dios

Ladino: Dio (Latin spelling)

Spanish: Dios

Inherited from Latin deus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deywós. Doublet of dio, which came from the accusative form deum.

Remont, by the grace of God, archbishop of Toledo, to don Almeric, archdeacon of Antioch […]

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r. a. [R] / emont por la gracia de dios. arço / biſpo de Toledo. a don alemeric. arçi / diano de antiochia […]

Idem, f. 1r. b.
El to clerigo almerich. a / Rçidiano de antiochẏa. rẽde gr̃as / adios & atẏ.

Your cleric Almerich, archdeacon of Antioch, gives thanks to God and to you.


Johan

desctree

Spanish: Juan
→ Carolinian: Wan
→ Classical Nahuatl: Juan
→ Chinese: → 胡安 (Hú'ān) (transliteration)
Don Juan → Chinese: → 唐璜 (transliteration)
→ English: Juan
→ Tagalog: Juan

From Latin Iōhannēs or Iōannēs, from Ancient Greek Ἰωάννης (Iōánnēs), from Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yōḥānān).

der

Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yōḥānān)

a male given name from Hebrew, equivalent to English John

Delãt ierico a .ij. milleros en la riƀa del flum iordan es bethania o baptizaua ſant ioħn baptiſta.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 31r:

Two thousand paces from Jericho, on the bank of the Jordan River, is Bethany, where Saint John the Baptist baptized.

(biblical, Christianity) The name of several persons in the Christian Bible, among them John the Baptist, John the Apostle, John the Evangelist and John of Patmos.


Passion

Spanish: Pasión

Borrowed from Latin passiōnem, accusative singular of passiō (“suffering”), from patior (“I suffer, endure”).

Sant pablo q̃ ante auie nõbre ſaulus fue del tribu de beniamin naſcio en iuda e al ſegũdo año ap̃s dela paſſiõ de iħu xp̃o baptizo ananias e damaſco […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

Saint Paul, who before had the name Saul, was of the tribe of Benjamin. He was born in Judea, and in the second year after the Passion of Jesus Christ Ananias baptized [him] in Damascus […]


Yago

desctree

Spanish: Yago, Iago
→ Galician: Iago
→ Portuguese: Iago

Inherited from Latin Iācōbus, borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἰάκωβος (Iákōbos), from Ἰακώβ (Iakṓb), borrowed from Hebrew יַעֲקֹב, from עקב. Doublet of Jacob and Jayme.

etymon

a male given name, equivalent to English Jacob


Samaria

Spanish: Samaria

From Latin Samarīa, from Ancient Greek Σαμάρεια (Samáreia), from Hebrew שֹׁמְרוֹן (šomron).

dixierõ al reẏ de sẏria las ẏentes. q̃ captiuest fezist seer tos om̃es en las cibdades de samaria non sabian el iudicio delos om̃es dela tierra. e vinien los leones ematauan los

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 44v:

[So] they told the king of Assyria, “The peoples you took captive and made your men settle in the cities of Samaria did not know the laws of the men of the land, and [so] the lions were coming and killing them.”


Nilo

Spanish: Nilo

From Latin Nīlus, from Ancient Greek Νεῖλος (Neîlos), of Semitic origin.

[…] q́ en aquel logar o entra el grand ryo del nilo en la mar medio terrana, cria ſe y un animal que ſemeia en ſus miembros ⁊ en todas ſus fayciones ala liebre de tierra. ⁊ por endel llaman liebre marina.

[…] that in that place, where the great river Nile enters the Mediterranean Sea, there breeds an animal that is similar in its limbs and all of its features to the land hare, and thus they call it a marine hare.


Pablo

Spanish: Pablo
→ Tagalog: Pablo

From Latin Paulus, from paulus (“small”).


Roma

Spanish: Roma

From Latin Rōma. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese Roma.

Sant peẏdro fo p̃dicar en roma. e por occaſiõ de ſimõ magus el encantador. nero el enꝑador fizolo meter en .+. dela cabeça aẏuſo e delos pies aſuſo.

Saint Peter went to Rome to preach, and because of Simon Magus the sorcerer Nero the emperor had him put on a cross with his head down and his feet up.


Salomon

Spanish: Salomón

From Latin Salomōn, from Ancient Greek Σολομών (Solomṓn), from Biblical Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה (šĕlōmōʰ), from שָׁלוֹם (šālōm, “peace”).

Todo lo que auia. y metio zorobabel. e ſos conpãneros por mandado de cyrus reẏ de ꝑſia toda la uaſiella de oro q̃ fizo el rey ſalomõ pora lacaſa del c̃ador.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76r:

All that there was Zerubbabel placed there with his company by command of Cyrus, King of Persia; all the vessels of gold that King Solomon had made for the House of the Creator.


Marruecos

desctree

Spanish: Marruecos
→ Central Huasteca Nahuatl: Marruecos
→ Central Nahuatl: Marruecos
→ Guaraní: Marruéko
→ Tagalog: Marwekos
→ Western Huasteca Nahuatl: Marruecos

From Arabic مَرَّاكُش (marrākuš). First documented in the Cid. The Arabic form was adapted into local Romance in a shape like /maˈrɔkos/, with /ɔ/ rendering an Arabic [ɒː] or similar (cf. Old Catalan Marrocs, Old Galician-Portuguese Marrocos). It seems once the form reached Castille it was “translated” into /maˈru͡ekos/ according to the cross-dialectal correspondence /ɔ/ ⇔ /u͡e/ (as in Portuguese forte ⇔ Spanish fuerte).

Marrakech (a city in the Almoravid emirate)


Vizcaya

Ladino: Vizkaya

Spanish: Vizcaya

Ultimately from Basque bizkar (“low ridge”).

Don Diago, Sennor de Vizcaya, Alferez del rey confirma

Don Diego, Lord of Biscay, ensign of the King, confirms

Biscay (a lordship corresponding to the modern province of Biscay, Spain)


Damasco

Spanish: Damasco

From Latin Damascus, from Ancient Greek Δαμασκός (Damaskós), from Semitic.


Zorobabel

Spanish: Zorobabel

From Latin Zorobabel, from Ancient Greek Ζοροβαβέλ (Zorobabél), from Hebrew זְרֻבָּבֶל (Zerūbāḇel).


Castiella

Spanish: Castilla
→ French: Castille
→ English: Castile
→ Classical Nahuatl: Caxtillan
→ Kaqchikel: kaxlan
→ Pipil: caztiyah
→ Tagalog: Kastila

Toponym based on the feminine of castiello (“castle”).

[…] del noble Rey don alfonso […] Sennor de caſtiella de Toledo de Leon de Gallizia de Seuilla de cordoua de Murcia de Jahen. ⁊ del Algarbe.

[…] of the noble king don Alfonso […] lord of Castile, of Toledo, of León, of Galicia, of Seville, of Cordoba, of Murcia, of Jaén and of the Algarve.


Espanna

Ladino: Espanya / איספאנײה

Spanish: España (see there for further descendants)

From Latin Hispānia, possibly derived from the Punic אי שפן (I-Shaphan, “coast of hyraxes”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese Espanha.

der

1260, Gonzalo de Berceo, Milagros de Nuestra Señora (Milagro XIX - Un parto maravilloso)

In Greece and in Africa, and in the entire Iberian Peninsula

En Greçia e en Africa, e en toda Espanna.

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English


Saragoça

Old Galician-Portuguese: Saragoça

Portuguese: Saragoça

Spanish: Zaragoza

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic سَرَقُسْطَة (saraqusṭa) (apparently with metathesis), from Latin Caesaraugusta.

Et ffallan la otroſſi en eſpanna en unos montes q ſõ çerca de Saragoça en un logar q̃ dizen diche. Et otroſſi en el monte q̃ es cabo granada aq̃ llaman ſoler en unas cueuas q̃ y a. Pero tan bien las de ſaragoça como las de granada ſon pocas.

And they find another in Spain in some hills near Zaragoza, in a place they calle Diche. Yet another is found in a hill that is around Granada, which they call Soler, in some caves that are near there. But those from Zaragoza, as well as those from Granada, are few.

Zaragoza (the capital city of the modern autonomous community of Aragon, Spain)


Mathathias

Spanish: Matatías

From Latin Mathathiās, an alternative form of Mattathiās, from Ancient Greek Μᾰττᾰθῐ́ᾱς (Mattathíās), from Hebrew מַתִּתְיָהוּ (mattiṯyāhū).

מַתִּתְיָהוּ

Hebrew מַתִּתְיָהוּ (mattiṯyāhū)

EN ieruſalem era mathathias. […] ⁊ era om̃e q̃ amaua el criador […] e lo temie e ouo .v. fijos muy buenos cauallós e el uno uo nõbre iudas macabeus. e el otro ionatan. ⁊ leaza. e ſimeon. e ioan

[There] lived in Jerusalem Mattathias, and he was a man that loved the Creator and feared Him. And he had five sons, very upright men, and one had the name Judas Maccabeus, and the other Jonathan, and Eleazar and Simon and John.


Aristotil

From Ancient Greek Ἀριστοτέλης (Aristotélēs, “Aristotle”).

bor

ARiſtotil que fue mas complido delos otros filoſofos ⁊ el que mas natural miente moſtro todas las coſas por razon uerdadera. […] Mas los que eſcriuieron delas piedras aſſi como ariſtotil que fizo un libro en que nombro ſietecientas dellas.

Aristotle, who was more accomplished than the other philosophers, was the one who most naturally described things truly as they were. […] Others wrote about stones, like Aristotle, who wrote a book in which he named seven hundred of them.


Ossa Mayor

Spanish: Osa Mayor

Calque of Latin Ursa Maior (“greater she-bear”).

calque

Et la eſtrella que es en cabo dela oreia delantera dela oſſa mayor a poder ſobreſta piedra ⁊ della recibe la fuerça ⁊ la uertud.

And the start that is on the front ear of the Great Bear has power over this stone, and it receives its strength and virtue from it.


Ossa Menor

Spanish: Osa Menor

Calque of Latin Ursa Minor (literally “lesser she-bear”).

Et la eſtrella que es enel cabo dela oſſa menor aque llaman el cabrito de benanays a poder ⁊ ſennorio ſobreſta piedra.

And the star on the rear of the Little Bear, the one they call the goat kid of Benanays, has power and dominion over this stone.


Beldeem

Spanish: Belén

From Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém), from Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bêṯ leḥem).

der

Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bêṯ leḥem)

De ih́rĺm faſta bethleé ados leguaſ de beldeem. fue lafermoſa noemj.

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 76v. col. 1:

From Jerusalem to Bethlehem, two leagues away from Bethlehem, went the beautiful Naomi.

Bethlehem (a city in the modern West Bank, Palestine)


ihrlm

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 78v. col. 2.
Detras laujlla de ihrlm al ſol ponjent es monte ſion. ealli fue poblada laçjbdat de ihrlm.

Behind the city of Jerusalem, toward the setting sun, is Mount Zion; and there was populated the city of Jerusalem.


Ihesu Xpisto

Spanish: Jesucristo

From Ancient Greek Ἰησοῦς Χριστός (Iēsoûs Khristós, “Jesus Christ”), with the spelling reflecting the Greek letter forms.

bor

Ἰησοῦς Χριστός


ihu xpo

A Christogram and abbreviation of Ihesu Xpisto (“Jesus Christ”). Compare Latin IHS.

Sant pablo q̃ ante auie nõbre ſaulus fue del tribu de beniamin naſcio en iuda e al ſegũdo ãno ap̃s dela paſſiõ de iħu xp̃o […]

Saint Paul, who before had the name Saul, was of the tribe of Benjamin. He was born in Judah on the second year after the passion of Jesus Christ.

(Christianity) Abbreviation of Ihesu Xpisto.


Moysen

Spanish: Moisén

From Ancient Greek Μωϋσῆν (Mōüsên), accusative of Μωϋσῆς (Mōüsês), from Hebrew משה (moshé).

E moẏſen era paſtor ſobre las oueias de ſo ſuegro. E ueno a mõte deẏ oreb. Apparecioſ le nr̃o ſẽnor en la flama del fuego.

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 12r. col. 2:

And Moses shepherded the sheep of his father-in-law. And [when] he went to Mount Horeb Our Lord appeared to him in the flames of the fire.


Barcilona

Spanish: Barcelona

Ultimately from Latin Barcinō, from Iberian Barkeno.

DEl ſeſto grado del ſigno de tauro, es la piedra a que dizen raconic en caldeo. Et fallan la en tierra de eſpanna ⁊ ſennalada miente en la comarca de barcilona.

Of the sixth degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone they call raconic in Chaldean. And they find it in the land of Spain, especially in the region of Barcelona.

Barcelona (the capital city of the modern autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain)


Sardenna

Spanish: Cerdeña

From Latin Sardinia, based on Ancient Greek Σαρδώ (Sardṓ).

DEl ſeteno grado del ſigno de tauro es la piedra que tira los hueſſos Et fallan la en la yſla de ſardenna aſſi q̃ quando faz grand tẽpeſtat en la mar, echan las ondas eſtas piedras ala oriella.

Of the seventh degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone that pulls the bones. It is found on the island of Sardinia, so that when there is a great storm at sea, the waves cast these stones onto the shore.


Criador

veno un ſacerdot ſamaria. e estido ẏ. e demoſtroles cumo temieſſen al criador.

c. 1200, Almerich, w:Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 44v:

[So] a priest came to Samaria, and he dwelt there and showed them how to fear the Creator.

(religion) Creator (title given to the Abrahamic God)


Iherusalem

Spanish: Jerusalén

From Late Latin Ierūsalēm, Hierūsalēm, from Ancient Greek Ἰερουσαλήμ (Ierousalḗm), from Biblical Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (Yərūšālayim).

der

יְרוּשָׁלַיִם

Ont te ruego q̃ tu me enbies eſripto en vna carta la faziẽda de vltra mar. E los nõbres de laſ cibdades ⁊ de las tierras como ovierõ nõbre. En latin ⁊ en ebraẏco. equãto a de la vna cibdat ala otra. E las marauẏllas q̃ nr̃o ſẽnor dios fezo en ih̃rl̃m. e en toda la tierra de vltramar.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:

So I pray you send to me written in a latter an account of the Holy Land, and the names of the cities and of the lands and the names they had in Latin and Hebrew, and the distance from one city to the other, and the wonders that Our Lord God worked in Jerusalem and throughout the Holy Land.

Idem, f. 78v.
Detras laujlla de ihrlm al ſol ponjent es monte ſion. ealli fue poblada laçjbdat de ihrlm.

Behind the city of Jerusalem, toward the setting sun, is Mount Zion, and there was established the city of Jerusalem.


Jayme

Spanish: Jaime

desctree

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: Jayme, Jaymes, Jaime, Jame, James
Galician: Xaime
Portuguese: Jaime

Inherited from Latin Iācōbus, borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἰάκωβος (Iákōbos), from Ἰακώβ (Iakṓb), borrowed from Hebrew יַעֲקֹב, from עקב. Doublet of Jacob and Yago.

a male given name, equivalent to English James


Caym

Spanish: Caín

de lãt ebrõ mato caẏm a abel ſo ermano.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v:

It was outside Hebron that Cain killed his brother Abel.


tierra de promission

Spanish: tierra de promisión

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v.
allẏ en ebrõ. vinierõ las eſpias. del deſierto de faram. a tierra de promiſſion. Caleph. ⁊ ioſue. eſſos .x. cõpãneros.

The spies went there, from the desert of Paran, to Hebron, the Promised Land. Caleb, Joshua and their ten companions.


Remont

Spanish: Ramón (partially)

From an Old French form such as Raimund or Reimund.

El mẏo ſėnor don remont. arçobispo de Toledo.

My Lord Don Remont, archbishop of Toledo.

a male given name, equivalent to English Raymond


Domingos

Spanish: Domingo

a male given name from Latin, equivalent to English Dominic


Ysaac

Spanish: Isaac

From Latin Isaac, from Ancient Greek Ἰσαάκ (Isaák), from Hebrew יצחק (Yiṣḥāq).

Reſpuſo ẏſaac ⁊ dẏxo. De groſſura de la tierra ⁊ del ruçio ſera tu bẽdicion. De los cieloᷤ ſera tu bendicion. Sobre tu eſpada biuras. E ato ermano seruiras. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4r:

Isaac answered and said, “Your blessing shall be away from the fatness of the earth and from the dew. Your blessing shall be away from the heavens. You shall live by the sword and your brother you shall serve. […] ”


Ultramar

Borrowed Old French Outremer (literally “overseas”) as a territorial designation.

bor

Ont te ruego q̃ tu me enbies eſripto en vna carta la faziẽda de vltra mar. E los nõbres de laſ cibdades ⁊ de las tierras como ovierõ nõbre. En latin ⁊ en ebraẏco. equãto a de la vna cibdat ala otra. E las marauẏllas q̃ nro ſẽnor dios fezo en iħrꝉm. e en toda la tierra de vltramar.

(historical) the Holy Land; the Crusader states established after the First Crusade


Babilonna

A naturalized pronunciation of Babilonia.

e el reẏ con ſana q́ auie mando que mataſen todos los ſabios de babilonna e demandaron a danel e aſos conpaneros por matar

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 64v:

And the king, full of anger, ordered all the wise men of Babylon be put to death, and they sought Daniel and his companions to put them to death.


Belzebub

Spanish: Belcebú

Borrowed from Latin Beelzebūb, from Ancient Greek Βεελζεβούλ (Beelzeboúl), from Hebrew בעל זבוב (baʿal zvuv, “fly-lord”).

der

Acre ouo nóbre en hebraẏco acron. Alli era la ẏdola q́ auẏe nóbre belzebub deus muſcarum. e dizienle deus muſcarum ço es dios de acre e fue cibdat de los phẏliſteos.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 39v:

Acre had the Hebrew name Ekron. Therein was the idol by the name of Beelzebub, "God of the Flies". And they called it God of the Flies because it was the god of Acre, which was a city of the Philistines.


Melchysedec

Spanish: Melquisedec

From Late Latin Melchisedech, from Koine Greek Μελχισέδεκ (Melkhisédek), from Hebrew מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק (malkī-ṣeḏeq).

מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק

Hebrew מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק (malkī-ṣeḏeq)

Estonz exio melchẏsedec a abraam a la carrera. e bẽdixol. ⁊ dẏxo. Benedicto sea abraam de dẏos el alto. e diol pã ⁊ vino q̃ anos en figura de xp̃s. e abraam a el diol el diezmo. de todo lo q̃ aduzie.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2r:

Then Melchizedek sent Abram on his way, and blessed him, and said, “Blessed be Abram of God the [Most] High.” And he gave him bread and wine, which to us is a figure of Christ. And to him Abram gave the tithe of all he had taken.


Abraam

Spanish: Abrahám, Abrahán

Borrowed from Late Latin Ābrahām, from Koine Greek Ἀβρᾱᾱ́μ (Abrāā́m), from Hebrew אַבְרָהָם (aḇrāˈhām).

Hebrew אַבְרָהָם (aḇrāˈhām)

Estonz exio melchẏsedec a abraam a la carrera. e bédixol. ⁊ dẏxo. Benedicto sea abraam de dẏos el alto. e diol pá ⁊ vino q́ anos en figura de xṕs. e abraam a el diol el diezmo. de todo lo q́ aduzie.

Then Melchizedek sent Abram on his way and blessed him. And he said: “Blessed be Abram by God above”. And he gave him bread and wine, which to embodies Christ. And Abram gave him a tenth of all that he had taken.


Josaphat

Spanish: Josafat

From Late Latin Iōsaphat, from Ancient Greek Ἰωσαφάτ (Iōsaphát), from Hebrew יְהוֹשָׁפָט (Yehōšāp̄āṭ).

Hebrew יְהוֹשָׁפָט (Yehōšāp̄āṭ)

Aplegos el Reẏ […] diſçrael adacab Reẏ đ iħrɫm. e fueron en ſemble e dixo el Reẏ diſrɫ al Reẏ de iħrɫm uaẏamos aramot galaad q̃ es ẏ él Reẏ de ſyria elidiemos é prender loemos. e dixo ioſaphat el Reẏ de iħrɫm ẏo ire cõtigo lo mẏo tuẏo eſ. el mio pueblo tuẏo es. emios cauallos tuẏos.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 41v:

The king […] of Israel approached Ahab, king of Jerusalem. And they came together, and the king of Israel said to the king of Jerusalem, “Let us go to Ramoth-Gilead, for the king of Syria is there, and let us fight and we will capture him.” And Jehoshaphat the king of Jerusalem said, “I will go with you. What is mine is yours. My people are yours, and my horses are yours.”


Ysmael

Spanish: Ismael

From Late Latin Ismael, from Koine Greek Ἰσμαήλ (Ismaḗl), from Hebrew יִשְׁמָעֵאל (yīšmāʿēʿl, literally “God hears”).

Catarõ ⁊ vierõ vna requa de paganos de los de ẏſmael. E vinien de galaat cõ ſos camellos cargados de mercaduras e ẏuã a egipto

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

They looked and saw a pagan caravan, of those of Ishmael. And they were coming from Gilead with their camels loaded with goods, and they were headed to Egypt.


Peydro

Sant peẏdro fo ṕdicar en roma. e por occaſiõ de ſimõ magus el encantador. nero el enꝑador fizolo meter en .+. dela cabeça aẏuſo e delos pies aſuſo.

Saint Peter went to Rome to preach, and because of Simon Magus the sorcerer Nero the emperor had him put on a cross with his head down and his feet up.

(biblical, Christianity) Alternative form of Pedro, Peter

a male given name from Ancient Greek, equivalent to English Peter


espannol

Ladino: espanyol

Spanish: español

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: espanhol


Huelna

Spanish: Buelna

From Latin Olna, Ulna, from Proto-Indo-European *orn-a.