c. 1044).

der

E otrosy se an de senbrar los albarcoques e las çeresas en este tienpo e las milgranas e los priscos e las huuas e los figos anse de senbrar en otubre e en nouienbre.(...)

c. 1300, Tratado de Agricultura de Ibn Bassal, page 91:

And apricots and cherries are to be sown at this time; and millegrains and prunes and grapes and figs are to be sown in October and November. (...)


venino

desctree

Spanish: veneno (relatinised)
→ Sardinian: venenu

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin venīnum, from Classical Latin venēnum. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese vinino.

inh+

(...) Redempcion de pecados sin sangne nunca vino, sangne lava las almas de todo mal venino (...)

c. 1264, Del Sacrificio de la Misa, cuarteto 98

Redemption of sins without blood never came, blood washes the souls from all venomous evil.


vieio

Spanish: viejo

Ladino: viejo, vyejo

Inherited from Late Latin veclus, from Latin vetulus. Compare Leonese vieyo, Aragonese viello

Josep asked them and said, "Is your father healthy, the old man whom you say?" (...)

c. 1200, La Fazienda de Ultramar, fol 8v Preguntolos Josep e dixo: "Es sano vuestro padre el vieio quem dixiestes?" (...)

Otroſi qi tomar azoꝛ. ó falcon. ho gauilan. uieio.(...)

Besides taking goshawk or hawk or old sparrowhawk. (...)


espeio

Spanish: espejo

Ladino: espejo

Inherited from Vulgar Latin speclum, from Latin speculum

(...) en que sse viessen ssienpre commo en espeio para ssaber emendar los ssus yerros (...)

In wich they always see themselves as a mirror to know how to correct their own and others' mistakes (...)


çisme

Spanish: chisme

los piojos las pulgas et las çismes et las formigas et sus semejantes

ca. 1320, Juan Manuel, Libro del cavallero et del escudero:

lice, fleas, bedbugs, ants, and the like


eñadir

Spanish: añadir

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *inaddere, from Latin in- (“into”) + addere (“to add”).

Non eñadrás ninguna cosa a sus palabras d'él

c. 1280, Alfonso X, General Estoria, tercera parte, (Pedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja and Bautista Horcajada Diezma, 1994, Madrid: Gredos, page 279):

You shall not add anything to His [God's] words


demientre

⇒ Spanish: mientras

From domientre, inherited from Late Latin dum interim.

E la onra de los ídolos que non eran de dezir es razón de todo mal e comienço e cabo. Ca o demientre que se alegran los omnes en las fiestas, e en los juegos que ý fazen enloquecen, o verdaderamientre dizen ý falsedades por adevinanças […]

c. 1280, Alfonso X, General Estoria, tercera parte, (published by Pedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja and Bautista Horcajada Diezma, 1994, Madrid: Gredos:

Si el andador de la camara a peyndrar enbiado fuere. Si el iuez o los alcaldes, demientre en la camara estouieren, al andador a peyndrar le enbiaren, qual quier que los pennos le tolliere peche .V. sueldos, si en la cibdat fuere fecho.

c. 1296, anonymous author, Fuero de Alcaraz, (published by Jean Roudil, 1968, Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck):


bevir

head

bevir (first-person singular present bivo, first-person singular preterite visque, past participle bevido)

bivo (first-person present singular)
visque (first-person preterite singular)
bevido (participle past)

Ladino: bivir

Spanish: vivir

En uerdat la uida que yo fiz en Iherusalem con mi yente desde que naci, todos los iudios la sopieron. Ca si quisieron testemunnar me, bien saben mi fazienda; ca uisque phariseo segund la secta de nuestra religion.

c. 1260, anonymous author, El nuevo testamento según el manuscrito escurialense i.j.6, (published by Thomas Montgomery and Spurgeon W. Baldwin, 1970, Madrid: RAE):

Verily, all Jews knew the life I lead in Jerusalem with my people since I was born. And if they wanted to testify against me, they know my doings very well, for I lived as a Pharisee according to the branch of our religion.

Alçó a Dios sus manos e fizo un pedido:
 "Rëy", -dixo-, "e padre, Señor, merçet te pido,
 si este lugar ha de seer destroído,
 que mates a mí ante, ca assaz he bevido.

c. 1240-1250, anonymous author, Libro de Alexandre, (published by Jesús Cañas, 1988, Madrid: Cátedra, page 208):

He (king Priam) said, "O King and Father, O Lord, I ask for mercy, if this place is to be destroyed, I wish you to kill me first, I have lived enough."


espannol

Ladino: espanyol

Spanish: español

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: espanhol


yusano

Inherited from Late Latin iūsānus. Synchronically yuso (“down”) + -ano (adjective-forming suffix).


otramiente

Alternative form of otramente (“otherwise”)


otramente

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin alterā mente.


Huelna

Spanish: Buelna

From Latin Olna, Ulna, from Proto-Indo-European *orn-a.


pavilo

Spanish: pabilo
→ Sardinian: pabilu

From Vulgar Latin *papīlum, from Latin papȳrus. Attested from ca. 1400.


bebdo

Inherited from Latin bibitus, from bibō, from Proto-Italic *pibō, from Proto-Indo-European *píph₃eti, from *peh₃-.


bebdo

Spanish: beodo