culantro

Ladino: kulantro

Spanish: cilantro

English: cilantro

From Late Latin coliandrum, from Latin coriandrum (“coriander”), from Ancient Greek κορίανδρον (koríandron).

Clamaron caſado de iſr̃l ſo nõbre magna caera como ſemẏent de culantro blanco. E ſo ſabor como breſcas de myel

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r:

The house of Israel gave it the name manna, because it was like the seed of white coriander, and its taste like that of honeycombs.

Coriandrum sativum
Coriandrum sativum#Translingual

coriander, cilantro (Coriandrum sativum)


esmeralda

Spanish: esmeralda

From Old French esmeralde, ultimately from Latin smaragdus, from Ancient Greek σμάραγδος (smáragdos).

Et la ſu uerdura ⁊ la ſu reſplandor es muy meior que dela otra eſmeralda.

And its greenness and gleam are much better than those of the other emerald.

Idem, f. 54r.
Et eſtas ſon falladas en las mineras del oro o fallan las bonas eſmeraldas.

And these are found in the goldmines where they find the best emeralds.


xugo

Spanish: jugo

Inherited from Latin sūcus. For the development of the initial consonant, compare xeringa and xabon.

e dizen a otra piedra malanites, este nonbre por que quando la quebrantan salle della vn xugo dulçe como mjel

c. 1223, anonymous author, Semejanza del mundo:

and there is another stone named malanites, thus called because when it is broken, some juice, sweet like honey, comes out of it


sortija

Spanish: sortija

From Late Latin *sorticula (“a small lot, table or ticket”), from Latin sors (“chances, lot”).

inh

[…] E q̃ero q̃tu aẏas poder. ſobre todo quãto ẏoe. eſea ſos tu mano. priſo pharaon la ſortija. de oro q auie en ſu mano ⁊ diola a iosep.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 7r:

“[…] And I want you to have power over all that I have, and that it be under your command.” [And] Pharaoh took the gold ring from his hand and gave it to Joseph.

Idem, f. 20r.
Derrõpierõ todo el pueblo las ſortijas del oro q̃ teniẽ en ſus oreias. &́ aduxierõ las aaron ⁊ priſolas en su mano. ⁊ metiolas en la forma. E ſalio vezerro forjada.

All the people broke the rings of gold they wore on their ears, and they gave them to Aaron, and he took them in his hand and cast them into the mold, and out came a forged calf.


carcelero

Spanish: carcelero

From Latin carcerārius, from carcer (“prison”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 1.
e fue nŕo ſénor có ioſep e diol ſu gŕa e ouo grát amor có el caŕelero.

and the Lord was with Joseph and gave him grace and great favor with the prison warden.


cervesa

Spanish: cerveza (see there for further descendants)


sacerdot

e entraron en ſa caſa de la ydola bual e destruyeron todo lo que fallaron e mataron al ſacerdot dela ydola

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 58r:

And they entered the house of the idol Baal and destroyed all they found. And they killed the idol's priest.

Idem, f. 80r.
EN cabo dela uilla de iſrꝉ apart de oriẽt es tenplum domini caſa del c̃aador. alli era zacharias ſacerdoth. eueno a el el angel enuncio la nauidat de ſo fijo ſant juan baptiſta

In the city of Israel, in the eastern part, is the Temple of the Lord, house of the Creator. There Zachariah was priest, and the angel came to him and announced the birth of his son Saint John the Baptist.


xaque

Spanish: jaque

From Arabic; see discussion in the modern descendant jaque.


robi

Spanish: rubí

From Old French rubi, rubin, from Medieval Latin rubīnus lapis (“red stone”), from Latin rubeus (“reddish, red”).

der

DEla segunda faz del ſigno de leon es la piedra aque llaman robi. & deſta auemos ementado ya en eſte libro en el .iiij. grado del ſigno de leon.

Of the second facet of the sign of Leo is the stone they call ruby, which we have already recalled in this book in the fourth degree of the sign of Leo.


leona

Spanish: leona


pulmon

Spanish: pulmón

Borrowed from Latin pulmōnem, pulmō, from Proto-Indo-European *pléwmō.

Et preſta mucho en el arte de fiſica. ca ſi dierẽ della molida a beuer a qui se faze tiſſico. o al que a llagaſen el pulmon ſana.

And it is very useful in the art of physic, for if it is given ground to drink to someone with tuberculosis, or whose lung has ulcers, they heal.


cabrito

Spanish: cabrito

From cabra (“goat”) + -ito. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese cabrito.

priſierõ la ueſtidura. de ioſeph e degollaron vn cabrito. ⁊ enſangrẽtarõ la en la ſangre. ⁊ enbiarõ la aſo padre q̃ la connocieſſe. e dixieron eſto fallamoˢ

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

[Then] they took Joseph's clothing and beheaded a young goat, and bloodied it in its blood. And they sent it to their father, that he would recognize it, and said, “We found this.”


sepulcro

Spanish: sepulcro

depues eſt emp̠ador domicianus eſilio aſant iuan apoſtol e euangeliſta. euenos ala ẏſla de padmoˢ e cõuertio grãd pũeblo. e aun dia de domingo entro biuo enel ſepulcro depues reguardarõ ſos om̃s el ſepulcro e noẏ trobarõ ſino magna q̃ bullie eolio.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

After this, the emperor Domitian exiled Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist, and he came to the island of Patmos and converted many people. And on a Sunday he entered the grave alive. Later, when his followers inspected the grave, they found there nothing but manna that bubbled and oil.


proeza

Coromines and Pascual suspect that because Old Spanish pro was not an adjective (meaning 'brave', cf. Old French preu), the Old Spanish term was probably borrowed from Old French proece (> modern French prouesse), or alternatively from Old Occitan proeza or Old Catalan proeza. Ultimately derived from Late Latin prōde + Latin -itia. First attested in the Libro de Alexandre.

El rëy Alexandre, thesoro de proeza,

c. 1240 – 1250, anonymous, Libro de Alexandre, (ed. by Jesús Cañas, 1988, Madrid: Cátedra, page 408)

King Alexander, a trove of prowess, an arch of wisdom, an example of nobility...


flum

From Latin flūmen. Perhaps a shortening of flumen.

Delãt ierico a .ij. milleros en la riƀa del flum iordan es bethania o baptizaua ſant ioħn baptiſta.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 31r:

Two thousand paces from Jericho, on the bank of the Jordan River is Bethany, where Saint John the Baptist baptized.


pedrisco

Spanish: pedrisco

I ẏo fare cras plouer pedriſco mui grãt. e nõ fue tal en egipto. des q̃ fue poblada troa agora. e tu aplega todo lo tuẏo q̃ es en el cãpo. ⁊ los q̃ nõ ſe acogierẽ alas caſas morrã del pedriſco.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 14v:

“[…] And tomorrow I will make it rain a great hailstorm such that Egypt has never seen since it was settled until now. And you, bring inside all that you have in the field. And those who do not take shelter in their homes will die from the hail.”


gengibre

Spanish: jengibre
→ Basque: jengibre

desctree

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: gengibre
Galician: xenxibre
Portuguese: gengibre

→ Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: xenxibre


peyne

Spanish: peine

From Latin pectinem, accusative of pecten.

[…] ⁊ ſi deſpues en aquella agua moiarẽ el peyne ⁊ peynarẽ con el los cabellos tinnen ſe negros de tintura q̃ dura muy grand tiempo.

[…] and if after they were to wet the comb in that water and comb their hair with it, they would be dyed black with a very long-lasting dye.


subdito

Spanish: súbdito

Borrowed from Latin subditus. According to Coromines and Pascual, first attested in Juan Ruiz.

Otrosi puede el papa sus decretales far

early 14th century, Juan Ruiz, Libro de buen amor 13

Moreover, the Pope can emit decrees,
in which he orders his subjects to pay a certain penalty

en que a sus subditos manda çierta pena dar


tabernaculo

Spanish: tabernáculo

From Latin tabernāculum (“tent, tabernacle”), from taberna (“hut, cabin”).

emoẏſẽ p̃ſo eltabernaculo etẽdiol fuera del abergadaetodo om̃e q̃ auia cueta alli yua all nr̃o ſeñor pedir merced emoẏſẽ q̃nd entraua en el tabernacɫo uinia la coruina de la nuf e eſtaua ala puerta dela tiẽda efablaua con moẏſẽ ala uiſta del pueblo é elloſ do eſtauan humilarõſe

c. 1200, Almerich, w:Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 20v:

And Moses took the tabernacle and pitched it outside the encampment, and every man that had a grievance would go there to Our Lord to ask for mercy. And when Moses entered into the tabernacle the pillar of cloud would come and stand at the door to the tent, and [He] would speak to Moses in view of the people, and they bowed down where they were.


setmana

Ladino: semana

Spanish: semana

From Late Latin septimānam, singular accusative of septimāna, from the Latin septimānus (“related to the seventh element of a series”, adjective), derived from septimus (“seventh”).

inh

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 69v. col. 1.
enforteçra firmanento a los mayores una ſetmana e en la media ſetmana faldra la oſtia.

he will enforce a covenant with many for a week, but in the middle of the week the oblation will cease.


salze

Spanish: sauce, salce

Por cortar salze. / Tod ome que cortare salze ageno: torne el salze á su duenno: con .iiij. mezcales.

c. 1242, anonymous author, Fuero de Brihuega:

Et déue'l el alcalle mandar que el palo aya en luengo tanto commo el omne que á de parar el derecho, & á en ancho en el cuerpo & vna mano de más, & sea de salze seco & sea tan grueso que quepa por la mano del alcalle.

c. 1284, anonymous author, Libro de los fueros de Castiella, f. 40v:

Otrossí, a qual omne quiere que fallaren cortando faya, o mostaio, o pino, o povo, o nieço, o maello, o salze gatiello, o robre, o azevo, por qual árbol quier d'estos, salves' con tres vezinos; si [non se salvar]e, peche II moravedís.

c. 1295, anonymous author, Fuero de Sepúlveda, f. 45r:


nuf

Fue el dia t̃cero al alba dela man. ⁊ vinẏerõ truenos ⁊ relãpagos ⁊ nuf grãt ſobrel mõt. Y uoz de cuerno grãt mucho E ouẏerõ pauor grãt tod el pueblo q̃ era enel albergada.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 18r:

It was the early morning of the third day, and there came thunder and flashes of lightning and a great cloud upon the mountain, and the very mighty blast of a [ram's] horn, and all the people who were in the camp felt great fear.


fierro

Ladino: fierro

Spanish: fierro, hierro

Papiamentu: heru

Et aun a otra ꝑpriedat que el uidrio la obedece ⁊ tiral aſſi como la aymante tira el fierro.

And yet another property is that glass obeys it and it pulls it, just like the magnet attracts iron.


asna

Spanish: asna

female equivalent of asno; a she-ass, a female donkey


dragma

From Late Latin dragma, from Latin drachma, from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ).

[…] si dierẽ del poluo della a beuer peſante de quatro dragmas al q̃ a dolor en el eſtentino a que llaman colon ſana luego.

[…] if they were to give four drams of weight of it powdered to drink to someone whose gut, the one they call colon, ached, he would be cured.

Idem, f. 79r.
La ſegunda es q̃ ſi beuiere om̃e della peſo duna dragma purga melanconia temprada miente ⁊ bien.

The second is that if one were to drink of it the weight of one dram, it purges black bile soon and well.

drachma, dram (coin and unit of measure)


coraçon

Ladino: korasón

Spanish: corazón (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin *corāceōnem, derived from Latin cor.

con obras de amor é coraçon puro.

a. 1430, Juan Alfonso de Baena, Cancionero de Baena:

with the labours of love and a pure heart.


cherubin

head

cherubin m (plural cherubines or cherubins)

Spanish: querubín

Borrowed from Late Latin cherūbīm, from Hebrew כְּרוּבִים (kərûḇîm, “cherubim, cherubs”).

der

aduxieron los ſacerdotes el archa del teſtament del criador emetieron la en ſc̃a ſc̃o ſolas alas delos cherubines

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49v:

the priests led the Ark of the Testimony of the Creator and placed it in the Holy of Holies, under the wings of the cherubim

Idem, f. 54r.
aſennor dios de los fonſſados de iſrꝉ q̃ eſtas ſobre los cherubines tu eres dios aſolas e todos los regnos de la tierra en tu mano

Oh, Lord God of the hosts of Israel, that art above the cherubim, Thou alone art God and all the kingdoms of Earth are in thy hand


escorpion

Spanish: escorpión

From Latin scorpiō, from Ancient Greek σκορπίος (skorpíos).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 23v. b.
enbio el nr̃o ſeñor en el pueblo culuebros e eſcorpiones / a qui mordian los iudios los culuebros

And our Lord sent among the people snakes and scorpions, and here the snakes bit the Jews.


bezerro

Spanish: becerro

From Late Latin becerrus, from Iberian *ribiccu, possibly a metathesis of *(i)bicirru (“chamois”), ultimately borrowed from the same Alpine Proto-Indo-European language that produced Latin ibex and camocis (see English chamois). Compare Latin ībex and Old Galician-Portuguese bezerro.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2r. a.
e el fue alas bacas. e aduxo vn bezerro tierno. e lech. & mãteca.

then he went where the cows were and brought back a young calf, some milk and curds.

Idem, f. 20v. b.

then the Lord killed many among the people for what they had done with the calf made by Aaron.

e mato el señor del pueblo muchos por lo q̃ fizieron el bezerro q̃ fizo aron


blago

Spanish: blago

Semi-learned borrowing from Latin baculum.

slbor

viola iuda cubierta e nola cõnoçio. E cuedo q̃ era putana. E dixol ẏaz comẏgo ⁊ dẏxo ella q̃ me daras. Acordarõ ſe q̃l dieſſe uncabrito e diol pẽnos ſo anẏello. Ela cinta q̃ cinnẏa. E el blago q̃ tenẏa. en su mano.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6r:

Judah saw her covered and did not recognize her, and he assumed she was a prostitute. And he said to her, “Lay with me”, and she replied, “What will you give me?” They agreed he would give her a young goat, and he pledged her his ring and his girdle and the staff he had in his hand.

Idem, f. 23r.
Sacco moẏſen todos los blagos auiſta de fijos de iſrꝉ. dixo el nr̃o ſeñor amoẏſen Torna elblago de aarõ delant el teſtamẽt por guardo lo por ſenal a fijos de isrꝉ ⁊ q̃dar ſe an ſus q̃rellas de ſobre mj e nõ morã

Moses brought out all the staffs in view of the children of Israel. Our Lord said to Moses, “Put Aaron's staff in front of the Testimony to keep as a sign for the children of Israel, and they will hold back their complaints against me, and they will not die.”


segur

Spanish: segur

From Latin secūris, related to secō (“I cut”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese segur.

pues quãdo frago ſalomon la caſa maẏlla. ni segur ni nulla ferramienta no ẏ fue aẏuda en la caſa del criador.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49r:

Now when Solomon built the house, [no] hammer, nor axe nor any iron tool was heard there, in the house of the Creator.


azeyte

Ladino: azeyte (Latin spelling)

Spanish: aceite

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic زَيْت (zayt).

Et ſo uirtut es que preſta al que ouiere poſtema. fregandola con el azeyte. et dandol abeuer. lo que ſallier del fregamiento.

And its virtue is that it cures those with abscesses by washing it with oil and giving them to drink what results from the washing.


ermana

osp-noun

ermana f (plural ermanas, masculine singular ermano, masculine plural ermanos)

ermanas (plural)
ermano (masculine singular)
ermanos (masculine plural)

Ladino: ermana

Spanish: hermana

Feminine form of ermano (“brother”), or from Latin germāna.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 23v. a.
emurio alli mariã el ermana de aron q̃ nõ auiã q̃ comer nĩ q̃ beuer

and there died Miriam, the sister of Aaron, who had nothing to eat or to drink

Idem, f. 80v. b.
alli eran maria & marta ermanas delazaro el q̃ ressucito ih̃u x̊
there lived Mary and Martha, sisters of Lazarus, the one whom Jesus Christ had resurrected


circuncision

Spanish: circuncisión

From Latin circumcīsiōnem, accusative singular of circumcīsiō, from circumcīdō (“I cut around”).

[…] Do albergo fallo el angel del ſeñor ⁊ q̃ſol matar priſo vna piedra aguda ⁊ circuncido ſo fijo ⁊ folgo edixo. Nouio de ſãgre eres acircunciſiones.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 13r:

[…] Where he lodged he found the angel of the Lord, who attempted to kill him. So she took sharp stone and circumcised her son and cast it and said, “You are a bridegroom of blood [to me] through circumcisions.”


ninno

Spanish: ninna

Unknown. Perhaps originally imitative. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese meninno (“boy”).


disçiplo

Spanish: discípulo


buturo

From Latin būtȳrum, from Ancient Greek βούτῡρον (boútūron); cognate with French beurre, Italian burro.


orgul

Borrowed from Old Catalan orgull, from Vulgar Latin *orgollium, borrowed from Proto-West Germanic *uʀgōllju.

[…] ora alcriador e quiçab oẏra al nŕo ſennor las palabras e el orgul de rabceſſe q́ lo trametio el reẏ de ſur ſo ſeńor por de noſtar al dios uiuo.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 54r:

“ […] Pray to the Creator and perhaps Our Lord will hear the words and pride of Rabshakeh, whom the king of the south, his master, sent to defy the Living God.”


fongo

Spanish: hongo

Et otroſſi presta mucho cõtral toſſico que uiene departe delos fongos.

And it is also useful against the poison that comes from mushrooms.

Idem, f. 50v.
Et es de natura calient ⁊ humida. Et la ſu forma es atal como fongo, ⁊ dend a ella eſte nombre.

And it is warm and damp in nature. And its shape is that of a mushroom, thus the name it has been given.


semblança

Spanish: semblanza

From Old Occitan semblança or Old French semblance.

[…] e dentro enel semblanca de .iiij. bestias e. eſta era ſue uiſta ſemblança de omne. auie .iiij. fazes acada vna. e .iiij. alas. a cada una delas e ſos pies derechos e las plantas de ſos pies como plantas de pies de berzero en tallado como el animne calient e manos de omne ujſſs alas a quatro partes.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 62r:

[…] and within it the appearance of four beasts. And this was their likeness: Human in appearance. They had four faces each, and each one of them had four wings. And their feet were straight, and the soles of their feet like the soles of a calf's feet, burnished liked hot bronze. And human hands under their wings on their four sides.


piélago

Spanish: piélago

Inherited from Latin pelagus, from Ancient Greek πέλαγος (pélagos). See the modern descendant for more.

aq̃llas / cibdades fizerõ ſe pielago de / agua.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar fol. 2v. a.


candelero

Spanish: candelero

A semi-learned borrowing from Medieval Latin candēlārius, from Latin candēla (“candle”), from candeō (“I shine, glow”).

slbor

e p̃ſo el altar de oro ela meſa e los cãdeleros e las lãpadas e todo el guarniment de oro q̃ era ẽ la caſa del c̃ador

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76r:

And he took the altar of gold and the table and the candlesticks and the lamps and all the furnishings of gold that were in the House of the Creator.


mugier

Ladino: mujer

Spanish: mujer


fidalgo

Spanish: hidalgo

Contraction of fijo d'algo, literally "son of something / of wealth".

Largo deve de ser el rey o prínçipe o regidor de reyno a los nobles e fidalgos e de buen linage e a los otros que bien obraren e alguna fazaña e nobleza de caballería fezieren o en otras cosas bien e lealmente lo sirvieren

c. 1237, anonymous, Libro de los doce sabios, o Tratado de la nobleza y lealtad p. 87, (ed. by John K. Walsh, 1975, Madrid: Real Academia Española)

A king or prince or ruler of a kingdom must be generous with the nobles who are both hidalgos and of good descent, and to those who carry out good deeds and some feat or act of chivalry, or who in other aspects serve him well and loyally.


naf

Et la eſtrella luzient que es en la popa dela naf a poder ſobreſta piedra ⁊ della recibe la fuerça ⁊ la uertud.

And the bright star on the stern of the ship has power over this stone, and it receives from it strength and virtue.


foja

Ladino: oja

Spanish: hoja

From Late Latin folia, from the plural of Latin folium (“leaf”).


alhenna

Spanish: alheña

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic حِنَّاء (ḥinnāʔ).

Et ſi deſpues mezclaren aquel uino con alhenna. ⁊ lauaren los cabellos con ello tinnenſe prietos de tintura que nunqua ſe tuelle […]

And if after they should mix that wine with henna and wash their hair with it, it would be dyed a dark color with an unfading dye […]

Lawsonia inermis
Lawsonia inermis#Translingual


carcel

Spanish: cárcel

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 1.
⁊ metiolos pharaon en / la carcel o era ioſep.

and Pharaoh put them in the same prison where Joseph was.


talega

Spanish: talega

From Andalusian Arabic تَعْلِيقَة (taʕlīqa, “something hung, suspended”).

bor

Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol. e vino a el etomo el eſpada. de golias. etaiol la cabeça. el eſpada ela cabeça aduxola aieruſalem.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him. And he approached him and took Goliath's sword and cut off his head. And the sword and the head he brought to Jerusalem.


figuera

Ladino: figera

⇒ igera

Spanish: higuera

From Latin fīcāria, feminine of fīcārius (“of figs”), from fīcus (“fig”).

judgara ẽtre pueblos muchos. e afazara ẏenteſ fuerteſ aluen. etraſtornaran ſuſ eſpadas por açadas. ⁊ ſuslanças por foçeſ. non alçara ẏent contra ẏent eſpada. enõ aura mas batalla. Sera caſcuno ſo ſu uid. eſoſu figuera.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 72v:

He will judge between many peoples and arbitrate [between] strong people from afar. And they will reshape their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not raise sword against nation, and there will be no more battle. Each one shall be under his vine, and under his fig tree.


cobdo

Ladino: kovdo

Spanish: codo


fazaña

Spanish: hazaña

From Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic حَسَنَة (ḥasana, “good deed, alms”), from the root ح س ن (ḥ-s-n), compare Old Galician-Portuguese façanna. Coromines and Pascual suggest influence of fazer, from Latin facere. Such a derivation would help explain the voiced /dz/ of the Old Spanish term, already attested with -z- in the 12th and 13th centuries, including its first attestation by 1150.

der

Nuncua de preste oí atal fazaña.

betw. 1246-1252, Gonzalo de Berceo, Los Milagros de nuestra Señora, (ed. by Claudio García Turza, 1992, Madrid: Espasa-Calple)

Never have I ever heard such a feat by a priest.


loriga

Spanish: loriga

From Latin lōrīca, perhaps from lōrum (“leather strap”).

fuerõ ala batalla a ramot galaad. e demudos el Rey de ſus armas. e entros ala batalla. e tirol .j. arq̃ro. e firiol entrela loriga elas brafoneras.

And they went up to the battle at Remoth Gilead. And the king disguised his armor and went into battle. And an archer shot him and wounded him between the cuirass and arm braces.


vexiga

Spanish: vejiga

En Gallizia e en Asturias á omnes que son de linage de cavallos, e llámanle en el latín tiellones, que quiere dezir en el lenguage de Castiella fascas omnes que an todas las emfermedades que vienen a los otros omnes si non la dolencia de la vexiga, que escusan por aquella natura mezclada que an de omne e de cavallo.

c. 1275, Alfonso X, General Estoria, primera parte, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez Prieto-Borja, 2002, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares)

In Galicia and Asturias, there are people who are of horse descent, called tiellones in Latin, which in the language of Castile is fascas, people who have all the diseases that afflict other people but bladder pain, which they excuse as due to their mixed nature, being both human and horse.


yente

Ladino: djente

Spanish: gente

From Latin gentēs, the accusative plural form of gēns (clan)


aranna

Ladino: aranya

Spanish: araña

Inherited from Latin arāneam, from or akin to Ancient Greek ἀράχνη (arákhnē). Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese aranna.

Et ſu uertud es contra todos los toſſicos delos animales que non ſon mucho empozonados aſſi como arannas ⁊ bieſpas. ⁊ tauanos, ⁊ eſtas coſas menudas atales que naſcen dela tierra.

And its virtue is against all of the venoms of the animals that are not as venomous, such as spiders, and wasps, and gadflies, and small things such as these that are born from the earth.


gouierno

Spanish: gobierno


finiestra

Spanish: hiniestra, finiestra

From Latin fenestra, probably from Etruscan.

Qvando entro noe en el archa auẏe .dc. annos e fue el diluuio de las aguas abrieron ſe todas las fõtanas del abiſmo ⁊ fueron abiertas las fẏnieſtras de los cielos e plouio ſobre la tŕa .xL. dias ⁊ .xL. noches.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37r:

When Noah entered the ark he was six hundred years old. And the deluge of the waters took place. All the fountains of the deep were opened and so too the windows of the heavens. And it rained upon the earth forty days and forty nights.


fermosura

Ladino: ermozura

Spanish: hermosura

Et ſobre eſta fregan el oro. ⁊ la plata. ⁊ el eſtanno. ⁊ el plomo. ⁊ el cobre. ⁊ pareſce ſu color. ⁊ ſu fermoſura. ⁊ ſu bondat.

And on it they wash gold, and silver, and tin, and lead, and copper, and it makes apparent their color, and beauty, and goodness.


fambre

Ladino: fambre, פﬞאמברי

⇒ ambre, אמברי

Spanish: fambre

⇒ hambre

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *fam(i)ne(m), from Latin famēs.

inh+

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r. a.
por q̃ nos adoxiste en el deſiert por matar atodos de fãbre.

for you have brought us forth into the desert to kill us all with hunger.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 7r. a.-f. 7r. b.
Apres deſstos vernã otros. vij. de fãbre q̃ nõ mẽbrara a los om̃s de / los .vij. ãnos. de la fartura. E nũqua fue mayor fãbre en tierra de egipto.

After these will come another seven of famine so that no one shall remember the seven years of plenty. And never was there such famine in the land of Egypt.


uebos

From Latin opus (“work, need”) (compare Italian uopo (“need”)).

Fue al ſiervo de Dios eſt enfermo levado / embïólo Tüencio de ſus uebos guiſado.

ca. 1230, Gonzalo de Berceo, Vida de San Millán de la Cogolla 162-163

This sickly man went to the servant of God / he was sent by Tuencio well aware of his needs.

need (something that is needed, necessary)


estrellero

Spanish: estrellero

De como nascio Mahomat. & de lo que dixo dell Judio estrellero.

c. 1270, Alfonso X, Estoria de Espanna, f. 163r:

On how Muhammad was born and what the Jewish astrologer said about him.

Idem, f. 163v

On how the Jewish astrologer said that the two angels should rip out Muhammad's heart.

De como dixo ell Judio estrellero que sacaran el coraçon a Mahomat los dos angeles.


ensamne

desctree

Spanish: enjambre
→ Northern Puebla Nahuatl: jambre

From Vulgar Latin *exāmine, from Latin exāmen (“swarm”).

[…] A cabo de dias tornos por prẽder la ⁊ aplego por ueer o ẏazia el leõ muerto. efallo enel cuerpo del leõ .j. enſãne dabejas e mẏel : crebãtolo cõ ſus manos ⁊ comẏo

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 82r:

[…] After some days he returned to take her, and he approached to see where the dead lion lay. And he found in the lion's carcass a swarm of bees and honey. So he broke it with his hands and ate.


culuebro

Spanish: culebro

From Vulgar Latin colober, altered from Classical Latin coluber.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 12v. b.
Dixo ael el ſẽnor q̃ es. Eſſo de tu mano Reſpuſo uerga. E dixo echala en tierra echola & fizos culuebro.

The Lord said to him: "What is that in your hand?", and he responded: "a rod", then he said: "cast it down", and so he cast it and it became a serpent.

Idem, f. 23v. b.

and our Lord sent among the people snakes and scorpions / here the snakes bit the Jews

enbio el nr̃o ſeñor en el pueblo culuebros e eſcorpiones / a qui mordian los iudios los culuebros


fuerça

Ladino: fuersa (Latin spelling)

Spanish: fuerza

From Late Latin fortia, from Latin fortis, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“fort”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 20r. a.
Q̃ saq̃ſt de t̃ra de egypto. con fuerça grãt & cõ mano fuert.

Whom you brought out of Egypt with great power and a mighty hand.

Idem, f. 82v. a.

then she cut his hair and Sampson woke up having no strength, and then the Philistines took him prisoner

e cortol los cabellos e ſperto ſãpſõ e nõ ouo nada de fuerça e priſierõ le los philiſteos


quantia

Spanish: cuantía

Et el tirar que eſta faz, es ſegũd la quantia della ala del fierro que tira […]

And the pull that it has depends on the amount of it [compared] to the iron it is pulling. […]


aramne

Spanish: alambre (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin *arāmen, variant of Late Latin aerāmen, derived from Latin aer-.

c1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63r. a.
e uj vn om̃e en ſu catar cuemo aramne. e una cuerda de lino en ſue mano e una canna por meſurar.

And I saw a man in its gateway [whose appearance was] like bronze, with a linen cord and a measuring rod in his hand.

but leave its root, and bind it with iron and bronze to the grass

Idem, f. 66r. a. mas ſu rayz dexa. e ligala con fiero e con aramne en la yerba […]

Idem, ff. 66r. b.-66v. a.

and their wives drank the wine and they worshiped their gods of gold and silver, of bronze, iron, stone and wood.

e ſus mugieres beuiã el uino e loauan a ſos dios de oro e de plata e de aramne e de fiero e de piedra e de madero.


quarentena

Spanish: cuarentena

From Medieval Latin quarentīna (“forty days”), from Latin quadrāgintā (“forty”).

der

Tras ierico al ſol poniẽt es la quarẽtena. O xp̃s aẏuno .xl. dias & .xl. noches alli ſuſo en el mõt o quiſo tentar el diablo a xp̃s.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 31r:

Behind Jericho, toward the setting sun, is the quarantine, where Christ fasted forty days and forty nights. There, on the mountain where the Devil attempted to tempt Christ.

(biblical) quarantine (desert where Christ fasted for forty days and nights)


aguila

Spanish: águila

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 62v. a.
ela ſemblanca de ſus fazes cuemo fazes de omne e fazes de leó adieſtro atodas quatro. e fazes de buey. De ſiniſtro atodas .iiij. e fazes daguila atodas .iiij.

Each of the four had the face of a human being, and on the right side each had the face of a lion, and on the left each the face of an ox; each also had the face of an eagle.

Idem, f. 67v. a.

The first was like a lion, and it had the wings of an eagle. I saw its wings torn off and fall to the ground so that it stood on its feet like a man.

la primera semeiaua leon e auie alas de aguila ueye que mesauan sus alas e cayen atierra e sobre sos piedes como omne se leuantaua


enzina

Spanish: encina

From Vulgar Latin *ilicīna, from Latin īlex (“holm oak”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v. b.
ally delãt ebrõ. es mõt mãbre. e ouo y grãt arbor. e fue enzina. ala rayz daq̃l arbor estaua abraã.

There, past Hebron, is the hill Mamre, where there was a great holm oak. Abraham was [sitting] on the root of that tree.

Idem, f. 2r. a.
q̃ndo eſtaua abraã ſola enzina ẽ mãbre & vio .iij. barones q̃ paſauan por la carrera.

When Abraham was [sitting] by the holm oak in Mamre he saw three men who were passing nearby.


meollo

Ladino: meoyo

Spanish: meollo

Inherited from Late Latin *medullum, from Latin medulla.
Compare Old Galician-Portuguese meolo.

etymon

el primero es el seso comunal que esta en la delantera parte del meollo de la cabeça

1265, Alfonso X of Castile, Siete Partidas, Primera Partida, page 107:


cantador

Spanish: cantador

From Latin cantātōrem, singular accusative of cantātor (“musician, singer”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese cantador.

dixo heliſeₛ viuo es el ſennor delos fõſados delant q̃en ẏo eſto q̃ ſi ñ fueſſe por berguẽça de ioſapha nó cataria ati nj not ueria. agora adozid me .j. cantador epues q̃nt adios cantare ſera ſobrel ppħiſmo del criador.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 42v:

[Then] Elisha said, “The Lord of Hosts lives, before whom I stand, [for] were it not out of regard for Jehoshaphat, I would not look at you nor see you. [But] now bring me a singer.” And so when to God he sings the prophecy of the Creator will be upon him.


blancor

Spanish: blancor

[…] &́ vieron la gĺa de iſŕl dedios. Como huebra de blãcor. &́ de cristal. ⁊ como color de los cieloˢ módos […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 19r:

[…] and they saw the glory of the God of Israel, like a work of white and crystal, and like the color of realm of the heavens. […]


mancebia

Spanish: mancebía

From mancebo (“young man, youth”) + -ia.

Priegot mucho q̃ te miẽbre del amor. ⁊ de la cõpãnia. que ẏo ⁊ ti ouẏemos en nr̃a mãçebia.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:

I beg dearly that it remind you of the affection and company that you and I shared in our youth.


fartura

Spanish: hartura

E dixierõ agora fueſſemos muertos por mano del criador en tr̃a de egẏpto. Qvȧdo seẏemos ſobre las ollas de la carne ⁊ comẏemos pã afartura.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r:

And they said: "If only we had died by the Lord's hand in Egypt! Where we sat over pots of meat and ate bread to our fill."


grossura

Spanish: grosura

Reſpuſo ẏſaac ⁊ dẏxo. De groſſura de la tierra ⁊ del ruçio ſera tu bẽdicion. De los cieloᷤ ſera tu bendicion. Sobre tu eſpada biuras. E ato ermano seruiras. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4r:

Isaac answered and said, “Your blessing shall be away from the fatness of the earth and from the dew. Your blessing shall be away from the heavens. You shall live by the sword and your brother you shall serve. […] ”


ariento

From Latin argentum (“silver”), from Proto-Italic *argentom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm.

a certain silver coin used in the kingdoms of Castile and León

E vendierõ le por .xx. ariẽtos. El ariento ualia dẏño ⁊ medio. ço ſõ xxx. dẏneros.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

And [so] they sold him for twenty shekels. The shekel was worth a denarius and a half, so it was thirty denarii [in all].


axedrez

desctree

Spanish: ajedrez
→ Bikol Central: ahedres
→ Cebuano: ahedres
→ Hiligaynon: ahedres
→ Tagalog: ahedres

Borrowed from Arabic الشَّطْرَنْج (aš-šaṭranj), from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭠𐭲𐭫𐭠𐭭𐭢 (cʾtlʾng /čatrang/), from Sanskrit चतुरङ्ग (caturaṅga).

bor+

الشَّطْرَنْج


clerigo

Spanish: clérigo

Semi-learned borrowing from Late Latin clēricus, from Ancient Greek κληρικός (klērikós), from κλῆρος (klêros, “clergy”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r. b.
El to clerigo almerich. a / Rçidiano de antiochẏa. réde gŕas / adios & atẏ.

Your cleric Almerich, archdeacon of Antioch, gives thanks to God and to you.


sennor

Ladino: sinyor

Spanish: señor

From Latin seniōrem, accusative of senior (“old”).

[…] del noble Rey don alfonso […] Sennor de caſtiella de Toledo de Leon de Gallizia de Seuilla de cordoua de Murcia de Jahen. ⁊ del Algarbe.

[…] of the noble king don Alfonso […] lord of Castile, of Toledo, of León, of Galicia, of Seville, of Cordoba, of Murcia, of Jaén and of the Algarve.

Idem, 4v.
Et precian la mucho los grandes ſẽnores

And the great lords do very much admire her.


rodiella

Spanish: rodilla

From Late Latin rotellam, accusative of rotella, diminutive of Latin rota (“wheel”).

Et la eſtrella que es en la rodiella dieſtra dela mugier cadenada a poder ⁊ ſennorio ſobreſta piedra […]

And the star in the knee of this woman in chains has power and dominion over this stone […]

And the star in the knees of the woman sitting on the chair has power over this stone […]

Idem, f. 7v. Et la eſtrella que es ſobre las rodiellas dela mugier q̃ eſta aſſentada en la ſiella a poder ſobreſta piedra […]


esmeril

Spanish: esmeril

From Old French esmeril, from Old Italian smeriglio, ultimately from Ancient Greek σμύρις (smúris).

Et ſi la pulen con el poluo daquella piedra que llaman en arauigo azumberic que es ala que nos dezimos eſmeril. eſclareſce ya quanto ⁊ fazes fremoſa.

And if it is polished with the powder of the stone called azumberic in Arabic, the one we call emery, it brightens and becomes beautiful.


aniello

Spanish: anillo

From Latin ānellus, diminutive of ānulus (“ring, signet ring”).

viola iuda cubierta e nola cõnoçio. E cuedo q̃ era putana. E dixol ẏaz comẏgo ⁊ dẏxo ella q̃ me daras. Acordarõ ſe q̃l dieſſe uncabrito e diol pẽnos ſo anẏello. Ela cinta q̃ cinnẏa. E el blago q̃ tenẏa. en su mano.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6r:

Judah saw her covered and did not recognize her, and he assumed she was a prostitute. And he said to her, “Lay with me”, and she replied, “What will you give me?” They agreed he would give her a young goat, and he pledged her his ring and his girdle and the staff he had in his hand.


seruidumne

Spanish: servidumbre

From Latin servitūdinem, singular accusative of servitūdō (“servitude”), from servus (“slave, servant”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese servidom, servidõe, servidũe.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 84v. a.
q̃t / adux de tr̃a de egipto de caſa de ſ̃ / uidũne [ſeruidumne] te redemi.

[I] who led you from the land of Egypt, from the house of servitude I redeemed you.


tiniebra

Spanish: tiniebla

Dixo nr̃o ſẽnor amoẏſen. Tiẽt tu mano alos cielos. ⁊ ſera oſcuridat. ⁊ tẽdio moẏſen ſus manos ⁊ fue tiniebra en toda tr̃a de egipto .iij. dias […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 15r:

[Then] Our Lord said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward the heavens, and there will be darkness.” And Moses stretched out his hands and there was darkness in all the land of Egypt for three days […]


emellizo

Spanish: mellizo

From Vulgar Latin *gemellīcius, from Latin gemellus, diminutive of geminus (“twin”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 3v. a.
Cũplieron ſe los dias q̃ o / uo que aparir q̃ emellizos ſalie / rõ de so uiẽtre.

Her days to give birth were completed, behold, twins came forth from of her womb.


arcidiano

Spanish: arcediano

From Late Latin archidiaconus, based on Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-, “chief”) + διάκονος (diákonos, “servant, minister”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r.
[R]emont por la gracia de dios. arçobispo de Toledo. a don almeric. arçidiano de antiochia con grant amor ſalut ⁊ amidtad.
Remont, by the Grace of God archbishop of Toledo, to master Almerich, archdeacon of Antioch, with great love, haleness and goodwill.

To this the archdeacon responded thus, “My lord, master Remont, archbishop of Toledo, your cleric Almerich, archdeacon of Antioch, gives thanks to God and to you”. […]

Idem, f. 1r. a qui reſpódio el arcidiano El mẏo ſénor dó remont. arçobispo de Toledo. El to clerigo almerich. aRçidiano de antiochẏa. réde gŕas adios & atẏ. […]


arçobispo

desctree

Spanish: arzobispo
Chavacano: arzobispo
→ Bikol Central: arsobispo
→ Cebuano: arsobispo
→ Chibcha: arçobispo
→ Hiligaynon: arsobispo
→ Ilocano: arsobispo
→ Tagalog: arsobispo

→ Andalusian Arabic: ارصبشب (arṣubišbu)

From Late Latin archiepiscopus, based on Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-, “chief”) + ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos, “bishop”).

Remont, by the grace of God, archbishop of Toledo, to don Almeric, archdeacon of Antioch […]

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r. a. [R] / emont por la gracia de dios. arço / biſpo de Toledo. a don alemeric. arçi / diano de antiochia […]


ynojo

Spanish: hinojo

Inherited from Late Latin genuculum, alteration of Latin geniculum, diminutive of genū (“knee”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu. Cognate to Old Galician-Portuguese gẽolho.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 33v. b.
e / mandol el nr̃o sennor q̃ quãdo / vinieſſe al agua q̃ todos fincaſ / ſen los ynojos e beurien del / agua cõ las bocas como canes

And our Lord ordered him that when he came to the water [he should separate] all those [who] kneeled their knees and those who drank from the water with their mouths like dogs.

All those who did not kneel their knees before the idol and all the mouths that did not kiss her […]

Idem, f. 34r. b. Todos aq̃llos / q̃ nõ fincaron los ynojos / ala ydola e todas las bocas q̃ / la no beſaron […]


cibdat

Ladino: sivdad

Spanish: ciudad (see there for further descendants)

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2v. a.
eſtos angeles c q̃ fablo abraã. vinieron a ſodoma e loth ſedia ala puerta de la cibdat. e violos & leuãtos cõtra ellõ.

These angels to whom Abraham spoke came to Sodom, and Lot was sitting by the city gate. And he saw them and got up to meet them.

Idem, f. 3r. a.
Tomo eleazar .x. camellos. / de la meioria de ſo ſéẽnor. efue / arrama araim cibdat de na / cor.

Eliezer took ten of his master's best camels and made for Aram-Naharaim to the city of Nahor.


canastiello

Spanish: canastillo
→ English: canistel (from a dialectal variant)

From Latin canistellum, diminutive of canistrum. Influenced by a perceived derivation from canasto (“basket”) + -iello.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 2.
dixo ſõnaua q̃ tenẏa / .iij. canaſtiellos. blãcos ſobre / mẏ cabeça. en el canaſtiello ſu / ſano auẏa del comer de phara / on. E las aues del cielo comien / del canaſtiello ſobre mẏ. cabeça / dixo iosep eſtos tres canaſtiellos / Tres dias sõ.

he said: "I dreamt I had three white baskets on my head, and on the uppermost basket was all that which the pharaoh ate, and the birds of the sky ate from the basket upon my head." Joseph said: "These three baskets represent three days […]."


mortaldat

Spanish: mortandad

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 48v. col. 1.
to / do lo compro por .L. marcos de / plata. e fizo ẏ altar. e ſac̃fico / al criador. e finco la mortaldad / en aq̃l logar

All of it he bought for fifty shekels of silver, and he made an altar and offered a sacrifice to the creator, and so the dying left that place.


cabdiello

Spanish: caudillo
→ Catalan: cabdill (from obsolete form cabdillo)
→ English: caudillo
→ French: caudillo
→ Portuguese: caudilho
→ Russian: кауди́льо (kaudílʹo)

From Late Latin capitellum (“small head”), diminutive of Latin capitulum, from caput (“head”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 30r. col. 2.
E dixierõ q ſubra / de lãte nos por cabdiello enla / batalla. Dixo nŕo ſẽnor iuda / ſubra caẏo dare la tŕa en ſu / mano.

And they said: "Who shall go up before us as our leader in battle?". Our Lord said: "Judah shall go up, for I will hand him the land."


janero

Ladino:

Hebrew script: גֿינירו

Latin script: jenero

Spanish: enero (see there for further descendants)

From Latin Iānuārius. Attested from 1171. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese janeiro.


palomo

Spanish: palomo

From Latin palumbum, accusative of palumbus, alternative form of palumbēs (“wood pigeon”).

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37r. col. 2.
[…] de pues enbio el palomo ⁊ ueno a ora de uieſperas aduxo ramo de olẏua cõ ſus fojas uerdes en su boca

[…] and then he sent out the dove, and it came in the evening with an olive branch with green leaves in its beak.


amariello

Spanish: amarillo

From Early Medieval Latin amārellus (“yellowish, pale”), derived from Latin amārus (“bitter”).

inh

Et la color deſta piedra es mezclada de uerde con uermeio. pero la uerdura della es tan flaca que tira a amariello.

And the color of this stone is mixed between green and red, but the greenness is so slight that it tends more toward yellow.


criazon

Spanish: criazón

From Latin creātiō, from creō (“I create”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v. col. 2.
e fue tras ellos cõ cccᵗᵒˢ ⁊ xxviij. omnes de ſu c̃azon

and he went after them, with three hundred and twenty-eight men from his household


amiztat

Ladino: amistad

Spanish: amistad

Papiamentu: amistat

From Vulgar Latin *amīcitātem, derived from Latin amīcus (“friend”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 30v. col. 1.
e uos comẽdo q̃ nõ o / uieſſedes amẏztad cõ eſtas / ẏẽtes.

and then he ordered you not to be friendly toward these people.

[…] nin podra ſu marido tomar otra muger. nin querer la bien nin aun non podra auer amiztat con otro ſi non con el que ella amare.

[…] nor will her husband be able to take or love another woman; nor will she able to befriend a man other than the one she loves.


fazienda

Spanish: hacienda

From Latin facienda, feminine passive participle of faciō (“I make”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 1.
dio grãdes bozes e touo el mãto de ioſep ante ſy. Troa q uyno ſo ſẽnor e contol eſta faziẽda

she cried out and kept Joseph's garment beside her. Then his master returned and she told him of this incident.


alacran

Spanish: alacrán

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic عَقْرَب (ʕaqrab, “scorpion”).

[…] preſtal contra contra toda ferida de culuebra o de alacran. o de otra beſtia emponzonada.

[…] it serves against any injury made by a snake or a scorpion, or of any other venomous beast.


bezahar

Spanish: bezaar

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic بَازَهْر (bāzahr).

Es ſu color amariella ⁊ por eſſol dizen el bezahar amariello.

Its color is yellow, which is why they call it the yellow bezoar.

Idem, f. 31r.
[…] eſta no mueſtra ninguna uertud cõtral danno de los toſſicos; aſſi como el bezahar lo faze.

[…] this one does not exhibit virtues against the damage of poisons, unlike the bezoar, which does.


escuridat

qualifier

see <i class="Latn mention" lang="es">oscuridad</i>

Spanish: escuridad (see oscuridad)

From Latin obscūritās, from obscūrus (“dark”).

Et semeia al criſtal. pero deſdizel ya quanto. ca ha en medio una eſcuridat. que semeia linna negra.

Furthermore, it resembles glass, though not entirely, for it has in the center a dark area resembling a black streak.

shadow; a dark patch, spot or area on or underneath a surface


oscuridat

Spanish: oscuridad

Dixo nr̃o ſẽnor amoẏſen. Tiẽt tu mano alos cielos. ⁊ ſera oſcuridat.

[Then] Our Lord said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward the heavens, and there will be darkness.”

[…] ⁊ non a en ſi ninguna obſcuridat. nin otra coſa quel embargue la color.

[…] And it has within itself no darkness, nor anything else that could obscure its color.

Idem, f. 79r.
Piedra es que deſſeca mucho. ⁊ retiene. ⁊ tuelle la oſcuridat del uiſo.

A stone that dries and retains a lot, and that removes darkness from eyesight.


manziella

Ladino: manziya

Spanish: mancilla

From Late Latin macella, diminutive of Latin macula (“spot, stain”).

[…] ca ella a tal uertud que tuelle aquella manziella blanca que ſe faze en los oios aque dizen nuf […]

[…] for its virtue is such that it removes that white spot that forms on the eyes that they call cloud […]

a spot or blemish on the body, especially the eyes


tortiella

desctree

Spanish: tortilla
→ English: tortilla
→ Finnish: tortilla
→ Galician: tortilla
→ German: Tortilla
→ Polish: tortilla

From torta (“round flatbread”) + -iella.

[…] mas fallan la ſiempre en forma redonda ⁊ llana fecha como tortiella ⁊ ay dellas grãdes & dellas pequẽnas.

[…] but they find it always roundish and flat in shape, like a tortiella, and they can be both big and small.

diminutive of torta; a small and roundish flatbread.


escudiella

Spanish: escudilla

From Latin scutella, diminutive of scutra (“platter, flat dish”).

Et por end los daquella tierra fazẽ uaſos ⁊ eſcudiellas della en que tienen ſus comeres.

And therefore the people of that land make cups and bowls from it in which to have their meals.

Idem, 83r.
[…] calderas & ollas en q̃ adoban de comer. ⁊ eſcudiellas ⁊ uaſos en q̃ comen & beuẽ.

[…] cauldrons and pots which they use to cook, and bowls and cups from which they eat and drink.


culuebra

Spanish: culebra
Chavacano: culebra
Papiamentu: kolebra

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *colŏbra, from Classical Latin colubra, feminine counterpart to coluber (“snake”).

[…] ⁊ lo echaren ala biuora o ala culuebra en la garganta afogaſe luego ⁊ muere.

[…] and should they throw it into the throat of the snake or serpent it would then choke and die.

[…] after the returning of the neck of the snake held by the snake charmer […]

Idem, f. 56r. […] deſpues del retornamiento peſcueço dela culuebra que tiene el encantador dellas […]


martiello

Spanish: martillo

From Late Latin martellus, itself a diminutive of martulus, variant of Latin marculus, or alternatively based on malleus.

[…] aſſi como el clauo quandol fieren con martiello.

[…] just like a nail when it is struck with a hammer.

[…] and should they make from that silver a hammer and anvil and strike it with that hammer where there are birds […]

Idem, f. 52v. […] ⁊ fizierẽ daquella plata martiello ⁊ raque ⁊ firieren con aquel martiello ſobrella en logar do aya aues […]


melezina

Ladino: melezina

Spanish: melecina (obsolete)

From Latin medicīna, from medicus (“physician”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese meezinha.

Et los fiſicos metẽ deſta piedra una poca en las melezinas que fazẽ por eſtãcar las grãdes malazones.

So physicians put some of this stone in the medicines they make to lighten grave illnesses.

Idem, f. 22r.
Et eſta es melezina muy bona pora las llagas. ca las faz madurar ayna ⁊ uenir a uenino ⁊ come la carne mala que se faze en ellas.

And this is a very good medicine for wounds, for it makes them heal soon and become benign, and it eats the dead flesh around them.


ninniella

[…] fazen della alcohol pora ſanar el albura del oio que ſe faz manziella. & otroſſi la ninniella que quiere salir del por grand dolor.

[…] they make alcohol from it to cure the whiteness of a blemished eye and another for the pupil that is popping out from it due to a great pain.


ladriello

→ Basque: adreilu

Spanish: ladrillo

From *ladre, itself from Latin later (“brick”), + -iello.

La una que es de ladriellos q̃mados de que no conuiene que fablemos ⁊ la otra es de minera de que q̃remos fablar en eſte libro.

One, which comes from burnt bricks, we will not speak of; but the other, which comes from a mine, we want to speak of in this book.


monneca

Et la eſtrella q̃ es ſobre la monneca del braço dieſtro dela figura dela ſẽnora que eſta en la ſiella aſſentada a poder ſobreſta piedra […]

And the star on the wrist of the right arm of the figure of the lady that is sitting on the chair has power over this stone […]


sennorio

Spanish: señorío

Et la eſtrella que es ſobrel touiello del poſtremero pie del ſigno de aries a fuerça ⁊ ſennorio ſobresta piedra […]

And the star on the ankle of the furthest foot of the sign of Aries has power and dominion over this stone […]

[…] so he who wishes to act through them should watch the state of the planet Mercury, which has dominion over them […]

Idem, 31r. […] a meſter que qui por ellos quiſiere obrar que cate el eſtado dela planeta mercurio que a ſennorio ſobrellos […]


sennora

Spanish: señora


munneca

Spanish: muñeca
→ Bikol Central: munyeka
→ Catalan: monyeca
→ Chamorro: muñeka
→ Galician: boneca
→ Hiligaynon: monyeka
→ Moroccan Arabic: منيكة (munīka)
→ Portuguese: boneca, bonecra (obsolete or regional)
→ Malay: boneka
Indonesian: boneka
→ Tetum: boneka
→ Portuguese: munheca
→ Tagalog: manyika
→ Tausug: munyika'

Pero eſto ſera mas cõplida miente deſcendiendo ſobresta piedra la ũtud de figura de mano de om̃e dela mũneca arriba. eſtãdo abierta.

But this will be better achieved if the virtue of the figure of the hand of the man with his wrist held up descends on this stone, when it is open.


sennal

Spanish: señal

From Medieval Latin signāle, based on Latin signum (“mark, sign”).

[…] connoſciendo las por peſo ⁊ por dureza ⁊ por las otras ſennales por que ſe pueden connoſçer a om̃e que fuere entendudo en este ſaber.

[…] knowing them by weight and hardness and by the other signs that may be known by a man learned in this knowledge.

Et ſi los poluos della ſobre las ſennales delas llagas ponen tuelle las.

And if the dust is [applied] over the signs of a sore, it heals them.


touiello

Spanish: tobillo

From Vulgar Latin *tūbellum, a diminutive of Latin tūber (“hump, bump”).

Et la eſtrella que es ſobrel touiello del poſtremero pie del ſigno de aries a fuerça ⁊ ſennorio ſobresta piedra & della recibe la fuerça & la uertud.

And the star on the ankle of the furthest foot of the sign of Aries has power and dominion over this stone; it receives its power and virtue from it.


A.B.C.

qualifier

see <i class="Latn mention" lang="osp">abece</i>

Spanish: abecé (see abece)

The first three letters of the Latin [Term?] alphabet, or an abbreviation of abece.

[…] ⁊ ordeno las por las letras del .A.B.C. arauigas. ſegund eſtan aqui ordenadas por las latinas.

[…] and he ordered them according to the letters of the Arabic alphabet, as they are ordered here according to the Latin ones.


aymante

Spanish: imán (see aymant)

From Medieval Latin [Term?], ultimately from Latin adamās (“adamant”), from Ancient Greek ἀδάμᾱς (adámās, “invincible”), reinforced by Old French aïmant.

der

Et aun a otra p̃priedat que el uidrio la obedece ⁊ tiral aſſi como la aymante tira el fierro.

And yet another property is that glass obeys it and it pulls it, just like the magnet attracts iron.

Idem, f. 55r.
Et purga el oro como dixiemos delas otras aymantes que an poder de purgar.

And it purges gold in the same way we said other magnets have the power to purge.


xabon

Ladino:

Hebrew script: שאבון

Latin script: shavón

Spanish: jabón (see there for further descendants)

From Latin sāpō, from Proto-Germanic *saipǭ.

[…] Et es muy lezne amanera de la piedra del xabon.

[…] And it is very soft, like the stone of soap.


estanno

Spanish: estaño

From Latin stannum (“silver-tin alloy, tin”), of Celtic origin.

Et otroſſi ſi lo mezclan con eſtanno torna negro. ⁊ ſi con plata lo mezclan recibe la blancura della ⁊ aſſi faz con cada metal.

And also, if they mix it with tin it becomes black, and if they mix it with silver it receives whiteness from it, and likewise with every metal.


quantidat

Spanish: cantidad

Borrowed from Latin quantitātem, accusative of quantitās, from quantus (“how much”).

Et deſta manera puede tirar muchos fierros apegando ſe unos a otros faſta tamanna quantidat quãto pueda ſofrir.

And so it can attract many pieces of iron, sticking one to the other up to a large quantity, so many as it can bear.


estentino

From Latin intestīnum (“gut, intestines”), from intestīnus (“internal, intestinal”), from intus (“within”).

[…] si dierẽ del poluo della a beuer peſante de quatro dragmas al q́ a dolor en el eſtentino a que llaman colon ſana luego.

[…] if they were to give four drams of weight of it powdered to drink to someone whose gut, the one they call colon, ached, he would be cured.

Et ſu uertud es atal. que ſana dela dolor del eſtomago ⁊ delos eſtentinos aqui la trae colgada ſobrellos.

And its virtue is such that it cures the aches of the stomach and the intestines of whoever has it hanging over them.

(anatomy, usually in the plural) innards, intestines


aguaducho

Spanish: aguaducho

From Vulgar Latin aquiductus, alteration of aquaeductus.

[…] alli do el ryo naſce ay unas muy grandes & otras pequénas como de otras piedras; non pueden traer estos aguaduchos ſi non las menores.

[…] there at the source of the river are both very large and small stones, like others, but these currents cannot carry but the smaller ones.

Idem, f. 62v.

And therefore the stones that lie in that cave they cannot reach but in this manner; when the river grows and becomes a large torrent.

Et eſtas piedras que yazen en aquella cueua no las pueden ende auer ſi no deſta guisa. que quando crece el ryo por grand aguaducho.


estomago

Spanish: estómago

From Latin stomachus, from Ancient Greek στόμαχος (stómakhos).

Idem, f. 62v.
[…] ſi dieren della a beuer peſo de una dragma al que la beue fazel perder toda la fuerça del retenimiento del eſtomago. ⁊ el apetito de comer.

[…] if they were to give someone to drink of it the weight of one dram, the drinker would lose containment of his stomach and his appetite.


arroua

Spanish: arroba

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic رُبْع (rubʕ, “fourth”).

Et fallan dellas muy grandes aſſi que dixo el que compuſo eſte libro que uio una que peſaua dos arrouas. ⁊ pero era muy liuiana ſegund ſu grandez.

And they find them in great sizes, so the writer of this book said that he saw one that weighed two arrobas, but it was very light for its size.


enfermedat

Spanish: enfermedad

From Latin īnfirmitās (“weakness”), from īnfirmus (“weak, feeble”).

Et a tal uertud que el que la trae conſigo guardal daquella enfermedat aque llaman caduca. Et otroſſi es bona pora aquellas enfermedades que uienen por malanconia.

c. 1250, “Alfonso X”, in Lapidario, f. 7v:

And its virtue is such that it keeps he who has it with him from the illness they call caduca. It is also good for those illnesses that arise due to melancholy.


pidrizuela

Spanish: piedrezuela

[…] deuel abrir por el uientre & fallara y dos pidrizuelas pequennas de ſennas colores.

[…] he must cut it open by the bowel and inside will find two small stones of different colors.

diminutive of piedra; a pebble or small stone.


malanconia

Spanish: melanconía (see melanconia)

From Late Latin melancholia, from Ancient Greek μελαγχολία (melankholía, “blackness of the bile”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 7v.
Et otroſſi es bona pora aquellas enfermedades que uienen por malanconia.

It is also good for those illnesses that arise from black bile.

Idem, f. 79r.
La ſegunda es q̃ ſi beuiere om̃e della peſo duna dragma purga melanconia temprada miente ⁊ bien.

The second is that if one were to drink of it the weight of one drachma, it purges black bile soon and well.


enemiztat

Spanish: enemistad

From Vulgar Latin *inimīcitātem, accusative singular of *inimīcitās, from Latin inīmicus, based on inimīcitia.

Eſta piedra a grand enemiztad con la otra que dixiemos aq̃ dizen abehenic en arauigo ⁊ en latin iaſpio uerde p̃o ſon amas duna color.

This stone has a great enmity with the other we mentioned, which they call abehenic in Arabic and green jasper in Latin, but they are both the same color.

Idem, f. 61r.
Et ſu p̃priedat es de aborrecer la ſal tanto que biẽ parece que a entramas grand enemiztat.

And its property is that it loathes salt so much that it would seem that there is a great enmity between them both.


sangusuela

Spanish: sanguijuela

From Latin sanguisūga (“leech”) + -uela (diminutive).

[…] ſi la meten en la boca al que a ſanguſuelas en la garganta tira gelas todas aſſi como la aymante tira el fierro.

[…] if they put it in the mouth of one who has leeches in his throat, it attracts them all just like a magnet attracts iron.

Idem, f. 56r.
Et fallan la ſiempre en forma de redoma ⁊ parece dentro en ella figura de ſanguſuela. ⁊ ſi la quebrantan en cada pedaço fallá otro tal.

And they always find it shaped like a vase, and inside it seems to have what looks like a leech, and if they break it, in each piece they find the same.


nigromanciano

Et los nigromancianos fazen creer q́ por su arte. ⁊ por su saber se faze aq́lla prennadez & se tuelle.

And the necromancers make others believe that, because of their art and knowledge, that pregnancy arises and disappears.


çumo

Ladino: sumo

Spanish: zumo

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic زُوم (zūm).

Et ſi eſta piedra moiaren en el çumo que ſale de la yerba aque llaman aſſafetida pierde la uertud.

And if they wet this stone in the juice produced by the herb they call asafetida, it loses its virtue.


cenisa

Spanish: ceniza

From Vulgar Latin *cinisia, from Latin cinis (“cold ashes”).

Blanca es de color. pero poco aſſi que tira a color de ceniſa clara.

It is white in color, but a little, so that its color is more like that of light ash.

Idem, 17v.
[…] quando la queman ⁊ la fazen ceniſa. todas aquellas colores que mostraua ante la piedra todas pareſcen en la ceniſa despues que es quemada.

[…] when they burn it and turn it to ash, all the colors present before in the stone appear in the ashes after it has been burnt.


vermejura

Spanish: bermejura

[…] pero la uerdura della es tan flaca que tira a amariello. ⁊ otroſſi la uermeiura es tan poca que ſemeia al agua dela carne quando la echan en ſal.

[…] but its greenness is so faint that it is more like yellow, and its redness so little that it is like meat juice when mixed with salt.


poderio

Spanish: poderío

Et la eſtrella que es mediana delas tres que ſon ala cola de aries a poderio ſobreſta piedra & della recibe la fuerça ⁊ la uertud.

And the median star of the three that form the tail of Aries has power over this stone, which receives its strength and virtue from it.

Idem, f. 13r.
Et la eſtrella luziente que es en el lado dieſtro dela figura de perſio. a poderyo ſobreſta piedra ⁊ della recibe la uertud.

And the bright star that is on the right side of the figure of Perseus has power over this stone, which receives virtue from it.


vermejo

Spanish: bermejo

From Latin vermiculus (“little worm”), diminutive of vermis (“worm”), in reference to kermes-yielding worms.

Et la color deſta piedra es mezclada de uerde con uermeio. pero la uerdura della es tan flaca que tira a amariello.

And the color of this stone is mixed between green and red, but the greenness is so slight that it tends more toward yellow.


lenguage

Spanish: lenguaje

Borrowed from Old French language or Old Occitan lenguatge, both from Vulgar Latin *linguāticum, derived from Classical Latin lingua.

Et por que el ſabie fablar aquel lenguage. ⁊ leye la ſu letra; paga ſe mucho de buſcar los ſus libros ⁊ de eſtudiar por ellos.

And because he could speak that language and could read in their letters, he strove to seek out their books and study from them.

Idem, f. 1v.
Dela piedra aque llaman magnitat en caldeo ⁊ en arauigo. ⁊ en latin magnetes. ⁊ en lenguage caſtellano aymant.
Of the stone they call magnitat in Chaldean and Arabic, and magnetes in Latin, and aymant in the Castilian language.


huesso

Ladino: gueso

Spanish: hueso

From Latin ossum, alternative form of os, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁.

Et por ende es bona en la arte de cirulgia pora tirar los hueſſos q̃ ſõ q̃brados en los cuerpos delos om̃s por llaga o por quebrátadura.

And there it is good in the art of surgery for pulling the bones that are broken in people's bodies due to a wound or a breaking.

Idem, f. 64r.
Et la su forma es deſta guisa. que de la part que ſe tiene con el hueſſo es llana ⁊ dela parte de fuera contral cuero es alta ⁊ redonda.

And its shape is in this manner: the part held against the bone is flat, and the outside part, [the part] held against the skin, is tall and rounded.


cirulgia

Spanish: cirugía

From Latin chīrūrgia, from Ancient Greek χειρουργίᾱ (kheirourgíā).

Et por ende es bona en la arte de cirulgia pora tirar los hueſſos q́ ſó q́brados en los cuerpos delos oḿs por llaga o por quebrátadura.


nieue

Spanish: nieve

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *nevis, from Latin nix (“snow”).

De color es muy blanca tanto q̃ ſemeia pedaço de nieue elada ⁊ no a claridat ni la paſſa el uiso.

It is very white in color, so that is looks like a piece of frozen snow; and it has no transparency, nor can one see through it.

Idem, f. 96r.
Et la uertud della es atal q̃ si la puſierẽ en logar do fazẽ danno lluuias o nieues, tuelle lo.

And one of its virtues is such that if were placed where the rain or the snow cause harm, it stops it.


verdulaga

Spanish: verdolaga

From an Andalusian Arabic alteration of Latin portulāca.

Et ſi la muelen ⁊ la mezclan cõ çumo de uerdulagas. ⁊ lauan la boca cõ ella. Sana las llagas que ſe y fazen ⁊ podrecen […]

And if they grind it and mix it with an extract of purslane and they wash the mouth with it, it heals the wounds that form there and rot […]


humidat

Spanish: humedad

Et los fiſicos daquella tierra queman este algodon ⁊ fazen lo poluos ⁊ meten los en los oios por q̃ tuelle la lagrema ⁊ toda la humidat que a en ellos.

And physicians from that land burn this cotton and turn it into a dust they use on the eyes, because it removes tears and all the moisture from them.

Idem, 22v.
Et ſu color es aſſi como yema de ueuo. ⁊ quando la quebrantã fallan dentro un cuerpo en manera de humidat que ſe pega alas manos.

And its color is like that of an egg yolk, and when they break it they find inside a certain body, like a dampness that sticks to the hands.


hueuo

Ladino: guevo

desctree

Spanish: huevo
Chavacano: huevo
Papiamentu: webu
→ Cahuilla: wéevu'
→ English: huevo

Inherited from Vulgar Latin (*)ŏvum, from Classical Latin ōvum.

Et ſu color es aſſi como yema de ueuo. ⁊ quando la quebrantã fallan dentro un cuerpo en manera de humidat que ſe pega alas manos.

And if they were to mix it with a whisked egg and spread it over the wound or cut, it would close and heal it […]

Idem, f. 26v. Et ſi la mezclaren con hueuo batido ⁊ untaren con ella la ferida o la taiadura. faz la ayuntar ⁊ ſanar […]


lagrema

Ladino: lágrima

Spanish: lágrima

Et los fiſicos daquella tierra queman este algodon ⁊ fazen lo poluos ⁊ meten los en los oios por q́ tuelle la lagrema ⁊ toda la humidat que a en ellos.


cueua

Spanish: cueva
Chavacano: cueva
→ Bikol Central: kuweba
→ Cebuano: kuweba
→ Ilocano: kueba
→ Tagalog: kuweba
→ Waray-Waray: kuweba

From Vulgar Latin *cova, feminine of *covus, an alteration of Latin cavus (“hollow”).

Et ſon falladas dellas; unas grandes ⁊ otras pequẽnas ⁊ de muchas formas. Et fallan las en el monte dela luna alli do naſce el nilo en fondo dunas cueuas que y a.

And they are found, some big and others small, and in many shapes. And they find them in the mountain of the moon, there where the Nile has its source, in the depths of some caves there.

Idem, f. 62v.
Et eſtas piedras que yazen en aquella cueua no las pueden ende auer ſi no deſta guisa. que quando crece el ryo por grand aguaducho.

And therefore the stones that lie in that cave they cannot reach but in this manner; when the river grows and becomes a large torrent.


jargonça

Spanish: jargonza

DEla primera faz del ſigno piſces es la piedra q̃ a nombre iargõça uermeia.

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 100r.:

Of the first facet of the sign of Pisces is a stone called red zircon.

Ivpiter a poder sobre la piedra que a nõbre jargonça amariella.

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 102v.:

Jupiter has power over the stone called yellow zircon.

A variety of zircon regarded as a gemstone.


yesso

Spanish: yeso

From Latin gypsum, from Ancient Greek γύψος (gúpsos).

DEl .xxv. grado del ſigno de capricornio, es la piedra aque dizen del yeſſo. Piedra es blanda ⁊ de color blãca ⁊ ligera de quebrantar.

Of the twenty-fifth degree of the sign of Capricorn is the stone they call gypsum. It is a soft stone, white in color, and easy to break apart.


migero

Spanish: mijero

From Latin mīlliārium (“mile, milestone”), from mīlle (“one thousand”).

c. 1250: Alfonso X, f. 17v.
Et çerca daq̃lla yſla que es aſſi llamada ay logar poro pueden yr a pie doze migeros por la oriella dela mar.

And near the island with that name there is a place where they can go twelve miles on foot by the seashore.

Idem, Lapidario, f. 83v.
[…] ⁊ dond ell comiença a correr faſta do entra en la mar, a dozientos migeros.

[…] and from where it starts running to where it enters the sea, there are two hundred miles.


marauilla

Ladino: maraviya

Spanish: maravilla

From Late Latin mīrābilia, based on Latin mīrābilis (“wonderful”).

Et es grand marauilla que el fierro que uence todos los otros metales por fortaleza que a en ſi uence lo eſta piedra por ſu p̃p̃edat.

And it is a great wonder that iron, which defats all other metals due to the strength it has, is defeated by this stone due to its property.

Idem, f. 45r.
De natura es fria et ſeca. ⁊ las ſus uertudes son contrarias a ſu natura. ⁊ eſta es una delas grãdes marauillas que ſon falladas en las uertudes que an las coſas en ſi natural miente.

And it is cold and dry in nature, and its virtues are contrary to its nature; and this is one of the great wonders that are found in the virtues things have naturally within them.


bellinno

Spanish: beleño

Et ſu uertud ſe mueſtra contra los otros toſſicos. ſi non contra aquellos que naſcen de tierra. por que ſon de natura frios. aſſi como mandragoras. o bellinno, o otras coſas que ſon daquella natura.

And its virtue is shown against the other poisons, those that sprout from the earth, because they are cold by nature; such as mandrakes, or henbane or other things of that nature.

Hyoscyamus niger
Hyoscyamus niger#Translingual


cannamo

Spanish: cáñamo

From Late Latin cannabum, alternative form of Latin cannabis, from Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis).

Et ſi coxierẽ della una poca en mucha dagua. ⁊ metieren y algun panno delos q́ se fazen delas coſas q́ nacen de la tierra aſſi como lino. o cannamo. o algodon, tinnel de color doro muy fremoſo.

And if they take a little of it for a lot of water and they submerge in it a cloth of the ones made from the things that sprout from the earth, such as flax, hemp or cotton, it dyes it a very beautiful golden color.


enzia

Spanish: encía

From Latin gingīva. According to Corominas and Pascual, also attested as enziva, cf. Asturian enxiva~xenxiva.

Eſta piedra preſta mucho al podrimiento delos dientes ⁊ delas enzias. ⁊ mata los guſanos que se fazen en ellos. ⁊ faz los blancos & fremoſos.

This stone is very good for the rotting of the teeth and gums. And it kills the worms that form in [teeth], and it makes them white and beautiful.


cornelina

Spanish: cornalina

From Old French corneline, ultimately from Latin cornus (“cornel”).

DEl ſeſto grado del ſigno de capricornio, es la piedra aque llaman alaaquic en griego. ⁊ en latí cornelina. Eſta es de color uermeia que tira ya quanto a amariello.

Of the sixth degree of the sign of Capricorn is the stone which they call alaaquic in Greek, and carnelian in Latin. It is red in color, but tends to be somewhat yellow.

Idem, f. 104v.
Cornelina es otroſſi la quarta piedra de las del ſol.

Carnelian is also the fourth stone of those of the sun.


bresca

Spanish: bresca

Clamaron caſado de iſŕl ſo nóbre magna caera como ſemẏent de culantro blanco. E ſo ſabor como breſcas de myel

The house of Israel gave it the name manna, because it was like the seed of white coriander, and its taste like that of honeycombs.


orebze

Spanish: oribe, orebce

From Latin aurificem, accusative of aurifex, from aurum (“gold”).

Et deſta piedra uſan mucho los orebzes, o aquellos que quierẽ el oro apurar.

And goldsmiths make good use of this stone, as do those seeking to purify gold.

Idem, 117v.
Et dellas ya q̃ ſon de color doro. ⁊ otras que de plata. / Et los orebzes la meten en eſtos dos metales por que los adoba mucho.

And, as some of these [stones] are the color of gold and others that of silver, jewelers pair them with these two metals because it adjusts them well.

a jeweler who works with gold and silver; a goldsmith or silversmith


rennon

Spanish: riñón

From Vulgar Latin *rēniō, from Latin rēn.

c. 1250: Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 56r.

Et ſu uertud es atal. que qui beue della peſo de media dragma, q́branta la piedra que ſe faze en la uexiga o en el rennon.

And its virtue is such that he who drinks of it the wright of one drachma, it shatters the stone that forms in the bladder or the kidney.

Idem, f. 102r.
[…] ſana la piedra que ſe faze en la uexiga. o en los rennones. ¬ la quemazon que uiene por goteamiento dela orina.
[…] it heals the stone that forms in the bladder and the kidneys, and the burning caused by the dripping of urine.


aymant

Spanish: imán

Dela piedra aque llaman magnitat en caldeo ⁊ en arauigo. ⁊ en latin magnetes. ⁊ en lenguage caſtellano aymant.

Of the stone they call magnitat in Chaldean and Arabic, and magnetes in Latin, and aymant [magnet] in the Castilian language.


aljofar

Spanish: aljófar

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic الجوهر (al-jawhar), from Arabic جَوْهَر (jawhar), from Persian گوهر (gowhar, “jewel, gem, pearl”).

der

DEl onzeno grado del ſigno de aries, es la piedra a q̃ llaman aliofar. Eſta es de ſu natura caliente ⁊ ſeca. Et fallan la en muchas partes que ſon, en la grand mar que çerca el mũdo enderredor en unas conchas muy grandes en que ſe crian ellas deſta guisa. […]

Of the eleventh degree of the sign of Aries is the stone they call pearl. It is warm and dry in nature. It is found in many places in the open sea all around the world, inside very large clams, inside of which they form in this manner; […]

Idem, f. 114r.
Aldardemuz a nombre en griego. la decima piedra de la .A. / Eſta a color de fierro. ⁊ quando la fregan ſalle ſu fregamiento uermeio. Et con eſta alimpian el alioffar. ⁊ arredondan el uidrio. et eſclarecen las piedras.

Aldardemuz is the Greek name of the tenth stone of the [letter] A. It is the color of iron, and when they wash it the wash is red. And with it they clean pearls, and round off glass and polish stones.


naue

Ladino: nave

Spanish: nave

From Latin nāvis, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us.

Et el tirar que eſta faz, es ſegũd la quantia della ala del fierro que tira aſſi que en tierra de india en el monte o las fallan que es cerca dela mar alas naues que cabo della paſſan tira todos los clauos dellas por fuerça dela parte o eſta la penna aſſi que los faze yr como ſaetas. ⁊ ſi eſtan bien reblados que los non puede eſtender ⁊ ſacar, faze yr las naues contra ſi tan derrezio, que ſe pecian en las pennas ⁊ perecen.

And the pull that it has depends on the amount of it [compared] to the iron it is pulling. So, in the land of India, in the mount where it is found, near the sea, it pulls the nails from the ships that pass it due to its strength in the place where the rock is, so it makes them fly like arrows. And if they are so well nailed in that it cannot reach and draw them, it pulls toward itself the ships with such force that they impact the rock and perish.

Idem, 38r.
Et la eſtrella delantera delas dos que ſõ enel cabo del maſt dela naue a poder en eſta piedra ⁊ della recibe la fuerça ⁊ la uertud.

And the front star of the two that are in the end of the mast of the ship has power over this stone, and it receives from it strength and virtue.


azech

Spanish: aceche

Borrowed from Arabic زَاج (zāj), via Andalusian Arabic.

DEl ſeteno grado del ſigno de uirgo, es la piedra a que llamã azech. Esta es de .iiij. maneras. / Ala primera dizen çori / Ala ſegunda calcatar. / Ala tercera calcadiz, ⁊ ala quarta calcant.

Of the seventh degree of the sign of Virgo is the stone they call vitriol. It takes four forms: the first they call çori, the second calcatar, the third calcadiz and the fourth calcant.

And this vitriol is clean and of a light color, and it is heavier than other vitriols, but it shares with them all their properties […]

Idem, 43v. Et eſte azech es limpio ⁊ claro de color, ⁊ mas peſado que los otros azeches. pero a parte cõ todos ellos en las p̃priedades que an […]

any of several metallic sulfates with distinct properties; vitriol


zebech

Spanish: azabache

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic سَبَج (sabaj, “jet”).

DEl quarto grado del ſigno de capricornio es la piedra aque llaman zebech. Dura es. ⁊ de color mui negro. ⁊ liuiana de peſo.

Of the fourth degree of the sign of Capricorn is the stone they call jet. It is hard, and of a very black color, and light in weight.


yantar

Spanish: yantar

From Vulgar Latin *iantō, iantāre (“eat lunch”), from Latin iēntō, iēntāre. See iēntāculum (“the first meal of the day”).

inh

non vos menguará nunqua nin cena nin yantar

1236, Berceo, Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos

He [Jesus] shall never reduce your dinner nor your lunch


albuhera

Spanish: albufera

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic اَلْبُحَيْرَة (al-buḥayra), from Arabic بُحَيْرَة (buḥayra, “lake”).

[…] en una cueua muy fonda en que a una albuhera quadrada. ⁊ en medio de aquella albuhera aun foyo en que mana agua uerde […]

[…] in a very deep cave in which there is a square pool. And in the middle of that pool there is a hole from which green water wells up […]

Idem, f. 47r.

And they find it in the land they call Azench, on a hillock that is near a bitter pool. And the water of this lagoon is contrary to all others.

Et eſta fallan en la tierra aq́ dizen azench en un otero que es çerca del albuhera azeda Et el agua deſta laguna es contraria de todas las otras.


axeb

Spanish: ajebe

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic اَلشَّب (aš-šab), from Arabic شَب (šab).

Et alimpia los cuerpos delos metales; & faz los claros. Et aun faz mas que si soluieren el axeb fata que corra assi como agua […]

It also cleans metallic bodies, making them shine, and it does this to an even greater degree if the alum is diluted until it runs like water […]


xaqueca

Spanish: jaqueca

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic شَقِيقَة (šaqīqa).

Et a tal uertud que tuelle la dolor que ſe faze en la media cabeça aq̃ llaman en arauigo xaq̃ca. ¬ en latin migranea.

And its virtue is such that it alleviates the pain felt in the middle of the head, called xaqueca [migraine] in Arabic and migranea in Latin.


ximio

Spanish: jimio

From Latin sīmius, from sīmia (“ape, monkey”), from sīmus (“flat-nosed”), from Ancient Greek σῑμός (sīmós).

Et que deſcenda ſobreſta piedra la uertud de figura de om̃e que lieua dos uacas. ⁊ un ximio ⁊ un oſſo ante ſi.

And when over this stone descends the virtue of the figure of the man who has two cows, a monkey and a bear before him.


cirurgiano

Spanish: cirujano

From cirulgia, cirurgia (“surgery”) + -ano.

Et los fiſicos ⁊ los cirurgianos huſan della en los q̃ q̃eren fender o taiar por que non ſientã la dolor.

And physicians and surgeons make use of it on those who they want to cut or slash, so they will not feel the pain.


algibe

Spanish: aljibe

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic اَلْجُبّ (al-jubb), from Arabic جُبّ (jubb, “cistern, well, pit”).

der

Et de como la fallan es deſta guiſa. que cabo daquella uilla a un campo. ⁊ ay muchos algibes en que ſe allega el agua dela lluuia ⁊ en cabo daquel campo a un monte muy alto de q́ deſcende agua de q́ ſe ynchen aquellos algibes. ⁊ quando ſe ſecan en tiempo del uerano, fallan y eſtas piedras.

And the manner in which this [stone] is found is this. In the outskirts of the city there is a field with cisterns that rainwater runs into, and near the edge of the field there is a high mountain from which that water that fills the cisterns descends. And when they dry up in the summertime, the stones may be found inside.


cochiello

Spanish: cuchillo

From Latin cultellus, diminutive of culter (“knife, razor”).

[…] ⁊ ay dellas tan luengas. que fazen dellas mangos pora cochiellos.

[…] and they can be so elongated that they make handles for knives out of them.


cuchiello

Spanish: cuchillo (see there for further descendants)

→ Aragonese: cuchiello, cochillo

De natura es fria ⁊ humida. Et fazen della mangos pora cuchiello ⁊ pora eſpadas […]

It is cold and damp in nature, and they make handles for knives and swords out of it […]

Idem, 89r.
Et ſi la muelen ⁊ traen los poluos della sobre uaſos o otra manera alguna de plata, o de metal, faz lo claro ⁊ muy fremoſo. ⁊ eſſo miſmo faz alas eſpadas ⁊ alos cuchielos, ⁊ demas aguza los.

And if they grind it and use the dust on cups or other silver or metalware, it makes it shiny and beautiful. And it does the same with swords and knives, and it also sharpens them.


arroham

An unassimilated borrowing from Andalusian Arabic الرخام (ar-ruḵḵām), from Arabic رُخَّام (ruḵḵām, “marble”).

Mas el arroham a p̃priedat que eſclarece los dientes quando lo muelen. ⁊ lo mezclan con eſpecias q̃ son falladas en el libro de fiſica.

But porphyry has the property of whitening teeth when it is ground and mixed with certain spices, as indicated in a medical book.


castanna

Spanish: castaña (see there for further descendants)

From Latin castaneam, accusative of castanea, from Ancient Greek κᾰ́στᾰνᾰ (kástana).

Et es fuerte de quebrantar. ⁊ ay dellas grandes ⁊ dellas pequẽnas p̃o siempre la fallan de figura de castanna.

And it is strong and hard to break. And they can be big and small, but they are always found in the shape of a chestnut.


eleofant

Spanish: elefante

From Old French elefant, olifant, from Latin elephāns, from Ancient Greek ἐλέφᾱς (eléphās).

[…] la enfermedat que dizen del eleofant que es engroſſamiẽto de piernas.

[…] the disease they call of the elephant, which is the thickening of the legs.


biespa

Ladino: bezba, bizba

Spanish: avispa

Et ſu uertud es contra todos los toſſicos delos animales que non ſon mucho empozonados aſſi como arannas ⁊ bieſpas. ⁊ tauanos, ⁊ eſtas coſas menudas atales que naſcen dela tierra.

And its virtue is against all of the venoms of the animals that are not as venomous, such as spiders, and wasps, and gadflies, and small things such as these that are born from the earth.

Idem, f. 31v.
Et ſi tomaren cinco moſcas o ſiete ⁊ les tollieren las cabeças ⁊ las machucaren con eſta piedra. ⁊ las puſieren ſobre la ferida dela bieſpa, ſana luego ⁊ faz perder la dolor.

And if the took five flies, or seven, and they took their heads and crushed them with this stone, and they put them on a wasp sting, it would then heal it and alleviate the pain.


elifant

Ladino: איליפ׳אנטי (elefante)

desctree

Spanish: elefante
→ Basque: elefante
→ Chol: elefanti
→ Cebuano: elepante
→ Hiligaynon: elepante
→ Quechua: ilijanti
→ Tagalog: elepante
→ Waray-Waray: elepante

From Old French elefant, olifant, from Latin elephāns, from Ancient Greek ἐλέφας (eléphas).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76v. col. 1.
[…] e fizieron g̃nt batala e ouo muchos elifanteſ. eleazar ermano de judas macabeús fue ferir alefant en el caſtielo e diol cõ el eſpada por el uientre e cayo elifant sobrel ujentre ⁊ matol e aſi murieron amoſ.

[…] and they waged a great battle where there were many elephants. Then Eleazar, the brother of Judas Maccabeus, set out to wound the elephant by the castle, and so he struck its stomach with his sword, whereupon the elephant toppled on top of him, and so they both perished.


açafran

Spanish: azafrán

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic اَلزَّعْفَرَان (az-zaʕfarān), from Arabic زَعْفَرَان (zaʕfarān).

[…] De color es de açafran ⁊ aun mas tinta. Fendida es. ⁊ por end es ligera de quebrantar, ⁊ mas liuiana de peſo ⁊ ſemeia en ſus maneras toda al armoniaco.

[…] It is the color of saffron, but redder. It is cleft, and therefore easy to break. It is lighter in weight but similar in all ways to sal ammoniac.


alefant

Spanish: elefante

From the same source as Old Spanish eleofant and elifant.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76v. col. 1.
[…] e fizieron ǵnt batala e ouo muchos elifanteſ. eleazar ermano de judas macabeús fue ferir alefant en el caſtielo e diol cõ el eſpada por el uientre e cayo elifant sobrel ujentre ⁊ matol e aſi murieron amoſ.

[…] and they waged a great battle, and there were many elephants. Eleazar, the brother of Judas Maccabeus, went to hurt the elephant in the castle, and he struck him under with the sword, and the elephant fell upon him, and so they both died.


eglesia

Ladino: iglesia, iglezia

Spanish: iglesia (see there for further descendants)

→ Sabir: iglezia

From Late Latin ecclēsia, from Ancient Greek ἐκκλησία (ekklēsía).

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 78v. col. 2.
Vn poco adelant apar de orient. es elaltar de ſanta trinjdat o la uera .☩. ſolie eſtar. todo es enla egleſia. dentro en el ſepulcro

A little toward the east is the altar of the Holy Trinity, where the True Cross used to be. Everything is in the church, inside the sepulcher.


orcero

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 80r. col. 1.
[…] dixo nr̃o ſẽnnor a ieremias ue a caſa del orcero e ẏ fablare cótigo.

[…] Our Lord said to Jeremiah, go to the potter's house, and I will speak to you there.

Idem, f. 84r. col. 1.
[…] ço es cãpo de ſangre. e ſolie ſeer cãpo de orceros. e ẏ fazien los uaſos de lodo

[…] Thus it is the field of blood, and it used to be the field of potters, and there they made the earthen jugs.


oryzon

Ultimately from Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn).

Et quando la mediana dellas ſube enel oryzon de parte de oryente, aura mayor fuerça ⁊ mas uertud en todas eſtas obras que auemos dichas.

And when the middle one rises on the eastern horizon, it will have more strength and virtue in all these deeds we just mentioned.


golondrino

Spanish: golondrino

[…] p̃o non faz eſta uertud ſi non ſi eſtudieren amas las piedras en uno, o non fueren dun golondrino pollo.

[…] But it does not have this virtue if both stones are not placed in one, or if they are not from the chick of a swallow.


linaça

Spanish: linaza

[…] ⁊ aun en otra coſa. que ſi la molieren con olio de linaça faz mas fina color q́ el uerdet ⁊ mas clara.

[…] and yet another thing; that if it is ground with linseed oil it makes it finer and lighter in color than verdigris.


engenno

Spanish: engeño

From Latin ingenium, from gignō (“I beget”).

Et los filoſofos precian la mucho por que ella a tal uertud que aquel que la trae conſigo aguzal mucho el entendimiento ⁊ el engenno, aſſi que ninguna coſa noles grieue de entender nin de aprender.

And philosophers prize it greatly because its virtue is such that, of he who has it with him, it sharpens their understanding and ingenuity, so that nothing is difficult for them to understand or learn.


tempestat

Spanish: tempestad

From Latin tempestās, tempestātem, based on tempus (“time”).

DEl ſeteno grado del ſigno de tauro es la piedra que tira los hueſſos Et fallan la en la yſla de ſardenna aſſi q̃ quando faz grand tẽpeſtat en la mar, echan las ondas eſtas piedras ala oriella.

Of the seventh degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone that pulls the bones. It is found on the island of Sardinia, so that when there is a great storm at sea, the waves cast these stones onto the shore.


boitre

Spanish: buitre

Et la eſtrella ſiguient delas dos q̃ ſon en el ombro ſinieſtro del boitre uolant a poder en eſta piedra ⁊ della recibe ſu uertud. Et quãdo es en medio cielo, mueſtra eſta piedra mas manifieſta miente ſus obras.

And the star following the two located in the left elbow of the flying vulture has power over this stone, which draws its virtue from it. And when it is in the center of the sky, this stone more manifestly shows its works.


vestidura

Spanish: vestidura

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin vestītūra. By surface analysis, vestir + -dura. Compare Old Occitan vestidura.

inh+

priſierõ la ueſtidura. de ioſeph e degollaron vn cabrito. ⁊ enſangrẽtarõ la en la ſangre.

[Then] they took Joseph's clothing and beheaded a young goat, and bloodied it in its blood.


garbanço

Spanish: garbanzo

Of uncertain origin:
* Perhaps altered from arvanço and of Germanic origin, from an unattested Gothic *𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 (*arwaits), from Proto-Germanic *arwīts (“pea”).
* From a pre-Roman substrate of Iberia such as Basque garbantzu and perhaps related to the Germanic source above.
Presumably influenced by garroba (“carob fruit”) and galbana (“small pea; a variety of pea”).


fosado

e ppħze cuemo acoḿdo. entro en ellos ſpiritu é uiuieron e eſtidieron ſobre ſos. pies foſado era grant mucho.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63v:

And I prophesied as he commanded, [and] breath entered them and they lived and stood on their feet; it was a very great army.


tiempo del verano

osp-noun

tiempo del verano m (usually uncountable)

A compound akin to English summertime, from Old Spanish tiempo (“time; season”) + verano (“summer”).

compound

⁊ quando ſe ſecan en tiempo del uerano, fallan y eſtas piedras.

And when [the cisterns] dry up in the summertime, the stones may be found inside.


ydropisia

Spanish: hidropesía

From Late Latin hydropisia, from Latin hydropisis, from Ancient Greek ὕδρωψ (húdrōps, “edema”), from ὕδωρ (húdōr, “water”). Compare with English dropsy. The word may have been borrowed through Old French ydropisie.

Et dixieron los ſabios en el libro de las piedras que la uerde atal uirtut. que quien la engaſtonare en ſortija. la traxiere conſigo. nõ aura la enfermedat a que dizen ydropiſia.

And in the Book of Stones the wise men claimed that the green stone possesses such virtue that he who mounts it on a ring and has it with him will not suffer from the illness they call dropsy.


rucio

Spanish: rocío

From Latin rōscidus (“dewy”), from rōs (“dew”).

Reſpuſo ẏſaac ⁊ dẏxo. De groſſura de la tierra ⁊ del ruçio ſera tu bẽdicion. De los cieloˢ ſera tu bendicion. Sobre tu eſpada biuras. E ato ermano seruiras. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4r:

Isaac answered and said, “Your blessing shall be away from the fatness of the earth and from the dew. Your blessing shall be away from the heavens. You shall live by the sword and your brother you shall serve. […] ”


erugo

Masculine form of eruga, from Latin erūca. Compare culuebra and culuebro.

Qvando ouiere fambre en la tierra omortalidat. o enfermedat oq̃ado ouiere mal de enfermedat. o langoſta. o erugo. q̃nt fuere q̃l aq̃xare ſo enemigo. enla tr̃a oen las cibdades. Nulla plaga o nulla malaptia […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 50r:

Should there be famine in the land or great dying or sickness, or should there be the ill of sickness, or locusts or caterpillars, should their enemy threaten them in the land or in the cities, whatever plague or whatever malady, […]


aneldo

Spanish: eneldo, aneldo

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *anēthulum, from Latin anēthum, from Ancient Greek ἄνηθον (ánēthon).

Pora toller la set conujene que tomen el leuistico & el apio. & las berças montesinas. & la foia del aneldo. & la simjente del finoio. & cuegan todas estas cosas egual mjente en vino & mezcan las bien. & quando fuere frio den gelo a beuer.

ca. 1300, anonymous, Gerardus falconarius, (ed. by Pedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja, 2004, Alcalá de Henares: Universidad de Alcalá de Henares)

To relieve thirst, it is convenient to take the levistic and celery, and hill cabbages, and the leaf of the dill, and fennel seeds. Assemble all these things equally, in wine, and mix them well. And when it's cold, serve it as a drink.


ensullo

Spanish: ensullo, enjullo

From Late Latin īnsubulum, from Latin īnsuō (“I sew up”).

é golias era armado ſobre ſo cauallo eſt philiſteo auie de alto .vj. cobdos eun palmo. e auia el ẏelmo de azero. ela loriga peſaua .v. mil libras. e el aſta de ſue mano era tan grueſſa cuemo el enſullo del texedor el fierro peſaua .dc. peſas.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

And Goliath was armed on his horse. This Philistine was six cubits and a span in height, and he had a bronze helmet, and his coat of mail weighed five thousand shekels, and the shaft in his hand was as thick as a weaver's beam; the iron [point] weighed six hundred shekels.


parabla

Ladino: palavra / פאלאברה

desctree

Spanish: palabra
→ English: palabra
→ French: palabre
→ Greek: παλάβρα (palávra)
→ Turkish: palavra
→ Romanian: palavră
→ Papiamentu: palabra
→ Tagalog: palabra


sangne

Ladino: sangre (Latin spelling), סאנגרי (Hebrew spelling)

Spanish: sangre

(...) Redempcion de pecados sin sangne nunca vino, sangne lava las almas de todo mal venino" (...)

c. 1264, Del Sacrificio de la Misa, cuarteto 98

Redemption of sins without blood never came, blood washes the souls from all venomous evil.


compannia

From companna (“companions; company, entourage”) + -ia.

suffix

Priegot mucho q̃ te miẽbre del amor. ⁊ de la cõpãnia. que ẏo ⁊ ti ouẏemos en nr̃a mãçebia. q̃ mas ẏ acreſcamos. Qve ẏo loar me pueda de ti en my veiez. Aſſẏ cuemo me loe en mẏ iuuẽtud.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:

I beg dearly that it remind you of the affection and friendship that you and I shared in our youth. That they may grow more. That I may be able to rejoice in you in my old age, as I rejoiced in you in my youth.


linnage

From Old Catalan linyatge. Compare modern Spanish linaje < later Catalan llinatge.

e cõprola de effronoteu por .cccc. marcos. de p[lata]. e allẏ la ſoterro. e allẏ ẏa[ze] todo ſo linage.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v:

And he bought it from Ephron the Hittite for 400 silver shekels, and he buried her there, and his entire lineage lies therein.


desiert

por q̃ nos adoxiſte en el deſiert por matar atodos de fãbre.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r:

For you have led us into the desert to kill us all of starvation.

Apocopic form of desierto; a desert or wasteland.


promission

Spanish: promisión

Borrowed from Latin promissiōnem, singular accusative of promissiō.

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v.
allẏ en ebrõ. vinierõ las eſpias. del deſierto de faram. a tierra de promiſſion. Caleph. ⁊ ioſue. eſſos .x. cõpãneros.

The spies went there, from the desert of Paran, to Hebron, the Promised Land. Caleb, Joshua and their ten companions.


raçon

Ladino: razon

Spanish: razón


putana

Ladino: putana

From Old French putain, from Vulgar Latin putta, from Latin puta, feminine of putus (“boy”).

viola iuda cubierta e nola cõnoçio. E cuedo q̃ era putana. E dixol ẏaz comẏgo ⁊ dẏxo ella q̃ me daras. Acordarõ ſe q̃l dieſſe uncabrito e diol pẽnos ſo anẏello. Ela cinta q̃ cinnẏa. E el blago q̃ tenẏa. en su mano.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6r:

Judah saw her covered and did not recognize her, and he thought she was a prostitute. And he said to her, “Lay with me”, and she replied, “What will you give me?” They agreed he would give her a young goat, and he pledged her his ring and his girdle and the staff he had in his hand.


huerco

Spanish: huerco

Ladino: guerko, huerco (Haketia)

From Latin Orcus (“the underworld; the god Pluto”). Cognate with Old French ogre (“fierce non-Christian; fairytale man-eating giant”).

cog

era él … esclaresçido rey e señor don Juan de Castilla e de León … enbiando las sus ánimas a la boca del huerco, conviene a saber del infierno

ca. 1439, Juan de Mena, Comentario a la "Coronación del Marqués de Santillana"

He was the illuminated king and lord John of Castile and Leon … who sent [Muslims'] souls to the doors of Orcus, by which is meant Hell

¿e dó huirá el que al huerco deue?

ca. 1305 CE, anonymous, Libro del cavallero Cifar

And where can someone who owes the Devil escape to?


uço

Spanish: uzo

From Latin ostium, with raising of the initial vowel by the following palatal.

Vio puertas abiertas e uços sin cannados

He saw open doors and gates without locks


cabanna

Spanish: cabaña

→ English: cabana

From Late Latin capanna, perhaps from Latin canaba.

⁊ ſalẏos fueras de la cibdat e fizo una cabãna en q̃ eſtido ala ſõbra.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38r:

And he went outside the city and made a shelter and sat in its shade.


alcarchofa

desctree

Spanish: alcachofa
→ Tagalog: alkatsopas

→ Occitan: artichaut

→ French: artichaut
→ Vietnamese: atisô

→ Italian (northern Italy): articiocco (see there for further descendants)

From Andalusian Arabic الْخَرْشُوف (al-ẖaršúf), from Arabic الْخُرْشُوف (al-ḵuršūf). Attested 1443.

der

Arabic الْخُرْشُوف (al-ḵuršūf)


huebos

Huebos auemos que nos dedes los marchos

between 1140-1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mío Cid 138

We need you to give us the (gold) marks
(literally, “We have (a) need that you give us the marks”)

Huebos vos es que lidiedes aguisa de varones

between 1140-1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mío Cid 3563

You both must fight in court, in the way of men
(literally, “To you all is a need that you litigate in men's manner”)


mensagero

Spanish: mensajero

dixo ẏſaẏas a los menſageros q́l embio el reẏ ezechias aſſi dizredes al nŕo ſennor q́ diz el criador Nó temas delas menazas q́ oiſt de los uaſſallos del reẏ de ſur. Afe yo trametre uiéto ¬ oyra tal palabra. por q́stornara aſu tŕa ¬ ẏl fara morir aeſpada.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 54r:

Isaiah said the messengers sent to him by king Hezekiah, “You will tell our master that thus says the Creator, ‘Do not fear the threats you have heard from the servants of the king of the south. Lo, I will send wind and he will hear a rumor such that he will return to his land, and there he will be made to die by the sword.’”


lenno

Spanish: leño

E dixo ella biua el ſẽnor dios q̃ no e pan ſi nõ un poco de farina en la tinẏella. E un poco de olẏo ẽna olẏera e q̃ero coger .ij. lẽnos e fer lo e pora mi q̃ comamos ⁊ nõ muramos

And she said, “As the Lord God lives, I have no bread, but only some flour in a jar and a little oil in an oil jug. And I want to gather a couple of logs and make it for myself, that we may eat it and die”.


albafaca

Spanish: albahaca

Estos son otros poluos pora la calentura otrosí, e es que tomen de la regaliza e del çumo [nuevo folio] aluahaca, e del cubebo e del açúcar blanco

1250, Abraham de Toledo, Momín, libro de los animales que cazan

These are moreover the powders to heal fever, utilizing licorice, fruit juice, [turn of page] basil, cubeb and white sugar...

E sienpre … la asy como sienbran la simiente del albafaca. E rrieguen la muy bien.

ca. 1300, anonymous, Tratado de agricultura de Ibn Bassal

And always [missing word] it [i.e. pomegranate, milgrana] in the same way people scatter basil seeds. And water it very well.


orçuelo

Spanish: orzuelo, ozuelo (non-standard)

From Latin hordeolus (“stye”), diminutive of hordeum (“barley”). According to Coromines and Pascual, first attested ca. 1400, in the Glossaries of El Escorial and Toledo.

Para enel orçuelo que se faze enel ojo que es de fo[r]ma de grano de çeuada frotenlo a menudo con moscas cortadas las cabecas esto faga de dia & tengan ençima del de noche vn pañezuelo de buen diaquilon

ca. 1429, Alfonso Chirino, Menor daño de la medicina (Escorial, b.IV.34) 115r

For the stye that grows in one's eye, in the shape of a barley, rub it often with flies after cutting their heads. Do this during the day, and at night have a piece of cloth of good diachylon.


trufán

Spanish: truhán

From Old French truand, from a Gaulish *trūgantos. First attested in Berceo in the 13th century.

Era el trufán falsso pleno de malos vicios, savié encantamientos e muchos maleficios

ca. 1250, Berceo, Los Milagros de Nuestra Señora

The rascal was false, full of terrible vices, / he knew enchantments and many hexes


tahulla

Spanish: tahúlla


mannana

Ladino: manyana

Spanish: mañana
Chavacano: mañana

From Vulgar Latin *māneāna, from Latin māne (whence also man (“morning”)).

Dẏxo nr̃o ſẽnor amoẏſen. maduRga ala mannana ⁊ di a pharaon. Q ẏol digo q̃ dexe mio pueblo. E ſi nõblo dexare echare en el ẏenſos vaſſallos beſtias fieras. ⁊ emplir ſe an todas las caſas ⁊ todala tr̃a. E marauillar ſe an en es dẏa.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 14r:

Our Lord said unto Moses, “Rise early in the morning and say unto Pharaoh that I order he let my people go, and that should he not let them go, I will unleash upon him and his servants savage beasts, and they will fill every house and all the earth, and on that day they will be awed. […]”


encensario

From Late Latin incēnsārium, incēnsōrium, from Latin incēnsus (“incense”).

dixo nr̃o señor amoẏſen dia eleaçar fijo de aaronel el ſaçerdot q̃ alce los enſençarios dẽtre los q̃mados e ſera en la obra del ara por remẽbrãça afijos iſrael q̃ nõ ſe aguen aom̃e q nõ ſea delinage. daaron por encenſar el encienſo delant el ſeñor.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 23r:

And Our Lord said unto Moses, “Tell the priest Eleazar son of Aaron to take up the censers out of the burning and to place them over the altar as a memorial to the children of Israel that they should draw no man that is not of the seed of Aaron to cense incense before the Lord.”