manziella

Ladino: manziya

Spanish: mancilla

From Late Latin macella, diminutive of Latin macula (“spot, stain”).

[…] ca ella a tal uertud que tuelle aquella manziella blanca que ſe faze en los oios aque dizen nuf […]

[…] for its virtue is such that it removes that white spot that forms on the eyes that they call cloud […]

a spot or blemish on the body, especially the eyes


tortiella

desctree

Spanish: tortilla
→ English: tortilla
→ Finnish: tortilla
→ Galician: tortilla
→ German: Tortilla
→ Polish: tortilla

From torta (“round flatbread”) + -iella.

[…] mas fallan la ſiempre en forma redonda ⁊ llana fecha como tortiella ⁊ ay dellas grãdes & dellas pequẽnas.

[…] but they find it always roundish and flat in shape, like a tortiella, and they can be both big and small.

diminutive of torta; a small and roundish flatbread.


escudiella

Spanish: escudilla

From Latin scutella, diminutive of scutra (“platter, flat dish”).

Et por end los daquella tierra fazẽ uaſos ⁊ eſcudiellas della en que tienen ſus comeres.

And therefore the people of that land make cups and bowls from it in which to have their meals.

Idem, 83r.
[…] calderas & ollas en q̃ adoban de comer. ⁊ eſcudiellas ⁊ uaſos en q̃ comen & beuẽ.

[…] cauldrons and pots which they use to cook, and bowls and cups from which they eat and drink.


culuebra

Spanish: culebra
Chavacano: culebra
Papiamentu: kolebra

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *colŏbra, from Classical Latin colubra, feminine counterpart to coluber (“snake”).

[…] ⁊ lo echaren ala biuora o ala culuebra en la garganta afogaſe luego ⁊ muere.

[…] and should they throw it into the throat of the snake or serpent it would then choke and die.

[…] after the returning of the neck of the snake held by the snake charmer […]

Idem, f. 56r. […] deſpues del retornamiento peſcueço dela culuebra que tiene el encantador dellas […]


martiello

Spanish: martillo

From Late Latin martellus, itself a diminutive of martulus, variant of Latin marculus, or alternatively based on malleus.

[…] aſſi como el clauo quandol fieren con martiello.

[…] just like a nail when it is struck with a hammer.

[…] and should they make from that silver a hammer and anvil and strike it with that hammer where there are birds […]

Idem, f. 52v. […] ⁊ fizierẽ daquella plata martiello ⁊ raque ⁊ firieren con aquel martiello ſobrella en logar do aya aues […]


melezina

Ladino: melezina

Spanish: melecina (obsolete)

From Latin medicīna, from medicus (“physician”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese meezinha.

Et los fiſicos metẽ deſta piedra una poca en las melezinas que fazẽ por eſtãcar las grãdes malazones.

So physicians put some of this stone in the medicines they make to lighten grave illnesses.

Idem, f. 22r.
Et eſta es melezina muy bona pora las llagas. ca las faz madurar ayna ⁊ uenir a uenino ⁊ come la carne mala que se faze en ellas.

And this is a very good medicine for wounds, for it makes them heal soon and become benign, and it eats the dead flesh around them.


ninniella

[…] fazen della alcohol pora ſanar el albura del oio que ſe faz manziella. & otroſſi la ninniella que quiere salir del por grand dolor.

[…] they make alcohol from it to cure the whiteness of a blemished eye and another for the pupil that is popping out from it due to a great pain.


ladriello

→ Basque: adreilu

Spanish: ladrillo

From *ladre, itself from Latin later (“brick”), + -iello.

La una que es de ladriellos q̃mados de que no conuiene que fablemos ⁊ la otra es de minera de que q̃remos fablar en eſte libro.

One, which comes from burnt bricks, we will not speak of; but the other, which comes from a mine, we want to speak of in this book.


monneca

Et la eſtrella q̃ es ſobre la monneca del braço dieſtro dela figura dela ſẽnora que eſta en la ſiella aſſentada a poder ſobreſta piedra […]

And the star on the wrist of the right arm of the figure of the lady that is sitting on the chair has power over this stone […]


sennorio

Spanish: señorío

Et la eſtrella que es ſobrel touiello del poſtremero pie del ſigno de aries a fuerça ⁊ ſennorio ſobresta piedra […]

And the star on the ankle of the furthest foot of the sign of Aries has power and dominion over this stone […]

[…] so he who wishes to act through them should watch the state of the planet Mercury, which has dominion over them […]

Idem, 31r. […] a meſter que qui por ellos quiſiere obrar que cate el eſtado dela planeta mercurio que a ſennorio ſobrellos […]


sennora

Spanish: señora


munneca

Spanish: muñeca
→ Bikol Central: munyeka
→ Catalan: monyeca
→ Chamorro: muñeka
→ Galician: boneca
→ Hiligaynon: monyeka
→ Moroccan Arabic: منيكة (munīka)
→ Portuguese: boneca, bonecra (obsolete or regional)
→ Malay: boneka
Indonesian: boneka
→ Tetum: boneka
→ Portuguese: munheca
→ Tagalog: manyika
→ Tausug: munyika'

Pero eſto ſera mas cõplida miente deſcendiendo ſobresta piedra la ũtud de figura de mano de om̃e dela mũneca arriba. eſtãdo abierta.

But this will be better achieved if the virtue of the figure of the hand of the man with his wrist held up descends on this stone, when it is open.


sennal

Spanish: señal

From Medieval Latin signāle, based on Latin signum (“mark, sign”).

[…] connoſciendo las por peſo ⁊ por dureza ⁊ por las otras ſennales por que ſe pueden connoſçer a om̃e que fuere entendudo en este ſaber.

[…] knowing them by weight and hardness and by the other signs that may be known by a man learned in this knowledge.

Et ſi los poluos della ſobre las ſennales delas llagas ponen tuelle las.

And if the dust is [applied] over the signs of a sore, it heals them.


celestre

Spanish: celestre

Borrowed from Latin caelestis, from caelum (“sky, heaven”). Influenced by estrella (“star”).

⁊ las colores son eſtas. La primera negra. la ſegunda parda. La tercera uermeia. La quarta amariella. la quinta blanca. la ſexta celeſtre. la ſep-tima uerde. ⁊ cadauna deſtas es otroſſi de ſu planeta. ¶ Ca la negra es de ſaturno. ⁊ la parda de iupiter; la uermeia de mars. ⁊ la amariella del ſol. ⁊ la blanca de uenus. ⁊ la celeſtre de mercurio.

And the colors were these: the first black, the second dun, the third red, the fourth yellow, the fifth white, the sixth light blue, the seventh green. Each one of these has a corresponding planet, for the black one is of Saturn, the dun of Jupiter, the red of Mars, the yellow of the sun, the white of Venus and the light blue of Mercury.


touiello

Spanish: tobillo

From Vulgar Latin *tūbellum, a diminutive of Latin tūber (“hump, bump”).

Et la eſtrella que es ſobrel touiello del poſtremero pie del ſigno de aries a fuerça ⁊ ſennorio ſobresta piedra & della recibe la fuerça & la uertud.

And the star on the ankle of the furthest foot of the sign of Aries has power and dominion over this stone; it receives its power and virtue from it.


A.B.C.

qualifier

see <i class="Latn mention" lang="osp">abece</i>

Spanish: abecé (see abece)

The first three letters of the Latin [Term?] alphabet, or an abbreviation of abece.

[…] ⁊ ordeno las por las letras del .A.B.C. arauigas. ſegund eſtan aqui ordenadas por las latinas.

[…] and he ordered them according to the letters of the Arabic alphabet, as they are ordered here according to the Latin ones.


Aristotil

From Ancient Greek Ἀριστοτέλης (Aristotélēs, “Aristotle”).

bor

ARiſtotil que fue mas complido delos otros filoſofos ⁊ el que mas natural miente moſtro todas las coſas por razon uerdadera. […] Mas los que eſcriuieron delas piedras aſſi como ariſtotil que fizo un libro en que nombro ſietecientas dellas.

Aristotle, who was more accomplished than the other philosophers, was the one who most naturally described things truly as they were. […] Others wrote about stones, like Aristotle, who wrote a book in which he named seven hundred of them.


pequennuelo

head

pequennuelo m (feminine pequennuela, masculine plural pequennuelos, feminine plural pequennuelas)

pequennuela (feminine)
pequennuelos (masculine plural)
pequennuelas (feminine plural)

Spanish: pequeñuelo

Et q́ deſcenda ſobreſta piedra la uertud de figura de mugier con cabellos creſpos. ⁊ que tiene un ſu fijo pequennuelo ante ſi.

And may over this stone descend the virtue of the figure of the woman with the curly hair, and who has her infant son before her.

diminutive of pequenno; very young, infant.


aymante

Spanish: imán (see aymant)

From Medieval Latin [Term?], ultimately from Latin adamās (“adamant”), from Ancient Greek ἀδάμᾱς (adámās, “invincible”), reinforced by Old French aïmant.

der

Et aun a otra p̃priedat que el uidrio la obedece ⁊ tiral aſſi como la aymante tira el fierro.

And yet another property is that glass obeys it and it pulls it, just like the magnet attracts iron.

Idem, f. 55r.
Et purga el oro como dixiemos delas otras aymantes que an poder de purgar.

And it purges gold in the same way we said other magnets have the power to purge.


xabon

Ladino:

Hebrew script: שאבון

Latin script: shavón

Spanish: jabón (see there for further descendants)

From Latin sāpō, from Proto-Germanic *saipǭ.

[…] Et es muy lezne amanera de la piedra del xabon.

[…] And it is very soft, like the stone of soap.


estanno

Spanish: estaño

From Latin stannum (“silver-tin alloy, tin”), of Celtic origin.

Et otroſſi ſi lo mezclan con eſtanno torna negro. ⁊ ſi con plata lo mezclan recibe la blancura della ⁊ aſſi faz con cada metal.

And also, if they mix it with tin it becomes black, and if they mix it with silver it receives whiteness from it, and likewise with every metal.


quantidat

Spanish: cantidad

Borrowed from Latin quantitātem, accusative of quantitās, from quantus (“how much”).

Et deſta manera puede tirar muchos fierros apegando ſe unos a otros faſta tamanna quantidat quãto pueda ſofrir.

And so it can attract many pieces of iron, sticking one to the other up to a large quantity, so many as it can bear.


estentino

From Latin intestīnum (“gut, intestines”), from intestīnus (“internal, intestinal”), from intus (“within”).

[…] si dierẽ del poluo della a beuer peſante de quatro dragmas al q́ a dolor en el eſtentino a que llaman colon ſana luego.

[…] if they were to give four drams of weight of it powdered to drink to someone whose gut, the one they call colon, ached, he would be cured.

Et ſu uertud es atal. que ſana dela dolor del eſtomago ⁊ delos eſtentinos aqui la trae colgada ſobrellos.

And its virtue is such that it cures the aches of the stomach and the intestines of whoever has it hanging over them.

(anatomy, usually in the plural) innards, intestines


aguaducho

Spanish: aguaducho

From Vulgar Latin aquiductus, alteration of aquaeductus.

[…] alli do el ryo naſce ay unas muy grandes & otras pequénas como de otras piedras; non pueden traer estos aguaduchos ſi non las menores.

[…] there at the source of the river are both very large and small stones, like others, but these currents cannot carry but the smaller ones.

Idem, f. 62v.

And therefore the stones that lie in that cave they cannot reach but in this manner; when the river grows and becomes a large torrent.

Et eſtas piedras que yazen en aquella cueua no las pueden ende auer ſi no deſta guisa. que quando crece el ryo por grand aguaducho.


estomago

Spanish: estómago

From Latin stomachus, from Ancient Greek στόμαχος (stómakhos).

Idem, f. 62v.
[…] ſi dieren della a beuer peſo de una dragma al que la beue fazel perder toda la fuerça del retenimiento del eſtomago. ⁊ el apetito de comer.

[…] if they were to give someone to drink of it the weight of one dram, the drinker would lose containment of his stomach and his appetite.


arroua

Spanish: arroba

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic رُبْع (rubʕ, “fourth”).

Et fallan dellas muy grandes aſſi que dixo el que compuſo eſte libro que uio una que peſaua dos arrouas. ⁊ pero era muy liuiana ſegund ſu grandez.

And they find them in great sizes, so the writer of this book said that he saw one that weighed two arrobas, but it was very light for its size.


enfermedat

Spanish: enfermedad

From Latin īnfirmitās (“weakness”), from īnfirmus (“weak, feeble”).

Et a tal uertud que el que la trae conſigo guardal daquella enfermedat aque llaman caduca. Et otroſſi es bona pora aquellas enfermedades que uienen por malanconia.

c. 1250, “Alfonso X”, in Lapidario, f. 7v:

And its virtue is such that it keeps he who has it with him from the illness they call caduca. It is also good for those illnesses that arise due to melancholy.


Ossa Menor

Spanish: Osa Menor

Calque of Latin Ursa Minor (literally “lesser she-bear”).

calque

Et la eſtrella que es enel cabo dela oſſa menor aque llaman el cabrito de benanays a poder ⁊ ſennorio ſobreſta piedra.

And the star on the rear of the Little Bear, the one they call the goat kid of Benanays, has power and dominion over this stone.


Ossa Mayor

Spanish: Osa Mayor

Calque of Latin Ursa Maior (“greater she-bear”).

Et la eſtrella que es en cabo dela oreia delantera dela oſſa mayor a poder ſobreſta piedra ⁊ della recibe la fuerça ⁊ la uertud.

And the start that is on the front ear of the Great Bear has power over this stone, and it receives its strength and virtue from it.


pidrizuela

Spanish: piedrezuela

[…] deuel abrir por el uientre & fallara y dos pidrizuelas pequennas de ſennas colores.

[…] he must cut it open by the bowel and inside will find two small stones of different colors.

diminutive of piedra; a pebble or small stone.


malanconia

Spanish: melanconía (see melanconia)

From Late Latin melancholia, from Ancient Greek μελαγχολία (melankholía, “blackness of the bile”).

der

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 7v.
Et otroſſi es bona pora aquellas enfermedades que uienen por malanconia.

It is also good for those illnesses that arise from black bile.

Idem, f. 79r.
La ſegunda es q̃ ſi beuiere om̃e della peſo duna dragma purga melanconia temprada miente ⁊ bien.

The second is that if one were to drink of it the weight of one drachma, it purges black bile soon and well.


enemiztat

Spanish: enemistad

From Vulgar Latin *inimīcitātem, accusative singular of *inimīcitās, from Latin inīmicus, based on inimīcitia.

Eſta piedra a grand enemiztad con la otra que dixiemos aq̃ dizen abehenic en arauigo ⁊ en latin iaſpio uerde p̃o ſon amas duna color.

This stone has a great enmity with the other we mentioned, which they call abehenic in Arabic and green jasper in Latin, but they are both the same color.

Idem, f. 61r.
Et ſu p̃priedat es de aborrecer la ſal tanto que biẽ parece que a entramas grand enemiztat.

And its property is that it loathes salt so much that it would seem that there is a great enmity between them both.


sangusuela

Spanish: sanguijuela

From Latin sanguisūga (“leech”) + -uela (diminutive).

[…] ſi la meten en la boca al que a ſanguſuelas en la garganta tira gelas todas aſſi como la aymante tira el fierro.

[…] if they put it in the mouth of one who has leeches in his throat, it attracts them all just like a magnet attracts iron.

Idem, f. 56r.
Et fallan la ſiempre en forma de redoma ⁊ parece dentro en ella figura de ſanguſuela. ⁊ ſi la quebrantan en cada pedaço fallá otro tal.

And they always find it shaped like a vase, and inside it seems to have what looks like a leech, and if they break it, in each piece they find the same.


onzeno

head

onzeno m (feminine onzena, masculine plural onzenos, feminine plural onzenas)

onzena (feminine)
onzenos (masculine plural)
onzenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: onceno

DEl onzeno grado del ſigno de tauro es la piedra aque dizen coral en latin […]

Of the eleventh degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone they call coral in Latin […]


dozeno

dozeno m (feminine dozena, masculine plural dozenos, feminine plural dozenas)

dozena (feminine)
dozenos (masculine plural)
dozenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: doceno, docena

DEl dozeno grado del ſigno de tauro es la piedra aque dizen coral negro.

Of the twelfth degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone they call black coral.


trezeno

trezeno m (feminine trezena, masculine plural trezenos, feminine plural trezenas)

trezena (feminine)
trezenos (masculine plural)
trezenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: treceno, trecena

DEl trezeno grado del ſigno de gemini es la piedra que tira el uino.

Of the thirteenth degree of the sign of Gemini is the stone that attracts wine.


catorzeno

catorzeno m (feminine catorzena, masculine plural catorzenos, feminine plural catorzenas)

catorzena (feminine)
catorzenos (masculine plural)
catorzenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: catorceno

Del catorzeno grado del ſigno de aries es la piedra aque dizen piedra de cin por que la fallan en aquella tierra q́ a aſſi nombre.

Of the fourteenth degree of the sign of Aries is the stone of Cin, so called because they find it in the land that has that name.


dezeno

dezeno m (feminine dezena, masculine plural dezenos, feminine plural dezenas)

dezena (feminine)
dezenos (masculine plural)
dezenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: deceno

From diez (“ten”) or Latin decem (“ten”) + -eno.

Del dezeno grado del ſigno de aries es la piedra que fuye dela leche.

Of the tenth degree of the sign of Aries is the stone that flees from milk […]


quinzeno

quinzeno m (feminine quinzena, masculine plural quinzenos, feminine plural quinzenas)

quinzena (feminine)
quinzenos (masculine plural)
quinzenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: quinceno, quincena

Del quinzeno grado del ſigno de tauro es la piedra que pareſce enla mar quando ſube la planeta uenus.

Of the fifteenth degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone that appears in the sea when the planet Venus rises.


nigromanciano

Et los nigromancianos fazen creer q́ por su arte. ⁊ por su saber se faze aq́lla prennadez & se tuelle.

And the necromancers make others believe that, because of their art and knowledge, that pregnancy arises and disappears.


çumo

Ladino: sumo

Spanish: zumo

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic زُوم (zūm).

Et ſi eſta piedra moiaren en el çumo que ſale de la yerba aque llaman aſſafetida pierde la uertud.

And if they wet this stone in the juice produced by the herb they call asafetida, it loses its virtue.


cenisa

Spanish: ceniza

From Vulgar Latin *cinisia, from Latin cinis (“cold ashes”).

Blanca es de color. pero poco aſſi que tira a color de ceniſa clara.

It is white in color, but a little, so that its color is more like that of light ash.

Idem, 17v.
[…] quando la queman ⁊ la fazen ceniſa. todas aquellas colores que mostraua ante la piedra todas pareſcen en la ceniſa despues que es quemada.

[…] when they burn it and turn it to ash, all the colors present before in the stone appear in the ashes after it has been burnt.


vermejura

Spanish: bermejura

[…] pero la uerdura della es tan flaca que tira a amariello. ⁊ otroſſi la uermeiura es tan poca que ſemeia al agua dela carne quando la echan en ſal.

[…] but its greenness is so faint that it is more like yellow, and its redness so little that it is like meat juice when mixed with salt.


poderio

Spanish: poderío

Et la eſtrella que es mediana delas tres que ſon ala cola de aries a poderio ſobreſta piedra & della recibe la fuerça ⁊ la uertud.

And the median star of the three that form the tail of Aries has power over this stone, which receives its strength and virtue from it.

Idem, f. 13r.
Et la eſtrella luziente que es en el lado dieſtro dela figura de perſio. a poderyo ſobreſta piedra ⁊ della recibe la uertud.

And the bright star that is on the right side of the figure of Perseus has power over this stone, which receives virtue from it.


vermejo

vermejo m (feminine vermeja, masculine plural vermejos, feminine plural vermejas)

vermeja (feminine)
vermejos (masculine plural)
vermejas (feminine plural)

From Latin vermiculus (“little worm”), diminutive of vermis (“worm”), in reference to kermes-yielding worms.

[…] Et esto faze por q̃ a en ella natura de sufre uermeio.

[…] And it does this because it has in it the nature of red sulfur.

Idem, f. 4r.
[…] Vermeia es de color mas non mucho ca tira una grand partida a color amariella.

[…] It is red in color, but not a lot, because for the most part it is more yellow.

Idem, f. 19r.
De natura es fria ⁊ ſeca. Et de peſo liuiana por que es poroſa. Aſpera es en tiento. ⁊ de color parda con gotas uermeias.

It is cold and dry in nature, and light in weight, for it is porous. It is rough to the touch, and it is dun in color with red drops.

Idem, f. 119r.
[…] ⁊ negra de color. ⁊ aſpera. ⁊ a en ella puntos ũmeios. ⁊ aſperos. ⁊ es muy dura.

[…] and [it is] black in color, and rough, and it has rough red dots on it, and it is very hard.


vermejo

Spanish: bermejo

Et la color deſta piedra es mezclada de uerde con uermeio. pero la uerdura della es tan flaca que tira a amariello.

And the color of this stone is mixed between green and red, but the greenness is so slight that it tends more toward yellow.


veynte

Spanish: veinte (see there for further descendants)


veynteno

veynteno m (feminine veyntena, masculine plural veyntenos, feminine plural veyntenas)

veyntena (feminine)
veyntenos (masculine plural)
veyntenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: veinteno, veintena

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r.
DEl ueynteno grado del ſigno de tauro es la piedra quel dizen del algodon.

Of the twentieth degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone they call cotton [stone].


lenguage

Spanish: lenguaje

Borrowed from Old French language or Old Occitan lenguatge, both from Vulgar Latin *linguāticum, derived from Classical Latin lingua.

Et por que el ſabie fablar aquel lenguage. ⁊ leye la ſu letra; paga ſe mucho de buſcar los ſus libros ⁊ de eſtudiar por ellos.

And because he could speak that language and could read in their letters, he strove to seek out their books and study from them.

Idem, f. 1v.
Dela piedra aque llaman magnitat en caldeo ⁊ en arauigo. ⁊ en latin magnetes. ⁊ en lenguage caſtellano aymant.
Of the stone they call magnitat in Chaldean and Arabic, and magnetes in Latin, and aymant in the Castilian language.


sessaenta

Spanish: sesenta

Et entre aquellos quel busco fallo este q̃ fabla de trezientas ⁊ ſeſſaenta piedras ſegund los grados delos ſignos que ſon en el cielo ochauo.

And among the ones he saw, he found one that spoke of three hundred and sixty stones, corresponding to the degrees of the signs in the eighth sky.


seys

Spanish: seis

From Latin sex, from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs.

[…] pero ella no nasce si non en la tierra que es seys meses dia ⁊ seys noche.

[…] but it occurs only in the land where it is six months daytime and six nighttime.


seteno

seteno m (feminine setena, masculine plural setenos, feminine plural setenas)

setena (feminine)
setenos (masculine plural)
setenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: seteno

c. 1250: Alfonso X, Lapidario, f.


huesso

Ladino: gueso

Spanish: hueso

From Latin ossum, alternative form of os, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁.

Et por ende es bona en la arte de cirulgia pora tirar los hueſſos q̃ ſõ q̃brados en los cuerpos delos om̃s por llaga o por quebrátadura.

And there it is good in the art of surgery for pulling the bones that are broken in people's bodies due to a wound or a breaking.

Idem, f. 64r.
Et la su forma es deſta guisa. que de la part que ſe tiene con el hueſſo es llana ⁊ dela parte de fuera contral cuero es alta ⁊ redonda.

And its shape is in this manner: the part held against the bone is flat, and the outside part, [the part] held against the skin, is tall and rounded.


cirulgia

Spanish: cirugía

From Latin chīrūrgia, from Ancient Greek χειρουργίᾱ (kheirourgíā).

Et por ende es bona en la arte de cirulgia pora tirar los hueſſos q́ ſó q́brados en los cuerpos delos oḿs por llaga o por quebrátadura.


nieue

Spanish: nieve

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *nevis, from Latin nix (“snow”).

De color es muy blanca tanto q̃ ſemeia pedaço de nieue elada ⁊ no a claridat ni la paſſa el uiso.

It is very white in color, so that is looks like a piece of frozen snow; and it has no transparency, nor can one see through it.

Idem, f. 96r.
Et la uertud della es atal q̃ si la puſierẽ en logar do fazẽ danno lluuias o nieues, tuelle lo.

And one of its virtues is such that if were placed where the rain or the snow cause harm, it stops it.


verdulaga

Spanish: verdolaga

From an Andalusian Arabic alteration of Latin portulāca.

Et ſi la muelen ⁊ la mezclan cõ çumo de uerdulagas. ⁊ lauan la boca cõ ella. Sana las llagas que ſe y fazen ⁊ podrecen […]

And if they grind it and mix it with an extract of purslane and they wash the mouth with it, it heals the wounds that form there and rot […]


humidat

Spanish: humedad

Et los fiſicos daquella tierra queman este algodon ⁊ fazen lo poluos ⁊ meten los en los oios por q̃ tuelle la lagrema ⁊ toda la humidat que a en ellos.

And physicians from that land burn this cotton and turn it into a dust they use on the eyes, because it removes tears and all the moisture from them.

Idem, 22v.
Et ſu color es aſſi como yema de ueuo. ⁊ quando la quebrantã fallan dentro un cuerpo en manera de humidat que ſe pega alas manos.

And its color is like that of an egg yolk, and when they break it they find inside a certain body, like a dampness that sticks to the hands.


hueuo

Ladino: guevo

desctree

Spanish: huevo
Chavacano: huevo
Papiamentu: webu
→ Cahuilla: wéevu'
→ English: huevo

Inherited from Vulgar Latin (*)ŏvum, from Classical Latin ōvum.

Et ſu color es aſſi como yema de ueuo. ⁊ quando la quebrantã fallan dentro un cuerpo en manera de humidat que ſe pega alas manos.

And if they were to mix it with a whisked egg and spread it over the wound or cut, it would close and heal it […]

Idem, f. 26v. Et ſi la mezclaren con hueuo batido ⁊ untaren con ella la ferida o la taiadura. faz la ayuntar ⁊ ſanar […]


lagrema

Ladino: lágrima

Spanish: lágrima

Et los fiſicos daquella tierra queman este algodon ⁊ fazen lo poluos ⁊ meten los en los oios por q́ tuelle la lagrema ⁊ toda la humidat que a en ellos.


cueua

Spanish: cueva
Chavacano: cueva
→ Bikol Central: kuweba
→ Cebuano: kuweba
→ Ilocano: kueba
→ Tagalog: kuweba
→ Waray-Waray: kuweba

From Vulgar Latin *cova, feminine of *covus, an alteration of Latin cavus (“hollow”).

Et ſon falladas dellas; unas grandes ⁊ otras pequẽnas ⁊ de muchas formas. Et fallan las en el monte dela luna alli do naſce el nilo en fondo dunas cueuas que y a.

And they are found, some big and others small, and in many shapes. And they find them in the mountain of the moon, there where the Nile has its source, in the depths of some caves there.

Idem, f. 62v.
Et eſtas piedras que yazen en aquella cueua no las pueden ende auer ſi no deſta guisa. que quando crece el ryo por grand aguaducho.

And therefore the stones that lie in that cave they cannot reach but in this manner; when the river grows and becomes a large torrent.


jargonça

Spanish: jargonza

DEla primera faz del ſigno piſces es la piedra q̃ a nombre iargõça uermeia.

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 100r.:

Of the first facet of the sign of Pisces is a stone called red zircon.

Ivpiter a poder sobre la piedra que a nõbre jargonça amariella.

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 102v.:

Jupiter has power over the stone called yellow zircon.

A variety of zircon regarded as a gemstone.


yesso

Spanish: yeso

From Latin gypsum, from Ancient Greek γύψος (gúpsos).

DEl .xxv. grado del ſigno de capricornio, es la piedra aque dizen del yeſſo. Piedra es blanda ⁊ de color blãca ⁊ ligera de quebrantar.

Of the twenty-fifth degree of the sign of Capricorn is the stone they call gypsum. It is a soft stone, white in color, and easy to break apart.


migero

Spanish: mijero

From Latin mīlliārium (“mile, milestone”), from mīlle (“one thousand”).

c. 1250: Alfonso X, f. 17v.
Et çerca daq̃lla yſla que es aſſi llamada ay logar poro pueden yr a pie doze migeros por la oriella dela mar.

And near the island with that name there is a place where they can go twelve miles on foot by the seashore.

Idem, Lapidario, f. 83v.
[…] ⁊ dond ell comiença a correr faſta do entra en la mar, a dozientos migeros.

[…] and from where it starts running to where it enters the sea, there are two hundred miles.


sennero

head

sennero m (feminine sennera, masculine plural senneros, feminine plural senneras)

sennera (feminine)
senneros (masculine plural)
senneras (feminine plural)

Spanish: señero

From Vulgar Latin *singulārium, from Latin singulāris (“alone, singular”). Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese senlleiro, senneiro.

Et aun faz al que el que la trae conſigo. fazel perder el miedo que los om̃es an de noche quando eſtan ſenneros.

And what it also does to he who has it with him is that it makes him lose the fear that men feel when they are alone at night.

Idem, f. 17v.
Et a tal uertud que el que la trae conſigo nol acaeſce la ymagination aq̃ llaman los oḿes demonio. nin a miedo por eſtar el om̃e ſennero de noche en tiniebra.

And its virtue is such that he who has it with him does not suffer the imagined thing men call a demon; nor is he afraid to be alone at night, in the dark.


marauilla

Ladino: maraviya

Spanish: maravilla

From Late Latin mīrābilia, based on Latin mīrābilis (“wonderful”).

Et es grand marauilla que el fierro que uence todos los otros metales por fortaleza que a en ſi uence lo eſta piedra por ſu p̃p̃edat.

And it is a great wonder that iron, which defats all other metals due to the strength it has, is defeated by this stone due to its property.

Idem, f. 45r.
De natura es fria et ſeca. ⁊ las ſus uertudes son contrarias a ſu natura. ⁊ eſta es una delas grãdes marauillas que ſon falladas en las uertudes que an las coſas en ſi natural miente.

And it is cold and dry in nature, and its virtues are contrary to its nature; and this is one of the great wonders that are found in the virtues things have naturally within them.


estranno

estranno m (feminine estranna, masculine plural estrannos, feminine plural extrannas)

estranna (feminine)
estrannos (masculine plural)
extrannas (feminine plural)

Spanish: extraño

From Latin extrāneus (“strange, foreign”), from extrā (“outside”).

Et aun a otra uertud muy eſtranna. que ſi la molierẽ ⁊ la amaſſaren cõ uino ⁊ fizierẽ della como bellota. ⁊ la puſieren en la natura dela mugier, uieda que no enprenne.

And it has yet another very strange virtue; that if it were to be ground and mixed with wine and shaped like an acorn, and put inside the vulva of the woman, it would prevent her from not becoming pregnant.


bellinno

Spanish: beleño

Et ſu uertud ſe mueſtra contra los otros toſſicos. ſi non contra aquellos que naſcen de tierra. por que ſon de natura frios. aſſi como mandragoras. o bellinno, o otras coſas que ſon daquella natura.

And its virtue is shown against the other poisons, those that sprout from the earth, because they are cold by nature; such as mandrakes, or henbane or other things of that nature.

Hyoscyamus niger
Hyoscyamus niger#Translingual


cannamo

Spanish: cáñamo

From Late Latin cannabum, alternative form of Latin cannabis, from Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis).

Et ſi coxierẽ della una poca en mucha dagua. ⁊ metieren y algun panno delos q́ se fazen delas coſas q́ nacen de la tierra aſſi como lino. o cannamo. o algodon, tinnel de color doro muy fremoſo.

And if they take a little of it for a lot of water and they submerge in it a cloth of the ones made from the things that sprout from the earth, such as flax, hemp or cotton, it dyes it a very beautiful golden color.


enzia

Spanish: encía

From Latin gingīva. According to Corominas and Pascual, also attested as enziva, cf. Asturian enxiva~xenxiva.

Eſta piedra preſta mucho al podrimiento delos dientes ⁊ delas enzias. ⁊ mata los guſanos que se fazen en ellos. ⁊ faz los blancos & fremoſos.

This stone is very good for the rotting of the teeth and gums. And it kills the worms that form in [teeth], and it makes them white and beautiful.


cornelina

Spanish: cornalina

From Old French corneline, ultimately from Latin cornus (“cornel”).

DEl ſeſto grado del ſigno de capricornio, es la piedra aque llaman alaaquic en griego. ⁊ en latí cornelina. Eſta es de color uermeia que tira ya quanto a amariello.

Of the sixth degree of the sign of Capricorn is the stone which they call alaaquic in Greek, and carnelian in Latin. It is red in color, but tends to be somewhat yellow.

Idem, f. 104v.
Cornelina es otroſſi la quarta piedra de las del ſol.

Carnelian is also the fourth stone of those of the sun.


bresca

Spanish: bresca

Clamaron caſado de iſŕl ſo nóbre magna caera como ſemẏent de culantro blanco. E ſo ſabor como breſcas de myel

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r:

The house of Israel gave it the name manna, because it was like the seed of white coriander, and its taste like that of honeycombs.


orebze

Spanish: oribe, orebce

From Latin aurificem, accusative of aurifex, from aurum (“gold”).

Et deſta piedra uſan mucho los orebzes, o aquellos que quierẽ el oro apurar.

And goldsmiths make good use of this stone, as do those seeking to purify gold.

Idem, 117v.
Et dellas ya q̃ ſon de color doro. ⁊ otras que de plata. / Et los orebzes la meten en eſtos dos metales por que los adoba mucho.

And, as some of these [stones] are the color of gold and others that of silver, jewelers pair them with these two metals because it adjusts them well.

a jeweler who works with gold and silver; a goldsmith or silversmith


rennon

Spanish: riñón

From Vulgar Latin *rēniō, from Latin rēn.

c. 1250: Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 56r.

Et ſu uertud es atal. que qui beue della peſo de media dragma, q́branta la piedra que ſe faze en la uexiga o en el rennon.

And its virtue is such that he who drinks of it the wright of one drachma, it shatters the stone that forms in the bladder or the kidney.

Idem, f. 102r.
[…] ſana la piedra que ſe faze en la uexiga. o en los rennones. ¬ la quemazon que uiene por goteamiento dela orina.
[…] it heals the stone that forms in the bladder and the kidneys, and the burning caused by the dripping of urine.


aymant

Spanish: imán

Dela piedra aque llaman magnitat en caldeo ⁊ en arauigo. ⁊ en latin magnetes. ⁊ en lenguage caſtellano aymant.

Of the stone they call magnitat in Chaldean and Arabic, and magnetes in Latin, and aymant [magnet] in the Castilian language.


aljofar

Spanish: aljófar

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic الجوهر (al-jawhar), from Arabic جَوْهَر (jawhar), from Persian گوهر (gowhar, “jewel, gem, pearl”).

der

DEl onzeno grado del ſigno de aries, es la piedra a q̃ llaman aliofar. Eſta es de ſu natura caliente ⁊ ſeca. Et fallan la en muchas partes que ſon, en la grand mar que çerca el mũdo enderredor en unas conchas muy grandes en que ſe crian ellas deſta guisa. […]

Of the eleventh degree of the sign of Aries is the stone they call pearl. It is warm and dry in nature. It is found in many places in the open sea all around the world, inside very large clams, inside of which they form in this manner; […]

Idem, f. 114r.
Aldardemuz a nombre en griego. la decima piedra de la .A. / Eſta a color de fierro. ⁊ quando la fregan ſalle ſu fregamiento uermeio. Et con eſta alimpian el alioffar. ⁊ arredondan el uidrio. et eſclarecen las piedras.

Aldardemuz is the Greek name of the tenth stone of the [letter] A. It is the color of iron, and when they wash it the wash is red. And with it they clean pearls, and round off glass and polish stones.


naue

Ladino: nave

Spanish: nave

From Latin nāvis, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us.

Et el tirar que eſta faz, es ſegũd la quantia della ala del fierro que tira aſſi que en tierra de india en el monte o las fallan que es cerca dela mar alas naues que cabo della paſſan tira todos los clauos dellas por fuerça dela parte o eſta la penna aſſi que los faze yr como ſaetas. ⁊ ſi eſtan bien reblados que los non puede eſtender ⁊ ſacar, faze yr las naues contra ſi tan derrezio, que ſe pecian en las pennas ⁊ perecen.

And the pull that it has depends on the amount of it [compared] to the iron it is pulling. So, in the land of India, in the mount where it is found, near the sea, it pulls the nails from the ships that pass it due to its strength in the place where the rock is, so it makes them fly like arrows. And if they are so well nailed in that it cannot reach and draw them, it pulls toward itself the ships with such force that they impact the rock and perish.

Idem, 38r.
Et la eſtrella delantera delas dos que ſõ enel cabo del maſt dela naue a poder en eſta piedra ⁊ della recibe la fuerça ⁊ la uertud.

And the front star of the two that are in the end of the mast of the ship has power over this stone, and it receives from it strength and virtue.


azech

Spanish: aceche

Borrowed from Arabic زَاج (zāj), via Andalusian Arabic.

DEl ſeteno grado del ſigno de uirgo, es la piedra a que llamã azech. Esta es de .iiij. maneras. / Ala primera dizen çori / Ala ſegunda calcatar. / Ala tercera calcadiz, ⁊ ala quarta calcant.

Of the seventh degree of the sign of Virgo is the stone they call vitriol. It takes four forms: the first they call çori, the second calcatar, the third calcadiz and the fourth calcant.

And this vitriol is clean and of a light color, and it is heavier than other vitriols, but it shares with them all their properties […]

Idem, 43v. Et eſte azech es limpio ⁊ claro de color, ⁊ mas peſado que los otros azeches. pero a parte cõ todos ellos en las p̃priedades que an […]

any of several metallic sulfates with distinct properties; vitriol


zebech

Spanish: azabache

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic سَبَج (sabaj, “jet”).

DEl quarto grado del ſigno de capricornio es la piedra aque llaman zebech. Dura es. ⁊ de color mui negro. ⁊ liuiana de peſo.

Of the fourth degree of the sign of Capricorn is the stone they call jet. It is hard, and of a very black color, and light in weight.


yantar

From Vulgar Latin *iantō, iantāre (“eat lunch”), from Latin iēntō, iēntāre. See iēntāculum (“the first meal of the day”).

inh

Con eſtos dos caual͠los a pͥeſſa va iãtando
(normalized) Con estos dos cavallos a priessa va jantando

between 1140 and 1207, anonymous, Cid 1057

With these two knights, he dines hastily


yantar

Spanish: yantar

non vos menguará nunqua nin cena nin yantar

1236, Berceo, Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos

He [Jesus] shall never reduce your dinner nor your lunch


albuhera

Spanish: albufera

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic اَلْبُحَيْرَة (al-buḥayra), from Arabic بُحَيْرَة (buḥayra, “lake”).

[…] en una cueua muy fonda en que a una albuhera quadrada. ⁊ en medio de aquella albuhera aun foyo en que mana agua uerde […]

[…] in a very deep cave in which there is a square pool. And in the middle of that pool there is a hole from which green water wells up […]

Idem, f. 47r.

And they find it in the land they call Azench, on a hillock that is near a bitter pool. And the water of this lagoon is contrary to all others.

Et eſta fallan en la tierra aq́ dizen azench en un otero que es çerca del albuhera azeda Et el agua deſta laguna es contraria de todas las otras.


axeb

Spanish: ajebe

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic اَلشَّب (aš-šab), from Arabic شَب (šab).

Et alimpia los cuerpos delos metales; & faz los claros. Et aun faz mas que si soluieren el axeb fata que corra assi como agua […]

It also cleans metallic bodies, making them shine, and it does this to an even greater degree if the alum is diluted until it runs like water […]


xaqueca

Spanish: jaqueca

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic شَقِيقَة (šaqīqa).

Et a tal uertud que tuelle la dolor que ſe faze en la media cabeça aq̃ llaman en arauigo xaq̃ca. ¬ en latin migranea.

And its virtue is such that it alleviates the pain felt in the middle of the head, called xaqueca [migraine] in Arabic and migranea in Latin.


ximio

Spanish: jimio

From Latin sīmius, from sīmia (“ape, monkey”), from sīmus (“flat-nosed”), from Ancient Greek σῑμός (sīmós).

Et que deſcenda ſobreſta piedra la uertud de figura de om̃e que lieua dos uacas. ⁊ un ximio ⁊ un oſſo ante ſi.

And when over this stone descends the virtue of the figure of the man who has two cows, a monkey and a bear before him.


fonguenno

head

fonguenno (feminine singular fonguenna, masculine plural fonguennos, feminine plural fonguennas)

fonguenna (feminine singular)
fonguennos (masculine plural)
fonguennas (feminine plural)

DEl .vi. grado del ſigno de libra, es la piedra aque dizẽ fonguenna […] Et la ſu forma es atal como fongo, ⁊ dend a ella eſte nombre.

Of the sixth degree of the sign of Libra is the stone they call mushroomlike […] And its shape is that of a mushroom, thus the name it has been given.


cirurgiano

Spanish: cirujano

From cirulgia, cirurgia (“surgery”) + -ano.

Et los fiſicos ⁊ los cirurgianos huſan della en los q̃ q̃eren fender o taiar por que non ſientã la dolor.

And physicians and surgeons make use of it on those who they want to cut or slash, so they will not feel the pain.


algibe

Spanish: aljibe

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic اَلْجُبّ (al-jubb), from Arabic جُبّ (jubb, “cistern, well, pit”).

der

Et de como la fallan es deſta guiſa. que cabo daquella uilla a un campo. ⁊ ay muchos algibes en que ſe allega el agua dela lluuia ⁊ en cabo daquel campo a un monte muy alto de q́ deſcende agua de q́ ſe ynchen aquellos algibes. ⁊ quando ſe ſecan en tiempo del uerano, fallan y eſtas piedras.

And the manner in which this [stone] is found is this. In the outskirts of the city there is a field with cisterns that rainwater runs into, and near the edge of the field there is a high mountain from which that water that fills the cisterns descends. And when they dry up in the summertime, the stones may be found inside.


cochiello

Spanish: cuchillo

From Latin cultellus, diminutive of culter (“knife, razor”).

[…] ⁊ ay dellas tan luengas. que fazen dellas mangos pora cochiellos.

[…] and they can be so elongated that they make handles for knives out of them.


cuchiello

Spanish: cuchillo (see there for further descendants)

→ Aragonese: cuchiello, cochillo

De natura es fria ⁊ humida. Et fazen della mangos pora cuchiello ⁊ pora eſpadas […]

It is cold and damp in nature, and they make handles for knives and swords out of it […]

Idem, 89r.
Et ſi la muelen ⁊ traen los poluos della sobre uaſos o otra manera alguna de plata, o de metal, faz lo claro ⁊ muy fremoſo. ⁊ eſſo miſmo faz alas eſpadas ⁊ alos cuchielos, ⁊ demas aguza los.

And if they grind it and use the dust on cups or other silver or metalware, it makes it shiny and beautiful. And it does the same with swords and knives, and it also sharpens them.


arroham

An unassimilated borrowing from Andalusian Arabic الرخام (ar-ruḵḵām), from Arabic رُخَّام (ruḵḵām, “marble”).

Mas el arroham a p̃priedat que eſclarece los dientes quando lo muelen. ⁊ lo mezclan con eſpecias q̃ son falladas en el libro de fiſica.

But porphyry has the property of whitening teeth when it is ground and mixed with certain spices, as indicated in a medical book.


castanna

Spanish: castaña (see there for further descendants)

From Latin castaneam, accusative of castanea, from Ancient Greek κᾰ́στᾰνᾰ (kástana).

Et es fuerte de quebrantar. ⁊ ay dellas grandes ⁊ dellas pequẽnas p̃o siempre la fallan de figura de castanna.

And it is strong and hard to break. And they can be big and small, but they are always found in the shape of a chestnut.


eleofant

Spanish: elefante

From Old French elefant, olifant, from Latin elephāns, from Ancient Greek ἐλέφᾱς (eléphās).

[…] la enfermedat que dizen del eleofant que es engroſſamiẽto de piernas.

[…] the disease they call of the elephant, which is the thickening of the legs.


Beldeem

Spanish: Belén

From Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém), from Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bêṯ leḥem).

Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bêṯ leḥem)

De ih́rĺm faſta bethleé ados leguaſ de beldeem. fue lafermoſa noemj.

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 76v. col. 1:

From Jerusalem to Bethlehem, two leagues away from Bethlehem, went the beautiful Naomi.

Bethlehem (a city in the modern West Bank, Palestine)


biespa

Ladino: bezba, bizba

Spanish: avispa

Et ſu uertud es contra todos los toſſicos delos animales que non ſon mucho empozonados aſſi como arannas ⁊ bieſpas. ⁊ tauanos, ⁊ eſtas coſas menudas atales que naſcen dela tierra.

And its virtue is against all of the venoms of the animals that are not as venomous, such as spiders, and wasps, and gadflies, and small things such as these that are born from the earth.

Idem, f. 31v.
Et ſi tomaren cinco moſcas o ſiete ⁊ les tollieren las cabeças ⁊ las machucaren con eſta piedra. ⁊ las puſieren ſobre la ferida dela bieſpa, ſana luego ⁊ faz perder la dolor.

And if the took five flies, or seven, and they took their heads and crushed them with this stone, and they put them on a wasp sting, it would then heal it and alleviate the pain.


elifant

Ladino: איליפ׳אנטי (elefante)

desctree

Spanish: elefante
→ Basque: elefante
→ Chol: elefanti
→ Cebuano: elepante
→ Hiligaynon: elepante
→ Quechua: ilijanti
→ Tagalog: elepante
→ Waray-Waray: elepante

From Old French elefant, olifant, from Latin elephāns, from Ancient Greek ἐλέφας (eléphas).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76v. col. 1.
[…] e fizieron g̃nt batala e ouo muchos elifanteſ. eleazar ermano de judas macabeús fue ferir alefant en el caſtielo e diol cõ el eſpada por el uientre e cayo elifant sobrel ujentre ⁊ matol e aſi murieron amoſ.

[…] and they waged a great battle where there were many elephants. Then Eleazar, the brother of Judas Maccabeus, set out to wound the elephant by the castle, and so he struck its stomach with his sword, whereupon the elephant toppled on top of him, and so they both perished.


alguenno

head

alguenno m (feminine alguenna, masculine plural alguennos, feminine plural alguennas)

alguenna (feminine)
alguennos (masculine plural)
alguennas (feminine plural)

DEl .iij. grado del ſigno de libra, es la piedra q̃l dizen alguẽna ⁊ es la ſegunda manera de eſpuma de mar. Eſta es fallada ſiempre en forma de luna, mas q̃ dotra. De color es parda mezclada con ya quanto de cardeno. Et es foradada. bien como la primera que dixiemos. Peſada es ⁊ de natura grueſſa. Et la ſu olor es como de alga marina. ⁊ dend toma eſte nõbre

Of the third degree of the sign of Libra is the stone they call algal; it is the second kind of sea foam. It is always found in the shape of a moon, more than in any other. It is dun mixed with some purple in color. It is bored through. It is heavy and thick in nature. Its smell is like that of seaweed, thus the name it has been given.


açafran

Spanish: azafrán

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic اَلزَّعْفَرَان (az-zaʕfarān), from Arabic زَعْفَرَان (zaʕfarān).

[…] De color es de açafran ⁊ aun mas tinta. Fendida es. ⁊ por end es ligera de quebrantar, ⁊ mas liuiana de peſo ⁊ ſemeia en ſus maneras toda al armoniaco.

[…] It is the color of saffron, but redder. It is cleft, and therefore easy to break. It is lighter in weight but similar in all ways to sal ammoniac.


alefant

Spanish: elefante

From the same source as Old Spanish eleofant and elifant.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76v. col. 1.
[…] e fizieron ǵnt batala e ouo muchos elifanteſ. eleazar ermano de judas macabeús fue ferir alefant en el caſtielo e diol cõ el eſpada por el uientre e cayo elifant sobrel ujentre ⁊ matol e aſi murieron amoſ.

[…] and they waged a great battle, and there were many elephants. Eleazar, the brother of Judas Maccabeus, went to hurt the elephant in the castle, and he struck him under with the sword, and the elephant fell upon him, and so they both died.


tossigoso

tossigoso m (feminine tossigosa, masculine plural tossigosos, feminine plural tossigosas)

tossigosa (feminine)
tossigosos (masculine plural)
tossigosas (feminine plural)

Spanish: tosigoso

Su uertud es atal que preſta contra todos los toſſicos mortales. ⁊ feridas o mordeduras de beſtias toſſigoſas.

Its virtue is such that it is useful against all the lethal venoms, and the wounds or bite marks of venomous beasts.

(of a thing or substance) toxic, poisonous


aqueste

Spanish: aqueste

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *eccum iste, from Latin eccum with iste.


ihrlm

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 78v. col. 2.
Detras laujlla de ihrlm al ſol ponjent es monte ſion. ealli fue poblada laçjbdat de ihrlm.

Behind the city of Jerusalem, toward the setting sun, is Mount Zion; and there was populated the city of Jerusalem.


Ihesu Xpisto

Spanish: Jesucristo

From Ancient Greek Ἰησοῦς Χριστός (Iēsoûs Khristós, “Jesus Christ”), with the spelling reflecting the Greek letter forms.

bor

Ἰησοῦς Χριστός


ihu xpo

A Christogram and abbreviation of Ihesu Xpisto (“Jesus Christ”). Compare Latin IHS.

Sant pablo q̃ ante auie nõbre ſaulus fue del tribu de beniamin naſcio en iuda e al ſegũdo ãno ap̃s dela paſſiõ de iħu xp̃o […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

Saint Paul, who before had the name Saul, was of the tribe of Benjamin. He was born in Judah on the second year after the passion of Jesus Christ.

(Christianity) Abbreviation of Ihesu Xpisto.


eglesia

Ladino: iglesia, iglezia

Spanish: iglesia (see there for further descendants)

→ Sabir: iglezia

From Late Latin ecclēsia, from Ancient Greek ἐκκλησία (ekklēsía).

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 78v. col. 2.
Vn poco adelant apar de orient. es elaltar de ſanta trinjdat o la uera .☩. ſolie eſtar. todo es enla egleſia. dentro en el ſepulcro

A little toward the east is the altar of the Holy Trinity, where the True Cross used to be. Everything is in the church, inside the sepulcher.


orcero

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 80r. col. 1.
[…] dixo nr̃o ſẽnnor a ieremias ue a caſa del orcero e ẏ fablare cótigo.

[…] Our Lord said to Jeremiah, go to the potter's house, and I will speak to you there.

Idem, f. 84r. col. 1.
[…] ço es cãpo de ſangre. e ſolie ſeer cãpo de orceros. e ẏ fazien los uaſos de lodo

[…] Thus it is the field of blood, and it used to be the field of potters, and there they made the earthen jugs.


Moysen

Spanish: Moisén

From Ancient Greek Μωϋσῆν (Mōüsên), accusative of Μωϋσῆς (Mōüsês), from Hebrew משה (moshé).

E moẏſen era paſtor ſobre las oueias de ſo ſuegro. E ueno a mõte deẏ oreb. Apparecioſ le nr̃o ſẽnor en la flama del fuego.

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 12r. col. 2:

And Moses shepherded the sheep of his father-in-law. And [when] he went to Mount Horeb Our Lord appeared to him in the flames of the fire.


vinagroso

head

vinagroso m (feminine vinagrosa, masculine plural vinagrosos, feminine plural vinagrosas)

vinagrosa (feminine)
vinagrosos (masculine plural)
vinagrosas (feminine plural)

Spanish: vinagroso

DEl tercero grado del ſigno de tauro es la piedra a que dizẽ camorica. q̃ quiere dezir táto en caldeo como uinagroſa en este romanz.

Of the third degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone they call camorica, which means vinegary both in Chaldean and in this Romance.


oryzon

Ultimately from Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn).

Et quando la mediana dellas ſube enel oryzon de parte de oryente, aura mayor fuerça ⁊ mas uertud en todas eſtas obras que auemos dichas.

And when the middle one rises on the eastern horizon, it will have more strength and virtue in all these deeds we just mentioned.


Barcilona

Spanish: Barcelona

Ultimately from Latin Barcinō, from Iberian Barkeno.

DEl ſeſto grado del ſigno de tauro, es la piedra a que dizen raconic en caldeo. Et fallan la en tierra de eſpanna ⁊ ſennalada miente en la comarca de barcilona.

Of the sixth degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone they call raconic in Chaldean. And they find it in the land of Spain, especially in the region of Barcelona.

Barcelona (the capital city of the modern autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain)


golondrino

Spanish: golondrino

[…] p̃o non faz eſta uertud ſi non ſi eſtudieren amas las piedras en uno, o non fueren dun golondrino pollo.

[…] But it does not have this virtue if both stones are not placed in one, or if they are not from the chick of a swallow.


linaça

Spanish: linaza

[…] ⁊ aun en otra coſa. que ſi la molieren con olio de linaça faz mas fina color q́ el uerdet ⁊ mas clara.

[…] and yet another thing; that if it is ground with linseed oil it makes it finer and lighter in color than verdigris.


engenno

Spanish: engeño

From Latin ingenium, from gignō (“I beget”).

Et los filoſofos precian la mucho por que ella a tal uertud que aquel que la trae conſigo aguzal mucho el entendimiento ⁊ el engenno, aſſi que ninguna coſa noles grieue de entender nin de aprender.

And philosophers prize it greatly because its virtue is such that, of he who has it with him, it sharpens their understanding and ingenuity, so that nothing is difficult for them to understand or learn.


Sardenna

Spanish: Cerdeña

From Latin Sardinia, based on Ancient Greek Σαρδώ (Sardṓ).

DEl ſeteno grado del ſigno de tauro es la piedra que tira los hueſſos Et fallan la en la yſla de ſardenna aſſi q̃ quando faz grand tẽpeſtat en la mar, echan las ondas eſtas piedras ala oriella.

Of the seventh degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone that pulls the bones. It is found on the island of Sardinia, so that when there is a great storm at sea, the waves cast these stones onto the shore.


tempestat

Spanish: tempestad

From Latin tempestās, tempestātem, based on tempus (“time”).


boitre

Spanish: buitre

Et la eſtrella ſiguient delas dos q̃ ſon en el ombro ſinieſtro del boitre uolant a poder en eſta piedra ⁊ della recibe ſu uertud. Et quãdo es en medio cielo, mueſtra eſta piedra mas manifieſta miente ſus obras.

And the star following the two located in the left elbow of the flying vulture has power over this stone, which draws its virtue from it. And when it is in the center of the sky, this stone more manifestly shows its works.


vestidura

Spanish: vestidura

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin vestītūra. By surface analysis, vestir + -dura. Compare Old Occitan vestidura.

inh+

priſierõ la ueſtidura. de ioſeph e degollaron vn cabrito. ⁊ enſangrẽtarõ la en la ſangre.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

[Then] they took Joseph's clothing and beheaded a young goat, and bloodied it in its blood.


Criador

veno un ſacerdot ſamaria. e estido ẏ. e demoſtroles cumo temieſſen al criador.

c. 1200, Almerich, w:Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 44v:

[So] a priest came to Samaria, and he dwelt there and showed them how to fear the Creator.

(religion) Creator (title given to the Abrahamic God)


garbanço

Spanish: garbanzo

Of uncertain origin:
* Perhaps altered from arvanço and of Germanic origin, from an unattested Gothic *𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 (*arwaits), from Proto-Germanic *arwīts (“pea”).
* From a pre-Roman substrate of Iberia such as Basque garbantzu and perhaps related to the Germanic source above.
Presumably influenced by garroba (“carob fruit”) and galbana (“small pea; a variety of pea”).


pechar

Spanish: pechar

From pecho + -ar, the stem from Latin pactum (“agreement”); related to Medieval Latin pactō, pactāre.

Qual quier que a otro fuera de su casa metiere palo por el culo, peche dozyentos mr. & salga enemigo, si le fuere prouado; si non, saluese con doze vezinos & sea creydo o jure solo, & rresponda a rriepto, lo que al querelloso mas ploguiere.

ca. 1284-1295, anonymous, Fuero de Cuenca

Whosoever inserts a stick in the ass to someone who doesn't belong to their House shall pay 200 maravedis and become an Enemy, if it is proven; otherwise, may they be saved with 12 neighbours and believed, or may they swear alone responding to a Challenge (duel?), whatever the one demanding may prefer.


fosado

e ppħze cuemo acoḿdo. entro en ellos ſpiritu é uiuieron e eſtidieron ſobre ſos. pies foſado era grant mucho.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63v:

And I prophesied as he commanded, [and] breath entered them and they lived and stood on their feet; it was a very great army.


suso

Inherited from Latin sūsum. Attested from AD 1061.


tiempo del verano

osp-noun

tiempo del verano m (usually uncountable)

A compound akin to English summertime, from Old Spanish tiempo (“time; season”) + verano (“summer”).

compound

⁊ quando ſe ſecan en tiempo del uerano, fallan y eſtas piedras.

And when [the cisterns] dry up in the summertime, the stones may be found inside.


Iherusalem

Spanish: Jerusalén

From Late Latin Ierūsalēm, Hierūsalēm, from Ancient Greek Ἰερουσαλήμ (Ierousalḗm), from Biblical Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (Yərūšālayim).

der

יְרוּשָׁלַיִם

Ont te ruego q̃ tu me enbies eſripto en vna carta la faziẽda de vltra mar. E los nõbres de laſ cibdades ⁊ de las tierras como ovierõ nõbre. En latin ⁊ en ebraẏco. equãto a de la vna cibdat ala otra. E las marauẏllas q̃ nr̃o ſẽnor dios fezo en ih̃rl̃m. e en toda la tierra de vltramar.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:

So I pray you send to me written in a latter an account of the Holy Land, and the names of the cities and of the lands and the names they had in Latin and Hebrew, and the distance from one city to the other, and the wonders that Our Lord God worked in Jerusalem and throughout the Holy Land.

Idem, f. 78v.
Detras laujlla de ihrlm al ſol ponjent es monte ſion. ealli fue poblada laçjbdat de ihrlm.

Behind the city of Jerusalem, toward the setting sun, is Mount Zion, and there was established the city of Jerusalem.


ydropisia

Spanish: hidropesía

From Late Latin hydropisia, from Latin hydropisis, from Ancient Greek ὕδρωψ (húdrōps, “edema”), from ὕδωρ (húdōr, “water”). Compare with English dropsy. The word may have been borrowed through Old French ydropisie.

Et dixieron los ſabios en el libro de las piedras que la uerde atal uirtut. que quien la engaſtonare en ſortija. la traxiere conſigo. nõ aura la enfermedat a que dizen ydropiſia.

And in the Book of Stones the wise men claimed that the green stone possesses such virtue that he who mounts it on a ring and has it with him will not suffer from the illness they call dropsy.


rucio

Spanish: rocío

From Latin rōscidus (“dewy”), from rōs (“dew”).

Reſpuſo ẏſaac ⁊ dẏxo. De groſſura de la tierra ⁊ del ruçio ſera tu bẽdicion. De los cieloˢ ſera tu bendicion. Sobre tu eſpada biuras. E ato ermano seruiras. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4r:

Isaac answered and said, “Your blessing shall be away from the fatness of the earth and from the dew. Your blessing shall be away from the heavens. You shall live by the sword and your brother you shall serve. […] ”


erugo

Masculine form of eruga, from Latin erūca. Compare culuebra and culuebro.

Qvando ouiere fambre en la tierra omortalidat. o enfermedat oq̃ado ouiere mal de enfermedat. o langoſta. o erugo. q̃nt fuere q̃l aq̃xare ſo enemigo. enla tr̃a oen las cibdades. Nulla plaga o nulla malaptia […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 50r:

Should there be famine in the land or great dying or sickness, or should there be the ill of sickness, or locusts or caterpillars, should their enemy threaten them in the land or in the cities, whatever plague or whatever malady, […]


aneldo

Spanish: eneldo, aneldo

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *anēthulum, from Latin anēthum, from Ancient Greek ἄνηθον (ánēthon).

Pora toller la set conujene que tomen el leuistico & el apio. & las berças montesinas. & la foia del aneldo. & la simjente del finoio. & cuegan todas estas cosas egual mjente en vino & mezcan las bien. & quando fuere frio den gelo a beuer.

ca. 1300, anonymous, Gerardus falconarius, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja, 2004, Alcalá de Henares: Universidad de Alcalá de Henares)

To relieve thirst, it is convenient to take the levistic and celery, and hill cabbages, and the leaf of the dill, and fennel seeds. Assemble all these things equally, in wine, and mix them well. And when it's cold, serve it as a drink.


ensullo

Spanish: ensullo, enjullo

From Late Latin īnsubulum, from Latin īnsuō (“I sew up”).

é golias era armado ſobre ſo cauallo eſt philiſteo auie de alto .vj. cobdos eun palmo. e auia el ẏelmo de azero. ela loriga peſaua .v. mil libras. e el aſta de ſue mano era tan grueſſa cuemo el enſullo del texedor el fierro peſaua .dc. peſas.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

And Goliath was armed on his horse. This Philistine was six cubits and a span in height, and he had a bronze helmet, and his coat of mail weighed five thousand shekels, and the shaft in his hand was as thick as a weaver's beam; the iron [point] weighed six hundred shekels.


parabla

Ladino: palavra / פאלאברה

desctree

Spanish: palabra
→ English: palabra
→ French: palabre
→ Greek: παλάβρα (palávra)
→ Turkish: palavra
→ Romanian: palavră
→ Papiamentu: palabra
→ Tagalog: palabra


sangne

Ladino: sangre (Latin spelling), סאנגרי (Hebrew spelling)

Spanish: sangre

(...) Redempcion de pecados sin sangne nunca vino, sangne lava las almas de todo mal venino" (...)

c. 1264, Del Sacrificio de la Misa, cuarteto 98

Redemption of sins without blood never came, blood washes the souls from all venomous evil.


compannia

From companna (“companions; company, entourage”) + -ia.

suffix

Priegot mucho q̃ te miẽbre del amor. ⁊ de la cõpãnia. que ẏo ⁊ ti ouẏemos en nr̃a mãçebia. q̃ mas ẏ acreſcamos. Qve ẏo loar me pueda de ti en my veiez. Aſſẏ cuemo me loe en mẏ iuuẽtud.

I beg dearly that it remind you of the affection and friendship that you and I shared in our youth. That they may grow more. That I may be able to rejoice in you in my old age, as I rejoiced in you in my youth.


linnage

From Old Catalan linyatge. Compare modern Spanish linaje < later Catalan llinatge.

e cõprola de effronoteu por .cccc. marcos. de p[lata]. e allẏ la ſoterro. e allẏ ẏa[ze] todo ſo linage.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v:

And he bought it from Ephron the Hittite for 400 silver shekels, and he buried her there, and his entire lineage lies therein.


Caym

Spanish: Caín

de lãt ebrõ mato caẏm a abel ſo ermano.

It was outside Hebron that Cain killed his brother Abel.


tierra de promission

Spanish: tierra de promisión

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v.
allẏ en ebrõ. vinierõ las eſpias. del deſierto de faram. a tierra de promiſſion. Caleph. ⁊ ioſue. eſſos .x. cõpãneros.

The spies went there, from the desert of Paran, to Hebron, the Promised Land. Caleb, Joshua and their ten companions.


desiert

por q̃ nos adoxiſte en el deſiert por matar atodos de fãbre.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r:

For you have led us into the desert to kill us all of starvation.

Apocopic form of desierto; a desert or wasteland.


promission

Spanish: promisión

Borrowed from Latin promissiōnem, singular accusative of promissiō.


Remont

Spanish: Ramón (partially)

From an Old French form such as Raimund or Reimund.

El mẏo ſėnor don remont. arçobispo de Toledo.

My Lord Don Remont, archbishop of Toledo.

a male given name, equivalent to English Raymond


entonce

Spanish: entonce, entonces

Compounded from Latin in + *tunce, archaic form of the more standard tunc. About as equally attested in the Old Spanish period as its variant estonce, with or without the "adverbial -s" ending.

E el regno de los griegos era partido entonce por muchos reyes. E algunos d'ellos davan tributo al rey persiana.

c. 1250, anonymous, Bocados de oro, (ed. by Mechthild Crombach, 1971, Bonn: Romanisches Seminar der Universität Bonn)

And the kingdom of the Greeks was then split among many kings. And some of them gave tribute to the Persian king.


segunt

Spanish: según

An apocopic form of segundo, from Latin secundum.

Tu eres mẏo ſẽnor ſegũt la alteza. E la dignidat q̃ es enti.

You are my liege in accordance with your nobility and dignity.

according to; in accordance with; as per


convusco

From con (“with”) + Vulgar Latin vōscum (“with you”). Compare contigo (“with you (informal)”), conmigo (“with me”), consigo (“with himself/herself/itself/you (formal)”).


occidir

to kill, slaughter, butcher (as of animals in a slaughterhouse)


raçon

Ladino: razon

Spanish: razón


Domingos

Spanish: Domingo

a male given name from Latin, equivalent to English Dominic


putana

Ladino: putana

From Old French putain, from Vulgar Latin putta, from Latin puta, feminine of putus (“boy”).

viola iuda cubierta e nola cõnoçio. E cuedo q̃ era putana. E dixol ẏaz comẏgo ⁊ dẏxo ella q̃ me daras. Acordarõ ſe q̃l dieſſe uncabrito e diol pẽnos ſo anẏello. Ela cinta q̃ cinnẏa. E el blago q̃ tenẏa. en su mano.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6r:

Judah saw her covered and did not recognize her, and he thought she was a prostitute. And he said to her, “Lay with me”, and she replied, “What will you give me?” They agreed he would give her a young goat, and he pledged her his ring and his girdle and the staff he had in his hand.


huerco

Spanish: huerco

Ladino: guerko, huerco (Haketia)

From Latin Orcus (“the underworld; the god Pluto”). Cognate with Old French ogre (“fierce non-Christian; fairytale man-eating giant”).

cog

era él … esclaresçido rey e señor don Juan de Castilla e de León … enbiando las sus ánimas a la boca del huerco, conviene a saber del infierno

ca. 1439, Juan de Mena, Comentario a la "Coronación del Marqués de Santillana"

He was the illuminated king and lord John of Castile and Leon … who sent [Muslims'] souls to the doors of Orcus, by which is meant Hell

¿e dó huirá el que al huerco deue?

ca. 1305 CE, anonymous, Libro del cavallero Cifar

And where can someone who owes the Devil escape to?


uço

Spanish: uzo

From Latin ostium, with raising of the initial vowel by the following palatal.

Vio puertas abiertas e uços sin cannados

He saw open doors and gates without locks


cabanna

Spanish: cabaña

→ English: cabana

From Late Latin capanna, perhaps from Latin canaba.

⁊ ſalẏos fueras de la cibdat e fizo una cabãna en q̃ eſtido ala ſõbra.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38r:

And he went outside the city and made a shelter and sat in its shade.


cotiano

Denosto nemigadero es all omne la mentira. & esto cotiano sera en la boca de los desensennados Meior cosa es furtar que mentir cutianamientre; ca todo es mal.

c. 1280, Alfonso X, General Estoria, cuarta parte, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja, 2002, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares)

Lying is an unhonourable enmity to every person. And this shall be every day in the mouth of the imprudent, as it is better to steal than lie regularly; it is all wrong.


alcarchofa

desctree

Spanish: alcachofa
→ Tagalog: alkatsopas

→ Occitan: artichaut

→ French: artichaut
→ Vietnamese: atisô

→ Italian (northern Italy): articiocco (see there for further descendants)

From Andalusian Arabic الْخَرْشُوف (al-ẖaršúf), from Arabic الْخُرْشُوف (al-ḵuršūf). Attested 1443.

der

Arabic الْخُرْشُوف (al-ḵuršūf)


lexar

Ladino: deshar

Spanish: dexar, dejar

Inherited from Latin laxāre. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese leixar.

ne deseras te (tunon laisces)
[in Latin:] do not abandon yourself, [in early Old Spanish, glossing Latin nē dēserās 'do not abandon':] do not abandon

9th century, Anonymous, Glosas Emilianenses


sienpre

Ladino: syempre

desctree

Spanish: siempre
→ Bikol Central: siyempre
→ Tagalog: siyempre


suzio

head

suzio m (feminine suzia, masculine plural suzios, feminine plural suzias)

suzia (feminine)
suzios (masculine plural)
suzias (feminine plural)

Ladino: suzio

Spanish: sucio

From Latin sūcidus (“juicy; oily, greasy”), from sūcus (“juice, sap”). According to Corominas and Pascual (vol. Ri-X 1983:324), it is always attested with -z- until the end of the 15th century; a derivation via a Latin variant succidus (as reported in some sources such as DRAE 23rd ed.) is therefore spurious.

El manto & el brial todo ſuʒio lo ſaco
(modernized) El manto e el brial todo suzio lo sacó

between 1140-1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mío Cid 2291

His mantle and bliaut were all dirty when he took them out
(literally, “The mantle and the bliaut, he took it all out dirty”)

Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico


judgar

Ladino: djuzgar

Spanish: juzgar

mas en las cosas que sson de juyzio de ssanta eglesia assi como ssacrilleios o pleito de casamjentos o de husuras o pleito de heregia o todo otro pleito que ssea ssobre cosa sspiritual & algunas otras cosas tenporales de que ffablamos en el quinto libro. dezimos que sse deuen judgar por ffuero de ssanta eglesia. assi como estableçieron los padres ssantos.

1260, Anonymous, Espéculo de Alfonso X (BNM 10123, as quoted in RAE's Corpus diacrónico del español of a publication of this title by Pedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares (Alcalá de Henares), 2004) paragraph 241

But on matters that of the jurisdiction of the Holy Church, and sacrilege, or a marriage dispute, usury, heresy, or any other dispute on a spiritual matter plus certain other temporal things covered in book V, we state that they are to be judged with a fuero of the Holy Church, as the Holy Fathers established.


Ysaac

Spanish: Isaac

From Latin Isaac, from Ancient Greek Ἰσαάκ (Isaák), from Hebrew יצחק (Yiṣḥāq).

Reſpuſo ẏſaac ⁊ dẏxo. De groſſura de la tierra ⁊ del ruçio ſera tu bẽdicion. De los cieloᷤ ſera tu bendicion. Sobre tu eſpada biuras. E ato ermano seruiras. […]

Isaac answered and said, “Your blessing shall be away from the fatness of the earth and from the dew. Your blessing shall be away from the heavens. You shall live by the sword and your brother you shall serve. […] ”


huebos

Huebos auemos que nos dedes los marchos

between 1140-1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mío Cid 138

We need you to give us the (gold) marks
(literally, “We have (a) need that you give us the marks”)

Huebos vos es que lidiedes aguisa de varones

between 1140-1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mío Cid 3563

You both must fight in court, in the way of men
(literally, “To you all is a need that you litigate in men's manner”)


mensagero

Spanish: mensajero

dixo ẏſaẏas a los menſageros q́l embio el reẏ ezechias aſſi dizredes al nŕo ſennor q́ diz el criador Nó temas delas menazas q́ oiſt de los uaſſallos del reẏ de ſur. Afe yo trametre uiéto ¬ oyra tal palabra. por q́stornara aſu tŕa ¬ ẏl fara morir aeſpada.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 54r:

Isaiah said the messengers sent to him by king Hezekiah, “You will tell our master that thus says the Creator, ‘Do not fear the threats you have heard from the servants of the king of the south. Lo, I will send wind and he will hear a rumor such that he will return to his land, and there he will be made to die by the sword.’”


finchar

Old Spanish: hinchar

Ladino: inchar

Spanish: hinchar

Papiamentu: hincha

From Latin īnflō, īnflāre, with consonant spread of the medial [f], namely via *hinhláɾe or *finfláɾe, cf. Spanish hallar, and see also henchir.

to blow into and inflate something, fill with air


lenno

Spanish: leño

E dixo ella biua el ſẽnor dios q̃ no e pan ſi nõ un poco de farina en la tinẏella. E un poco de olẏo ẽna olẏera e q̃ero coger .ij. lẽnos e fer lo e pora mi q̃ comamos ⁊ nõ muramos

And she said, “As the Lord God lives, I have no bread, but only some flour in a jar and a little oil in an oil jug. And I want to gather a couple of logs and make it for myself, that we may eat it and die”.


albafaca

Spanish: albahaca

Estos son otros poluos pora la calentura otrosí, e es que tomen de la regaliza e del çumo [nuevo folio] aluahaca, e del cubebo e del açúcar blanco

1250, Abraham de Toledo, Momín, libro de los animales que cazan

These are moreover the powders to heal fever, utilizing licorice, fruit juice, [turn of page] basil, cubeb and white sugar...

E sienpre … la asy como sienbran la simiente del albafaca. E rrieguen la muy bien.

ca. 1300, anonymous, Tratado de agricultura de Ibn Bassal

And always [missing word] it [i.e. pomegranate, milgrana] in the same way people scatter basil seeds. And water it very well.


rabdo

Spanish: raudo

cogiosse rabdo & tornosse pora su tierra

Alfonso X, Estoria de España 2, (as in Corpus diacrónico del español (CORDE), showing an edition by Lloyd Kausten from 1995)

'he readied himself quickly and went back to his native land'


orçuelo

Spanish: orzuelo, ozuelo (non-standard)

From Latin hordeolus (“stye”), diminutive of hordeum (“barley”). According to Coromines and Pascual, first attested ca. 1400, in the Glossaries of El Escorial and Toledo.

Para enel orçuelo que se faze enel ojo que es de fo[r]ma de grano de çeuada frotenlo a menudo con moscas cortadas las cabecas esto faga de dia & tengan ençima del de noche vn pañezuelo de buen diaquilon

ca. 1429, Alfonso Chirino, Menor daño de la medicina (Escorial, b.IV.34) 115r

For the stye that grows in one's eye, in the shape of a barley, rub it often with flies after cutting their heads. Do this during the day, and at night have a piece of cloth of good diachylon.


trufán

Spanish: truhán

From Old French truand, from a Gaulish *trūgantos. First attested in Berceo in the 13th century.

Era el trufán falsso pleno de malos vicios, savié encantamientos e muchos maleficios

ca. 1250, Berceo, Los Milagros de Nuestra Señora

The rascal was false, full of terrible vices, / he knew enchantments and many hexes


tahulla

Spanish: tahúlla


frañer

De cómo los ídolos non pueden nada. E en los ídolos non á poder ninguno, si non que los que fueren de madero que si los mandares frañer e fazer fuego d'ellos que te cumplirán el oficio del ídolo de los de Caldea, esto es del fuego, e te calentarán e te cozrán qué comas, lo que te fará la leña que mandares adozir del monte, ca non á en ellos más de virtud nin de poder que en aquella leña.

c. 1275, Alfonso X, General Estoria I fol. 40r

On how idols cannot do anything. In idols there is no power of any kind beyond those typical of wood. If you order someone to break them, and make a fire from them to follow the office of the idol of Chaldaeans, that is, of fire, it will warm you and will cook your food, just like any wood that you would have brought in from the mountain, as there's no more virtue nor power in idols than in that firewood.


mannana

Ladino: manyana

Spanish: mañana
Chavacano: mañana

From Vulgar Latin *māneāna, from Latin māne (whence also man (“morning”)).

Dẏxo nr̃o ſẽnor amoẏſen. maduRga ala mannana ⁊ di a pharaon. Q ẏol digo q̃ dexe mio pueblo. E ſi nõblo dexare echare en el ẏenſos vaſſallos beſtias fieras. ⁊ emplir ſe an todas las caſas ⁊ todala tr̃a. E marauillar ſe an en es dẏa.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 14r:

Our Lord said unto Moses, “Rise early in the morning and say unto Pharaoh that I order he let my people go, and that should he not let them go, I will unleash upon him and his servants savage beasts, and they will fill every house and all the earth, and on that day they will be awed. […]”


delant

dixo nr̃o señor amoẏſen dia eleaçar fijo de aaronel el ſaçerdot q̃ alce los enſençarios dẽtre los q̃mados e ſera en la obra del ara por remẽbrãça afijos iſrael q̃ nõ ſe aguen aom̃e q nõ ſea delinage. daaron por encenſar el encienſo delant el ſeñor.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 23r:

And Our Lord said unto Moses, “Tell the priest Eleazar son of Aaron to take up the censers out of the burning and to place them over the altar as a memorial to the children of Israel that they should draw no man that is not of the seed of Aaron to cense incense before the Lord.”

Apocopic form of delante; before, in front of


encensario

From Late Latin incēnsārium, incēnsōrium, from Latin incēnsus (“incense”).


encienso

Spanish: incienso

From Latin incēnsus, from incendō (“set on fire”).

[…] and he convened the assembly of the princes of Sodom and the city of Gomorrah, and he said, “Offer no more sacrifices in vanity; your incenses, your new moons and the Sabbaths you convene you will not understand with your heart […]”

Idem, f. 56v. […] e clamolos aſemblant de los prĩcebs de ſodoma el pueblo de gomorra. e dixo non adugades mas ſacrificios de uanidad ur̃os encẽſos ur̃os cabos de lunes e ur̃os ſabbados q̃ clamades nõ los entendrã cõ ſo coraçõ […]


sierua

female equivalent of sieruo; servant, maidservant


sieruo

sieruo m (plural sieruos, feminine sieruas, feminine plural sieruas)

sieruos (plural)
sieruas (feminine)
sieruas (feminine plural)

Spanish: siervo, sierva

From Latin servus, from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“watch over, protect”).

der

eſtos angeles cõ q fablo abraã. vinieron a ſodoma e loth ſedia ala puerta dela cibdat. e violos e leuátos cótra elló. e omillos troa la tierra. e dixo les priego uos mios ſẽnores. Q̃ uẽgades acaſa de ur̃o ſieruo albergar.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2v:

These angels to whom Abraham spoke came to Sodom, and Lot was at the city's gate. And he saw them and he got up to greet them and groveled with his face to the ground. And he said, “I beg you, my lords, come spend the night at your servant's house.”

And he told them thus, “Tell my brother and master Esau that his servant Jacob says he has been staying with Laban till now. And I have cattle and sheep and manservants and maidservants […] ”

Idem, f. 4v. e dixoles aſſẏ. dezid amẏo ermano ſénor eſau. q̃l dẏze ſo ſieruo iacob. con laban more troa agora. ⁊ euacas ⁊ oueias. ⁊ ſieruos ⁊ ſieruas. […]


lueñe

lueñe

Et a las vezes acaesçe al rey alguna enfermedat que le faze grant mal et non gela tuelle sinon la melezina que le aduzen de lueñe.

1251, anonymous, Calila e Dimna, (ed. by Juan Manuel Cacho Blecua and María Jesús Lacarra, 1993, Madrid: Castalia)

And, sometimes, an illness falls upon the king, doing him much harm, and nothing removes it except the medicine brought to him from far away


Ultramar

Borrowed Old French Outremer (literally “overseas”) as a territorial designation.

bor

Ont te ruego q̃ tu me enbies eſripto en vna carta la faziẽda de vltra mar. E los nõbres de laſ cibdades ⁊ de las tierras como ovierõ nõbre. En latin ⁊ en ebraẏco. equãto a de la vna cibdat ala otra. E las marauẏllas q̃ nro ſẽnor dios fezo en iħrꝉm. e en toda la tierra de vltramar.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:

So I pray you send to me written in a latter an account of the Holy Land, and the names of the cities and of the lands and the names they had in Latin and Hebrew, and the distance from one city to the other, and the wonders that Our Lord God worked in Jerusalem and throughout the Holy Land.

(historical) the Holy Land; the Crusader states established after the First Crusade


Babilonna

A naturalized pronunciation of Babilonia.

e el reẏ con ſana q́ auie mando que mataſen todos los ſabios de babilonna e demandaron a danel e aſos conpaneros por matar

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 64v:

And the king, full of anger, ordered all the wise men of Babylon be put to death, and they sought Daniel and his companions to put them to death.


quiçab

Spanish: quizá

Alteration of qui sabe (“who knows”), from Latin qui sapit.

c. 1200: Alerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2r.
[…] Aplegos abraam ael. e dẏxol. eaſis ꝑdera el iuſto. por el peccador. Quiçab. ha .L. iuſtos en eſta uilla e pues matar los as. E non parçiras allogar por los .L. iuſtos.

[…] Abraham approached him and said to him, “So should the righteous be lost because of the sinner? Perhaps there are fifty righteous in this city and thus you would kill them. Will you not spare the place for the fifty righteous?”


judizio

Spanish: juicio

From Latin iūdicium, from iūdicō (“I judge”).

[…] Quiçab. ha .L. iuſtos en eſta uilla e pues matar los as. E non parçiras allogar por los .L. iuſtos. Por fer eſta coſa uedado ſea ati. de matar el iuſto por el peccador. Nõ ſe juez en toda la tierra q̃ fẏzies eſte iudizio.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2r:

“ […] Perhaps there are fifty righteous in this city and thus you would kill them. Will you not spare the place for the fifty righteous? To do such a thing is far from you; to kill the righteous because of the sinner. I know not of a judge on earth who would make such a judgment”.


peccador

head

peccador m (plural peccadores, feminine singular peccadora, feminine plural peccadoras)

peccadores (plural)
peccadora (feminine singular)
peccadoras (feminine plural)

Spanish: pecador

Pharaoh sent for Moses and Aaron and said, “This time I have sinned against you, and the Creator is just, and my people and I are sinners. […] ”

Idem, f. 14v. embio pharaon amoẏſen ⁊ aaron. E dixo les peq̃ eſta uez el criador es iuſto. ⁊ ẏo e mio pueblo ſomos peccadores. […]


Belzebub

Spanish: Belcebú

Borrowed from Latin Beelzebūb, from Ancient Greek Βεελζεβούλ (Beelzeboúl), from Hebrew בעל זבוב (baʿal zvuv, “fly-lord”).

der

Acre ouo nóbre en hebraẏco acron. Alli era la ẏdola q́ auẏe nóbre belzebub deus muſcarum. e dizienle deus muſcarum ço es dios de acre e fue cibdat de los phẏliſteos.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 39v:

Acre had the Hebrew name Ekron. Therein was the idol by the name of Beelzebub, "God of the Flies". And they called it God of the Flies because it was the god of Acre, which was a city of the Philistines.


aborricion

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63r.
fablo ezechiel dela fazienda de ihrĺem edel mal. edel peccado. edelas abrorriciones q̀ faziè. e q̀ peſaua al criador.

Ezekiel spoke of the ways of Jerusalem, and of the evil and the sin and the abominations they committed, and of how they weighed on the Creator.


muchidumne

Ladino: muchidumbre

Spanish: muchedumbre

From Latin multitūdinem, singular accusative of multitūdō, from multus (“much, many”).

[…] e dixo Sera la cuenta de fijos de iſrɫ cum arena del mar q̃ no es cuento de muchidũne e ſera dicho aellos fijos del podient uiuo […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 70v:

[…] And he said, “The number of the children of Israel will be like the sand of the sea, which like a multitude cannot be counted. And it will be said unto them, ‘[You are] children of the mighty and living’ […] ”


arçobispado

Spanish: arzobispado

eſta cibdat de tẏri fue arçobiſpado. Alli ẏazẽ muchos mr̃es. e al tẏenpo de los gentiles la cõbatio alexãdre.

This city of Tyre was an archbishopric. Therein lie many martyrs, and in the time of the gentiles it was besieged by Alexander.


brafonera

Spanish: brafonera

Perhaps from Old French braon (“slice of meat”) + -era.

fueró ala batalla a ramot galaad. e demudos el Rey de ſus armas. e entros ala batalla. e tirol .j. arq́ro. e firiol entrela loriga elas brafoneras.

And they went up to the battle at Remoth Gilead. And the king disguised his armor and went into battle. And an archer shot him and wounded him between the cuirass and arm braces.


tiniella

E dixo ella biua el ſẽnor dios q no e pan ſi nõ un poco de farina en la tinẏella. E un poco de olẏo ẽna olẏera e q̃ero coger .ij. lẽnos e fer lo e pora mi q̃ comamos ⁊ nõ muramos

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38r:

And she said, “As the Lord God lives, I have no bread, but only some flour in a jar and a little oil in an oil jug. And I want to gather a couple of logs and make it for myself, that we may eat it and die”.


vasiella

Probably borrowed from Old Aragonese or Old Catalan, from Late Latin vāscella, plural of vāscellum, from Latin vāsculum, diminutive of vās (“vessel, container”). The term only appears in the Fazienda de Ultramar, a text full of Aragonese and Catalan forms. Compare modern Spanish vajilla.

Todo lo que auia. y metio zorobabel. e ſos conpãneros por mandado de cyrus reẏ de ꝑſia toda la uaſiella de oro q̃ fizo el rey ſalomõ pora lacaſa del c̃ador.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76r:

All that was there had been placed by Zerubbabel and his company by command of Cyrus, King of Persia; all the vessels of gold that King Solomon had made for the House of the Creator.

a collection of vessels, dishes, fonts and other containers


vaquiella

Spanish: vaquilla

Al dia ſeteno dixierõ lo ellos aſãſõ. Q̃ es mas dulce q̃ la miel o q̃l es mas fuerte del leon. dixo ſãpſõ. Si nõ araſſedes cõ mẏ uaq̃ella. nõ ſoltariedes mi adeuinãçiella.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 82r:

On the seventh day, they said to Samson, “What is sweeter than honey? Or what is stronger than a lion?” Samson said, “If you had not plowed with my heifer, you would not have solved my little riddle!”


adeuinanciella

osp-noun

adeuinanciella f (plural adeuinanciellas)

From adeuinança (“riddle”) + -iella, from adeuinar (“to guess, solve”).

Al dia ſeteno dixieró lo ellos aſáſó. Q́ es mas dulce q́ la miel o q́l es mas fuerte del leon. dixo ſápſó. Si nó araſſedes có mẏ uaq́ella. nó ſoltariedes mi adeuináçiella.

diminutive of adeuinança, a cunning riddle


adeuinança

Spanish: adivinanza

From adeuinar (“to guess, solve”) + -ança.

Nó podieró adeuinar eſta palabra por .iij. dias. e aldia ſeptimo. dixieró ala mugier falaga to marido e digat la adeuinança ⁊ tu dila anos. e ſi nó metremos fuego por toda eſta uilla.

For three days they could not solve his word. And on the seventh day they said to the wife, “Entice your husband to explain to you the riddle and tell it to us, otherwise we will set fire to this entire household.”


lenna

Ladino: lenya

Spanish: leña

From Latin ligna, plural of lignum (whence lenno).

Caẏo fuego del ſẽnor e ardio el holocauſt e la lẽna ⁊ las piedras e el poluo ⁊ el agua q̃ era enla cequia.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 34r:

The fire of the Lord fell and burnt the offering and the wood and the stones and the dust and the water that was in the trench.


putanna

cuemos torno putãna la cibdad fidel plena de iudicios : iuſticia manie enella e agora homicidio. To argent es tõnado eſcoria to uino es buelto en agua. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 55v:

How the faithful city full of righteousness has become a harlot! Justice dwelt within her, but now murder. Your silver becomes dross and your wine is turned into water. […]

Alternative form of putana, prostitute, harlot


diluuio

Spanish: diluvio

From Latin dīluvium, from dīluō (“I wash away”).

Qvando entro noe en el archa auẏe .dc. annos e fue el diluuio de las aguas abrieron ſe todas las fõtanas del abiſmo ⁊ fueron abiertas las fẏnieſtras de los cielos e plouio ſobre la tr̃a .xL. dias ⁊ .xL. noches.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37r:

When Noah entered the ark he was six hundred years old. And the deluge of the waters took place. All the fountains of the deep were opened and the windows of the heavens were opened. And it rained upon the earth forty days and forty nights.


nutriz

Spanish: nodriza

This form was probably borrowed from Latin nūtrīcem.

murio alli ebora la nutriz de rebeca. ealli fue soterrada.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

There died Deborah, Rebecca's nurse, and she was buried there.


nuue

Ladino: nuve

Spanish: nube

From Latin nūbem, singular accusative of nūbēs.

Aqui taio nr̃o ſẽnor firmança cõ el ⁊ diol todas las creaturas a ſo ſeruicio e diol ſenal ⁊ dixol. porne mẏo arco en nuues de los cielos euerloan por remẽbrança el firmamẽto del ſieglo entre dios ẏ el õe

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37v:

Then Our Lord established a covenant with him, and He put all creatures at his service. And he gave him a sign and said to him, “I will set my bow in the clouds of the heavens. And you will see it in heaven as a reminder of the pact between God and man”.


nodriz

Spanish: nodriza

From Latin nūtrīcem, singular accusative of nūtrīx.

Eſte geu mato todos los q̃ remanecieron del caſado de cab amẏgos ⁊ parientes e nodrices q̃ nol remaſo parient en pariẽt.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 33r:

So Jehu killed all those who remained of the house who were near [to him]; friends and family and wet nurses, so that he left him no remaining survivors.


oueja

Ladino: oveja

Spanish: oveja

From Latin ovicula (“little sheep”), diminutive of ovis (“sheep”), from Proto-Italic *owis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówis.

e dixoles aſſẏ. dezid amẏo ermano ſẽnor eſau. q̃l dẏze ſo ſieruo iacob. con laban more troa agora. ⁊ euacas ⁊ oueias. ⁊ ſieruos ⁊ ſieruas. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4v:

And he told them thus, “Tell my brother and master Esau that his servant Jacob says he has been staying with Laban till now. And I have cattle and sheep and manservants and maidservants […] ”

Idem, f. 36r.
Job fue much rich õe e ouo .v. fijos. ⁊ .iij. fijas. ⁊ ouo .mil. ouejas. ⁊ .iij. mil. camellos. ⁊ .d. iugos de bueẏes. ⁊ .v. mil aſnas. ⁊ tẽtol el diablo ⁊ diol pođ nr̃o ſẽnor ſobre quãto auia.

Job was a very rich man. And he had five sons and three daughters. And he owned a thousand sheep and three thousand camels and five hundred yoke of oxen and five thousand donkeys. And the Devil tempted him and Our Lord gave him power over all that he had.


princeb

e pues uino nabuzardan qui era princeb de la caualleria e de nabucodonosor el reẏ de babilonia. e ueno en iħrꝉm e ardio las caſas del criador ela caſa del reẏ e todas las cſsas cabdales de iħrꝉm quemolas en fuego

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 59v:

And then came Nebuzardan, who was captain of the guard and of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon. And he entered Jerusalem and burned the Houses of the Creator and the king's palace, and all the important houses of Jerusalem he set on fire.

[…] e clamolos aſemblant de los prĩcebs de ſodoma el pueblo de gomorra. e dixo non adugades mas ſacrificios de uanidad ur̃os encẽſos ur̃os cabos de lunes e ur̃os ſabbados q̃ clamades nõ los entendrã cõ ſo coraçõ […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 56v:

[…] and he convened the assembly of the rulers of Sodom and the city of Gomorrah, and he said, “Offer no more sacrifices in vanity; your incenses, your new moons and the Sabbaths you convene you will not understand with your heart […] ”


princep

head

princep m (plural princeps or principes)

Dixo el prĩcep nabuzardan aieremias He agora yo te traẏo de la p̃ſon. Sit plad uenir conuſco ababilonia : anda fertemos bien. eſi nõ quiſieres uenir reman aq̃. eninguno nont fara peſar. e ue o q̃eres.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 61v:

And Nabuzardan the captain said to Jeremiah, “Now, look, I have released you from prison. If you want to come with me to Babylon, come, we will do you well. And should you not want to come, remain here, and no one will do you harm, so go wherever you want”.

[…] e fizol obedecer. por toda tierra de egipto. ⁊ puſol nõbre a ioſep. Çaphyr panela. ⁊ diol por mugier. Adacenar fija de furtifar prĩcep de don.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 7r:

[…] And he made him be obeyed in all the land of Egypt. And he gave Joseph the name Zaphnath-Paaneah, and he gave him as a wife Asenath, daughter of Potiphar, prince of On.


ponient

Jerico era cab el flume iordan aſo po niẽt uinierõ eſtas eſpinas aierico acaſa de mulier mercadera. q̃ auia nombre rab.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 28r:

Jericho was near the Jordan River, to its west. These spies came to Jericho to the house of a merchant woman by the name of Rahab.


ponient

Tras ierico al ſol poniẽt es la quarẽtena. O xp̃s aẏuno .xl. dias & .xl. noches alli ſuſo en el mõt o quiſo tentar el diablo a xp̃s.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 31r:

Behind Jericho, toward the setting sun, is the quarantine, where Christ fasted forty days and forty nights. There, on the mountain where the Devil attempted to tempt Christ.

Apocopic form of poniente; west, westward


calient

eſta era ſue uiſta ſemblança de omne. auie .iiij. fazes acada vna. e .iiij. alas. a cada una delas e ſos pies derechos e las plantas de ſos pies como plantas de pies de berzero en tallado como el animne calient e manos de omne ujſſs alas a quatro partes.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 62r:

This was their likeness: Human in appearance. They had four faces each, and each one of them had four wings. And their feet were straight, and the soles of their feet like the soles of a calf's feet, burnished liked hot bronze. And human hands under their wings on their four sides.

[…] Et es de natura calient ⁊ humida. Et la ſu forma es atal como fongo, ⁊ dend a ella eſte nombre.

[…] And it is warm and damp in nature. And its shape is that of a mushroom, thus the name it has been given.


torrient

Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol. e vino a el etomo el eſpada. de golias. etaiol la cabeça. el eſpada ela cabeça aduxola aieruſalem.

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him. And he approached him and took Goliath's sword and cut off his head. And the sword and the head he brought to Jerusalem.

Apocopic form of torriente; stream, brook; streambed


torriente

Spanish: torrente

From Latin torrentem, singular accusative of torrēns (“rushing stream”).

E dixo acab a abdias ue ala tr̃a por las fontanas todas de las tr̃as ⁊ por las torriẽtes quiçab trobaremos yerba ont biuan los cauallos elas mulas e nõ p̃damos las beſtias.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38v:

And Ahab said to Obadiah, “Go into the land to every fountain throughout the land and to the brooks. Perhaps we will find grass on which the horses and mules can live, that we may not lose the beasts.”

ca aſſi diz el criador. fazed en eſta torriente muchos pozos enõ ueredes pluuia nj uiẽto en conplir ſea eſta torriente de agua. beuredes uos e ur̃as beſtias lief coſa es eſta delant el c̃ador […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 42v:

“For thus says the Creator, ‘Make in this streambed many ditches. And you will see neither rain nor wind, but this streambed will be filled with water. You and your beasts will drink. This is a light thing before the Creator […] .’”


encastellado

encastellado (feminine singular encastellada, masculine plural encastellados, feminine plural encastelladas)

encastellada (feminine singular)
encastellados (masculine plural)
encastelladas (feminine plural)

Spanish: encastillado

From Medieval Latin incastellātus, from Latin castellum (“small fort, castle”).

[…] ſobre tod eſto dare amoab en ur̃a mano e crebantaredes todas cibdades en caſtelladas entodos los arbores fermoſos todas las fontanas del agua cerraredes. entodas las buenas ſẽnas abatredes e fizieron aſſi.

“‘ […] And besides all this I will deliver Moab into your hands. And you will break every fortified city and every beautiful tree and every fountain of water you will stop up and every field you will ruin.’” And so they did.


guadalmecin

Spanish: guadamecí, guadamecil

From Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic غَدَامِسِيّ (ḡadāmisiyy, “Ghadamesian”), from غَدَامِس (ḡadāmis, “Ghadames”).

der

[…] ⁊ cueros de guadalmeçin bermeios. E cueros de rudari. ⁊ mađos de cedros poral taƀnaculo.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 19v:

[…] and red wrought leather, and badger skins and wood of cedars for the Tabernacle.

wrought leather; painted and decorated leather hangings


nauidat

Spanish: navidad, Navidad

From Latin nātīvitātem, singular accusative of nātīvitās.

EN cabo dela uilla de iſrꝉ apart de oriẽt es tenplum domini caſa del c̃aador. alli era zacharias ſacerdoth. eueno a el el angel enuncio la nauidat de ſo fijo ſant juan baptiſta

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 80r:

In the city of Israel, in the eastern part, is the Temple of the Lord, house of the Creator. There Zachariah was priest, and the angel came to him and announced the birth of his son Saint John the Baptist.


sancenno

head

sancenno (feminine singular sancenna, masculine plural sancennos, feminine plural sancennas)

sancenna (feminine singular)
sancennos (masculine plural)
sancennas (feminine plural)

Spanish: cenceño

Uncertain. Perhaps from Latin sincērus (“pure”) or cincinnus (“curled lock of hair”).

Cõbran la carne ala noch. ⁊ nolo comades cocho. en agua ni crudo. Mas aſſado en fuego. E cõ pã ſancẽno. e cõ lechezinos agros le combran.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 15v:

They shall eat the meat that night, and eat it not cooked in water nor raw, but roasted over fire, and with unleavened bread and bitter salad greens they shall eat it.


lechezinos

From Latin lacticīnium (“milk food, dairy product”). Compare lechuga, from Latin lactūca (“lettuce”), from lac (“milk”).


-dat

Spanish: -dad

From Latin -tātem, accusative of -tās, from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts.

Used in forming a noun to represent the property corresponding to an adjective; -ity


universidat

Spanish: universidad

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ūniversitās.


rabir

Inherited from Latin rapio, rapire. Displaced in Modern Spanish by a direct borrowing of rapio rather than this direct inherited form.


auoleza

Uncertain. Compare Catalan àvol (“bad, evil, wrong”), perhaps from Latin habilis (“skillful”).

por eſſo aſſi diz el ſennor de los fonſados el fuerte de iſrl̃. jo coſlare de mios enbaẏdores uengar me he de mios enemigos pues tornare mi nano ^([sic]) sobre ti e eſmerar te he redrar te de ti tod auoleza. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 55v:

Therefore thus says the Lord of Hosts, the Mighty One of Israel, “I will relieve Myself of my adversaries; I will avenge Myself on my enemies, for I will turn my hand against you and I will clean you; I will remove from you all wrongdoing […] ”


fonsado

Spanish: fonsado

Through metonymy from Latin fossātum (“ditch, trench”), from fossō (“I dig”).

por eſſo aſſi diz el ſennor de los fonſados el fuerte de iſrł. jo coſlare de mios enbaẏdores uengar me he de mios enemigos pues tornare mi nano ^([sic]) sobre ti e eſmerar te he redrar te de ti tod auoleza. […]


estrumento

From Latin īnstrūmentum (“instrument, tool”), from īnstruō (“I build, construct”).

[…] agora ſet adobados q́ qualora los eſtrumentos oyerdes echar uos edes e humillar uos edes ala ymagen del oro q́ fiz e ſi non la adorardes ſeredes metudos en el fuego del camino ardient e qual es el dios q́ uos puda enparar de mj mano

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 65v:

“ […] Now be ready, for at the time you hear the instruments you will prostrate yourselves and humble yourselves before the image of gold I have made. But should you not worship it, you will be cast into the fire of the blazing furnace; and who is the god that can deliver you out of my hand?”


ceruiz

Spanish: cerviz

From Latin cervīcem, singular accusative of cervīx, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“head”).

⁊ eli el ſac̃dot era vieio. e auie .Lxxxxviij. ãnos Qvando oẏo estas nueuas echos ariedro dela ſiella en q̃ ſedie erõpio las ceruizes emurio

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 45v:

And Eli the priest was old, and he was ninety-eight years old. When he heard these news, he fell backward from the chair on which he sat and broke his neck and died.


compannero

Spanish: compañero

From companna (“company, entourage”) + -ero.

To argent es tõnado eſcoria to uino es buelto en agua. tos príceps ſe dañarõ compañeros ſon de ladrones […]

Your silver becomes dross and your wine is turned into water. Your rulers have been corrupted, they are companions of thieves. […]