pez

Spanish: pez

Et a tal uertud que ſi la ponẽ ſobre mill peſos de pez faz los feruir por ſu p̃p̃dat biẽ como si estudieſſen a fuego.

And its virtue is such that if it is put over a thousand weights of pitch, it lights them due to its property, as if they were on fire.


pez

Ladino: peshkado

Spanish: pez

Inherited from Latin piscem, from Proto-Indo-European *peysk-.

[…] ca alli a una laguna q̃ ſe tiene cõ la. en q̃ a unos peces tamannos como un palmo. ⁊ no an eſcama nĩguna.

[…] for in that place there is a pool in which there are large fish, the size of a handspan, and they have no scales whatsoever.

And the northern start of the two that are on the belly of the last fish in the figure of Pisces has power over this stone […]

Idem, f.92r. Et la eſtrella meridional de las dos que ſon en el uientre del pez poſtrimero en la figura de piſces a poder en eſta piedra […]


peso

Spanish: peso

From Vulgar Latin *pēsum, from Latin pēnsum, from pendō (“I weigh”).

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, page 53r.:

And its virtue it such that if it is put over a thousand weights of pitch it lights them due to its property, as if they were on fire.

La ſegunda es q̃ ſi beuiere om̃e della peſo duna dragma purga melanconia temprada miente ⁊ bien.

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, page 79r.:

The second is that if one were to drink of it the weight of one drachma, it purges black bile soon and well.


pie

Ladino: pye

Spanish: pie

From Latin pedem, singular accusative of pēs, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds.

Vinierõ al flũ con el arca del teſtamẽt e q̃ndo cataron los pies de los ſac̃dotes enel agua partierõ ſe las aguas adieſtro ⁊ aſinieſtro e eſtidierõ cuemo mõtõ […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 28r:

They came to the river with the Ark of the Testimony, and when the feet of the priests touched the water the waters parted to the right and to the left, and they stood up like a heap […]

Aduxo moẏſẽ el pueblo del albergada. Al encuẽtro del nr̃o sẽnor e eſtidierõ al pie del mõt en mõte sẏnaẏ.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 18r:

Moses led the people from the camp to meet Our Lord, and they stood at the foot of the mountain, Mount Sinai.


color

Spanish: color m or f

Inherited from Latin color. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese coor.

[…] &́ vieron la gĺa de iſŕl dedios. Como huebra de blãcor. &́ de cristal. ⁊ como color de los cieloˢ mõdos […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 19r:

[…] and they saw the glory of the God of Israel, like a work of white and crystal, and like the color of realm of the heavens. […]


carne

Spanish: carne

From Latin carnem, singular accusative of caro, from Proto-Italic *karō, from Proto-Indo-European *ker-.

Aſſi diz el ſeñor dios a eſtos hueſos. é ẏo trametre en uos ſpiritu e biuredes é dare ſobre uoſ nerbios e dare ſobre uos carne e tendre ſobre uos cuero e dare en uos ſṕu ebiuredeſ. é ſabredes q́ ẏo ſo el ſenor.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63v:

Thus says the Lord God to these bones, “And I will put breath into you, and you will live. And I will bestow tendons upon you, and bestow flesh upon you, and I will lay skin over you. And I will bestow breath into you, and you will live. And you will know that I am the Lord.”


mosquito

Spanish: mosquito

→ English: mosquito

[…] ſera aguardado del danno delos moſquitos. ⁊ de todas maneras de moſcas que seã pozonadas o mordedores. / Et eſto es mas deſcendiẽdo ſobreſta piedra la ũtud de fig̃a de moſq̃to, o de alguna deſtas otras moſcas que dixiemos.

[…] he will be kept from the harm of mosquitos and all manners of flies that are venomous or that bite. And this will happen more when over this stone descends the virtue of the figure of the mosquito, or that of another one of the flies we mentioned.


juez

Ladino: גואיס (jues)

Spanish: juez (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin iūdicem. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese juiz and Old French juge.

[…] Quiçab. ha .L. iuſtos en eſta uilla e pues matar los as. E non parçiras allogar por los .L. iuſtos. Por fer eſta coſa uedado ſea ati. de matar el iuſto por el peccador. Nõ ſe juez en toda la tierra q̃ fẏzies eſte iudizio.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2r:

“ […] Perhaps there are fifty righteous in this city and thus you would kill them. Will you not spare the place for the fifty righteous? To do such a thing is far from you; to kill the righteous because of the sinner. I know not of a judge on earth who would make such a judgment”.


coral

Ladino: koral

Spanish: coral

Borrowed from Old French coral, from Latin corallium, from Ancient Greek κοράλλιον (korállion).

DEl dozeno grado del ſigno de tauro es la piedra aque dizen coral negro.

Of the twelfth degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone they call black coral.


lech

[…] And say, ‘I have appeared to you to deliver them from the hand of the Egyptians [and] to bring them out of that land and take them to the land good and broad that flows with milk and honey.’ […]

c. 1200, Alerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 12r. […] e di apparecim ati. por enpararle de mano de los egipcios. por ſacarlo deſta tiera. E leuarlo ala tierra buena ⁊ ampla. Q̃ mana lech. ⁊ miel. […]


dia

Ladino: diya

Spanish: día

Papiamentu: dia

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *dia, first-declension reshaping of Classical Latin diēs, from Proto-Italic *djous, from Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws (“heaven, sky”). Compare Old Occitan dia and Old Galician-Portuguese dia.

inh

Qvãdo lo ſopo labã al dia t̃cero. q̃ ſe ẏua priſo de ſos amẏgos. E fue trã Jacob. Andadura .vij. dias. e alcãçol en el mõte de galaath.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4v:

When Laban came to know on the third day that he was fleeing, he took his relatives and went after Jacob, walking seven days, and he overtook him on the hill of Gilead.


man

Fue el dia t̃cero al alba dela man. ⁊ vinẏerõ truenos ⁊ relãpagos ⁊ nuf grãt ſobrel mõt.

It was the early morning of the third day, and there came thunder and flashes of lightning and a great cloud upon the mountain.


angel

Ladino: andjel

desctree

Spanish: ángel
→ Cebuano: anghél
→ Chibcha: angel
→ Hiligaynon: anghel
→ Inabaknon: anghel
→ Karao: anghil
→ Mezquital Otomi: ě̱nxe̱
→ O'odham: aŋhil
→ Quechua: anqil
→ Tagalog: anghel
→ Tetelcingo Nahuatl: öngel
→ Waray-Waray: anghel
→ Yucatec Maya: ángel
→ Zoogocho Zapotec: angl

From Latin angelus (“angel”), from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos, “messenger, angel”).

der

eſtos angeles cõ q fablo abraã. vinieron a ſodoma e loth ſedia ala puerta dela cibdat. e violos e leuãtos cõtra ellõ. e omillos troa la tierra. e dixo les priego uos mios ſẽnores. Q̃ uẽgades acaſa de ur̃o ſieruo albergar.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2v:

These angels to whom Abraham spoke came to Sodom, and Lot was at the city's gate. And he saw them and he got up to greet them and groveled with his face to the ground. And he said, “I beg you, my lords, come spend the night at your servant's house.”

Idem, f. 4v.
[…] veno el angel del cr̃ador de noch ⁊ dixo alabã. Gvardate de aquel om̃e nol fagas mal.
[…] And the angel of the Creator came to Laban at night and said unto him, “Beware that man and do him no harm.”


baron

Spanish: varón, barón

Inherited from Latin barōnem. Sense 3 taken from the Old French cognate baron. Coromines considers the more general sense 2, which is attested earlier, to be indigenous.

c. 1200, La Fazienda de Ultramar, fol 6r
Los de ysmael vendieron a ioseph a furtifar el egypcio de pharaon conestable. en essa ora, exio iuda asos ermanos e vna mugier, fija de un baron de Canaan

The people of Ishmael sold Joseph to Potiphar the Egyptian Pharaoh's Constable. At that time, Juda departed to his brothers and a woman, the daughter of a man of Canaan.


fil

Apocopic form of filo or fillo. Perhaps influenced by forms akin to Old Occitan fil.

Entra a pharaon q̃ ẏo engrauiare so coraçõ. de los sieruos del criador. Por poner eſtas mis ſẽnales. ⁊ cuẽtalo delãte tos fiios al fil de tos fijos. Todo lo q̃ fiz en egipto en tus ſẽnales q̃ pus en ellos e ſabredes q̃ ẏo so el ſẽnor.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 14v:

“Go to Pharaoh, for I will harden his heart toward the servants of the Creator, that I may perform these My signs. And recount before your children and the child of your children all that I did in Egypt through your signs that I put among them, and you will know that I am the Lord.”


sal

Spanish: sal f (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin salem m. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese sal m and Old French sel m.

Et ſu p̃priedat es de aborrecer la ſal tanto que biẽ parece que a entramas grand enemiztat. ca ſi las ponen en uno. quiebra la piedra ⁊ mueles; ⁊ la ſal pierde la ſalgadumbre que a en ella.

And its property is that it loathes salt so much that it would seem that there is a great enmity between them both, for if they are placed together, the stone breaks, and the salt loses all the saltiness within.


metal

Spanish: metal

Borrowed with apocope from Latin metallum, from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon).

Et es grand marauilla que el fierro que uence todos los otros metales por fortaleza que a en ſi uence lo eſta piedra por ſu ṕṕedat.

And it is a great marvel that iron, which defats all other metals due to the strength it has, is defeated by this stone due to its property.

Idem, f. 21v.
Et otroſſi ſi lo mezclan con eſtanno torna negro. ⁊ ſi con plata lo mezclan recibe la blancura della ⁊ aſſi faz con cada metal.

And also, if they mix it with tin it becomes black, and if they mix it with silver it receives whiteness from it, and likewise with every metal.


domingo

Spanish: domingo (see there for further descendants)

From a shortening of Late Latin diēs Dominicus (“Sunday”, literally “day of the Lord”).

inh

[…] e aun dia de domingo entro biuo enel ſepulcro depues reguardarõ ſos om̃s el ſepulcro e noẏ trobarõ ſino magna q̃ bullie eolio.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

[…] And on a Sunday he entered the grave alive. Later, when his followers inspected the grave, they found there nothing but manna that bubbled and oil.


cuerpo

Spanish: cuerpo

From Latin corpus, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱrep-.

[…] depues uino en roma. e alli lo fizo el cruel nero degollar. e de ſo cuerpo salio lech en logar de ſãgre.

c. 1200, Almerich, w:Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

[…] and then he came to Rome, and there the cruel Nero had him beheaded, and from his body flowed milk instead of blood.


sangre

Ladino: sangre (Latin spelling), סאנגרי (Hebrew spelling)

Spanish: sangre

From an older Old Spanish sangne, from Latin sanguinem, accusative singular of sanguis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sh₂-én-, oblique stem of *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”).

Nolo matemos dẏxo ca nr̃o ermano es. nẏ nõ uertamos nr̃a ſangre. Echalle en aquel poço. Eſto dizie por enparalle. e rẽderle aſo padre.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

“Let us not kill him,” he said, “for he is our brother. Neither let us shed our [own] blood. Throw him into that pit.” He said this so as to protect him and return him to his father.

c. 1200, Unknown, Cantar de mio Cid, Line 354

He gave thee a blow with the lance in the broadside, where he left the blood.

Diot con la lança enel costado, dont yxio la sangre.

(...) Redempcion de pecados sin sangne nunca vino, sangne lava las almas de todo mal venino" (...)

c. 1264, Del Sacrificio de la Misa, cuarteto 98

Redemption of sins without blood never came, blood washes the souls from all venomous evil.


miel

Ladino: myel (Latin spelling), מייל (Hebrew spelling)

Spanish: miel

From Vulgar Latin *melem m or f, from Latin mel n.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 12r. b.
E leuarlo ala tierra buena & ampla. Q̃ mana lech. & miel.

And lead it to the good and broad land that flows with milk and honey.

Idem, f. 57r. a.

He will eat curds and honey to know and reject evil and choose good.

Manteca e miel cõbra por aborecer e ſaber el mal e eſleer el bien.

Idem, f. 82r. a.

On the seventh day they told Sampson, who is sweeter than honey and stronger than a lion.

Al dia ſeteno dixierõ lo ellos aſãsõ. Q̃ es mas dulce q̃ la miel o q̃l es mas fuerte del leon


arbor

Ladino: arvolé

desctree

Spanish: árbol
→ Basque: arbola
→ Cebuano: arbol
→ Sicilian: àrbulu, àrvulu (possibly)

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v. b.
ally delãt ebrõ. es mõt mãbre. e ouo y grãt arbor. e fue enzina. ala rayz daq̃l arbor estaua abraã.

There, past Hebron, is the hill Mamre, where there was a great oak tree. Abraham was [sitting] on the root of that tree.

And you shall defeat all cities and fortified towns, and fell all the good trees, and seal all the springs of water and ruin all the good pieces of land.

Idem, f. 42v. b. e crebantaredes todas cibdades en caſtelladas entodos los arbores fermoſos todas las fontanas del agua cerraredes. entodas las buenas señas abatredes […]


libro

Ladino: livro

Spanish: libro

dixo el nŕo ſenor a moẏſen qui peccare en mi deſfer loe de mio libro. Agora ue e di ami pueblo cuemo fable […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 20v:

Our Lord said to Moses, “Whoever has sinned against Me, I will wipe out of my book. Now go and say to my people how I have spoken. […] ”


osso

Spanish: oso
→ Yaqui: hooso

From Vulgar Latin *ussus (compare Old Galician-Portuguese usso), from Latin ursus.

Et las dos eſtrellas la que es poſtrimera delas dos q́ ſon en el ombro del oſſo.

And of the two stars, the one that is the furthest of the two that are the bear's haunch.

Idem, 96v.
[…] ⁊ no fazen danno en el logar do ella ſouiere leones ni oſſos. ni otros bestiglos malos

[…] and where it were placed, no lions, bears or other foul beasts would be dangerous.


casa

Ladino: kaza

Spanish: casa

dixo eliſeuₛ q́t fare di q́ as entu caſſa. la maceba nulla coſa en caſa. ſi nõ una oliera de olio

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 42v:

Elisha said, “What can I do for you? Tell [me], what do you have in your house?” [She said,] “Your maidservant has nothing in the house but a jar of oil.”

Idem, f. 80r.
por aq́l logar dixo nŕo ſeñor a ieremias, ve a caſa del orcero e ẏ fablare cõtigo.

Around that place Our Lord said to Jeremiah, “Go to the potter's house, and I will speak to you there.”


mies

Spanish: mies

From Latin messem, singular accusative of messis.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 61v. col. 1.
Todos / los iudios q̃ eran foydos por / todas tierras uinierõ agodolias / e eſtidierõ en la tra e cogierõ / ſus mieſſes eſus. Vendimias

All the Jews that had been made to flee across the land came to Gedaliah and settled the land and harvested their grains and grapes for wine.


temple

From Old Occitan temple or Old French temple. Compare the inherited tiemplo and the learned form templo, all ultimately from Latin templum.

embiol ael aſenachaerib toda la plata q̃ pudo trobar en la del criador. e el teſoro de los reẏſ. eſtoz cranto ezechias las puertas del temple e todo quanto pudo aù embiolo al reẏ de ſiria esto peſo al criador

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 53v:

He sent Sennacherib all the silver he could find in the [house] of the Creator and the treasury of the kings. Then Hezekiah broke the doors of the temple and all that there was he sent to the king of Assyria. This weighed upon the Creator.


dio

Ladino: dio

Inherited from Latin deum, the accusative form of deus (“god”). Doublet of dios, which came from deus, the nominative form.

Et por esta ocasion podrie seer que desuiarien los uuestros fijos a los nuestros del temor de dio & del su seruicio.

c. 1280, Alfonso X, General Estoria II, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja, 2002, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares)

[…] crebantaua la ley en los sacrificios. & del maltraymiento contra ell. porque aorauan los dios agenos.


agua

Ladino: agua / אגוה

Spanish: agua (see there for further descendants)

From Latin aqua, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ekʷeh₂ (“water”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v. b.
Vino ioſep aſos ermanos. e priſierõ le & deſpoiarõle el palio. e echarōle en el pozo. & este pozo era bazio e no yauia agua.
Joseph came to this brothers; they imprisoned him and unclothed him and threw him into the well, and this well was empty and had no water.

Idem, f. 13v. b.
Tornarõ ſe todas las aguas ẽ ſãgre.
And all of the waters turned into blood.


primavera

primavera

From Late Latin prīma vēra, from Latin prīmus (“first”) + vēr (“spring”). Cf. Old Galician-Portuguese primavera.

E como las avras asy prouadas en la primavera podras las sembrar

c. 1380 – 1385, Ferrer Saiol, Libro de Palladio 198r, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja, 2004, publisher: Universidad de Alcalá de Henares)

And once you have examined them [the chestnuts], you'll be able to sow them by the beginning of spring


don

Spanish: don (see there for further descendants)

From Late Latin dom, from domnus (“master, sir”), from Latin dominus, from domus (“a house”).

[R]emont por la gracia de dios. arçobispo de Toledo. a don almeric. arçidiano de antiochia con grant amor ſalut ⁊ amidtad.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:

Remont, by the Grace of God archbishop of Toledo, to master Almerich, archdeacon of Antioch, with great love, haleness and goodwill.

(honorific) sir, master; a title prefixed to male given names


don

Spanish: don

From Latin dōnum (“a gift”), from dō (“I give”).

eſtonces el rey dio grandes dones adaniel e diol ſennoria ſobre ſos ſabios e la cibdat de babilonia […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 65r:

Then the king gave Daniel great gifts and gave him rulership over his wise men and the city of Babylon […]


natura

Ladino: natura (Latin spelling), נאטורה (Hebrew spelling)

Spanish: natura

[…] aquella tierra o son falladas otras piedras de muchas naturas ⁊ muy nobles de que fablaremos adelante en eſte libro […]

[…] that land where other stones with many and very noble natures are found, of which we will speak later in this book […]

And it is cold and dry in nature, and its virtues are contrary to its nature; […]

Idem, f. 45r. De natura es fria et ſeca. ⁊ las ſus uertudes son contrarias a ſu natura. […]

Et aun a otra uertud muy eſtranna. que ſi la molierẽ ⁊ la amaſſaren cõ uino ⁊ fizierẽ della como bellota. ⁊ la puſieren en la natura dela mugier, uieda que no enprenne.

And it has yet another very strange virtue; that if it were to be ground and mixed with wine and shaped like an acorn, and put inside the vulva of the woman, it would prevent her from not becoming pregnant.


dragon

Spanish: drago, dragón (see there for further descendants)

From Latin dracōnem, accusative of dracō, from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn).

Et eſto faz deſcẽdiẽdo ſobrella la uertud de fig̃a de om̃e cubierto duna ſauana. ⁊ cauallero ſobre un dragõ ⁊ teniẽdo en ſu mano dieſtra una lãça.

And it does this when over it descends the virtue of the figure of a man covered with a sheet, and a knight riding a dragon with a spear in his right hand.

Idem, f. 118v.
Et es de la manera de las piedras ſeelladas. que los antigos gardauan. / Et presta pora echar los dragones. ⁊ las ſirpientes. de los lugares.

And it is akin to the sealed stones that the ancients kept. And it is good for expelling dragons and snakes from any place.


olla

Spanish: olla

From Latin ōllam, accusative singular of ōlla.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r. a.
Qvãdo ſeyemos ſobre las ollas de la carne & comyemos pã afartura.

When we sat by the pots of meat and ate bread until we were satiated.


padre

Ladino: padre

Spanish: padre
→ Classical Nahuatl: padre
→ English: padre
→ Mecayapan Nahuatl: pa̱lej
→ Tagalog: pari

Inherited from Latin patrem, singular accusative of pater, from Proto-Italic *patēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

Vinierõ los ermanos de ioſeph Que murio ſo padre. q̃çab mẽbrara ſo padre q̃l fẏziemos. e tornarnos a todel mal q̃l fẏziemos.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 11v:

[When] Joseph's brothers saw that their father was dead, [they said], “Perhaps he will remember his father [and] what we did to him, and he will repay us all the wrong we did to him.”


palabra

Ladino: palavra / פאלאברה

Spanish: palabra
→ English: palabra
→ French: palabre
→ Greek: παλάβρα (palávra)
→ Turkish: palavra
→ Romanian: palavră
→ Papiamentu: palabra
→ Tagalog: palabra

From Late Latin parabola, from Latin parabola (“comparison”), from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ, “comparison, parable”).

der

[…] ora alcriador e quiçab oẏra al nŕo ſennor las palabras e el orgul de rabceſſe q̃ lo trametio el reẏ de ſur ſo ſeñor por de noſtar al dios uiuo.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 54r:

“ […] Pray to the Creator and perhaps Our Lord will hear the words and pride of Rabshakeh, whom the king of the south, his master, sent to defy the Living God.”

apparecios el nr̃o ſeñor aſalomon e dixol eſta caſa q̃ tu fraguas ſi andares en mẏos fueros e en mios iudicios e ficieres mẏos comendamientos. afirmare mi palabra contigo como fable a dd̃ to padre

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49r:

Our Lord appeared to Solomon and said to him, “[As for] this house you are building; should you follow my statutes and ordinances and carry out my commandments, I will uphold with you my promise, [the one] I spoke to your father David.”

dixo ẏſaẏas a los menſageros q̃l embio el reẏ ezechias aſſi dizredes al nr̃o ſennor q̃ diz el criador Nõ temas delas menazas q̃ oiſt de los uaſſallos del reẏ de ſur. Afe yo trametre uiẽto ⁊ oyra tal palabra. por q̃stornara aſu tr̃a ⁊ ẏl fara morir aeſpada.

Isaiah said the messengers sent to him by king Hezekiah, “You will tell our master that thus says the Creator, ‘Do not fear the threats you have heard from the servants of the king of the south. Lo, I will send wind and he will hear a rumor such that he will return to his land, and there he will be made to die by the sword.’”


emperador

Spanish: emperador

From Latin imperātōrem. Documented since 1107.


pro

From Late Latin prōde (“useful”), perhaps via Old Occitan pro.

Andat ⁊ matemoſle. Echemoſle en aq̃l pozo. E ueremos que prol aura so suenno. […]

“Go and let us kill him. Let us throw him into that pit, and we shall see of what use his dream is to him! […] ”

Bien casariemos con sus fijas pora huebos de pro

1140 – 1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mio Cid 1374

We would do well marrying his daughters, out of need for [our own] benefit.

Andar le qⁱero amyo çid en toda pro

1140 – 1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mío Cid 1913

I want to always support the Cid.
(literally, “I want to walk for my Cid in every advantage.”)


grieve

From Early Medieval Latin grevem, alteration of Latin gravem.

Et los filoſofos precian la mucho por que ella a tal uertud que aquel que la trae conſigo aguzal mucho el entendimiento ⁊ el engenno, aſſi que ninguna coſa noles grieue de entender nin de aprender.

And philosophers prize it greatly because its virtue is such that, of he who has it with him, it sharpens their understanding and ingenuity, so that nothing is difficult for them to understand or learn.


anno

From Latin annus (“a year”), from Proto-Italic *atnos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-no-, probably from *h₂et- (“to go”).


rey

Ladino: rey

desctree

Spanish: rey
Chavacano: rey
Papiamentu: rey
→ San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo: rey

From Latin rēgem, singular accusative of rēx, from Proto-Italic *rēks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler, king”).

der

embiol ael aſenachaerib toda la plata q̃ pudo trobar en la del criador. e el teſoro de los reẏſ. eſtoz cranto ezechias las puertas del temple e todo quanto pudo aũ embiolo al reẏ de ſiria esto peſo al criador

He sent Sennacherib all the silver he could find in the [house] of the Creator and the treasury of the kings. Then Hezekiah broke the doors of the temple and all that there was he sent to the king of Assyria. This weighed upon the Creator.


culo

Ladino: kulo

Spanish: culo

From Latin cūlus (“arse”). Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese cuu.

Qual quier que fuere fallado en pecado sodomitico, quemenlo; & qual quier que a otro dixere "yo te fodi por el culo", si pudiere ser prouado aquel pecado que es verdad, quemenlos amos; si non, quemen a aquel que tal pecado dixo.

ca. 1284-1295, anonymous, Fuero de Cuenca

Whoever is found in the sin of sodomy, burn them. And if whoever says to another, "I fucked you in the arse", and it can be proved the sin is true, burn them both; otherwise, burn the one who mentioned such a sin.


tio

Spanish: tío
→ Catalan: tio

Ladino: tio

From Late Latin thius, from Ancient Greek θεῖος (theîos). Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese tio.

fuera / se pora Pamplona a conseiar se con / aquel su tio Rey don Garçia.

13th century, Estoria de España, volume 2, page 64v:


langosta

Spanish: langosta

From Vulgar Latin lacusta, from Latin locusta, lōcusta.

Clamo amoẏſẽ ⁊ a pharaon. e dixo peq̃ al ur̃o ſẽnor dios. Rogat por mi q̃ me ꝑdone eſta uez ſola. E riedre deſobre my eſta muert. Rogo moiſen al nr̃o ſẽnor. ⁊ veno uiẽto de fauõno ⁊ echo toda la langoſta en la mar.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 15r:

Pharaoh called Moses and said, “I have sinned against your Lord God. Pray that He forgive me just this once, and that He remove this death from over me.” [So] Moses prayed to our Lord, and the west wind came and cast all the locusts into the sea.


seraphin

osp-noun

seraphin m (plural seraphin or seraphines)

Spanish: serafín

From Late Latin seraphīm, from Biblical Hebrew שְׂרָפִים (śərāp̄îm, “seraphs, seraphim”).

der

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 55v. col. 2.
ſeraphĩ eſtaua diuſo del. e auiue .vi. alas caſcuno las dos crubiẽ ſus fazes elas dues crubrien sos piedes e cõ las dues uolaua

Seraphim stood above Him. They had six wings each. With two they covered their faces and with two their feet and with two they flew.

Idem, f. 56r. col. 1.
Euelo ami uno de los ſeraphin en ſue mano braſa q̃ con las tenazas p̃ſo del altar etannio ſobre mi boca

Then one of the seraphim flew to me; in his hand a live coal he had taken from the altar with tongs, and he touched it on my mouth


ala

Ladino: ala (Latin spelling)

Spanish: ala

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 67v. a.
la p̃mera ſemeiaua leon e auie alas de aguila ueye q̃ meſauan ſus alas e cayen atierra e ſobre ſos piedes como om̃e se leuãtaua

The first was like a lion, and it had the wings of an eagle. I saw its wings torn off and fall to the ground so that it stood on its feet like a man.


abece

Spanish: abecé

From the names of the first three letters of the Latin [Term?] alphabet.

[…] ⁊ en la ſazon q̃ deſcenden los rayos dela figura delas ſiete letras del abece de ſaturno […]

[…] and in the season in which descend the rays of the shape of the seven letters of the alphabet of Saturn […]


mosca

Ladino: moshka (Latin spelling), מושקה (Hebrew spelling)

Spanish: mosca

Et ſi tomaren cinco moſcas o ſiete ⁊ les tollieren las cabeças ⁊ las machucaren con eſta piedra. ⁊ las puſieren ſobre la ferida dela bieſpa, ſana luego ⁊ faz perder la dolor.

And if the took five flies, or seven, and they took their heads and crushed them with this stone, and they put them on a wasp sting, it would then heal it and alleviate the pain.


gloria

Spanish: gloria

[…] &́ vieron la gĺa de iſŕl dedios. Como huebra de blãcor. &́ de cristal. ⁊ como color de los cieloˢ mõdos […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 19r:

[…] and they saw the glory of the God of Israel, like a work of white and crystal, and like the color of realm of the heavens. […]


espada

Spanish: espada

From Latin spatham, accusative of spatha, from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “blade”).

Myo çid Ruy diaz el que en buẽ ora çinxo eſpada
My Cid, Ruy Díaz, who at a good time he girded himself with a sword (common epithet of the Cid)

between 1140 and 1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid 58

De natura es fria & humida / Et fazen della mangos pora cuchiello & pora eſpadas

It is cold and damp in nature, and they make handles for knives and swords out of it

la uertud dela figura de om̃e cauallero ſobre un leon, & que tenga en la mano dieſtra eſpada deſnuda, & en la ſinieſtra cabeça de om̃e

the virtue of the figure of a knightly man riding a lion, with an unsheathed sword at his right hand and the head of a man at his left hand


cielo

Ladino: sielo

desctree

Spanish: cielo
→ Guaraní: yvága (“heaven”) (semantic loan)
→ Hiligaynon: sielo
→ Papiamentu: shelu

Et la eſtrella ſiguient delas dos q́ ſon en el ombro ſinieſtro del boitre uolant a poder en eſta piedra ⁊ della recibe ſu uertud. Et quádo es en medio cielo, mueſtra eſta piedra mas manifieſta miente ſus obras.

And the star following the two located in the left elbow of the flying vulture has power over this stone, which draws its virtue from it. And when it is in the center of the sky, this stone more manifestly shows its works.

Idem, f. 94r.
[…] ca todas an uertud et fuerça que reciben de dios por mano delos ſus anǵĺs ⁊ por uertud delos cielos ⁊ delas eſtrellas que en ellos ſon.

For they all possess a virtue and strength which they receive from God at the hand of his angels and by virtue of the heavens and the stars in them.


queso

Ladino: kézo

Spanish: queso (see there for further descendants)

From Latin cāseum, accusative of cāseus. Cognate with Old Leonese keso and Old Portuguese queijo.

Et ſi la fregan con la leche. lo q̃ ende ſale, quaia toda la leche ſobre q̃ la pongan ⁊ por ende los daq̃lla tierra uſan della en ſus q̃sos. ⁊ en toda otra coſa de leche q̃ quierẽ quaiar.

And if they wash it with milk, what results from it curdles the milk into which it is put, and so the people of that land use it in their cheeses, or in any other dairy thing they wish to curdle.


alga

Spanish: alga

[…] Et la ſu olor es como de alga marina. ⁊ dend toma eſte nõbre

[…] Its smell is like that of seaweed, thus the name it has been given.


farina

Ladino: arina

Spanish: harina (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin farīna (“flour, meal”), from far (“emmer”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese farinha.

inh+

E dixo ella biua el ſénor dios q́ no e pan ſi nó un poco de farina en la tinẏella. E un poco de olẏo éna olẏera […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38r:

And she said, “As the Lord God lives, I have no bread, but only some flour in a jar and a little oil in an oil jug. […] ”.


dote

Spanish: dote

Borrowed from Latin dōs, dōtem, from Proto-Italic *dōtis, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃tis (“act of giving”).

der

E sy fijos non ouiere que pierda todos sus bienes las dos partes para la nuestra camara & la otra terçia parte para acusador. E estos bienes que asy se perdieren se entiendan sacadas las debdas & sacado el dote & arras de su muger.

ca. 1480, Ordenanzas reales de Castilla. Huete, Álvaro de Castro, 1484. BNM I1338, fol. 243r., (ed. by Ivy A. Corfis, 1995, Madison: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies)

And if he does not have issue (children), he shall lose all his possessions. Two thirds shall go to our chamber, and the third to the accuser [of blasphemy]. And by these possessions thus lost, his debts shall be considered solved, along with the dowry and downpayment of his wife.

Ley sesta. como la dote o el arra que resçibe el padre por su fijo o por su fija no deue venir a partiçion entre los otros hermanos.

1491, Alfonso X, Siete Partidas (BNM I 766), (ed. by Pedro Sánchez Prieto, 2004, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares)

Law 6. How the dowry or downpayment that a father receives for [the marriage of] his son or daughter shall not be split among the other siblings.


pueblo

Ladino: puevlo

desctree

Spanish: pueblo
Papiamentu: pueblo
→ English: pueblo

From Latin populum, singular accusative of populus (“people, nation”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 3v. a.
& dixo aella .ij. / gẽtes a ento vientre. & .ij. pu / eblos de tus entrãnas. ẏ ſtran.

And he said to her: "two nations are in your womb, and two peoples from within you will be separated."

Idem, f. 12r. b.
E dixo dios cate & ui. afflicci- / on de myo pueblo q̃ es en egip / to.

And God said: "I have noticed and seen the affliction of my people in Egypt."

Idem, 13r. b.
E dixierõ / a pharaon eſto diz el sẽnor. Dios / de iſrꝉ dexa mio pueblo. e ſeruir / me a en el deſerto.

And they said to pharaoh: "this is what the Lord, God of Israel, says: 'let my people go and they shall serve me in the desert'."


argent

From Old Occitan argent, from Latin argentum, from Proto-Italic *argentom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm.

cuemos torno putána la cibdad fidel plena de iudicios : iuſticia manie enella e agora homicidio. To argent es tónado eſcoria to uino es buelto en agua.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 55v:

How the faithful city full of righteousness has become a harlot! Justice dwelt within her, but now murder. Your silver has become dross and your wine has turned into water.


dios

Ladino: dio

Spanish: dios (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin deus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deywós. Doublet of dio, which came from the accusative form deum.

Lord, God of Israel, there is no god like you in the heavens or on earth […]

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 50r. a. Señor dios de iſrꝉ no a tal / dios en los cielos cuemo tu nĩ de yuſo en la tierra […]


holocaust

Caẏo fuego del ſẽnor e ardio el holocauſt e la lẽna ⁊ las piedras e el poluo ⁊ el agua q̃ era enla cequia.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 34r:

The fire of the Lord fell and burnt the offering and the wood and the stones and the dust and the water that was in the trench.

Idem, f. 76r.
[…] ⁊ uinierõ ⁊ fraguarõ la caſa ⁊ fizierõ ẏ altar. ⁊ ofreçierõ ſo olocauſt. como es eſc̃pto en la ley demoẏſen. uarõ de dios

[…] And they came and set the house and made an altar there. And they offered their burnt offering according to what is written in the Law of Moses the man of God.

Apocopic form of holocausto, burnt offering


diablo

Ladino: diavlo

Spanish: diablo
→ English: diablo
→ Tagalog: diyablo

From earlier diabolo, a semi-learned borrowing from Ecclesiastical Latin, Late Latin diabolus, from Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos).

slbor

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 31r. b.
O xp̃s ayuno .xl. dias & .xl. noches alli ſuſo en el mõt o quiſo tentar el diablo a xp̃s.

Christ fasted forty days and forty nights. There atop the mountain the Devil tried to tempt Christ.

Idem, f. 80r. b.
sobrela buelta da q̃l tenple el diablo q̃so tẽptar a ih̃u x̊

on the roof of that temple the Devil tried to tempt Jesus Christ


furto

Spanish: hurto


cristal

Ladino: kristal

Spanish: cristal
→ Tagalog: kristal

From Latin crystallum, from Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “ice”).

der

[…] &́ vieron la gĺa de iſŕl dedios. Como huebra de blácor. &́ de cristal. ⁊ como color de los cieloˢ módos […]

[…] and they saw the glory of the God of Israel, like a work of white and crystal, and like the color of realm of the heavens. […]


bufo

Del comer de las aves. De las aves, que son otrossí las animalias del tercero elemento, les dixo assí, que nin comiessen águila … nin aztor nin bufo nin...

c. 1275, Alfonso X, General Estoria, primera parte, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez Prieto-Borja, Alcalá de Henares: Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 2002)

On the eating of birds. Regarding birds, which are moreover the third element animals, He told them thus: they should not eat neither eagle, … nor goshawk, nor owl, nor...


cosa

Ladino: koza

Spanish: cosa

From Latin causa. Cognates include Middle English cause, Old French chose, Old Galician-Portuguese cousa, Italian cosa.


noche

Ladino: noche

Spanish: noche

From an earlier *noite, from Latin noctem, accusative of nox, from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts, cognate with English night.


yerro

Ladino: yerro

Spanish: yerro

[…] E dixo aſſi dizredes aioſep. Priegot q̃ perdones el ẏerro atos ermanos. e ſo peccado del mal quet fizierõ. Agora perdona a ſieruos del dios de to padre.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 11v:

“ […] and he said thus, ‘You shall say to Joseph: I beg you forgive the transgression of your brothers, and their sin of the wrong they did to you.’ Now, forgive the servants of the God of your father.”


yugo

Spanish: yugo

Passar so el jugo era el mayor vituperio que estonce se podía fazer en aquel tienpo a los vencidos: que era poner tres lanças en el canpo en manera de forca e que todos passasen por deyuso.

c. 1400, Pero López de Ayala, Traducción de las décadas de Tito Livio:

To go under the yoke was the greatest dishonour that, at the time, could be made to the defeated: it consisted of placing three spears on the field in the shape of a fork, and all would go under it.


campo

desctree

Spanish: campo
→ English: camp; campo
→ Ye'kwana: kamju

é aduxom al cãpo é era pleno de hueſſos e fizom trocir ſobrellos aderedor é eran muchos ſobre fazeſ del cãpo e eran ſecos muchoſ

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63v:

And He lead me to the field, and it was full of bones, and He made me pass over them all around. And there were many on the surface of the field, and they were very dry.


yema

Spanish: yema

Et su color es assi como yema de ueuo.

And its colour is similar to that of egg yolk.


fumo

Ladino: fumo, umo

Spanish: humo

From Latin fūmus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 71r. b.
dare ſenales & marauillas en / los cielos. e en las tieras ſan / gre e fumo pauoro / ſo.

I will give marvellous signs in the heavens; and on earth blood and fearsome smoke.


sabio

head

sabio m (plural sabios, feminine singular sabia, feminine plural sabias)

sabios (plural)
sabia (feminine singular)
sabias (feminine plural)

Spanish: sabio

From Latin sapidus, from sapiō (“to be wise”, literally “to taste of”), from Proto-Indo-European *sap- (“to try, to research”).

der

c. 1200: Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 64v.
e el reẏ con ſana q́ auie mando que mataſen todos los ſabios de babilonna e demandaron a danel e aſos conpaneros por matar

And the king, full of anger, ordered all the wise men of Babylon be put to death, and they sought Daniel and his companions to put them to death.


jornada

Spanish: jornada


papel

Spanish: papel (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Old Catalan paper. Attested from 1330.


querella

Spanish: querella

From Latin querēlla, from queror (“I lament, complain”).

Sacco moẏſen todos los blagos auiſta de fijos de iſrł. dixo el nr̃o ſeñor amoẏſen Torna elblago de aarõ delant el teſtamẽt por guardo lo por ſenal a fijos de isrł ⁊ q̃dar ſe an ſus q̃rellas de ſobre mj e nõ morã

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 23r:

Moses brought out all the staffs in view of the children of Israel. Our Lord said to Moses, “Put Aaron's staff in front of the Testimony to keep as a sign for the children of Israel, and they will hold back their complaints against me, and they will not die.”


marido

Ladino: maredo, marido

Spanish: marido
Chavacano: marido

From Latin marītus, from mās (“a male”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese marido.

vna mugier delos ppħtas clamo aeliſeuₛ ppħta edixol. To ſieruo mio marido es muerto e to ſabet q̃ fue temient del c̃ador afe do uiene eldebdor q̃ p̃ndras dos mios fijos por ſos ſieruos

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 42v:

[Now] the wife of one of the prophets cried out to Elisha the prophet and said to him, “Your servant, my husband, is dead, and you know that he was one who feared the Creator. And lo, his creditor is coming [and] he will take for himself my two sons as his slaves.”


justo

head

justo m (plural justos, feminine singular justa, feminine plural justas)

justos (plural)
justa (feminine singular)
justas (feminine plural)

[…] Quiçab. ha .L. iuſtos en eſta uilla e pues matar los as. E non parçiras allogar por los .L. iuſtos. Por fer eſta coſa uedado ſea ati. de matar el iuſto por el peccador. Nõ ſe juez en toda la tierra q̃ fẏzies eſte iudizio.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2r:

“[…] Perhaps there are fifty righteous in this city and thus you would kill them. Will you not spare the place for the fifty righteous? To do such a thing is far from you; to kill the righteous because of the sinner. I know not of a judge on earth who would make such a judgment”.


boca

Ladino: boka (Latin spelling)

Spanish: boca

All those who did not kneel their knees before the idol and all the mouths that did not kiss her […]

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 34r. b. Todos aq̃llos / q̃ nõ fincaron los ynojos / ala ydola e todas las bocas q̃ / la no beſaron […]

The prophet said: "that which the creator puts in my mouth, that is what I shall speak."

Idem, f. 42r. a. dixo el ppħa lo q̃ el criador puſie / re em mi boca eſſo fablare […]


viento

Ladino: viento

Spanish: viento


fuego

Ladino: fuego

Spanish: fuego

From Late Latin focum, singular accusative of focus (“fire”), from Latin focus (“hearth”).

[…] en ſemblança delas beſtias ſuujſta cuemo braſas de fuego encendidas e ſemblanca de lampades

[…] the appearance of the creatures was like burning coals of fire or like torches


leon

leon m (plural leones, feminine singular leona, feminine plural leonas)

leones (plural)
leona (feminine singular)
leonas (feminine plural)

desctree

Spanish: león
→ Bikol Central: leon, leyon
→ Guaraní: leõ
→ Kapampangan: leon
→ Papiamentu: leon
→ Quechua: liyun

From Latin leōnem, singular accusative of leō, from Ancient Greek λέων (léōn).

[…] cõ leõ ſe leuantara e con leona ſe alcara nos echara faſta q̃ coma. rabadura e ſangre de matados breura.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, 25r:

“ […] Like a lion it shall rise up and like a lioness it shall lift itself up. It shall not lie down until it eats prey, and the blood of those slain it shall drink.”

Et por ende a tal p̃priedat eſta piedra q̃ el q̃ la trae obedecẽ le los leones aſſi q̃ los puede tomar a manos ⁊ nol fará mal por q̃ el leó q̃ndo la uee pierde toda la fuerça ⁊ nõ a en ſi poder.

And such is the property of this stone that lions will obey he who bears it, so that he can touch them with his hands and they will not harm him, for when he sees it the lion loses all its strength and has in him no power.


bodega

Spanish: bodega

Entró enna bodega un día por ventura,
 bebió mucho del vino, esto fo sin mesura;
 embebdóse el loco, issió de su cordura,
 yogo hasta las viésperas sobre la tierra dura.

c. 1250, Gonzalo de Berceo, Los Milagros de Nuestra Señora, (published by Claudio García Turza, 1992, Madrid: Espasa-Calpe):

He entered in the cellar one day by chance, and he drank a lot of the wine, this was without measure. The madman became drunk, and lost his sanity. He lay until vespers on the hard ground.


cabello

Spanish: cabello

From Latin capillum, accusative of capillus.

Et a eſte nombre por que ſegund dize ptholomeo naſcen en aquella tierra en los arboles unas fructas en figuras de mugieres ⁊ cuelgan por los cabellos.

And it has this name because, according to Ptolemy, fruits in the shape of women grow on the trees of that land, and they hang by the hair.


puta

Spanish: puta

From a Vulgar Latin *pūtta, of uncertain origin, perhaps derived from Latin *puta, female form of Latin putus (“teeny boy”), a hapax legomenon of dubious reading.

llamar vos han fijo de puta, mas non fijo de traydor

by 1325, Anonymous, Crónica de veinte Reyes, (ed. by Terrence A. Mannetter, 1995, Madison: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies)

They shall call you son of a bitch, but not son of a traitor.


reyna

Spanish: reina (see there for further descendants)

Alli delãt gazar baptizo ſãt felip al rẏc õe q̃ era de cãdace la reẏna. ⁊ el era de ethiopia e veno a iħrꝉm al tenple orar. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 82v:

There, before Gaza, Saint Philip baptized the rich man who was of Candace, the queen. He was from Ethiopia and had come to Jerusalem to pray at the temple. […]

[…] quiſo dios que uinieſſe a manos del noble Rey don alfonſo fijo del muy noble Rey don ferrando ⁊ dela reyna donna beatriz […]

[…] God wanted it to come to the hands of the noble king don Alfonso, son of the very noble king don Ferdinand and the queen, lady Beatrice […]


verano

Ladino: enverano

Spanish: verano

Que ffué ffecho en tienpo de la pasqua, esto es que assí commo ella es lueñe del tienpo destenporado del yuyerno e llegasse al verano, que es tienpo nueuo con grant tenplamiento porque non ha en él ffrío nin grant calentura e veen los omnes las cosas que les plaze e rreçiben grant plazer e grant ssabor dellas

c. 1252 – 1270, Alfonso X, Setenario, (ed. by Kenneth H. Vanderford, 1945, Buenos Aires: Instituto de Filología de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Buenos Aires)

And it was done at Easter due to being far from the unbalanced time of winter, spring having arrived, a new time of great balance as there is neither cold nor great heat, and people can see the things they like and receive, with great pleasure, their taste.

mid–late 13th c., Siete Partidas, I.V.XIII
...et las primeras, que son de verano, comienzan en el segundo miercoles de quaraesma, et las segundas, que son del estivo, comienzan en el primero miercoles despues de cinquaesma...

...and the first [set of Ember Days], which are in spring, begin on the second Wednesday of Lent, while the second [set of Ember Days], which are in summer, begin on the first Wednesday after Pentecost...


dinero

Spanish: dinero

From Vulgar Latin *dīnārius, an alteration of Latin dēnārius. Coromines and Pascual explain the /i/ as the result of influence from Byzantine Greek δηνάριον (dinárion). Compare Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, Old Venetian dinaro.

Et si fueren cabras o oueyllas una o .ijᵒˢ. ata .ixᵉ. deuen por cada pie un dinero.

1300 – 1330, anonymous, Fuero Navarra (BNM ms. 248) 20

And if it's goats or sheep, one or two up to nine, they owe a coin for every trotter.

ſi nõ tenedes din͠os / echad ala vnos peños
(modernized spelling) Si non tenedes dineros, echad allá unos peños

If you don't have money, throw some belongings there


af

[…] Et q̃ deſcẽda ſobreſta piedra la uertud de om̃e q̃ tẽga en la mano dieſtra lança ⁊ en la ſinieſtra un af traſtornada.

[…] And may over this stone descend the virtue of the man with a spear in his right hand and an upturned bird on his left.


cama

Inherited from Late Latin camba. Eventually lost, likely due to homophony with cama (“bed”). Cf. Catalan cama (“leg”).


estrella

Ladino: estreya

Spanish: estrella, Estrella (see there for further descendants)

From Latin stēlla, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v. a.
Sõnaua q̃ el ſol. e la luna. E .xj. eſtrellas me adorauan.

I dreamt that the sun, then the moon, then eleven stars worshiped me.

Idem, f. 77v. b.
alli luego guio el eſtrella alos tres reyes magos que uinjeron de orient.

there the star later guided the Three Wise Men that came from the east.


escalera

Ladino: eskalera (Latin spelling)

Spanish: escalera

From Late Latin scālāria, from Latin scālae (“stairs”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 18v. b.
Nõ ſubas cõ eſcalera ſobre myo altar q̃ non ſe deſcubra to cuerpo ſobre myo altar

Do not go up by steps unto my altar, do not let your body be exposed over my altar.

Idem, f. 46v. b.

In the night came a vision where he saw a stairway resting on the earth, with its top reaching to the heavens, and the angels of the Lord were ascending and descending it.

e veno en viſion dela noch q̃ vedia una eſcalera q̃ eſtaua ſobre la tierra e el cabo tenia ſobre los cielos eangeles de nr̃o ſennor ſubiã e deſcendian.


miedo

Spanish: miedo

la mugier de loth torno la cabeça e [fi]zos ymagen de ſal. Loth ouo miedo de ſeer ẽ ſegor eſubio alas mõtãnas cõ ſus .ij. fijas. eſtido en una cueua con ſus .ij. fijas.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2v:

Lot's wife turned her head and she became a figure of salt. Lot was afraid of staying in Zoar and [so] he went up to mountains with his two daughters, [and] he settled in a cave with his two daughters.


encuentro

Spanish: encuentro

Corrio eſau aencuẽtro de ſo ermano. E abraçol ⁊ echo ſobre ſo cuello el braço. E ſaludolo. ⁊ omillos eſau. E toda ſu cõpãna de iacob.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5r:

Esau ran to meet his brother, and he embraced him and put his arm over his neck. And he greeted him and bowed before Esau, and so too all of Jacob's company.


sacerdote

Spanish: sacerdote
→ Classical Nahuatl: sacerdote

Borrowed from Latin sacerdotem, from sacer (“sacred, holy”).

Vinierõ al flũ con el arca del teſtamẽt e q̃ndo cataron los pies de los ſac̃dotes enel agua partierõ ſe las aguas adieſtro ⁊ aſinieſtro e eſtidierõ cuemo mõtõ […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 28r:

They came to the river with the Ark of the Testimony, and when the feet of the priests touched the water the waters parted to the right and to the left, and they stood up like a heap […]


pecho

Inherited from Latin pactum (“agreement”).


espuma

Spanish: espuma

From Latin spūma, from spuō (“I spit, spew”).

DEl .iij. grado del ſigno de libra, es la piedra q̃l dizen alguẽna ⁊ es la ſegunda manera de eſpuma de mar.

Of the third degree of the sign of Libra is the stone they call algal; it is the second kind of sea foam.


duelo

Spanish: duelo

From Late Latin dolus. Related to Latin dolor (“pain”).

Oyo eſto eſto el pueblo e ou gñde duelo enõ ſe q̃ſo guarnir deſu ueſtir. dixo nr̃o ſeñor amoẏſẽ diles q̃ ſe guarneſcã eẏo ſabre q̃ leſ fare. priſierõ fiios de iſrɫ. ſo guarnimiẽto de mõte oreb

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 20v:

The people heard this and there was great mourning, and they did not want to adorn their dress. [For] Our Lord said to Moses, “Tell them to adorn themselves and I will know what I will do to them.” [So] the children of Israel took off their ornaments from Mount Horeb [onward].


cortina

Spanish: cortina (see there for further descendants)

From Late Latin cōrtīna (“curtain”). First attested in Berceo.


cortina

Spanish: cortina (regional)

Inherited from Late Latin cōrtīna (“bit of enclosed land”). First attested in 1118.


anciano

Spanish: anciano

Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico

Ultimately from Vulgar Latin *anteānus. Attested in Berceo.


cuello

Spanish: cuello (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin collum. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese colo and Old French col.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5r. a.
Corrio eſau aencuẽtro de ſo ermano. E abraçol & echo ſobre ſo cuello el braço.

Esau ran to meet with his brother, then he hugged him and put his arm over his neck.

Idem, f. 61r. a.

He said these words throughout the city of Jerusalem while walking with the chain around his neck

Eſtas palabras hyua diziendo por la uilla de ih̃r̃l̃m e yua cõ la cadena enel cuello


espalda

Ladino: espalda (Latin spelling)

Spanish: espalda

From metathesis of Vulgar Latin *spatla(m), from Late Latin spatulam, accusative of spatula (“broad, flat piece”), from classical Latin spatha.

[…] la uertud de figura de mugier con alas que eſte leuantada en pie. ⁊ con los cabellos luengos echados atras. ⁊ eſparzidos ſobre las eſpaldas.

[…] the virtue of the figure of the winged woman who is standing on one foot, her hair long and drawn back, and spread over her back.


cisterna

Spanish: cisterna

From Latin cisterna (“cistern, tank”), from cista (“box”), from Ancient Greek κίστη (kístē, “box, chest”).

der

vino ruben ala ciſterna. E nõ ẏuẏo aioſeph. e rõpio ſos ueſtidos cõ peſar q̃ ouo. E dẏxo nõ ẏes. yo do ẏre.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

Reuben came to the cistern and did not see Joseph there, and he tore his clothes over the sorrow he felt, and he said, “He is not there! Where shall I go?”


cebolla

Ladino: sevoya

Spanish: cebolla (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Late Latin cēpulla, diminutive of Latin cēpa. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese cebola.

Et a tal propriedat que ſi la meten en çumo de cebollas, pierde aquella uertud que dixiemos que a de quaiar el argent uiuo.

And its property is such that if it is placed in onion juice, it loses the virtue we said it has, which is setting quicksilver.


noch

veno el angel del cr̃ador de noch ⁊ dixo alabã. Gvardate de aquel om̃e nol fagas mal.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4v:

[But] the angel of the Creator came to Laban at night and said to him, “Beware of that man and do him no harm.”


nief

Et los egiptianos llaman le la nief de acin ⁊ eſto es por que a color blanca.

And the Egyptians called it the snow of Acin, because of its white color.


abeja

Spanish: abeja

[…] A cabo de dias tornos por préder la ⁊ aplego por ueer o ẏazia el leó muerto. efallo enel cuerpo del leó .j. enſáne dabejas e mẏel : crebátolo có ſus manos ⁊ comẏo

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 82r:

[…] After some days he returned to take her, and he approached to see where the dead lion lay. And he found in the lion's carcass a swarm of bees and honey. So he broke it with his hands and ate.


castiello

Ladino: kastilyo

Spanish: castillo (see there for further descendants)

From Latin castellum, diminutive of castrum (“fort”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 31r. b.
de lãt ierico es el caſtiello de macherõta o herodes tetrarca deſcabeço a ſant ioħn bƀa.
past Jericho is the fortress of Machaerus, where Herod the tetrarch beheaded Saint John the Baptist.

on this shore there is a castle they call Corazaym, where it is said the Antichrist will be raised

Idem, f. 34v. a. en eſta riƀa a .J. caſtiello q̃ dizen corazaym o diz q̃ ſera nodrido el ante xp̃o […]

Idem, f. 44r. a.
eploro heliſeus e demandol aſahel por que ploraua e dixol heliſeus por el mal que faras a fijos de iſrael ſos caſtiellos a eſpada los metras los nĩnos elas pẽnas carpiras.

Then Elisha wept, and Hazael asked why he was weeping and Elisha answered: "Because of the harm you will do the sons of Israel; [and to] their strongholds; you will kill the children by the sword and rip open the pregnant women."


vasallo

Spanish: vasallo

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 11r. b.
E ſubieron cõ el todos ſos vaſallos de pharaon. los mayores de su caſa de pharaon & todos los mayores de egypto.

And all of Pharaoh's vassals went forth with him; the elders of the house of Pharaoh and all the elders of Egypt.


vejez

Ladino: vejéz

Spanish: vejez

[…] Qve ẏo loar me pueda de ti en my veiez. Aſſẏ cuemo me loe en mẏ iuuẽtud.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:

[…] That I may be able to rejoice in you in my old age as I rejoiced in my youth.

veiez

alternative representations of the spelling


piedra

Spanish: piedra

From Latin petram, accusative of petra, from Ancient Greek πέτρα (pétra).

Et por ende a tal p̃priedat eſta piedra q̃ el q̃ la trae obedecẽ le los leones […]

And such is the property of this stone that lions will obey he who bears it […]

Idem, 11v.
[…] alli do el ryo naſce ay unas muy grandes & otras pequẽnas como de otras piedras non pueden traer estos aguaduchos ſi non las menores.

[…] there at the source of the river are both very large and small stones, like others, but these currents cannot carry but the smaller ones.


ossa

Spanish: osa

From Latin ursa, feminine of ursus (“bear”).

Et la eſtrella que es en cabo dela oreia delantera dela oſſa mayor a poder ſobreſta piedra ⁊ della recibe la fuerça ⁊ la uertud.

And the start that is on the front ear of the Great Bear has power over this stone, and it receives its strength and virtue from it.


azur

Spanish: azul

From Arabic لَازُوَرْد (lāzuward, “lapis lazuli”), from Persian لاجورد (lâjvard, “lapis lazuli”).


monje

desctree

Spanish: monje
→ Cebuano: monghe
→ Tagalog: monghe

Borrowed from Old Occitan monge, from Late Latin monicus, variant of monachus.


tribu

Spanish: tribu
→ Cebuano: tribo
→ Tagalog: tribo, tribu

Borrowed from Latin tribus, from the root of trēs (“three”). Compare Old French tribu.

Embio moẏſen .xij. barones de cada tribu ⁊ plegarõ faſta tr̃a demaach ⁊ uinierõ atr̃a de ebrõ.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 22v:

Moses sent twelve men from each tribe, and they reached the land of Hamath and came to the land of Hebron.

Saint Paul, who before had the name Saul, was of the tribe of Benjamin. He was born in Judea, and in the second year after the Passion of Jesus Christ Ananias baptized [him] in Damascus […]

Idem, f. 79r. Sant pablo q̃ ante auie nõbre ſaulus fue del tribu de beniamin naſcio en iuda e al ſegũdo año ap̃s dela paſſiõ de iħu xp̃o baptizo ananias e damaſco […]


mayoral

Spanish: mayoral

[…] e enbẏo amonte libano .lxxx. mil om̃s q̃ taiaſſen madera. e .lxx. mil maçoneros pora la obra de la piedra ſin los maẏorales q̃ les comendauan q̃ auien a fer.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49r:

[…] And he sent to Mount Lebanon eighty thousand men to cut wood and seventy thousand masons for the working of stone, besides the foremen who commanded them what they were to do.


mont

Fue el dia t̃cero al alba dela man. ⁊ vinẏerõ truenos ⁊ relãpagos ⁊ nuf grãt ſobrel mõt.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 18r:

It was the early morning of the third day, and there came thunder and flashes of lightning and a great cloud upon the mountain.

Apocopic form of monte; a mountain or hill.


madera

Spanish: madera

From Latin māteria, from māter (“source”, literally “mother”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese madeira.


mur

From Latin mūrem, accusative singular of mūs.

Et alçó los ojos contra las dos ramas et vio estar en las raízes dellas dos mures, el uno blanco et el otro negro, royendo sienpre, que non quedavan.

1251, anonymous, Calila e Dimna 14, (ed. by Juan Manuel Cacho Blecua, María Jesús Lacarra, Madrid: Castalia, 1993)

And he raised his eyes towards the two branches [he was hanging on from], and saw that at the roots there were two mice, one white and the other black, constantly gnawing to the point there hardly remained any roots anymore.


adulterio

Ladino: adulterio

Spanish: adulterio

Borrowed from Latin adulterium (“adultery, pollution, defilement”), from adulterō (“I adulterate, defile”).

bor+

fijos de iacob uinieron ſobre los matados e ṕron la cibdat de quanto que fallaron toda ſu conpana ⁊ todas ſus mugieres captiuaron por el duelo del adulterẏo de dina ſu ermana

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 45r:

[The] sons of Jacob came upon de dead bodies and looted from the city everything they found. All its children and all its women they took captive in sorrow over the defilement of their sister Dinah.


mula

desctree

Spanish: mula
→ Ayutla Mixtec: mula
→ Taos: mùloʼóna
→ Zacatepec Chatino: mùlyā

From Latin mūla, feminine of mūlus (“mule”).

E dixo acab a abdias ue ala tr̃a por las fontanas todas de las tr̃as ⁊ por las torriẽtes quiçab trobaremos yerba ont biuan los cauallos elas mulas e nõ p̃damos las beſtias.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38v:

And Ahab said to Obadiah, “Go into the land to every fountain throughout the land and to the brooks. Perhaps we will find grass on which the horses and mules can live, that we may not lose the beasts.”


apio

apio

Inherited from Latin apium. First attested in the mid-13th century.

E si camiaren por la grand calentura que an, tomen de la semiente del apio tanto quanto entendieren que avrán mester

1250, Abraham de Toledo, Moamín, libro de los animales que cazan, (as shown in the RAE's diachronic corpus, from an edition by Anthony J. Cárdenas for Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies (Madison))

And if they [the animals] change due to the great fever, they sould take as many celery seeds as they may need


brasa

Spanish: brasa

From Old French brese (“glowing charcoal”), of Germanic origin, from Proto-West Germanic *brasa, from a Proto-Germanic root related to *brewwaną (“to boil, seethe, brew”). However, compare Proto-Indo-European *bʰres- (“to crack, break, burst”).

der

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 56r. col. 1.
Euelo ami uno de los ſeraphin en ſue mano braſa q́ con las tenazas ṕſo del altar etannio ſobre mi boca

Then one of the seraphim flew to me; in his hand a live coal he had taken from the altar with tongs, and he touched it on my mouth

Idem, f. 63v. col. 1.
en ſemblança delas beſtias ſuujſta cuemo braſas de fuego encendidas e ſemblanca de lampades

the appearance of the creatures was like burning coals of fire or like torches


cort

[…] e fue reẏ de tr̃a de iudea. ⁊ de tr̃a de isrꝉ. e de ihrꝉm e de ſamaria e fazia cadaun dia grãt eſpenſa e tenia g̃nt cort.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 51v:

[…] And he was king of the land of Judah and of the land of Israel, and of Jerusalem and of Samaria. And every day he incurred great expense and had a numerous court.

Apocopic form of corte; court (retinue of a monarch)


ramo

Spanish: ramo

[…] de pues enbio el palomo ⁊ ueno a ora de uieſperas aduxo ramo de olẏua cõ ſus fojas uerdes en su boca

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37r. col. 2.

[…] and then he sent out the dove, and it came in the evening with an olive branch with green leaves in its beak.


cedra

Inherited from Vulgar Latin citera, from Latin cithara.

To you I say people and plebes and languages, at the time you hear the sounding of the horns and the zithers (...)

c. 1200, La Fazienda de Ultramar, fol 65r Auos digo pueblo e yentes plieues e lenguaies al ora que oyerdes tocar las boçinas e las cedras (...)


asno

head

asno m (plural asnos, feminine singular asna, feminine plural asna)

asnos (plural)
asna (feminine singular)
asna (feminine plural)

Ladino: azno

desctree

Spanish: asno
→ Cebuano: asno
→ Classical Nahuatl: axnoh
→ Tagalog: asno

Nõ cobdicies coſa de to uezino. Ni cobdicies mugier de to proximo. Nẏ ſu mãceba. ny ſo bueẏ. ni ſo aſno. Ni su mula. Ni nulla coſa de to vezino.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 18v:

Do not covet your neighbor's goods. Nor covet your neighbor's wife, nor his female servant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, nor his mule, nor any other thing that belongs to your neighbor.

Idem, f. 36r.
Job fue much rich õe e ouo .v. fijos. ⁊ .iij. fijas. ⁊ ouo .mil. ouejas. ⁊ .iij. mil. camellos. ⁊ .d. iugos de bueẏes. ⁊ .v. mil aſnas.

Job was a very rich man. And he had five sons and three daughters. And he owned a thousand sheep and three thousand camels and five hundred yoke of oxen and five thousand donkeys.


abismo

Spanish: abismo

From Late Latin *abyssimus, from Latin abyssus (“bottomless gulf”), from Ancient Greek ἄβυσσος (ábussos, “bottomless”).

der

Qvando entro noe en el archa auẏe .dc. annos e fue el diluuio de las aguas abrieron ſe todas las fótanas del abiſmo ⁊ fueron abiertas las fẏnieſtras de los cielos e plouio ſobre la tŕa .xL. dias ⁊ .xL. noches.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37r:

When Noah entered the ark he was six hundred years old. And the deluge of the waters took place. All the fountains of the deep were opened and so too the windows of the heavens. And it rained upon the earth forty days and forty nights.


cassa

Lidiaron conel Reẏ de moab deſbaratoron le. e aueno les aſſi cũ dixo el ppħa entornos cadauno aſſu caſſa.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 42v:

They fought with the king of Moab [and] they annihilated him. And it happened just as the prophet had said, and each one returned to his house.


facha

Borrowed from Old French hache. First attested in the 13th century, in the Cantar de Fernán González.


facha

From Vulgar Latin *fascla, from syncopation of *fascula, presumably from a crossing of Latin facula and fascis. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese facha. First attested ca. 1400.


esperança

Ladino: esperansa

Spanish: esperanza

From Vulgar Latin spērantia, from Latin spērāns.

é dixo ami fil domne eſtos hueſſos caſado de iſrɫ ſon e odizé ſecaron ſe nŕos hueſos. e. deſperdios nŕa eſperança e fomos taiados.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63v:

And he said to me, “Son of man, these bones are the house of Israel. And they say, ‘Our bones dried up and our hope is lost, and we are cut off.’”


palio

Spanish: palio

Vino ioſep aſos ermanos. e priſierõ le ⁊ deſpoiarõle el palio. e echarõle en el pozo. ⁊ eſte pozo era bazio e non ẏauia agua.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

Joseph came to his brothers, and they took him and stripped him of his robe, and threw him into the pit. And this pit was empty, and there was no water there.


pedaço

Ladino: pedaso

Spanish: pedazo

From Vulgar Latin pitaccium, consonant-length metathesis of Latin pittacium (“label”), from Ancient Greek πιττάκιον (pittákion, “ticket, receipt”).

Et fallan la ſiempre en forma de redoma ⁊ parece dentro en ella figura de ſanguſuela. ⁊ ſi la quebrantan en cada pedaço fallã otro tal.

And they always find it shaped like a vase, and inside it seems to have what looks like a leech, and if they break it, in each piece they find the same.


ceda

The name of the Latin-script letter Z/z.


fija

Ladino: ija

Spanish: hija (see there for further descendants)


fijo

Ladino: ijo

Spanish: hijo (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin fīlius. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese filho and Mozarabic פליו (flyw).


escama

Spanish: escama

From Latin squāmam, accusative of squāma.

[…] ca alli a una laguna q̃ ſe tiene cõ la. en q̃ a unos peces tamannos como un palmo. ⁊ no an eſcama nĩguna.

[…] for in that place there is a pool in which there are large fish, the size of a handspan, and they have no scales whatsoever.


heredad

heredad

Tod ome d'otra uilla que uiniere demandar a nuestro uizino heredad, por nuestro foro le responda.

1234 – 1275, anonymous, Fuero de cáceres 315

Any man from another village who comes asking a neighbour of ours for inheritance must respond to him with our fuero.


guisa

Spanish: guisa

From a Germanic root related to *wīsaz (“wise”), perhaps through Gothic *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰 (*weisa). Cognate with German Weise (“way, manner”).

Vio ſaul el albergada de los philiſteos e ouo mẏedo. ⁊ demãdo c̃ſeio al nr̃o ſẽnor. E nol reſpõdio en nulla guẏſa.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 32v:

[Then] Saul saw the encampment of the Philistines and he was afraid. And he sought the counsel of Our Lord, [but] He did not respond to him in any way.


sufre

Spanish: azufre

From Latin sulfur, sulphur, sulphure, from Proto-Indo-European *swelplos, from the root *swel- (“to burn, smoulder”). Compare Catalan sofre and French soufre.

[…] ⁊ puſieren cabo della un poco de ſufre. ⁊ ruciaren la piedra con agua ſaldra della fuego tan fuerte […]

[…] and should they put atop it some sulfur and spray it with water, then the stone would spit fire so strong […]

Idem, f. 13r.
& es fallada en tierra de affrica en las mineras del ſufre. Liuiana es. ⁊ fuerte de q̃brantar.

And it is found in the land of Africa, in the sulfur mines. It is light, but also hard to break.


camisa

Ladino: kamisa

Spanish: camisa (see there for further descendants)

From Late Latin camisia, borrowed from Proto-West Germanic *hamiþi, from *hamō + *-iþi.

etymon

1140-1207, El Cantar de mio Cid (The Song of my Lord), 72r, 3612-3638: Cantar de mio Cid
el belmez con la camisa e con la guarnizón

the padded tunic with the shirt and gambleston


colpe

Spanish: golpe

Perhaps a deverbal noun of golpar, colpar. See more under modern golpe.

Martĩ antolinez vn colpe dio a galue

between 1140 and 1207, anonymous, Cantar de myo Cid 765


diezmo

desctree

Spanish: diezmo
→ Classical Nahuatl: diezmo

From Latin decimus (“tenth”), from decem (“ten”).

Estonz exio melchẏsedec a abraam a la carrera. e bẽdixol. ⁊ dẏxo. Benedicto sea abraam de dẏos el alto. e diol pã ⁊ vino q̃ anos en figura de x̃s. e abraam a el diol el diezmo. de todo lo q̃ aduzie.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2r:

Then Melchizedek sent Abram on his way, and blessed him, and said, “Blessed be Abram of God the [Most] High.” And he gave him bread and wine, which to us is a figure of Christ. And to him Abram gave the tithe of all he had taken.


ximia

From Latin simia. Compare Modern Spanish simio.

La ximia, si pariere dos fijos, al uno aborreçe & al otro quiere bien

1350, anonymous author, edited by María Teresa Herrera and María Nieves Sánchez, Traducción de la "Historia de Jerusalem abreviada" de Jacobo de Vitriaco, Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca, published 2000:

The female monkey, if it brought forth two children, one is abandoned and one is loved


encantador

Spanish: encantador

From Latin incantātōrem, singular accusative of incantātor (“enchanter, soothsayer”), from incantō (“I enchant”).

Sant peẏdro fo p̃dicar en roma. e por occaſiõ de ſimõ magus el encantador. nero el enꝑador fizolo meter en .+. dela cabeça aẏuſo e delos pies aſuſo.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49r:

Saint Peter went to Rome to preach, and because of Simon Magus the sorcerer Nero the emperor had him put on a cross with his head down and his feet up.


fonda

Spanish: honda

Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol. e vino a el etomo el eſpada. de golias. etaiol la cabeça. el eſpada ela cabeça aduxola aieruſalem.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him. And he approached him and took Goliath's sword and cut off his head. And the sword and the head he brought to Jerusalem.


pan

Ladino: pan

Spanish: pan (see there for further descendants)

Del agua fezist vino e dela piedra pan,

Of the water Thou madest wine and of the stone bread,


estivo

Spanish: estío (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin [tempus] aestīvum (literally “summertime”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese estio.

inh+

mid–late 13th c., Siete Partidas, I.V.XIII
...et las primeras, que son de verano, comienzan en el segundo miercoles de quaraesma, et las segundas, que son del estivo, comienzan en el primero miercoles despues de cinquaesma...

...and the first [set of Ember Days], which are in spring, begin on the second Wednesday of Lent, while the second [set of Ember Days], which are in summer, begin on the first Wednesday after Pentecost...


abbat

Spanish: abad

Inherited from Latin abbātem, from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶς (abbâs), from Aramaic אבא (’abbā, “father”).

The abbot Don Sancho Christian of the Creator prayed the matins around the dawns

Cantar de Mío Cid El abbat don Sancho christiano del Criador rezava los matines a buelta de los albores (...)


camello

Ladino: kameyo (Latin spelling)

Spanish: camello

From Vulgar Latin *camēllus, from Latin camēlus (additional /l/ due to influence from the ending -ĕllus, which did not however change the stressed vowel), from Ancient Greek κάμηλος (kámēlos).

Catarõ ⁊ vierõ vna requa de paganos de los de ẏſmael. E vinien de galaat cõ ſos camellos cargados de mercaduras e ẏuã a egipto

They looked up and saw a pagan caravan, of those of Ishmael. And they were coming from Gilead with their camels loaded with goods, and they were headed to Egypt.


omne

Ladino:

Hebrew script: אומברי

Latin script: ombre

desctree

Spanish: hombre
Chavacano: hombre
→ English: hombre
→ French: hombre
→ English: ombre
→ Papiamentu: hòmber

From Latin hominem, the accusative of homō. Attested into the late 13th century.


safir

Spanish: zafiro

From Old French saphir, from Latin sapphīrus, from Ancient Greek σάπφειρος (sáppheiros), or an apocopic form of safiro.

Et eſta piedra es cardena en ſu color aſſi q̃ ſemeia al ſafir en la cardenor mas nõ en la luz. ca a eſta nõ traspaſſa el uiso como al ſafir faze ca la su color es mucho espeſſa ⁊ turuia

And this stone is purple in color, so that it resembles the sapphire in purpleness; but not in light, for sight cannot see through it like it does through sapphire, for its color is too thick and murky.


pimienta

Spanish: pimienta

From pimiento (“pepper plant”), from Latin pigmentum (“color, pigment”).

Negra es de color ⁊ pareſce en ella ya q̃to de uermeiura; aſſi que ſemeia alos granos dela pimienta.

It is black in color, but it also has to it some redness, so that it resembles peppercorns.


buey

Ladino: buey

Spanish: buey

From Latin bovem. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese boi and Old French buef.

Nó cobdicies coſa de to uezino. Ni cobdicies mugier de to proximo. Nẏ ſu máceba. ny ſo bueẏ. ni ſo aſno. Ni su mula. Ni nulla coſa de to vezino.

Do not covet your neighbor's goods. Nor covet your neighbor's wife, nor his female servant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, nor his mule, nor any other thing that belongs to your neighbor.

Idem, f. 36r.
Job fue much rich õe e ouo .v. fijos. ⁊ .iij. fijas. ⁊ ouo .mil. ouejas. ⁊ .iij. mil. camellos. ⁊ .d. iugos de bueẏes. ⁊ .v. mil aſnas.

Job was a very rich man. And he had five sons and three daughters. And he owned a thousand sheep and three thousand camels and five hundred yoke of oxen and five thousand donkeys.


infierno

Spanish: infierno
→ Cebuano: impiyerno
→ Tagalog: impiyerno

From Latin īnfernum; attested from 1140. Regarding the phonetics (Latin in normally becomes en in Spanish), the word was perhaps influenced or reinforced by the Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation. There were similar developments in other Romance languages.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6r. a.
e dẏxo decẽdre / al infierno dolorioſo ſo por mẏo / fijo.

And he said: "I shall descend to hell unto my son in mourning."

Idem, 8r.
e ſi perdiere a beniamin deſcen / dre en mi ueieza enel ĩfierno. e / plorar lo he ẏ.

And should I lose Benjamin I will descend to hell, in my old age, and I shall mourn him there.

(biblical) Sheol, the Hebrew term for the underworld; hell.


desierto

Spanish: desierto

Borrowed from Latin dēsertum (“wasteland; desert”), from dēsertus (“forsaken; abandoned”).

allẏ en ebrõ. vinierõ las eſpias. del deſierto de faram. a tierra de promiſſion. Caleph. ⁊ ioſue. eſſos .x. cõpãneros.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v:

The spies went there, from the desert of Paran, to Hebron, the Promised Land. Caleb, Joshua and their ten companions.


nuera

Spanish: nuera

From Vulgar Latin *nŏra, from Late Latin nura, from Classical Latin nurus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *snusós.

c1200: Alemeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6r. a.
E iudas fue veer ſos ganados cõ un ſo amygo. e dyxierõlo atamar ſu nuera.

And Judah went to see his cattle with a friend of his and they informed Tamar, his daughter-in-law.

Idem, f. 6r. b.
Acabo de .iij. meſes. dyxierõ le aiuda q̃ su nuera tamar era p̃nada.

After three months they told Judah that Tamar, his daughter-in-law, was pregnant.


poço

Spanish: pozo

Inherited from Latin puteus. Compare its written form with Portuguese poço

(...) et abet se adimplir del poço de sancto Dominico per foro (...)

c. 1132, Cartularios de Valpuesta, doc 162

And it is to be fulfilled from the well of Saint Dominic by charter.

well (hole in the ground as a source of water or other fluids)


guitarra

Spanish: guitarra

Borrowed from Arabic قِيثَارَة (qīṯāra), borrowed from Aramaic קיתרא, borrowed from Ancient Greek κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ (kithárā). Doublet of cedra.

etymon

Aurás por encuentro la companya de los proffectas deuallantes de la altura, et delant ellos es el salterio et la viola et la guitarra et la rabeua

c. 1376–1396, Juan Fernández de Heredia, “De la informacion, insstruccion ho establimiento et començamiento de religion” (chapter 76), in [Rams de Flores o Libro de Actoridades], page 164c; republished as Conrado Guardiola Alcover, editor (in Spanish), Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico, 1998, →ISBN, pages 222–223:


figado

Ladino: ligado

Spanish: hígado

From Late Latin fīcātum (“liver”), from Latin iecur fīcātum (“fig-stuffed liver”).

inh

dixo el angel abrel e trayent coraçon e el figado & la fiel e cõ eſto ſanara to padre aſſi lo fizo.

13th century, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, page 35vb:

the angel said: "open it and take out the heart, the liver and the gall, and with them your father will be healed", and so he did.


mercader

Ladino: merkader

Spanish: mercader

Borrowed from Old Catalan mercader, the native formation being mercadero.

—Dime, amigo, ¿para qué serías tú bueno?
—¡Ay hombre bueno!—dixo él—, ¿y quién vos dixo mi nombre?
—¿Y cómo?—dixo el mercader—, ¿Amigo te dizen?
—Amigo—dixo él—me dizen.
—Plázeme—dixo el mercader.

ca. 1300, anonymous, Libro del cavallero Cifar f. 94v, (ed. by Juan Manuel Cacho Blecua, pub. by Universidad de Zaragoza, 2003)

"Tell me, amigo, what are you good at?"
"Oh, my good man," he said, "who told you my name?"
"What do you mean?" said the merchant, "Is Amigo your name?"
"It is Amigo," said he.
"I like that," said the merchant.

merchant (person who traffics in commodities for profit)


mandragora

Spanish: mandrágora

From Medieval Latin mandragorās, from Ancient Greek μανδραγόρᾱς (mandragórās).

Et ſu uertud ſe mueſtra contra los otros toſſicos. ſi non contra aquellos que naſcen de tierra. por que ſon de natura frios. aſſi como mandragoras. o bellinno, o otras coſas que ſon daquella natura.

(Can we date this quote?), (Please provide the book title or journal name):

And its virtue is shown against the other poisons, those that sprout from the earth, because they are cold by nature; such as mandrakes, or henbane or other things of that nature.


faz

Spanish: haz, faz


cabeça

Ladino:

Hebrew script: קאב׳יסה

Latin script: kavesa

Spanish: cabeza

From Vulgar Latin capitia, from the neuter plural accusative of capitium (“covering for the head”) (reanalyzed as a feminine singular), from caput (“head”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 2.
dixo ſõnaua q̃ tenẏa / .iij. canaſtiellos. blãcos ſobre / mẏ cabeça. en el canaſtiello ſu / ſano auẏa del comer de phara / on. E las aues del cielo comien / del canaſtiello ſobre mẏ. cabeça

he said: "I dreamt I had three white baskets on my head, and on the uppermost basket was all that which the pharaoh ate, and the birds of the sky ate from the basket upon my head."


braço

Ladino: braso

Spanish: brazo

From Latin brachium, bracchium (“forearm, arm”), from Ancient Greek βραχίων (brakhíōn, “arm”).

Corrio eſau aencuẽtro de ſo ermano. E abraçol ⁊ echo ſobre ſo cuello el braço. E ſaludolo. ⁊ omillos eſau. E toda ſu cõpãna de iacob.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5r:

Esau ran to meet his brother, and he embraced him and put his arm over his neck. And he greeted him and bowed before Esau, and so too all of Jacob's company.


çapato

→ Aragonese: zapato

→ Mirandese: çapato

desctree

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: çapato
Galician: zapato
Portuguese: sapato
→ Chichewa: nsapato
→ Itsekiri: sabátù
→ Lingala: sapáto
→ Makalero: saapatu (“shoe”)
→ Malay: sepatu
Indonesian: sepatu
→ Chinese: 十巴拄, 巴拄
→ Old Tupi: sapatu
Nheengatu: sapatú
→ Sranan Tongo: pata
Dutch: patta
→ Tamil: சப்பாத்து (cappāttu)
→ Tetum: sapatu
→ Urhobo: isabatu

Spanish: zapato
→ Bikol Central: sapatos
→ Cebuano: sapatos
→ Chayuco Mixtec: zapato
→ Cora: tsapoáto
→ Cuyunon: sapatos
→ Guaraní: sapatu
→ Hiligaynon: sapatos
→ Ilocano: sapatos
→ Kapampangan: sapatus
→ Masbatenyo: sapatos
→ Sambali: sapatos
→ Southern Catanduanes Bicolano: sapatos
→ Tagalog: sapatos
→ Tausug: sapatus
→ Tetelcingo Nahuatl: sapötos
→ Waray-Waray: sapatos
→ Ye'kwana: sajatu


propheta

Spanish: profeta

Borrowed from Latin prophēta, from Ancient Greek προφήτης (prophḗtēs).

The prophet said: "that which the creator puts in my mouth, that is what I shall speak."

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 42r. a. dixo el ppħa [propheta] lo q̃ el criador puſie / re em mi boca eſſo fablare […]

Idem, f. 42r. b.
agora por eſto ppħizauan tus / pphetas falsedat.

And now because of this your prophets make false prophecies.


biuora

Spanish: víbora

From Latin vīpera. If the spelling is taken at face value, it may imply metathesis of the original b and v.

Et ningun om̃e non puede llegar o naſce aquel ryo por que ay muchas ſirpientes ⁊ otras beſtias pozonadas de muchas maneras. ⁊ alli ſon las biuoras que matan ſola miente dela uiſta.

And no one can reach the place where that river has its source, for there are many snakes and many kinds of venomous beasts, and snakes that are able to kill with their sight.

Idem, f. 23r.
[…] Et aun a otra uertud q́ si la traen por la mordedura de la biuora, sana.
And it has yet another virtue, that if they rub it over a snake bite, it heals.


pharaon

Spanish: faraón

Borrowed from Late Latin pharaō, from Ancient Greek φαραώ (pharaṓ), from Biblical Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (par‘ōh), from Egyptian pr:aA (pr-ꜥꜣ, “palace, pharaoh”).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">pr-ꜥꜣ</i>

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 12r. a.
Fablat agora delant pharaon & dezidle que myo padre me coyuro. […] dixo pharaon ſub & ſotierra to padre.

Speak now before Pharaoh and tell him that my father asked [something] of me. […] Pharaoh said: "go forth and bury your father".

Idem, f. 11r. b.
E ſubieron cõ el todos ſos vaſallos de pharaon. los mayores de su caſa de pharaon & todos los mayores de egypto.
And all of Pharaoh's vassals went forth with him; the elders of the house of Pharaoh and all the elders of Egypt.


ombro

Ladino: ombro

Spanish: hombro

From Latin umerus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃émsos (“shoulder”).

Meçio myo çid los ombros ⁊ en grameo la tieſta

ca. 1140-1207, anonymous, Poem of the Cid 13

My Cid shrugged his shoulders and shook his head


espia

Spanish: espía

From Gothic *𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰 (*spaiha), from Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to see, look”), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”).

Mando el nr̃o ſeñor amoẏſen q̃ tremetiesſe eſpias atiera de chanaan por barũtar q̃ tr̃a era

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 22v:

Our Lord ordered Moses to send spies to the land of Canaan to get a sense of what [kind of] land it was.


almendra

Ladino: almendra

Spanish: almendra
→ Chavacano: almendra

From Vulgar Latin, from Latin amygdala, from Ancient Greek ἀμυγδάλη (amugdálē).

[…] E fizierõ aſi fijos de iſrꝉ eotro dia floreçio el blago de aaron ⁊ leuo almẽdras.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 23r:

[…] And so they did the children of Israel. And on the next day the staff of Aaron blossomed and bore almonds.


arquero

Spanish: arquero

From Late Latin arcārius, alteration of arcuārius, from Latin arcus (“bow”).

[…] ⁊ alcaçáron los phẏliſteos a ſaul. E mataró le .iij. fijos e aionata ⁊ amẏnadab e melchẏſſue cóſiguẏeron los arq́ros a ſaul e fue el mal có ellos […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 32v:

[…] And the Philistines overtook Saul and killed his three sons, Jonathan, Abinadab and Malki-Shua. The archers found Saul and he fared not well with them. […]

Idem, f. 42r.
fueró ala batalla a ramot galaad. e demudos el Rey de ſus armas. e entros ala batalla. e tirol .j. arq́ro. e firiol entrela loriga elas brafoneras.

And they went up to the battle at Remoth Gilead. And the king disguised his armor and went into battle. And an archer shot him and wounded him between the cuirass and arm braces.


aborrecimiento

osp-noun

aborrecimiento m (plural aborrecimientos)

Spanish: aborrecimiento

From aborrecer (“to loathe, abhor”) + -miento.

af

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 69v.
enforteçra firmanento a los mayores una ſetmana e en media la ſetmana faldra la oſtia. ẏ el ſacrificio e el tiempo ſera aborecimiento e de ſoldadura troal cabo e fin ſera dada ſobrel deſolant

And he will strengthen a covenant with many for one week, and in the middle of the week he will take away the offering. And the sacrifice in the temple will be abomination and desolation, until the consummation and end will be unleashed upon the desolator.


menaça

Ladin: amenasa

Spanish: menaza, amenaza

Papiamentu: amenasa

From Latin minācia, a noun based on mināx (“threatening”).

dixo ẏſaẏas a los menſageros q̃l embio el reẏ ezechias aſſi dizredes al nr̃o ſennor q̃ diz el criador Nõ temas delas menazas q̃ oiſt de los uaſſallos del reẏ de ſur. Afe yo trametre uiẽto ⁊ oyra tal palabra. por q̃stornara aſu tr̃a ⁊ ẏl fara morir aeſpada.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 54r:

Isaiah said the messengers sent to him by king Hezekiah, “You will tell our master that thus says the Creator, ‘Do not fear the threats you have heard from the servants of the king of the south. Lo, I will send wind and he will hear a rumor such that he will return to his land, and there he will be made to die by the sword.’”


nómina

Spanish: nómina

Borrowed from Latin nōmina, derived from nōmen. First attested in the late 13th-century Gran Conquista de Ultramar.

reliquary or small shrine with the names of saints


huebra

Spanish: huebra

[…] &́ vieron la gĺa de iſŕl dedios. Como huebra de blãcor. &́ de cristal. ⁊ como color de los cieloˢ mõdos […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 19r:

[…] and they saw the glory of the God of Israel, like a work of white and crystal, and like the color of realm of the heavens. […]


oliera

E dixo ella biua el ſẽnor dios q̃ no e pan ſi nõ un poco de farina en la tinẏella. E un poco de olẏo ẽna olẏera e q̃ero coger .ij. lẽnos e fer lo e pora mi q̃ comamos ⁊ nõ^([sic]) muramos

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38r:

And she said, “As the Lord God lives, I have no bread, but only some flour in a jar and a little oil in an oil jug. And I want to gather a couple of logs and make it for myself, that we may eat it and not die”.


ayre

Ladino: ayre

Spanish: aire

From Latin āer, from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr).

Sotil es de cuerpo ca ſe muda aſſi como el ayre que quando es claro es ella clara. ⁊ quando turuio turuia.

Its light of body, for it changes like the air; it is clear when it is clear, and cloudy when it is cloudy.


logar

Spanish: lugar

Inherited from Late Latin locālem, from Latin locus. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese logar.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 48v. col. 1.
to / do lo compro por .L. marcos de / plata. e fizo ẏ altar. e ſac̃fico / al criador. e finco la mortaldat / en aq̃l logar

All of it he bought for fifty shekels of silver, and he made an altar and offered a sacrifice to the creator, and so the dying left that place.


maslo

Spanish: macho

Inherited from Vulgar Latin māsclus, contracted form of Latin māsculus (“male”).

c. 1200, La Fazienda de Ultramar, fol 11v
Mando el Rey alas amas ebreas. Quando nasciesse el fijo maslo que lo matassen.

The king commanded the Hebrew mistresses to kill the son when he was born a male.


liebre

Spanish: liebre
→ Tagalog: liyebre

[…] pero la gente daq̃lla tierra o ella es mas fallada, llaman le la piedra dela liebre, por eſta razon. q̃ en aquel logar o entra el grand ryo del nilo en la mar medio terrana, cria ſe y un animal que ſemeia en ſus miembros ⁊ en todas ſus fayciones ala liebre de tierra. ⁊ por endel llaman liebre marina.

[…] but the people of that land, where it is most found, call it the stone of the hare for this reason; that in that place, where the great river Nile enters the Mediterranean Sea, there breeds an animal that is similar in its limbs and all of its features to the land hare, and thus they call it a marine hare.


banno

Ladino: banyo

Spanish: baño

Inherited from Latin baneum, variant of Latin balneum.

E nes ſos dias yo daniel era dolorioſo .iij. ſedmanas de dias. pan cobdiciadero ni carne non comj nin ui non etro en mi boca niẽ bano non fu banado troa q̃s cumplieron .vij. semanas de dias

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 69:

In those days, I, Daniel, was mournful for three weeks' worth of days. I ate no no pleasant bread or meat, nor did wine enter my mouth, nor was I bathed in a bath until three week's worth of days passed.


golondrina

Spanish: golondrina

From a metathetic alteration of Latin hirundinem, accusative of hirundō, with addition of the diminutive suffix -ina.

DEl dizenoueno grado del ſigno de gemini, es la piedra de la golondrina. Et es una delas preciadas piedras que a entre todas aq́llas que se fazen en los animales. Et qui la quiſiere fallar, deue tomar el primero pollo que faze la golondrina en el anno. […]

Of the nineteenth degree of the sign of Gemini is the stone of the swallow. And it is one of the most valued of the stones that form within animals. And he who wishes to find it must take the first chick born to a swallow during the year. […]


alquimia

Spanish: alquimia

From Andalusian Arabic اَلْكِيمْيَا (alkímya) and Medieval Latin alchemia, from Arabic اَلْكِيمِيَاء (al-kīmiyāʔ), from Ancient Greek χυμείᾱ (khumeíā, “art of alloying metals”), from χύμα (khúma, “ingot, bar”).

der

اَلْكِيمْيَا

اَلْكِيمِيَاء

Arabic اَلْكِيمِيَاء (al-kīmiyāʔ)

Et por ende los que ſe trabaian de alquimia aque llaman la obra mayor, deuen parar miétes que non dannen el nombre del ſaber. ca alquimia tanto quiere dezir, como maeſtria pora meiorar las coſas ca non empeorar las.

And therefore those who work with alchemy, which they call the greatest work, must stop before they tarnish the name of knowledge; for alchemy means both mastery to make things better as well as to make them worse.

Idem, f. 34v.

But because this pertains to the works of alchemy, we did not wish to include it here in this book.

Mas por que eſto perteneſce ala obra dalquimia, no quiſiemos meter lo aqui en eſte libro.


samaritano

head

samaritano m (plural samaritanos, feminine singular samaritana, feminine plural samaritana)

samaritanos (plural)
samaritana (feminine singular)
samaritana (feminine plural)

Spanish: samaritano

From Latin samarītānus, from Samarīa (“Samaria”).

aeſstos om̃s dizian ſamaritanoᷤ. por ſobron los clamauan ſobromen por ſamaria ſamaritanoᷤ ni eran iudios ni x̃anos ni paganos. temian al criador ſiruien le como iudios. e adorauan las ẏdolas como paganos e aſſi fuerõ ellos eſos fijos troal dia de oẏ. por esto les dizẽ ſamaritanoᷤ.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 44v:

These men they called Samaritans. After Sobron they called them Sobromen; after Samaria, Samaritans. They were neither Jews nor Christians nor pagans. They feared the Creator, they served Him like Jews, and they worshiped the idols like pagans. And thus they were, and their children, up to the present day. This is why they are called Samaritans.


algodon

desctree

Spanish: algodón
→ Bikol Central: algodon
→ Chavacano: algodon
→ Hiligaynon: algodon
→ Tagalog: algodon

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic قطن (quṭun), from Arabic قُطُن (quṭun).

bor+

Et los fiſicos daquella tierra queman este algodon ⁊ fazen lo poluos ⁊ meten los en los oios por q̃ tuelle la lagrema ⁊ toda la humidat que a en ellos.

And physicians from that land burn this cotton and turn it into a dust they use on the eyes, because it removes tears and all the moisture from them.


exe

Spanish: eje

njn torno mas su correr contra el exe del firmamjento que lieua las planetas apriessa commo quien las rroba.

c. 1284, Alfonso X, General Estoria 5, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez Prieto, 2002)

... nor did it turn its run any longer against the axis of the sky, which carries the planets along fast as if it were stealing them


buho

Spanish: búho

[…] la uertud de figura de mugier q́ ua antella un ninno. ⁊ tiene ſolos pies un buho, ⁊ ſobre ſu cabeça eſtas figuras de letras.

[…] the virtue of the figure of a woman and a child before her, and under her feet an owl, and over her head the shapes of these letters.


rienda

Spanish: rienda

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin retina (via */ˈrɛd(e)na/, a noun derived from Latin retinēre (“hold back, restrain”), with metathesis of /dn/ (compare Spanish candado < *cadnado < Latin catēnātum). Compare Portuguese rédea.

Desý tomó el cavallo por la rienda, que era muy bueno, e fuélo dar a Esmeré. E Esmeré cavalgó luego e tóvogelo en muy grant merçet, e aguyjó por ese canpo. Grant pavor ovieron griegos quando lo vieron a cavallo.

ca. 1300-1325, anonymous, Cuento muy fermoso de Otas de Roma, (ed. by Herbert L. Baird, Jr., 1976, Madrid: Real Academia Española)

Desy took the horse by its reins, as it was very good, and went to give it to Esmere. And Esmere mounted it right away, thanking him greatly, and rode it through the field. The Greeks were in great fear when they saw him on a horse.

E desque el cuerpo del Cid dél descavalgaron, nunca ombre lo cavalgó y siempre lo llevavan al agua por la rienda.

1498, anonymous, Crónica del Çid Ruy Díaz chap. 66, (ed. by Nieves Baranda, 1995, Madrid: Turner Libros)

And since the body of the Cid was unmounted [from the horse], no one ever rode it again, taking it to water by the reins [and bridle].


calçada

Spanish: calzada

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *calciāta (“paved road”), feminine of calciātus (“paved with limestone”), ultimately from Latin calx (“pebble”).

inh+

Passó por Alcobiella, que de Castiella fin es ya; la calçada de Quinea ívala traspassar (...)

He passed through Alcobiella which is already the end of Castile, the Quinea road he was going to cross (...)

(...) e a moion cubierto pora o passa la calzada en ayuela. (...)

and a covered sign where the roadway passes through Ayuela


adarve

Spanish: adarve

From Andalusian Arabic الدَّرْب (ad-dárb), from Arabic دَرْب (darb, “path, pass, way”).

Ya querián los de fuera al adarve llegar,

c. 1240 – 1250, anonymous, Libro de Alexandre p. 175, (ed. by Jesús Cañas, 1988, Madrid: Cátedra)

Those outside now wanted to go through the wall walk,
but those inside were wise to forbid it to them

mas bien ge lo sabién los de dentro vedar

Y fueron todos corriendo a los adarves de los muros, ca, si no fueran tan aína llegados, perdiérase la villa, atan de rezio se llegavan los de fuera a las puertas a combatir.

c. 1300 – 1305, anonymous, Libro del cavallero Cifar fol. 9v, (ed. by Juan Manuel Cacho Blecua, 2003, Universidad de Zaragoza)

And they all ran to the wall walks, because, if they did not arrive fast, the village would be lost as the outsiders were fiercely coming to the gates for a fight.

Por muchos enxenplos se declara que muchas vezes los enemigos mueren a la entrada que avian tomado la çibdad, lo qual acaesçe sin dubda si los que guardan los muros retovieren los adarves o torres o ovieren ocupado algunos lugares altos. Entonçe gente de qualquier hedad & aun las mugeres fieren a sus enemigos desde las finiestras & de los tejados con piedras & con otras maneras de dardos.

1454 – 1500, Fray Alonso de San Cristóbal, Libro de Vegecio de la caballería fol. 114r, (ed. by María Teresa Herrera and María Nieves Sánchez, 2000, Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca)

In many examples it is stated that many times enemies die at the entrance, having taken the city, which no doubt occurs if those guarding the wall manage to retain the wall walks or towers or if they occupy some high places. Then, people of any age, and even women, wound the enemy from the windows and roofs with stones and any other kinds of projectiles.

wall walk, allure (protected pathway on a wall of a city or castle)


fruente

Spanish: frente
→ Portuguese: frente

Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol. e vino a el etomo el eſpada. de golias. etaiol la cabeça. el eſpada ela cabeça aduxola aieruſalem.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him. And he approached him and took Goliath's sword and cut off his head. And the sword and the head he brought to Jerusalem.


sortera

female equivalent of sortero, a woman who draws lots, an oracle or soothsayer


melanconia

Spanish: melanconía


andadura

Spanish: andadura

Qvádo lo ſopo labá al dia t́cero. q́ ſe ẏua priſo de ſos amẏgos. E fue trá Jacob. Andadura .vij. dias. e alcáçol en el móte de galaath.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4v:

When Laban came to know on the third day that he was fleeing, he took his relatives and went after Jacob, walking seven days, and he overtook him on the hill of Gilead.


sabia

female equivalent of sabio, a learned woman


otero

Spanish: otero

Uncertain, perhaps from Latin altārium (“high altar”), or alternatively a derivative of oto (“high”) (from Latin altus) with the suffix -ero. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese outeiro.

Fraguaron altares en todas las cibdades e fizieron ẏdolas e puſieron las por los oteros e ſolos arbores e fizieron les holocauſt encenſaronlas ffizieron coſas malas por dexar al ćador e ſiruieron las ẏdolas e fizieron las coſas q́ dixo nó fagades.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 44r:

The set up altars in every city and made idols and placed them on the hills and under the trees, and they made them burnt offerings and incensed them. They did wicked things by abandoning the Creator, and they served the idols and did the things [of which] He had said, “Do not do [this].”

Et eſta fallan en la tierra aq́ dizen azench en un otero que es çerca del albuhera azeda

And they find it in the land they call Azench, on a hillock that is near a bitter pool.


idola

Feminine form of idolo (“idol”). Compare Old Occitan ydola.

veno un ſacerdot ſamaria. e estido ẏ. e demoſtroles cumo temieſſen al criador. fazia cadauno ſu ẏdola. etenian las en ſus caſas.

[So] a priest came to Samaria, and he dwelt there and showed them how to fear the Creator. [But] each one made their idol, and they kept them in their houses.

(religion) idol, particularly of a goddess


ermano

osp-noun

ermano m (plural ermanos, feminine singular ermana, feminine plural ermanas)

ermanos (plural)
ermana (feminine singular)
ermanas (feminine plural)

Ladino: ermano

Spanish: hermano (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin *germānus (“brother”), from Latin germānus (“of a brother or sister”).

inh

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5r. a.
Corrio eſau aencuẽtro de ſo ermano. E abraçol & echo ſobre ſo cuello el braço.

Esau ran to meet with his brother, then he hugged him and put his arm over his neck.

Idem, f. 5v. b.
Vino ioſep aſos ermanos. e priſierõ le & deſpoiarõle el palio. e echarõle en el pozo.
Joseph came to this brothers; they imprisoned him and unclothed him and threw him into the well.


femna

Spanish: hembra
→ English: hembra

You shall put in the ark for coming with you male and female (...)

c. 1200, La Fazienda de Ultramar, fol 36v (...) metras en el archa por uenir contigo maslo e femna (...)


vendimia

Spanish: vendimia

From Latin vindēmia, from vīnum (“wine”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 61v. col. 1.
Todos / los iudios q̃ eran foydos por / todas tierras uinierõ agodolias / e eſtidierõ en la tra e cogierõ / ſus mieſſes eſus. Vendimias

All the Jews that had been made to flee across the land came to Gedaliah and settled the land and harvested their grains and grapes for wine


cuer

Spanish: cor

From Vulgar Latin *corem m, from Latin cor n.

Fizo ioiade taiamiento con el reẏ e con el pueblo que ſiruieſſen al ćador de buen cuer.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 58r:

Jehoiada made a covenant with the king and with the people, that they should serve the Creator with a good heart.