pez

Ladino: peshkado

Spanish: pez

Inherited from Latin piscem, from Proto-Indo-European *peysk-.

[…] ca alli a una laguna q̃ ſe tiene cõ la. en q̃ a unos peces tamannos como un palmo. ⁊ no an eſcama nĩguna.

[…] for in that place there is a pool in which there are large fish, the size of a handspan, and they have no scales whatsoever.

And the northern start of the two that are on the belly of the last fish in the figure of Pisces has power over this stone […]

Idem, f.92r. Et la eſtrella meridional de las dos que ſon en el uientre del pez poſtrimero en la figura de piſces a poder en eſta piedra […]


mosquito

Spanish: mosquito (see there for further descendants)

From mosca (“fly”) + -ito (diminutive suffix).

af

[…] ſera aguardado del danno delos moſquitos. ⁊ de todas maneras de moſcas que seã pozonadas o mordedores. / Et eſto es mas deſcendiẽdo ſobreſta piedra la ũtud de fig̃a de moſq̃to, o de alguna deſtas otras moſcas que dixiemos.

[…] he will be kept from the harm of mosquitos and all manners of flies that are venomous or that bite. And this will happen more when over this stone descends the virtue of the figure of the mosquito, or that of another one of the flies we mentioned.


arbor

desc

Ladino: arvolé, arvol, árvol, arvole, árvole

desctree

Spanish: árbol, árbor (obsolete)
→ Basque: arbola
→ Cebuano: arbol
→ Sicilian: àrbulu, àrvulu (possibly)

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v. b.
ally delãt ebrõ. es mõt mãbre. e ouo y grãt arbor. e fue enzina. ala rayz daq̃l arbor estaua abraã.

There, past Hebron, is the hill Mamre, where there was a great oak tree. Abraham was [sitting] on the root of that tree.

And you shall defeat all cities and fortified towns, and fell all the good trees, and seal all the springs of water and ruin all the good pieces of land.

Idem, f. 42v. b. e crebantaredes todas cibdades en caſtelladas entodos los arbores fermoſos todas las fontanas del agua cerraredes. entodas las buenas señas abatredes […]


osso

Spanish: oso, osso (obsolete), joso (New Mexico)
→ Yaqui: hooso

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *orssos
Latin ursus
Old Spanish osso
From Vulgar Latin *ussus, from Latin ursus.

etymon

Et las dos eſtrellas la que es poſtrimera delas dos q́ ſon en el ombro del oſſo.

And of the two stars, the one that is the furthest of the two that are the bear's haunch.

Idem, 96v.
[…] ⁊ no fazen danno en el logar do ella ſouiere leones ni oſſos. ni otros bestiglos malos

[…] and where it were placed, no lions, bears or other foul beasts would be dangerous.


dragon

Spanish: drago, dragón (see there for further descendants)

From Latin dracōnem, accusative of dracō, from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn).

Et eſto faz deſcẽdiẽdo ſobrella la uertud de fig̃a de om̃e cubierto duna ſauana. ⁊ cauallero ſobre un dragõ ⁊ teniẽdo en ſu mano dieſtra una lãça.

And it does this when over it descends the virtue of the figure of a man covered with a sheet, and a knight riding a dragon with a spear in his right hand.

Idem, f. 118v.
Et es de la manera de las piedras ſeelladas. que los antigos gardauan. / Et presta pora echar los dragones. ⁊ las ſirpientes. de los lugares.

And it is akin to the sealed stones that the ancients kept. And it is good for expelling dragons and snakes from any place.


langosta

Spanish: langosta

From Vulgar Latin lacusta, from Latin locusta, lōcusta.

Clamo amoẏſẽ ⁊ a pharaon. e dixo peq̃ al ur̃o ſẽnor dios. Rogat por mi q̃ me ꝑdone eſta uez ſola. E riedre deſobre my eſta muert. Rogo moiſen al nr̃o ſẽnor. ⁊ veno uiẽto de fauõno ⁊ echo toda la langoſta en la mar.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 15r:

Pharaoh called Moses and said, “I have sinned against your Lord God. Pray that He forgive me just this once, and that He remove this death from over me.” [So] Moses prayed to our Lord, and the west wind came and cast all the locusts into the sea.


mosca

Ladino: moshka (Latin spelling), מושקה (Hebrew spelling)

Spanish: mosca

Et ſi tomaren cinco moſcas o ſiete ⁊ les tollieren las cabeças ⁊ las machucaren con eſta piedra. ⁊ las puſieren ſobre la ferida dela bieſpa, ſana luego ⁊ faz perder la dolor.

And if the took five flies, or seven, and they took their heads and crushed them with this stone, and they put them on a wasp sting, it would then heal it and alleviate the pain.


leon

head

leon m (plural leones, feminine singular leona, feminine plural leonas)

leones (plural)
leona (feminine singular)
leonas (feminine plural)

desctree

Spanish: león
→ Bikol Central: leon, leyon
→ Guaraní: leõ
→ Kapampangan: leon
→ Papiamentu: leon
→ Quechua: liyun

From Latin leōnem, singular accusative of leō, from Ancient Greek λέων (léōn).

[…] cõ leõ ſe leuantara e con leona ſe alcara nos echara faſta q̃ coma. rabadura e ſangre de matados breura.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, 25r:

“ […] Like a lion it shall rise up and like a lioness it shall lift itself up. It shall not lie down until it eats prey, and the blood of those slain it shall drink.”

Et por ende a tal p̃priedat eſta piedra q̃ el q̃ la trae obedecẽ le los leones aſſi q̃ los puede tomar a manos ⁊ nol fará mal por q̃ el leó q̃ndo la uee pierde toda la fuerça ⁊ nõ a en ſi poder.

And such is the property of this stone that lions will obey he who bears it, so that he can touch them with his hands and they will not harm him, for when he sees it the lion loses all its strength and has in him no power.


af

Et q̃ deſcẽda ſobreſta piedra la uertud de om̃e q̃ tẽga en la mano dieſtra lança ⁊ en la ſinieſtra un af traſtornada.

And may there descend over this stone the virtue of the man holding a spear in his right hand and an upturned bird in his left hand.


cebolla

Ladino: sevoya

Spanish: cebolla (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Late Latin cēpulla, diminutive of Latin cēpa. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese cebola.

Et a tal propriedat que ſi la meten en çumo de cebollas, pierde aquella uertud que dixiemos que a de quaiar el argent uiuo.

And its property is such that if it is placed in onion juice, it loses the virtue we said it has, which is setting quicksilver.


abeja

Spanish: abeja

A cabo de dias tornos por préder la ⁊ aplego por ueer o ẏazia el leó muerto. efallo enel cuerpo del leó .j. enſáne dabejas e mẏel : crebátolo có ſus manos ⁊ comẏo

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 82r:

After some days he returned to take her, and he approached to see where the dead lion lay. And he found in the lion's carcass a swarm of bees and honey. He broke it with his hands and ate.


madera

Spanish: madera

From Latin māteria, from māter (“source”, literally “mother”). Compare Old Galician-Portuguese madeira.

[…] e enbẏo amonte libano .lxxx. mil om̃s q̃ taiaſſen madera. e .lxx. mil maçoneros pora la obra de la piedra ſin los maẏorales q̃ les comendauan q̃ auien a fer.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 49r:

[…] And he sent to Mount Lebanon eighty thousand men to cut wood and seventy thousand masons for the working of stone, besides the foremen who commanded them what they were to do.


mula

Spanish: mula
→ Ayutla Mixtec: mula
→ Taos: mùloʼóna
→ Zacatepec Chatino: mùlyā
 (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *mukslos
Latin mūlus
Latin -a
Latin mūla
Old Spanish mula
From Latin mūla, feminine of mūlus (“mule”).

etymon

E dixo acab a abdias ue ala tr̃a por las fontanas todas de las tr̃as ⁊ por las torriẽtes quiçab trobaremos yerba ont biuan los cauallos elas mulas e nõ p̃damos las beſtias.

13th century, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, page 38vb:

And Ahab said to Obadiah, “Go into the land to every fountain throughout the land and to the brooks. Perhaps we will find grass on which the horses and mules can live, that we may not lose the beasts.”


asno

head

asno m (plural asnos, feminine singular asna, feminine plural asna)

asnos (plural)
asna (feminine singular)
asna (feminine plural)

Ladino: azno

desctree

Spanish: asno
→ Cebuano: asno
→ Classical Nahuatl: axnoh
→ Tagalog: asno

Nõ cobdicies coſa de to uezino. Ni cobdicies mugier de to proximo. Nẏ ſu mãceba. ny ſo bueẏ. ni ſo aſno. Ni su mula. Ni nulla coſa de to vezino.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 18v:

Do not covet your neighbor's goods. Nor covet your neighbor's wife, nor his female servant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, nor his mule, nor any other thing that belongs to your neighbor.

Idem, f. 36r.
Job fue much rich õe e ouo .v. fijos. ⁊ .iij. fijas. ⁊ ouo .mil. ouejas. ⁊ .iij. mil. camellos. ⁊ .d. iugos de bueẏes. ⁊ .v. mil aſnas.

Job was a very rich man. And he had five sons and three daughters. And he owned a thousand sheep and three thousand camels and five hundred yoke of oxen and five thousand donkeys.


ximia

From Latin simia. Compare Modern Spanish simio.

La ximia, si pariere dos fijos, al uno aborreçe & al otro quiere bien

1350, anonymous author, edited by María Teresa Herrera and María Nieves Sánchez, Traducción de la "Historia de Jerusalem abreviada" de Jacobo de Vitriaco, Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca, published 2000:

The female monkey, if it brought forth two children, one is abandoned and one is loved


camello

Ladino: kameyo (Latin spelling)

Spanish: camello

From Vulgar Latin *camēllus, from Latin camēlus (additional /l/ due to influence from the ending -ĕllus, which did not however change the stressed vowel), from Ancient Greek κάμηλος (kámēlos).

Catarõ ⁊ vierõ vna requa de paganos de los de ẏſmael. E vinien de galaat cõ ſos camellos cargados de mercaduras e ẏuã a egipto

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:

They looked up and saw a pagan caravan, of those of Ishmael. And they were coming from Gilead with their camels loaded with goods, and they were headed to Egypt.


buey

Ladino: buey

Spanish: buey

From Latin bovem. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese boi and Old French buef.

Nó cobdicies coſa de to uezino. Ni cobdicies mugier de to proximo. Nẏ ſu máceba. ny ſo bueẏ. ni ſo aſno. Ni su mula. Ni nulla coſa de to vezino.


mandragora

Spanish: mandrágora

From Medieval Latin mandragorās, from Ancient Greek μανδραγόρᾱς (mandragórās).

Et ſu uertud ſe mueſtra contra los otros toſſicos. ſi non contra aquellos que naſcen de tierra. por que ſon de natura frios. aſſi como mandragoras. o bellinno, o otras coſas que ſon daquella natura.

(Can we date this quote?), (Please provide the book title or journal name):

And its virtue is shown against the other poisons, those that sprout from the earth, because they are cold by nature; such as mandrakes, or henbane or other things of that nature.


biuora

Spanish: víbora

From Latin vīpera. If the spelling is taken at face value, it may imply metathesis of the original b and v.

Et ningun om̃e non puede llegar o naſce aquel ryo por que ay muchas ſirpientes ⁊ otras beſtias pozonadas de muchas maneras. ⁊ alli ſon las biuoras que matan ſola miente dela uiſta.

And no one can reach the place where that river has its source, for there are many snakes and many kinds of venomous beasts, and snakes that are able to kill with their sight.

Idem, f. 23r.
[…] Et aun a otra uertud q́ si la traen por la mordedura de la biuora, sana.
And it has yet another virtue, that if they rub it over a snake bite, it heals.


almendra

Ladino: almendra

Spanish: almendra
→ Chavacano: almendra

From Vulgar Latin, from Latin amygdala, from Ancient Greek ἀμυγδάλη (amugdálē).

[…] E fizierõ aſi fijos de iſrꝉ eotro dia floreçio el blago de aaron ⁊ leuo almẽdras.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 23r:

[…] And so they did the children of Israel. And on the next day the staff of Aaron blossomed and bore almonds.


liebre

Spanish: liebre
→ Tagalog: liyebre

[…] pero la gente daq̃lla tierra o ella es mas fallada, llaman le la piedra dela liebre, por eſta razon. q̃ en aquel logar o entra el grand ryo del nilo en la mar medio terrana, cria ſe y un animal que ſemeia en ſus miembros ⁊ en todas ſus fayciones ala liebre de tierra. ⁊ por endel llaman liebre marina.

[…] but the people of that land, where it is most found, call it the stone of the hare for this reason; that in that place, where the great river Nile enters the Mediterranean Sea, there breeds an animal that is similar in its limbs and all of its features to the land hare, and thus they call it a marine hare.


golondrina

Spanish: golondrina

From a metathetic alteration of Latin hirundinem, accusative of hirundō, with addition of the diminutive suffix -ina.

DEl dizenoueno grado del ſigno de gemini, es la piedra de la golondrina. Et es una delas preciadas piedras que a entre todas aq́llas que se fazen en los animales. Et qui la quiſiere fallar, deue tomar el primero pollo que faze la golondrina en el anno. […]

Of the nineteenth degree of the sign of Gemini is the stone of the swallow. And it is one of the most valued of the stones that form within animals. And he who wishes to find it must take the first chick born to a swallow during the year. […]


algodon

Spanish: algodón
→ Bikol Central: algodon
→ Chavacano: algodon
→ Hiligaynon: algodon
→ Tagalog: algodon

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic قطن (quṭun), from Arabic قُطُن (quṭun).

bor+

Et los fiſicos daquella tierra queman este algodon ⁊ fazen lo poluos ⁊ meten los en los oios por q̃ tuelle la lagrema ⁊ toda la humidat que a en ellos.

And physicians from that land burn this cotton and turn it into a dust they use on the eyes, because it removes tears and all the moisture from them.


buho

Spanish: búho

[…] la uertud de figura de mugier q́ ua antella un ninno. ⁊ tiene ſolos pies un buho, ⁊ ſobre ſu cabeça eſtas figuras de letras.

[…] the virtue of the figure of a woman and a child before her, and under her feet an owl, and over her head the shapes of these letters.


culantro

Ladino: kulantro

Spanish: cilantro

English: cilantro

From Late Latin coliandrum, from Latin coriandrum (“coriander”), from Ancient Greek κορίανδρον (koríandron).

Clamaron caſado de iſr̃l ſo nõbre magna caera como ſemẏent de culantro blanco. E ſo ſabor como breſcas de myel

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 17r:

The house of Israel gave it the name manna, because it was like the seed of white coriander, and its taste like that of honeycombs.

Coriandrum sativum
Coriandrum sativum#Translingual

coriander, cilantro (Coriandrum sativum)


cabrito

Spanish: cabrito

From cabra (“goat”) + -ito. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese cabrito.

priſierõ la ueſtidura. de ioſeph e degollaron vn cabrito. ⁊ enſangrẽtarõ la en la ſangre. ⁊ enbiarõ la aſo padre q̃ la connocieſſe. e dixieron eſto fallamoˢ

[Then] they took Joseph's clothing and beheaded a young goat, and bloodied it in its blood. And they sent it to their father, that he would recognize it, and said, “We found this.”


escorpion

Spanish: escorpión

From Latin scorpiō, from Ancient Greek σκορπίος (skorpíos).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 23v. b.
enbio el nr̃o ſeñor en el pueblo culuebros e eſcorpiones / a qui mordian los iudios los culuebros

And our Lord sent among the people snakes and scorpions, and here the snakes bit the Jews.


bezerro

Spanish: becerro

From Late Latin becerrus, from Iberian *ribiccu, possibly a metathesis of *(i)bicirru (“chamois”), ultimately borrowed from the same Alpine Proto-Indo-European language that produced Latin ibex and camocis (see English chamois). Compare Latin ībex and Old Galician-Portuguese bezerro.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 2r. a.
e el fue alas bacas. e aduxo vn bezerro tierno. e lech. & mãteca.

then he went where the cows were and brought back a young calf, some milk and curds.

Idem, f. 20v. b.

then the Lord killed many among the people for what they had done with the calf made by Aaron.

e mato el señor del pueblo muchos por lo q̃ fizieron el bezerro q̃ fizo aron


fongo

Spanish: hongo

Et otroſſi presta mucho cõtral toſſico que uiene departe delos fongos.

And it is also useful against the poison that comes from mushrooms.

Idem, f. 50v.
Et es de natura calient ⁊ humida. Et la ſu forma es atal como fongo, ⁊ dend a ella eſte nombre.

And it is warm and damp in nature. And its shape is that of a mushroom, thus the name it has been given.


alhenna

Spanish: alheña

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic حِنَّاء (ḥinnāʔ).

Et ſi deſpues mezclaren aquel uino con alhenna. ⁊ lauaren los cabellos con ello tinnenſe prietos de tintura que nunqua ſe tuelle […]

And if after they should mix that wine with henna and wash their hair with it, it would be dyed a dark color with an unfading dye […]

Lawsonia inermis
Lawsonia inermis#Translingual


figuera

Ladino: figera

⇒ igera

Spanish: higuera

From Latin fīcāria, feminine of fīcārius (“of figs”), from fīcus (“fig”).

judgara ẽtre pueblos muchos. e afazara ẏenteſ fuerteſ aluen. etraſtornaran ſuſ eſpadas por açadas. ⁊ ſuslanças por foçeſ. non alçara ẏent contra ẏent eſpada. enõ aura mas batalla. Sera caſcuno ſo ſu uid. eſoſu figuera.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 72v:

He will judge between many peoples and arbitrate [between] strong people from afar. And they will reshape their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not raise sword against nation, and there will be no more battle. Each one shall be under his vine, and under his fig tree.


aranna

Ladino: aranya

Spanish: araña

Inherited from Latin arāneam, from or akin to Ancient Greek ἀράχνη (arákhnē). Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese aranna.

Et ſu uertud es contra todos los toſſicos delos animales que non ſon mucho empozonados aſſi como arannas ⁊ bieſpas. ⁊ tauanos, ⁊ eſtas coſas menudas atales que naſcen dela tierra.

And its virtue is against all of the venoms of the animals that are not as venomous, such as spiders, and wasps, and gadflies, and small things such as these that are born from the earth.


ensamne

desctree

Spanish: enjambre
→ Northern Puebla Nahuatl: jambre

A cabo de dias tornos por prẽder la ⁊ aplego por ueer o ẏazia el leõ muerto. efallo enel cuerpo del leõ .j. enſãne dabejas e mẏel : crebãtolo cõ ſus manos ⁊ comẏo

After some days he returned to take her, and he approached to see where the dead lion lay. And he found in the lion’s carcass a swarm of bees and honey. So he broke it with his hands and ate.


culuebro

Spanish: culebro

From Vulgar Latin colober, altered from Classical Latin coluber.

c1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 12v. b.
Dixo ael el ſẽnor q̃ es. Eſſo de tu mano Reſpuſo uerga. E dixo echala en tierra echola & fizos culuebro.

The Lord said to him: "What is that in your hand?", and he responded: "a rod", then he said: "cast it down", and so he cast it and it became a serpent.

Idem, f. 23v. b.

and our Lord sent among the people snakes and scorpions / here the snakes bit the Jews

enbio el nr̃o ſeñor en el pueblo culuebros e eſcorpiones / a qui mordian los iudios los culuebros


aguila

Spanish: águila

ela ſemblanca de ſus fazes cuemo fazes de omne e fazes de leó adieſtro atodas quatro. e fazes de buey. De ſiniſtro atodas .iiij. e fazes daguila atodas .iiij.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 62v. a.:

Each of the four had the face of a human being, and on the right side each had the face of a lion, and on the left each had the face of an ox; each also had the face of an eagle.

la primera semeiaua leon e auie alas de aguila ueye que mesauan sus alas e cayen atierra e sobre sos piedes como omne se leuantaua

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 67v. a.:

The first was like a lion, and it had the wings of an eagle. I saw its wings torn off and fall to the ground so that it stood on its feet like a man.


enzina

Spanish: encina

From Vulgar Latin *ilicīna, from Latin īlex (“holm oak”).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v. b.
ally delãt ebrõ. es mõt mãbre. e ouo y grãt arbor. e fue enzina. ala rayz daq̃l arbor estaua abraã.

There, past Hebron, is the hill Mamre, where there was a great holm oak. Abraham was [sitting] on the root of that tree.

Idem, f. 2r. a.
q̃ndo eſtaua abraã ſola enzina ẽ mãbre & vio .iij. barones q̃ paſauan por la carrera.

When Abraham was [sitting] by the holm oak in Mamre he saw three men who were passing nearby.


lagartixa

Spanish: lagartija

Old Galician-Portuguese: lagartixa
Fala: lagartixa, lagartixha (Lagarteiru, Mañegu)
Galician: lagartixa
Portuguese: lagartixa (see there for further descendants)

por lagartixa como offis poꝛ coluebꝛa. ⁊ aſſi ſe diʒẽ offite vnos hereies que tomarõ nõbꝛe de colebꝛa. los quales diʒiã q̃ la ſerpiẽnte en el parayſo ĩtroduxera el cognoſcimiẽto dla vtud

1490, Alfonso de Palencia, “Offiomace”, in Universal vocabulario en latin y en Romance, book 2 (overall work in Latin and Old Spanish), Sevilla: Paulo de Colonia, page 322V, column 2:


palomo

Spanish: palomo

From Latin palumbum, accusative of palumbus, alternative form of palumbēs (“wood pigeon”).

c. 1200: Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 37r. col. 2.
[…] de pues enbio el palomo ⁊ ueno a ora de uieſperas aduxo ramo de olẏua cõ ſus fojas uerdes en su boca

[…] and then he sent out the dove, and it came in the evening with an olive branch with green leaves in its beak.


alacran

Ladino: alakran

Spanish: alacrán

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic, from Arabic عَقْرَب (ʕaqrab, “scorpion”).

[…] preſtal contra contra toda ferida de culuebra o de alacran. o de otra beſtia emponzonada.

[…] it serves against any injury made by a snake or a scorpion, or of any other venomous beast.


culuebra

Spanish: culebra
Chavacano: culebra
Papiamentu: kolebra

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *colŏbra, from Classical Latin colubra, feminine counterpart to coluber (“snake”).

[…] ⁊ lo echaren ala biuora o ala culuebra en la garganta afogaſe luego ⁊ muere.

[…] and should they throw it into the throat of the snake or serpent it would then choke and die.

[…] after the returning of the neck of the snake held by the snake charmer […]

Idem, f. 56r. […] deſpues del retornamiento peſcueço dela culuebra que tiene el encantador dellas […]


sangusuela

Spanish: sanguijuela

From Latin sanguisūga (“leech”) + -uela (diminutive).

[…] ſi la meten en la boca al que a ſanguſuelas en la garganta tira gelas todas aſſi como la aymante tira el fierro.

[…] if they put it in the mouth of one who has leeches in his throat, it attracts them all just like a magnet attracts iron.

Idem, f. 56r.
Et fallan la ſiempre en forma de redoma ⁊ parece dentro en ella figura de ſanguſuela. ⁊ ſi la quebrantan en cada pedaço fallá otro tal.

And they always find it shaped like a vase, and inside it seems to have what looks like a leech, and if they break it, in each piece they find the same.


verdulaga

Spanish: verdolaga

From an Andalusian Arabic alteration of Latin portulāca.

Et ſi la muelen ⁊ la mezclan cõ çumo de uerdulagas. ⁊ lauan la boca cõ ella. Sana las llagas que ſe y fazen ⁊ podrecen […]

And if they grind it and mix it with an extract of purslane and they wash the mouth with it, it heals the wounds that form there and rot […]


bellinno

Spanish: beleño

Et ſu uertud ſe mueſtra contra los otros toſſicos. ſi non contra aquellos que naſcen de tierra. por que ſon de natura frios. aſſi como mandragoras. o bellinno, o otras coſas que ſon daquella natura.

And its virtue is shown against the other poisons, those that sprout from the earth, because they are cold by nature; such as mandrakes, or henbane or other things of that nature.

Hyoscyamus niger
Hyoscyamus niger#Translingual


cannamo

Spanish: cáñamo

From Late Latin cannabum, alternative form of Latin cannabis, from Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis).

Et ſi coxierẽ della una poca en mucha dagua. ⁊ metieren y algun panno delos q́ se fazen delas coſas q́ nacen de la tierra aſſi como lino. o cannamo. o algodon, tinnel de color doro muy fremoſo.

And if they take a little of it for a lot of water and they submerge in it a cloth of the ones made from the things that sprout from the earth, such as flax, hemp or cotton, it dyes it a very beautiful golden color.


ximio

Spanish: jimio

From Latin sīmius, from sīmia (“ape, monkey”), from sīmus (“flat-nosed”), from Ancient Greek σῑμός (sīmós).

Et que deſcenda ſobreſta piedra la uertud de figura de om̃e que lieua dos uacas. ⁊ un ximio ⁊ un oſſo ante ſi.

And when over this stone descends the virtue of the figure of the man who has two cows, a monkey and a bear before him.


castanna

Spanish: castaña (see there for further descendants)

From Latin castaneam, accusative of castanea, from Ancient Greek κᾰ́στᾰνᾰ (kắstănă).

Et es fuerte de quebrantar. ⁊ ay dellas grandes ⁊ dellas pequẽnas p̃o siempre la fallan de figura de castanna.

And it is strong and hard to break. And they can be big and small, but they are always found in the shape of a chestnut.


eleofant

Spanish: elefante

From Old French elefant, olifant, from Latin elephāns, from Ancient Greek ἐλέφᾱς (eléphās).

[…] la enfermedat que dizen del eleofant que es engroſſamiẽto de piernas.

[…] the disease they call of the elephant, which is the thickening of the legs.


elifant

Ladino: איליפ׳אנטי (elefante)

Spanish: elefante
→ Basque: elefante
→ Chol: elefanti
→ Cebuano: elepante
→ Hiligaynon: elepante
→ Quechua: ilijanti
→ Tagalog: elepante
→ Waray-Waray: elepante

From Old French elefant, olifant, from Latin elephāns, from Ancient Greek ἐλέφας (eléphas).

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76v. col. 1.
[…] e fizieron g̃nt batala e ouo muchos elifanteſ. eleazar ermano de judas macabeús fue ferir alefant en el caſtielo e diol cõ el eſpada por el uientre e cayo elifant sobrel ujentre ⁊ matol e aſi murieron amoſ.

[…] and they waged a great battle where there were many elephants. Then Eleazar, the brother of Judas Maccabeus, set out to wound the elephant by the castle, and so he struck its stomach with his sword, whereupon the elephant toppled on top of him, and so they both perished.


biespa

Ladino: bezba, bizba

Spanish: avispa

Et ſu uertud es contra todos los toſſicos delos animales que non ſon mucho empozonados aſſi como arannas ⁊ bieſpas. ⁊ tauanos, ⁊ eſtas coſas menudas atales que naſcen dela tierra.

And its virtue is against all of the venoms of the animals that are not as venomous, such as spiders, and wasps, and gadflies, and small things such as these that are born from the earth.

Idem, f. 31v.
Et ſi tomaren cinco moſcas o ſiete ⁊ les tollieren las cabeças ⁊ las machucaren con eſta piedra. ⁊ las puſieren ſobre la ferida dela bieſpa, ſana luego ⁊ faz perder la dolor.

And if the took five flies, or seven, and they took their heads and crushed them with this stone, and they put them on a wasp sting, it would then heal it and alleviate the pain.


alefant

Spanish: elefante

From the same source as Old Spanish eleofant and elifant.

c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 76v. col. 1.
[…] e fizieron ǵnt batala e ouo muchos elifanteſ. eleazar ermano de judas macabeús fue ferir alefant en el caſtielo e diol cõ el eſpada por el uientre e cayo elifant sobrel ujentre ⁊ matol e aſi murieron amoſ.

[…] and they waged a great battle, and there were many elephants. Eleazar, the brother of Judas Maccabeus, went to hurt the elephant in the castle, and he struck him under with the sword, and the elephant fell upon him, and so they both died.


golondrino

Spanish: golondrino

[…] p̃o non faz eſta uertud ſi non ſi eſtudieren amas las piedras en uno, o non fueren dun golondrino pollo.

[…] But it does not have this virtue if both stones are not placed in one, or if they are not from the chick of a swallow.


boitre

Spanish: buitre

Et la eſtrella ſiguient delas dos q̃ ſon en el ombro ſinieſtro del boitre uolant a poder en eſta piedra ⁊ della recibe ſu uertud. Et quãdo es en medio cielo, mueſtra eſta piedra mas manifieſta miente ſus obras.

And the star following the two located in the left elbow of the flying vulture has power over this stone, which draws its virtue from it. And when it is in the center of the sky, this stone more manifestly shows its works.


erugo

Masculine form of eruga, from Latin erūca. Compare culuebra and culuebro.

Qvando ouiere fambre en la tierra omortalidat. o enfermedat oq̃ado ouiere mal de enfermedat. o langoſta. o erugo. q̃nt fuere q̃l aq̃xare ſo enemigo. enla tr̃a oen las cibdades. Nulla plaga o nulla malaptia […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 50r:

Should there be famine in the land or great dying or sickness, or should there be the ill of sickness, or locusts or caterpillars, should their enemy threaten them in the land or in the cities, whatever plague or whatever malady, […]


alfalfez

Spanish: alfalfa, alfalfez (Argentina)
→ English: alfalfa
→ Irish: alfalfa
→ Welsh: alffalffa
→ Italian: alfalfa

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁eḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwas
Proto-Iranian *Hácwah
Proto-Iranian *Hástiš
Proto-Iranian *HacwaHastiš
Old Median *aspāstišder.
Arabic فَصْفَص (faṣfaṣ)bor.
Old Spanish alfalfez
Borrowed from Arabic الْفَصْفَصَة (al-faṣfaṣa).

bor+

الْفَصْفَصَة

E sepas que el alfalfez estercuela e engrasa el campo o la tierra.

c. 1380–1385, Ferrer Sayol, transl., Libro de Palladio, translation of Opus agriculturae by Palladius, page 130r:


albafaca

Spanish: albahaca

Asturian: albahaca

Metathesized from Arabic الْحَبَق (al-ḥabaq, “basil”).

metathesis

Metathesized

Estos son otros poluos pora la calentura otrosí, e es que tomen de la regaliza e del çumo [nuevo folio] aluahaca, e del cubebo e del açúcar blanco

1250, Abraham de Toledo, Momín, libro de los animales que cazan

These are moreover the powders to heal fever, utilizing licorice, fruit juice, [turn of page] basil, cubeb and white sugar...

E sienpre … la asy como sienbran la simiente del albafaca. E rrieguen la muy bien.

ca. 1300, anonymous, Tratado de agricultura de Ibn Bassal

And always [missing word] it [i.e. pomegranate, milgrana] in the same way people scatter basil seeds. And water it very well.


vaquiella

Spanish: vaquilla

Al dia ſeteno dixierõ lo ellos aſãſõ. Q̃ es mas dulce q̃ la miel o q̃l es mas fuerte del leon. dixo ſãpſõ. Si nõ araſſedes cõ mẏ uaq̃ella. nõ ſoltariedes mi adeuinãçiella.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 82r:

On the seventh day, they said to Samson, “What is sweeter than honey? Or what is stronger than a lion?” Samson said, “If you had not plowed with my heifer, you would not have solved my little riddle!”


oueja

Ladino: oveja

Spanish: oveja

From Latin ovicula (“little sheep”), diminutive of ovis (“sheep”), from Proto-Italic *owis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówis.

e dixoles aſſẏ. dezid amẏo ermano ſẽnor eſau. q̃l dẏze ſo ſieruo iacob. con laban more troa agora. ⁊ euacas ⁊ oueias. ⁊ ſieruos ⁊ ſieruas. […]

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 4v:

And he told them thus, “Tell my brother and master Esau that his servant Jacob says he has been staying with Laban till now. And I have cattle and sheep and manservants and maidservants […] ”

Idem, f. 36r.
Job fue much rich õe e ouo .v. fijos. ⁊ .iij. fijas. ⁊ ouo .mil. ouejas. ⁊ .iij. mil. camellos. ⁊ .d. iugos de bueẏes. ⁊ .v. mil aſnas. ⁊ tẽtol el diablo ⁊ diol pođ nr̃o ſẽnor ſobre quãto auia.

Job was a very rich man. And he had five sons and three daughters. And he owned a thousand sheep and three thousand camels and five hundred yoke of oxen and five thousand donkeys. And the Devil tempted him and Our Lord gave him power over all that he had.


lechezinos

From Latin lacticīnium (“milk food, dairy product”). Compare lechuga, from Latin lactūca (“lettuce”), from lac (“milk”).

inh

Cõbran la carne ala noch. ⁊ nolo comades cocho. en agua ni crudo. Mas aſſado en fuego. E cõ pã ſancẽno. e cõ lechezinos agros le combran.

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 15v:

They shall eat the meat that night, and eat it not cooked in water nor raw, but roasted over fire, and with unleavened bread and bitter salad greens they shall eat it.


murciego

desc

⇒ Spanish: murciélago, morziegalo, murciégalo (obsolete)

Inherited from Latin *mūris caecus. By surface analysis, mur (“mouse”) + ciego (“blind”). First attested in 1250
Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese *murcego.

surf

E quᵃndo uoʒebrearẽ mucho tomen grᵃnos de habarraʒ e dengelos en tres pedaçuelos de carne de murciego.

1250, Alfonso X of Castile, transl., Libro de los animales que caçan, page 106r: