word

word (nominative singular)
word (nominative plural)
word (accusative singular)
word (accusative plural)
wordes (genitive singular)
wordō (genitive plural)
worde (dative singular)
wordun (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *word, from Proto-Germanic *wurdą.


mann

Middle Low German: man

German Low German: Mann

Plautdietsch: Maun

From Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann-.


is

īs (canonical neuter)
īs (nominative singular)
īs (nominative plural)
īs (accusative singular)
īs (accusative plural)
īses (genitive singular)
īsō (genitive plural)
īse (dative singular)
īsun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: îs

Low German:

German Low German: Ies

Plautdietsch: Iess

From Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH- (“ice, frost”). Cognate with Old Frisian īs (West Frisian iis), Old English īs (English ice), Dutch ijs, Old High German īs (German Eis), Old Norse íss (Danish and Swedish is).


hund

hund (nominative singular)
hundos (nominative plural)
hund (accusative singular)
hundos (accusative plural)
hundes (genitive singular)
hundō (genitive plural)
hunde (dative singular)
hundum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: hund

Low German:

German Low German:

East Frisian: Hund

Hamburgisch: Hond

Westphalian:

Sauerländisch: Hund

Westmünsterländisch: Hund

Plautdietsch: Hunt

→ Estonian: hunt


gas

gās (canonical feminine)
gās (nominative singular)
gās (nominative plural)
gāses (accusative singular)
gāse (accusative plural)
gās (genitive singular)
gās (genitive plural)
gāsō (dative singular)
gāsum (dative plural)

Low German: Goos

From Proto-West Germanic *gans, from Proto-Germanic *gans, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns.


ask

ask (nominative singular)
askos (nominative plural)
ask (accusative singular)
askos (accusative plural)
askes (genitive singular)
askō (genitive plural)
aske (dative singular)
askum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: esk

Plautdietsch: Asch


hand

hand (nominative singular)
hendi (nominative plural)
hand (accusative singular)
hendi (accusative plural)
hendi (genitive singular)
hando (genitive plural)
hendi (dative singular)
handum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: hant

German Low German: Hand

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Hand

Lippisch: Hand

Ravensbergisch: Hand

Plautdietsch: Haunt

From Proto-West Germanic *handu, from Proto-Germanic *handuz. Compare Old Frisian and Old English hand, Old High German hant, Old Norse hǫnd.

9th c. Heliand, verse 4389-4390

...in the left hand so puts he as well the blessed in the right side...

...an thea winistron hand sō duot hē ōk thea sāligon an thea swīđeron half...


arm

arm (nominative singular)
armos (nominative plural)
arm (accusative singular)
armos (accusative plural)
armes (genitive singular)
armō (genitive plural)
arme (dative singular)
armum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: arm

Low German:

German Low German:

Hamburgisch: Arm

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch: Ārm

Lippisch: Arm

Sauerländisch: Ārm, Ārem, Oarm

Westmünsterländisch: Arm

Plautdietsch: Oam, Oarm

From Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz, whence also Old English earm, Old Norse armr.


as

From Proto-Germanic *ansuz (“god, deity”).


al

āl (canonical masculine)
āl (nominative singular)
ālos (nominative plural)
āl (accusative singular)
ālos (accusative plural)
āles (genitive singular)
ālō (genitive plural)
āle (dative singular)
ālum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *ēlaz. Cognate with Old English ǣl, Dutch aal, Old High German āl (German Aal), Old Norse áll (Danish and Swedish ål).


del

dēl (canonical masculine)
dēl (nominative singular)
dēlos (nominative plural)
dēl (accusative singular)
dēlos (accusative plural)
dēles (genitive singular)
dēlō (genitive plural)
dēle (dative singular)
dēlum (dative plural)


alo

From Proto-Germanic *alu. Cognate with Old English ealu, Middle Dutch ale, Old High German al-, Old Norse ǫl (Swedish öl).


god

gōd (canonical neuter)
gōd (nominative singular)
gōd (nominative plural)
gōd (accusative singular)
gōd (accusative plural)
gōdes (genitive singular)
gōdō (genitive plural)
gōde (dative singular)
gōdun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: gôt

German Low German: Good

Low German: Goot

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *gōd, from Proto-Germanic *gōdaz.

Heliand, verse 1456


god

god (nominative singular)
godu (nominative plural)
god (accusative singular)
godu (accusative plural)
godes (genitive singular)
godō (genitive plural)
gode (dative singular)
godum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: got

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *god, from Proto-Germanic *gudą. Compare Old English god, Old Frisian god, Old High German got, Old Norse guð.

Heliand, verse 326


god

god (nominative singular)
godos (nominative plural)
god (accusative singular)
godos (accusative plural)
godes (genitive singular)
godō (genitive plural)
gode (dative singular)
godum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: got

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *god, from Proto-Germanic *gudą.

Heliand, verse 11

They had the power by the help of God in the heavens


kind

kind (nominative singular)
kind (nominative plural)
kind (accusative singular)
kind (accusative plural)
kindes (genitive singular)
kindō (genitive plural)
kinde (dative singular)
kindun (dative plural)
kind (nominative singular)
kindiru (nominative plural)
kind (accusative singular)
kindiru (accusative plural)
kindes (genitive singular)
kindirō (genitive plural)
kinde (dative singular)
kindirum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: kind, kint, kynd

Dutch Low Saxon: kind, kiend, keend

German Low German: Kind

→ Old Frisian: kind

West Frisian: kyn

From Proto-West Germanic *kind (“child”), from Proto-Germanic *kindą, *kinþą, from Pre-Germanic *ǵénh₁tom, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to bear, give birth”).


bed

bed (nominative singular)
bed (nominative plural)
bed (accusative singular)
bed (accusative plural)
beddes (genitive singular)
beddō (genitive plural)
bedde (dative singular)
beddum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: bedde

Low German: Bett

Dutch Low Saxon: bedde

German Low German: Bedd

Plautdietsch: Bad, Bed

→ Icelandic: beddi

From Proto-West Germanic *badi, from Proto-Germanic *badją (“dug sleeping-place”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ- (“to dig”).
Cognate with Old Frisian bed, Old English bedd, Dutch bed, Old High German betti, Old Norse beðr, Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌹 (badi). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek βοθυρος (bothuros, “pit”), Latin fossa (“ditch”), Latvian bedre (“hole”), Welsh bedd, Breton bez (“grave”).

inh

thena lefna lamon bārun mid is beddiu

(Can we date this quote?), Heliand, verse 2309:

They were bearing the living lame man with his bed


ben

Middle Low German: bên

Low German: Been, Bein

Plautdietsch: Been


kara

kara (nominative singular)
kara (nominative plural)
kara (accusative singular)
kara (accusative plural)
karō (genitive singular)
karanō (genitive plural)
karu (dative singular)
karum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *karu. Cognate with Old English caru, Old High German chara (“grief”), Old Norse kǫr (“sickbed”), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 (kara).


er

Middle Low German: ēr

From Proto-Germanic *aiz, whence also Old English ār.


er

From Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old English ār, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).


thing

thing (nominative singular)
thing (nominative plural)
thinges (accusative singular)
thinge (accusative plural)
thing (genitive singular)
thing (genitive plural)
thingo (dative singular)
thingum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: dinc, dink, tink

German Low German: Ding

Plautdietsch: Dinkj

From Proto-West Germanic *þing. Compare Old Dutch thing, Old Frisian thing, Old English þing, Old High German ding, Old Norse þing.


era

ēra (canonical feminine)
era (nominative singular)
era (nominative plural)
era (accusative singular)
era (accusative plural)
era (genitive singular)
eru (genitive singular)
ero (genitive singular)
erono (genitive plural)
eru (dative singular)
ero (dative singular)
era (dative singular)
eron (dative plural)
erum (dative plural)
erun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: ēre

desctree

→ Old Norse: æra
Danish: ære
Icelandic: æra
Faroese: æra
Norwegian Nynorsk: ære
Norwegian Bokmål: ære
Swedish: ära

From Proto-West Germanic *aiʀu, from Proto-Germanic *aizō, whence also Old English ār, Old Norse eir.


sand

From Proto-West Germanic *samd, from Proto-Germanic *samdaz. Akin to Old Norse sandr.


aha

aha (nominative singular)
aha (nominative plural)
aha (accusative singular)
aha (accusative plural)
ahō (genitive singular)
ahanō (genitive plural)
ahu (dative singular)
ahum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *ahu, from Proto-Germanic *ahwō (“waters, river”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ekʷeh₂ (“water”).


blod

blōd (canonical neuter)
blōd (nominative singular)
blōd (nominative plural)
blōd (accusative singular)
blōd (accusative plural)
blōdes (genitive singular)
blōdō (genitive plural)
blōde (dative singular)
blōdun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: blôt

German Low German: Blood, Bloot

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *blōd, from Proto-Germanic *blōþą.


wand

wand (nominative singular)
wendi (nominative plural)
wand (accusative singular)
wendi (accusative plural)
wendi (genitive singular)
wando (genitive plural)
wendi (dative singular)
wandum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *wanduz (“mole”), from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to turn, twist, wind, braid”).


appel

Middle Low German: appel

desctree

German Low German: Appel
→ German: Appel (colloquial, regional)

Plautdietsch: Aupel

From Proto-West Germanic *applu. Compare Old Frisian appel, Old English æppel, Old High German apful.


dag

dag (nominative singular)
dagos (nominative plural)
dag (accusative singular)
dagos (accusative plural)
dages (genitive singular)
dagō (genitive plural)
dage (dative singular)
dagum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: dach

Low German:

Dutch Low Saxon: dag

German Low German:

Hamburgisch: Dag

Westphalian:

Lippisch: Dag

Ravensbergisch: Dach

Sauerländisch: Dag, Dāg

Westmünsterländisch: Dagg

Plautdietsch: Dach

From Proto-West Germanic *dag, from Proto-Germanic *dagaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn, to be illuminated”).


dal

Middle Low German: dal

Low German: dal, daal

German Low German: Daal


bia

Middle Low German: bîe, bê, beie

Low German: Bee, bigge

Plautdietsch: Bie

From Proto-West Germanic *bijā, from Proto-Germanic *bijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰey-. Germanic cognates include Old English bēo (English bee), Old Frisian bē (West Frisian bij), Dutch bij, Old High German bīa, bini (German Biene, dialectal Beie), Old Norse bý (Danish and Swedish bi). The Indo-European root is also the source of Lithuanian bìtė, Latvian bite, Proto-Slavic *bьčela (Old Church Slavonic бьчела (bĭčela), Russian пчела (pčela)), Proto-Celtic *beko- (Old Irish bech, Irish beach).


half

From Proto-West Germanic *halbu, from Proto-Germanic *halbō.

9th c. Heliand, verse 4389-4390

...in the left hand so put he as well the blessed in the right side...


mus

mūs (canonical feminine)
mūs (nominative singular)
mūs (nominative plural)
musi (accusative singular)
musi (accusative plural)
musi (genitive singular)
musi (genitive plural)
mūsiō (dative singular)
mūsium (dative plural)

Middle Low German: mûs

Low German: Muus

Plautdietsch: Mus

From Proto-West Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *muh₂s.


gras

Middle Low German: gras

Dutch Low Saxon: gras

German Low German: Gras

Plautdietsch: Grauss

From Proto-West Germanic *gras, from Proto-Germanic *grasą, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow”).


ei

ei (nominative singular)
ei (nominative plural)
ei (accusative singular)
ei (accusative plural)
eies (genitive singular)
eiō (genitive plural)
eie (dative singular)
eium (dative plural)

Middle Low German: ei, egg, eig

Low German:

German Low German: Ei

Westphalian:

Lippisch: Egg

Märkisch: Ägg

Ravensbergisch: Åich

Sauerländisch: Ai

Westmünsterländisch: Äi

Plautdietsch: Ei

From Proto-West Germanic *aij, from Proto-Germanic *ajją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm.


land

land (nominative singular)
land (nominative plural)
land (accusative singular)
land (accusative plural)
landes (genitive singular)
landō (genitive plural)
lande (dative singular)
landun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: lant

Dutch Low Saxon: laand

German Low German: Land

Plautdietsch: Launt

From Proto-West Germanic *land. Cognate with Old English land, lond, Old Frisian land, lond, Dutch land, Old High German lant (German Land), Old Norse land (Swedish land), Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (land). The Proto-Indo-European root is also the source of Proto-Celtic *landā (Welsh llan (“enclosure”), Breton lann (“heath”)).


horn

horn (nominative singular)
horn (nominative plural)
horn (accusative singular)
horn (accusative plural)
hornes (genitive singular)
hornō (genitive plural)
horne (dative singular)
hornun (dative plural)

Low German: Hoorn, horn

From Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer-.
Cognates include also Old English horn, Old Frisian horn, Old High German horn, Old Norse horn, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (haurn).


ars

Middle Low German: ars

Dutch Low Saxon: ars, ors

German Low German: Aars

⇒ by rebracketing:

Dutch Low Saxon: nors, mors

desc

German Low German: Maars, Moors, Narsch, Närsch, Närs

Plautdietsch: Noasch


gast

gast (nominative singular)
gest (nominative plural)
gast (accusative singular)
gest (accusative plural)
gasties (genitive singular)
gastiō (genitive plural)
gastie (dative singular)
gastium (dative plural)

Middle Low German: gast

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Gast

Sauerländisch: Gast

Westmünsterländisch: Gast

Plautdietsch: Gaust

→ Saterland Frisian: Gast

→ West Frisian: gast

From Proto-West Germanic *gasti, whence also Old English ġiest.


blad

blad (nominative singular)
bladu (nominative plural)
blad (accusative singular)
bladu (accusative plural)
blades (genitive singular)
bladō (genitive plural)
blade (dative singular)
bladum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: blat

Low German: Blatt

Plautdietsch: Blaut

From Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlh̥₃oto, from *bʰleh₃-.
Compare Old English blæd, Old Frisian bled, Old High German blat, Old Norse blað.


berg

berg (nominative singular)
bergos (nominative plural)
berg (accusative singular)
bergos (accusative plural)
berges (genitive singular)
bergō (genitive plural)
berge (dative singular)
bergum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: berch

German Low German: Barg

Plautdietsch: Boajch


mano

māno (canonical masculine)
māno (nominative singular)
mānon (nominative plural)
mānun (nominative plural)
mānan (nominative plural)
mānon (accusative singular)
mānan (accusative singular)
mānon (accusative plural)
mānun (accusative plural)
mānan (accusative plural)
mānen (genitive singular)
mānan (genitive singular)
mānon (genitive singular)
mānono (genitive plural)
mānen (dative singular)
mānan (dative singular)
mānon (dative singular)
mānun (dative plural)
mānon (dative plural)

Middle Low German: mâne

Dutch Low Saxon: maone

German Low German: Maan

Hamburgisch: Maan, Maand

Westphalian:

Lippisch: Mon m

Ravensbergisch: Måne

Sauerländisch: Mōne f, Mond m, Mōn m, Mound m Mōend m

Westmünsterländisch: Maone, Maon f, Maond m

Plautdietsch: Mon

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *mānō, whence also Old English mōna, Old Norse máni.


wag

From Proto-West Germanic *wāg, from Proto-Germanic *wēgaz.


smith

Middle Low German: smit, smet, smede

German Low German: Smitt, Smidd, Smedd

Plautdietsch: Schmett

From Proto-West Germanic *smiþ, Proto-Germanic *smiþaz. Cognate with Old Dutch smith, Old Frisian smith, Old English smiþ, Old High German smid, Old Norse smiðr.


eth

ēth (nominative singular)
ēthos (nominative plural)
ēth (accusative singular)
ēthos (accusative plural)
ēthes (genitive singular)
ēthō (genitive plural)
ēthe (dative singular)
ēthum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: êt

German Low German: Eed

Plautdietsch: Eit


thorn

thorn (nominative singular)
thornos (nominative plural)
thorn (accusative singular)
thornos (accusative plural)
thornes (genitive singular)
thornō (genitive plural)
thorne (dative singular)
thornum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: dōrn

desc

German Low German: Däörn, Doorn, Dorn, Durn

From Proto-West Germanic *þornu (“thorn, sloe”).
Cognates
Germanic cognates include Old English þorn (English thorn), Dutch doorn, Old High German thorn (German Dorn), Old Norse þorn (Swedish törne), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (þaurnus). The Indo-European root is also the source of Old Church Slavonic трънъ (trŭnŭ) (Russian тёрн (tjorn, “sloe, blackthorn”)), Sanskrit तृण (tṛṇa, “grass”).


lamb

lamb (nominative singular)
lambiru (nominative plural)
lamb (accusative singular)
lambiru (accusative plural)
lambes (genitive singular)
lambirō (genitive plural)
lambe (dative singular)
lambirum (dative plural)

Low German: Lamm


bom

bōm (canonical masculine)
bōm (nominative singular)
bōmos (nominative plural)
bōm (accusative singular)
bōmos (accusative plural)
bōmes (genitive singular)
bōmō (genitive plural)
bōme (dative singular)
bōmum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: bôm

German Low German: Boom

Plautdietsch: Boom

→ Danish: bom

→ Finnish: puomi

→ Gutnish: bom

→ Norwegian Bokmål: bom

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bom

→ Swedish: bom

From Proto-West Germanic *baum, from Proto-Germanic *baumaz.


bok

bōk (canonical feminine neuter)
bōk (nominative singular)
bōki (nominative plural)
bōk (accusative singular)
bōki (accusative plural)
bōki (genitive singular)
bōkiō (genitive plural)
bōki (dative singular)
bōkium (dative plural)
bōk (nominative singular)
bōk (nominative plural)
bōk (accusative singular)
bōk (accusative plural)
bōkes (genitive singular)
bōkō (genitive plural)
bōke (dative singular)
bōkun (dative plural)

desctree

Middle Low German: bôk, buk
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: book
German Low German: Book
Plautdietsch: Buak

From Proto-West Germanic *bōk, from Proto-Germanic *bōks, whence also Old English bōc, Old Frisian bōk, Old High German buoh, Old Norse bók.


lik

līk (canonical neuter)
līk (nominative singular)
līk (nominative plural)
līk (accusative singular)
līk (accusative plural)
līkes (genitive singular)
līkō (genitive plural)
līke (dative singular)
līkun (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *līk, from Proto-Germanic *līką.


weg

weg (nominative singular)
wegos (nominative plural)
weg (accusative singular)
wegos (accusative plural)
weges (genitive singular)
wegō (genitive plural)
wege (dative singular)
wegum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: wech

Dutch Low Saxon: weg

German Low German: Weg

Plautdietsch: Wajch

From Proto-West Germanic *weg, from Proto-Germanic *wegaz, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-.
Germanic cognates include Old English weġ (whence modern English way), Old Dutch weg, Old High German weg, Old Norse vegr, Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (wigs).


stol

stōl (canonical masculine)
stōl (nominative singular)
stōlos (nominative plural)
stōl (accusative singular)
stōlos (accusative plural)
stōles (genitive singular)
stōlō (genitive plural)
stōle (dative singular)
stōlum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: stôl

German Low German: Stohl (also Münsterländisch), Stauhl (Paderbornisch), Staul (Sauerländisch)

→ Lower Sorbian: stoł

Plautdietsch: Stool

→ Estonian: tool

→ Votic: stooli


hus

hūs (canonical neuter)
hūs (nominative singular)
hūs (nominative plural)
hūs (accusative singular)
hūs (accusative plural)
hūses (genitive singular)
hūsō (genitive plural)
hūse (dative singular)
hūsun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: hûs

German Low German: Huus, Hus, Hûs, Hius

desc

Dutch Low Saxon: huus, hoes (Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Sallands, Twents)

Plautdietsch: Hus

From Proto-West Germanic *hūs, from Proto-Germanic *hūsą, whence also Old Frisian hūs, Old English hūs, Old Dutch hūs, and Old High German hūs, Old Norse hús.


barn

barn (nominative singular)
barn (nominative plural)
barn (accusative singular)
barn (accusative plural)
barnes (genitive singular)
barnō (genitive plural)
barne (dative singular)
barnun (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *barn, from Proto-Germanic *barną, whence also Old English bearn, Old High German barn, Old Norse barn.


dung

Middle Low German: dunk, dunc

From Proto-West Germanic *dung (“cellar”).


katto

katto (nominative singular)
katton (nominative plural)
kattun (nominative plural)
kattan (nominative plural)
katton (accusative singular)
kattan (accusative singular)
katton (accusative plural)
kattun (accusative plural)
kattan (accusative plural)
katten (genitive singular)
kattan (genitive singular)
katton (genitive singular)
kattono (genitive plural)
katten (dative singular)
kattan (dative singular)
katton (dative singular)
kattun (dative plural)
katton (dative plural)

Common to West and North Germanic: cognate with Old English catt, Old Norse kǫttr (Swedish katt), Old High German kazzo. The word existed in the Germanic languages in a female gender also, represented in Old Saxon by katta. The word appears to be related to Late Latin cattus as well as to similar words in the Slavic and Celtic languages, but the ultimate source is uncertain.


fresa

frēsa (canonical feminine)
frēsa (nominative singular)
frēsun (nominative plural)
frēsan (nominative plural)
frēson (nominative plural)
frēsun (accusative singular)
frēsan (accusative singular)
frēson (accusative singular)
frēsun (accusative plural)
frēsan (accusative plural)
frēson (accusative plural)
frēsun (genitive singular)
frēsan (genitive singular)
frēson (genitive singular)
frēsono (genitive plural)
frēsun (dative singular)
frēsan (dative singular)
frēson (dative singular)
frēsun (dative plural)
frēsan (dative plural)
frēson (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *fraisō, whence also Old English frēse.


rok

Middle Low German: rōk

Low German: Röök

From Proto-West Germanic *rauki, from Proto-Germanic *raukiz, whence also Old English rēc, Old Frisian rēk, Old Dutch rouc, Old High German rouh, Old Norse reykr.


ek

ēk (canonical feminine)
ēk (nominative singular)
ēki (nominative plural)
ēk (accusative singular)
ēki (accusative plural)
ēki (genitive singular)
ēkiō (genitive plural)
ēki (dative singular)
ēkium (dative plural)

Middle Low German: êke, êk

Low German: Eek

Plautdietsch: Ieekj

From Proto-West Germanic *aik, from Proto-Germanic *aiks.


dad

dād (canonical feminine)
dād (nominative singular)
dādi (nominative plural)
dād (accusative singular)
dādi (accusative plural)
dādi (genitive singular)
dādiō (genitive plural)
dādi (dative singular)
dādium (dative plural)

Low German: Daat

From Proto-West Germanic *dādi. Cognate with Old English dǣd, Dutch daad, Old High German tāt (German Tat).


fot

fōt (nominative singular)
fōt (nominative plural)
fōt (accusative singular)
fōt (accusative plural)
fōties (genitive singular)
fōtiō (genitive plural)
fōtie (dative singular)
fōtium (dative plural)

Middle Low German: vôt

Low German:

German Low German: Voot

Hamburgisch: Foot

Westphalian:

Lippisch: Féut m

Ravensbergisch: Feot

Westmünsterländisch: Foot

Märkisch: Faut

Plautdietsch: Foot

From Proto-West Germanic *fōt, from Proto-Germanic *fōts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds.


ko

Middle Low German: kô, ko, koo, kou, koe, koh, koy, ku

German Low German: Koh, Kauh, Ko, Koo, Kuh

Plautdietsch: Koo

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *kō (“cow”).


hring

Middle Low German: rinc, rink, ring

German Low German: Ring

Low German: rink

Plautdietsch: Rinkj

From Proto-West Germanic *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ring, circle”).


saga

saga (nominative singular)
saga (nominative plural)
saga (accusative singular)
saga (accusative plural)
saga (genitive singular)
sagu (genitive singular)
sago (genitive singular)
sagono (genitive plural)
sagu (dative singular)
sago (dative singular)
saga (dative singular)
sagon (dative plural)
sagum (dative plural)
sagun (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *sagā. Cognate with Old English sagu, Old Frisian sege, Old High German saga (German Sage), Old Norse saga.


strom

strōm (canonical masculine)
strōm (nominative singular)
strōmos (nominative plural)
strōm (accusative singular)
strōmos (accusative plural)
strōmes (genitive singular)
strōmō (genitive plural)
strōme (dative singular)
strōmum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: strōm

Low German: Stroom


jar

jār (canonical neuter)
jār (nominative singular)
jār (nominative plural)
jār (accusative singular)
jār (accusative plural)
jāres (genitive singular)
jārō (genitive plural)
jāre (dative singular)
jārun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: jâr, jaer

German Low German: Jåhr, Jahr, Johr

Plautdietsch: Joa

From Proto-West Germanic *jār, from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁-.


thuris

thuris (nominative singular)
thurisos (nominative plural)
thuris (accusative singular)
thurisos (accusative plural)
thurises (genitive singular)
thurisō (genitive plural)
thurise (dative singular)
thurisum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *þurisaz. Cognate with Old High German duris (“demon”), Old English þyrs (“monster, demon, giant”), Old Norse þurs (“giant”).


strand

Middle Low German: strant m or n

German Low German: Strand m

Plautdietsch: Straunt

From Proto-West Germanic *strand, from Proto-Germanic *strandō (“edge; shore”).


wig

wīg (canonical neuter)
wīg (nominative singular)
wīg (nominative plural)
wīg (accusative singular)
wīg (accusative plural)
wīges (genitive singular)
wīgō (genitive plural)
wīge (dative singular)
wīgun (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *wīg, from Proto-Germanic *wīgą, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk-.


wig

wig (nominative singular)
wig (nominative plural)
wig (accusative singular)
wig (accusative plural)
wiggies (genitive singular)
wiggiō (genitive plural)
wiggie (dative singular)
wiggium (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *wigi, from Proto-Germanic *wigją, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to carry; move; transport; ride”).


disk

Middle Low German:

German Low German: Disk, Disch

Plautdietsch: Desch


wif

wīf (canonical neuter)
wīf (nominative singular)
wīf (nominative plural)
wīf (accusative singular)
wīf (accusative plural)
wīfes (genitive singular)
wīfō (genitive plural)
wīfe (dative singular)
wīfun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: wîf

German Low German: Wiev

Low German: Wief

9th c. Heliand, verse 2026-2027

Why do you speak of that, woman, so much (you) remind me pressingly in front of this crowd?

Te huī sprikis thū thes wīf, sō filu manos mī far thesoro mėnigi?


ur

ūr (canonical masculine)
ūr (nominative singular)
ūros (nominative plural)
ūr (accusative singular)
ūros (accusative plural)
ūres (genitive singular)
ūrō (genitive plural)
ūre (dative singular)
ūrum (dative plural)


dor

dor (nominative singular)
dor (nominative plural)
dor (accusative singular)
dor (accusative plural)
dores (genitive singular)
dorō (genitive plural)
dore (dative singular)
dorun (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *dor.
Cognate with Old English dor, Old High German tor (German Tor (“gate”)), Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂 (daur). The Germanic word also existed with the stem *durz (see Old Saxon duru, German Tür).


fard

fard (nominative singular)
fardi (nominative plural)
fard (accusative singular)
fardi (accusative plural)
fardi (genitive singular)
fardiō (genitive plural)
fardi (dative singular)
fardium (dative plural)

desctree

Middle Low German: vart
→ Danish: fart
→ Swedish: fart
→ Norwegian Bokmål: fart


fugal

fugal (nominative singular)
fuglos (nominative plural)
fugal (accusative singular)
fuglos (accusative plural)
fugles (genitive singular)
fuglō (genitive plural)
fugle (dative singular)
fuglum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: vōgel

German Low German: Vogel, Vögel

Low German: Vagel, Vögel

Plautdietsch: Voagel

From Proto-West Germanic *fugl, from Proto-Germanic *fuglaz, whence also Old English fugol, Old Norse fugl.


harm

Middle Low German: harm, herm


slap

slāp (canonical masculine)
slāp (nominative singular)
slāpos (nominative plural)
slāp (accusative singular)
slāpos (accusative plural)
slāpes (genitive singular)
slāpō (genitive plural)
slāpe (dative singular)
slāpum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *slāp. Compare Old English slǣp, Old High German slāf.


maki

māki (nominative singular)
mākios (nominative plural)
māki (accusative singular)
mākios (accusative plural)
mākies (genitive singular)
mākiō (genitive plural)
mākie (dative singular)
mākium (dative plural)


flod

flōd (canonical masculine)
flōd (nominative singular)
flōdos (nominative plural)
flōd (accusative singular)
flōdos (accusative plural)
flōdes (genitive singular)
flōdō (genitive plural)
flōde (dative singular)
flōdum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: vlōt, vloet

German Low German: Flood

From Proto-Germanic *flōduz, from Proto-Indo-European *pléh₃tus, from *pleh₃(w)- (“flow”). Compare Old English flōd, Old Dutch fluot, Old High German fluot, Old Norse flóð, Gothic 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌿𐍃 (flōdus).


nod

Middle Low German: nōt

Westphalian:

Sauerländisch: nôd

Westmünsterländisch: Nood

Plautdietsch: Noot


ora

ōra (canonical neuter)
ōra (nominative singular)
ōron (nominative plural)
ōrun (nominative plural)
ōran (nominative plural)
ōra (accusative singular)
ōron (accusative plural)
ōrun (accusative plural)
ōran (accusative plural)
ōren (genitive singular)
ōran (genitive singular)
ōron (genitive singular)
ōrono (genitive plural)
ōren (dative singular)
ōran (dative singular)
ōron (dative singular)
ōrun (dative plural)
ōron (dative plural)

Middle Low German: ôre
Low German: Ohr
Dutch Low Saxon: oor
German Low German: Or, Ur
Plautdietsch: Oa, Ua

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *auʀā, from Proto-Germanic *ausô, whence also Old Frisian āre, Old English ēare and English ear, Old Norse eyra (“ear”), Old Dutch ōra (“ear”), Old High German ōra (“ear”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ows-.


folk

folk (nominative singular)
folk (nominative plural)
folk (accusative singular)
folk (accusative plural)
folkes (genitive singular)
folkō (genitive plural)
folke (dative singular)
folkun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: volk

Low German:

German Low German:

Hamburgisch: Volk

Westphalian:

Lippisch: Volk

Ravensbergisch: Folk

Sauerländisch: Volk

Westmünsterländisch: Volk

Plautdietsch: Volkj


gard

gard (nominative singular)
gardos (nominative plural)
gard (accusative singular)
gardos (accusative plural)
gardes (genitive singular)
gardō (genitive plural)
garde (dative singular)
gardum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: gart

From Proto-West Germanic *gard, from Proto-Germanic *gardaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos, from the root *gʰerdʰ- (“to enclose”).


beni

From Proto-Germanic *banjō. Cognate with Old English benn, Old Norse ben (Norwegian ben).


sten

stēn (canonical masculine)
stēn (nominative singular)
stēnos (nominative plural)
stēn (accusative singular)
stēnos (accusative plural)
stēnes (genitive singular)
stēnō (genitive plural)
stēne (dative singular)
stēnum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: stên, stein

Low German: Steen, Stein

German Low German: Steen, Sten

Hamburgisch: Steen

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Stëin

Lippisch: Steun

Sauerländisch: Stäin, Stoin, Stǟn, Stain, Steyn

Westmünsterländisch: Steen

Plautdietsch: Steen

From Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz. Compare Old English stān, Old High German stein.

bran all samað stēn endi erða

The rock burnt all together with the ground (Genesis, verse 317)


bona

Middle Low German: bône

German Low German: Bohn

Plautdietsch: Boon

From Proto-West Germanic *baunu, see also Old English bēan, Old Frisian bāne, Old High German bōna, Old Norse baun.


skip

skip (nominative singular)
skipu (nominative plural)
skip (accusative singular)
skipu (accusative plural)
skipes (genitive singular)
skipō (genitive plural)
skipe (dative singular)
skipum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: schip, schep

German Low German: Schipp, Schepp

From Proto-West Germanic *skip, from Proto-Germanic *skipą, whence also Old English sċip, Old Frisian skip, Old High German skif, Old Norse skip.


wer

wer (nominative singular)
weros (nominative plural)
wer (accusative singular)
weros (accusative plural)
weres (genitive singular)
werō (genitive plural)
were (dative singular)
werum (dative plural)

warwulf

werld

From Proto-West Germanic *wer, from Proto-Germanic *weraz, from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós. Cognate with Old English wer and Old Norse verr.


glas

Middle Low German: glas

German Low German: Glas

Plautdietsch: Glauss

→ Old Norse: *glas

Faroese: glas

Norwegian Bokmål: glass

Norwegian Nynorsk: glas

Old Swedish: glas

Swedish: glas

Old Danish: glas

Danish: glas
→ Icelandic: glas

→ Finnish: lasi (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Old Norse: glaskeri

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *glas, from Proto-Germanic *glasą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel- (“to shine, shimmer, glow”). Cognate with Old English glæs, Old Dutch glas, Old Frisian gles, Old High German glas, clas, Old Norse gler.


strata

strāta (canonical feminine)
strāta (nominative singular)
strāta (nominative plural)
strāta (accusative singular)
strāta (accusative plural)
strātō (genitive singular)
strātanō (genitive plural)
strātu (dative singular)
strātum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: strâte

desc

German Low German: Straat, Stroot, (Westphalian) Straote

→ North Frisian: struat, stroote, Straat

From Proto-West Germanic *strātu, from Latin strāta.


morgan

Middle Low German: morgen

German Low German: Mörgen

German Low German: Morgen, Morrn

Dutch Low Saxon: morgen, morren


alf

alf (nominative singular)
alvos (nominative plural)
alf (accusative singular)
alvos (accusative plural)
alves (genitive singular)
alvō (genitive plural)
alve (dative singular)
alvum (dative plural)


tunga

tunga (nominative singular)
tungun (nominative plural)
tungan (nominative plural)
tungon (nominative plural)
tungun (accusative singular)
tungan (accusative singular)
tungon (accusative singular)
tungun (accusative plural)
tungan (accusative plural)
tungon (accusative plural)
tungun (genitive singular)
tungan (genitive singular)
tungon (genitive singular)
tungono (genitive plural)
tungun (dative singular)
tungan (dative singular)
tungon (dative singular)
tungun (dative plural)
tungan (dative plural)
tungon (dative plural)

Middle Low German: tunge

German Low German: Tunge

Plautdietsch: Tung

From Proto-West Germanic *tungā, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

Tungon mīne, nū siu tēkan haƀad, uƀil arƀēdi, [Inwidrādo,] lēðaro sprāka.

My tongue now has its sign, an evil effort, language of wicked plots.


grund

grund (nominative singular)
grundos (nominative plural)
grund (accusative singular)
grundos (accusative plural)
grundes (genitive singular)
grundō (genitive plural)
grunde (dative singular)
grundum (dative plural)


kumi

kumi (nominative singular)
kumi (nominative plural)
kumi (accusative singular)
kumi (accusative plural)
kumies (genitive singular)
kumiō (genitive plural)
kumie (dative singular)
kumium (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *kumiz, whence also Old English cyme.


wald

wald (nominative singular)
waldos (nominative plural)
wald (accusative singular)
waldos (accusative plural)
waldes (genitive singular)
waldō (genitive plural)
walde (dative singular)
waldum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle Low German: wôlt, wôld
Dutch Low Saxon: woold, woud
German Low German: Woolt, Woold, Wold
Plautdietsch: Woolt

From Proto-West Germanic *walþu, from Proto-Germanic *walþuz, whence also Old English weald, Old Norse vǫllr.


wurm

wurm (nominative singular)
wurmos (nominative plural)
wurm (accusative singular)
wurmos (accusative plural)
wurmes (genitive singular)
wurmō (genitive plural)
wurme (dative singular)
wurmum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: worm

Low German:

German Low German: Worm

Plautdietsch: Worm

a creeping insect, maggot, grub, or worm


hram

From Proto-West Germanic *hrabn, from Proto-Germanic *hrabnaz.


hago

Middle Low German: hāge

German Low German: Haag

From Proto-West Germanic *hagō. Cognate with Old English haga, Middle Dutch haghe, Old Norse hagi.


aro

desc

Middle Low German: ārn, arne, arnt, arndt, aren, ārent

Low German: Aar, Arend

From Proto-West Germanic *arō, from Proto-Germanic *arô.


sumar

Middle Low German: somer, sommer

Low German:

German Low German: Summer, Sommer, Sömmer

Westphalian:

Paderbornisch: Sumer

Sauerländisch: Suemer, Sūmer, Summer, Sommer

Westmünsterländisch: Sommer

Plautdietsch: Somma

From Proto-West Germanic *sumar, see also Old English sumor, Old Frisian sumur, Old Norse sumarr, sumar, Old High German sumar.


aska

desctree

Middle Low German: asche
German Low German: Asch
Plautdietsch: Ausch

From Proto-West Germanic *askā, whence also Old English æsce, Old High German asca, Old Norse aska.


bur

Low German: Buer, Boer

From Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būraz, whence also Old English būr, Old Norse búr.


frua

Middle Low German: vrûwe, vrouwe

German Low German: Froo

Plautdietsch: Fru, Frü

→ Finnish: rouva

→ Old Norse: frú, frúa, frúva

Icelandic: frú

Faroese: frúgv, frú

Norwegian: fru, frue

Swedish: fru, fruga

Danish: frue, fru


burg

burg (nominative singular)
burh (nominative singular)
burgi (nominative plural)
burg (accusative singular)
burh (accusative singular)
burgi (accusative plural)
burgi (genitive singular)
burgiō (genitive plural)
burgi (dative singular)
burgium (dative plural)

Middle Low German: borch

German Low German: Börg, Borg

From Proto-West Germanic *burg, Proto-Germanic *burgz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“fortified elevation”).

der

imu thô an Effrem an theru hôhon burg uunode

he then lived in the high fort of Effrem

bûan an them burugium


sunu

sunu (nominative singular)
suni (nominative plural)
sunu (accusative singular)
suni (accusative plural)
sunies (genitive singular)
suneas (genitive singular)
sunio (genitive plural)
suno (genitive plural)
suno (dative singular)
sunie (dative singular)
suni (dative singular)
sune (dative singular)
sunun (dative plural)
suniun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: sune, sȫne

Low German:

German Low German: Söhn

Westphalian:

Lippisch: Suhne m

Ravensbergisch: Suone

Sauerländisch: Suen, Seyen, Sōn

Westmünsterländisch: Sönn, Sonn, Sonne

Plautdietsch: Sän

From Proto-West Germanic *sunu, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.


skap

skāp (canonical neuter)
skāp (nominative singular)
skāp (nominative plural)
skāp (accusative singular)
skāp (accusative plural)
skāpes (genitive singular)
skāpō (genitive plural)
skāpe (dative singular)
skāpun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: schâp

Low German:

German Low German:

Hamburgisch: Schaap

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch: Schåp

Sauerländisch: Schōp

Westmünsterländisch: Schaop

Plautdietsch: Schop


wulf

wulf (nominative singular)
wulfos (nominative plural)
wulf (accusative singular)
wulfos (accusative plural)
wulfes (genitive singular)
wulfō (genitive plural)
wulfe (dative singular)
wulfum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *wulf, from Proto-Germanic *wulfaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos.


hof

Middle Low German: hof

German Low German: Hoff

Plautdietsch: Hoff

→ Danish: hof

→ Estonian: hoov

→ Norwegian: hoff

→ Old Swedish: hof

desctree

Swedish: hov, hof (up until the 1906 spelling reform)
→ Finnish: hovi
→ Finnish: huovi

→ Finnish: hovi

From Proto-West Germanic *hof, from Proto-Germanic *hufą.


duru

duru (nominative singular)
duru (nominative plural)
duru (accusative singular)
duru (accusative plural)
duri (genitive singular)
duri (genitive plural)
durō (dative singular)
durun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: dȫr, dȫre

Low German:

German Low German:

Hamburgisch: Dör

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: Dööre, Döör

Plautdietsch: Däa


ger

gēr (canonical neuter)
gēr (nominative singular)
gēr (nominative plural)
gēr (accusative singular)
gēr (accusative plural)
gēres (genitive singular)
gērō (genitive plural)
gēre (dative singular)
gērun (dative plural)


bli

Middle Low German: blî, blig, blige

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: Bli

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bluich

Lippisch: Blüch, Bluig

Sauerländisch: Bley, Blǖ, Blī

Westmünsterländisch: Blij

Plautdietsch: Blie

→ Middle English: *bli

desc

⇒ Middle English: bligeter (“lead founder”)


seo

sēo (canonical masculine)
sēo (nominative singular)
sēwos (nominative plural)
sēo (accusative singular)
sēwos (accusative plural)
sēwes (genitive singular)
sēwō (genitive plural)
sēwe (dative singular)
sēwum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: sê

German Low German: See, Sei

Plautdietsch: See

From Proto-West Germanic *saiwi, whence also Old Dutch sēo, Old English sǣ, Old Frisian sē, Old High German sēo, Old Norse sær.


bak

bak (nominative singular)
baku (nominative plural)
bak (accusative singular)
baku (accusative plural)
bakes (genitive singular)
bakō (genitive plural)
bake (dative singular)
bakum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: bak

⇒ Middle Low German: *huckebak

Low German: Huckeback

→ German: huckepack

From Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką.


endi

endi (nominative singular)
endios (nominative plural)
endi (accusative singular)
endios (accusative plural)
endies (genitive singular)
endiō (genitive plural)
endie (dative singular)
endium (dative plural)

Middle Low German: ende

Dutch Low Saxon: ende

German Low German: End, Enne, Enn

Plautdietsch: Enj

From Proto-West Germanic *andī, from Proto-Germanic *andijaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂entíos.


hel

Middle Low German: helle

German Low German: Helle, Hölle, Hell, Höll

Westphalian:

Sauerländisch: Helle

Westmünsterländisch: Helle f, Hell m

Plautdietsch: Hal

From Proto-West Germanic *hallju, from Proto-Germanic *haljō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”).


hel

hēl (canonical neuter)
hēl (nominative singular)
hēl (nominative plural)
hēl (accusative singular)
hēl (accusative plural)
hēles (genitive singular)
hēlō (genitive plural)
hēle (dative singular)
hēlun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: hēl

From Proto-West Germanic *hail, from Proto-Germanic *hailaz, a noun of similar derivation to the above adjective.


flesk

flēsk (canonical neuter)
flēsk (nominative singular)
flēsk (nominative plural)
flēsk (accusative singular)
flēsk (accusative plural)
flēskes (genitive singular)
flēskō (genitive plural)
flēske (dative singular)
flēskun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: vlêsk, vlêsch, vlês

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Sauerländisch (Olpe, Wenden): Fleisch

Märkisch (Altmärkisch), Westphalian (Bentheimisch): Fleesch

Märkisch (Altmärkisch), Westphalian (Westmünsterländisch): Fleesk

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch (Grafschaf), Sauerländisch (Sündern, Balve, Eslohe, Attendorn, Drolshagen, Kirchhundem): Fläis

Bentheimisch (Grafschaf), Westmünsterländisch: Flees

East Westphalian (Ravensberg), Sauerländisch: Fläisk

East Westphalian: Floisk (Lippe)

Sauerländisch: Flääsk (Niedersfeld), Flais (Felbecke, Elspe)

Plautdietsch: Fleesch


elina

Middle Low German: elne

German Low German: Ell

From Proto-West Germanic *alinu, whence also Old English eln, Old Norse ǫln. Compare Latin ulna.


drom

drōm (canonical masculine)
drōm (nominative singular)
drōmos (nominative plural)
drōm (accusative singular)
drōmos (accusative plural)
drōmes (genitive singular)
drōmō (genitive plural)
drōme (dative singular)
drōmum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: drōm

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Dräum

Lippisch: Draum

Sauerländisch: Dräom, Draum, Dreyem, Droum, Drōem

Westmünsterländisch: Droom

Plautdietsch: Droom

From Proto-West Germanic *draum, from Proto-Germanic *draumaz, whence also Old English drēam (“joy, music, dream”), Old Frisian drām, Old High German troum, Old Norse draumr.

Drôm drohtines endi dagskîmon

That he manno drôm ageƀen scolde


werk

werk (nominative singular)
werk (nominative plural)
werk (accusative singular)
werk (accusative plural)
werkes (genitive singular)
werkō (genitive plural)
werke (dative singular)
werkun (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *werk, whence also Old High German werc, Old Norse verk.


tand

German Low German: Tähn


fisk

fisk (nominative singular)
fiskos (nominative plural)
fisk (accusative singular)
fiskos (accusative plural)
fiskes (genitive singular)
fiskō (genitive plural)
fiske (dative singular)
fiskum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: visch, vis

Dutch Low Saxon: visch

desc

German Low German: Fisk, Fiss, Fisch, Fösch

Plautdietsch: Fesch

From Proto-West Germanic *fisk, from Proto-Germanic *fiskaz, whence also Old English fisċ, Old Dutch and Old High German fisk, Old Norse fiskr, Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (fisks), from Proto-Indo-European *peysk-.


kus

kus (nominative singular)
kussos (nominative plural)
kus (accusative singular)
kussos (accusative plural)
kusses (genitive singular)
kussō (genitive plural)
kusse (dative singular)
kussum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: kus, kuss

Plautdietsch: Kuss

From Proto-West Germanic *koss. Compare Old English coss, Old Frisian koss, Old High German kus, Old Norse koss.


runa

rūna (canonical feminine)
rūna (nominative singular)
rūna (nominative plural)
rūna (accusative singular)
rūna (accusative plural)
rūna (genitive singular)
rūnu (genitive singular)
rūno (genitive singular)
rūnono (genitive plural)
rūnu (dative singular)
rūno (dative singular)
rūna (dative singular)
rūnon (dative plural)
rūnum (dative plural)
rūnun (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *rūnu. Cognate with the Old English rūn, Old High German rūna (German Raun), Old Norse rún, and Gothic 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (runa).


rath

rath (nominative singular)
rathu (nominative plural)
rath (accusative singular)
rathu (accusative plural)
rathes (genitive singular)
rathō (genitive plural)
rathe (dative singular)
rathum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *raþ, from Proto-Germanic *raþą (“wheel”).


hamar

hamar (nominative singular)
hamros (nominative plural)
hamar (accusative singular)
hamros (accusative plural)
hamres (genitive singular)
hamrō (genitive plural)
hamre (dative singular)
hamrum (dative plural)

Low German: Hamer, hamer

From Proto-West Germanic *hamar, from Proto-Germanic *hamaraz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱmoros, from *h₂éḱmō (“stone”). Cognate with Old English hamor, Old Frisian hamar, Old High German hamor, Old Norse hamarr.


apo

Middle Low German: āpe

Low German: Ape

German Low German: Aap

Plautdietsch: Op

From Proto-West Germanic *apō, see also Old English apa, Old High German affo, Old Norse api.


oga

ōga (canonical neuter)
ōga (nominative singular)
ōgon (nominative plural)
ōgun (nominative plural)
ōgan (nominative plural)
ōga (accusative singular)
ōgon (accusative plural)
ōgun (accusative plural)
ōgan (accusative plural)
ōgen (genitive singular)
ōgan (genitive singular)
ōgon (genitive singular)
ōgono (genitive plural)
ōgen (dative singular)
ōgan (dative singular)
ōgon (dative singular)
ōgun (dative plural)
ōgon (dative plural)

Middle Low German: ôge

Low German:

German Low German:

Hamburgisch: Oog

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Äuge

Lippisch: Auge, Äoge

Ravensbergisch: äuge (scientific), Auge

Sauerländisch: Äoge, Auge, Eyege, Ouge, Oue

Westmünsterländisch: Ooge, Oog

Plautdietsch: Uag

From Proto-West Germanic *augā.
Compare Old English ēage, Old Frisian āge, Old Dutch ōga, Old High German ouga, Old Norse auga, Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 (augō).

9th c. Heliand, verse 5494

...and they spat at him under his eyes,...


brud

brūd (canonical feminine)
brūd (nominative singular)
brūdi (nominative plural)
brūd (accusative singular)
brūdi (accusative plural)
brūdi (genitive singular)
brūdiō (genitive plural)
brūdi (dative singular)
brūdium (dative plural)

Middle Low German: brûde, brût

German Low German: Bruut

From Proto-West Germanic *brūdi (“bride, daughter-in-law”).
Cognates
Cognate with Old English brȳd, Old Frisian brēd (West Frisian breid), Dutch bruid, Old High German brūt (German Braut), Old Norse brúðr (Swedish brud), Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌸𐍃 (brūþs).


ula

From Proto-Germanic *uwwalǭ, whence also Old English ūle, Old Norse ugla.


godspel

gōdspel (canonical neuter)
gōdspel (nominative singular)
gōdspel (nominative plural)
gōdspel (accusative singular)
gōdspel (accusative plural)
gōdspeles (genitive singular)
gōdspelō (genitive plural)
gōdspele (dative singular)
gōdspelun (dative plural)

From gōd (“good”) + spel (“news, message”), calque from Ecclesiastical Latin bona annūntiātiō or bonus nūntius, which was a then-current explanation of the meaning of Ecclesiastical Latin ēvangelium, from Ancient Greek εὐαγγέλιον (euangélion, “good news”) (English evangel).


wiht

Middle Low German: wicht, wucht

German Low German: Wicht

Dutch Low Saxon: wicht

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Wicht

Sauerländisch: Weyht

Westmünsterländisch: Wicht

From Proto-West Germanic *wihti.
Cognate with Old English wiht, Dutch wicht, Old High German wiht (German Wicht), Old Norse vættr (“exceptional creature”), vætr, véttr, or vétr (Danish vætte, Swedish vätte), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (waihts).


maht

maht (nominative singular)
maht (nominative plural)
mahtes (accusative singular)
mahte (accusative plural)
mahti (genitive singular)
mahti (genitive plural)
mahtō (dative singular)
mahtum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: macht

German Low German: Macht

Dutch Low Saxon: macht

Plautdietsch: Macht

→ Norwegian: makt

→ Swedish: makt

→ Danish: magt

→ Gutnish: mäkt

From Proto-West Germanic *mahti.
Compare Old High German maht, Old English miht, Old Frisian macht, Old Norse máttr, Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (mahts).


naht

Middle Low German: nacht

Low German:

Dutch Low Saxon: nacht

German Low German:

Hamburgisch: Natt

Westphalian:

Lippisch: Nacht f

Paderbornisch: Nacht f

Ravensbergisch: Nacht

Sauerländisch: Nacht

Westmünsterländisch: Nacht, Nach

Plautdietsch: Nacht

From Proto-West Germanic *naht, from Proto-Germanic *nahts.


eld

ēld (canonical masculine)
ēld (nominative singular)
ēldos (nominative plural)
ēld (accusative singular)
ēldos (accusative plural)
ēldes (genitive singular)
ēldō (genitive plural)
ēlde (dative singular)
ēldum (dative plural)


ast

Middle Low German: ast


ambaht

desc

Middle Low German: ambacht, ambecht, ambet, ambt, amt

German Low German: Ambacht, Amt

→ Danish: amt

From Proto-Germanic *ambahtiją (“service, office”), derivative of Proto-Germanic *ambahtaz (“servant”), from Gaulish *ambactos (“servant”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”) + *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). More at agent. Akin to Old English ambiht and Old High German ambaht.


fraga

German Low German: Fraag, Froge

Related to Old English fræġn and the verb frignan (“to ask”), from Proto-West Germanic *fregnan.


hevan

hevan (nominative singular)
hevanos (nominative plural)
hevan (accusative singular)
hevanos (accusative plural)
hevanes (genitive singular)
hevanō (genitive plural)
hevane (dative singular)
hevanum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: hêben, hêven

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: Häw'n

Westphalian:

Dortmunder: Hēäwen

Lippisch: Heben

Ravensbergisch: Hewwen

Sauerländisch: Hiäwen, Hiawen (Olpe)

From Proto-West Germanic *hebun (“cloud cover, sky”).


uwila

Middle Low German: ûle, uhle

German Low German: Uul

Plautdietsch: Ul


kraft

kraft (nominative singular)
krefti (nominative plural)
kraft (accusative singular)
krefti (accusative plural)
krefti (genitive singular)
kreftiō (genitive plural)
krefti (dative singular)
kreftium (dative plural)

Middle Low German: kraft, kracht

German Low German: Kraft, Kracht

Low German: kraft

Plautdietsch: Krauft

From Proto-West Germanic *kraftu, from Proto-Germanic *kraftuz.

thiu craft godes

kumid mid is engilo craftu

He came with his crowd of angels (Heliand, verse 2596)


sunna

sunna (nominative singular)
sunnun (nominative plural)
sunnan (nominative plural)
sunnon (nominative plural)
sunnun (accusative singular)
sunnan (accusative singular)
sunnon (accusative singular)
sunnun (accusative plural)
sunnan (accusative plural)
sunnon (accusative plural)
sunnun (genitive singular)
sunnan (genitive singular)
sunnon (genitive singular)
sunnono (genitive plural)
sunnun (dative singular)
sunnan (dative singular)
sunnon (dative singular)
sunnun (dative plural)
sunnan (dative plural)
sunnon (dative plural)

Middle Low German: sunne, sonne f or m

Dutch Low Saxon: zunne

German Low German: Sünn, Sünne

Plautdietsch: Sonn

From Proto-West Germanic *sunnā (“sun”).


gomo

From Proto-West Germanic *gumō. See also Old Lithuanian žmuõ (“man”) and Gothic 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌰 (guma).


hano

hano (nominative singular)
hanon (nominative plural)
hanun (nominative plural)
hanan (nominative plural)
hanon (accusative singular)
hanan (accusative singular)
hanon (accusative plural)
hanun (accusative plural)
hanan (accusative plural)
hanen (genitive singular)
hanan (genitive singular)
hanon (genitive singular)
hanono (genitive plural)
hanen (dative singular)
hanan (dative singular)
hanon (dative singular)
hanun (dative plural)
hanon (dative plural)

Middle Low German: hāne

German Low German: Hahn

From Proto-Germanic *hanô, from Proto-Indo-European *kan- (“to sing”). Compare Old High German hano, Old English hana, Old Norse hani, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 (hana).


namo

namo (nominative singular)
namon (nominative plural)
namun (nominative plural)
naman (nominative plural)
namon (accusative singular)
naman (accusative singular)
namon (accusative plural)
namun (accusative plural)
naman (accusative plural)
namen (genitive singular)
naman (genitive singular)
namon (genitive singular)
namono (genitive plural)
nomana (genitive plural)
namen (dative singular)
naman (dative singular)
namon (dative singular)
namon (dative plural)
namun (dative plural)


bogo

bogo (nominative singular)
bogon (nominative plural)
bogun (nominative plural)
bogan (nominative plural)
bogon (accusative singular)
bogan (accusative singular)
bogon (accusative plural)
bogun (accusative plural)
bogan (accusative plural)
bogen (genitive singular)
bogan (genitive singular)
bogon (genitive singular)
bogono (genitive plural)
bogen (dative singular)
bogan (dative singular)
bogon (dative singular)
bogun (dative plural)
bogon (dative plural)

Middle Low German: boge

From Proto-West Germanic *bogō, see also Old English boga, Old Frisian boga, Old High German bogo, Old Norse bogi.


thorp

thorp (nominative singular)
thorp (nominative plural)
thorp (accusative singular)
thorp (accusative plural)
thorpes (genitive singular)
thorpō (genitive plural)
thorpe (dative singular)
thorpun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: dorp

German Low German:

Low Prussian: Dörp, Dorp, Derp

Westphalian:

Münsterland: Duorp

Paderborn: Doärp

Sauerland: Duarp

Plautdietsch: Darp

→ German: -trop

→ West Frisian: doarp


bano

bano (nominative singular)
banon (nominative plural)
banun (nominative plural)
banan (nominative plural)
banon (accusative singular)
banan (accusative singular)
banon (accusative plural)
banun (accusative plural)
banan (accusative plural)
banen (genitive singular)
banan (genitive singular)
banon (genitive singular)
banono (genitive plural)
banen (dative singular)
banan (dative singular)
banon (dative singular)
banun (dative plural)
banon (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *banō, from Proto-Germanic *banô. Cognate with Old English bana, Old Norse bani.


kinni

Middle Low German: kinne, kin

Low German: Kinn

→ Old Frisian: kin, ken

West Frisian: kin


sunno

Middle Low German: sunne, sonne f or m

Dutch Low Saxon: zunne

German Low German: Sünn, Sünne

Plautdietsch: Sonn

From Proto-West Germanic *sunnō. Masculine form of sunna.


sneo

snēo (canonical)
snēo (nominative singular)
snēwos (nominative plural)
snēo (accusative singular)
snēwos (accusative plural)
snēwes (genitive singular)
snēwō (genitive plural)
snēwe (dative singular)
snēwum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: snê

German Low German: Snei, Snee, Sneei

Plautdietsch: Schnee

From Proto-West Germanic *snaiw, from Proto-Germanic *snaiwaz.


triuwa

From Proto-West Germanic *triuwī, from Proto-Germanic *triwwiz. More at triuwi.


werra

Middle Low German: werre

From Proto-West Germanic *werru (“confusion; quarrel”).


wini

From Proto-West Germanic *wini, whence also Old Dutch wini, Old English wine, Old Frisian wine, Old High German wini, Old Norse vinr.


farn

Middle Low German: varn, varne, varen

German Low German: Farn

From Proto-West Germanic *farn, whence also Old English fearn.


liudi

liudi (nominative singular)
liudi (nominative plural)
liudi (accusative singular)
liudi (accusative plural)
liudies (genitive singular)
liudiiō (genitive plural)
liudie (dative singular)
liudiium (dative plural)

Low German: Lüüd

From Proto-West Germanic *liud(i), from Proto-Germanic *liudiz.


hungar

hungar (nominative singular)
hungros (nominative plural)
hungar (accusative singular)
hungros (accusative plural)
hungres (genitive singular)
hungrō (genitive plural)
hungre (dative singular)
hungrum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: hunger

German Low German: Hunger

From Proto-Germanic *hunhruz, whence also Old English hungor, Old High German hungar, Old Norse hungr.

Helpa uuiðar hungre.


fingar

fingar (nominative singular)
fingaros (nominative plural)
fingar (accusative singular)
fingaros (accusative plural)
fingares (genitive singular)
fingarō (genitive plural)
fingare (dative singular)
fingarum (dative plural)

Low German: Finger


lera

lēra (canonical feminine)
lēra (nominative singular)
lēra (nominative plural)
lēra (accusative singular)
lēra (accusative plural)
lērō (genitive singular)
lēranō (genitive plural)
lēru (dative singular)
lērum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *laiʀu, from Proto-Germanic *laizō.


folm

folm (nominative singular)
folmi (nominative plural)
folm (accusative singular)
folmi (accusative plural)
folmi (genitive singular)
folmiō (genitive plural)
folmi (dative singular)
folmium (dative plural)

slog imu tegegnes folmo crafto

He struck him by the force of his hands (Heliand, verse 4874)


ent

ent (nominative singular)
entos (nominative plural)
ent (accusative singular)
entos (accusative plural)
entes (genitive singular)
entō (genitive plural)
ente (dative singular)
entum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *anti (“giant”). Cognate with Old English ent.


ando

Middle Low German: ande


ervi

From Proto-Germanic *arbiją, whence also Old English ierfe, Old Norse arfr. Akin to Old Saxon arm (“poor”).


hagal

hagal (nominative singular)
haglos (nominative plural)
hagal (accusative singular)
haglos (accusative plural)
hagles (genitive singular)
haglō (genitive plural)
hagle (dative singular)
haglum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: hagel

German Low German: Hagel

Plautdietsch: Hoagel

From Proto-Germanic *haglaz, likely from Proto-Indo-European *kagʰlos (“pebble”).


abbat

abbat (nominative singular)
abbatos (nominative plural)
abbat (accusative singular)
abbatos (accusative plural)
abbates (genitive singular)
abbatō (genitive plural)
abbate (dative singular)
abbatum (dative plural)
abbat (nominative singular)
abbat (nominative plural)
abbat (accusative singular)
abbat (accusative plural)
abbaties (genitive singular)
abbatiō (genitive plural)
abbatie (dative singular)
abbatium (dative plural)
abbat (nominative singular)
abbati (nominative plural)
abbat (accusative singular)
abbati (accusative plural)
abbaties (genitive singular)
abbatiō (genitive plural)
abbatie (dative singular)
abbatium (dative plural)

Middle Low German: abbet, abt, apt

From Latin abbās. Compare Old High German abbāt, Old English abbat.


geva

geva (nominative singular)
geva (nominative plural)
geva (accusative singular)
geva (accusative plural)
geva (genitive singular)
gevu (genitive singular)
gevo (genitive singular)
gevono (genitive plural)
gevu (dative singular)
gevo (dative singular)
geva (dative singular)
gevon (dative plural)
gevum (dative plural)
gevun (dative plural)


sorga

sorga (nominative singular)
sorga (nominative plural)
sorga (accusative singular)
sorga (accusative plural)
sorgō (genitive singular)
sorganō (genitive plural)
sorgu (dative singular)
sorgum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: sorge

desc

Low German: Sorge, Soarge, Suarge, Suare, Sōerje (all Westphalian)

Plautdietsch: Sorj

From Proto-West Germanic *sorgu, from Proto-Germanic *surgō (“worry, anxiety”). Akin to Old English sorg.


skina

skina (nominative singular)
skina (nominative plural)
skina (accusative singular)
skina (accusative plural)
skina (genitive singular)
skinu (genitive singular)
skino (genitive singular)
skinono (genitive plural)
skinu (dative singular)
skino (dative singular)
skina (dative singular)
skinon (dative plural)
skinum (dative plural)
skinun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: schēne

German Low German: Scheen, Schien

→ Danish: skinne

→ Norwegian: skinne, skina

→ Swedish: skena

From Proto-West Germanic *skinu, from Proto-Germanic *skinō.
Cognate with Old English sċinu (English shin), Dutch scheen, Old High German scina (German Schiene (“thin plate”)), and Portuguese esquina


boka

bōka (canonical feminine)
bōka (nominative singular)
bōka (nominative plural)
bōka (accusative singular)
bōka (accusative plural)
bōkō (genitive singular)
bōkanō (genitive plural)
bōku (dative singular)
bōkum (dative plural)
bōka (nominative singular)
bōkun (nominative plural)
bōkan (nominative plural)
bōkon (nominative plural)
bōkun (accusative singular)
bōkan (accusative singular)
bōkon (accusative singular)
bōkun (accusative plural)
bōkan (accusative plural)
bōkon (accusative plural)
bōkun (genitive singular)
bōkan (genitive singular)
bōkon (genitive singular)
bōkono (genitive plural)
bōkun (dative singular)
bōkan (dative singular)
bōkon (dative singular)
bōkun (dative plural)
bōkan (dative plural)
bōkon (dative plural)

Middle Low German: bôke

Low German: Böök, Böke

Dutch Low Saxon: beuk

→ Dutch: beuk

is bocan skinan hedro fon himiles tunglun

His beeches were shining serenely at the stars in the sky (Heliand, verse 600)


kuning

kuning (nominative singular)
kuningos (nominative plural)
kuning (accusative singular)
kuningos (accusative plural)
kuninges (genitive singular)
kuningō (genitive plural)
kuninge (dative singular)
kuningum (dative plural)

desc

Middle Low German: könink, könnink, kunig

Low German:

Dutch Low Saxon: koaning, könning

German Low German: Koning, Köning, Keunig

Plautdietsch: Kjennich

→ Latgalian: kieneņš

→ Latvian: ķēniņš

→ Saterland Frisian: König, Köänig

→ West Frisian: keuning

From Proto-West Germanic *kuning, from Proto-Germanic *kuningaz.

9th c. Heliand, verse 60-64

Herodes was chosen as king in Jerusalem over the Jewish nation, so there the emperor, powerful ruler from Rome placed him among the servants.

Erodes was an Hierusalem oƀer that Judeono folk gikoran te kuninge, sō ina thie kēser thārod, fon Rūmuburg rīki thiodan satta undar that gisīđi.


akkar

akkar (nominative singular)
akkar (nominative plural)
akkar (accusative singular)
akkar (accusative plural)
akkar (genitive singular)
akkarō (genitive plural)
akkar (dative singular)
akkarum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: acker

Low German: Acker

Plautdietsch: Aka

From Proto-Germanic *akraz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵros.


kalf

kalf (nominative singular)
kalviru (nominative plural)
kalf (accusative singular)
kalviru (accusative plural)
kalves (genitive singular)
kalvirō (genitive plural)
kalve (dative singular)
kalvirum (dative plural)

Low German: Kalv, Kalf


kalk

kalk (nominative singular)
kalkos (nominative plural)
kalk (accusative singular)
kalkos (accusative plural)
kalkes (genitive singular)
kalkō (genitive plural)
kalke (dative singular)
kalkum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: kalk, kallik

Low German: Kalk

Plautdietsch: Kaulkj

→ Latvian: kaļķis

→ Scandinavian:

Icelandic: kalk

Faroese: kálk

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: kalk

Norwegian Bokmål: kalk

Old Danish: kalk

Danish: kalk

Old Swedish: kalker

desctree

Swedish: kalk
→ Finnish: kalkki
→ Inari Sami: kalkkâ
→ Skolt Sami: kalkk
→ Northern Sami: kálka

lime (inorganic material containing calcium)


fat

fat (nominative singular)
fatu (nominative plural)
fat (accusative singular)
fatu (accusative plural)
fates (genitive singular)
fatō (genitive plural)
fate (dative singular)
fatum (dative plural)


sterro

sterro (nominative singular)
sterron (nominative plural)
sterrun (nominative plural)
sterran (nominative plural)
sterron (accusative singular)
sterran (accusative singular)
sterron (accusative plural)
sterrun (accusative plural)
sterran (accusative plural)
sterren (genitive singular)
sterran (genitive singular)
sterron (genitive singular)
sterrono (genitive plural)
sterren (dative singular)
sterran (dative singular)
sterron (dative singular)
sterrun (dative plural)
sterron (dative plural)

Middle Low German: stērne, stērn

German Low German: Steern

Plautdietsch: Stiern

→ Saterland Frisian: Stiern

From Proto-West Germanic *sterrō, variant of *sternō, from Proto-Germanic *sternô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.

fallad sterron huit heƀentungal

The stars fall, white celestial bodies (Heliand, verse 4313)


riki

rīki (canonical neuter)
rīki (nominative singular)
rīki (nominative plural)
rīki (accusative singular)
rīki (accusative plural)
rīkies (genitive singular)
rīkiō (genitive plural)
rīkie (dative singular)
rīkium (dative plural)

desc

Middle Low German: rîch, ricke, rijke, rîk, rîke

Low German: riek

Plautdietsch: Rikj

From Proto-West Germanic *rīkī (“kingdom, realm”).


fadar

fadar (nominative singular)
fadar (nominative plural)
fadar (accusative singular)
fadar (accusative plural)
fadar (genitive singular)
fadarō (genitive plural)
fadar (dative singular)
fadarum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: vāder

German Low German: Vader

Plautdietsch: Voda

From Proto-West Germanic *fader, from Proto-Germanic *fadēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.


leth

lēth (canonical neuter)
lēth (nominative singular)
lēth (nominative plural)
lēth (accusative singular)
lēth (accusative plural)
lēthes (genitive singular)
lēthō (genitive plural)
lēthe (dative singular)
lēthun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: lêt, leit

Low German:

Westphalian:

Münsterländisch: leed

Westmünsterländisch: leed


megin

megin (nominative singular)
megin (nominative plural)
megin (accusative singular)
megin (accusative plural)
megines (genitive singular)
meginō (genitive plural)
megine (dative singular)
meginun (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *maginą (“might, power”). Cognate with Old English mæġen, Old Norse megin, Old High German megin, magan.


wika

Middle Low German: wēke

→ North Frisian: Week

From Proto-West Germanic *wikā, from Proto-Germanic *wikǭ (“turn, succession, change, week”), from Proto-Indo-European *weyg-, *weyk- (“to bend, wind, turn, yield”). Related to Proto-Germanic *wīkaną (“to bend, yield, cease”).


skat

Middle Low German: schat

German Low German: Schatt

From Proto-West Germanic *skatt (“treasure, money”).


bodo

bodo (nominative singular)
bodon (nominative plural)
bodun (nominative plural)
bodan (nominative plural)
bodon (accusative singular)
bodan (accusative singular)
bodon (accusative plural)
bodun (accusative plural)
bodan (accusative plural)
boden (genitive singular)
bodan (genitive singular)
bodon (genitive singular)
bodono (genitive plural)
boden (dative singular)
bodan (dative singular)
bodon (dative singular)
bodun (dative plural)
bodon (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *budô. Compare German Bote.


katta

katta (nominative singular)
kattun (nominative plural)
kattan (nominative plural)
katton (nominative plural)
kattun (accusative singular)
kattan (accusative singular)
katton (accusative singular)
kattun (accusative plural)
kattan (accusative plural)
katton (accusative plural)
kattun (genitive singular)
kattan (genitive singular)
katton (genitive singular)
kattono (genitive plural)
kattun (dative singular)
kattan (dative singular)
katton (dative singular)
kattun (dative plural)
kattan (dative plural)
katton (dative plural)

Middle Low German: katte

Dutch Low Saxon: katte

German Low German: Katt, Katte

Plautdietsch: Kautt, Kaut

Common to West and North Germanic: cognate with Old English catte, Old Frisian katte, Middle Dutch katte) (Dutch kat), Old High German kazza (German Katze), Old Norse ketta (Swedish katta). The word existed in the Germanic languages in a masculine gender also, represented in Old Saxon by katto. The word appears to be related to Late Latin cattus as well as to similar words in the Slavic and Celtic languages, but the ultimate source is uncertain.


kruci

krūci (canonical neuter)
krūci (nominative singular)
krūci (nominative plural)
krūci (accusative singular)
krūci (accusative plural)
krūcies (genitive singular)
krūciō (genitive plural)
krūcie (dative singular)
krūcium (dative plural)

desc

Middle Low German: krü̂ze, kruze, krûce, cruece, kruse, cruese, crusse, cryce, crü̂ce, krutze, krü̂z, krus, crues, cruyts

Dutch Low Saxon: kruus

German Low German: Krüüz, Krüz, Kriiz

Plautdietsch: Kjriez

→ Danish: kryds

→ Norwegian: kryss

→ Swedish: kryss

→ Old Frisian: kriōce, kriōse, krūs

Saterland Frisian: Krüüs

West Frisian: krús


trada

Middle Low German: trade

→ Middle English: trade

English: trade

From Proto-Germanic *tradō (“track, way”).


engil

engil (nominative singular)
englos (nominative plural)
engil (accusative singular)
englos (accusative plural)
engles (genitive singular)
englō (genitive plural)
engle (dative singular)
englum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: engel

Low German:

German Low German: Engel

Plautdietsch: Enjel

→ Estonian: ingel

desctree

→ Old Norse: engill
Icelandic: engill
Faroese: eingil
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: engel
Norwegian Bokmål: engel
Elfdalian: aindjel
Danish: engel
Old Swedish: ængil, engil
Swedish: ängel
→ Finnish: enkeli
Gutnish: änggel


modar

mōdar (canonical feminine)
mōdar (nominative singular)
mōdar (nominative plural)
mōdar (accusative singular)
mōdar (accusative plural)
mōdar (genitive singular)
mōdarō (genitive plural)
mōdar (dative singular)
mōdarum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: mōder

Low German: Moder, Mor

From Proto-West Germanic *mōder, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr.


werwulf

werwulf (nominative singular)
werwulvos (nominative plural)
werwulf (accusative singular)
werwulvos (accusative plural)
werwulves (genitive singular)
werwulvō (genitive plural)
werwulve (dative singular)
werwulvum (dative plural)

desc

Middle Low German: werwulf, werwolf, warwulf, bērwulf

German Low German: Weerwulf, Warwulf

→ Icelandic: varúlfur

→ Faroese: varúlvur

→ Norwegian: varulv

→ Swedish: varulv

→ Danish: varulv

From Proto-West Germanic *werawulf. Equivalent to wer (“man”) + wulf (“wolf”).


luva

From Proto-Germanic *lubō, from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ-.


gest

gēst (canonical masculine)
gēst (nominative singular)
gēstos (nominative plural)
gēst (accusative singular)
gēstos (accusative plural)
gēstes (genitive singular)
gēstō (genitive plural)
gēste (dative singular)
gēstum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: gêst, geist

German Low German: Geest, Geist

Low German: geest

Plautdietsch: Jeist

→ Norwegian Bokmål: gast

→ Old Danish: gast (or from Frisian)

Danish: gast

→ Swedish: gast


galm

galm (nominative singular)
galmos (nominative plural)
galm (accusative singular)
galmos (accusative plural)
galmes (genitive singular)
galmō (genitive plural)
galme (dative singular)
galmum (dative plural)

Dutch Low Saxon: galm

⇒ Dutch Low Saxon: naogalm

German Low German: Galm

From Proto-West Germanic *galm, from Proto-Germanic *galmaz, whence also Old High German galm, modern Dutch galm. Also related to Old Saxon galan and Old Saxon galpōn, Old English ġiellan and Old English galdor, modern Dutch gillen.


swerd

swerd (nominative singular)
swerd (nominative plural)
swerd (accusative singular)
swerd (accusative plural)
swerdes (genitive singular)
swerdō (genitive plural)
swerde (dative singular)
swerdun (dative plural)

Low German: Sweerd

Plautdietsch: Schwieet

From Proto-West Germanic *swerd, from Proto-Germanic *swerdą.


fehu

fehu (nominative singular)
feho (nominative singular)
fehu (accusative singular)
feho (accusative singular)
fehes (genitive singular)
fehas (genitive singular)
fehe (dative singular)
feho (instrumental singular)

Middle Low German: vehe, veh, vê, vie

German Low German: Veeh, Veh, Veih n (Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch)

Plautdietsch: Fee


webbi

From Proto-Germanic *wabją, from Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“weave”).


regera

Middle Low German: rêger, reiger

German Low German: Reiger


jamar

(Middle Low German: jâmer, jammer)

From Proto-West Germanic *jāmar, from Proto-Germanic *jēmaraz.


skild

Middle Low German: schilt

German Low German: Schild

Plautdietsch: Schilt


thau

thau (nominative singular)
thauos (nominative plural)
thau (accusative singular)
thauos (accusative plural)
thaues (genitive singular)
thauō (genitive plural)
thaue (dative singular)
thauum (dative plural)

Unknown origin, only in West Germanic, as it were from Proto-Germanic *þawwaz.


helpa

helpa (nominative singular)
helpa (nominative plural)
helpa (accusative singular)
helpa (accusative plural)
helpō (genitive singular)
helpanō (genitive plural)
helpu (dative singular)
helpum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: helpe

Helpa uuiðar hungre.


watar

watar (nominative singular)
watar (nominative plural)
watar (accusative singular)
watar (accusative plural)
watres (genitive singular)
watrō (genitive plural)
watre (dative singular)
watrum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: wāter

Dutch Low Saxon: water (Drents, Twents)

Low German: Water

Plautdietsch: Wota

From Proto-West Germanic *watar, from Proto-Germanic *watōr, from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥.

He stod imo tho bi enes uuatares staðe, ni uuelde tho bi themu gethringe

he stood himself then by the shore, then he did not want to be with the crowd (Heliand, verse 2378)


ertha

ertha (nominative singular)
ertha (nominative plural)
ertha (accusative singular)
ertha (accusative plural)
erthō (genitive singular)
erthanō (genitive plural)
erthu (dative singular)
erthum (dative plural)
ertha (nominative singular)
erthun (nominative plural)
erthan (nominative plural)
erthon (nominative plural)
erthun (accusative singular)
erthan (accusative singular)
erthon (accusative singular)
erthun (accusative plural)
erthan (accusative plural)
erthon (accusative plural)
erthun (genitive singular)
erthan (genitive singular)
erthon (genitive singular)
erthono (genitive plural)
erthun (dative singular)
erthan (dative singular)
erthon (dative singular)
erthun (dative plural)
erthan (dative plural)
erthon (dative plural)

Middle Low German: ērde

Low German:

Dutch Low Saxon: eerde

German Low German: Eer, Eerd, Ier, Ierd

Westphalian:

q

Lippisch: Eren (dative (as in up Eren) and genitive (as in in der Eren Grund))

Ravensbergisch: Airn

Sauerländisch: Ēre, Ere, Ǟre, Ēäre

Westmünsterländisch: Eerde, Eere, Äärde, Ääre, Iärde

Plautdietsch: Ead, Ieed

From Proto-West Germanic *erþu, whence also Old English eorþe, Old Dutch ertha, Old Frisian erthe, Old High German erda, Old Norse jǫrð, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 (airþa).

bran all samað stēn endi erða


herta

herta (nominative singular)
herton (nominative plural)
hertun (nominative plural)
hertan (nominative plural)
herta (accusative singular)
herton (accusative plural)
hertun (accusative plural)
hertan (accusative plural)
herten (genitive singular)
hertan (genitive singular)
herton (genitive singular)
hertono (genitive plural)
herten (dative singular)
hertan (dative singular)
herton (dative singular)
hertun (dative plural)
herton (dative plural)

Middle Low German: herte, harte

Low German: Hart, Hiärt

German Low German: Hart

Plautdietsch: Hoat


himil

himil (nominative singular)
himilos (nominative plural)
himil (accusative singular)
himilos (accusative plural)
himiles (genitive singular)
himilō (genitive plural)
himile (dative singular)
himilum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle Low German: hemmel, hēmel
German Low German:
Ostfriesisch (East Frisian Low Saxon): Hemel, Himmel
Westphalian:
Dortmundisch: Hiəmel
Lippisch, Ravensbergisch, Westmünsterländisch: Hemmel
Sauerländisch: Hiemel, Heämel (Wenden)
Westmünsterländisch: Himmel
Plautdietsch: Himmel
→ Norwegian: himmel
→ Old Swedish: himil
Swedish: himmel
→ Finnish: himmeli
→ Old Danish: *himæl
Danish: himmel
→ Gutnish: himmel


ginatha

From gi + nātha, from Proto-Germanic *nēþō-, from Proto-Indo-European *net- (“to favor, protect”), see also Gothic 𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (niþan, “to help”).


heliand

hēliand (canonical masculine)
hēliand (nominative singular)
hēliand (nominative plural)
hēliand (accusative singular)
hēliand (accusative plural)
hēliandes (genitive singular)
hēliandō (genitive plural)
hēliande (dative singular)
hēliandum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: heilant, heylant

From hēliandi, the present participle of hēlian, calque of Latin salvātor. Compare with Old English hǣlend, Old High German heilant (whence modern German Heiland), Dutch heiland and Plautdietsch Heilant.

that gi thes hêliandes [mugun] craft antkennien

that ye may recognise the Saviour's strength


egan

ēgan (canonical neuter)
ēgan (nominative singular)
ēgan (nominative plural)
ēgan (accusative singular)
ēgan (accusative plural)
ēganes (genitive singular)
ēganō (genitive plural)
ēgane (dative singular)
ēganun (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *aigan. The adjective is the verb's old past participle, from *aiganaz; the noun is in turn derived from that participle.

thes uui thurh thīn iungardōm ēgan endi erƀi al farlētun

We had refused the properties and the heir in our youth (Heliand, verse 3309)


treo

From Proto-West Germanic *treu, from Proto-Germanic *trewą (“tree, wood”), from pre-Germanic *dréu̯om, thematic e-grade derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”).


fiand

fīand (canonical masculine)
fīand (nominative singular)
fīand (nominative plural)
fīand (accusative singular)
fīand (accusative plural)
fīandes (genitive singular)
fīandō (genitive plural)
fīande (dative singular)
fīandum (dative plural)
fīand (nominative singular)
fīandos (nominative plural)
fīand (accusative singular)
fīandos (accusative plural)
fīandes (genitive singular)
fīandō (genitive plural)
fīande (dative singular)
fīandum (dative plural)

desc

Middle Low German: vîent, vîant, vîen, vigent, vigen, vînt, vîend, fīent

German Low German: Feend, Fiend

Plautdietsch: Fient

From Proto-Germanic *fijandz, originally a present participle of *fijāną (“to hate”).

Uuesat iu so uuara uuiðar thiu, uuið iro fēcneon dādiun, sō man uuiðar fīundun scal

Be careful against them, against their dreadful actions, just like one must be (careful) against his enemies (Heliand, verse 1883)


anst

anst (nominative singular)
enst (nominative plural)
anst (accusative singular)
enst (accusative plural)
ansties (genitive singular)
anstiō (genitive plural)
anstie (dative singular)
anstium (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *ansti (“grace, thanks”).


erl

erl (nominative singular)
erlos (nominative plural)
erl (accusative singular)
erlos (accusative plural)
erles (genitive singular)
erlō (genitive plural)
erle (dative singular)
erlum (dative plural)


thurst

thurst (nominative singular)
thurstos (nominative plural)
thurst (accusative singular)
thurstos (accusative plural)
thurstes (genitive singular)
thurstō (genitive plural)
thurste (dative singular)
thurstum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: dorst

German Low German: Dörst, Döst

Plautdietsch: Darscht

From Proto-West Germanic *þurstu, from Proto-Germanic *þurstuz, from Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”).


frithu

Middle Low German: vrēde

Low German:

German Low German: Freed

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: Frää, Frääden, Frääde, Frääne, Freeden (Westmünsterländisch)

Münsterländisch: Friäde, Friäden; tefriäden

East Westphalian: Friae (Ravensbergisch)

Plautdietsch: Fräd

From Proto-West Germanic *friþu, from Proto-Germanic *friþuz.


tharf

tharvo (genitive)
tharf (nominative singular)
tharva (nominative plural)
tharf (accusative singular)
tharva (accusative plural)
tharvō (genitive singular)
tharvanō (genitive plural)
tharvu (dative singular)
tharvum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: *darf

⇒ Middle Low German: bedarf


wik

Middle Low German: wîk

From Proto-West Germanic *wīk, from Latin vīcus, from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-.


athalkunni

athalkunni (nominative singular)
athalkunni (nominative plural)
athalkunni (accusative singular)
athalkunni (accusative plural)
athalkunnies (genitive singular)
athalkunniō (genitive plural)
athalkunnie (dative singular)
athalkunnium (dative plural)


drohtin

From Proto-West Germanic *druhtin, from Proto-Germanic *druhtinaz.


firihos

From Proto-West Germanic *firhwijō (“living being, person”).


gisith

From Proto-Germanic *gasinþô, equivalent to gi- + sīth. Cognate with Old English ġesīþ, Old High German gisindo (German Gesinde).


muth

mūth (canonical masculine)
mūth (nominative singular)
mūthos (nominative plural)
mūth (accusative singular)
mūthos (accusative plural)
mūthes (genitive singular)
mūthō (genitive plural)
mūthe (dative singular)
mūthum (dative plural)


ethili

ethili (nominative singular)
ethilios (nominative plural)
ethili (accusative singular)
ethilios (accusative plural)
ethilies (genitive singular)
ethiliō (genitive plural)
ethilie (dative singular)
ethilium (dative plural)

Related to the adjective *athal, from Proto-West Germanic *aþal.


hoƀid

hōƀid (canonical neuter)
hōƀid (nominative singular)
hōfdu (nominative plural)
hōƀid (accusative singular)
hōfdu (accusative plural)
hōfdes (genitive singular)
hōfdō (genitive plural)
hōfde (dative singular)
hōfdum (dative plural)


hovid

hōvid (canonical neuter)
hōvid (nominative singular)
hōfdu (nominative plural)
hōvid (accusative singular)
hōfdu (accusative plural)
hōfdes (genitive singular)
hōfdō (genitive plural)
hōfde (dative singular)
hōfdum (dative plural)

desc

Middle Low German: hovet, hövet, høvet, hoͤvet

German Low German: Höfd, Höft, Höwt, Hoovd, Höövd

Plautdietsch: Heeft

→ Saterland Frisian: Hööft

From Proto-West Germanic *haubud, from Proto-Germanic *haubudą.


knio

knio (nominative singular)
knio (nominative plural)
knio (accusative singular)
knio (accusative plural)
knies (genitive singular)
kniō (genitive plural)
knie (dative singular)
knium (dative plural)

Middle Low German: knê

Low German:

German Low German: Kneei

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch: Knåi

Sauerländisch: Knai, Knoi, Knaue, Knī

Westmünsterländisch: Knee

Plautdietsch: Kjnee

From Proto-West Germanic *kneu, from Proto-Germanic *knewą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu.


avand

āvand (canonical masculine)
āvand (nominative singular)
āvand (nominative plural)
āvand (accusative singular)
āvand (accusative plural)
āvandes (genitive singular)
āvandō (genitive plural)
āvande (dative singular)
āvandum (dative plural)
āvand (nominative singular)
āvandos (nominative plural)
āvand (accusative singular)
āvandos (accusative plural)
āvandes (genitive singular)
āvandō (genitive plural)
āvande (dative singular)
āvandum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle Low German: âvent
German Low German: Avend
Paderbornisch: Owend

From Proto-West Germanic *ābanþ.
Cognate with Old Frisian ēvend, Old English ǣfen (English even), Old Dutch avont (Dutch avond), Old High German āband (German Abend), Old Norse aptann (Danish aften, Swedish afton).


anafang

Middle Low German: anevanc, anvanc

German Low German: Anfang

Plautdietsch: Aunfang

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *anafangi; by surface analysis, ana- + fang.


anagin

From ana- + *ginnan, found only with prefixes, from Proto-West Germanic simplex verb *ginnan, from Proto-Germanic *ginnaną (“to make an opening, begin”).


andswor

From Proto-Germanic *andaswarō, equivalent to and- + swor, compare Old Saxon swerian. Cognate with Old English andswaru, Old Frisian ondser, Old Norse andsvar.


andwordi

From Proto-Germanic *andawurdiją, equivalent to and- + wordi. Cognate with Old High German antwurti.


giwin

From Proto-West Germanic *gawinną, *gawinnan, from Proto-Germanic *gawinnaną (“to toil, labor”).


sunnundag

sunnundag (nominative singular)
sunnundagos (nominative plural)
sunnundag (accusative singular)
sunnundagos (accusative plural)
sunnundages (genitive singular)
sunnundagō (genitive plural)
sunnundage (dative singular)
sunnundagum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: sunnedag

Dutch Low Saxon: zundag

German Low German: Sünndag

Plautdietsch: Sindach

From Proto-West Germanic *sunnōn dag, a calque of Latin dies Solis. Equivalent to sunna + dag.


dior

desc

Middle Low German: dēr, dēre, dērt, deirt, dêrd

Dutch Low Saxon: diert

German Low German: Deer, Deert, Dird, Dairt, Duert, Diert, Dirt, Dier

From Proto-West Germanic *deuʀ, from Proto-Germanic *deuzą, whence also Old English dēor, Old Norse dýr.


diuval

Middle Low German: dūvel

German Low German: Düwel, Dîwel

desctree

→ Old Norse: djǫfull
Icelandic: djöfull
Faroese: djevul, devul, devil
Norwegian:
Bokmål: djevel
Nynorsk: djevel
Old Swedish: diævul, diæffwol, diæffuill, diawl, diwell, dyfwll, dyffwill, diefwel
Swedish: djävel, djävul, jävel
Danish: djævel

From Proto-West Germanic *diubul, from Latin diabolus.


diupi

From Proto-West Germanic *diupī, from Proto-Germanic *diupį̄.


friund

friund (nominative singular)
friund (nominative plural)
friund (accusative singular)
friund (accusative plural)
friundes (genitive singular)
friundō (genitive plural)
friunde (dative singular)
friundum (dative plural)
friund (nominative singular)
friundos (nominative plural)
friund (accusative singular)
friundos (accusative plural)
friundes (genitive singular)
friundō (genitive plural)
friunde (dative singular)
friundum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: vrint, vrünt, vrent

German Low German: Fründ, Frund, Frönd

Plautdietsch: Frint

→ Old Swedish: frynt, frynd

Swedish: frynt (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *friund, from Proto-Germanic *frijōndz.
Compare Old Frisian friōnd, friūnd, Old English frēond, Old High German friunt, Old Norse frændi, frjándi, Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (frijōnds).


kunni

kunni (nominative singular)
kunni (nominative plural)
kunni (accusative singular)
kunni (accusative plural)
kunnies (genitive singular)
kunniō (genitive plural)
kunnie (dative singular)
kunnium (dative plural)

Middle Low German: künne

From Proto-West Germanic *kuni, from Proto-Germanic *kunją.


wintar

Middle Low German: winter

Dutch Low Saxon: winter (Gronings)

German Low German: Winter

Plautdietsch: Winta

From Proto-Germanic *wintruz, whence also Old High German wintar, Old English and Old Frisian winter, Old Norse vetr and vintr.

9th century, Heliand, 197-198

The winter went on, the year's count continued.

Scred thie uuintar forth, gieng thes iares gital.


sundargift

From sundar (“special”) + *gift (“gift”), from Proto-Germanic *sundraz + *giftiz.


stedi

stedi (nominative singular)
stedios (nominative plural)
stedi (accusative singular)
stedios (accusative plural)
stedies (genitive singular)
stediō (genitive plural)
stedie (dative singular)
stedium (dative plural)

Low German: stede


werold

werold (nominative singular)
weroldi (nominative plural)
werold (accusative singular)
weroldi (accusative plural)
weroldi (genitive singular)
weroldo (genitive plural)
weroldi (dative singular)
weroldum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: werlt, werlde

Low German: Welt, Werlt

German Low German: Wereld, Welt

Plautdietsch: Welt

From Proto-Germanic *weraldiz. Cognate with Old English weorold, West Frisian warld, Old Dutch werolt, German weralt, Old Norse verǫld.


hirdi

hirdi (nominative singular)
hirdios (nominative plural)
hirdi (accusative singular)
hirdios (accusative plural)
hirdies (genitive singular)
hirdiō (genitive plural)
hirdie (dative singular)
hirdium (dative plural)

Middle Low German: herde, hirde

German Low German: Heier

Plautdietsch: Hoad


huneg

desc

Middle Low German: hōnich, honnich, hönich, höneg

German Low German: Hönnig

Plautdietsch: Honnich


giƀa

geƀa (nominative singular)
geƀa (nominative plural)
geƀa (accusative singular)
geƀa (accusative plural)
geƀa (genitive singular)
geƀu (genitive singular)
geƀo (genitive singular)
geƀono (genitive plural)
geƀu (dative singular)
geƀo (dative singular)
geƀa (dative singular)
geƀon (dative plural)
geƀum (dative plural)
geƀun (dative plural)


gertala

gērtala (canonical neuter)
gērtala (nominative singular)
gērtala (nominative plural)
gērtala (accusative singular)
gērtala (accusative plural)
gērtales (genitive singular)
gērtalō (genitive plural)
gērtale (dative singular)
gērtalum (dative plural)


manuth

mānuth (canonical masculine)
mānuth (nominative singular)
mānuthos (nominative plural)
mānuth (accusative singular)
mānuthos (accusative plural)
mānuthes (genitive singular)
mānuthō (genitive plural)
mānuthe (dative singular)
mānuthum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: mānet, mānt

Low German: Maand (Northern Germany), Maond (Westphalia)

Plautdietsch: Moonat


wiod

Uncertain; cognate with Old English weod. Related to Old High German wiota ‘fern’.


bodom

bodom (nominative singular)
bodomos (nominative plural)
bodom (accusative singular)
bodomos (accusative plural)
bodomes (genitive singular)
bodomō (genitive plural)
bodome (dative singular)
bodomum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: bōdeme, bodem, boddeme, boddem, bodden

German Low German: Bodden, Borrn, Baam

Münsterländisch: Buodden

Plautdietsch: Boddem

From Proto-West Germanic *botm, from Proto-Germanic *butmaz (“ground”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn (“earth, bottom”). Cognate with Old English botm (“bottom”), Old High German bodam (“floor, bottom”), Old Norse botn (“floor, ground”), Old English bytme (“keel of a ship”).


abolganhed

ābolganhēd (canonical feminine)
ābolganhēd (nominative singular)
ābolganhēdi (nominative plural)
ābolganhēd (accusative singular)
ābolganhēdi (accusative plural)
ābolganhēdi (genitive singular)
ābolganhēdo (genitive plural)
ābolganhēdi (dative singular)
ābolganhēdum (dative plural)

/ɑːˈbɔlɣɑnhɛːd/


thiod

thīod (canonical feminine)
thīod (nominative singular)
thīoda (nominative plural)
thīod (accusative singular)
thīoda (accusative plural)
thīoda (genitive singular)
thīodu (genitive singular)
thīodo (genitive singular)
thīodono (genitive plural)
thīodu (dative singular)
thīodo (dative singular)
thīoda (dative singular)
thīodon (dative plural)
thīodum (dative plural)
thīodun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: dêt, deit

From Proto-Germanic *þeudō, from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂.


willio

willio (nominative singular)
willios (nominative plural)
willio (accusative singular)
willios (accusative plural)
willies (genitive singular)
williō (genitive plural)
willie (dative singular)
willium (dative plural)

Middle Low German: wille

German Low German: Wille, Will

From Proto-Germanic *wiljô. Cognate with Old Dutch willo (Dutch wil), Old High German willa (German Wille), Old Norse vili (Swedish vilja).


stemna

stemna (nominative singular)
stemna (nominative plural)
stemna (accusative singular)
stemna (accusative plural)
stemnō (genitive singular)
stemnanō (genitive plural)
stemnu (dative singular)
stemnum (dative plural)

Low German: Stemne

From Proto-West Germanic *stebnu, from Proto-Germanic *stebnō, *stamnijō (“voice”).


lioht

lioht (nominative singular)
liohtu (nominative plural)
lioht (accusative singular)
liohtu (accusative plural)
liohtes (genitive singular)
liohtō (genitive plural)
liohte (dative singular)
liohtum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: licht, lucht

Low German:

German Low German: Licht

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch: Lecht

Lippisch: Lecht, Lucht

Sauerländisch: Lecht, Licht

Westmünsterländisch: Lecht, Lech

Plautdietsch: Licht

From Proto-West Germanic *leuht, from Proto-Germanic *leuhtą, from Proto-Indo-European *lewktom, from *lewk- (“shine, be white”).
Cognate with Old Frisian liacht, Old English leoht (English light), Dutch licht, Old High German lioht (German Licht).


glimo

glīmo (canonical masculine)
glīmo (nominative singular)
glīmos (nominative plural)
glīmo (accusative singular)
glīmos (accusative plural)
glīmes (genitive singular)
glīmō (genitive plural)
glīme (dative singular)
glīmum (dative plural)

Uncertain. Likely from Old Norse [Term?]; compare Norwegian Bokmål glim, Old Swedish glim, glimma; apparently ultimately from Proto-Germanic *glim-.


liomo

liomo (nominative singular)
liomon (nominative plural)
liomun (nominative plural)
lioman (nominative plural)
liomon (accusative singular)
lioman (accusative singular)
liomon (accusative plural)
liomun (accusative plural)
lioman (accusative plural)
liomen (genitive singular)
lioman (genitive singular)
liomon (genitive singular)
liomono (genitive plural)
liomen (dative singular)
lioman (dative singular)
liomon (dative singular)
liomun (dative plural)
liomon (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *leuhmô, from Proto-Indo-European *lewk-.


skimo

Middle Low German: sc(h)eme


werth

werth (nominative singular)
werth (nominative plural)
werth (accusative singular)
werth (accusative plural)
werthes (genitive singular)
werthō (genitive plural)
werthe (dative singular)
werthun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: wert

→ Estonian: väärt


arved

arvēd (canonical feminine)
arvēd (nominative singular)
arvēdi (nominative plural)
arvēd (accusative singular)
arvēdi (accusative plural)
arvēdi (genitive singular)
arvēdiō (genitive plural)
arvēdi (dative singular)
arvēdium (dative plural)

desc

Middle Low German: arbet, arbeit, arvêd, arveid

German Low German: Arbeid, Arbeit

→ Icelandic: arbeiði, arbeið

→ Faroese: arbeiði

→ Norwegian: arbeid

→ Old Swedish: arbeide, arbeyd, arbede, arbeyte, arbeyt, arbete, ærbete, arbet

Swedish: arbete

→ Danish: arbejde

From Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“hardship”), from a verb *arƀējō (“be orphaned”). Cognate with Old English earfoþe, Old High German arbeit, Old Norse erfiði, Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (arbaiþs).


arvedi

arvēdi (canonical feminine)
arvēdi (nominative singular)
arvēdi (nominative plural)
arvēdi (accusative singular)
arvēdi (accusative plural)
arvēdi (genitive singular)
arvēdiō (genitive plural)
arvēdi (dative singular)
arvēdium (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *arbaidiją (“hardship”). More at arvēd.


huria

Middle Low German: hüre, huere, hyre, hüer, hür

German Low German:

Altmärkisch: Hü̂r

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch: Huür

Westmünsterländisch: Höier

→ German: Heuer

→ Danish: hyre

→ Norwegian: hyre

→ Swedish: hyra

→? Estonian: üür

→ Faroese: hýra

→? Estonian: üür

From Proto-West Germanic *hūʀiju (“hire”).


roggo

Middle Low German: rogge

German Low German: Rogg

→⇒? German: Roggen

Plautdietsch: Rogg

From Proto-West Germanic *roggō, from Proto-Germanic *ruggô.


hravan

hravan (nominative singular)
hravanos (nominative plural)
hravan (accusative singular)
hravanos (accusative plural)
hravanes (genitive singular)
hravanō (genitive plural)
hravane (dative singular)
hravanum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: rāven, rāve, rāvene, rāmme

German Low German: Raav, Roov

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch: Räwe

Lippisch: Rabe

Westmünsterländisch: Raawe, Raabe

Plautdietsch: Rowen

From Proto-West Germanic *hrabn, from Proto-Germanic *hrabnaz, whence also Old English hræfn, Old High German raban, Old Norse hrafn. Compare Old Czech havran.


hrama

Middle Low German: rāme, rām, rāmen m

German Low German: Raam, Rahm, Räm n, Rahmen, Rame, Ramen m

Plautdietsch: Rämen m

→ Danish: ramme

→ Estonian: raam

→ Faroese: ramma

→ Icelandic: ramma

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ramme

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ramme

→ Old Swedish: rama

Swedish: ram

→ Scanian: ramme

From Proto-West Germanic *hramu (“frame, support”).


hradamus

From *hrada (“a move”) + mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *krew- (“to shake, wave around”), related to Tocharian A kru (“reed”), Tocharian B kärwats, Lithuanian krutéti (“to move”). Compare Old English hreaðemūs (“bat”).


bruggia

bruggia (nominative singular)
bruggia (nominative plural)
bruggia (accusative singular)
bruggia (accusative plural)
bruggia (genitive singular)
bruggiu (genitive singular)
bruggio (genitive singular)
bruggiono (genitive plural)
bruggiu (dative singular)
bruggio (dative singular)
bruggia (dative singular)
bruggion (dative plural)
bruggium (dative plural)
bruggiun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: brugge

q

Dutch Low Saxon: brugge (Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Twents, Veluws), brogge (Drents, Stellingwerfs, Veluws), brog (Drents, Gronings, Veluws)

German Low German: Brugge, Brügg(e), Brüch

Plautdietsch: Brigj

From Proto-West Germanic *bruggju.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian brigge, Old English brycg, Dutch brug, Old High German brucca (German Brücke), Old Norse bryggja.


hovidstedi

hovidstedi (nominative singular)
hovidstedios (nominative plural)
hovidstedi (accusative singular)
hovidstedios (accusative plural)
hovidstedies (genitive singular)
hovidstediō (genitive plural)
hovidstedie (dative singular)
hovidstedium (dative plural)

Low German: stede


hovidmal

[ˈhœːβidˌmɑːl]


wepsia

Middle Low German: wespe, wispe

German Low German:

Holsteinisch: Weps, Wȩps (Dithmarsisch)

Low Prussian:

Natangisch-Bartisch: Wösp, Wespe

Samländisch: Wispe

Westphalian:

Bentheimisch: Wöpse

Dortmundisch: Wiəpsche

Münsterländisch: Wöpse

Westmünsterländisch: Wepse, Wöpse

East Westphalian: Wäspe (Lippisch, Paderbornisch), Wispe f (Ravensbergisch)

→ Middle High German: wespe

Alemannic German: Wespi

Cimbrian: bèspa

German: Wespe

Hunsrik: Wesp

Yiddish: וועספּ (vesp)

→ Danish: hveps

→ Norwegian: veps, kvefs


aldar

aldar (nominative singular)
aldar (nominative plural)
aldar (accusative singular)
aldar (accusative plural)
aldares (genitive singular)
aldarō (genitive plural)
aldare (dative singular)
aldarun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: alder, older, ōlder

German Low German: Oller, Öller

From Proto-West Germanic *aldr (“life, age”).

9th c. Heliand, verse 724


aldari

aldāri (canonical masculine)
aldāri (nominative singular)
aldārios (nominative plural)
aldāri (accusative singular)
aldārios (accusative plural)
aldāries (genitive singular)
aldāriō (genitive plural)
aldārie (dative singular)
aldārium (dative plural)


suht

From Proto-Germanic *suhtiz, whence also Old English suht, Old Norse sótt.


timbar

Middle Low German: timber, timmer

German Low German: Timmer

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Timmer

Westmünsterländisch: Timmer

From Proto-West Germanic *timr, from Proto-Germanic *timrą, from Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“build, house”).


eriwit

From Proto-West Germanic *arwīt, whence also Old High German arawiz, Old Norse ertr and Dutch erwt. Possibly related to Latin ervum and Ancient Greek ὄροβος (órobos).


fiur

fiur (nominative singular)
fiur (nominative plural)
fiur (accusative singular)
fiur (accusative plural)
fiures (genitive singular)
fiurō (genitive plural)
fiure (dative singular)
fiurun (dative plural)

Middle Low German: vǖr

German Low German: Füür, Füer, Für

Plautdietsch: Fia

From Proto-West Germanic *fuir, from Proto-Germanic *fōr, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥. Compare Old Frisian fiūr, fiōr, Old English fȳr, Old High German fiur, Old Norse fúrr, fýrr.


hregera

Middle Low German: rêger, reiger

German Low German: Reiger


kamb

kamb (nominative singular)
kambos (nominative plural)
kamb (accusative singular)
kambos (accusative plural)
kambes (genitive singular)
kambō (genitive plural)
kambe (dative singular)
kambum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: kam

German Low German: Kamm

Plautdietsch: Kaum