encienso

Spanish: incienso

From Latin incēnsus, from incendō (“set on fire”).

[…] and he convened the assembly of the princes of Sodom and the city of Gomorrah, and he said, “Offer no more sacrifices in vanity; your incenses, your new moons and the Sabbaths you convene you will not understand with your heart […]”

Idem, f. 56v. […] e clamolos aſemblant de los prĩcebs de ſodoma el pueblo de gomorra. e dixo non adugades mas ſacrificios de uanidad ur̃os encẽſos ur̃os cabos de lunes e ur̃os ſabbados q̃ clamades nõ los entendrã cõ ſo coraçõ […]


sierua

female equivalent of sieruo; servant, maidservant


sieruo

head

sieruo m (plural sieruos, feminine sieruas, feminine plural sieruas)

sieruos (plural)
sieruas (feminine)
sieruas (feminine plural)

Spanish: siervo, sierva

From Latin servus, from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“watch over, protect”).

der

eſtos angeles cõ q fablo abraã. vinieron a ſodoma e loth ſedia ala puerta dela cibdat. e violos e leuátos cótra elló. e omillos troa la tierra. e dixo les priego uos mios ſẽnores. Q̃ uẽgades acaſa de ur̃o ſieruo albergar.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2v:

These angels to whom Abraham spoke came to Sodom, and Lot was at the city's gate. And he saw them and he got up to greet them and groveled with his face to the ground. And he said, “I beg you, my lords, come spend the night at your servant's house.”

And he told them thus, “Tell my brother and master Esau that his servant Jacob says he has been staying with Laban till now. And I have cattle and sheep and manservants and maidservants […] ”

Idem, f. 4v. e dixoles aſſẏ. dezid amẏo ermano ſénor eſau. q̃l dẏze ſo ſieruo iacob. con laban more troa agora. ⁊ euacas ⁊ oueias. ⁊ ſieruos ⁊ ſieruas. […]


judizio

Spanish: juicio

From Latin iūdicium, from iūdicō (“I judge”).

[…] Quiçab. ha .L. iuſtos en eſta uilla e pues matar los as. E non parçiras allogar por los .L. iuſtos. Por fer eſta coſa uedado ſea ati. de matar el iuſto por el peccador. Nõ ſe juez en toda la tierra q̃ fẏzies eſte iudizio.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2r:

“ […] Perhaps there are fifty righteous in this city and thus you would kill them. Will you not spare the place for the fifty righteous? To do such a thing is far from you; to kill the righteous because of the sinner. I know not of a judge on earth who would make such a judgment”.


peccador

head

peccador m (plural peccadores, feminine singular peccadora, feminine plural peccadoras)

peccadores (plural)
peccadora (feminine singular)
peccadoras (feminine plural)

Spanish: pecador

Pharaoh sent for Moses and Aaron and said, “This time I have sinned against you, and the Creator is just, and my people and I are sinners. […] ”

Idem, f. 14v. embio pharaon amoẏſen ⁊ aaron. E dixo les peq̃ eſta uez el criador es iuſto. ⁊ ẏo e mio pueblo ſomos peccadores. […]


aborricion

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63r.
fablo ezechiel dela fazienda de ihrĺem edel mal. edel peccado. edelas abrorriciones q̀ faziè. e q̀ peſaua al criador.

Ezekiel spoke of the ways of Jerusalem, and of the evil and the sin and the abominations they committed, and of how they weighed on the Creator.


muchidumne

Ladino: muchidumbre

Spanish: muchedumbre

From Latin multitūdinem, singular accusative of multitūdō, from multus (“much, many”).

[…] e dixo Sera la cuenta de fijos de iſrɫ cum arena del mar q̃ no es cuento de muchidũne e ſera dicho aellos fijos del podient uiuo […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 70v:

[…] And he said, “The number of the children of Israel will be like the sand of the sea, which like a multitude cannot be counted. And it will be said unto them, ‘[You are] children of the mighty and living’ […] ”


arçobispado

Spanish: arzobispado

eſta cibdat de tẏri fue arçobiſpado. Alli ẏazẽ muchos mr̃es. e al tẏenpo de los gentiles la cõbatio alexãdre.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 39v:

This city of Tyre was an archbishopric. Therein lie many martyrs, and in the time of the gentiles it was besieged by Alexander.


brafonera

Spanish: brafonera

Perhaps from Old French braon (“slice of meat”) + -era.

fueró ala batalla a ramot galaad. e demudos el Rey de ſus armas. e entros ala batalla. e tirol .j. arq́ro. e firiol entrela loriga elas brafoneras.

And they went up to the battle at Remoth Gilead. And the king disguised his armor and went into battle. And an archer shot him and wounded him between the cuirass and arm braces.


tiniella

E dixo ella biua el ſẽnor dios q no e pan ſi nõ un poco de farina en la tinẏella. E un poco de olẏo ẽna olẏera e q̃ero coger .ij. lẽnos e fer lo e pora mi q̃ comamos ⁊ nõ muramos

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38r:

And she said, “As the Lord God lives, I have no bread, but only some flour in a jar and a little oil in an oil jug. And I want to gather a couple of logs and make it for myself, that we may eat it and die”.


vasiella

Probably borrowed from Old Aragonese or Old Catalan, from Late Latin vāscella, plural of vāscellum, from Latin vāsculum, diminutive of vās (“vessel, container”). The term only appears in the Fazienda de Ultramar, a text full of Aragonese and Catalan forms. Compare modern Spanish vajilla.

Todo lo que auia. y metio zorobabel. e ſos conpãneros por mandado de cyrus reẏ de ꝑſia toda la uaſiella de oro q̃ fizo el rey ſalomõ pora lacaſa del c̃ador.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76r:

All that was there had been placed by Zerubbabel and his company by command of Cyrus, King of Persia; all the vessels of gold that King Solomon had made for the House of the Creator.

a collection of vessels, dishes, fonts and other containers


vaquiella

Spanish: vaquilla

Al dia ſeteno dixierõ lo ellos aſãſõ. Q̃ es mas dulce q̃ la miel o q̃l es mas fuerte del leon. dixo ſãpſõ. Si nõ araſſedes cõ mẏ uaq̃ella. nõ ſoltariedes mi adeuinãçiella.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 82r:

On the seventh day, they said to Samson, “What is sweeter than honey? Or what is stronger than a lion?” Samson said, “If you had not plowed with my heifer, you would not have solved my little riddle!”


adeuinanciella

osp-noun

adeuinanciella f (plural adeuinanciellas)

From adeuinança (“riddle”) + -iella, from adeuinar (“to guess, solve”).

Al dia ſeteno dixieró lo ellos aſáſó. Q́ es mas dulce q́ la miel o q́l es mas fuerte del leon. dixo ſápſó. Si nó araſſedes có mẏ uaq́ella. nó ſoltariedes mi adeuináçiella.

diminutive of adeuinança, a cunning riddle


adeuinança

Spanish: adivinanza

From adeuinar (“to guess, solve”) + -ança.

Nó podieró adeuinar eſta palabra por .iij. dias. e aldia ſeptimo. dixieró ala mugier falaga to marido e digat la adeuinança ⁊ tu dila anos. e ſi nó metremos fuego por toda eſta uilla.

For three days they could not solve his word. And on the seventh day they said to the wife, “Entice your husband to explain to you the riddle and tell it to us, otherwise we will set fire to this entire household.”


lenna

Ladino: lenya

Spanish: leña

From Latin ligna, plural of lignum (whence lenno).

Caẏo fuego del ſẽnor e ardio el holocauſt e la lẽna ⁊ las piedras e el poluo ⁊ el agua q̃ era enla cequia.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 34r:

The fire of the Lord fell and burnt the offering and the wood and the stones and the dust and the water that was in the trench.


putanna

cuemos torno putãna la cibdad fidel plena de iudicios : iuſticia manie enella e agora homicidio. To argent es tõnado eſcoria to uino es buelto en agua. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 55v:

How the faithful city full of righteousness has become a harlot! Justice dwelt within her, but now murder. Your silver becomes dross and your wine is turned into water. […]

Alternative form of putana, prostitute, harlot


diluuio

Spanish: diluvio

From Latin dīluvium, from dīluō (“I wash away”).

Qvando entro noe en el archa auẏe .dc. annos e fue el diluuio de las aguas abrieron ſe todas las fõtanas del abiſmo ⁊ fueron abiertas las fẏnieſtras de los cielos e plouio ſobre la tr̃a .xL. dias ⁊ .xL. noches.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37r:

When Noah entered the ark he was six hundred years old. And the deluge of the waters took place. All the fountains of the deep were opened and the windows of the heavens were opened. And it rained upon the earth forty days and forty nights.


nutriz

Spanish: nodriza

This form was probably borrowed from Latin nūtrīcem.

murio alli ebora la nutriz de rebeca. ealli fue soterrada.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

There died Deborah, Rebecca's nurse, and she was buried there.


nuue

Ladino: nuve

Spanish: nube

From Latin nūbem, singular accusative of nūbēs.

Aqui taio nr̃o ſẽnor firmança cõ el ⁊ diol todas las creaturas a ſo ſeruicio e diol ſenal ⁊ dixol. porne mẏo arco en nuues de los cielos euerloan por remẽbrança el firmamẽto del ſieglo entre dios ẏ el õe

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37v:

Then Our Lord established a covenant with him, and He put all creatures at his service. And he gave him a sign and said to him, “I will set my bow in the clouds of the heavens. And you will see it in heaven as a reminder of the pact between God and man”.


nodriz

Spanish: nodriza

From Latin nūtrīcem, singular accusative of nūtrīx.

Eſte geu mato todos los q̃ remanecieron del caſado de cab amẏgos ⁊ parientes e nodrices q̃ nol remaſo parient en pariẽt.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 33r:

So Jehu killed all those who remained of the house who were near [to him]; friends and family and wet nurses, so that he left him no remaining survivors.


oueja

Ladino: oveja

Spanish: oveja

From Latin ovicula (“little sheep”), diminutive of ovis (“sheep”), from Proto-Italic *owis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówis.

e dixoles aſſẏ. dezid amẏo ermano ſẽnor eſau. q̃l dẏze ſo ſieruo iacob. con laban more troa agora. ⁊ euacas ⁊ oueias. ⁊ ſieruos ⁊ ſieruas. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4v:

And he told them thus, “Tell my brother and master Esau that his servant Jacob says he has been staying with Laban till now. And I have cattle and sheep and manservants and maidservants […] ”

Idem, f. 36r.
Job fue much rich õe e ouo .v. fijos. ⁊ .iij. fijas. ⁊ ouo .mil. ouejas. ⁊ .iij. mil. camellos. ⁊ .d. iugos de bueẏes. ⁊ .v. mil aſnas. ⁊ tẽtol el diablo ⁊ diol pođ nr̃o ſẽnor ſobre quãto auia.

Job was a very rich man. And he had five sons and three daughters. And he owned a thousand sheep and three thousand camels and five hundred yoke of oxen and five thousand donkeys. And the Devil tempted him and Our Lord gave him power over all that he had.


princeb

e pues uino nabuzardan qui era princeb de la caualleria e de nabucodonosor el reẏ de babilonia. e ueno en iħrꝉm e ardio las caſas del criador ela caſa del reẏ e todas las cſsas cabdales de iħrꝉm quemolas en fuego

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 59v:

And then came Nebuzardan, who was captain of the guard and of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon. And he entered Jerusalem and burned the Houses of the Creator and the king's palace, and all the important houses of Jerusalem he set on fire.

[…] e clamolos aſemblant de los prĩcebs de ſodoma el pueblo de gomorra. e dixo non adugades mas ſacrificios de uanidad ur̃os encẽſos ur̃os cabos de lunes e ur̃os ſabbados q̃ clamades nõ los entendrã cõ ſo coraçõ […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 56v:

[…] and he convened the assembly of the rulers of Sodom and the city of Gomorrah, and he said, “Offer no more sacrifices in vanity; your incenses, your new moons and the Sabbaths you convene you will not understand with your heart […] ”


princep

head

princep m (plural princeps or principes)

Dixo el prĩcep nabuzardan aieremias He agora yo te traẏo de la p̃ſon. Sit plad uenir conuſco ababilonia : anda fertemos bien. eſi nõ quiſieres uenir reman aq̃. eninguno nont fara peſar. e ue o q̃eres.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 61v:

And Nabuzardan the captain said to Jeremiah, “Now, look, I have released you from prison. If you want to come with me to Babylon, come, we will do you well. And should you not want to come, remain here, and no one will do you harm, so go wherever you want”.

[…] e fizol obedecer. por toda tierra de egipto. ⁊ puſol nõbre a ioſep. Çaphyr panela. ⁊ diol por mugier. Adacenar fija de furtifar prĩcep de don.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 7r:

[…] And he made him be obeyed in all the land of Egypt. And he gave Joseph the name Zaphnath-Paaneah, and he gave him as a wife Asenath, daughter of Potiphar, prince of On.


ponient

Jerico era cab el flume iordan aſo po niẽt uinierõ eſtas eſpinas aierico acaſa de mulier mercadera. q̃ auia nombre rab.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 28r:

Jericho was near the Jordan River, to its west. These spies came to Jericho to the house of a merchant woman by the name of Rahab.


torrient

Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol. e vino a el etomo el eſpada. de golias. etaiol la cabeça. el eſpada ela cabeça aduxola aieruſalem.

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him. And he approached him and took Goliath's sword and cut off his head. And the sword and the head he brought to Jerusalem.

Apocopic form of torriente; stream, brook; streambed


torriente

Spanish: torrente

From Latin torrentem, singular accusative of torrēns (“rushing stream”).

E dixo acab a abdias ue ala tr̃a por las fontanas todas de las tr̃as ⁊ por las torriẽtes quiçab trobaremos yerba ont biuan los cauallos elas mulas e nõ p̃damos las beſtias.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38v:

And Ahab said to Obadiah, “Go into the land to every fountain throughout the land and to the brooks. Perhaps we will find grass on which the horses and mules can live, that we may not lose the beasts.”

ca aſſi diz el criador. fazed en eſta torriente muchos pozos enõ ueredes pluuia nj uiẽto en conplir ſea eſta torriente de agua. beuredes uos e ur̃as beſtias lief coſa es eſta delant el c̃ador […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 42v:

“For thus says the Creator, ‘Make in this streambed many ditches. And you will see neither rain nor wind, but this streambed will be filled with water. You and your beasts will drink. This is a light thing before the Creator […] .’”


guadalmecin

Spanish: guadamecí, guadamecil

From Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic غَدَامِسِيّ (ḡadāmisiyy, “Ghadamesian”), from غَدَامِس (ḡadāmis, “Ghadames”).

der

[…] ⁊ cueros de guadalmeçin bermeios. E cueros de rudari. ⁊ mađos de cedros poral taƀnaculo.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 19v:

[…] and red wrought leather, and badger skins and wood of cedars for the Tabernacle.

wrought leather; painted and decorated leather hangings


nauidat

Spanish: navidad, Navidad

From Latin nātīvitātem, singular accusative of nātīvitās.

EN cabo dela uilla de iſrꝉ apart de oriẽt es tenplum domini caſa del c̃aador. alli era zacharias ſacerdoth. eueno a el el angel enuncio la nauidat de ſo fijo ſant juan baptiſta

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 80r:

In the city of Israel, in the eastern part, is the Temple of the Lord, house of the Creator. There Zachariah was priest, and the angel came to him and announced the birth of his son Saint John the Baptist.


lechezinos

From Latin lacticīnium (“milk food, dairy product”). Compare lechuga, from Latin lactūca (“lettuce”), from lac (“milk”).

inh

Cõbran la carne ala noch. ⁊ nolo comades cocho. en agua ni crudo. Mas aſſado en fuego. E cõ pã ſancẽno. e cõ lechezinos agros le combran.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 15v:

They shall eat the meat that night, and eat it not cooked in water nor raw, but roasted over fire, and with unleavened bread and bitter salad greens they shall eat it.


universidat

Spanish: universidad

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ūniversitās.


auoleza

Uncertain. Compare Catalan àvol (“bad, evil, wrong”), perhaps from Latin habilis (“skillful”).

por eſſo aſſi diz el ſennor de los fonſados el fuerte de iſrl̃. jo coſlare de mios enbaẏdores uengar me he de mios enemigos pues tornare mi nano ^([sic]) sobre ti e eſmerar te he redrar te de ti tod auoleza. […]

Therefore thus says the Lord of Hosts, the Mighty One of Israel, “I will relieve Myself of my adversaries; I will avenge Myself on my enemies, for I will turn my hand against you and I will clean you; I will remove from you all wrongdoing […] ”


fonsado

Spanish: fonsado

Through metonymy from Latin fossātum (“ditch, trench”), from fossō (“I dig”).

por eſſo aſſi diz el ſennor de los fonſados el fuerte de iſrł. jo coſlare de mios enbaẏdores uengar me he de mios enemigos pues tornare mi nano ^([sic]) sobre ti e eſmerar te he redrar te de ti tod auoleza. […]


estrumento

From Latin īnstrūmentum (“instrument, tool”), from īnstruō (“I build, construct”).

[…] agora ſet adobados q́ qualora los eſtrumentos oyerdes echar uos edes e humillar uos edes ala ymagen del oro q́ fiz e ſi non la adorardes ſeredes metudos en el fuego del camino ardient e qual es el dios q́ uos puda enparar de mj mano

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 65v:

“ […] Now be ready, for at the time you hear the instruments you will prostrate yourselves and humble yourselves before the image of gold I have made. But should you not worship it, you will be cast into the fire of the blazing furnace; and who is the god that can deliver you out of my hand?”


ceruiz

Spanish: cerviz

From Latin cervīcem, singular accusative of cervīx, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“head”).

⁊ eli el ſac̃dot era vieio. e auie .Lxxxxviij. ãnos Qvando oẏo estas nueuas echos ariedro dela ſiella en q̃ ſedie erõpio las ceruizes emurio

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 45v:

And Eli the priest was old, and he was ninety-eight years old. When he heard these news, he fell backward from the chair on which he sat and broke his neck and died.


compannero

Spanish: compañero

From companna (“company, entourage”) + -ero.

To argent es tõnado eſcoria to uino es buelto en agua. tos príceps ſe dañarõ compañeros ſon de ladrones […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 55v:

Your silver becomes dross and your wine is turned into water. Your rulers have been corrupted, they are companions of thieves. […]


compeçamiento

Fue al cõpeçamiento q̃ eſtidieron ẏ. enõ temierõ al criador. etrametio el criador leones. ematarõ los.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 44v:

It was at the beginning that they dwelt there that they did not fear the Creator, and the Creator sent [among them] lions, and they killed them.


comendamiento

Spanish: comendamiento

e teſto nŕo ſennor en iſrɫ emando por mano delos ppħas q́ pphetizauan e dixo. Tornad uos de uŕas uias malas e guardat mios comendamiétos e mios fueros entoda la leẏ q́ acomende auŕos parientes por manos de mios ſieruos los ppħas.

And Our Lord gave witness in Israel and ordered by hand of the prophets that prophesied, and He said, “Turn from your wicked ways and keep my commandments and my statutes [according to] the entire Law I commended your ancestors by the hands of my servants the prophets.”


fornaguera

From Latin fornicāria, feminine of fornicārius (“fornicator”), from fornix (“brothel”).

Comienco q́ fablo nŕo ſenor aoſee dixo nŕo ſeńor aoſee ue eprent mugier fornaguera e faz fijos de fornicacion que fornicar fornicara la tŕa

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 70r:

It began that Our Lord spoke to Hosea, and Our Lord said to Hosea, “Go and take a fornicating woman and have children of fornication, for fornication will fornicate the land.”

prostitute, a promiscuous or fornicating woman


açada

Spanish: azada

From Vulgar Latin *asciāta, from Latin ascia (“axe”).

judgara ẽtre pueblos muchos. e afazara ẏenteſ fuerteſ aluen. etraſtornaran ſuſ eſpadas por açadas. ⁊ ſuslanças por foçeſ. non alçara ẏent contra ẏent eſpada. enõ aura mas batalla.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 72v:

He will judge between many peoples and arbitrate [between] strong people from afar. And they will reshape their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not raise sword against nation, and there will be no more battle.


nerbio

Spanish: nervio

Inherited from Latin nervus, either through niervo with metathesis of /j/; or more likely from the by-form nervia n pl or f, with /j/ raising the stressed vowel and blocking its diphthongization.

E. ppħize cuemo me acomendado e fue roydo quant ppħize cuemo tempeſtad. Aplegaronſe los hueſos a hueſos e carne e ſobre ellos nerbios e carne crubio ſobrellos cuero de ſuſo ſp̃u nõ auia en ellos.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63v:

And I prophesied as He had commanded me, and when I prophesied there was a noise like a storm. Bones to bones came together, and flesh; and tendons and flesh over them, [and] skin covered them from above. [But] there was no breath in them.


roydo

Spanish: ruido

From Latin rugītus (“roar, bellow”), from rugiō (“I roar, bellow”).


affliccion

Ladino: afrision

Spanish: aflicción

A conservative spelling or form of aflicion, from Latin afflīctiō.

¬ dixo ỹo dios de to padre. de abraam. ⁊ de ẏſaac. ⁊ de iacob. Aſcódio moẏſes ſus fazes ca temia de catar al nŕo ſénor. E dixo dios cate ⁊ ui. affliccion de myo pueblo q́ es en egipto. E ſo clamor […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 12r:

And He said, “I [am the] God of your father, of Abraham and of Isaac and of Jacob.” [Then] Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look at Our Lord. And God said, “I looked at and saw [the] affliction of my people who are in Egypt, and [heard] their cry. […] ”

Alternative form of aflicion, affliction, suffering


prophetismo

Spanish: profetismo

dixo heliſeᷤ viuo es el ſennor delos fõſados delant q̃en ẏo eſto q̃ ſi ñ fueſſe por berguẽça de ioſapha nõ cataria ati nj not ueria. agora adozid me .j. cantador epues q̃nt adios cantare ſera ſobrel ppħiſmo del criador.

[Then] Elisha said, “The Lord of Hosts lives, before whom I stand, [for] were it not out of regard for Jehoshaphat, I would not look at you nor see you. [But] now bring me a singer.” And so when to God he sings the prophecy of the Creator will be upon him.


berguença

Ladino: verguensa

Spanish: vergüenza

From Latin verēcundia (“shame, awe”), from Latin verēcundus (“feeling shame; worthy or reverence, venerable”).

der

dixo heliſeₛ viuo es el ſennor delos fõſados delant q̃en ẏo eſto q̃ ſi ñ fueſſe por berguẽça de ioſapha nõ cataria ati nj not ueria. agora adozid me .j. cantador epues q̃nt adios cantare ſera ſobrel ppħiſmo del criador.


debdor

Ladino: devdor

Spanish: deudor

vna mugier delos ppħtas clamo aeliſeuₛ ppħta edixol. To ſieruo mio marido es muerto e to ſabet q́ fue temient del ćador afe do uiene eldebdor q́ ṕndras dos mios fijos por ſos ſieruos

[Now] the wife of one of the prophets cried out to Elisha the prophet and said to him, “Your servant, my husband, is dead, and you know that he was one who feared the Creator. And lo, his creditor is coming [and] he will take for himself my two sons as his slaves.”


euangelista

desctree

Spanish: evangelista
→ Tagalog: ebanghelista

From Latin evangelista, from Ancient Greek εὐαγγελιστής (euangelistḗs).

der

εὐαγγελιστής

depues eſt emꝑador domicianus eſilio aſant iuan apoſtol e euangeliſta. euenos ala ẏſla de padmoˢ e cõuertio grãd púeblo.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

After this, the emperor Domitian exiled Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist, and he came to the island of Patmos and converted many people.


mensage

Spanish: mensaje

Borrowed from Old Occitan messatge or Old French message, both from Early Medieval Latin missāticum, derived from Latin mittere (“send”).

Enbiarõle mẽſage aioſep. E dẏzierõ le to padre comẽdo ante q̃ murieſſe. E dixo aſſi dizredes aioſep. Priegot q̃ perdones el ẏerro atoˢ ermanos. e ſo peccado del mal quet fizierõ. Agora perdona a ſieruoˢ del dios de to padre. Ploro ioſep quãt eſtol fablarõ.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 11v:

[So] they sent a message to Joseph, and they said to him, “Your father commanded before he died, and he said thus, ‘You shall say to Joseph: I beg you forgive the transgression of your brothers, and their sin of the wrong they did to you.’ Now, forgive the servants of the God of your father.” Joseph wept when they spoke this to him.


remasaja

Related to remander (“to remain”). Compare Old French remasille and Old Occitan remazilha.

e fizo lo aſi qṽndo fueron los uaſos plenos dixo aſo fijo. dam uaſos dixol nõ e mas. este el olio e paga to debdor tuetos fillos beuid delas remaſaias.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 43a:

And she did so, [and] when the vessels were full she said to her son, “Give me [more] vessels.” [But] he said, “I have no more.” [Elisha said, “Sell] this oil and pay your creditor, [and] live you and your sons on the remainder.”


reysmo

→ Basque: erresuma

Apreˢ de herodes Regno ſo fijo el maẏor archelaᵍ. ⁊ fue partido el Reẏſmo de iħrſɫm en .iiij. partes

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 78r:

After Herod reigned his eldest son, Archelaus, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem was divided into four parts.


malaptia

From Old French maladie, from malade (“sick”).

Qvando ouiere fambre en la tierra omortalidat. o enfermedat oq́ado ouiere mal de enfermedat. o langoſta. o erugo. q́nt fuere q́l aq́xare ſo enemigo. enla tŕa oen las cibdades. Nulla plaga o nulla malaptia […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 50v:

Should there be famine in the land or great dying or sickness, or should there be the ill of sickness, or locusts or caterpillars, should their enemy threaten them in the land or in the cities, whatever plague or whatever malady, […]


muert

Clamo amoẏſẽ ⁊ a pharaon. e dixo peq̃ al ur̃o ſẽnor dios. Rogat por mi q̃ me ꝑdone eſta uez ſola. E riedre deſobre my eſta muert. Rogo moiſen al nr̃o ſẽnor. ⁊ veno uiẽto de fauõno ⁊ echo toda la langoſta en la mar.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 15r:

Pharaoh called Moses and said, “I have sinned against your Lord God. Pray that He forgive me just this once, and that he remove this death from over me.” [So] Moses prayed to Our Lord, and the west wind came and cast all the locusts into the sea.


fauonno

Clamo amoẏſẽ ⁊ a pharaon. e dixo peq̃ al ur̃o ſẽnor dios. Rogat por mi q̃ me ꝑdone eſta uez ſola. E riedre deſobre my eſta muert. Rogo moiſen al nr̃o ſẽnor. ⁊ veno uiẽto de fauõno ⁊ echo toda la langoſta en la mar. por todo eſto non dexo fijos de ẏſrael.

Pharaoh called Moses and said, “I have sinned against your Lord God. Pray that He forgive me just this once, and that he remove this death from over me.” [So] Moses prayed to Our Lord, and the west wind came and cast all the locusts into the sea. [But] after all of this he did not let the children of Israel go.


fidenisa

An alteration of Late Latin pȳthōnissa, feminine form of Latin pȳthon (“oracle, soothsayer”), from Ancient Greek Πῡθώ (Pūthṓ, “Pytho; Delphi”).

& fue demãdar cõſeio auna mugier ſortera q̃ era en edom aqui uino el reẏ ſaul de mandar ɔſeio ala fideniſa ſta mugier ouo mẏedo al reẏ e dixo q̃ nõ faria. Jvro ſaul e dixo biuo es el criador q̃ non uerna nĩgun mal atẏ por eſta coſa.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 32v:

Here king Saul came to seek counsel from the soothsayer And [so] he went to seek counsel from a soothsayer that lived in Edom. […] [But] this woman was afraid of the king, and she said she would not do [as he asked]. Saul swore and said, “Living is the Creator, that no harm shall come to you for this thing.”


adeuino

Spanish: adivino

From Latin dīvīnus (“prophetic”). Influenced by adeuinar (“to guess, solve”). Compare Old French devin.

Fveſſét ſamuel aſu caſa a ramata e nó vio mas ſamuel a ſaul faſta q́ ſamuel fue muerto ⁊ planieron le tod iſrɫ e ſotŕaron le en ramata ſu cibdat. & ſaul tollio los magos alos adeuinos de la tŕa.

Samuel went to his house in Ramah, and Samuel did not see Saul again before Samuel died. And all of Israel mourned him and they buried him in Ramah, his city. And Saul removed the necromancers and soothsayers from the land.


guchiello

Eſte herodes Murio mala muerte deuẏno gafo de pues por la grãt pudor q̃ ſalẏo del ⁊ nõ lo podie ſofrir. el Miſmo ſe mato cõ .j. guchiello.

This Herod died a bad death. He became leprous [and] then, because of the great shame which he displayed and could not bear, he killed himself with a knife.


philisteo

Spanish: filisteo

Borrowed from Late Latin Philistaeus, from Koine Greek Φυλιστιείμ (Phulistieím), from Hebrew פְּלִשְׁתִּים (pəlištîm).

פְּלִשְׁתִּים

Hebrew פְּלִשְׁתִּים (pəlištîm)

Aplegaron ſe los philiſteos e paſſaron en ſẏma. Aplego atod iſrl e paſſaron en móte gelboe. Vio ſaul el albergada de los philiſteos e ouo mẏedo.

The Philistines gathered and camped at Shunem. [Saul] gathered all of Israel and they camped at mount Gilboa. [Then] Saul saw the encampment of the Philistines and he was afraid.

Idem, f. 47r.
Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol.

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him.


visitança

dixo el nr̃o ſenor a moẏſen qui peccare en mi deſfer loe de mio libro. Agora ue e di ami pueblo cuemo fable mio angel andara delante ti e al dia de mi uiſitança uiſitare ſobre ellos ſos pecados e mato el ſẽnor del pueblo muchos por lo que fizieron el bezerro q̃ fizo aron

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 20v:

Our Lord said to Moses, “Whoever has sinned against Me, I will wipe out of my book. Now go and say to my people how I have spoken. My angel will go before you, and the day of my visit I will visit their sin upon them.” And the Lord killed many from among the people for what they did [with] the calf that Aaron made.


ennemigo

Dixo nr̃o ſẽnor amoyſen ſub aq̃ tu e el pueblo que ſaq̃ſt de egipto ala tierra q̃ iure aabraã á yſaac a iacob ẽ dix ato liñaie la dare trametre mio angel delante ti e detroyra tos eñemigos […]

[Then] Our Lord said to Moses, “Go up from here, you and the people whom you brought out of Egypt, to the land I swore to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob when I said ‘I will give it to your descendants.’ I will send my angel before you and he will destroy your enemies. […] ”


guarnimiento

Spanish: guarnimiento

From guarnir (“to dress, adorn”) + -miento. Compare Old French guarnement (“garment”).

Oyo eſto eſto^([sic]) el pueblo e ou gñde duelo enõ ſe q̃ſo guarnir deſu ueſtir. dixo nr̃o ſeñor amoẏſẽ diles q̃ ſe guarneſcã eẏo ſabre q̃ leſ fare. priſierõ fiios de iſrɫ. ſo guarnimiẽto de mõte oreb

The people heard this and there was great mourning, and they did not want to adorn their dress. [For] Our Lord said to Moses, “Tell them to adorn themselves and I will know what I will do to them.” [So] the children of Israel took off their ornaments from Mount Horeb [onward].


sedmana

E nes ſos dias yo daniel era dolorioſo .iij. ſedmanas de dias. pan cobdiciadero ni carne non comj nin ui non etro en mi boca niẽ bano non fu banado troa q̃s cumplieron .vij. semanas de dias

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 69:

In those days, I, Daniel, was mournful for three weeks' worth of days. I ate no no pleasant bread or meat, nor did wine enter my mouth, nor was I bathed in a bath until three weeks' worth of days passed.


companna

Spanish: compaña

From Vulgar Latin *compānia, from Late Latin compāniō (“companion”).

Corrio eſau aencuẽtro de ſo ermano. E abraçol ⁊ echo ſobre ſo cuello el braço. E ſaludolo. ⁊ omillos eſau. E toda ſu cõpãna de iacob.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5r:

Esau ran to meet his brother, and he embraced him and put his arm over his neck. And he greeted him and bowed before Esau, and so too all of Jacob's company.


maçonero

Spanish: mazonero

From Old French maçon (“mason, builder”) + -ero.

[…] e enbẏo amonte libano .lxxx. mil om̃s q̃ taiaſſen madera. e .lxx. mil maçoneros pora la obra de la piedra ſin los maẏorales q̃ les comendauan q̃ auien a fer.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49r:

[…] And he sent to Mount Lebanon eighty thousand men to cut wood and seventy thousand masons for the working of stone, besides the foremen who commanded them what they were to do.


mercadura

From Latin mercātūra, from mercor (“I trade, deal, sell”).

Catarõ ⁊ vierõ vna requa de paganos de los de ẏſmael. E vinien de galaat cõ ſos camellos cargados de mercaduras e ẏuã a egipto

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

They looked up and saw a pagan caravan, of those of Ishmael. And they were coming from Gilead with their camels loaded with goods, and they were headed to Egypt.


ysmael

dẏxo iudas aſos ermanos. Veo ẏſmaeles q̃ paſſan. Andat ⁊ uendamos le aeſtos moros q̃ paſſã. E nr̃as manos nõ metamos en el. […]

Judah said to his brothers, “I see Ishmaelites passing by. Come and let us sell him to these moors passing by, and not lay our hands on him. […] ”


requa

Spanish: recua

From Andalusian Arabic رَكْبَة (rakba), from Arabic رَكَبَة (rakaba), plural of رَاكِب (rākib, “rider”), from رَكِبَ (rakiba, “to ride”).


suenno

Ladino: esfuenyo, esuenyo

Spanish: sueño

From Latin somnium (“dream”), from somnus (“sleep, slumber”), from Proto-Italic *swepnos, from Proto-Indo-European *swépnos, from *swep- (“to sleep”).

Andat ⁊ matemoſle. Echemoſle en aq̃l pozo. E ueremos que prol aura so suenno. e pues diremos q̃ beſtia mala lo mato ⁊ lo comẏo. Oẏo lo ruben ⁊ peſol eq̃ſol enparar

“Go and let us kill him. Let us throw him into that pit, and we shall see of what use his dream is to him! And then we will say that a fierce beast killed and ate him.” Reuben heard this and was grieved by it, and decided to protect him.


vestimienta

Ladino: vestimienta

Spanish: vestimenta

From Latin vestīmenta, plural of vestīmentum (“garment, robe”), from vestiō (“I clothe”). Compare Old French vestement.

e depues ueno ſaul. ⁊ enop. e p̃ſo eſtos ſacerdotes e mato dent .Lxxx. ⁊ .v. reueſtidos de ſac̃dotal ueſtimienta

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 46r:

And then came Saul to Nob. And he took these priests and killed therein eighty-five men dressed in the priestly garments.


sortero

head

sortero m (plural sorteros, feminine singular sortera, feminine plural sorteras)

sorteros (plural)
sortera (feminine singular)
sorteras (feminine plural)

Spanish: sortero

From suerte (“lot, fate”) + -ero (occupational suffix). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese sorteira (“witch”).

cog

& fue demãdar cõſeio auna mugier ſortera q̃ era en edom […] ſta mugier ouo mẏedo al reẏ e dixo q̃ nõ faria.

And [so] he went to seek counsel from a soothsayer that lived in Edom. […] [But] this woman was afraid of the king, and she said she would not do [as he asked].

a person who draws lots, a soothsayer or oracle


deuinança

From deuinar (“to divine, guess”) + -ança, or through Latin dīvīnantia, plural of dīvīnāns (“foreseeing, divining”), from dīvīnō (“I foresee, fortell, divine”).

Non a aguero en iacob nĩ deuinãça en israel.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 25r:

“ […] There is no omen on Jacob nor divination on Israel. […] ”


aguero

Spanish: agüero


rabadura

Apparently from rabir (“to capture, kidnap”) + -dura.

[…] cõ leõ ſe leuantara e con leona ſe alcara nos echara faſta q̃ coma. rabadura e ſangre de matados breura.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, 25r:

“ […] Like a lion it shall rise up and like a lioness it shall lift itself up. It shall not lie down until it eats prey, and the blood of those slain it shall drink.”


bendicion

Spanish: bendición

Semi-learned borrowing from Ecclesiastical Latin benedictiōnem, singular accusative of benedictiō (“blessing”).

slbor

Reſpuſo ẏſaac ⁊ dẏxo. De groſſura de la tierra ⁊ del ruçio ſera tu bẽdicion. De los cieló ſera tu bendicion. Sobre tu eſpada biuras. E ato ermano seruiras. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4r:

Isaac answered and said, “Your blessing shall be away from the fatness of the earth and from the dew. Your blessing shall be away from the heavens. You shall live by the sword and your brother you shall serve. […] ”


montanna

Ladino: montanya

Spanish: montaña
→ English: Montana

From Early Medieval Latin montānia, a collective based on Latin montem. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese montanna, Old French montaigne.

Loth ouo miedo de ſeer ẽ ſegor eſubio alas mõtãnas cõ ſus .ij. fijas. eſtido en una cueua con ſus .ij. fijas. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2v:

Lot was afraid of staying in Zoar and [so] he went up to the mountains with his two daughters […]


juuentut

Spanish: juventud

From Latin iuventūtem, singular accusative of iuventūs, from iuvenis (“young”).

[…] Qve ẏo loar me pueda de ti en my veiez. Aſſẏ cuemo me loe en mẏ iuuétud.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:

[…] That I may be able to rejoice in you in my old age as I rejoiced in my youth.


yvierno

El yuierno es exido q̃ el março qͥere entrar

between 1140 and 1207, anonymous, Cid 1619

Winter has gone out, and March wants to enter


ynvierno

Spanish: invierno

From Vulgar Latin *hīmbernum, a modification of Latin hībernum (tempus).

las formigas que son anjmalias viles enel tienpo del verano guardan pan de que se mantengan enel ynvierno.

1293, Castigos, fol. 244r, (BNM ms. 6559, ed. by William Plamer and Carig Frazier, 1992)

Ants, which are vile animals, save away bread during the summer to survive the winter on it.


viesso

The native inherited form of Latin versus (“verse”). Later replaced by the latinism verso.

Pues dize ende assí Ovidio d'esta razón estos viessos por latín, e la razón por que los él dixo assí estos viessos es ésta. Los gigantes se levantaron contra los sos dioses, […]

c. 1275, Alfonso X, General Estoria 1.14, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez Prieto-Borja, 2002, Alcalá de Henares: Universidad Alcalá de Henares)

And so Ovid says these verses in Latin due to a reason, and the reason why he said this is this. The giants revolted against their gods, […]

1335, Don Juan Manuel, El libro de los enxiemplos del conde Lucanor et de Patronio, Exemplo IIº
Et cuando don Johan falló este exiemplo, mandólo escrivir en este libro, et fizo estos viessos en que está avreviadamente toda la sentençia deste exiemplo.

And when don Juan found this exemplary story, he ordered to have it written in this book, and made these verses in which the whole intention of this story is expressed briefly.


venavlo

Spanish: venablo

Omnes de sus mesnadas fueron luego llegados, trauaron del uenaulo fieramient espantados

c. 1200, anonymous, Libro de Alexandre 1550-1551


loviello

Spanish: ovillo

From Late Latin lubellum < globellum, diminutive from Latin globus.


meytad

Spanish: mitad


quaraesma

Spanish: Cuaresma

mid–late 13th c., Siete Partidas, I.V.XIII
...et las primeras, que son de verano, comienzan en el segundo miercoles de quaraesma, et las segundas, que son del estivo, comienzan en el primero miercoles despues de cinquaesma...

...and the first [set of Ember Days], which are in spring, begin on the second Wednesday of Lent, while the second [set of Ember Days], which are in summer, begin on the first Wednesday after Pentecost...


potriello

Spanish: potrillo

E si el potriello pierde la madre recíbenle las otras yeguas pora criarle.

c. 1275, Alfonso X, General Estoria, primera parte, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez Prieto-Borja, 2002, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares)

And if the foal loses his mother, the other mares receive him to raise him.


façaña

Quando llegó el conde a su buena conpaña
falló a sus vassallos todos con fuerte saña,

c. 1250, anonymous, Poema de Fernán González p. 274, (ed. by Itzíar López Guil, 2001, Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva)

When the count arrived back at his good companions,
he found all his vassals strongly against him,
they were treating him so badly that it was a feat.


putaña

Uncertain. Likely a cognate of Italian puttana, and derived from a Vulgar Latin *pūtta, perhaps derived from *puta, feminine of Latin putus (“teeny boy”), but see that entry for issues with the existence of the term in Latin. For the suffix of this word, also compare the -ain ending of Old French putain (“whore”), nonain (“nun”), Mariain (“Mary”), Evain (“Eve”).

Dicit al fijo de la mala putaña que venga ante mí

betw. 1246-1252, Gonzalo de Berceo, Los Milagros de nuestra Señora, (ed. by Claudio García Turza, 1992, Madrid: Espasa-Calpe)


gramatgo

From Latin grammaticus. Perhaps inherited instead of semi-learned, to judge by the syncope, and the existence of inherited terms in other medieval Romance languages (see the Latin etymon for cognates). The -tg- cluster may be equivalent to the -dg- cluster typical of 13th-century writing, as in judgar, -adgo. Attested once in the 12th-century Auto de reyes magos (see quotation). Non-synchronous doublet of grammático.

id me por mios abades
i por mios podestades
i por mios scribanos
i por meos gramatgos
i por mios streleros

12th c., anonymous, Auto de reyes magos 119-124, (ed. by Menéndez Pidal)


grammático

Spanish: gramático

Borrowed from Latin grammaticus. First attested near the end of the Old Spanish period, in the late 15th century. The term may have been rather novel at the time; Nebrija offers a more native equivalent in one of the quotations below. Non-synchronous doublet of gramatgo, attested once in the 12th century.

Enesto hay dos maneras de verbo los grammaticos dizen verbos que tienen tres tiempos conuiene saber. passado presente & venidero. los rethoricos dizen verbos por todas las palabras: o dictiones dela oraçion: proprio del verbo significar açtion o passion: o ambas cosas con tiempos & formas sin caso.

1490, Alfonso de Palencia, Universal vocabulario en latín y en romance, (ed. by Gracia Lozano López, 1992)

Now there are two definitions of verbo. It should be understood that grammarians say verbs have three tenses: past, present and future. Rhetoricians call all types of words verbos, or dictiones of speech. [Among grammarians] it is a property of a verbo to indicate an action one does or undergoes, or both things, in tenses and without cases.

Los casos del nombre son cinco. el primero por el cual las cosas se nombran o hazen & padecen: el cual los latinos llaman nominativo. El segundo por el cual dezimos cuia es alguna cosa. el cual los grammaticos llaman genitivo.

1492, Antonio de Nebrija, Gramática castellana, (ed. by John O'Neill, 1995)

There are five cases in a noun. The first one is used to name things as they do or undergo an action, which in Latin is known as "nominative". We use the second one to say something belongs to it, which grammarians call the "genitive".

[L]os que boluieron de griego en latin este nombre gramatica: llamaron la arte de letras: & a los professores & maestros della dixeron grammaticos: que en nuestra lengua podemos dezir letrados.

Those who brought grammar from Greek into Latin called the art of letters gramatica, and its scholars and teachers grammaticos, which in our language we could translate as [literally] "the lettered".


feviella

Spanish: hebilla


mesquino

Spanish: mezquino

From Arabic مِسْكِين (miskīn, “poor”). First attested with the pre-literary spelling misquinos (plural) in the 10th/11th-century San Millan glosses.

qui... pauperibus reddet : qui dat a los misquinos

10th or 11th century, anonymous, San Millan glosses, (as quoted by Coromines and Pascual)


piedra preçiosa

osp-noun

piedra preçiosa f (plural piedras preçiosas)

Spanish: piedra preciosa

Esso mjssmo dezimos de la piedra preçiosa que ffuesse engastonada en oro ageno.

by 1260, anonymous, Espéculo de Alfonso X

We say the same about any gem encrusted in other gold.


cangro

desctree

Spanish: cangrejo
→ Asturian: cangrexu
→ Galician: cangrexo, caranguexo
→ Portuguese: caranguejo


avuelo

Spanish: abuelo (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *av(i)olum, ultimately from Latin avus.

Abraham, our grandfather of honourable memory, when he came back from the battle with victory

c.1230, Sacrificio de la Misa Abrán, nuestro avuelo de ondrada memoria, quando de la fazienda tornava con victoria, (...)


carcelage

From Medieval Latin carcelāgium, a variant of carcerārium, ultimately from carcer (“jail, prison”).

jailer’s fees, prison fees (money paid to a jailkeeper by or on behalf of a prisoner for the food and drink supplied to that prisoner during incarceration)


ceresa

Spanish: cereza

Inherited from Vulgar Latin ceresia, from the neuter plural of Late Latin ceresium, from Latin cerasium, from Ancient Greek κεράσιον (kerásion, “cherry”), from κερασός (kerasós, “bird cherry”), ultimately possibly of Anatolian origin.
In the Cartularies of Valpuesta both masculine forms are recorded: cereso (c. 944) and cerezo (c. 1210) as well as a relatinisation zeraysum (c. 1044).

der

E otrosy se an de senbrar los albarcoques e las çeresas en este tienpo e las milgranas e los priscos e las huuas e los figos anse de senbrar en otubre e en nouienbre.(...)

c. 1300, Tratado de Agricultura de Ibn Bassal, page 91:

And apricots and cherries are to be sown at this time; and millegrains and prunes and grapes and figs are to be sown in October and November. (...)


venino

desctree

Spanish: veneno (relatinised)
→ Sardinian: venenu

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin venīnum, from Classical Latin venēnum. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese vinino.

inh+

(...) Redempcion de pecados sin sangne nunca vino, sangne lava las almas de todo mal venino (...)

c. 1264, Del Sacrificio de la Misa, cuarteto 98

Redemption of sins without blood never came, blood washes the souls from all venomous evil.


espeio

Spanish: espejo

Ladino: espejo

Inherited from Vulgar Latin speclum, from Latin speculum

(...) en que sse viessen ssienpre commo en espeio para ssaber emendar los ssus yerros (...)

In wich they always see themselves as a mirror to know how to correct their own and others' mistakes (...)


çisme

Spanish: chisme

los piojos las pulgas et las çismes et las formigas et sus semejantes

ca. 1320, Juan Manuel, Libro del cavallero et del escudero:

lice, fleas, bedbugs, ants, and the like


pavilo

Spanish: pabilo
→ Sardinian: pabilu

From Vulgar Latin *papīlum, from Latin papȳrus. Attested from ca. 1400.


bebdo

Spanish: beodo

Inherited from Latin bibitus, from bibō, from Proto-Italic *pibō, from Proto-Indo-European *píph₃eti, from *peh₃-.