pez

Spanish: pez

Et a tal uertud que ſi la ponẽ ſobre mill peſos de pez faz los feruir por ſu p̃p̃dat biẽ como si estudieſſen a fuego.

And its virtue is such that if it is put over a thousand weights of pitch, it lights them due to its property, as if they were on fire.


pie

Ladino: pye

Spanish: pie

From Latin pedem, singular accusative of pēs, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds.

Vinierõ al flũ con el arca del teſtamẽt e q̃ndo cataron los pies de los ſac̃dotes enel agua partierõ ſe las aguas adieſtro ⁊ aſinieſtro e eſtidierõ cuemo mõtõ […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 28r:

They came to the river with the Ark of the Testimony, and when the feet of the priests touched the water the waters parted to the right and to the left, and they stood up like a heap […]


metal

Spanish: metal

Borrowed with apocope from Latin metallum, from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon).

Et es grand marauilla que el fierro que uence todos los otros metales por fortaleza que a en ſi uence lo eſta piedra por ſu ṕṕedat.

And it is a great marvel that iron, which defats all other metals due to the strength it has, is defeated by this stone due to its property.

Idem, f. 21v.
Et otroſſi ſi lo mezclan con eſtanno torna negro. ⁊ ſi con plata lo mezclan recibe la blancura della ⁊ aſſi faz con cada metal.

And also, if they mix it with tin it becomes black, and if they mix it with silver it receives whiteness from it, and likewise with every metal.


cuerpo

Spanish: cuerpo

From Latin corpus, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱrep-.

[…] depues uino en roma. e alli lo fizo el cruel nero degollar. e de ſo cuerpo salio lech en logar de ſãgre.

c. 1200, Almerich, w:Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

[…] and then he came to Rome, and there the cruel Nero had him beheaded, and from his body flowed milk instead of blood.


casa

Ladino: kaza

Spanish: casa

dixo eliſeuₛ q́t fare di q́ as entu caſſa. la maceba nulla coſa en caſa. ſi nõ una oliera de olio

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 42v:

Elisha said, “What can I do for you? Tell [me], what do you have in your house?” [She said,] “Your maidservant has nothing in the house but a jar of oil.”

Idem, f. 80r.
por aq́l logar dixo nŕo ſeñor a ieremias, ve a caſa del orcero e ẏ fablare cõtigo.

Around that place Our Lord said to Jeremiah, “Go to the potter's house, and I will speak to you there.”


temple

From Old Occitan temple or Old French temple. Compare the inherited tiemplo and the learned form templo, all ultimately from Latin templum.

embiol ael aſenachaerib toda la plata q̃ pudo trobar en la del criador. e el teſoro de los reẏſ. eſtoz cranto ezechias las puertas del temple e todo quanto pudo aù embiolo al reẏ de ſiria esto peſo al criador

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 53v:

He sent Sennacherib all the silver he could find in the [house] of the Creator and the treasury of the kings. Then Hezekiah broke the doors of the temple and all that there was he sent to the king of Assyria. This weighed upon the Creator.


agua

Ladino: agua / אגוה

Spanish: agua (see there for further descendants)

From Latin aqua, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ekʷeh₂ (“water”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v. b.
Vino ioſep aſos ermanos. e priſierõ le & deſpoiarõle el palio. e echarōle en el pozo. & este pozo era bazio e no yauia agua.
Joseph came to this brothers; they imprisoned him and unclothed him and threw him into the well, and this well was empty and had no water.

Idem, f. 13v. b.
Tornarõ ſe todas las aguas ẽ ſãgre.
And all of the waters turned into blood.


natura

Ladino: natura (Latin spelling), נאטורה (Hebrew spelling)

Spanish: natura

Et aun a otra uertud muy eſtranna. que ſi la molierẽ ⁊ la amaſſaren cõ uino ⁊ fizierẽ della como bellota. ⁊ la puſieren en la natura dela mugier, uieda que no enprenne.

And it has yet another very strange virtue; that if it were to be ground and mixed with wine and shaped like an acorn, and put inside the vulva of the woman, it would prevent her from not becoming pregnant.


ala

Ladino: ala (Latin spelling)

Spanish: ala

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 67v. a.
la p̃mera ſemeiaua leon e auie alas de aguila ueye q̃ meſauan ſus alas e cayen atierra e ſobre ſos piedes como om̃e se leuãtaua

The first was like a lion, and it had the wings of an eagle. I saw its wings torn off and fall to the ground so that it stood on its feet like a man.


argent

From Old Occitan argent, from Latin argentum, from Proto-Italic *argentom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm.

cuemos torno putána la cibdad fidel plena de iudicios : iuſticia manie enella e agora homicidio. To argent es tónado eſcoria to uino es buelto en agua.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 55v:

How the faithful city full of righteousness has become a harlot! Justice dwelt within her, but now murder. Your silver has become dross and your wine has turned into water.


marido

Ladino: maredo, marido

Spanish: marido
Chavacano: marido

From Latin marītus, from mās (“a male”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese marido.

vna mugier delos ppħtas clamo aeliſeuₛ ppħta edixol. To ſieruo mio marido es muerto e to ſabet q̃ fue temient del c̃ador afe do uiene eldebdor q̃ p̃ndras dos mios fijos por ſos ſieruos

[Now] the wife of one of the prophets cried out to Elisha the prophet and said to him, “Your servant, my husband, is dead, and you know that he was one who feared the Creator. And lo, his creditor is coming [and] he will take for himself my two sons as his slaves.”


boca

Ladino: boka (Latin spelling)

Spanish: boca

All those who did not kneel their knees before the idol and all the mouths that did not kiss her […]

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 34r. b. Todos aq̃llos / q̃ nõ fincaron los ynojos / ala ydola e todas las bocas q̃ / la no beſaron […]

The prophet said: "that which the creator puts in my mouth, that is what I shall speak."

Idem, f. 42r. a. dixo el ppħa lo q̃ el criador puſie / re em mi boca eſſo fablare […]


Nilo

Spanish: Nilo

From Latin Nīlus, from Ancient Greek Νεῖλος (Neîlos), of Semitic origin.

[…] q́ en aquel logar o entra el grand ryo del nilo en la mar medio terrana, cria ſe y un animal que ſemeia en ſus miembros ⁊ en todas ſus fayciones ala liebre de tierra. ⁊ por endel llaman liebre marina.

[…] that in that place, where the great river Nile enters the Mediterranean Sea, there breeds an animal that is similar in its limbs and all of its features to the land hare, and thus they call it a marine hare.


cabello

Spanish: cabello

From Latin capillum, accusative of capillus.

Et a eſte nombre por que ſegund dize ptholomeo naſcen en aquella tierra en los arboles unas fructas en figuras de mugieres ⁊ cuelgan por los cabellos.

And it has this name because, according to Ptolemy, fruits in the shape of women grow on the trees of that land, and they hang by the hair.


cuello

Spanish: cuello (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin collum. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese colo and Old French col.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5r. a.
Corrio eſau aencuẽtro de ſo ermano. E abraçol & echo ſobre ſo cuello el braço.

Esau ran to meet with his brother, then he hugged him and put his arm over his neck.

Idem, f. 61r. a.

He said these words throughout the city of Jerusalem while walking with the chain around his neck

Eſtas palabras hyua diziendo por la uilla de ih̃r̃l̃m e yua cõ la cadena enel cuello


espalda

Ladino: espalda (Latin spelling)

Spanish: espalda

From metathesis of Vulgar Latin *spatla(m), from Late Latin spatulam, accusative of spatula (“broad, flat piece”), from classical Latin spatha.

[…] la uertud de figura de mugier con alas que eſte leuantada en pie. ⁊ con los cabellos luengos echados atras. ⁊ eſparzidos ſobre las eſpaldas.

[…] the virtue of the figure of the winged woman who is standing on one foot, her hair long and drawn back, and spread over her back.


cisterna

Spanish: cisterna

From Latin cisterna (“cistern, tank”), from cista (“box”), from Ancient Greek κίστη (kístē, “box, chest”).

der

vino ruben ala ciſterna. E nõ ẏuẏo aioſeph. e rõpio ſos ueſtidos cõ peſar q̃ ouo. E dẏxo nõ ẏes. yo do ẏre.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

Reuben came to the cistern and did not see Joseph there, and he tore his clothes over the sorrow he felt, and he said, “He is not there! Where shall I go?”


abeja

Spanish: abeja

[…] A cabo de dias tornos por préder la ⁊ aplego por ueer o ẏazia el leó muerto. efallo enel cuerpo del leó .j. enſáne dabejas e mẏel : crebátolo có ſus manos ⁊ comẏo

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 82r:

[…] After some days he returned to take her, and he approached to see where the dead lion lay. And he found in the lion's carcass a swarm of bees and honey. So he broke it with his hands and ate.


castiello

Ladino: kastilyo

Spanish: castillo (see there for further descendants)

From Latin castellum, diminutive of castrum (“fort”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 31r. b.
de lãt ierico es el caſtiello de macherõta o herodes tetrarca deſcabeço a ſant ioħn bƀa.
past Jericho is the fortress of Machaerus, where Herod the tetrarch beheaded Saint John the Baptist.

on this shore there is a castle they call Corazaym, where it is said the Antichrist will be raised

Idem, f. 34v. a. en eſta riƀa a .J. caſtiello q̃ dizen corazaym o diz q̃ ſera nodrido el ante xp̃o […]

Idem, f. 44r. a.
eploro heliſeus e demandol aſahel por que ploraua e dixol heliſeus por el mal que faras a fijos de iſrael ſos caſtiellos a eſpada los metras los nĩnos elas pẽnas carpiras.

Then Elisha wept, and Hazael asked why he was weeping and Elisha answered: "Because of the harm you will do the sons of Israel; [and to] their strongholds; you will kill the children by the sword and rip open the pregnant women."


mayoral

Spanish: mayoral

[…] e enbẏo amonte libano .lxxx. mil om̃s q̃ taiaſſen madera. e .lxx. mil maçoneros pora la obra de la piedra ſin los maẏorales q̃ les comendauan q̃ auien a fer.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49r:

[…] And he sent to Mount Lebanon eighty thousand men to cut wood and seventy thousand masons for the working of stone, besides the foremen who commanded them what they were to do.


sufre

Spanish: azufre

From Latin sulfur, sulphur, sulphure, from Proto-Indo-European *swelplos, from the root *swel- (“to burn, smoulder”). Compare Catalan sofre and French soufre.

[…] ⁊ puſieren cabo della un poco de ſufre. ⁊ ruciaren la piedra con agua ſaldra della fuego tan fuerte […]

[…] and should they put atop it some sulfur and spray it with water, then the stone would spit fire so strong […]

Idem, f. 13r.
& es fallada en tierra de affrica en las mineras del ſufre. Liuiana es. ⁊ fuerte de q̃brantar.

And it is found in the land of Africa, in the sulfur mines. It is light, but also hard to break.


safir

Spanish: zafiro

From Old French saphir, from Latin sapphīrus, from Ancient Greek σάπφειρος (sáppheiros), or an apocopic form of safiro.

Et eſta piedra es cardena en ſu color aſſi q̃ ſemeia al ſafir en la cardenor mas nõ en la luz. ca a eſta nõ traspaſſa el uiso como al ſafir faze ca la su color es mucho espeſſa ⁊ turuia

And this stone is purple in color, so that it resembles the sapphire in purpleness; but not in light, for sight cannot see through it like it does through sapphire, for its color is too thick and murky.


figado

Ladino: ligado

Spanish: hígado

From Late Latin fīcātum (“liver”), from Latin iecur fīcātum (“fig-stuffed liver”).

inh

dixo el angel abrel e trayent coraçon e el figado & la fiel e cõ eſto ſanara to padre aſſi lo fizo.

13th century, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, page 35vb:

the angel said: "open it and take out the heart, the liver and the gall, and with them your father will be healed", and so he did.


faz

Spanish: haz, faz


cabeça

Ladino:

Hebrew script: קאב׳יסה

Latin script: kavesa

Spanish: cabeza

From Vulgar Latin capitia, from the neuter plural accusative of capitium (“covering for the head”) (reanalyzed as a feminine singular), from caput (“head”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 2.
dixo ſõnaua q̃ tenẏa / .iij. canaſtiellos. blãcos ſobre / mẏ cabeça. en el canaſtiello ſu / ſano auẏa del comer de phara / on. E las aues del cielo comien / del canaſtiello ſobre mẏ. cabeça

he said: "I dreamt I had three white baskets on my head, and on the uppermost basket was all that which the pharaoh ate, and the birds of the sky ate from the basket upon my head."


braço

Ladino: braso

Spanish: brazo

From Latin brachium, bracchium (“forearm, arm”), from Ancient Greek βραχίων (brakhíōn, “arm”).

Corrio eſau aencuẽtro de ſo ermano. E abraçol ⁊ echo ſobre ſo cuello el braço. E ſaludolo. ⁊ omillos eſau. E toda ſu cõpãna de iacob.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5r:

Esau ran to meet his brother, and he embraced him and put his arm over his neck. And he greeted him and bowed before Esau, and so too all of Jacob's company.


alquimia

Spanish: alquimia

From Andalusian Arabic اَلْكِيمْيَا (alkímya) and Medieval Latin alchemia, from Arabic اَلْكِيمِيَاء (al-kīmiyāʔ), from Ancient Greek χυμείᾱ (khumeíā, “art of alloying metals”), from χύμα (khúma, “ingot, bar”).

der

اَلْكِيمْيَا

اَلْكِيمِيَاء

Arabic اَلْكِيمِيَاء (al-kīmiyāʔ)

Et por ende los que ſe trabaian de alquimia aque llaman la obra mayor, deuen parar miétes que non dannen el nombre del ſaber. ca alquimia tanto quiere dezir, como maeſtria pora meiorar las coſas ca non empeorar las.

And therefore those who work with alchemy, which they call the greatest work, must stop before they tarnish the name of knowledge; for alchemy means both mastery to make things better as well as to make them worse.

Idem, f. 34v.

But because this pertains to the works of alchemy, we did not wish to include it here in this book.

Mas por que eſto perteneſce ala obra dalquimia, no quiſiemos meter lo aqui en eſte libro.


fruente

Spanish: frente
→ Portuguese: frente

Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol. e vino a el etomo el eſpada. de golias. etaiol la cabeça. el eſpada ela cabeça aduxola aieruſalem.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him. And he approached him and took Goliath's sword and cut off his head. And the sword and the head he brought to Jerusalem.


cuer

Spanish: cor

From Vulgar Latin *corem m, from Latin cor n.

Fizo ioiade taiamiento con el reẏ e con el pueblo que ſiruieſſen al ćador de buen cuer.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 58r:

Jehoiada made a covenant with the king and with the people, that they should serve the Creator with a good heart.


esmeralda

Spanish: esmeralda

From Old French esmeralde, ultimately from Latin smaragdus, from Ancient Greek σμάραγδος (smáragdos).

Et la ſu uerdura ⁊ la ſu reſplandor es muy meior que dela otra eſmeralda.

And its greenness and gleam are much better than those of the other emerald.

Idem, f. 54r.
Et eſtas ſon falladas en las mineras del oro o fallan las bonas eſmeraldas.

And these are found in the goldmines where they find the best emeralds.


robi

Spanish: rubí

From Old French rubi, rubin, from Medieval Latin rubīnus lapis (“red stone”), from Latin rubeus (“reddish, red”).

DEla segunda faz del ſigno de leon es la piedra aque llaman robi. & deſta auemos ementado ya en eſte libro en el .iiij. grado del ſigno de leon.

Of the second facet of the sign of Leo is the stone they call ruby, which we have already recalled in this book in the fourth degree of the sign of Leo.


pulmon

Spanish: pulmón

Borrowed from Latin pulmōnem, pulmō, from Proto-Indo-European *pléwmō.

Et preſta mucho en el arte de fiſica. ca ſi dierẽ della molida a beuer a qui se faze tiſſico. o al que a llagaſen el pulmon ſana.

And it is very useful in the art of physic, for if it is given ground to drink to someone with tuberculosis, or whose lung has ulcers, they heal.


pedrisco

Spanish: pedrisco

I ẏo fare cras plouer pedriſco mui grãt. e nõ fue tal en egipto. des q̃ fue poblada troa agora. e tu aplega todo lo tuẏo q̃ es en el cãpo. ⁊ los q̃ nõ ſe acogierẽ alas caſas morrã del pedriſco.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 14v:

“[…] And tomorrow I will make it rain a great hailstorm such that Egypt has never seen since it was settled until now. And you, bring inside all that you have in the field. And those who do not take shelter in their homes will die from the hail.”


tabernaculo

Spanish: tabernáculo

From Latin tabernāculum (“tent, tabernacle”), from taberna (“hut, cabin”).

emoẏſẽ p̃ſo eltabernaculo etẽdiol fuera del abergadaetodo om̃e q̃ auia cueta alli yua all nr̃o ſeñor pedir merced emoẏſẽ q̃nd entraua en el tabernacɫo uinia la coruina de la nuf e eſtaua ala puerta dela tiẽda efablaua con moẏſẽ ala uiſta del pueblo é elloſ do eſtauan humilarõſe

c. 1200, Almerich, w:Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 20v:

And Moses took the tabernacle and pitched it outside the encampment, and every man that had a grievance would go there to Our Lord to ask for mercy. And when Moses entered into the tabernacle the pillar of cloud would come and stand at the door to the tent, and [He] would speak to Moses in view of the people, and they bowed down where they were.


fierro

Ladino: fierro

Spanish: fierro, hierro

Papiamentu: heru

Et aun a otra ꝑpriedat que el uidrio la obedece ⁊ tiral aſſi como la aymante tira el fierro.

And yet another property is that glass obeys it and it pulls it, just like the magnet attracts iron.


dragma

From Late Latin dragma, from Latin drachma, from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ).

[…] si dierẽ del poluo della a beuer peſante de quatro dragmas al q̃ a dolor en el eſtentino a que llaman colon ſana luego.

[…] if they were to give four drams of weight of it powdered to drink to someone whose gut, the one they call colon, ached, he would be cured.

Idem, f. 79r.
La ſegunda es q̃ ſi beuiere om̃e della peſo duna dragma purga melanconia temprada miente ⁊ bien.

The second is that if one were to drink of it the weight of one dram, it purges black bile soon and well.

drachma, dram (coin and unit of measure)


coraçon

Ladino: korasón

Spanish: corazón (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin *corāceōnem, derived from Latin cor.

con obras de amor é coraçon puro.

a. 1430, Juan Alfonso de Baena, Cancionero de Baena:

with the labours of love and a pure heart.


ermana

osp-noun

ermana f (plural ermanas, masculine singular ermano, masculine plural ermanos)

ermanas (plural)
ermano (masculine singular)
ermanos (masculine plural)

Ladino: ermana

Spanish: hermana

Feminine form of ermano (“brother”), or from Latin germāna.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 23v. a.
emurio alli mariã el ermana de aron q̃ nõ auiã q̃ comer nĩ q̃ beuer

and there died Miriam, the sister of Aaron, who had nothing to eat or to drink

Idem, f. 80v. b.
alli eran maria & marta ermanas delazaro el q̃ ressucito ih̃u x̊
there lived Mary and Martha, sisters of Lazarus, the one whom Jesus Christ had resurrected


circuncision

Spanish: circuncisión

From Latin circumcīsiōnem, accusative singular of circumcīsiō, from circumcīdō (“I cut around”).

[…] Do albergo fallo el angel del ſeñor ⁊ q̃ſol matar priſo vna piedra aguda ⁊ circuncido ſo fijo ⁊ folgo edixo. Nouio de ſãgre eres acircunciſiones.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 13r:

[…] Where he lodged he found the angel of the Lord, who attempted to kill him. So she took sharp stone and circumcised her son and cast it and said, “You are a bridegroom of blood [to me] through circumcisions.”


carcel

Spanish: cárcel

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 1.
⁊ metiolos pharaon en / la carcel o era ioſep.

and Pharaoh put them in the same prison where Joseph was.


finiestra

Spanish: hiniestra, finiestra

From Latin fenestra, probably from Etruscan.

Qvando entro noe en el archa auẏe .dc. annos e fue el diluuio de las aguas abrieron ſe todas las fõtanas del abiſmo ⁊ fueron abiertas las fẏnieſtras de los cielos e plouio ſobre la tŕa .xL. dias ⁊ .xL. noches.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37r:

When Noah entered the ark he was six hundred years old. And the deluge of the waters took place. All the fountains of the deep were opened and so too the windows of the heavens. And it rained upon the earth forty days and forty nights.


aramne

Spanish: alambre (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin *arāmen, variant of Late Latin aerāmen, derived from Latin aer-.

c1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63r. a.
e uj vn om̃e en ſu catar cuemo aramne. e una cuerda de lino en ſue mano e una canna por meſurar.

And I saw a man in its gateway [whose appearance was] like bronze, with a linen cord and a measuring rod in his hand.

but leave its root, and bind it with iron and bronze to the grass

Idem, f. 66r. a. mas ſu rayz dexa. e ligala con fiero e con aramne en la yerba […]

Idem, ff. 66r. b.-66v. a.

and their wives drank the wine and they worshiped their gods of gold and silver, of bronze, iron, stone and wood.

e ſus mugieres beuiã el uino e loauan a ſos dios de oro e de plata e de aramne e de fiero e de piedra e de madero.


ariento

From Latin argentum (“silver”), from Proto-Italic *argentom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm.

a certain silver coin used in the kingdoms of Castile and León

E vendierõ le por .xx. ariẽtos. El ariento ualia dẏño ⁊ medio. ço ſõ xxx. dẏneros.

And [so] they sold him for twenty shekels. The shekel was worth a denarius and a half, so it was thirty denarii [in all].


rodiella

Spanish: rodilla

From Late Latin rotellam, accusative of rotella, diminutive of Latin rota (“wheel”).

Et la eſtrella que es en la rodiella dieſtra dela mugier cadenada a poder ⁊ ſennorio ſobreſta piedra […]

And the star in the knee of this woman in chains has power and dominion over this stone […]

And the star in the knees of the woman sitting on the chair has power over this stone […]

Idem, f. 7v. Et la eſtrella que es ſobre las rodiellas dela mugier q̃ eſta aſſentada en la ſiella a poder ſobreſta piedra […]


esmeril

Spanish: esmeril

From Old French esmeril, from Old Italian smeriglio, ultimately from Ancient Greek σμύρις (smúris).

Et ſi la pulen con el poluo daquella piedra que llaman en arauigo azumberic que es ala que nos dezimos eſmeril. eſclareſce ya quanto ⁊ fazes fremoſa.

And if it is polished with the powder of the stone called azumberic in Arabic, the one we call emery, it brightens and becomes beautiful.


ynojo

Spanish: hinojo

Inherited from Late Latin genuculum, alteration of Latin geniculum, diminutive of genū (“knee”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu. Cognate to Old Galician-Portuguese gẽolho.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 33v. b.
e / mandol el nr̃o sennor q̃ quãdo / vinieſſe al agua q̃ todos fincaſ / ſen los ynojos e beurien del / agua cõ las bocas como canes

And our Lord ordered him that when he came to the water [he should separate] all those [who] kneeled their knees and those who drank from the water with their mouths like dogs.

All those who did not kneel their knees before the idol and all the mouths that did not kiss her […]

Idem, f. 34r. b. Todos aq̃llos / q̃ nõ fincaron los ynojos / ala ydola e todas las bocas q̃ / la no beſaron […]


bezahar

Spanish: bezaar

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic بَازَهْر (bāzahr).

Es ſu color amariella ⁊ por eſſol dizen el bezahar amariello.

Its color is yellow, which is why they call it the yellow bezoar.

Idem, f. 31r.
[…] eſta no mueſtra ninguna uertud cõtral danno de los toſſicos; aſſi como el bezahar lo faze.

[…] this one does not exhibit virtues against the damage of poisons, unlike the bezoar, which does.


melezina

Ladino: melezina

Spanish: melecina (obsolete)

From Latin medicīna, from medicus (“physician”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese meezinha.

Et los fiſicos metẽ deſta piedra una poca en las melezinas que fazẽ por eſtãcar las grãdes malazones.

So physicians put some of this stone in the medicines they make to lighten grave illnesses.

Idem, f. 22r.
Et eſta es melezina muy bona pora las llagas. ca las faz madurar ayna ⁊ uenir a uenino ⁊ come la carne mala que se faze en ellas.

And this is a very good medicine for wounds, for it makes them heal soon and become benign, and it eats the dead flesh around them.


ninniella

[…] fazen della alcohol pora ſanar el albura del oio que ſe faz manziella. & otroſſi la ninniella que quiere salir del por grand dolor.

[…] they make alcohol from it to cure the whiteness of a blemished eye and another for the pupil that is popping out from it due to a great pain.


ladriello

→ Basque: adreilu

Spanish: ladrillo

From *ladre, itself from Latin later (“brick”), + -iello.

La una que es de ladriellos q̃mados de que no conuiene que fablemos ⁊ la otra es de minera de que q̃remos fablar en eſte libro.

One, which comes from burnt bricks, we will not speak of; but the other, which comes from a mine, we want to speak of in this book.


touiello

Spanish: tobillo

From Vulgar Latin *tūbellum, a diminutive of Latin tūber (“hump, bump”).

Et la eſtrella que es ſobrel touiello del poſtremero pie del ſigno de aries a fuerça ⁊ ſennorio ſobresta piedra & della recibe la fuerça & la uertud.

And the star on the ankle of the furthest foot of the sign of Aries has power and dominion over this stone; it receives its power and virtue from it.


sennal

Spanish: señal

From Medieval Latin signāle, based on Latin signum (“mark, sign”).

Et ſi los poluos della ſobre las ſennales delas llagas ponen tuelle las.

And if the dust is [applied] over the signs of a sore, it heals them.


munneca

desctree

Spanish: muñeca
→ Bikol Central: munyeka
→ Catalan: monyeca
→ Chamorro: muñeka
→ Galician: boneca
→ Hiligaynon: monyeka
→ Moroccan Arabic: منيكة (munīka)
→ Portuguese: boneca, bonecra (obsolete or regional)
→ Malay: boneka
Indonesian: boneka
→ Tetum: boneka
→ Portuguese: munheca
→ Tagalog: manyika
→ Tausug: munyika'

Pero eſto ſera mas cõplida miente deſcendiendo ſobresta piedra la ũtud de figura de mano de om̃e dela mũneca arriba. eſtãdo abierta.

But this will be better achieved if the virtue of the figure of the hand of the man with his wrist held up descends on this stone, when it is open.


aymante

Spanish: imán (see aymant)

From Medieval Latin [Term?], ultimately from Latin adamās (“adamant”), from Ancient Greek ἀδάμᾱς (adámās, “invincible”), reinforced by Old French aïmant.

der

Et aun a otra p̃priedat que el uidrio la obedece ⁊ tiral aſſi como la aymante tira el fierro.

And yet another property is that glass obeys it and it pulls it, just like the magnet attracts iron.

Idem, f. 55r.
Et purga el oro como dixiemos delas otras aymantes que an poder de purgar.

And it purges gold in the same way we said other magnets have the power to purge.


estanno

Spanish: estaño

From Latin stannum (“silver-tin alloy, tin”), of Celtic origin.

Et otroſſi ſi lo mezclan con eſtanno torna negro. ⁊ ſi con plata lo mezclan recibe la blancura della ⁊ aſſi faz con cada metal.

And also, if they mix it with tin it becomes black, and if they mix it with silver it receives whiteness from it, and likewise with every metal.


estentino

From Latin intestīnum (“gut, intestines”), from intestīnus (“internal, intestinal”), from intus (“within”).

[…] si dierẽ del poluo della a beuer peſante de quatro dragmas al q́ a dolor en el eſtentino a que llaman colon ſana luego.

[…] if they were to give four drams of weight of it powdered to drink to someone whose gut, the one they call colon, ached, he would be cured.

Et ſu uertud es atal. que ſana dela dolor del eſtomago ⁊ delos eſtentinos aqui la trae colgada ſobrellos.

And its virtue is such that it cures the aches of the stomach and the intestines of whoever has it hanging over them.

(anatomy, usually in the plural) innards, intestines


estomago

Spanish: estómago

From Latin stomachus, from Ancient Greek στόμαχος (stómakhos).

Idem, f. 62v.
[…] ſi dieren della a beuer peſo de una dragma al que la beue fazel perder toda la fuerça del retenimiento del eſtomago. ⁊ el apetito de comer.

[…] if they were to give someone to drink of it the weight of one dram, the drinker would lose containment of his stomach and his appetite.


aguaducho

Spanish: aguaducho

From Vulgar Latin aquiductus, alteration of aquaeductus.

[…] alli do el ryo naſce ay unas muy grandes & otras pequénas como de otras piedras; non pueden traer estos aguaduchos ſi non las menores.

[…] there at the source of the river are both very large and small stones, like others, but these currents cannot carry but the smaller ones.

Idem, f. 62v.

And therefore the stones that lie in that cave they cannot reach but in this manner; when the river grows and becomes a large torrent.

Et eſtas piedras que yazen en aquella cueua no las pueden ende auer ſi no deſta guisa. que quando crece el ryo por grand aguaducho.


arroua

Spanish: arroba

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic رُبْع (rubʕ, “fourth”).

Et fallan dellas muy grandes aſſi que dixo el que compuſo eſte libro que uio una que peſaua dos arrouas. ⁊ pero era muy liuiana ſegund ſu grandez.

And they find them in great sizes, so the writer of this book said that he saw one that weighed two arrobas, but it was very light for its size.


Ossa Menor

Spanish: Osa Menor

Calque of Latin Ursa Minor (literally “lesser she-bear”).

calque

Et la eſtrella que es enel cabo dela oſſa menor aque llaman el cabrito de benanays a poder ⁊ ſennorio ſobreſta piedra.

And the star on the rear of the Little Bear, the one they call the goat kid of Benanays, has power and dominion over this stone.


Ossa Mayor

Spanish: Osa Mayor

Calque of Latin Ursa Maior (“greater she-bear”).

Et la eſtrella que es en cabo dela oreia delantera dela oſſa mayor a poder ſobreſta piedra ⁊ della recibe la fuerça ⁊ la uertud.

And the start that is on the front ear of the Great Bear has power over this stone, and it receives its strength and virtue from it.


çumo

Ladino: sumo

Spanish: zumo

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic زُوم (zūm).

Et ſi eſta piedra moiaren en el çumo que ſale de la yerba aque llaman aſſafetida pierde la uertud.

And if they wet this stone in the juice produced by the herb they call asafetida, it loses its virtue.


cirulgia

Spanish: cirugía

From Latin chīrūrgia, from Ancient Greek χειρουργίᾱ (kheirourgíā).

Et por ende es bona en la arte de cirulgia pora tirar los hueſſos q́ ſó q́brados en los cuerpos delos oḿs por llaga o por quebrátadura.

And there it is good in the art of surgery for pulling the bones that are broken in people's bodies due to a wound or a breaking.


huesso

Ladino: gueso

Spanish: hueso

From Latin ossum, alternative form of os, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁.

Et por ende es bona en la arte de cirulgia pora tirar los hueſſos q̃ ſõ q̃brados en los cuerpos delos om̃s por llaga o por quebrátadura.

Idem, f. 64r.
Et la su forma es deſta guisa. que de la part que ſe tiene con el hueſſo es llana ⁊ dela parte de fuera contral cuero es alta ⁊ redonda.

And its shape is in this manner: the part held against the bone is flat, and the outside part, [the part] held against the skin, is tall and rounded.


lagrema

Ladino: lágrima

Spanish: lágrima

Et los fiſicos daquella tierra queman este algodon ⁊ fazen lo poluos ⁊ meten los en los oios por q́ tuelle la lagrema ⁊ toda la humidat que a en ellos.

And physicians from that land burn this cotton and turn it into a dust they use on the eyes, because it removes tears and all the moisture from them.


jargonça

Spanish: jargonza

DEla primera faz del ſigno piſces es la piedra q̃ a nombre iargõça uermeia.

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 100r.:

Of the first facet of the sign of Pisces is a stone called red zircon.

Ivpiter a poder sobre la piedra que a nõbre jargonça amariella.

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 102v.:

Jupiter has power over the stone called yellow zircon.

A variety of zircon regarded as a gemstone.


yesso

Spanish: yeso

From Latin gypsum, from Ancient Greek γύψος (gúpsos).

DEl .xxv. grado del ſigno de capricornio, es la piedra aque dizen del yeſſo. Piedra es blanda ⁊ de color blãca ⁊ ligera de quebrantar.

Of the twenty-fifth degree of the sign of Capricorn is the stone they call gypsum. It is a soft stone, white in color, and easy to break apart.


migero

Spanish: mijero

From Latin mīlliārium (“mile, milestone”), from mīlle (“one thousand”).

c. 1250: Alfonso X, f. 17v.
Et çerca daq̃lla yſla que es aſſi llamada ay logar poro pueden yr a pie doze migeros por la oriella dela mar.

And near the island with that name there is a place where they can go twelve miles on foot by the seashore.

Idem, Lapidario, f. 83v.
[…] ⁊ dond ell comiença a correr faſta do entra en la mar, a dozientos migeros.

[…] and from where it starts running to where it enters the sea, there are two hundred miles.


bellinno

Spanish: beleño

Et ſu uertud ſe mueſtra contra los otros toſſicos. ſi non contra aquellos que naſcen de tierra. por que ſon de natura frios. aſſi como mandragoras. o bellinno, o otras coſas que ſon daquella natura.

And its virtue is shown against the other poisons, those that sprout from the earth, because they are cold by nature; such as mandrakes, or henbane or other things of that nature.

Hyoscyamus niger
Hyoscyamus niger#Translingual


enzia

Spanish: encía

From Latin gingīva. According to Corominas and Pascual, also attested as enziva, cf. Asturian enxiva~xenxiva.

Eſta piedra preſta mucho al podrimiento delos dientes ⁊ delas enzias. ⁊ mata los guſanos que se fazen en ellos. ⁊ faz los blancos & fremoſos.

This stone is very good for the rotting of the teeth and gums. And it kills the worms that form in [teeth], and it makes them white and beautiful.


cornelina

Spanish: cornalina

From Old French corneline, ultimately from Latin cornus (“cornel”).

DEl ſeſto grado del ſigno de capricornio, es la piedra aque llaman alaaquic en griego. ⁊ en latí cornelina. Eſta es de color uermeia que tira ya quanto a amariello.

Of the sixth degree of the sign of Capricorn is the stone which they call alaaquic in Greek, and carnelian in Latin. It is red in color, but tends to be somewhat yellow.

Idem, f. 104v.
Cornelina es otroſſi la quarta piedra de las del ſol.

Carnelian is also the fourth stone of those of the sun.


bresca

Spanish: bresca

Clamaron caſado de iſŕl ſo nóbre magna caera como ſemẏent de culantro blanco. E ſo ſabor como breſcas de myel

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r:

The house of Israel gave it the name manna, because it was like the seed of white coriander, and its taste like that of honeycombs.


rennon

Spanish: riñón

From Vulgar Latin *rēniō, from Latin rēn.

c. 1250: Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 56r.

Et ſu uertud es atal. que qui beue della peſo de media dragma, q́branta la piedra que ſe faze en la uexiga o en el rennon.

And its virtue is such that he who drinks of it the wright of one drachma, it shatters the stone that forms in the bladder or the kidney.

Idem, f. 102r.
[…] ſana la piedra que ſe faze en la uexiga. o en los rennones. ¬ la quemazon que uiene por goteamiento dela orina.
[…] it heals the stone that forms in the bladder and the kidneys, and the burning caused by the dripping of urine.


aljofar

Spanish: aljófar

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic الجوهر (al-jawhar), from Arabic جَوْهَر (jawhar), from Persian گوهر (gowhar, “jewel, gem, pearl”).

der

DEl onzeno grado del ſigno de aries, es la piedra a q̃ llaman aliofar. Eſta es de ſu natura caliente ⁊ ſeca. Et fallan la en muchas partes que ſon, en la grand mar que çerca el mũdo enderredor en unas conchas muy grandes en que ſe crian ellas deſta guisa. […]

Of the eleventh degree of the sign of Aries is the stone they call pearl. It is warm and dry in nature. It is found in many places in the open sea all around the world, inside very large clams, inside of which they form in this manner; […]

Idem, f. 114r.
Aldardemuz a nombre en griego. la decima piedra de la .A. / Eſta a color de fierro. ⁊ quando la fregan ſalle ſu fregamiento uermeio. Et con eſta alimpian el alioffar. ⁊ arredondan el uidrio. et eſclarecen las piedras.

Aldardemuz is the Greek name of the tenth stone of the [letter] A. It is the color of iron, and when they wash it the wash is red. And with it they clean pearls, and round off glass and polish stones.


albuhera

Spanish: albufera

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic اَلْبُحَيْرَة (al-buḥayra), from Arabic بُحَيْرَة (buḥayra, “lake”).

[…] en una cueua muy fonda en que a una albuhera quadrada. ⁊ en medio de aquella albuhera aun foyo en que mana agua uerde […]

[…] in a very deep cave in which there is a square pool. And in the middle of that pool there is a hole from which green water wells up […]

Idem, f. 47r.

And they find it in the land they call Azench, on a hillock that is near a bitter pool. And the water of this lagoon is contrary to all others.

Et eſta fallan en la tierra aq́ dizen azench en un otero que es çerca del albuhera azeda Et el agua deſta laguna es contraria de todas las otras.


eglesia

Ladino: iglesia, iglezia

Spanish: iglesia (see there for further descendants)

→ Sabir: iglezia

From Late Latin ecclēsia, from Ancient Greek ἐκκλησία (ekklēsía).

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 78v. col. 2.
Vn poco adelant apar de orient. es elaltar de ſanta trinjdat o la uera .☩. ſolie eſtar. todo es enla egleſia. dentro en el ſepulcro

A little toward the east is the altar of the Holy Trinity, where the True Cross used to be. Everything is in the church, inside the sepulcher.


rucio

Spanish: rocío

From Latin rōscidus (“dewy”), from rōs (“dew”).

Reſpuſo ẏſaac ⁊ dẏxo. De groſſura de la tierra ⁊ del ruçio ſera tu bẽdicion. De los cieloˢ ſera tu bendicion. Sobre tu eſpada biuras. E ato ermano seruiras. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4r:

Isaac answered and said, “Your blessing shall be away from the fatness of the earth and from the dew. Your blessing shall be away from the heavens. You shall live by the sword and your brother you shall serve. […] ”


cabanna

Spanish: cabaña

→ English: cabana

From Late Latin capanna, perhaps from Latin canaba.

⁊ ſalẏos fueras de la cibdat e fizo una cabãna en q̃ eſtido ala ſõbra.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38r:

And he went outside the city and made a shelter and sat in its shade.


tahulla

Spanish: tahúlla


diluuio

Spanish: diluvio

From Latin dīluvium, from dīluō (“I wash away”).

Qvando entro noe en el archa auẏe .dc. annos e fue el diluuio de las aguas abrieron ſe todas las fõtanas del abiſmo ⁊ fueron abiertas las fẏnieſtras de los cielos e plouio ſobre la tr̃a .xL. dias ⁊ .xL. noches.

When Noah entered the ark he was six hundred years old. And the deluge of the waters took place. All the fountains of the deep were opened and the windows of the heavens were opened. And it rained upon the earth forty days and forty nights.


nuue

Ladino: nuve

Spanish: nube

From Latin nūbem, singular accusative of nūbēs.

Aqui taio nr̃o ſẽnor firmança cõ el ⁊ diol todas las creaturas a ſo ſeruicio e diol ſenal ⁊ dixol. porne mẏo arco en nuues de los cielos euerloan por remẽbrança el firmamẽto del ſieglo entre dios ẏ el õe

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37v:

Then Our Lord established a covenant with him, and He put all creatures at his service. And he gave him a sign and said to him, “I will set my bow in the clouds of the heavens. And you will see it in heaven as a reminder of the pact between God and man”.


torriente

Spanish: torrente

From Latin torrentem, singular accusative of torrēns (“rushing stream”).

E dixo acab a abdias ue ala tr̃a por las fontanas todas de las tr̃as ⁊ por las torriẽtes quiçab trobaremos yerba ont biuan los cauallos elas mulas e nõ p̃damos las beſtias.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38v:

And Ahab said to Obadiah, “Go into the land to every fountain throughout the land and to the brooks. Perhaps we will find grass on which the horses and mules can live, that we may not lose the beasts.”


universidat

Spanish: universidad

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ūniversitās.


ceruiz

Spanish: cerviz

From Latin cervīcem, singular accusative of cervīx, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“head”).

⁊ eli el ſac̃dot era vieio. e auie .Lxxxxviij. ãnos Qvando oẏo estas nueuas echos ariedro dela ſiella en q̃ ſedie erõpio las ceruizes emurio

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 45v:

And Eli the priest was old, and he was ninety-eight years old. When he heard these news, he fell backward from the chair on which he sat and broke his neck and died.


açada

Spanish: azada

From Vulgar Latin *asciāta, from Latin ascia (“axe”).

judgara ẽtre pueblos muchos. e afazara ẏenteſ fuerteſ aluen. etraſtornaran ſuſ eſpadas por açadas. ⁊ ſuslanças por foçeſ. non alçara ẏent contra ẏent eſpada. enõ aura mas batalla.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 72v:

He will judge between many peoples and arbitrate [between] strong people from afar. And they will reshape their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not raise sword against nation, and there will be no more battle.


nerbio

Spanish: nervio

Inherited from Latin nervus, either through niervo with metathesis of /j/; or more likely from the by-form nervia n pl or f, with /j/ raising the stressed vowel and blocking its diphthongization.

E. ppħize cuemo me acomendado e fue roydo quant ppħize cuemo tempeſtad. Aplegaronſe los hueſos a hueſos e carne e ſobre ellos nerbios e carne crubio ſobrellos cuero de ſuſo ſp̃u nõ auia en ellos.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63v:

And I prophesied as He had commanded me, and when I prophesied there was a noise like a storm. Bones to bones came together, and flesh; and tendons and flesh over them, [and] skin covered them from above. [But] there was no breath in them.


fidenisa

An alteration of Late Latin pȳthōnissa, feminine form of Latin pȳthon (“oracle, soothsayer”), from Ancient Greek Πῡθώ (Pūthṓ, “Pytho; Delphi”).

der

& fue demãdar cõſeio auna mugier ſortera q̃ era en edom aqui uino el reẏ ſaul de mandar ɔſeio ala fideniſa ſta mugier ouo mẏedo al reẏ e dixo q̃ nõ faria. Jvro ſaul e dixo biuo es el criador q̃ non uerna nĩgun mal atẏ por eſta coſa.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 32v:

Here king Saul came to seek counsel from the soothsayer And [so] he went to seek counsel from a soothsayer that lived in Edom. […] [But] this woman was afraid of the king, and she said she would not do [as he asked]. Saul swore and said, “Living is the Creator, that no harm shall come to you for this thing.”


adeuino

Spanish: adivino

From Latin dīvīnus (“prophetic”). Influenced by adeuinar (“to guess, solve”). Compare Old French devin.

Fveſſét ſamuel aſu caſa a ramata e nó vio mas ſamuel a ſaul faſta q́ ſamuel fue muerto ⁊ planieron le tod iſrɫ e ſotŕaron le en ramata ſu cibdat. & ſaul tollio los magos alos adeuinos de la tŕa.

Samuel went to his house in Ramah, and Samuel did not see Saul again before Samuel died. And all of Israel mourned him and they buried him in Ramah, his city. And Saul removed the necromancers and soothsayers from the land.


maçonero

Spanish: mazonero

From Old French maçon (“mason, builder”) + -ero.

[…] e enbẏo amonte libano .lxxx. mil om̃s q̃ taiaſſen madera. e .lxx. mil maçoneros pora la obra de la piedra ſin los maẏorales q̃ les comendauan q̃ auien a fer.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49r:

[…] And he sent to Mount Lebanon eighty thousand men to cut wood and seventy thousand masons for the working of stone, besides the foremen who commanded them what they were to do.


mercadura

From Latin mercātūra, from mercor (“I trade, deal, sell”).

Catarõ ⁊ vierõ vna requa de paganos de los de ẏſmael. E vinien de galaat cõ ſos camellos cargados de mercaduras e ẏuã a egipto

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

They looked up and saw a pagan caravan, of those of Ishmael. And they were coming from Gilead with their camels loaded with goods, and they were headed to Egypt.


sortero

head

sortero m (plural sorteros, feminine singular sortera, feminine plural sorteras)

sorteros (plural)
sortera (feminine singular)
sorteras (feminine plural)

Spanish: sortero

From suerte (“lot, fate”) + -ero (occupational suffix). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese sorteira (“witch”).

cog

& fue demãdar cõſeio auna mugier ſortera q̃ era en edom […] ſta mugier ouo mẏedo al reẏ e dixo q̃ nõ faria.

And [so] he went to seek counsel from a soothsayer that lived in Edom. […] [But] this woman was afraid of the king, and she said she would not do [as he asked].

a person who draws lots, a soothsayer or oracle


deuinança

From deuinar (“to divine, guess”) + -ança, or through Latin dīvīnantia, plural of dīvīnāns (“foreseeing, divining”), from dīvīnō (“I foresee, fortell, divine”).

Non a aguero en iacob nĩ deuinãça en israel.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 25r:

“ […] There is no omen on Jacob nor divination on Israel. […] ”


aguero

Spanish: agüero