pez

Spanish: pez

Et a tal uertud que ſi la ponẽ ſobre mill peſos de pez faz los feruir por ſu p̃p̃dat biẽ como si estudieſſen a fuego.

And its virtue is such that if it is put over a thousand weights of pitch, it lights them due to its property, as if they were on fire.


pie

Ladino: pye

Spanish: pie

From Latin pedem, singular accusative of pēs, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds.

Vinierõ al flũ con el arca del teſtamẽt e q̃ndo cataron los pies de los ſac̃dotes enel agua partierõ ſe las aguas adieſtro ⁊ aſinieſtro e eſtidierõ cuemo mõtõ […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 28r:

They came to the river with the Ark of the Testimony, and when the feet of the priests touched the water the waters parted to the right and to the left, and they stood up like a heap […]


color

Spanish: color m or f

Inherited from Latin color. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese coor.

[…] &́ vieron la gĺa de iſŕl dedios. Como huebra de blãcor. &́ de cristal. ⁊ como color de los cieloˢ mõdos […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 19r:

[…] and they saw the glory of the God of Israel, like a work of white and crystal, and like the color of realm of the heavens. […]


juez

Ladino: גואיס (jues)

Spanish: juez (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin iūdicem. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese juiz and Old French juge.

[…] Quiçab. ha .L. iuſtos en eſta uilla e pues matar los as. E non parçiras allogar por los .L. iuſtos. Por fer eſta coſa uedado ſea ati. de matar el iuſto por el peccador. Nõ ſe juez en toda la tierra q̃ fẏzies eſte iudizio.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2r:

“ […] Perhaps there are fifty righteous in this city and thus you would kill them. Will you not spare the place for the fifty righteous? To do such a thing is far from you; to kill the righteous because of the sinner. I know not of a judge on earth who would make such a judgment”.


dia

Ladino: diya

Spanish: día

Papiamentu: dia

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *dia, first-declension reshaping of Classical Latin diēs, from Proto-Italic *djous, from Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws (“heaven, sky”). Compare Old Occitan dia and Old Galician-Portuguese dia.

inh

Qvãdo lo ſopo labã al dia t̃cero. q̃ ſe ẏua priſo de ſos amẏgos. E fue trã Jacob. Andadura .vij. dias. e alcãçol en el mõte de galaath.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4v:

When Laban came to know on the third day that he was fleeing, he took his relatives and went after Jacob, walking seven days, and he overtook him on the hill of Gilead.


man

Fue el dia t̃cero al alba dela man. ⁊ vinẏerõ truenos ⁊ relãpagos ⁊ nuf grãt ſobrel mõt.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 18r:

It was the early morning of the third day, and there came thunder and flashes of lightning and a great cloud upon the mountain.


angel

Ladino: andjel

desctree

Spanish: ángel
→ Cebuano: anghél
→ Chibcha: angel
→ Hiligaynon: anghel
→ Inabaknon: anghel
→ Karao: anghil
→ Mezquital Otomi: ě̱nxe̱
→ O'odham: aŋhil
→ Quechua: anqil
→ Tagalog: anghel
→ Tetelcingo Nahuatl: öngel
→ Waray-Waray: anghel
→ Yucatec Maya: ángel
→ Zoogocho Zapotec: angl

From Latin angelus (“angel”), from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos, “messenger, angel”).

der

eſtos angeles cõ q fablo abraã. vinieron a ſodoma e loth ſedia ala puerta dela cibdat. e violos e leuãtos cõtra ellõ. e omillos troa la tierra. e dixo les priego uos mios ſẽnores. Q̃ uẽgades acaſa de ur̃o ſieruo albergar.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2v:

These angels to whom Abraham spoke came to Sodom, and Lot was at the city's gate. And he saw them and he got up to greet them and groveled with his face to the ground. And he said, “I beg you, my lords, come spend the night at your servant's house.”

Idem, f. 4v.
[…] veno el angel del cr̃ador de noch ⁊ dixo alabã. Gvardate de aquel om̃e nol fagas mal.
[…] And the angel of the Creator came to Laban at night and said unto him, “Beware that man and do him no harm.”


metal

Spanish: metal

Borrowed with apocope from Latin metallum, from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon).

Et es grand marauilla que el fierro que uence todos los otros metales por fortaleza que a en ſi uence lo eſta piedra por ſu ṕṕedat.

And it is a great marvel that iron, which defats all other metals due to the strength it has, is defeated by this stone due to its property.

Idem, f. 21v.
Et otroſſi ſi lo mezclan con eſtanno torna negro. ⁊ ſi con plata lo mezclan recibe la blancura della ⁊ aſſi faz con cada metal.

And also, if they mix it with tin it becomes black, and if they mix it with silver it receives whiteness from it, and likewise with every metal.


cuerpo

Spanish: cuerpo

From Latin corpus, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱrep-.

[…] depues uino en roma. e alli lo fizo el cruel nero degollar. e de ſo cuerpo salio lech en logar de ſãgre.

c. 1200, Almerich, w:Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

[…] and then he came to Rome, and there the cruel Nero had him beheaded, and from his body flowed milk instead of blood.


casa

Ladino: kaza

Spanish: casa

dixo eliſeuₛ q́t fare di q́ as entu caſſa. la maceba nulla coſa en caſa. ſi nõ una oliera de olio

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 42v:

Elisha said, “What can I do for you? Tell [me], what do you have in your house?” [She said,] “Your maidservant has nothing in the house but a jar of oil.”

Idem, f. 80r.
por aq́l logar dixo nŕo ſeñor a ieremias, ve a caſa del orcero e ẏ fablare cõtigo.

Around that place Our Lord said to Jeremiah, “Go to the potter's house, and I will speak to you there.”


temple

From Old Occitan temple or Old French temple. Compare the inherited tiemplo and the learned form templo, all ultimately from Latin templum.

embiol ael aſenachaerib toda la plata q̃ pudo trobar en la del criador. e el teſoro de los reẏſ. eſtoz cranto ezechias las puertas del temple e todo quanto pudo aù embiolo al reẏ de ſiria esto peſo al criador

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 53v:

He sent Sennacherib all the silver he could find in the [house] of the Creator and the treasury of the kings. Then Hezekiah broke the doors of the temple and all that there was he sent to the king of Assyria. This weighed upon the Creator.


agua

Ladino: agua / אגוה

Spanish: agua (see there for further descendants)

From Latin aqua, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ekʷeh₂ (“water”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v. b.
Vino ioſep aſos ermanos. e priſierõ le & deſpoiarõle el palio. e echarōle en el pozo. & este pozo era bazio e no yauia agua.
Joseph came to this brothers; they imprisoned him and unclothed him and threw him into the well, and this well was empty and had no water.

Idem, f. 13v. b.
Tornarõ ſe todas las aguas ẽ ſãgre.
And all of the waters turned into blood.


natura

Ladino: natura (Latin spelling), נאטורה (Hebrew spelling)

Spanish: natura

Et aun a otra uertud muy eſtranna. que ſi la molierẽ ⁊ la amaſſaren cõ uino ⁊ fizierẽ della como bellota. ⁊ la puſieren en la natura dela mugier, uieda que no enprenne.

And it has yet another very strange virtue; that if it were to be ground and mixed with wine and shaped like an acorn, and put inside the vulva of the woman, it would prevent her from not becoming pregnant.


olla

Spanish: olla

From Latin ōllam, accusative singular of ōlla.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r. a.
Qvãdo ſeyemos ſobre las ollas de la carne & comyemos pã afartura.

When we sat by the pots of meat and ate bread until we were satiated.


padre

Ladino: padre

desctree

Spanish: padre
→ Classical Nahuatl: padre
→ English: padre
→ Mecayapan Nahuatl: pa̱lej
→ Tagalog: pari

Inherited from Latin patrem, singular accusative of pater, from Proto-Italic *patēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

Vinierõ los ermanos de ioſeph Que murio ſo padre. q̃çab mẽbrara ſo padre q̃l fẏziemos. e tornarnos a todel mal q̃l fẏziemos.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 11v:

[When] Joseph's brothers saw that their father was dead, [they said], “Perhaps he will remember his father [and] what we did to him, and he will repay us all the wrong we did to him.”


palabra

Ladino: palavra / פאלאברה

Spanish: palabra
→ English: palabra
→ French: palabre
→ Greek: παλάβρα (palávra)
→ Turkish: palavra
→ Romanian: palavră
→ Papiamentu: palabra
→ Tagalog: palabra

From Late Latin parabola, from Latin parabola (“comparison”), from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ, “comparison, parable”).

der

apparecios el nr̃o ſeñor aſalomon e dixol eſta caſa q̃ tu fraguas ſi andares en mẏos fueros e en mios iudicios e ficieres mẏos comendamientos. afirmare mi palabra contigo como fable a dd̃ to padre

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49r:

Our Lord appeared to Solomon and said to him, “[As for] this house you are building; should you follow my statutes and ordinances and carry out my commandments, I will uphold with you my promise, [the one] I spoke to your father David.”


rey

Ladino: rey

desctree

Spanish: rey
Chavacano: rey
Papiamentu: rey
→ San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo: rey

From Latin rēgem, singular accusative of rēx, from Proto-Italic *rēks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler, king”).

der

embiol ael aſenachaerib toda la plata q̃ pudo trobar en la del criador. e el teſoro de los reẏſ. eſtoz cranto ezechias las puertas del temple e todo quanto pudo aũ embiolo al reẏ de ſiria esto peſo al criador


ala

Ladino: ala (Latin spelling)

Spanish: ala

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 67v. a.
la p̃mera ſemeiaua leon e auie alas de aguila ueye q̃ meſauan ſus alas e cayen atierra e ſobre ſos piedes como om̃e se leuãtaua

The first was like a lion, and it had the wings of an eagle. I saw its wings torn off and fall to the ground so that it stood on its feet like a man.


espada

Spanish: espada

From Latin spatham, accusative of spatha, from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “blade”).

Myo çid Ruy diaz el que en buẽ ora çinxo eſpada
My Cid, Ruy Díaz, who at a good time he girded himself with a sword (common epithet of the Cid)

between 1140 and 1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid 58

De natura es fria & humida / Et fazen della mangos pora cuchiello & pora eſpadas

It is cold and damp in nature, and they make handles for knives and swords out of it

la uertud dela figura de om̃e cauallero ſobre un leon, & que tenga en la mano dieſtra eſpada deſnuda, & en la ſinieſtra cabeça de om̃e

the virtue of the figure of a knightly man riding a lion, with an unsheathed sword at his right hand and the head of a man at his left hand


gloria

Spanish: gloria

[…] &́ vieron la gĺa de iſŕl dedios. Como huebra de blãcor. &́ de cristal. ⁊ como color de los cieloˢ mõdos […]

[…] and they saw the glory of the God of Israel, like a work of white and crystal, and like the color of realm of the heavens. […]


cielo

Ladino: sielo

desctree

Spanish: cielo
→ Guaraní: yvága (“heaven”) (semantic loan)
→ Hiligaynon: sielo
→ Papiamentu: shelu


farina

Ladino: arina

Spanish: harina (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin farīna (“flour, meal”), from far (“emmer”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese farinha.

inh+

E dixo ella biua el ſénor dios q́ no e pan ſi nó un poco de farina en la tinẏella. E un poco de olẏo éna olẏera […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38r:

And she said, “As the Lord God lives, I have no bread, but only some flour in a jar and a little oil in an oil jug. […] ”.


argent

From Old Occitan argent, from Latin argentum, from Proto-Italic *argentom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm.

cuemos torno putána la cibdad fidel plena de iudicios : iuſticia manie enella e agora homicidio. To argent es tónado eſcoria to uino es buelto en agua.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 55v:

How the faithful city full of righteousness has become a harlot! Justice dwelt within her, but now murder. Your silver has become dross and your wine has turned into water.


dios

Ladino: dio

Spanish: dios (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin deus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deywós. Doublet of dio, which came from the accusative form deum.

Lord, God of Israel, there is no god like you in the heavens or on earth […]

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 50r. a. Señor dios de iſrꝉ no a tal / dios en los cielos cuemo tu nĩ de yuſo en la tierra […]


Johan

desctree

Spanish: Juan
→ Carolinian: Wan
→ Classical Nahuatl: Juan
→ Chinese: → 胡安 (Hú'ān) (transliteration)
Don Juan → Chinese: → 唐璜 (transliteration)
→ English: Juan
→ Tagalog: Juan

From Latin Iōhannēs or Iōannēs, from Ancient Greek Ἰωάννης (Iōánnēs), from Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yōḥānān).

der

Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yōḥānān)

a male given name from Hebrew, equivalent to English John

Delãt ierico a .ij. milleros en la riƀa del flum iordan es bethania o baptizaua ſant ioħn baptiſta.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 31r:

Two thousand paces from Jericho, on the bank of the Jordan River, is Bethany, where Saint John the Baptist baptized.

(biblical, Christianity) The name of several persons in the Christian Bible, among them John the Baptist, John the Apostle, John the Evangelist and John of Patmos.


cristal

Ladino: kristal

Spanish: cristal
→ Tagalog: kristal

From Latin crystallum, from Ancient Greek κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “ice”).

[…] &́ vieron la gĺa de iſŕl dedios. Como huebra de blácor. &́ de cristal. ⁊ como color de los cieloˢ módos […]


noche

Ladino: noche

Spanish: noche

From an earlier *noite, from Latin noctem, accusative of nox, from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts, cognate with English night.


verde

Ladino: vedre

Spanish: verde (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin virdis, syncopated from Classical Latin viridis.

Yo maestro Gonçalvo de Verçeo nomnado
Iendo en romeria caeçi en un prado
Verde e bien sençido, de flores bien poblado,
Logar cobdiçiaduero pora omne cansado.

13th century, Gonzalo de Berceo, “Introducción”, in Milagros de Nuestra Señora:

I mister Gonçalvo de Verçeo am called,
 wending upon a pilgrimage, came to a meadow's side,
all green and not much pastured upon, with many flowers,
an enticing spot for the weary men to abide.


noveno

head

noveno m (feminine novena, masculine plural novenos, feminine plural novenas)

novena (feminine)
novenos (masculine plural)
novenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: noveno

From Latin novēnum, accusative of novēnus, from novem (“nine”).

DEl noueno grado del ſigno de gemini es la piedra quel dizen bezahar. Eſta es piedra muy preciada ⁊ muy noble.

Of the ninth degree of the sign of Gemini is the stone they call bezoar. It is a very prized and noble stone.


sabio

sabio m (plural sabios, feminine singular sabia, feminine plural sabias)

sabios (plural)
sabia (feminine singular)
sabias (feminine plural)

Spanish: sabio

From Latin sapidus, from sapiō (“to be wise”, literally “to taste of”), from Proto-Indo-European *sap- (“to try, to research”).

der

c. 1200: Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 64v.
e el reẏ con ſana q́ auie mando que mataſen todos los ſabios de babilonna e demandaron a danel e aſos conpaneros por matar

And the king, full of anger, ordered all the wise men of Babylon be put to death, and they sought Daniel and his companions to put them to death.


marido

Ladino: maredo, marido

Spanish: marido
Chavacano: marido

From Latin marītus, from mās (“a male”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese marido.

vna mugier delos ppħtas clamo aeliſeuₛ ppħta edixol. To ſieruo mio marido es muerto e to ſabet q̃ fue temient del c̃ador afe do uiene eldebdor q̃ p̃ndras dos mios fijos por ſos ſieruos

[Now] the wife of one of the prophets cried out to Elisha the prophet and said to him, “Your servant, my husband, is dead, and you know that he was one who feared the Creator. And lo, his creditor is coming [and] he will take for himself my two sons as his slaves.”


boca

Ladino: boka (Latin spelling)

Spanish: boca

All those who did not kneel their knees before the idol and all the mouths that did not kiss her […]

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 34r. b. Todos aq̃llos / q̃ nõ fincaron los ynojos / ala ydola e todas las bocas q̃ / la no beſaron […]

The prophet said: "that which the creator puts in my mouth, that is what I shall speak."

Idem, f. 42r. a. dixo el ppħa lo q̃ el criador puſie / re em mi boca eſſo fablare […]


sacerdotal

Spanish: sacerdotal

Borrowed from Latin sacerdōtālis, from sacerdōs (“priest”).

e depues ueno ſaul. ⁊ enop. e p̃ſo eſtos ſacerdotes e mato dent .Lxxx. ⁊ .v. reueſtidos de ſac̃dotal ueſtimienta

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 46r:

And then came Saul to Nob. And he took these priests and killed therein eighty-five men dressed in the priestly garments.


viento

Ladino: viento

Spanish: viento


Passion

Spanish: Pasión

Borrowed from Latin passiōnem, accusative singular of passiō (“suffering”), from patior (“I suffer, endure”).

Sant pablo q̃ ante auie nõbre ſaulus fue del tribu de beniamin naſcio en iuda e al ſegũdo año ap̃s dela paſſiõ de iħu xp̃o baptizo ananias e damaſco […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

Saint Paul, who before had the name Saul, was of the tribe of Benjamin. He was born in Judea, and in the second year after the Passion of Jesus Christ Ananias baptized [him] in Damascus […]


fuego

Ladino: fuego

Spanish: fuego

From Late Latin focum, singular accusative of focus (“fire”), from Latin focus (“hearth”).

[…] en ſemblança delas beſtias ſuujſta cuemo braſas de fuego encendidas e ſemblanca de lampades

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63v:

[…] the appearance of the creatures was like burning coals of fire or like torches


Nilo

Spanish: Nilo

From Latin Nīlus, from Ancient Greek Νεῖλος (Neîlos), of Semitic origin.

[…] q́ en aquel logar o entra el grand ryo del nilo en la mar medio terrana, cria ſe y un animal que ſemeia en ſus miembros ⁊ en todas ſus fayciones ala liebre de tierra. ⁊ por endel llaman liebre marina.

[…] that in that place, where the great river Nile enters the Mediterranean Sea, there breeds an animal that is similar in its limbs and all of its features to the land hare, and thus they call it a marine hare.


cabello

Spanish: cabello

From Latin capillum, accusative of capillus.

Et a eſte nombre por que ſegund dize ptholomeo naſcen en aquella tierra en los arboles unas fructas en figuras de mugieres ⁊ cuelgan por los cabellos.

And it has this name because, according to Ptolemy, fruits in the shape of women grow on the trees of that land, and they hang by the hair.


reyna

Spanish: reina (see there for further descendants)

Alli delãt gazar baptizo ſãt felip al rẏc õe q̃ era de cãdace la reẏna. ⁊ el era de ethiopia e veno a iħrꝉm al tenple orar. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 82v:

There, before Gaza, Saint Philip baptized the rich man who was of Candace, the queen. He was from Ethiopia and had come to Jerusalem to pray at the temple. […]

[…] quiſo dios que uinieſſe a manos del noble Rey don alfonſo fijo del muy noble Rey don ferrando ⁊ dela reyna donna beatriz […]

[…] God wanted it to come to the hands of the noble king don Alfonso, son of the very noble king don Ferdinand and the queen, lady Beatrice […]


miedo

Spanish: miedo

la mugier de loth torno la cabeça e [fi]zos ymagen de ſal. Loth ouo miedo de ſeer ẽ ſegor eſubio alas mõtãnas cõ ſus .ij. fijas. eſtido en una cueua con ſus .ij. fijas.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2v:

Lot's wife turned her head and she became a figure of salt. Lot was afraid of staying in Zoar and [so] he went up to mountains with his two daughters, [and] he settled in a cave with his two daughters.


sacerdote

desctree

Spanish: sacerdote
→ Classical Nahuatl: sacerdote

Borrowed from Latin sacerdotem, from sacer (“sacred, holy”).

Vinierõ al flũ con el arca del teſtamẽt e q̃ndo cataron los pies de los ſac̃dotes enel agua partierõ ſe las aguas adieſtro ⁊ aſinieſtro e eſtidierõ cuemo mõtõ […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 28r:

They came to the river with the Ark of the Testimony, and when the feet of the priests touched the water the waters parted to the right and to the left, and they stood up like a heap […]


duelo

Spanish: duelo

From Late Latin dolus. Related to Latin dolor (“pain”).

Oyo eſto eſto el pueblo e ou gñde duelo enõ ſe q̃ſo guarnir deſu ueſtir. dixo nr̃o ſeñor amoẏſẽ diles q̃ ſe guarneſcã eẏo ſabre q̃ leſ fare. priſierõ fiios de iſrɫ. ſo guarnimiẽto de mõte oreb

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 20v:

The people heard this and there was great mourning, and they did not want to adorn their dress. [For] Our Lord said to Moses, “Tell them to adorn themselves and I will know what I will do to them.” [So] the children of Israel took off their ornaments from Mount Horeb [onward].


cuello

Spanish: cuello (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin collum. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese colo and Old French col.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5r. a.
Corrio eſau aencuẽtro de ſo ermano. E abraçol & echo ſobre ſo cuello el braço.

Esau ran to meet with his brother, then he hugged him and put his arm over his neck.

Idem, f. 61r. a.

He said these words throughout the city of Jerusalem while walking with the chain around his neck

Eſtas palabras hyua diziendo por la uilla de ih̃r̃l̃m e yua cõ la cadena enel cuello


espalda

Ladino: espalda (Latin spelling)

Spanish: espalda

From metathesis of Vulgar Latin *spatla(m), from Late Latin spatulam, accusative of spatula (“broad, flat piece”), from classical Latin spatha.

[…] la uertud de figura de mugier con alas que eſte leuantada en pie. ⁊ con los cabellos luengos echados atras. ⁊ eſparzidos ſobre las eſpaldas.

[…] the virtue of the figure of the winged woman who is standing on one foot, her hair long and drawn back, and spread over her back.


cisterna

Spanish: cisterna

From Latin cisterna (“cistern, tank”), from cista (“box”), from Ancient Greek κίστη (kístē, “box, chest”).

der

vino ruben ala ciſterna. E nõ ẏuẏo aioſeph. e rõpio ſos ueſtidos cõ peſar q̃ ouo. E dẏxo nõ ẏes. yo do ẏre.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

Reuben came to the cistern and did not see Joseph there, and he tore his clothes over the sorrow he felt, and he said, “He is not there! Where shall I go?”


abeja

Spanish: abeja

[…] A cabo de dias tornos por préder la ⁊ aplego por ueer o ẏazia el leó muerto. efallo enel cuerpo del leó .j. enſáne dabejas e mẏel : crebátolo có ſus manos ⁊ comẏo

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 82r:

[…] After some days he returned to take her, and he approached to see where the dead lion lay. And he found in the lion's carcass a swarm of bees and honey. So he broke it with his hands and ate.


castiello

Ladino: kastilyo

Spanish: castillo (see there for further descendants)

From Latin castellum, diminutive of castrum (“fort”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 31r. b.
de lãt ierico es el caſtiello de macherõta o herodes tetrarca deſcabeço a ſant ioħn bƀa.
past Jericho is the fortress of Machaerus, where Herod the tetrarch beheaded Saint John the Baptist.

on this shore there is a castle they call Corazaym, where it is said the Antichrist will be raised

Idem, f. 34v. a. en eſta riƀa a .J. caſtiello q̃ dizen corazaym o diz q̃ ſera nodrido el ante xp̃o […]

Idem, f. 44r. a.
eploro heliſeus e demandol aſahel por que ploraua e dixol heliſeus por el mal que faras a fijos de iſrael ſos caſtiellos a eſpada los metras los nĩnos elas pẽnas carpiras.

Then Elisha wept, and Hazael asked why he was weeping and Elisha answered: "Because of the harm you will do the sons of Israel; [and to] their strongholds; you will kill the children by the sword and rip open the pregnant women."


vasallo

Spanish: vasallo

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 11r. b.
E ſubieron cõ el todos ſos vaſallos de pharaon. los mayores de su caſa de pharaon & todos los mayores de egypto.

And all of Pharaoh's vassals went forth with him; the elders of the house of Pharaoh and all the elders of Egypt.


vejez

Ladino: vejéz

Spanish: vejez

[…] Qve ẏo loar me pueda de ti en my veiez. Aſſẏ cuemo me loe en mẏ iuuẽtud.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:

[…] That I may be able to rejoice in you in my old age as I rejoiced in my youth.

veiez

alternative representations of the spelling


Pablo

Spanish: Pablo
→ Tagalog: Pablo

From Latin Paulus, from paulus (“small”).

Sant pablo q̃ ante auie nõbre ſaulus fue del tribu de beniamin naſcio en iuda e al ſegũdo año ap̃s dela paſſiõ de iħu xp̃o baptizo ananias e damaſco […]

Saint Paul, who before had the name Saul, was of the tribe of Benjamin. He was born in Judea, and in the second year after the Passion of Jesus Christ Ananias baptized [him] in Damascus […]


tribu

desctree

Spanish: tribu
→ Cebuano: tribo
→ Tagalog: tribo, tribu

Borrowed from Latin tribus, from the root of trēs (“three”). Compare Old French tribu.

Embio moẏſen .xij. barones de cada tribu ⁊ plegarõ faſta tr̃a demaach ⁊ uinierõ atr̃a de ebrõ.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 22v:

Moses sent twelve men from each tribe, and they reached the land of Hamath and came to the land of Hebron.

Saint Paul, who before had the name Saul, was of the tribe of Benjamin. He was born in Judea, and in the second year after the Passion of Jesus Christ Ananias baptized [him] in Damascus […]

Idem, f. 79r. Sant pablo q̃ ante auie nõbre ſaulus fue del tribu de beniamin naſcio en iuda e al ſegũdo año ap̃s dela paſſiõ de iħu xp̃o baptizo ananias e damaſco […]


mayoral

Spanish: mayoral

[…] e enbẏo amonte libano .lxxx. mil om̃s q̃ taiaſſen madera. e .lxx. mil maçoneros pora la obra de la piedra ſin los maẏorales q̃ les comendauan q̃ auien a fer.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49r:

[…] And he sent to Mount Lebanon eighty thousand men to cut wood and seventy thousand masons for the working of stone, besides the foremen who commanded them what they were to do.


madera

Spanish: madera

From Latin māteria, from māter (“source”, literally “mother”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese madeira.


palio

Spanish: palio

Vino ioſep aſos ermanos. e priſierõ le ⁊ deſpoiarõle el palio. e echarõle en el pozo. ⁊ eſte pozo era bazio e non ẏauia agua.

Joseph came to his brothers, and they took him and stripped him of his robe, and threw him into the pit. And this pit was empty, and there was no water there.


ceda

The name of the Latin-script letter Z/z.


sufre

Spanish: azufre

From Latin sulfur, sulphur, sulphure, from Proto-Indo-European *swelplos, from the root *swel- (“to burn, smoulder”). Compare Catalan sofre and French soufre.

[…] ⁊ puſieren cabo della un poco de ſufre. ⁊ ruciaren la piedra con agua ſaldra della fuego tan fuerte […]

[…] and should they put atop it some sulfur and spray it with water, then the stone would spit fire so strong […]

Idem, f. 13r.
& es fallada en tierra de affrica en las mineras del ſufre. Liuiana es. ⁊ fuerte de q̃brantar.

And it is found in the land of Africa, in the sulfur mines. It is light, but also hard to break.


encantador

Spanish: encantador

From Latin incantātōrem, singular accusative of incantātor (“enchanter, soothsayer”), from incantō (“I enchant”).

Sant peẏdro fo p̃dicar en roma. e por occaſiõ de ſimõ magus el encantador. nero el enꝑador fizolo meter en .+. dela cabeça aẏuſo e delos pies aſuſo.

Saint Peter went to Rome to preach, and because of Simon Magus the sorcerer Nero the emperor had him put on a cross with his head down and his feet up.


fonda

Spanish: honda

Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol. e vino a el etomo el eſpada. de golias. etaiol la cabeça. el eſpada ela cabeça aduxola aieruſalem.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him. And he approached him and took Goliath's sword and cut off his head. And the sword and the head he brought to Jerusalem.


safir

Spanish: zafiro

From Old French saphir, from Latin sapphīrus, from Ancient Greek σάπφειρος (sáppheiros), or an apocopic form of safiro.

Et eſta piedra es cardena en ſu color aſſi q̃ ſemeia al ſafir en la cardenor mas nõ en la luz. ca a eſta nõ traspaſſa el uiso como al ſafir faze ca la su color es mucho espeſſa ⁊ turuia

And this stone is purple in color, so that it resembles the sapphire in purpleness; but not in light, for sight cannot see through it like it does through sapphire, for its color is too thick and murky.


pimienta

Spanish: pimienta

From pimiento (“pepper plant”), from Latin pigmentum (“color, pigment”).

Negra es de color ⁊ pareſce en ella ya q̃to de uermeiura; aſſi que ſemeia alos granos dela pimienta.

It is black in color, but it also has to it some redness, so that it resembles peppercorns.


infierno

Spanish: infierno
→ Cebuano: impiyerno
→ Tagalog: impiyerno

From Latin īnfernum; attested from 1140. Regarding the phonetics (Latin in normally becomes en in Spanish), the word was perhaps influenced or reinforced by the Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation. There were similar developments in other Romance languages.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6r. a.
e dẏxo decẽdre / al infierno dolorioſo ſo por mẏo / fijo.

And he said: "I shall descend to hell unto my son in mourning."

Idem, 8r.
e ſi perdiere a beniamin deſcen / dre en mi ueieza enel ĩfierno. e / plorar lo he ẏ.

And should I lose Benjamin I will descend to hell, in my old age, and I shall mourn him there.

(biblical) Sheol, the Hebrew term for the underworld; hell.


nuera

Spanish: nuera

From Vulgar Latin *nŏra, from Late Latin nura, from Classical Latin nurus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *snusós.

c1200: Alemeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6r. a.
E iudas fue veer ſos ganados cõ un ſo amygo. e dyxierõlo atamar ſu nuera.

And Judah went to see his cattle with a friend of his and they informed Tamar, his daughter-in-law.

Idem, f. 6r. b.
Acabo de .iij. meſes. dyxierõ le aiuda q̃ su nuera tamar era p̃nada.

After three months they told Judah that Tamar, his daughter-in-law, was pregnant.


figado

Ladino: ligado

Spanish: hígado

From Late Latin fīcātum (“liver”), from Latin iecur fīcātum (“fig-stuffed liver”).

inh

dixo el angel abrel e trayent coraçon e el figado & la fiel e cõ eſto ſanara to padre aſſi lo fizo.

13th century, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, page 35vb:

the angel said: "open it and take out the heart, the liver and the gall, and with them your father will be healed", and so he did.


faz

Spanish: haz, faz


cabeça

Ladino:

Hebrew script: קאב׳יסה

Latin script: kavesa

Spanish: cabeza

From Vulgar Latin capitia, from the neuter plural accusative of capitium (“covering for the head”) (reanalyzed as a feminine singular), from caput (“head”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 2.
dixo ſõnaua q̃ tenẏa / .iij. canaſtiellos. blãcos ſobre / mẏ cabeça. en el canaſtiello ſu / ſano auẏa del comer de phara / on. E las aues del cielo comien / del canaſtiello ſobre mẏ. cabeça

he said: "I dreamt I had three white baskets on my head, and on the uppermost basket was all that which the pharaoh ate, and the birds of the sky ate from the basket upon my head."


braço

Ladino: braso

Spanish: brazo

From Latin brachium, bracchium (“forearm, arm”), from Ancient Greek βραχίων (brakhíōn, “arm”).

Corrio eſau aencuẽtro de ſo ermano. E abraçol ⁊ echo ſobre ſo cuello el braço. E ſaludolo. ⁊ omillos eſau. E toda ſu cõpãna de iacob.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5r:

Esau ran to meet his brother, and he embraced him and put his arm over his neck. And he greeted him and bowed before Esau, and so too all of Jacob's company.


pharaon

Spanish: faraón

Borrowed from Late Latin pharaō, from Ancient Greek φαραώ (pharaṓ), from Biblical Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (par‘ōh), from Egyptian pr:aA (pr-ꜥꜣ, “palace, pharaoh”).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">pr-ꜥꜣ</i>

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 12r. a.
Fablat agora delant pharaon & dezidle que myo padre me coyuro. […] dixo pharaon ſub & ſotierra to padre.

Speak now before Pharaoh and tell him that my father asked [something] of me. […] Pharaoh said: "go forth and bury your father".

Idem, f. 11r. b.
E ſubieron cõ el todos ſos vaſallos de pharaon. los mayores de su caſa de pharaon & todos los mayores de egypto.
And all of Pharaoh's vassals went forth with him; the elders of the house of Pharaoh and all the elders of Egypt.


espia

Spanish: espía

From Gothic *𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰 (*spaiha), from Proto-Germanic *spehōną (“to see, look”), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”).

Mando el nr̃o ſeñor amoẏſen q̃ tremetiesſe eſpias atiera de chanaan por barũtar q̃ tr̃a era

Our Lord ordered Moses to send spies to the land of Canaan to get a sense of what [kind of] land it was.


arquero

Spanish: arquero

From Late Latin arcārius, alteration of arcuārius, from Latin arcus (“bow”).

[…] ⁊ alcaçáron los phẏliſteos a ſaul. E mataró le .iij. fijos e aionata ⁊ amẏnadab e melchẏſſue cóſiguẏeron los arq́ros a ſaul e fue el mal có ellos […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 32v:

[…] And the Philistines overtook Saul and killed his three sons, Jonathan, Abinadab and Malki-Shua. The archers found Saul and he fared not well with them. […]

Idem, f. 42r.
fueró ala batalla a ramot galaad. e demudos el Rey de ſus armas. e entros ala batalla. e tirol .j. arq́ro. e firiol entrela loriga elas brafoneras.

And they went up to the battle at Remoth Gilead. And the king disguised his armor and went into battle. And an archer shot him and wounded him between the cuirass and arm braces.


oliera

E dixo ella biua el ſẽnor dios q̃ no e pan ſi nõ un poco de farina en la tinẏella. E un poco de olẏo ẽna olẏera e q̃ero coger .ij. lẽnos e fer lo e pora mi q̃ comamos ⁊ nõ^([sic]) muramos

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38r:

And she said, “As the Lord God lives, I have no bread, but only some flour in a jar and a little oil in an oil jug. And I want to gather a couple of logs and make it for myself, that we may eat it and not die”.


ayre

Ladino: ayre

Spanish: aire

From Latin āer, from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr).

Sotil es de cuerpo ca ſe muda aſſi como el ayre que quando es claro es ella clara. ⁊ quando turuio turuia.

Its light of body, for it changes like the air; it is clear when it is clear, and cloudy when it is cloudy.


Salomon

Spanish: Salomón

From Latin Salomōn, from Ancient Greek Σολομών (Solomṓn), from Biblical Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה (šĕlōmōʰ), from שָׁלוֹם (šālōm, “peace”).

Todo lo que auia. y metio zorobabel. e ſos conpãneros por mandado de cyrus reẏ de ꝑſia toda la uaſiella de oro q̃ fizo el rey ſalomõ pora lacaſa del c̃ador.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76r:

All that there was Zerubbabel placed there with his company by command of Cyrus, King of Persia; all the vessels of gold that King Solomon had made for the House of the Creator.


banno

Ladino: banyo

Spanish: baño

Inherited from Latin baneum, variant of Latin balneum.

E nes ſos dias yo daniel era dolorioſo .iij. ſedmanas de dias. pan cobdiciadero ni carne non comj nin ui non etro en mi boca niẽ bano non fu banado troa q̃s cumplieron .vij. semanas de dias

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 69:

In those days, I, Daniel, was mournful for three weeks' worth of days. I ate no no pleasant bread or meat, nor did wine enter my mouth, nor was I bathed in a bath until three week's worth of days passed.


alquimia

Spanish: alquimia

From Andalusian Arabic اَلْكِيمْيَا (alkímya) and Medieval Latin alchemia, from Arabic اَلْكِيمِيَاء (al-kīmiyāʔ), from Ancient Greek χυμείᾱ (khumeíā, “art of alloying metals”), from χύμα (khúma, “ingot, bar”).

اَلْكِيمْيَا

اَلْكِيمِيَاء

Arabic اَلْكِيمِيَاء (al-kīmiyāʔ)

Et por ende los que ſe trabaian de alquimia aque llaman la obra mayor, deuen parar miétes que non dannen el nombre del ſaber. ca alquimia tanto quiere dezir, como maeſtria pora meiorar las coſas ca non empeorar las.

And therefore those who work with alchemy, which they call the greatest work, must stop before they tarnish the name of knowledge; for alchemy means both mastery to make things better as well as to make them worse.

Idem, f. 34v.

But because this pertains to the works of alchemy, we did not wish to include it here in this book.

Mas por que eſto perteneſce ala obra dalquimia, no quiſiemos meter lo aqui en eſte libro.


samaritano

head

samaritano m (plural samaritanos, feminine singular samaritana, feminine plural samaritana)

samaritanos (plural)
samaritana (feminine singular)
samaritana (feminine plural)

Spanish: samaritano

From Latin samarītānus, from Samarīa (“Samaria”).

aeſstos om̃s dizian ſamaritanoᷤ. por ſobron los clamauan ſobromen por ſamaria ſamaritanoᷤ ni eran iudios ni x̃anos ni paganos. temian al criador ſiruien le como iudios. e adorauan las ẏdolas como paganos e aſſi fuerõ ellos eſos fijos troal dia de oẏ. por esto les dizẽ ſamaritanoᷤ.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 44v:

These men they called Samaritans. After Sobron they called them Sobromen; after Samaria, Samaritans. They were neither Jews nor Christians nor pagans. They feared the Creator, they served Him like Jews, and they worshiped the idols like pagans. And thus they were, and their children, up to the present day. This is why they are called Samaritans.


algodon

desctree

Spanish: algodón
→ Bikol Central: algodon
→ Chavacano: algodon
→ Hiligaynon: algodon
→ Tagalog: algodon

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic قطن (quṭun), from Arabic قُطُن (quṭun).

bor+

Et los fiſicos daquella tierra queman este algodon ⁊ fazen lo poluos ⁊ meten los en los oios por q̃ tuelle la lagrema ⁊ toda la humidat que a en ellos.

And physicians from that land burn this cotton and turn it into a dust they use on the eyes, because it removes tears and all the moisture from them.


fruente

Spanish: frente
→ Portuguese: frente

Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol. e vino a el etomo el eſpada. de golias. etaiol la cabeça. el eſpada ela cabeça aduxola aieruſalem.

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him. And he approached him and took Goliath's sword and cut off his head. And the sword and the head he brought to Jerusalem.


idola

Feminine form of idolo (“idol”). Compare Old Occitan ydola.

veno un ſacerdot ſamaria. e estido ẏ. e demoſtroles cumo temieſſen al criador. fazia cadauno ſu ẏdola. etenian las en ſus caſas.

[So] a priest came to Samaria, and he dwelt there and showed them how to fear the Creator. [But] each one made their idol, and they kept them in their houses.

(religion) idol, particularly of a goddess


ermano

osp-noun

ermano m (plural ermanos, feminine singular ermana, feminine plural ermanas)

ermanos (plural)
ermana (feminine singular)
ermanas (feminine plural)

Ladino: ermano

Spanish: hermano (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin *germānus (“brother”), from Latin germānus (“of a brother or sister”).

inh

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5r. a.
Corrio eſau aencuẽtro de ſo ermano. E abraçol & echo ſobre ſo cuello el braço.

Esau ran to meet with his brother, then he hugged him and put his arm over his neck.

Idem, f. 5v. b.
Vino ioſep aſos ermanos. e priſierõ le & deſpoiarõle el palio. e echarõle en el pozo.
Joseph came to this brothers; they imprisoned him and unclothed him and threw him into the well.


cuer

Spanish: cor

From Vulgar Latin *corem m, from Latin cor n.

Fizo ioiade taiamiento con el reẏ e con el pueblo que ſiruieſſen al ćador de buen cuer.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 58r:

Jehoiada made a covenant with the king and with the people, that they should serve the Creator with a good heart.


esmeralda

Spanish: esmeralda

From Old French esmeralde, ultimately from Latin smaragdus, from Ancient Greek σμάραγδος (smáragdos).

Et la ſu uerdura ⁊ la ſu reſplandor es muy meior que dela otra eſmeralda.

And its greenness and gleam are much better than those of the other emerald.

Idem, f. 54r.
Et eſtas ſon falladas en las mineras del oro o fallan las bonas eſmeraldas.

And these are found in the goldmines where they find the best emeralds.


sortija

Spanish: sortija

From Late Latin *sorticula (“a small lot, table or ticket”), from Latin sors (“chances, lot”).

[…] E q̃ero q̃tu aẏas poder. ſobre todo quãto ẏoe. eſea ſos tu mano. priſo pharaon la ſortija. de oro q auie en ſu mano ⁊ diola a iosep.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 7r:

“[…] And I want you to have power over all that I have, and that it be under your command.” [And] Pharaoh took the gold ring from his hand and gave it to Joseph.

Idem, f. 20r.
Derrõpierõ todo el pueblo las ſortijas del oro q̃ teniẽ en ſus oreias. &́ aduxierõ las aaron ⁊ priſolas en su mano. ⁊ metiolas en la forma. E ſalio vezerro forjada.

All the people broke the rings of gold they wore on their ears, and they gave them to Aaron, and he took them in his hand and cast them into the mold, and out came a forged calf.


carcelero

Spanish: carcelero

From Latin carcerārius, from carcer (“prison”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 1.
e fue nŕo ſénor có ioſep e diol ſu gŕa e ouo grát amor có el caŕelero.

and the Lord was with Joseph and gave him grace and great favor with the prison warden.


xaque

Spanish: jaque

From Arabic; see discussion in the modern descendant jaque.


robi

Spanish: rubí

From Old French rubi, rubin, from Medieval Latin rubīnus lapis (“red stone”), from Latin rubeus (“reddish, red”).

der

DEla segunda faz del ſigno de leon es la piedra aque llaman robi. & deſta auemos ementado ya en eſte libro en el .iiij. grado del ſigno de leon.

Of the second facet of the sign of Leo is the stone they call ruby, which we have already recalled in this book in the fourth degree of the sign of Leo.


pulmon

Spanish: pulmón

Borrowed from Latin pulmōnem, pulmō, from Proto-Indo-European *pléwmō.

Et preſta mucho en el arte de fiſica. ca ſi dierẽ della molida a beuer a qui se faze tiſſico. o al que a llagaſen el pulmon ſana.

And it is very useful in the art of physic, for if it is given ground to drink to someone with tuberculosis, or whose lung has ulcers, they heal.


sepulcro

Spanish: sepulcro

depues eſt emp̠ador domicianus eſilio aſant iuan apoſtol e euangeliſta. euenos ala ẏſla de padmoˢ e cõuertio grãd pũeblo. e aun dia de domingo entro biuo enel ſepulcro depues reguardarõ ſos om̃s el ſepulcro e noẏ trobarõ ſino magna q̃ bullie eolio.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

After this, the emperor Domitian exiled Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist, and he came to the island of Patmos and converted many people. And on a Sunday he entered the grave alive. Later, when his followers inspected the grave, they found there nothing but manna that bubbled and oil.


pedrisco

Spanish: pedrisco

I ẏo fare cras plouer pedriſco mui grãt. e nõ fue tal en egipto. des q̃ fue poblada troa agora. e tu aplega todo lo tuẏo q̃ es en el cãpo. ⁊ los q̃ nõ ſe acogierẽ alas caſas morrã del pedriſco.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 14v:

“[…] And tomorrow I will make it rain a great hailstorm such that Egypt has never seen since it was settled until now. And you, bring inside all that you have in the field. And those who do not take shelter in their homes will die from the hail.”


subdito

Spanish: súbdito

Borrowed from Latin subditus. According to Coromines and Pascual, first attested in Juan Ruiz.

Otrosi puede el papa sus decretales far

early 14th century, Juan Ruiz, Libro de buen amor 13

Moreover, the Pope can emit decrees,
in which he orders his subjects to pay a certain penalty

en que a sus subditos manda çierta pena dar


tabernaculo

Spanish: tabernáculo

From Latin tabernāculum (“tent, tabernacle”), from taberna (“hut, cabin”).

emoẏſẽ p̃ſo eltabernaculo etẽdiol fuera del abergadaetodo om̃e q̃ auia cueta alli yua all nr̃o ſeñor pedir merced emoẏſẽ q̃nd entraua en el tabernacɫo uinia la coruina de la nuf e eſtaua ala puerta dela tiẽda efablaua con moẏſẽ ala uiſta del pueblo é elloſ do eſtauan humilarõſe

c. 1200, Almerich, w:Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 20v:

And Moses took the tabernacle and pitched it outside the encampment, and every man that had a grievance would go there to Our Lord to ask for mercy. And when Moses entered into the tabernacle the pillar of cloud would come and stand at the door to the tent, and [He] would speak to Moses in view of the people, and they bowed down where they were.


fierro

Ladino: fierro

Spanish: fierro, hierro

Papiamentu: heru

Et aun a otra ꝑpriedat que el uidrio la obedece ⁊ tiral aſſi como la aymante tira el fierro.

And yet another property is that glass obeys it and it pulls it, just like the magnet attracts iron.


dragma

From Late Latin dragma, from Latin drachma, from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ).

[…] si dierẽ del poluo della a beuer peſante de quatro dragmas al q̃ a dolor en el eſtentino a que llaman colon ſana luego.

[…] if they were to give four drams of weight of it powdered to drink to someone whose gut, the one they call colon, ached, he would be cured.

Idem, f. 79r.
La ſegunda es q̃ ſi beuiere om̃e della peſo duna dragma purga melanconia temprada miente ⁊ bien.

The second is that if one were to drink of it the weight of one dram, it purges black bile soon and well.

drachma, dram (coin and unit of measure)


coraçon

Ladino: korasón

Spanish: corazón (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin *corāceōnem, derived from Latin cor.

con obras de amor é coraçon puro.

a. 1430, Juan Alfonso de Baena, Cancionero de Baena:

with the labours of love and a pure heart.


segur

Spanish: segur

From Latin secūris, related to secō (“I cut”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese segur.

pues quãdo frago ſalomon la caſa maẏlla. ni segur ni nulla ferramienta no ẏ fue aẏuda en la caſa del criador.

Now when Solomon built the house, [no] hammer, nor axe nor any iron tool was heard there, in the house of the Creator.


ermana

osp-noun

ermana f (plural ermanas, masculine singular ermano, masculine plural ermanos)

ermanas (plural)
ermano (masculine singular)
ermanos (masculine plural)

Ladino: ermana

Spanish: hermana

Feminine form of ermano (“brother”), or from Latin germāna.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 23v. a.
emurio alli mariã el ermana de aron q̃ nõ auiã q̃ comer nĩ q̃ beuer

and there died Miriam, the sister of Aaron, who had nothing to eat or to drink

Idem, f. 80v. b.
alli eran maria & marta ermanas delazaro el q̃ ressucito ih̃u x̊
there lived Mary and Martha, sisters of Lazarus, the one whom Jesus Christ had resurrected


circuncision

Spanish: circuncisión

From Latin circumcīsiōnem, accusative singular of circumcīsiō, from circumcīdō (“I cut around”).

[…] Do albergo fallo el angel del ſeñor ⁊ q̃ſol matar priſo vna piedra aguda ⁊ circuncido ſo fijo ⁊ folgo edixo. Nouio de ſãgre eres acircunciſiones.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 13r:

[…] Where he lodged he found the angel of the Lord, who attempted to kill him. So she took sharp stone and circumcised her son and cast it and said, “You are a bridegroom of blood [to me] through circumcisions.”


ninno

Spanish: ninna

Unknown. Perhaps originally imitative. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese meninno (“boy”).


orgul

Borrowed from Old Catalan orgull, from Vulgar Latin *orgollium, borrowed from Proto-West Germanic *uʀgōllju.

[…] ora alcriador e quiçab oẏra al nŕo ſennor las palabras e el orgul de rabceſſe q́ lo trametio el reẏ de ſur ſo ſeńor por de noſtar al dios uiuo.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 54r:

“ […] Pray to the Creator and perhaps Our Lord will hear the words and pride of Rabshakeh, whom the king of the south, his master, sent to defy the Living God.”


candelero

Spanish: candelero

A semi-learned borrowing from Medieval Latin candēlārius, from Latin candēla (“candle”), from candeō (“I shine, glow”).

slbor

e p̃ſo el altar de oro ela meſa e los cãdeleros e las lãpadas e todo el guarniment de oro q̃ era ẽ la caſa del c̃ador

And he took the altar of gold and the table and the candlesticks and the lamps and all the furnishings of gold that were in the House of the Creator.


Zorobabel

Spanish: Zorobabel

From Latin Zorobabel, from Ancient Greek Ζοροβαβέλ (Zorobabél), from Hebrew זְרֻבָּבֶל (Zerūbāḇel).

Todo lo que auia. y metio zorobabel. e ſos conpãneros por mandado de cyrus reẏ de ꝑſia toda la uaſiella de oro q̃ fizo el rey ſalomõ pora lacaſa del c̃ador.

All that there was Zerubbabel placed there with his company by command of Cyrus, King of Persia; all the vessels of gold that King Solomon had made for the House of the Creator.


carcel

Spanish: cárcel

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 1.
⁊ metiolos pharaon en / la carcel o era ioſep.

and Pharaoh put them in the same prison where Joseph was.


talega

Spanish: talega

From Andalusian Arabic تَعْلِيقَة (taʕlīqa, “something hung, suspended”).

bor

Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol. e vino a el etomo el eſpada. de golias. etaiol la cabeça. el eſpada ela cabeça aduxola aieruſalem.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him. And he approached him and took Goliath's sword and cut off his head. And the sword and the head he brought to Jerusalem.


loriga

Spanish: loriga

From Latin lōrīca, perhaps from lōrum (“leather strap”).

fuerõ ala batalla a ramot galaad. e demudos el Rey de ſus armas. e entros ala batalla. e tirol .j. arq̃ro. e firiol entrela loriga elas brafoneras.

And they went up to the battle at Remoth Gilead. And the king disguised his armor and went into battle. And an archer shot him and wounded him between the cuirass and arm braces.


gouierno

Spanish: gobierno


finiestra

Spanish: hiniestra, finiestra

From Latin fenestra, probably from Etruscan.

Qvando entro noe en el archa auẏe .dc. annos e fue el diluuio de las aguas abrieron ſe todas las fõtanas del abiſmo ⁊ fueron abiertas las fẏnieſtras de los cielos e plouio ſobre la tŕa .xL. dias ⁊ .xL. noches.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37r:

When Noah entered the ark he was six hundred years old. And the deluge of the waters took place. All the fountains of the deep were opened and so too the windows of the heavens. And it rained upon the earth forty days and forty nights.


estrellero

Spanish: estrellero

De como nascio Mahomat. & de lo que dixo dell Judio estrellero.

c. 1270, Alfonso X, Estoria de Espanna, f. 163r:

On how Muhammad was born and what the Jewish astrologer said about him.

Idem, f. 163v

On how the Jewish astrologer said that the two angels should rip out Muhammad's heart.

De como dixo ell Judio estrellero que sacaran el coraçon a Mahomat los dos angeles.


aramne

Spanish: alambre (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin *arāmen, variant of Late Latin aerāmen, derived from Latin aer-.

c1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63r. a.
e uj vn om̃e en ſu catar cuemo aramne. e una cuerda de lino en ſue mano e una canna por meſurar.

And I saw a man in its gateway [whose appearance was] like bronze, with a linen cord and a measuring rod in his hand.

but leave its root, and bind it with iron and bronze to the grass

Idem, f. 66r. a. mas ſu rayz dexa. e ligala con fiero e con aramne en la yerba […]

Idem, ff. 66r. b.-66v. a.

and their wives drank the wine and they worshiped their gods of gold and silver, of bronze, iron, stone and wood.

e ſus mugieres beuiã el uino e loauan a ſos dios de oro e de plata e de aramne e de fiero e de piedra e de madero.


quarentena

Spanish: cuarentena

From Medieval Latin quarentīna (“forty days”), from Latin quadrāgintā (“forty”).

der

Tras ierico al ſol poniẽt es la quarẽtena. O xp̃s aẏuno .xl. dias & .xl. noches alli ſuſo en el mõt o quiſo tentar el diablo a xp̃s.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 31r:

Behind Jericho, toward the setting sun, is the quarantine, where Christ fasted forty days and forty nights. There, on the mountain where the Devil attempted to tempt Christ.

(biblical) quarantine (desert where Christ fasted for forty days and nights)


cantador

Spanish: cantador

From Latin cantātōrem, singular accusative of cantātor (“musician, singer”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese cantador.

dixo heliſeₛ viuo es el ſennor delos fõſados delant q̃en ẏo eſto q̃ ſi ñ fueſſe por berguẽça de ioſapha nó cataria ati nj not ueria. agora adozid me .j. cantador epues q̃nt adios cantare ſera ſobrel ppħiſmo del criador.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 42v:

[Then] Elisha said, “The Lord of Hosts lives, before whom I stand, [for] were it not out of regard for Jehoshaphat, I would not look at you nor see you. [But] now bring me a singer.” And so when to God he sings the prophecy of the Creator will be upon him.


mancebia

Spanish: mancebía

From mancebo (“young man, youth”) + -ia.

Priegot mucho q̃ te miẽbre del amor. ⁊ de la cõpãnia. que ẏo ⁊ ti ouẏemos en nr̃a mãçebia.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:

I beg dearly that it remind you of the affection and company that you and I shared in our youth.


gafo

head

gafo (feminine singular gafa, masculine plural gafos, feminine plural gafas)

gafa (feminine singular)
gafos (masculine plural)
gafas (feminine plural)

Spanish: gafo

Eſte herodes Murio mala muerte deuẏno gafo de pues por la grãt pudor q̃ ſalẏo del ⁊ nõ lo podie ſofrir. el Miſmo ſe mato cõ .j. guchiello.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 78r:

This Herod died a bad death. He became leprous [and] then, because of the great shame which he displayed and could not bear, he killed himself with a knife.


ariento

From Latin argentum (“silver”), from Proto-Italic *argentom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm.

a certain silver coin used in the kingdoms of Castile and León

E vendierõ le por .xx. ariẽtos. El ariento ualia dẏño ⁊ medio. ço ſõ xxx. dẏneros.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

And [so] they sold him for twenty shekels. The shekel was worth a denarius and a half, so it was thirty denarii [in all].


axedrez

desctree

Spanish: ajedrez
→ Bikol Central: ahedres
→ Cebuano: ahedres
→ Hiligaynon: ahedres
→ Tagalog: ahedres

Borrowed from Arabic الشَّطْرَنْج (aš-šaṭranj), from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭠𐭲𐭫𐭠𐭭𐭢 (cʾtlʾng /čatrang/), from Sanskrit चतुरङ्ग (caturaṅga).

bor+

الشَّطْرَنْج


clerigo

Spanish: clérigo

Semi-learned borrowing from Late Latin clēricus, from Ancient Greek κληρικός (klērikós), from κλῆρος (klêros, “clergy”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r. b.
El to clerigo almerich. a / Rçidiano de antiochẏa. réde gŕas / adios & atẏ.

Your cleric Almerich, archdeacon of Antioch, gives thanks to God and to you.


sennor

Ladino: sinyor

Spanish: señor

From Latin seniōrem, accusative of senior (“old”).

[…] del noble Rey don alfonso […] Sennor de caſtiella de Toledo de Leon de Gallizia de Seuilla de cordoua de Murcia de Jahen. ⁊ del Algarbe.

[…] of the noble king don Alfonso […] lord of Castile, of Toledo, of León, of Galicia, of Seville, of Cordoba, of Murcia, of Jaén and of the Algarve.

Idem, 4v.
Et precian la mucho los grandes ſẽnores

And the great lords do very much admire her.


rodiella

Spanish: rodilla

From Late Latin rotellam, accusative of rotella, diminutive of Latin rota (“wheel”).

Et la eſtrella que es en la rodiella dieſtra dela mugier cadenada a poder ⁊ ſennorio ſobreſta piedra […]

And the star in the knee of this woman in chains has power and dominion over this stone […]

And the star in the knees of the woman sitting on the chair has power over this stone […]

Idem, f. 7v. Et la eſtrella que es ſobre las rodiellas dela mugier q̃ eſta aſſentada en la ſiella a poder ſobreſta piedra […]


esmeril

Spanish: esmeril

From Old French esmeril, from Old Italian smeriglio, ultimately from Ancient Greek σμύρις (smúris).

Et ſi la pulen con el poluo daquella piedra que llaman en arauigo azumberic que es ala que nos dezimos eſmeril. eſclareſce ya quanto ⁊ fazes fremoſa.

And if it is polished with the powder of the stone called azumberic in Arabic, the one we call emery, it brightens and becomes beautiful.


aniello

Spanish: anillo

From Latin ānellus, diminutive of ānulus (“ring, signet ring”).

viola iuda cubierta e nola cõnoçio. E cuedo q̃ era putana. E dixol ẏaz comẏgo ⁊ dẏxo ella q̃ me daras. Acordarõ ſe q̃l dieſſe uncabrito e diol pẽnos ſo anẏello. Ela cinta q̃ cinnẏa. E el blago q̃ tenẏa. en su mano.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6r:

Judah saw her covered and did not recognize her, and he assumed she was a prostitute. And he said to her, “Lay with me”, and she replied, “What will you give me?” They agreed he would give her a young goat, and he pledged her his ring and his girdle and the staff he had in his hand.


tiniebra

Spanish: tiniebla

Dixo nr̃o ſẽnor amoẏſen. Tiẽt tu mano alos cielos. ⁊ ſera oſcuridat. ⁊ tẽdio moẏſen ſus manos ⁊ fue tiniebra en toda tr̃a de egipto .iij. dias […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 15r:

[Then] Our Lord said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward the heavens, and there will be darkness.” And Moses stretched out his hands and there was darkness in all the land of Egypt for three days […]


emellizo

Spanish: mellizo

From Vulgar Latin *gemellīcius, from Latin gemellus, diminutive of geminus (“twin”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 3v. a.
Cũplieron ſe los dias q̃ o / uo que aparir q̃ emellizos ſalie / rõ de so uiẽtre.

Her days to give birth were completed, behold, twins came forth from of her womb.


ynojo

Spanish: hinojo

Inherited from Late Latin genuculum, alteration of Latin geniculum, diminutive of genū (“knee”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu. Cognate to Old Galician-Portuguese gẽolho.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 33v. b.
e / mandol el nr̃o sennor q̃ quãdo / vinieſſe al agua q̃ todos fincaſ / ſen los ynojos e beurien del / agua cõ las bocas como canes

And our Lord ordered him that when he came to the water [he should separate] all those [who] kneeled their knees and those who drank from the water with their mouths like dogs.

All those who did not kneel their knees before the idol and all the mouths that did not kiss her […]

Idem, f. 34r. b. Todos aq̃llos / q̃ nõ fincaron los ynojos / ala ydola e todas las bocas q̃ / la no beſaron […]


arcidiano

Spanish: arcediano

From Late Latin archidiaconus, based on Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-, “chief”) + διάκονος (diákonos, “servant, minister”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r.
[R]emont por la gracia de dios. arçobispo de Toledo. a don almeric. arçidiano de antiochia con grant amor ſalut ⁊ amidtad.
Remont, by the Grace of God archbishop of Toledo, to master Almerich, archdeacon of Antioch, with great love, haleness and goodwill.

To this the archdeacon responded thus, “My lord, master Remont, archbishop of Toledo, your cleric Almerich, archdeacon of Antioch, gives thanks to God and to you”. […]

Idem, f. 1r. a qui reſpódio el arcidiano El mẏo ſénor dó remont. arçobispo de Toledo. El to clerigo almerich. aRçidiano de antiochẏa. réde gŕas adios & atẏ. […]


arçobispo

desctree

Spanish: arzobispo
Chavacano: arzobispo
→ Bikol Central: arsobispo
→ Cebuano: arsobispo
→ Chibcha: arçobispo
→ Hiligaynon: arsobispo
→ Ilocano: arsobispo
→ Tagalog: arsobispo

→ Andalusian Arabic: ارصبشب (arṣubišbu)

From Late Latin archiepiscopus, based on Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-, “chief”) + ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos, “bishop”).

Remont, by the grace of God, archbishop of Toledo, to don Almeric, archdeacon of Antioch […]

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r. a. [R] / emont por la gracia de dios. arço / biſpo de Toledo. a don alemeric. arçi / diano de antiochia […]


canastiello

Spanish: canastillo
→ English: canistel (from a dialectal variant)

From Latin canistellum, diminutive of canistrum. Influenced by a perceived derivation from canasto (“basket”) + -iello.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 2.
dixo ſõnaua q̃ tenẏa / .iij. canaſtiellos. blãcos ſobre / mẏ cabeça. en el canaſtiello ſu / ſano auẏa del comer de phara / on. E las aues del cielo comien / del canaſtiello ſobre mẏ. cabeça / dixo iosep eſtos tres canaſtiellos / Tres dias sõ.

he said: "I dreamt I had three white baskets on my head, and on the uppermost basket was all that which the pharaoh ate, and the birds of the sky ate from the basket upon my head." Joseph said: "These three baskets represent three days […]."


mortaldat

Spanish: mortandad

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 48v. col. 1.
to / do lo compro por .L. marcos de / plata. e fizo ẏ altar. e ſac̃fico / al criador. e finco la mortaldad / en aq̃l logar

All of it he bought for fifty shekels of silver, and he made an altar and offered a sacrifice to the creator, and so the dying left that place.


cabdiello

Spanish: caudillo
→ Catalan: cabdill (from obsolete form cabdillo)
→ English: caudillo
→ French: caudillo
→ Portuguese: caudilho
→ Russian: кауди́льо (kaudílʹo)

From Late Latin capitellum (“small head”), diminutive of Latin capitulum, from caput (“head”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 30r. col. 2.
E dixierõ q ſubra / de lãte nos por cabdiello enla / batalla. Dixo nŕo ſẽnor iuda / ſubra caẏo dare la tŕa en ſu / mano.

And they said: "Who shall go up before us as our leader in battle?". Our Lord said: "Judah shall go up, for I will hand him the land."


Mathathias

Spanish: Matatías

From Latin Mathathiās, an alternative form of Mattathiās, from Ancient Greek Μᾰττᾰθῐ́ᾱς (Mattathíās), from Hebrew מַתִּתְיָהוּ (mattiṯyāhū).

der

מַתִּתְיָהוּ

Hebrew מַתִּתְיָהוּ (mattiṯyāhū)

EN ieruſalem era mathathias. […] ⁊ era om̃e q̃ amaua el criador […] e lo temie e ouo .v. fijos muy buenos cauallós e el uno uo nõbre iudas macabeus. e el otro ionatan. ⁊ leaza. e ſimeon. e ioan

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76r:

[There] lived in Jerusalem Mattathias, and he was a man that loved the Creator and feared Him. And he had five sons, very upright men, and one had the name Judas Maccabeus, and the other Jonathan, and Eleazar and Simon and John.


amariello

head

amariello m (feminine amariella, masculine plural amariellos, feminine plural amariellas)

amariella (feminine)
amariellos (masculine plural)
amariellas (feminine plural)

From Early Medieval Latin amārellus (“yellowish, pale”), derived from Latin amārus (“bitter”).

inh

[…] aſſi que ſe non puede quebrantar con ninguna coſa ſi no cõ el laton amariello que es tinto con la tutia de alexandria.

[…] so it cannot be broken with anything except with the yellow brass tainted by Alexandrian zinc oxide.

Idem, 23v.
Eſta es piedra muy preciada ⁊ muy noble. ⁊ fallan la de muchas colores. ca dellas ay amariellas claras. ⁊ otras pardas.

This is a very prized and noble stone. It can be found in many colors, for some are yellow, some are pale and some are dun.

Idem, 46r.
[…] ⁊ traen los poluos ſobre los dientes que ſon amariellos o prietos torna los blãcos.

[…] and [when] they cover yellow or darkened teeth with the dust, it turns them white.

Idem, 48v.
[…] Et las mas q dellas fallã es cabo las palmas mõteſinas. De color ſemeia ala iargõça amariella.

[…] And most of them they find among mountain palm trees. In color it is similar to yellow zircon.


amariello

Spanish: amarillo

Et la color deſta piedra es mezclada de uerde con uermeio. pero la uerdura della es tan flaca que tira a amariello.

And the color of this stone is mixed between green and red, but the greenness is so slight that it tends more toward yellow.


criazon

Spanish: criazón

From Latin creātiō, from creō (“I create”).

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v. col. 2.
e fue tras ellos cõ cccᵗᵒˢ ⁊ xxviij. omnes de ſu c̃azon

and he went after them, with three hundred and twenty-eight men from his household


bezahar

Spanish: bezaar

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic بَازَهْر (bāzahr).

Es ſu color amariella ⁊ por eſſol dizen el bezahar amariello.

Its color is yellow, which is why they call it the yellow bezoar.

Idem, f. 31r.
[…] eſta no mueſtra ninguna uertud cõtral danno de los toſſicos; aſſi como el bezahar lo faze.

[…] this one does not exhibit virtues against the damage of poisons, unlike the bezoar, which does.


escudiella

Spanish: escudilla

From Latin scutella, diminutive of scutra (“platter, flat dish”).

Et por end los daquella tierra fazẽ uaſos ⁊ eſcudiellas della en que tienen ſus comeres.

And therefore the people of that land make cups and bowls from it in which to have their meals.

Idem, 83r.
[…] calderas & ollas en q̃ adoban de comer. ⁊ eſcudiellas ⁊ uaſos en q̃ comen & beuẽ.

[…] cauldrons and pots which they use to cook, and bowls and cups from which they eat and drink.


martiello

Spanish: martillo

From Late Latin martellus, itself a diminutive of martulus, variant of Latin marculus, or alternatively based on malleus.

[…] aſſi como el clauo quandol fieren con martiello.

[…] just like a nail when it is struck with a hammer.

[…] and should they make from that silver a hammer and anvil and strike it with that hammer where there are birds […]

Idem, f. 52v. […] ⁊ fizierẽ daquella plata martiello ⁊ raque ⁊ firieren con aquel martiello ſobrella en logar do aya aues […]


melezina

Ladino: melezina

Spanish: melecina (obsolete)

From Latin medicīna, from medicus (“physician”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese meezinha.

Et los fiſicos metẽ deſta piedra una poca en las melezinas que fazẽ por eſtãcar las grãdes malazones.

So physicians put some of this stone in the medicines they make to lighten grave illnesses.

Idem, f. 22r.
Et eſta es melezina muy bona pora las llagas. ca las faz madurar ayna ⁊ uenir a uenino ⁊ come la carne mala que se faze en ellas.

And this is a very good medicine for wounds, for it makes them heal soon and become benign, and it eats the dead flesh around them.


ninniella

[…] fazen della alcohol pora ſanar el albura del oio que ſe faz manziella. & otroſſi la ninniella que quiere salir del por grand dolor.

[…] they make alcohol from it to cure the whiteness of a blemished eye and another for the pupil that is popping out from it due to a great pain.


ladriello

→ Basque: adreilu

Spanish: ladrillo

From *ladre, itself from Latin later (“brick”), + -iello.

La una que es de ladriellos q̃mados de que no conuiene que fablemos ⁊ la otra es de minera de que q̃remos fablar en eſte libro.

One, which comes from burnt bricks, we will not speak of; but the other, which comes from a mine, we want to speak of in this book.


sennora

Spanish: señora

Et la eſtrella q̃ es ſobre la monneca del braço dieſtro dela figura dela ſẽnora que eſta en la ſiella aſſentada a poder ſobreſta piedra […]

And the star on the wrist of the right arm of the figure of the lady that is sitting on the chair has power over this stone […]


touiello

Spanish: tobillo

From Vulgar Latin *tūbellum, a diminutive of Latin tūber (“hump, bump”).

Et la eſtrella que es ſobrel touiello del poſtremero pie del ſigno de aries a fuerça ⁊ ſennorio ſobresta piedra & della recibe la fuerça & la uertud.

And the star on the ankle of the furthest foot of the sign of Aries has power and dominion over this stone; it receives its power and virtue from it.


celestre

Spanish: celestre

Borrowed from Latin caelestis, from caelum (“sky, heaven”). Influenced by estrella (“star”).

⁊ las colores son eſtas. La primera negra. la ſegunda parda. La tercera uermeia. La quarta amariella. la quinta blanca. la ſexta celeſtre. la ſep-tima uerde. ⁊ cadauna deſtas es otroſſi de ſu planeta. ¶ Ca la negra es de ſaturno. ⁊ la parda de iupiter; la uermeia de mars. ⁊ la amariella del ſol. ⁊ la blanca de uenus. ⁊ la celeſtre de mercurio.

And the colors were these: the first black, the second dun, the third red, the fourth yellow, the fifth white, the sixth light blue, the seventh green. Each one of these has a corresponding planet, for the black one is of Saturn, the dun of Jupiter, the red of Mars, the yellow of the sun, the white of Venus and the light blue of Mercury.


sennal

Spanish: señal

From Medieval Latin signāle, based on Latin signum (“mark, sign”).

Et ſi los poluos della ſobre las ſennales delas llagas ponen tuelle las.

And if the dust is [applied] over the signs of a sore, it heals them.


munneca

desctree

Spanish: muñeca
→ Bikol Central: munyeka
→ Catalan: monyeca
→ Chamorro: muñeka
→ Galician: boneca
→ Hiligaynon: monyeka
→ Moroccan Arabic: منيكة (munīka)
→ Portuguese: boneca, bonecra (obsolete or regional)
→ Malay: boneka
Indonesian: boneka
→ Tetum: boneka
→ Portuguese: munheca
→ Tagalog: manyika
→ Tausug: munyika'

Pero eſto ſera mas cõplida miente deſcendiendo ſobresta piedra la ũtud de figura de mano de om̃e dela mũneca arriba. eſtãdo abierta.

But this will be better achieved if the virtue of the figure of the hand of the man with his wrist held up descends on this stone, when it is open.


aymante

Spanish: imán (see aymant)

From Medieval Latin [Term?], ultimately from Latin adamās (“adamant”), from Ancient Greek ἀδάμᾱς (adámās, “invincible”), reinforced by Old French aïmant.

der

Et aun a otra p̃priedat que el uidrio la obedece ⁊ tiral aſſi como la aymante tira el fierro.

And yet another property is that glass obeys it and it pulls it, just like the magnet attracts iron.

Idem, f. 55r.
Et purga el oro como dixiemos delas otras aymantes que an poder de purgar.

And it purges gold in the same way we said other magnets have the power to purge.


Aristotil

From Ancient Greek Ἀριστοτέλης (Aristotélēs, “Aristotle”).

bor

ARiſtotil que fue mas complido delos otros filoſofos ⁊ el que mas natural miente moſtro todas las coſas por razon uerdadera. […] Mas los que eſcriuieron delas piedras aſſi como ariſtotil que fizo un libro en que nombro ſietecientas dellas.

Aristotle, who was more accomplished than the other philosophers, was the one who most naturally described things truly as they were. […] Others wrote about stones, like Aristotle, who wrote a book in which he named seven hundred of them.


estanno

Spanish: estaño

From Latin stannum (“silver-tin alloy, tin”), of Celtic origin.

Et otroſſi ſi lo mezclan con eſtanno torna negro. ⁊ ſi con plata lo mezclan recibe la blancura della ⁊ aſſi faz con cada metal.

And also, if they mix it with tin it becomes black, and if they mix it with silver it receives whiteness from it, and likewise with every metal.


estentino

From Latin intestīnum (“gut, intestines”), from intestīnus (“internal, intestinal”), from intus (“within”).

[…] si dierẽ del poluo della a beuer peſante de quatro dragmas al q́ a dolor en el eſtentino a que llaman colon ſana luego.

[…] if they were to give four drams of weight of it powdered to drink to someone whose gut, the one they call colon, ached, he would be cured.

Et ſu uertud es atal. que ſana dela dolor del eſtomago ⁊ delos eſtentinos aqui la trae colgada ſobrellos.

And its virtue is such that it cures the aches of the stomach and the intestines of whoever has it hanging over them.

(anatomy, usually in the plural) innards, intestines


estomago

Spanish: estómago

From Latin stomachus, from Ancient Greek στόμαχος (stómakhos).

Idem, f. 62v.
[…] ſi dieren della a beuer peſo de una dragma al que la beue fazel perder toda la fuerça del retenimiento del eſtomago. ⁊ el apetito de comer.

[…] if they were to give someone to drink of it the weight of one dram, the drinker would lose containment of his stomach and his appetite.


aguaducho

Spanish: aguaducho

From Vulgar Latin aquiductus, alteration of aquaeductus.

[…] alli do el ryo naſce ay unas muy grandes & otras pequénas como de otras piedras; non pueden traer estos aguaduchos ſi non las menores.

[…] there at the source of the river are both very large and small stones, like others, but these currents cannot carry but the smaller ones.

Idem, f. 62v.

And therefore the stones that lie in that cave they cannot reach but in this manner; when the river grows and becomes a large torrent.

Et eſtas piedras que yazen en aquella cueua no las pueden ende auer ſi no deſta guisa. que quando crece el ryo por grand aguaducho.


enfermedat

Spanish: enfermedad

From Latin īnfirmitās (“weakness”), from īnfirmus (“weak, feeble”).

Et a tal uertud que el que la trae conſigo guardal daquella enfermedat aque llaman caduca. Et otroſſi es bona pora aquellas enfermedades que uienen por malanconia.

c. 1250, “Alfonso X”, in Lapidario, f. 7v:

And its virtue is such that it keeps he who has it with him from the illness they call caduca. It is also good for those illnesses that arise due to melancholy.


arroua

Spanish: arroba

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic رُبْع (rubʕ, “fourth”).

Et fallan dellas muy grandes aſſi que dixo el que compuſo eſte libro que uio una que peſaua dos arrouas. ⁊ pero era muy liuiana ſegund ſu grandez.

And they find them in great sizes, so the writer of this book said that he saw one that weighed two arrobas, but it was very light for its size.


Ossa Menor

Spanish: Osa Menor

Calque of Latin Ursa Minor (literally “lesser she-bear”).

calque

Et la eſtrella que es enel cabo dela oſſa menor aque llaman el cabrito de benanays a poder ⁊ ſennorio ſobreſta piedra.

And the star on the rear of the Little Bear, the one they call the goat kid of Benanays, has power and dominion over this stone.


Ossa Mayor

Spanish: Osa Mayor

Calque of Latin Ursa Maior (“greater she-bear”).

Et la eſtrella que es en cabo dela oreia delantera dela oſſa mayor a poder ſobreſta piedra ⁊ della recibe la fuerça ⁊ la uertud.

And the start that is on the front ear of the Great Bear has power over this stone, and it receives its strength and virtue from it.


onzeno

head

onzeno m (feminine onzena, masculine plural onzenos, feminine plural onzenas)

onzena (feminine)
onzenos (masculine plural)
onzenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: onceno

DEl onzeno grado del ſigno de tauro es la piedra aque dizen coral en latin […]

Of the eleventh degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone they call coral in Latin […]


dezeno

dezeno m (feminine dezena, masculine plural dezenos, feminine plural dezenas)

dezena (feminine)
dezenos (masculine plural)
dezenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: deceno

From diez (“ten”) or Latin decem (“ten”) + -eno.

Del dezeno grado del ſigno de aries es la piedra que fuye dela leche.

Of the tenth degree of the sign of Aries is the stone that flees from milk […]


dozeno

dozeno m (feminine dozena, masculine plural dozenos, feminine plural dozenas)

dozena (feminine)
dozenos (masculine plural)
dozenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: doceno, docena

DEl dozeno grado del ſigno de tauro es la piedra aque dizen coral negro.

Of the twelfth degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone they call black coral.


catorzeno

catorzeno m (feminine catorzena, masculine plural catorzenos, feminine plural catorzenas)

catorzena (feminine)
catorzenos (masculine plural)
catorzenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: catorceno

Del catorzeno grado del ſigno de aries es la piedra aque dizen piedra de cin por que la fallan en aquella tierra q́ a aſſi nombre.

Of the fourteenth degree of the sign of Aries is the stone of Cin, so called because they find it in the land that has that name.


trezeno

trezeno m (feminine trezena, masculine plural trezenos, feminine plural trezenas)

trezena (feminine)
trezenos (masculine plural)
trezenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: treceno, trecena

DEl trezeno grado del ſigno de gemini es la piedra que tira el uino.

Of the thirteenth degree of the sign of Gemini is the stone that attracts wine.


quinzeno

quinzeno m (feminine quinzena, masculine plural quinzenos, feminine plural quinzenas)

quinzena (feminine)
quinzenos (masculine plural)
quinzenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: quinceno, quincena

Del quinzeno grado del ſigno de tauro es la piedra que pareſce enla mar quando ſube la planeta uenus.

Of the fifteenth degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone that appears in the sea when the planet Venus rises.


nigromanciano

Et los nigromancianos fazen creer q́ por su arte. ⁊ por su saber se faze aq́lla prennadez & se tuelle.

And the necromancers make others believe that, because of their art and knowledge, that pregnancy arises and disappears.


çumo

Ladino: sumo

Spanish: zumo

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic زُوم (zūm).

Et ſi eſta piedra moiaren en el çumo que ſale de la yerba aque llaman aſſafetida pierde la uertud.

And if they wet this stone in the juice produced by the herb they call asafetida, it loses its virtue.


vermejo

vermejo m (feminine vermeja, masculine plural vermejos, feminine plural vermejas)

vermeja (feminine)
vermejos (masculine plural)
vermejas (feminine plural)

From Latin vermiculus (“little worm”), diminutive of vermis (“worm”), in reference to kermes-yielding worms.

[…] Et esto faze por q̃ a en ella natura de sufre uermeio.

[…] And it does this because it has in it the nature of red sulfur.

Idem, f. 4r.
[…] Vermeia es de color mas non mucho ca tira una grand partida a color amariella.

[…] It is red in color, but not a lot, because for the most part it is more yellow.

Idem, f. 19r.
De natura es fria ⁊ ſeca. Et de peſo liuiana por que es poroſa. Aſpera es en tiento. ⁊ de color parda con gotas uermeias.

It is cold and dry in nature, and light in weight, for it is porous. It is rough to the touch, and it is dun in color with red drops.

Idem, f. 119r.
[…] ⁊ negra de color. ⁊ aſpera. ⁊ a en ella puntos ũmeios. ⁊ aſperos. ⁊ es muy dura.

[…] and [it is] black in color, and rough, and it has rough red dots on it, and it is very hard.


veynte

Spanish: veinte (see there for further descendants)


veynteno

veynteno m (feminine veyntena, masculine plural veyntenos, feminine plural veyntenas)

veyntena (feminine)
veyntenos (masculine plural)
veyntenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: veinteno, veintena

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r.
DEl ueynteno grado del ſigno de tauro es la piedra quel dizen del algodon.

Of the twentieth degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone they call cotton [stone].


lenguage

Spanish: lenguaje

Borrowed from Old French language or Old Occitan lenguatge, both from Vulgar Latin *linguāticum, derived from Classical Latin lingua.

Et por que el ſabie fablar aquel lenguage. ⁊ leye la ſu letra; paga ſe mucho de buſcar los ſus libros ⁊ de eſtudiar por ellos.

And because he could speak that language and could read in their letters, he strove to seek out their books and study from them.

Idem, f. 1v.
Dela piedra aque llaman magnitat en caldeo ⁊ en arauigo. ⁊ en latin magnetes. ⁊ en lenguage caſtellano aymant.
Of the stone they call magnitat in Chaldean and Arabic, and magnetes in Latin, and aymant in the Castilian language.


seteno

seteno m (feminine setena, masculine plural setenos, feminine plural setenas)

setena (feminine)
setenos (masculine plural)
setenas (feminine plural)

Spanish: seteno

c. 1250: Alfonso X, Lapidario, f.


sessaenta

Spanish: sesenta

Et entre aquellos quel busco fallo este q̃ fabla de trezientas ⁊ ſeſſaenta piedras ſegund los grados delos ſignos que ſon en el cielo ochauo.

And among the ones he saw, he found one that spoke of three hundred and sixty stones, corresponding to the degrees of the signs in the eighth sky.


cirulgia

Spanish: cirugía

From Latin chīrūrgia, from Ancient Greek χειρουργίᾱ (kheirourgíā).

Et por ende es bona en la arte de cirulgia pora tirar los hueſſos q́ ſó q́brados en los cuerpos delos oḿs por llaga o por quebrátadura.

And there it is good in the art of surgery for pulling the bones that are broken in people's bodies due to a wound or a breaking.


huesso

Ladino: gueso

Spanish: hueso

From Latin ossum, alternative form of os, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁.

Et por ende es bona en la arte de cirulgia pora tirar los hueſſos q̃ ſõ q̃brados en los cuerpos delos om̃s por llaga o por quebrátadura.

Idem, f. 64r.
Et la su forma es deſta guisa. que de la part que ſe tiene con el hueſſo es llana ⁊ dela parte de fuera contral cuero es alta ⁊ redonda.

And its shape is in this manner: the part held against the bone is flat, and the outside part, [the part] held against the skin, is tall and rounded.


seys

Spanish: seis

From Latin sex, from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs.

[…] pero ella no nasce si non en la tierra que es seys meses dia ⁊ seys noche.

[…] but it occurs only in the land where it is six months daytime and six nighttime.


nieue

Spanish: nieve

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *nevis, from Latin nix (“snow”).

De color es muy blanca tanto q̃ ſemeia pedaço de nieue elada ⁊ no a claridat ni la paſſa el uiso.

It is very white in color, so that is looks like a piece of frozen snow; and it has no transparency, nor can one see through it.

Idem, f. 96r.
Et la uertud della es atal q̃ si la puſierẽ en logar do fazẽ danno lluuias o nieues, tuelle lo.

And one of its virtues is such that if were placed where the rain or the snow cause harm, it stops it.


lagrema

Ladino: lágrima

Spanish: lágrima

Et los fiſicos daquella tierra queman este algodon ⁊ fazen lo poluos ⁊ meten los en los oios por q́ tuelle la lagrema ⁊ toda la humidat que a en ellos.

And physicians from that land burn this cotton and turn it into a dust they use on the eyes, because it removes tears and all the moisture from them.


jargonça

Spanish: jargonza

DEla primera faz del ſigno piſces es la piedra q̃ a nombre iargõça uermeia.

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 100r.:

Of the first facet of the sign of Pisces is a stone called red zircon.

Ivpiter a poder sobre la piedra que a nõbre jargonça amariella.

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 102v.:

Jupiter has power over the stone called yellow zircon.

A variety of zircon regarded as a gemstone.


yesso

Spanish: yeso

From Latin gypsum, from Ancient Greek γύψος (gúpsos).

DEl .xxv. grado del ſigno de capricornio, es la piedra aque dizen del yeſſo. Piedra es blanda ⁊ de color blãca ⁊ ligera de quebrantar.

Of the twenty-fifth degree of the sign of Capricorn is the stone they call gypsum. It is a soft stone, white in color, and easy to break apart.


migero

Spanish: mijero

From Latin mīlliārium (“mile, milestone”), from mīlle (“one thousand”).

c. 1250: Alfonso X, f. 17v.
Et çerca daq̃lla yſla que es aſſi llamada ay logar poro pueden yr a pie doze migeros por la oriella dela mar.

And near the island with that name there is a place where they can go twelve miles on foot by the seashore.

Idem, Lapidario, f. 83v.
[…] ⁊ dond ell comiença a correr faſta do entra en la mar, a dozientos migeros.

[…] and from where it starts running to where it enters the sea, there are two hundred miles.


bellinno

Spanish: beleño

Et ſu uertud ſe mueſtra contra los otros toſſicos. ſi non contra aquellos que naſcen de tierra. por que ſon de natura frios. aſſi como mandragoras. o bellinno, o otras coſas que ſon daquella natura.

And its virtue is shown against the other poisons, those that sprout from the earth, because they are cold by nature; such as mandrakes, or henbane or other things of that nature.

Hyoscyamus niger
Hyoscyamus niger#Translingual


enzia

Spanish: encía

From Latin gingīva. According to Corominas and Pascual, also attested as enziva, cf. Asturian enxiva~xenxiva.

Eſta piedra preſta mucho al podrimiento delos dientes ⁊ delas enzias. ⁊ mata los guſanos que se fazen en ellos. ⁊ faz los blancos & fremoſos.

This stone is very good for the rotting of the teeth and gums. And it kills the worms that form in [teeth], and it makes them white and beautiful.


cornelina

Spanish: cornalina

From Old French corneline, ultimately from Latin cornus (“cornel”).

DEl ſeſto grado del ſigno de capricornio, es la piedra aque llaman alaaquic en griego. ⁊ en latí cornelina. Eſta es de color uermeia que tira ya quanto a amariello.

Of the sixth degree of the sign of Capricorn is the stone which they call alaaquic in Greek, and carnelian in Latin. It is red in color, but tends to be somewhat yellow.

Idem, f. 104v.
Cornelina es otroſſi la quarta piedra de las del ſol.

Carnelian is also the fourth stone of those of the sun.


bresca

Spanish: bresca

Clamaron caſado de iſŕl ſo nóbre magna caera como ſemẏent de culantro blanco. E ſo ſabor como breſcas de myel

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r:

The house of Israel gave it the name manna, because it was like the seed of white coriander, and its taste like that of honeycombs.


cannamo

Spanish: cáñamo

From Late Latin cannabum, alternative form of Latin cannabis, from Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis).

Et ſi coxierẽ della una poca en mucha dagua. ⁊ metieren y algun panno delos q́ se fazen delas coſas q́ nacen de la tierra aſſi como lino. o cannamo. o algodon, tinnel de color doro muy fremoſo.

And if they take a little of it for a lot of water and they submerge in it a cloth of the ones made from the things that sprout from the earth, such as flax, hemp or cotton, it dyes it a very beautiful golden color.


orebze

Spanish: oribe, orebce

From Latin aurificem, accusative of aurifex, from aurum (“gold”).

Et deſta piedra uſan mucho los orebzes, o aquellos que quierẽ el oro apurar.

And goldsmiths make good use of this stone, as do those seeking to purify gold.

Idem, 117v.
Et dellas ya q̃ ſon de color doro. ⁊ otras que de plata. / Et los orebzes la meten en eſtos dos metales por que los adoba mucho.

And, as some of these [stones] are the color of gold and others that of silver, jewelers pair them with these two metals because it adjusts them well.

a jeweler who works with gold and silver; a goldsmith or silversmith


rennon

Spanish: riñón

From Vulgar Latin *rēniō, from Latin rēn.

c. 1250: Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 56r.

Et ſu uertud es atal. que qui beue della peſo de media dragma, q́branta la piedra que ſe faze en la uexiga o en el rennon.

And its virtue is such that he who drinks of it the wright of one drachma, it shatters the stone that forms in the bladder or the kidney.

Idem, f. 102r.
[…] ſana la piedra que ſe faze en la uexiga. o en los rennones. ¬ la quemazon que uiene por goteamiento dela orina.
[…] it heals the stone that forms in the bladder and the kidneys, and the burning caused by the dripping of urine.


aljofar

Spanish: aljófar

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic الجوهر (al-jawhar), from Arabic جَوْهَر (jawhar), from Persian گوهر (gowhar, “jewel, gem, pearl”).

der

DEl onzeno grado del ſigno de aries, es la piedra a q̃ llaman aliofar. Eſta es de ſu natura caliente ⁊ ſeca. Et fallan la en muchas partes que ſon, en la grand mar que çerca el mũdo enderredor en unas conchas muy grandes en que ſe crian ellas deſta guisa. […]

Of the eleventh degree of the sign of Aries is the stone they call pearl. It is warm and dry in nature. It is found in many places in the open sea all around the world, inside very large clams, inside of which they form in this manner; […]

Idem, f. 114r.
Aldardemuz a nombre en griego. la decima piedra de la .A. / Eſta a color de fierro. ⁊ quando la fregan ſalle ſu fregamiento uermeio. Et con eſta alimpian el alioffar. ⁊ arredondan el uidrio. et eſclarecen las piedras.

Aldardemuz is the Greek name of the tenth stone of the [letter] A. It is the color of iron, and when they wash it the wash is red. And with it they clean pearls, and round off glass and polish stones.


naue

Ladino: nave

Spanish: nave

From Latin nāvis, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us.

Et el tirar que eſta faz, es ſegũd la quantia della ala del fierro que tira aſſi que en tierra de india en el monte o las fallan que es cerca dela mar alas naues que cabo della paſſan tira todos los clauos dellas por fuerça dela parte o eſta la penna aſſi que los faze yr como ſaetas. ⁊ ſi eſtan bien reblados que los non puede eſtender ⁊ ſacar, faze yr las naues contra ſi tan derrezio, que ſe pecian en las pennas ⁊ perecen.

And the pull that it has depends on the amount of it [compared] to the iron it is pulling. So, in the land of India, in the mount where it is found, near the sea, it pulls the nails from the ships that pass it due to its strength in the place where the rock is, so it makes them fly like arrows. And if they are so well nailed in that it cannot reach and draw them, it pulls toward itself the ships with such force that they impact the rock and perish.

Idem, 38r.
Et la eſtrella delantera delas dos que ſõ enel cabo del maſt dela naue a poder en eſta piedra ⁊ della recibe la fuerça ⁊ la uertud.

And the front star of the two that are in the end of the mast of the ship has power over this stone, and it receives from it strength and virtue.


albuhera

Spanish: albufera

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic اَلْبُحَيْرَة (al-buḥayra), from Arabic بُحَيْرَة (buḥayra, “lake”).

[…] en una cueua muy fonda en que a una albuhera quadrada. ⁊ en medio de aquella albuhera aun foyo en que mana agua uerde […]

[…] in a very deep cave in which there is a square pool. And in the middle of that pool there is a hole from which green water wells up […]

Idem, f. 47r.

And they find it in the land they call Azench, on a hillock that is near a bitter pool. And the water of this lagoon is contrary to all others.

Et eſta fallan en la tierra aq́ dizen azench en un otero que es çerca del albuhera azeda Et el agua deſta laguna es contraria de todas las otras.


cirurgiano

Spanish: cirujano

From cirulgia, cirurgia (“surgery”) + -ano.

Et los fiſicos ⁊ los cirurgianos huſan della en los q̃ q̃eren fender o taiar por que non ſientã la dolor.

And physicians and surgeons make use of it on those who they want to cut or slash, so they will not feel the pain.


cochiello

Spanish: cuchillo

From Latin cultellus, diminutive of culter (“knife, razor”).

[…] ⁊ ay dellas tan luengas. que fazen dellas mangos pora cochiellos.

[…] and they can be so elongated that they make handles for knives out of them.


cuchiello

Spanish: cuchillo (see there for further descendants)

→ Aragonese: cuchiello, cochillo

De natura es fria ⁊ humida. Et fazen della mangos pora cuchiello ⁊ pora eſpadas […]

It is cold and damp in nature, and they make handles for knives and swords out of it […]

Idem, 89r.
Et ſi la muelen ⁊ traen los poluos della sobre uaſos o otra manera alguna de plata, o de metal, faz lo claro ⁊ muy fremoſo. ⁊ eſſo miſmo faz alas eſpadas ⁊ alos cuchielos, ⁊ demas aguza los.

And if they grind it and use the dust on cups or other silver or metalware, it makes it shiny and beautiful. And it does the same with swords and knives, and it also sharpens them.


açafran

Spanish: azafrán

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic اَلزَّعْفَرَان (az-zaʕfarān), from Arabic زَعْفَرَان (zaʕfarān).

[…] De color es de açafran ⁊ aun mas tinta. Fendida es. ⁊ por end es ligera de quebrantar, ⁊ mas liuiana de peſo ⁊ ſemeia en ſus maneras toda al armoniaco.

[…] It is the color of saffron, but redder. It is cleft, and therefore easy to break. It is lighter in weight but similar in all ways to sal ammoniac.


Ihesu Xpisto

Spanish: Jesucristo

From Ancient Greek Ἰησοῦς Χριστός (Iēsoûs Khristós, “Jesus Christ”), with the spelling reflecting the Greek letter forms.

bor

Ἰησοῦς Χριστός


ihu xpo

A Christogram and abbreviation of Ihesu Xpisto (“Jesus Christ”). Compare Latin IHS.

Sant pablo q̃ ante auie nõbre ſaulus fue del tribu de beniamin naſcio en iuda e al ſegũdo ãno ap̃s dela paſſiõ de iħu xp̃o […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 79r:

Saint Paul, who before had the name Saul, was of the tribe of Benjamin. He was born in Judah on the second year after the passion of Jesus Christ.

(Christianity) Abbreviation of Ihesu Xpisto.


eglesia

Ladino: iglesia, iglezia

Spanish: iglesia (see there for further descendants)

→ Sabir: iglezia

From Late Latin ecclēsia, from Ancient Greek ἐκκλησία (ekklēsía).

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 78v. col. 2.
Vn poco adelant apar de orient. es elaltar de ſanta trinjdat o la uera .☩. ſolie eſtar. todo es enla egleſia. dentro en el ſepulcro

A little toward the east is the altar of the Holy Trinity, where the True Cross used to be. Everything is in the church, inside the sepulcher.


orcero

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 80r. col. 1.
[…] dixo nr̃o ſẽnnor a ieremias ue a caſa del orcero e ẏ fablare cótigo.

[…] Our Lord said to Jeremiah, go to the potter's house, and I will speak to you there.

Idem, f. 84r. col. 1.
[…] ço es cãpo de ſangre. e ſolie ſeer cãpo de orceros. e ẏ fazien los uaſos de lodo

[…] Thus it is the field of blood, and it used to be the field of potters, and there they made the earthen jugs.


Moysen

Spanish: Moisén

From Ancient Greek Μωϋσῆν (Mōüsên), accusative of Μωϋσῆς (Mōüsês), from Hebrew משה (moshé).

E moẏſen era paſtor ſobre las oueias de ſo ſuegro. E ueno a mõte deẏ oreb. Apparecioſ le nr̃o ſẽnor en la flama del fuego.

c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 12r. col. 2:

And Moses shepherded the sheep of his father-in-law. And [when] he went to Mount Horeb Our Lord appeared to him in the flames of the fire.


tempestat

Spanish: tempestad

From Latin tempestās, tempestātem, based on tempus (“time”).

DEl ſeteno grado del ſigno de tauro es la piedra que tira los hueſſos Et fallan la en la yſla de ſardenna aſſi q̃ quando faz grand tẽpeſtat en la mar, echan las ondas eſtas piedras ala oriella.

Of the seventh degree of the sign of Taurus is the stone that pulls the bones. It is found on the island of Sardinia, so that when there is a great storm at sea, the waves cast these stones onto the shore.


vestidura

Spanish: vestidura

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin vestītūra. By surface analysis, vestir + -dura. Compare Old Occitan vestidura.

inh+

priſierõ la ueſtidura. de ioſeph e degollaron vn cabrito. ⁊ enſangrẽtarõ la en la ſangre.

[Then] they took Joseph's clothing and beheaded a young goat, and bloodied it in its blood.


Criador

veno un ſacerdot ſamaria. e estido ẏ. e demoſtroles cumo temieſſen al criador.

c. 1200, Almerich, w:Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 44v:

[So] a priest came to Samaria, and he dwelt there and showed them how to fear the Creator.

(religion) Creator (title given to the Abrahamic God)


tiempo del verano

osp-noun

tiempo del verano m (usually uncountable)

A compound akin to English summertime, from Old Spanish tiempo (“time; season”) + verano (“summer”).

compound

⁊ quando ſe ſecan en tiempo del uerano, fallan y eſtas piedras.

And when [the cisterns] dry up in the summertime, the stones may be found inside.


Iherusalem

Spanish: Jerusalén

From Late Latin Ierūsalēm, Hierūsalēm, from Ancient Greek Ἰερουσαλήμ (Ierousalḗm), from Biblical Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (Yərūšālayim).

der

יְרוּשָׁלַיִם

Ont te ruego q̃ tu me enbies eſripto en vna carta la faziẽda de vltra mar. E los nõbres de laſ cibdades ⁊ de las tierras como ovierõ nõbre. En latin ⁊ en ebraẏco. equãto a de la vna cibdat ala otra. E las marauẏllas q̃ nr̃o ſẽnor dios fezo en ih̃rl̃m. e en toda la tierra de vltramar.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:

So I pray you send to me written in a latter an account of the Holy Land, and the names of the cities and of the lands and the names they had in Latin and Hebrew, and the distance from one city to the other, and the wonders that Our Lord God worked in Jerusalem and throughout the Holy Land.

Idem, f. 78v.
Detras laujlla de ihrlm al ſol ponjent es monte ſion. ealli fue poblada laçjbdat de ihrlm.

Behind the city of Jerusalem, toward the setting sun, is Mount Zion, and there was established the city of Jerusalem.


ydropisia

Spanish: hidropesía

From Late Latin hydropisia, from Latin hydropisis, from Ancient Greek ὕδρωψ (húdrōps, “edema”), from ὕδωρ (húdōr, “water”). Compare with English dropsy. The word may have been borrowed through Old French ydropisie.

Et dixieron los ſabios en el libro de las piedras que la uerde atal uirtut. que quien la engaſtonare en ſortija. la traxiere conſigo. nõ aura la enfermedat a que dizen ydropiſia.

And in the Book of Stones the wise men claimed that the green stone possesses such virtue that he who mounts it on a ring and has it with him will not suffer from the illness they call dropsy.


rucio

Spanish: rocío

From Latin rōscidus (“dewy”), from rōs (“dew”).

Reſpuſo ẏſaac ⁊ dẏxo. De groſſura de la tierra ⁊ del ruçio ſera tu bẽdicion. De los cieloˢ ſera tu bendicion. Sobre tu eſpada biuras. E ato ermano seruiras. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4r:

Isaac answered and said, “Your blessing shall be away from the fatness of the earth and from the dew. Your blessing shall be away from the heavens. You shall live by the sword and your brother you shall serve. […] ”


ensullo

Spanish: ensullo, enjullo

From Late Latin īnsubulum, from Latin īnsuō (“I sew up”).

é golias era armado ſobre ſo cauallo eſt philiſteo auie de alto .vj. cobdos eun palmo. e auia el ẏelmo de azero. ela loriga peſaua .v. mil libras. e el aſta de ſue mano era tan grueſſa cuemo el enſullo del texedor el fierro peſaua .dc. peſas.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

And Goliath was armed on his horse. This Philistine was six cubits and a span in height, and he had a bronze helmet, and his coat of mail weighed five thousand shekels, and the shaft in his hand was as thick as a weaver's beam; the iron [point] weighed six hundred shekels.


Caym

Spanish: Caín

de lãt ebrõ mato caẏm a abel ſo ermano.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v:

It was outside Hebron that Cain killed his brother Abel.


tierra de promission

Spanish: tierra de promisión

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v.
allẏ en ebrõ. vinierõ las eſpias. del deſierto de faram. a tierra de promiſſion. Caleph. ⁊ ioſue. eſſos .x. cõpãneros.

The spies went there, from the desert of Paran, to Hebron, the Promised Land. Caleb, Joshua and their ten companions.


Remont

Spanish: Ramón (partially)

From an Old French form such as Raimund or Reimund.

El mẏo ſėnor don remont. arçobispo de Toledo.

My Lord Don Remont, archbishop of Toledo.

a male given name, equivalent to English Raymond


Domingos

Spanish: Domingo

a male given name from Latin, equivalent to English Dominic


putana

Ladino: putana

From Old French putain, from Vulgar Latin putta, from Latin puta, feminine of putus (“boy”).

viola iuda cubierta e nola cõnoçio. E cuedo q̃ era putana. E dixol ẏaz comẏgo ⁊ dẏxo ella q̃ me daras. Acordarõ ſe q̃l dieſſe uncabrito e diol pẽnos ſo anẏello. Ela cinta q̃ cinnẏa. E el blago q̃ tenẏa. en su mano.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6r:

Judah saw her covered and did not recognize her, and he thought she was a prostitute. And he said to her, “Lay with me”, and she replied, “What will you give me?” They agreed he would give her a young goat, and he pledged her his ring and his girdle and the staff he had in his hand.


cabanna

Spanish: cabaña

→ English: cabana

From Late Latin capanna, perhaps from Latin canaba.

⁊ ſalẏos fueras de la cibdat e fizo una cabãna en q̃ eſtido ala ſõbra.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38r:

And he went outside the city and made a shelter and sat in its shade.


Ysaac

Spanish: Isaac

From Latin Isaac, from Ancient Greek Ἰσαάκ (Isaák), from Hebrew יצחק (Yiṣḥāq).

Reſpuſo ẏſaac ⁊ dẏxo. De groſſura de la tierra ⁊ del ruçio ſera tu bẽdicion. De los cieloᷤ ſera tu bendicion. Sobre tu eſpada biuras. E ato ermano seruiras. […]