metal

Spanish: metal

Borrowed with apocope from Latin metallum, from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon).

Et es grand marauilla que el fierro que uence todos los otros metales por fortaleza que a en ſi uence lo eſta piedra por ſu ṕṕedat.

And it is a great marvel that iron, which defats all other metals due to the strength it has, is defeated by this stone due to its property.

Idem, f. 21v.
Et otroſſi ſi lo mezclan con eſtanno torna negro. ⁊ ſi con plata lo mezclan recibe la blancura della ⁊ aſſi faz con cada metal.

And also, if they mix it with tin it becomes black, and if they mix it with silver it receives whiteness from it, and likewise with every metal.


olla

Spanish: olla

From Latin ōllam, accusative singular of ōlla.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r. a.
Qvãdo ſeyemos ſobre las ollas de la carne & comyemos pã afartura.

When we sat by the pots of meat and ate bread until we were satiated.


espada

Spanish: espada

From Latin spatham, accusative of spatha, from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “blade”).

Myo çid Ruy diaz el que en buẽ ora çinxo eſpada
My Cid, Ruy Díaz, who at a good time he girded himself with a sword (common epithet of the Cid)

between 1140 and 1207, Anonymous (or Per Abbat), Cantar de mío Cid 58

De natura es fria & humida / Et fazen della mangos pora cuchiello & pora eſpadas

It is cold and damp in nature, and they make handles for knives and swords out of it

la uertud dela figura de om̃e cauallero ſobre un leon, & que tenga en la mano dieſtra eſpada deſnuda, & en la ſinieſtra cabeça de om̃e

the virtue of the figure of a knightly man riding a lion, with an unsheathed sword at his right hand and the head of a man at his left hand


carro

desctree

Spanish: carro
→ Cebuano: karo
→ Tagalog: karo

Inherited from Latin carrus, borrowed from Gaulish *karros, from Proto-Celtic *karros, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós, from *ḱers- + *-ós.


mayoral

Spanish: mayoral

[…] e enbẏo amonte libano .lxxx. mil om̃s q̃ taiaſſen madera. e .lxx. mil maçoneros pora la obra de la piedra ſin los maẏorales q̃ les comendauan q̃ auien a fer.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49r:

[…] And he sent to Mount Lebanon eighty thousand men to cut wood and seventy thousand masons for the working of stone, besides the foremen who commanded them what they were to do.


fonda

Spanish: honda

Lidio dd̃ cõ el philiſteo epriſo dd̃ .v. piedras. dela torrient. emetiolas en ſue talega epuſola una enla fonda e diol enla fruente ematol. e vino a el etomo el eſpada. de golias. etaiol la cabeça. el eſpada ela cabeça aduxola aieruſalem.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 47r:

David fought the Philistine. And David took five stones from the stream and put them in his pouch. And he put one in his sling and struck him in the forehead and killed him. And he approached him and took Goliath's sword and cut off his head. And the sword and the head he brought to Jerusalem.


guitarra

Spanish: guitarra

Borrowed from Arabic قِيثَارَة (qīṯāra), borrowed from Aramaic קיתרא, borrowed from Ancient Greek κῐθᾰ́ρᾱ (kithárā). Doublet of cedra.

Aurás por encuentro la companya de los proffectas deuallantes de la altura, et delant ellos es el salterio et la viola et la guitarra et la rabeua

1376–c. 1396, Juan Fernández de Heredia, “De la informacion, insstruccion ho establimiento et començamiento de religion” (chapter 76), in [Rams de Flores o Libro de Actoridades], page 164c; republished as Conrado Guardiola Alcover, editor, Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico, 1998, →ISBN, pages 222–223:


arquero

Spanish: arquero

From Late Latin arcārius, alteration of arcuārius, from Latin arcus (“bow”).

[…] ⁊ alcaçáron los phẏliſteos a ſaul. E mataró le .iij. fijos e aionata ⁊ amẏnadab e melchẏſſue cóſiguẏeron los arq́ros a ſaul e fue el mal có ellos […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 32v:

[…] And the Philistines overtook Saul and killed his three sons, Jonathan, Abinadab and Malki-Shua. The archers found Saul and he fared not well with them. […]

Idem, f. 42r.
fueró ala batalla a ramot galaad. e demudos el Rey de ſus armas. e entros ala batalla. e tirol .j. arq́ro. e firiol entrela loriga elas brafoneras.

And they went up to the battle at Remoth Gilead. And the king disguised his armor and went into battle. And an archer shot him and wounded him between the cuirass and arm braces.


oliera

E dixo ella biua el ſẽnor dios q̃ no e pan ſi nõ un poco de farina en la tinẏella. E un poco de olẏo ẽna olẏera e q̃ero coger .ij. lẽnos e fer lo e pora mi q̃ comamos ⁊ nõ^([sic]) muramos

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 38r:

And she said, “As the Lord God lives, I have no bread, but only some flour in a jar and a little oil in an oil jug. And I want to gather a couple of logs and make it for myself, that we may eat it and not die”.


fierro

Ladino: fierro

Spanish: fierro, hierro

Papiamentu: heru

Et aun a otra ꝑpriedat que el uidrio la obedece ⁊ tiral aſſi como la aymante tira el fierro.

And yet another property is that glass obeys it and it pulls it, just like the magnet attracts iron.


segur

Spanish: segur

From Latin secūris, related to secō (“I cut”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese segur.

pues quãdo frago ſalomon la caſa maẏlla. ni segur ni nulla ferramienta no ẏ fue aẏuda en la caſa del criador.

Now when Solomon built the house, [no] hammer, nor axe nor any iron tool was heard there, in the house of the Creator.


talega

Spanish: talega

From Andalusian Arabic تَعْلِيقَة (taʕlīqa, “something hung, suspended”).


loriga

Spanish: loriga

From Latin lōrīca, perhaps from lōrum (“leather strap”).

fuerõ ala batalla a ramot galaad. e demudos el Rey de ſus armas. e entros ala batalla. e tirol .j. arq̃ro. e firiol entrela loriga elas brafoneras.


aramne

Spanish: alambre (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin *arāmen, variant of Late Latin aerāmen, derived from Latin aer-.

c1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 63r. a.
e uj vn om̃e en ſu catar cuemo aramne. e una cuerda de lino en ſue mano e una canna por meſurar.

And I saw a man in its gateway [whose appearance was] like bronze, with a linen cord and a measuring rod in his hand.

but leave its root, and bind it with iron and bronze to the grass

Idem, f. 66r. a. mas ſu rayz dexa. e ligala con fiero e con aramne en la yerba […]

Idem, ff. 66r. b.-66v. a.

and their wives drank the wine and they worshiped their gods of gold and silver, of bronze, iron, stone and wood.

e ſus mugieres beuiã el uino e loauan a ſos dios de oro e de plata e de aramne e de fiero e de piedra e de madero.


canastiello

desctree

Spanish: canastillo
→ English: canistel (from a dialectal variant)

From Latin canistellum, diminutive of canistrum. Influenced by a perceived derivation from canasto (“basket”) + -iello.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 6v. col. 2.
dixo ſõnaua q̃ tenẏa / .iij. canaſtiellos. blãcos ſobre / mẏ cabeça. en el canaſtiello ſu / ſano auẏa del comer de phara / on. E las aues del cielo comien / del canaſtiello ſobre mẏ. cabeça / dixo iosep eſtos tres canaſtiellos / Tres dias sõ.

he said: "I dreamt I had three white baskets on my head, and on the uppermost basket was all that which the pharaoh ate, and the birds of the sky ate from the basket upon my head." Joseph said: "These three baskets represent three days […]."


escudiella

Spanish: escudilla

From Latin scutella, diminutive of scutra (“platter, flat dish”).

Et por end los daquella tierra fazẽ uaſos ⁊ eſcudiellas della en que tienen ſus comeres.

And therefore the people of that land make cups and bowls from it in which to have their meals.

Idem, 83r.
[…] calderas & ollas en q̃ adoban de comer. ⁊ eſcudiellas ⁊ uaſos en q̃ comen & beuẽ.

[…] cauldrons and pots which they use to cook, and bowls and cups from which they eat and drink.


martiello

Spanish: martillo

From Late Latin martellus, itself a diminutive of martulus, variant of Latin marculus, or alternatively based on malleus.

[…] aſſi como el clauo quandol fieren con martiello.

[…] just like a nail when it is struck with a hammer.

[…] and should they make from that silver a hammer and anvil and strike it with that hammer where there are birds […]

Idem, f. 52v. […] ⁊ fizierẽ daquella plata martiello ⁊ raque ⁊ firieren con aquel martiello ſobrella en logar do aya aues […]


ladriello

→ Basque: adreilu

Spanish: ladrillo

From *ladre, itself from Latin later (“brick”), + -iello.

La una que es de ladriellos q̃mados de que no conuiene que fablemos ⁊ la otra es de minera de que q̃remos fablar en eſte libro.

One, which comes from burnt bricks, we will not speak of; but the other, which comes from a mine, we want to speak of in this book.


estanno

Spanish: estaño

From Latin stannum (“silver-tin alloy, tin”), of Celtic origin.

Et otroſſi ſi lo mezclan con eſtanno torna negro. ⁊ ſi con plata lo mezclan recibe la blancura della ⁊ aſſi faz con cada metal.

And also, if they mix it with tin it becomes black, and if they mix it with silver it receives whiteness from it, and likewise with every metal.


naue

Ladino: nave

Spanish: nave

From Latin nāvis, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us.

Et el tirar que eſta faz, es ſegũd la quantia della ala del fierro que tira aſſi que en tierra de india en el monte o las fallan que es cerca dela mar alas naues que cabo della paſſan tira todos los clauos dellas por fuerça dela parte o eſta la penna aſſi que los faze yr como ſaetas. ⁊ ſi eſtan bien reblados que los non puede eſtender ⁊ ſacar, faze yr las naues contra ſi tan derrezio, que ſe pecian en las pennas ⁊ perecen.

And the pull that it has depends on the amount of it [compared] to the iron it is pulling. So, in the land of India, in the mount where it is found, near the sea, it pulls the nails from the ships that pass it due to its strength in the place where the rock is, so it makes them fly like arrows. And if they are so well nailed in that it cannot reach and draw them, it pulls toward itself the ships with such force that they impact the rock and perish.

Idem, 38r.
Et la eſtrella delantera delas dos que ſõ enel cabo del maſt dela naue a poder en eſta piedra ⁊ della recibe la fuerça ⁊ la uertud.

And the front star of the two that are in the end of the mast of the ship has power over this stone, and it receives from it strength and virtue.


cochiello

Spanish: cuchillo

From Latin cultellus, diminutive of culter (“knife, razor”).

[…] ⁊ ay dellas tan luengas. que fazen dellas mangos pora cochiellos.

[…] and they can be so elongated that they make handles for knives out of them.


cuchiello

Spanish: cuchillo (see there for further descendants)

→ Aragonese: cuchiello, cochillo

De natura es fria ⁊ humida. Et fazen della mangos pora cuchiello ⁊ pora eſpadas […]

It is cold and damp in nature, and they make handles for knives and swords out of it […]

Idem, 89r.
Et ſi la muelen ⁊ traen los poluos della sobre uaſos o otra manera alguna de plata, o de metal, faz lo claro ⁊ muy fremoſo. ⁊ eſſo miſmo faz alas eſpadas ⁊ alos cuchielos, ⁊ demas aguza los.

And if they grind it and use the dust on cups or other silver or metalware, it makes it shiny and beautiful. And it does the same with swords and knives, and it also sharpens them.


brafonera

Spanish: brafonera

Perhaps from Old French braon (“slice of meat”) + -era.

fueró ala batalla a ramot galaad. e demudos el Rey de ſus armas. e entros ala batalla. e tirol .j. arq́ro. e firiol entrela loriga elas brafoneras.

And they went up to the battle at Remoth Gilead. And the king disguised his armor and went into battle. And an archer shot him and wounded him between the cuirass and arm braces.


tiniella

E dixo ella biua el ſẽnor dios q no e pan ſi nõ un poco de farina en la tinẏella. E un poco de olẏo ẽna olẏera e q̃ero coger .ij. lẽnos e fer lo e pora mi q̃ comamos ⁊ nõ muramos

And she said, “As the Lord God lives, I have no bread, but only some flour in a jar and a little oil in an oil jug. And I want to gather a couple of logs and make it for myself, that we may eat it and die”.


vasiella

Probably borrowed from Old Aragonese or Old Catalan, from Late Latin vāscella, plural of vāscellum, from Latin vāsculum, diminutive of vās (“vessel, container”). The term only appears in the Fazienda de Ultramar, a text full of Aragonese and Catalan forms. Compare modern Spanish vajilla.

Todo lo que auia. y metio zorobabel. e ſos conpãneros por mandado de cyrus reẏ de ꝑſia toda la uaſiella de oro q̃ fizo el rey ſalomõ pora lacaſa del c̃ador.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76r:

All that was there had been placed by Zerubbabel and his company by command of Cyrus, King of Persia; all the vessels of gold that King Solomon had made for the House of the Creator.

a collection of vessels, dishes, fonts and other containers


estrumento

From Latin īnstrūmentum (“instrument, tool”), from īnstruō (“I build, construct”).

[…] agora ſet adobados q́ qualora los eſtrumentos oyerdes echar uos edes e humillar uos edes ala ymagen del oro q́ fiz e ſi non la adorardes ſeredes metudos en el fuego del camino ardient e qual es el dios q́ uos puda enparar de mj mano

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 65v:

“ […] Now be ready, for at the time you hear the instruments you will prostrate yourselves and humble yourselves before the image of gold I have made. But should you not worship it, you will be cast into the fire of the blazing furnace; and who is the god that can deliver you out of my hand?”


açada

Spanish: azada

From Vulgar Latin *asciāta, from Latin ascia (“axe”).

judgara ẽtre pueblos muchos. e afazara ẏenteſ fuerteſ aluen. etraſtornaran ſuſ eſpadas por açadas. ⁊ ſuslanças por foçeſ. non alçara ẏent contra ẏent eſpada. enõ aura mas batalla.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 72v:

He will judge between many peoples and arbitrate [between] strong people from afar. And they will reshape their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not raise sword against nation, and there will be no more battle.


maçonero

Spanish: mazonero

From Old French maçon (“mason, builder”) + -ero.

[…] e enbẏo amonte libano .lxxx. mil om̃s q̃ taiaſſen madera. e .lxx. mil maçoneros pora la obra de la piedra ſin los maẏorales q̃ les comendauan q̃ auien a fer.

[…] And he sent to Mount Lebanon eighty thousand men to cut wood and seventy thousand masons for the working of stone, besides the foremen who commanded them what they were to do.