perro

Ladino: pero, perro, פירו

desctree

Spanish: perro
Chavacano: perro
→ Portuguese: perro
→ Yao (South America): pero

Uncertain. Perhaps from a call used for dogs; compare Galician apurrar (“set the dogs on”). Another theory derives it from Iberian; compare Asturian perru. If so, it may be related to Spanish zorro.

Canis familiaris
Canis familiaris#Translingual

Canis lupus familiaris
Canis lupus familiaris#Translingual

(derogatory) dog (the species Canis familiaris (sometimes designated Canis lupus familiaris), domesticated for thousands of years and of highly variable appearance because of human breeding)


dar

Ladino: dar, דאר

Spanish: dar (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin dare, from Proto-Italic *didō, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti, from the root *deh₃- (“give”).

qui… pauperibus reddet : qui dat a los misquinos

10th or 11th century, anonymous, San Millan glosses, (as quoted by Coromines and Pascual)

Huebos auemos q̃ nos dedes los marchos

c. 1140, Cantar de myo Çid [Song of my Cid]; transcription by Per Abbat1207, folio 3v, line 138:

We need that you give us the [gold] marks

[…] si dierẽ del poluo della a beuer peſante de quatro dragmas al q̃ a dolor en el eſtentino a que llaman colon ſana luego.

If they were to give four drams of weight of it powdered to drink to someone whose gut, the one they call colon, ached, he would be cured.

Dixo nr̃o ſẽnor amoyſen ſub aq̃ tu e el pueblo que ſaq̃ſt de egipto ala tierra q̃ iure aabraã á yſaac a iacob ẽ dix ato liñaie la dare trametre mio angel delante ti e detroyra tos eñemigos […]

13th century, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, page 20vb:

[Then] Our Lord said to Moses, “Go up from here, you and the people whom you brought out of Egypt, to the land I swore to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob when I said ‘I will give it to your descendants.’ I will send my angel before you and he will destroy your enemies. […] ”


ser

seer (infinitive)
ser (infinitive)
seder (infinitive)
seyer (infinitive)
infinitive of haver + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
sediendo (gerund)
seyendo (gerund)
siendo (gerund)
gerund of haver + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
seído (masculine participle past singular)
sido (masculine participle past singular)
sesso (masculine participle past singular)
sediente (participle past present singular)
sedient (participle past present singular)
seyente (participle past present singular)
seyent (participle past present singular)
sedientes (participle past plural present)
seyentes (participle past plural present)
so (present singular)
soy (present singular)
seyo (present singular)
seo (present singular)
eres (present singular)
siedes (present singular)
siees (present singular)
sies (present singular)
sees (present singular)
es (present singular)
siede (present singular)
siee (present singular)
sie (present singular)
see (present singular)
somos (plural present)
sedemos (plural present)
seyemos (plural present)
seemos (plural present)
sodes (plural present)
soes (plural present)
seyedes (plural present)
seedes (plural present)
son (plural present)
sieden (plural present)
sieen (plural present)
sien (plural present)
seen (plural present)
era (imperfect singular)
sedía (imperfect singular)
sedié (imperfect singular)
seía (imperfect singular)
seyé (imperfect singular)
eras (imperfect singular)
sedías (imperfect singular)
sediés (imperfect singular)
seías (imperfect singular)
seyés (imperfect singular)
sedí (imperfect singular)
seí (imperfect singular)
éramos (imperfect plural)
sedíamos (imperfect plural)
sediémos (imperfect plural)
seíamos (imperfect plural)
seyémos (imperfect plural)
érades (imperfect plural)
sedíades (imperfect plural)
sediédes (imperfect plural)
seíades (imperfect plural)
seyédes (imperfect plural)
eran (imperfect plural)
sedían (imperfect plural)
sedién (imperfect plural)
seían (imperfect plural)
seyén (imperfect plural)
fúe (preterite singular)
fué (preterite singular)
fúi (preterite singular)
fuí (preterite singular)
fu (preterite singular)
fo (preterite singular)
fi (preterite singular)
sove (preterite singular)
fueste (preterite singular)
fuiste (preterite singular)
fuste (preterite singular)
foste (preterite singular)
soviste (preterite singular)
sovieste (preterite singular)
sovistes (preterite singular)
soviestes (preterite singular)
foi (preterite singular)
sovo (preterite singular)
fuemos (plural preterite)
fuimos (plural preterite)
fumos (plural preterite)
fomos (plural preterite)
fimos (plural preterite)
sovimos (plural preterite)
soviemos (plural preterite)
fuestes (plural preterite)
fuistes (plural preterite)
fustes (plural preterite)
fostes (plural preterite)
sovistes (plural preterite)
soviestes (plural preterite)
fueron (plural preterite)
furon (plural preterite)
foron (plural preterite)
sovieron (plural preterite)
fuera (pluperfect singular)
soviera (pluperfect singular)
fueras (pluperfect singular)
sovieras (pluperfect singular)
fuéramos (pluperfect plural)
soviéramos (pluperfect plural)
fuérades (pluperfect plural)
soviérades (pluperfect plural)
fueran (pluperfect plural)
sovieran (pluperfect plural)
seeré (future singular)
seré (future singular)
seerás (future singular)
serás (future singular)
seerá (future singular)
será (future singular)
seeremos (future plural)
seremos (future plural)
seeredes (future plural)
seerées (future plural)
seredes (future plural)
serées (future plural)
seerán (future plural)
serán (future plural)
seería (conditional singular)
seerié (conditional singular)
sería (conditional singular)
serié (conditional singular)
seerías (conditional singular)
seeriés (conditional singular)
serías (conditional singular)
seriés (conditional singular)
seerí (conditional singular)
serí (conditional singular)
seeríamos (conditional plural)
seeriemos (conditional plural)
seríamos (conditional plural)
seriemos (conditional plural)
seeríades (conditional plural)
seeriedes (conditional plural)
seríades (conditional plural)
seriedes (conditional plural)
seerían (conditional plural)
seerién (conditional plural)
serían (conditional plural)
serién (conditional plural)
present of haver + past participle (multiword-construction perfect present)
imperfect of haver + past participle (multiword-construction pluperfect)
preterite of haver + past participle (anterior multiword-construction past)
future of haver + past participle (future multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of haver + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
seya (present singular)
sea (present singular)
seyas (present singular)
seas (present singular)
seyamos (plural present)
seamos (plural present)
seyades (plural present)
seyáes (plural present)
seades (plural present)
seáes (plural present)
seyan (plural present)
sean (plural present)
fuésse (imperfect singular)
fués (imperfect singular)
soviesse (imperfect singular)
soviés (imperfect singular)
fuesses (imperfect singular)
soviesses (imperfect singular)
fuéssemos (imperfect plural)
soviéssemos (imperfect plural)
fuéssedes (imperfect plural)
soviéssedes (imperfect plural)
fuessen (imperfect plural)
soviessen (imperfect plural)
fuera (imperfect singular)
soviera (imperfect singular)
fueras (imperfect singular)
sovieras (imperfect singular)
fuéramos (imperfect plural)
soviéramos (imperfect plural)
fuérades (imperfect plural)
soviérades (imperfect plural)
fueran (imperfect plural)
sovieran (imperfect plural)
fuere (future singular)
fuer (future singular)
fuero (future singular)
soviere (future singular)
sovier (future singular)
soviero (future singular)
fueres (future singular)
sovieres (future singular)
fuéremos (future plural)
fuermos (future plural)
soviéremos (future plural)
soviermos (future plural)
fuéredes (future plural)
fuerdes (future plural)
soviéredes (future plural)
sovierdes (future plural)
fueren (future plural)
sovieren (future plural)
see (singular)
se (singular)
séy (singular)
seyamos (plural)
seamos (plural)
seyed (plural)
seed (plural)
sed (plural)
non (negative singular)
no seyas (negative singular)
no seas (negative singular)
non (negative plural)
no *seyamos (negative plural)
no seamos (negative plural)
no seyades (negative plural)
no *seyáes (negative plural)
no seades (negative plural)
no seáes (negative plural)
eser (alternative)

Spanish: ser (for the most part)

From Latin esse(re). The initial E was lost.

to be (describes a permanent characteristic)


cantar

cantar (infinitive)
infinitive of haver + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
cantando (gerund)
gerund of haver + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
cantado (masculine participle past singular)
cantados (masculine participle past plural)
cantada (feminine participle past singular)
cantadas (feminine participle past plural)
cantante (participle past present singular)
cantant (participle past present singular)
cantantes (participle past plural present)
canto (present singular)
cantas (present singular)
canta (present singular)
cantamos (plural present)
cantades (plural present)
cantáes (plural present)
cantan (plural present)
cantava (imperfect singular)
cantavas (imperfect singular)
cantávamos (imperfect plural)
cantávades (imperfect plural)
cantavan (imperfect plural)
canté (preterite singular)
cantaste (preterite singular)
canteste (preterite singular)
cantast (preterite singular)
cantest (preterite singular)
cantastes (preterite singular)
cantestes (preterite singular)
cantó (preterite singular)
cantamos (plural preterite)
cantemos (plural preterite)
cantastes (plural preterite)
cantestes (plural preterite)
cantaron (plural preterite)
cantara (pluperfect singular)
cantaras (pluperfect singular)
cantáramos (pluperfect plural)
cantárades (pluperfect plural)
cantaran (pluperfect plural)
cantaré (future singular)
cantarás (future singular)
cantará (future singular)
cantaremos (future plural)
cantaredes (future plural)
cantarées (future plural)
cantarán (future plural)
cantaría (conditional singular)
cantarié (conditional singular)
cantarías (conditional singular)
cantariés (conditional singular)
cantarí (conditional singular)
cantaríamos (conditional plural)
cantariemos (conditional plural)
cantaríades (conditional plural)
cantariedes (conditional plural)
cantarían (conditional plural)
cantarién (conditional plural)
present of haver + past participle (multiword-construction perfect present)
imperfect of haver + past participle (multiword-construction pluperfect)
preterite of haver + past participle (anterior multiword-construction past)
future of haver + past participle (future multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of haver + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
cante (present singular)
cantes (present singular)
cantemos (plural present)
cantedes (plural present)
cantées (plural present)
canten (plural present)
cantasse (imperfect singular)
cantás (imperfect singular)
cantasses (imperfect singular)
cantássemos (imperfect plural)
cantássedes (imperfect plural)
cantassen (imperfect plural)
cantara (imperfect singular)
cantaras (imperfect singular)
cantáramos (imperfect plural)
cantárades (imperfect plural)
cantaran (imperfect plural)
cantare (future singular)
cantar (future singular)
cantaro (future singular)
cantares (future singular)
cantáremos (future plural)
cantarmos (future plural)
cantáredes (future plural)
cantardes (future plural)
cantaren (future plural)
canta (singular)
cantemos (plural)
cantad (plural)
non (negative singular)
no cantes (negative singular)
non (negative plural)
no cantemos (negative plural)
no cantedes (negative plural)
no cantées (negative plural)

Spanish: cantar


comer

Ladino: komer, kumer

Spanish: comer (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *comēre, restructuring of Latin comedere. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese comer.


dormir

Ladino: dormir, durmir, דורמיר

Spanish: dormir


fazer

Ladino: azer, אזיר

Spanish: hacer


presto

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

first-person singular present indicative of prestar


andar

Ladino: andar, אנדאר

Spanish: andar

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin andāre, of uncertain origin. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese andar.

inh+

(intransitive) to walk (with one’s feet)


vino

Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol. e vino a el etomo el eſpada. de golias. etaiol la cabeça. el eſpada ela cabeça aduxola aieruſalem.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him. And he approached him and took Goliath's sword and cut off his head. And the sword and the head he brought to Jerusalem.

third-person singular preterite indicative of venir


aver

Ladino:

Hebrew: אביר

Latin: aver

Spanish: haber

From Latin habēre (“to have, hold, keep”). Cognate with Old French avoir, aver, aveir, avoyr, and Old Occitan aver, haver.

Pedro ha dos fijas.


levantar

Either from levante (corresponding to Latin levāntem), the present participle of of llevar, from Latin levō, levāre, or from a Vulgar Latin *levantāre, derived from levāns, levānte-, present participle of levō. Compare Galician and Portuguese levantar, Asturian llevantar, Romansch alvantar, leventar.

(transitive) to make a sound (with a voice or a music instrument)

(reflexive) to get up (rise from one’s bed)


sentir

Ladino: sentir, sintir, סינטיר

Spanish: sentir

Inherited from Latin sentīre, from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to feel”). Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese sentir.

Et los fiſicos ⁊ los cirurgianos huſan della en los q̃ q̃eren fender o taiar por que non ſientã la dolor.

And physicians and surgeons make use of it on those whom they wish to cut or slash that they shall not feel the pain.


mandar

Ladino: mandar, מאנדאר

Spanish: mandar

Inherited from Latin mandāre, present active indicative of mandō (“order, commission”).

Mandò el medico que me diſſen ſudores, […]

1465, F. Iuanetin Niño, A la Sereniſsima Infanta Sor Margarita de la Cruz en razón del interrogatorio en la causa de la Virgen Sor Maria de San Joseph Abadesa en Salamanca, F. de Rosales, page 34:

She sent the physician as they might have been making me sweat.

(ditransitive, transitive) to send (make something, such as an object or message, go from one place to another, or to someone)

Mando el nr̃o ſeñor amoẏſen q̃ tremetiesſe eſpias atiera de chanaan por barũtar q̃ tr̃a era

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 22v:

Our Lord ordered Moses to send spies to the land of Canaan to get a sense of what [kind of] land it was.

[…] y mandar algun pueblo mayor, ò menor.

1443, Juan Eusebio Nieremberg, chapter XV, in Cvruiosa y Ocvlta Filosofia. Primera, y Segvnda Parte de las marauillas de las naturaleza, examinadas en varias queſtiones naturales., page 375:

And command some greater or smaller people.


buscar

Ladino: bushkar

Spanish: buscar

Sicilian: vuscari

Disputed. Generally assumed to be derived from Vulgar Latin *buscum (“wood, bush”), from Proto-Germanic *buskaz (“wood, bush”).
 Alternatively, perhaps from a Celtic language; compare Old Irish búaid (“victory”) and Welsh budd (“gain”), all from Proto-Celtic *boudi (“gain”).

unc

Disputed

Van buscar a valençia a myo çid dõ Rodrigo

ca. 1140-1200, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid 1628

They're going to Valencia to look for my Cid, don Rodrigo


bever

head

bever (first-person singular present bevo, first-person singular preterite beví, past participle bevido)

bevo (first-person present singular)
beví (first-person preterite singular)
bevido (participle past)

Spanish: beber

E respusol ella: - Beve, mio señor, cuanto quisieres. […] Pues que vós avedes bevido daré agora a vuestros camellos fasta que todos bevan cuanto quisieren

c. 1275, Alfonso X, General Estoria, primera parte, (published by Pedro Sánchez Prieto-Borja, 2002, Alcalá de Henares: Universidad de Alcalá de Henares):

And she replied to him, "Drink, milord, as much as you want." […] And so, since you have taken drink, I shall now give some to your camels, until all drink however much they want.


pensar

Ladino: pensar

Spanish: pensar

Allí piensan de aguijar, allí sueltan las riendas.

c. 1140, “Cantar primero. Destierro del Cid”, in Cantar de Mio Cid:

There they think of prodding, there they loosen the reins.


entrar

Ladino: entrar, אינטראר

desctree

Spanish: entrar
→ Middle Dutch: enteren
Dutch: enteren
→ Middle Low German: entern
German Low German: entern
→ German: entern

Inherited from Latin intrāre. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese entrar.

Qvando entro noe en el archa auẏe .dc. annos e fue el diluuio de las aguas abrieron ſe todas las fõtanas del abiſmo ⁊ fueron abiertas las fẏnieſtras de los cielos e plouio ſobre la tr̃a .xL. dias ⁊ .xL. noches.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37r:

When Noah entered the ark he was six hundred years old. And the deluge of the waters took place. All the fountains of the deep were opened and the windows of the heavens were opened. And it rained upon the earth forty days and forty nights.

[…] pero la gente daq̃lla tierra o ella es mas fallada, llaman le la piedra dela liebre, por eſta razon. q̃ en aquel logar o entra el grand ryo del nilo en la mar medio terrana, cria ſe y un animal que ſemeia en ſus miembros ⁊ en todas ſus fayciones ala liebre de tierra. ⁊ por endel llaman liebre marina.

But the people of that land, where it is most found, call it the stone of the hare for this reason; that in that place, where the great river Nile enters the Mediterranean Sea, there breeds an animal that is similar in its limbs and all of its features to the land hare, and thus they call it a marine hare.

(ambitransitive) to enter (go or come into an enclosed or partially enclosed space)


foder

Spanish: hoder (Early Modern Spanish)

Spanish: joder

Inherited from Latin futuere (“to fuck”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰew- (“to hit”).

inh+

Et amugier de beneycion, quienlle dixier: "enceguladera con fulan", e connonbrar con quien; e dixier: "yo te fodi" o "yo te uj foder a fulan", peche .ccc. soldos e ixca por enemigo.

And if someone tells a woman of God, "you are someone's mistress" while naming the person, and says "I fucked you" or "I saw you fucking with someone", they shall pay 300 solidi and be held as an enemy.


tener

Ladino: tener, טיניר

Spanish: tener

Inherited from Latin tenēre, teneō (“to hold; to keep; to have”), from Proto-Italic *tenēō, stative from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch; to draw”).

der

[…] e fue reẏ de tr̃a de iudea. ⁊ de tr̃a de isrꝉ. e de ihrꝉm e de ſamaria e fazia cadaun dia grãt eſpenſa e tenia g̃nt cort.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 51v:

[…] And he was king of the land of Judah and of the land of Israel, and of Jerusalem and of Samaria. And every day he incurred great expense and had a numerous court.

Et q́ deſcenda ſobreſta piedra la uertud de figura de mugier con cabellos creſpos. ⁊ que tiene un ſu fijo pequennuelo ante ſi.

And may over this stone descend the virtue of the figure of the woman with the curly hair, and who has her infant son before her.

[…] deſpues del retornamiento peſcueço dela culuebra que tiene el encantador dellas […]

After the returning of the neck of the snake held by the snake charmer.

e veno en viſion dela noch q̃ vedia una eſcalera q̃ eſtaua ſobre la tierra e el cabo tenia ſobre los cielos eangeles de nr̃o ſennor ſubiã e deſcendian.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 46v. b.:

In the night came a vision where he saw a stairway resting on the earth, with its top reaching to the heavens, and the angels of the Lord were ascending and descending it.


venir

Ladino: venir, ב׳יניר

Spanish: venir

Essora dixo el Rey venid uos ami compaña
(modernized spelling) Esora dijo el rey, venidvos (=veníos) a mi compaña

between 1140-1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid line 3668

At that moment, the king said, "Come, both of you, to my company (=to accompany me)..."

Con todo esto auos dixo alfonsso / q̃ uos vernie avistas do ouiessedes sabor
(modernized spelling) Con todo esto, a vos dijo Alfonso que vos vernié (=vendría) a vistas do hobiésedes (=hubieseis) sabor

between 1140-1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid lines 1943-1944

With all this, (king) Alphonse said that he'd come to see you wherever you'd like


laudar

Ladino: loar, לואר

Spanish: loar


parte

third-person singular present indicative of partir

second-person singular imperative of partir


traer

Spanish: traer

traher (alternative)
trayer (alternative)

Desí el Rey assentosse en su siella & el çid dixo, "sennor, do mandades que me assiente con estos mios parientes & mios vassallos que aqui traxe comigo".

1270 – 1284, Alfonso X, Estoria de España 2

And so the king sat on his chair, and the Cid said, "my lord, where do you order me to sit with my family and vassals, whom I brought here with me"?

(transitive) to drag something on the ground

Mio çid Ruy diaz por las puertas entraua / En mano t͠ae deſnuda el eſpada

My Cid, Ruy Díaz, was going in through the doors, and in his hand he carries his sword unsheathed

Viſtios el ſobregonel luenga trahe la barba

He put on his fine tunic, donning a long beard

(transitive) to carry something, wear (pieces of clothes)


traer

From Latin trādō, trādere (“to hand something over; give up, abandon”), derived from dō, dare (“to give”).

inh

Esto por tal es dicho: que muchas vezes conteçio que ay algunos que quieren traer la villa, & ffizieron ençendymiento que, demientre los omnes fuesen al fuego amatar, ellos abrieron las puertas & rresçibieron los enemjgos.

This is said for the following reason: it has happened many times that there were some who wanted to betray the village, and so they started a fire, and as everyone went to stop the fire, they opened the gates and received the enemy.

(transitive, up to 13th century) to betray someone, be disloyal to


faltar

Ladino: faltar, פ׳אלטאר

Spanish: faltar


fuir

Del dezeno grado del ſigno de aries es la piedra que fuye dela leche.

Of the tenth degree of the sign of Aries is the stone that flees from milk.


a

third-person singular present indicative of aver


morir

Ladino: morir, murir, מוריר

Spanish: morir

Inherited from Latin morīrī, variant of morī. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese morrer, morer and Old French morir, murir.

dixo ẏſaẏas a los menſageros q̃l embio el reẏ ezechias aſſi dizredes al nr̃o ſennor q̃ diz el criador Nõ temas delas menazas q̃ oiſt de los uaſſallos del reẏ de ſur. Afe yo trametre uiẽto ⁊ oyra tal palabra. por q̃stornara aſu tr̃a ⁊ ẏl fara morir aeſpada.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 54r:

Isaiah said the messengers sent to him by king Hezekiah, “You will tell our master that thus says the Creator, ‘Do not fear the threats you have heard from the servants of the king of the south. Lo, I will send wind and he will hear a rumor such that he will return to his land, and there he will be made to die by the sword.’”

(intransitive) to die; to pass away (cease living)


tomar

Ladino: tomar

Spanish: tomar

Bikol Central: tomar, tumar

Cebuano: tomar, tumar

(transitive) to remove, to take away, to take down, to take off, to pull off, to pull out, to clear, to clear away, to strip, to strip away

(transitive) to reach; to attain or achieve; to catch up with


esperar

Ladino: asperar

Spanish: esperar

En est logar dize Ysayas de Messias que esperan los Judios e non conoscen com es venido.

c. 1200, Almerich, La fazienda de ultramar, (published by Moshé Lazar, 1965, Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca, page 211):

In this place, Isaiah speaks of the Messiah whom the Jews await, and whom they don't know he [already] came.

mientre fían en los ídolos, que son cosas sin entendimiento e sin alma, juran mal, e esperan que les non nozirá.

c. 1280, Alfonso X, General Estoria, tercera parte, (published by Pedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja and Bautista Horcajada Diezma, 1994, Madrid: Gredos):

While putting trust in idols, which are things without understanding nor soul, they wrongly make oaths and expect it will not harm them.

Toda palabra de Dios es escudo fecho con fuego para los que esperan en él.

The word of God is a shield made of fire for those who trust in Him.


prestar

E p̃ſtalde de auer lo q̃ ſea guiſado

between 1140 and 1207, anonymous, Poem of the Cid 118

And lend him (prestad+le) wealth to the extent it's reasonable

omne de prestar

Ca en la villa non auie yente de prestar

1293, anonymous, Gran conquista de ultramar 148v, (ms. 1187 BNM, ed. by Louis Cooper et al. (1995))

...because in the village there were no people of distinction


suelo

first-person singular present indicative of soler


pecho

indicative present first-person singular of pechar


declarar

Ladino: deklarar, דיקלאראר

Spanish: declarar


entender

desc

Ladino: antender, entender, entyender, אינטינדיר

Spanish: entender

Tagalog: intindi

Et los filoſofos precian la mucho por que ella a tal uertud que aquel que la trae conſigo aguzal mucho el entendimiento ⁊ el engenno, aſſi que ninguna coſa noles grieue de entender nin de aprender.

And philosophers prize it greatly because its virtue is such that, of he who has it with him, it sharpens their understanding and ingenuity, so that nothing is difficult for them to understand or learn.

(transitive) to comprehend; to fathom; to grasp; to understand


seer

seer (infinitive)
ser (infinitive)
seder (infinitive)
seyer (infinitive)
infinitive of haver + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
sediendo (gerund)
seyendo (gerund)
siendo (gerund)
gerund of haver + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
seído (masculine participle past singular)
sido (masculine participle past singular)
sesso (masculine participle past singular)
sediente (participle past present singular)
sedient (participle past present singular)
seyente (participle past present singular)
seyent (participle past present singular)
sedientes (participle past plural present)
seyentes (participle past plural present)
so (present singular)
soy (present singular)
seyo (present singular)
seo (present singular)
eres (present singular)
siedes (present singular)
siees (present singular)
sies (present singular)
sees (present singular)
es (present singular)
siede (present singular)
siee (present singular)
sie (present singular)
see (present singular)
somos (plural present)
sedemos (plural present)
seyemos (plural present)
seemos (plural present)
sodes (plural present)
soes (plural present)
seyedes (plural present)
seedes (plural present)
son (plural present)
sieden (plural present)
sieen (plural present)
sien (plural present)
seen (plural present)
era (imperfect singular)
sedía (imperfect singular)
sedié (imperfect singular)
seía (imperfect singular)
seyé (imperfect singular)
eras (imperfect singular)
sedías (imperfect singular)
sediés (imperfect singular)
seías (imperfect singular)
seyés (imperfect singular)
sedí (imperfect singular)
seí (imperfect singular)
éramos (imperfect plural)
sedíamos (imperfect plural)
sediémos (imperfect plural)
seíamos (imperfect plural)
seyémos (imperfect plural)
érades (imperfect plural)
sedíades (imperfect plural)
sediédes (imperfect plural)
seíades (imperfect plural)
seyédes (imperfect plural)
eran (imperfect plural)
sedían (imperfect plural)
sedién (imperfect plural)
seían (imperfect plural)
seyén (imperfect plural)
fúe (preterite singular)
fué (preterite singular)
fúi (preterite singular)
fuí (preterite singular)
fu (preterite singular)
fo (preterite singular)
fi (preterite singular)
sove (preterite singular)
fueste (preterite singular)
fuiste (preterite singular)
fuste (preterite singular)
foste (preterite singular)
soviste (preterite singular)
sovieste (preterite singular)
sovistes (preterite singular)
soviestes (preterite singular)
foi (preterite singular)
sovo (preterite singular)
fuemos (plural preterite)
fuimos (plural preterite)
fumos (plural preterite)
fomos (plural preterite)
fimos (plural preterite)
sovimos (plural preterite)
soviemos (plural preterite)
fuestes (plural preterite)
fuistes (plural preterite)
fustes (plural preterite)
fostes (plural preterite)
sovistes (plural preterite)
soviestes (plural preterite)
fueron (plural preterite)
furon (plural preterite)
foron (plural preterite)
sovieron (plural preterite)
fuera (pluperfect singular)
soviera (pluperfect singular)
fueras (pluperfect singular)
sovieras (pluperfect singular)
fuéramos (pluperfect plural)
soviéramos (pluperfect plural)
fuérades (pluperfect plural)
soviérades (pluperfect plural)
fueran (pluperfect plural)
sovieran (pluperfect plural)
seeré (future singular)
seré (future singular)
seerás (future singular)
serás (future singular)
seerá (future singular)
será (future singular)
seeremos (future plural)
seremos (future plural)
seeredes (future plural)
seerées (future plural)
seredes (future plural)
serées (future plural)
seerán (future plural)
serán (future plural)
seería (conditional singular)
seerié (conditional singular)
sería (conditional singular)
serié (conditional singular)
seerías (conditional singular)
seeriés (conditional singular)
serías (conditional singular)
seriés (conditional singular)
seerí (conditional singular)
serí (conditional singular)
seeríamos (conditional plural)
seeriemos (conditional plural)
seríamos (conditional plural)
seriemos (conditional plural)
seeríades (conditional plural)
seeriedes (conditional plural)
seríades (conditional plural)
seriedes (conditional plural)
seerían (conditional plural)
seerién (conditional plural)
serían (conditional plural)
serién (conditional plural)
present of haver + past participle (multiword-construction perfect present)
imperfect of haver + past participle (multiword-construction pluperfect)
preterite of haver + past participle (anterior multiword-construction past)
future of haver + past participle (future multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of haver + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
seya (present singular)
sea (present singular)
seyas (present singular)
seas (present singular)
seyamos (plural present)
seamos (plural present)
seyades (plural present)
seyáes (plural present)
seades (plural present)
seáes (plural present)
seyan (plural present)
sean (plural present)
fuésse (imperfect singular)
fués (imperfect singular)
soviesse (imperfect singular)
soviés (imperfect singular)
fuesses (imperfect singular)
soviesses (imperfect singular)
fuéssemos (imperfect plural)
soviéssemos (imperfect plural)
fuéssedes (imperfect plural)
soviéssedes (imperfect plural)
fuessen (imperfect plural)
soviessen (imperfect plural)
fuera (imperfect singular)
soviera (imperfect singular)
fueras (imperfect singular)
sovieras (imperfect singular)
fuéramos (imperfect plural)
soviéramos (imperfect plural)
fuérades (imperfect plural)
soviérades (imperfect plural)
fueran (imperfect plural)
sovieran (imperfect plural)
fuere (future singular)
fuer (future singular)
fuero (future singular)
soviere (future singular)
sovier (future singular)
soviero (future singular)
fueres (future singular)
sovieres (future singular)
fuéremos (future plural)
fuermos (future plural)
soviéremos (future plural)
soviermos (future plural)
fuéredes (future plural)
fuerdes (future plural)
soviéredes (future plural)
sovierdes (future plural)
fueren (future plural)
sovieren (future plural)
see (singular)
se (singular)
séy (singular)
seyamos (plural)
seamos (plural)
seyed (plural)
seed (plural)
sed (plural)
non (negative singular)
no seyas (negative singular)
no seas (negative singular)
non (negative plural)
no *seyamos (negative plural)
no seamos (negative plural)
no seyades (negative plural)
no *seyáes (negative plural)
no seades (negative plural)
no seáes (negative plural)

Spanish: ser (in part)

From Latin sedēre (“to sit”). As time passed, it merged with ser (“to be”), from Latin sum (“to be”).

Si souieres quedado serás sano ayna
(normalized) Si sovieres quedado, serás sano aína

between 1178-1250, Anonymous, Libro de Alexandre

Should you be resting, you will be sound rapidly

(normalized) Plegó a Sant Fagunt, quemó una partida, fue cerca de la media de Carrïón ardida; por poco fuera toda Frómesta consumida

between 1246-1252, Gonzalo de Berceo, The Miracles of Our Lady

It arrived at Sahagún, burned part of it, about half of Carrión de los Condes was burned down, and all of Frómista almost had been consumed

e farã ſignos é marauillas pora engannar los eſcogidos ſi ſeer puede
(normalized) E farán signos e maravillas pora engañar los escogidos si seer puede

1250, Anonymous, Pre-Alphonsian Bible E6 Mark.13.22

And they shall make signs and wonders to trick the elect if it can be (=if it's possible)

(normalized) … la ví tan graciosa, que apenas creyera que fuesse vaquera de la Finojosa

between 1436-1439, Íñigo López de Mendoza y de la Vega (Marqués de Santillana), Serranilla VII

… she appeared so beautiful in my view, that I could scarcely believe she was just a cowgirl from La Finojosa

in domo tua manes (tu siedes)
[in Latin] you sit/remain at home, [in Old Spanish, glossing Latin manēs ‘you remain’] you sit/remain

9th century, Anonymous, Glosas Emilianenses

Las armas auien presas & sedien sobre los cauallos

between 1140-1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid 1001

They had taken up arms and were sitting on their horses

Sed en ũtro eſcaño com̃o Rey a ſeñor
(normalized) Sed en vuestro escaño, como rey a señor

between 1140-1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid 3118

Sit on your chair, as a king [overlooking] a lord


soler

Ladino: s.hueler, soler, sueler, סוליר

Spanish: soler

Inherited from Latin solēre. Cognate with Old French soloir and Old Galician-Portuguese soer.

(auxiliary) to tend (to); to use to; to have the habit (of); to be accustomed (to); to be wont (to)


esta

third-person singular present indicative of estar

second-person singular imperative of estar


pesar

Spanish: pesar

From Latin pēnsāre. Compare the doublet pensar.

Si a vós ploguiere, Minaya, e non vos caya en pesar

c. 1140, “Cantar primero. Destierro del Cid”, in Cantar de Mio Cid:

If it pleases you, Minaya, and doesn't fall on you with burden


averiguar

Spanish: averiguar

From Late Latin vērificō, vērificāre (“present as if true; verify, prove true”), a semi-learned term. More in the entry of the modern descendant.

der

Ca el omne faldrido, et sabio, et manso, si quisiere desfazer la verdat et averiguar la mentira, a las vezes fazerlo ía así commo el buen pintor que pinta las imágenes en la pared que semejan a omne que sale della.

Because a clever man, who is wise and of calm temper, if he intends to undo truth and present a lie as if true, he will do it then like a good painter painting such good images on a wall that it seems a man is coming out of it.

present something as true, make something seem true

verify something, determine whether it is true


responder

head

responder (first-person singular present respondo, first-person singular preterite respuse, past participle respuso)

respondo (first-person present singular)
respuse (first-person preterite singular)
respuso (participle past)

Ladino: responder, ריספונדיר

Spanish: responder

Inherited from Latin respondēre (likely via Late Latin respondĕre).

E respusol ella: - Beve, mio señor, cuanto quisieres.

c. 1275, Alfonso X, General Estoria, primera parte, (published by Pedro Sánchez Prieto-Borja, 2002, Alcalá de Henares: Universidad de Alcalá de Henares):

And she replied to him, ‘Drink, milord, as much as you want.’

[…] e si respuende que non quier con el morar & que quiere maldizer el nonbre de Jhesu Cristo e lo quiere traer a la su carrera mala e a otro pecado mortal, dara la Iglesia a este otro licençia que case.

c. 1280, Alfonso X, General Estoria, tercera parte, (published by Pedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja and Bautista Horcajada Diezma, 1994, Madrid: Gredos, page 344):

[in the context of a man converted from Judaism to Christianity, regarding his Jewish wife] […] and if she replies that she wills not to live with him anymore, and that she is willing to curse the name of Jesus Christ and take him [back] to her bad ways or some other mortal sin, the Church shall give him a licence to [re]marry.

(ambitransitive) to answer; to reply (to give a written or spoken response)


abatir

Ladino: abatir, אבאטיר

Spanish: abatir

Inherited from Late Latin abbattere, from Latin battere.

(transitive) to bring down; to topple; to demolish; to take down


enojar

Spanish: enojar

Borrowed from Old Occitan enojar, from Late Latin inodiāre.


nombrar

Spanish: nombrar


nombrar

Mando los venir ala corth ⁊ a todos loᷤ iuntar
Qͣndo los fallo por cuenta fizo los nonbrar
Tres mill & ſeys çientos auie myo çid el de biuar
Alegras le el coraçon ⁊ tornos aſonrriſar
He ordered them to come to the court and to assemble,
and when he found them there, he had them counted and recorded.

c. 1140 to 1207, anonymous, Poem of the Cid 1263-1266

his heart was pleased, and he began to smile.


reparar

Ladino: reparar, ריפאראר

Spanish: reparar

(transitive) to repair; to mend; to fix (undo harm)


menear

Ladino: manear, menear, מיניאר, מאניאר

Spanish: menear

Variation of menar, from Latin mināre (“to drive”).


morar

Ladino: morar, מוראר

Spanish: morar

(intransitive) to reside; to dwell; to abide


reptar

Spanish: retar

Spanish: retar

Probably borrowed from Old Catalan or Old Occitan reptar, inherited from Latin reputāre.

rebtar (alternative)
rectar (alternative)


nevar

Ladino: inyevar

Spanish: nevar

From Vulgar Latin *nevāre, ultimately from Latin nivem (“snow”, noun). First attested in Alfonso X's General Estoria (see quotation).

E cuenta otrossí que los omnes d'aquella tierra que lo catan fallan por cosa provada que de la manera que nieva e llueve en tierra de Mauritaña ó es aquella fuent que d'essa guisa crece o mingua el Nilo.

ca. 1275, Alfonso X, General Estoria Primera parte, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez Pietro-Borja, 2002, Alcalá de Henares: Universidad de Alcalá de Henares)

And he says, moreover, that men of that land observe, and find it proven, that depending on how it snows or rains in Mauritania, where that source is found, thus the Nile increases or decreases.


parlar

Spanish: parlar

Borrowed from Gallo-Romance (cf. Catalan and Occitan parlar, French parler), from Early Medieval Latin parabolāre.

La muger que vos cree las mentiras parlando,
et cree a los omes con mentiras jurando,
sus manos se contuerçe del coraçón travando,

early 14th century, Juan Ruiz, Libro de buen amor

The woman who believes your lies you speak,
and believes men when they swear with lies,
wrings her hands, clutching at her heart,
for she poorly washes her face with weeping tears.

que mal se lava la cara con lágrimas llorando.


legar

Spanish: legar (regional, rare)

legáronli las manos con un fuerte dogal.

c. 1260, Gonzalo de Berceo, Milagros de Nuestra Señora:

They tied his hands together with a strong noose.

José A[ntonio] Pascual
w:José Antonio Pascual

w:Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico

to make impotent for procreation through the use of a spell or hex


faz

second-person singular imperative of facer


segar

Ladino: segar

Spanish: segar


dezir

Ladino: dezir, dizer, dizir

Spanish: decir

deçir (alternative)
dicer (alternative)
dizer (alternative)
dizir (alternative)


verter

Ladino: verter, ב׳ירטיר

Spanish: verter

Inherited from Latin vertere, from Proto-Italic *wertō, from Proto-Indo-European *wert-. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese verter.


exir

Inherited from Latin exīre.
According to Coromines and Pascual, unused by the 15th century, by the end of which Antonio de Nebrija reports a minor use of its imperative, exe/exi, as an interjection for dogs.
Had the word lived on in modern Spanish, it would have yielded *ejir.

Non oſan fueras exir nĩ con el ſe aiuntar

They do not dare go out, nor come across him [the Cid]


dexar

From earlier lexar and variants, from Latin laxāre.

Por mis fijas q̃m dexaron yo nõ he desonor / Ca uos las casastes Rey
(modernized spelling) Por mis hijas que me dejaron, yo no(n) he deshonor, / ca vos las casaste(i)s, rey.

between 1140-1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid 3149-3150

I have no dishonour [to account for] from my daughters, who left me [after they married], as you oversaw their marriage, my king

Todos son exidos las puertas dexadas an abiertas

between 1140-1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid 461

Everyone has gone out; they have left the doors open

Hyd por castiella & dexen uos andar minaya
(modernized spelling) Id por Castilla e déjen(v)os andar, Minaya.

between 1140-1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid 897

Go to Castille, and they should let you pass, Minaya


imos

(nosotros) imos

Inherited from Latin īmus, first-person plural present indicative active of īre (“to go”).

first-person plural present indicative of ir


ía

From Latin habēbat, third-person singular indicative imperfect of habeō.

first-person singular imperfect indicative of ir

third-person singular imperfect indicative of ir


sospirar

Spanish: suspirar

Sospiro myo çid ca mucho auie grãdes cuydados

between 1140-1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid 6

Sighed my Cid, because he had many big worries


exe

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Aorient exe el sol

between 1140 and 1207, anonymous, Cid 1091

third-person singular present active indicative of exir

second-person singular imperative of exir


trobar

Spanish: trovar

Probably borrowed from Old Occitan trobar, from Vulgar Latin *tropāre.

Nunca trobé en sieglo logar tan deleitoso

I never found anywhere else such a delightful place


premer

Spanish: premir

Ante mẏo çid la cabeça p̄mio & el Roſtro finco
(modernized spelling) Ante mío Cid, la cabeza premió, y el rostro hincó

between 1140-1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mío Cid 2299

In front of my Cid, [the lion] lowered its head, and put its head on the ground

Veriedes tantas lanças p̄mer & alçar
(modernized spelling) Veríedes tantas lanzas premer e alzar

between 1140-1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mío Cid 726

You would all see people lower and raise spears


fablar

Ladino: avlar

Spanish: hablar (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin fābulārī (“chat, converse”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese falar.


traxe

(yo) traje

From Latin traxī, first-person singular indicative perfect of trahō, trahere.

first-person singular preterite indicative of traer


averar

Spanish: adverar

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin advērāre.


yantar

From Vulgar Latin *iantō, iantāre (“eat lunch”), from Latin iēntō, iēntāre. See iēntāculum (“the first meal of the day”).

inh

Con eſtos dos caual͠los a pͥeſſa va iãtando
(normalized) Con estos dos cavallos a priessa va jantando

between 1140 and 1207, anonymous, Cid 1057

With these two knights, he dines hastily


atorgar

desc

Ladino: atorgar, atrogar, otorgar, אוטורגאר, אטורגאר

Spanish: otorgar

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin auctōricāre.

inh+

(transitive) to leave (as a guarantor) from a contract

(transitive) to grant; to concede; to admit; to bestow


pechar

Spanish: pechar

From pecho + -ar, the stem from Latin pactum (“agreement”); related to Medieval Latin pactō, pactāre.

Qual quier que a otro fuera de su casa metiere palo por el culo, peche dozyentos mr. & salga enemigo, si le fuere prouado; si non, saluese con doze vezinos & sea creydo o jure solo, & rresponda a rriepto, lo que al querelloso mas ploguiere.

ca. 1284-1295, anonymous, Fuero de Cuenca

Whosoever inserts a stick in the ass to someone who doesn't belong to their House shall pay 200 maravedis and become an Enemy, if it is proven; otherwise, may they be saved with 12 neighbours and believed, or may they swear alone responding to a Challenge (duel?), whatever the one demanding may prefer.


occidir

to kill, slaughter, butcher (as of animals in a slaughterhouse)


enoyar

Inherited from Late Latin inodiāre. Attested in Berceo.


arrufar

Of uncertain origin. First attested circa 1250. Compare with Galician and Portuguese arrufar.

Quando tú andudieres en pro del reinado, más que otro tu igual, non te arrufes en tener que lo fazes mejor que él, ca menos valerá por ello.


lexar

Ladino: deshar

Spanish: dexar, dejar

Inherited from Latin laxāre. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese leixar.

ne deseras te (tunon laisces)
[in Latin:] do not abandon yourself, [in early Old Spanish, glossing Latin nē dēserās 'do not abandon':] do not abandon

9th century, Anonymous, Glosas Emilianenses


judgar

Ladino: djuzgar

Spanish: juzgar

mas en las cosas que sson de juyzio de ssanta eglesia assi como ssacrilleios o pleito de casamjentos o de husuras o pleito de heregia o todo otro pleito que ssea ssobre cosa sspiritual & algunas otras cosas tenporales de que ffablamos en el quinto libro. dezimos que sse deuen judgar por ffuero de ssanta eglesia. assi como estableçieron los padres ssantos.

1260, Anonymous, Espéculo de Alfonso X (BNM 10123, as quoted in RAE's Corpus diacrónico del español of a publication of this title by Pedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares (Alcalá de Henares), 2004) paragraph 241

But on matters that of the jurisdiction of the Holy Church, and sacrilege, or a marriage dispute, usury, heresy, or any other dispute on a spiritual matter plus certain other temporal things covered in book V, we state that they are to be judged with a fuero of the Holy Church, as the Holy Fathers established.


finchar

Old Spanish: hinchar

Ladino: inchar

Spanish: hinchar

Papiamentu: hincha

From Latin īnflō, īnflāre, with consonant spread of the medial [f], namely via *hinhláɾe or *finfláɾe, cf. Spanish hallar, and see also henchir.

to blow into and inflate something, fill with air


frañer

De cómo los ídolos non pueden nada. E en los ídolos non á poder ninguno, si non que los que fueren de madero que si los mandares frañer e fazer fuego d'ellos que te cumplirán el oficio del ídolo de los de Caldea, esto es del fuego, e te calentarán e te cozrán qué comas, lo que te fará la leña que mandares adozir del monte, ca non á en ellos más de virtud nin de poder que en aquella leña.

c. 1275, Alfonso X, General Estoria I fol. 40r

On how idols cannot do anything. In idols there is no power of any kind beyond those typical of wood. If you order someone to break them, and make a fire from them to follow the office of the idol of Chaldaeans, that is, of fire, it will warm you and will cook your food, just like any wood that you would have brought in from the mountain, as there's no more virtue nor power in idols than in that firewood.


rabir

Inherited from Latin rapio, rapire. Displaced in Modern Spanish by a direct borrowing of rapio rather than this direct inherited form.


agradesçer

Spanish: agradecer

From a- + gradescer (“to thank”), derived from Late Latin grātum (“act of thanks”) + -ēscō, -ēscere.

E dixo que ha de aver en el creyente diez e seis virtudes: […] La quinzena es agradescer a Dios por las ocasiones que acaescen en el mundo.

ca. 1250, anonymous, Bocados de oro, (ed. by Mechthild Crombach, 1971, Bonn: Romanisches Seminar der Universität Bonn)

And he said that a believer must have sixteen virtues: […] The fifteenth one is to thank God for all events that happen in the world.


dereçar

Spanish: derezar (obsolete)

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *dīrēctiāre.


erzer

Spanish: erguir (rebuilt based on the conjugation yergo (“I raise”) (< Vulgar Latin *ergō)).

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *ergere, from Latin ērigere.


eñadir

Spanish: añadir

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *inaddere, from Latin in- (“into”) + addere (“to add”).

Non eñadrás ninguna cosa a sus palabras d'él

c. 1280, Alfonso X, General Estoria, tercera parte, (Pedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja and Bautista Horcajada Diezma, 1994, Madrid: Gredos, page 279):

You shall not add anything to His [God's] words


bevir

head

bevir (first-person singular present bivo, first-person singular preterite visque, past participle bevido)

bivo (first-person present singular)
visque (first-person preterite singular)
bevido (participle past)
bivir (alternative)
vevir (alternative)
viver (alternative)

Ladino: bivir

Spanish: vivir

En uerdat la uida que yo fiz en Iherusalem con mi yente desde que naci, todos los iudios la sopieron. Ca si quisieron testemunnar me, bien saben mi fazienda; ca uisque phariseo segund la secta de nuestra religion.

c. 1260, anonymous author, El nuevo testamento según el manuscrito escurialense i.j.6, (published by Thomas Montgomery and Spurgeon W. Baldwin, 1970, Madrid: RAE):

Verily, all Jews knew the life I lead in Jerusalem with my people since I was born. And if they wanted to testify against me, they know my doings very well, for I lived as a Pharisee according to the branch of our religion.

Alçó a Dios sus manos e fizo un pedido:
 "Rëy", -dixo-, "e padre, Señor, merçet te pido,
 si este lugar ha de seer destroído,
 que mates a mí ante, ca assaz he bevido.

c. 1240-1250, anonymous author, Libro de Alexandre, (published by Jesús Cañas, 1988, Madrid: Cátedra, page 208):

He (king Priam) said, "O King and Father, O Lord, I ask for mercy, if this place is to be destroyed, I wish you to kill me first, I have lived enough."


sonreir

Ladino: sonreir, sonriir, סונריאיר

Spanish: sonreír

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *subrīdīre, from Latin subrīdēre. Compare Old French sorrirre.

(reflexive) to smile (flex the lips upwards)