𐏃𐎫𐎡𐎹

h-t-i-y (romanization)
haⁿtiy (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *Hhánti, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hsánti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sénti. Cognate with Sanskrit सन्ति (sánti).

third-person plural present indicative of 𐎠𐎿𐎫𐎡𐎹 (a-s-t-i-y /astiy/)


𐏃𐎶𐎼𐎴𐎣𐎼

h-m-r-n-k-r (romanization)
hamaranakara (romanization)

From 𐏃𐎶𐎼𐎴 (h-m-r-n /hamarana/, “battle”) + 𐎣𐎼 (k-r /kara/, “doer”).


𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎡

p-s-t-i (romanization)
pasti (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *pastíš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *patˢtíš, from Proto-Indo-European *ped-tí-s, from *ped-. Cognate with Sanskrit पत्ति (pattí).


𐎿𐎡𐎹𐎶𐎶

𐎿𐎡𐎹𐎶𐎶 . (canonical)
s-i-y-m-m (romanization)
saiymam (romanization)

Middle Persian: (or ← Greek)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫏𐫖 (ʾsym)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsym), [Book Pahlavi needed] (KSPA)

Probably from Ancient Greek ἄσημος (ásēmos).

𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐏋𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐏍𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐏋𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐏋𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎶 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎥𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎡𐎹𐎶𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎫

465-424 BCE, Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions, A1Vase A, lines 1—4

Artaxerxes, the great king, king of kings, king of all peoples, / son of king Xerxes, Xerxes the son of king Darius, the Achaemenid, who made this silver cup in his palace.

Artaxšaçâ XŠ vazraka XŠ XŠyânâm XŠ DHyûnâm / Xšayâršahyâ XŠhyâ puça / Xšayâršahyâ Dârayavaušahyâ XŠhyâ puça / Haxâmanišiya hya imam bâtugara siyamam vithiyâ karta


𐎣𐎠𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎴

k-a-s-k-i-n (romanization)
kāsakaina (romanization)

From 𐎣𐎠𐎿𐎣 (k-a-s-k, “glass”) + -𐎠𐎡𐎴 (-a-i-n).


𐎠𐎰𐎥𐎡𐎴

aθaⁿgaina (romanization)
a-θ-g-i-n (romanization)

From 𐎠𐎰𐎥 (a-θ-g, “stone, rock”) + -𐎠𐎡𐎴 (-a-i-n).


𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴

a-y-d-n (romanization)
āyadana (romanization)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)


𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢

d-h-y-a-u (romanization)
dahạyau (romanization)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐏁 (nominative singular)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 (nominative plural)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 (accusative plural)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐏁 (dative singular)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative plural)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐏁 (genitive singular)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠𐎶 (genitive plural)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative singular)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐏁𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭲𐭠 (deh)

Persian: ده (deh)

From Proto-Iranian *dáhyuš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dásyuš, from Proto-Indo-European *des- (“enemy, foreigner”).
Cognate with Old Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬒𐬌𐬌𐬎 (dax́iiu, “country”), Younger Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬣𐬵𐬎 (daŋ́hu), Sanskrit दस्यु (dásyu, “stranger, foreigner”).

cog

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹

i-y-m : d-h-y-a-u-š : p-a-r-s-a : t-y : a-d-m : d-a-r-y-a-mi-i-y


𐏀𐎢𐎼𐎣𐎼

z-u-r-k-r (romanization)
zūrakara (romanization)

From 𐏀𐎢𐎼 (z-u-r /zūra/, “wrong”) + 𐎣𐎼 (k-r /kara/, “doer”).


𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎣𐎼

p-t-i-k-r (romanization)
patikara (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/pahikar/)

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫍𐫏𐫐𐫡 (phykr)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ptkl)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (ptkly)

→ Classical Persian: پیکر (paykar)

→ Aramaic:

Biblical Aramaic: פתכר (ptkr, “sculpture, sculpted image”) [4th–5th c., Kesecek Köyü]

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: פתיכרי (ptkrʾ /pṯaḵrā/)

desctree

Classical Syriac: ܦܬܟܪܐ (pəṯaḵrā, “idol, image”)
→ Arabic: فِتَكْر (fitakr, “misfortune, formidable thing”)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁁𒋾𒆳𒌇 (bat-ti-kur-raš₂ /Batikuraš/), 𒁁𒋾𒋼𒀀𒊏𒌝 (bat-ti-kar-ra-um /Batikaraum/)

Inherited from Proto-Iranian *patikárah.


𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐏁

d-h-y-a-u-š (romanization)
dahạyāuš (romanization)

nominative singular of 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢 (d-h-y-a-u /dahạyau/)


𐎠𐎡𐎫

a-i-t (romanization)
aita (romanization)

Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (aēta), Sanskrit एत (etá).


𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹

a-n-i-y (romanization)
aniya (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *Hanyáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hanyás. Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬀 (aniia), Sanskrit अन्य (anyá).


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎡

a-r-š-n-i (romanization)
arašni (romanization)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎡𐏁 (nominative singular)

Middle Persian: ”ryšn (arašn)

Persian: ارش (araš)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: آرشون (arşun, arşın), آرشین (arşın)
Turkish: arşın
→ Albanian: arshin
→ Armenian: արշին (aršin), արշըն (aršən), առշուն (aṙšun) — dialectal
→ Aromanian: aršín
→ Bulgarian: арши́н (aršín)
→ Macedonian: аршин (aršin)
→ Russian: арши́н (aršín)
→ English: arshin
→ Finnish: arsina
→ Northern Mansi: а̄рсын (ārsyn)
→ Polish: arszyn
→ Portuguese: archina
→ Romanian: arșin
→ Spanish: archina
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: а̀ршӣн
Latin script: àršīn

→ Turkmen: arçyn

From Proto-Iranian *Haraθníš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haratníš, from Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l- (“to bow”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬥𐬀 (ar^əθna), Sanskrit अरत्नि (aratní).


𐏀𐎢𐎼

z-u-r (romanization)
zūra (romanization)

𐎴𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏁𐎣𐎢𐎰𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎴𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎬(𐎢)𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎶 𐏐 𐏀𐎢𐎼 𐏐 𐎠𐎤𐎢𐎴𐎺𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎶𐎫/𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎠

5th century BCE, Behistun Inscription, column 4, line 65

I did wrong to neither the weak nor the strong

aiy : škauϑim : naiy : tunuvatam : zūra : akunavam : martiya : hya : hamataxšatā


𐎤𐎢𐎴𐎢𐎫𐎡𐎹

ku-u-n-u-t-i-y (romanization)
kunautiy (romanization)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-
Proto-Indo-European *-néwti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *kr̥náwti
Old Persian 𐎤𐎢𐎴𐎢𐎫𐎡𐎹 (ku-u-n-u-t-i-y)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kr̥náwti, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- + *-néwti. Cognate with Avestan 𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (kər^ənaoⁱti), Sanskrit कृ॒णोति॑ (kṛṇóti).


𐏃𐎨𐎠

h-c-a (romanization)
hacā (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: (/(early) hač, (late) az/, “of, from, with”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫝 (ʾc), 𐫀𐫉 (ʾz)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (MN), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hc)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭭 (mn)

Psalter Pahlavi script: [Psalter Pahlavi needed] (MN)

Pazend script: 𐬆𐬗 (əc)

𐎺𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎶𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎽𐎢𐎻[𐎡𐎹𐎫 𐏐] 𐎠𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎶/𐏃𐎹

5th century BCE, Behistun Inscription, column 1, line 7

We are called Achaemenids (because) we are distinguished from old

vayam : Haxāmanišiyā : ϑahyāmahy : hacā : paruviyata : āmātā : amahy


𐎠𐎫𐎼

a-t-r (romanization)
aⁿtar (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/andar/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (BYN), 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (ʾndr)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫡 (ʾndr)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (BY̲N), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾntl)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮁𐮈𐮌 (BY̲N), 𐮀𐮌𐮑𐮊 (ʾntl)

Pazend script: 𐬀𐬥𐬛𐬀𐬭 (andar)

From Proto-Iranian *Hántarah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hántaras, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”).


𐎢𐎱𐎠

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *úpa, from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“under, below”).

inh

𐎱𐎿𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎣𐎠𐎼𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿/𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎡𐏁𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐎱𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐏃
p-s-a-v a-d-m k-a-r-m p-a-r-s-/m u-t-a m-a-d-m f-r-a-i-š-y-m h-y u-p-a m-a-m a-h

5th century BCE, Behistun Inscription, column 3, lines 29-30

Then did I send out the Persians and the Median army which was under me

/pasāva adam kāram Pārsa/m utā Mādam hya upā mām āha/


𐎹𐎰𐎠

y-θ-a (romanization)
yaθā (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *HyáθaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HyátʰaH. Cognate with Sanskrit यथा (yathā).


𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫

du-ru-x-t (romanization)
duruxta (romanization)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫 (nominative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (nominative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dative genitive singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (locative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)


𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠

y-a-t-a (romanization)
yātā (romanization)


𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠

h-du-u-g-a (romanization)
hadugā (romanization)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠 (nominative singular)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dative genitive singular)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠𐎹𐎠 (locative singular)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)


𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣

a-r-i-k (romanization)
arika (romanization)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣 (nominative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (nominative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dative genitive singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐎹𐎠 (locative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)


𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴

d-r-u-j-n (romanization)
draujana (romanization)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴 (nominative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (nominative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dative genitive singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐎹𐎠 (locative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)


𐎢𐎱𐎼𐎡𐎹

u-p-r-i-y (romanization)
upariy (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *upári, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *upári, from Proto-Indo-European *upér, from *upo. Cognate with Avestan 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upaⁱri), Sanskrit उपरि (upari).


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠

a-r-š-t-a (romanization)
arštā (romanization)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠 (nominative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dative genitive singular)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (locative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)


𐎲𐎼

Persian: بردن

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰar-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. Cognates include Sanskrit भृ (bhṛ), English bear.


𐎱𐎿𐎠𐎺

p-s-a-v (romanization)
pasāva (romanization)

𐎱𐎿𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎣𐎠𐎼𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿/𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎡𐏁𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐎱𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐏃
p-s-a-v : a-d-m : k-a-r-m : p-a-r-s/m : u-t-a : m-a-d-m : f-r-a-i-š-y-m : h-y : u-p-a : m-a-m : a-h
p-s-a-v a-d-m k-a-r-m p-a-r-s-/m u-t-a m-a-d-m f-r-a-i-š-y-m h-y u-p-a m-a-m a-h

pasāva adam kāram Pārsa/m utā Mādam hya upā mām āha


𐎠𐎺𐎭𐎠

a-v-d-a (romanization)
avadā (romanization)


𐎳𐎼

Middle Persian: [script needed] (fra-)

Persian: فرـ (far-), Persian: فراـ (farâ-)


𐎠𐏀𐎭𐎠

a-z-d-a (romanization)
azdā (romanization)

𐎠𐎭𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎺𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹
a-d-t-i-y : a-z-d-a : b-v-a-t-i-y
a-d-t-i-y : a-z-d-a : b-v-a-t-i-y

5th century BCE, DNa Inscription, line 43


𐎨𐎡𐎹𐎣𐎼𐎶

c-i-y-k-r-m (romanization)
ciyakaram (romanization)

𐎹𐎮𐎡𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐏃𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎨𐎡𐎹𐎣𐎼𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐏃 𐏐 𐎠𐎺𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺
y-di-i-p-t-i-y : m-n-i-y-a-h-i-y : t-y : c-i-y-k-r-m : a-h : a-v-a : d-h-y-a-v
y-d-i-p-t-i-y : m-n-i-y-a-h-i-y : t-y : c-i-y-k-r-m : a-h : a-v-a : d-h-y-a-v

5th century BCE, DNa Inscription, lines 38-39

if you would again wonder how many those countries were

yadipatiy maniyāhaiy tya ciyakaram āha avā dahyāva


𐎱𐎽𐎢𐎺𐎶

p-ru-u-v-m (romanization)
paruvam (romanization)


𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹

b-r-z-m-n-i-y (romanization)
brazmaniya (romanization)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹 (nominative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dative genitive singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎹𐎠 (locative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

peo-decl

𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠

𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠

𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠


𐎰𐎠𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎨𐎡𐏁

θ-a-i-g-r-c-i-š (romanization)
θāigračiš (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒊓𒀀𒆳𒊏𒍢𒆜 (sa-a-kur-ra-zí-iš /Sākuraziš/), 𒊓𒀀𒆳𒍢𒆜 (sa-a-kur-zí-iš /Sākurziš/)

A vṛddhi derivation of the adjective *θigraka-, itself from *θigra- (“garlic”) + *ka- (hypocoristic suffix).
Palatalisation during the derivation of *θigraka- from θāigračiš occurred on same pattern as during the derivations of Ākaufačiyā- from *Ākaufaka- and of Mačiyā- from *Maka-.

Third month of the Old Persian year, falling from May to June


𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎺𐎠𐏃𐎼

head

𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎺𐎠𐏃𐎼 (θ-u-r-v-a-h-r /θūravāharaʰ, θūravāraʰ/) m

θ-u-r-v-a-h-r (romanization)
θūravāharaʰ (romanization)
θūravāraʰ (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁺𒊒𒈠𒅕 (du-ru-ma-ir /Durumair/), 𒋗𒊏𒈠𒅕 (šu-ra-ma-i /Šuramai/), 𒋗𒊏𒈠𒊏 (šu-ra-ma-ra /Šuramara/), 𒋗𒊑𒈠𒅕 (šu-re-ma-ir /Šuremair/), 𒋗𒊒𒈠𒅕 (šu-ru-ma-ir /Šurumair/), 𒋗𒊒𒈠𒈥 (šu-ru-ₘₐmar /Šurumar/), 𒋗𒊒𒈥 (šu-ru-mar /Šurumar/), 𒋗𒊒𒈠𒋗𒌨 (šu-ru-ma-«šu»-ur /Šurumaur/), 𒋗𒌨𒈠𒅕 (šu-ur-ma-ir /Šurmair/), 𒋗𒌨𒈠𒊏 (šu-ur-ma-ra /Šurmara/), 𒋗𒌨𒈠𒌇 (šu-ur-ma-ráš /Šurmaraš/), 𒌅𒅕𒈠𒅕 (tu-ir-ma-ir /Tuirmair/), 𒌅𒅕𒈠𒅕𒊏𒅖 (tu-ir-ma-ir-ra(-iš) /Tuirmairaiš/), 𒌅𒅕𒈥 (tu-ir-mar /Tuirmar/), 𒌅𒅕𒈠𒊏𒅖 (tu-ir-ma-ra(-iš) /Tuirmaraiš/), 𒌅𒅕𒈠𒌇 (tu-ir-ma-ra(-iš) /Tuirmaraiš/), 𒌅𒅕𒈠𒌇𒅖 (tu-ir-ma-ráš^(iš) /Tuirmaraš/), 𒌅𒅕𒈠𒊑𒅖 (tu-ir-ma-ri-iš /Tuirmariš/), 𒌅𒅕𒊏𒈠𒅕 (tu-ir-ra-ma-ir /Tuiramair/), 𒌅𒅕𒊒𒈠𒅕 (tu-ir-ru-ma-ir /Tuirumair/), 𒌅𒈠𒌇 (tu-ma-ráš /Tumaraš/), 𒌅𒊏𒈠𒅕 (tu-ra-ma-ir /Turamair/), 𒌅𒊏𒈠𒊏 (tu-ra-ma-ra /Turamara/), 𒌅𒊏𒈠𒌇 (tu-ra-ma-ráš /Turamaraš/), 𒌅𒊑𒈠𒅕 (tu-re-ma-ir /Turemair/), 𒌅𒊑𒈠𒊏 (tu-re-ma-ra /Turemara/), 𒌅𒊒𒈠𒅕 (tu-ru-ma-ir /Turumair/), 𒌅𒊒𒈥 (tu-ru-mar /Turumar/), 𒌅𒊒𒈥𒅕 (tu-ru-mar-ir /Turumarir/), 𒌅𒊒𒈠𒊏 (tu-ru-ma-ra /Turumara/), 𒌅𒊒𒈠𒌇 (tu-ru-ma-ráš /Turumaraš/), 𒌅𒌨𒈠𒅕 (tu-ur-ma-ir /Turmair/), 𒌅𒌨𒈠𒌇 (tu-ur-ma-ráš /Turmaraš/)

Uncertain; possibly from either:
* *θūra- (“early (in the morning)”), from Proto-Iranian *cuHra- (whence 𐬯𐬏𐬭𐬆𐬨 (sūrəm, “in the morning”)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćúHra-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewH- (“to shine”), cognate with श्वस् (śvás, “tomorrow”)),
* *θūryah (“meal, feast, banquet”) (whence Persian سور (sur)), from Proto-Iranian *cuHryáh (whence 𐬯𐬏𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (sūⁱriia, “morning meal”)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćuHryás, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewH- (“to shine”),
* or *θūraʰ (“strong”), fom Proto-Iranian *cuHráh, Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćuHrás,
+ *vāharaʰ (“of the spring”), from Proto-Iranian *wāharáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wāsarás (perhaps whence वासर (vāsará, “of the morning (light)”)), vṛddhi derivative of *wásr̥ (“spring”).

Second month of the Old Persian year, falling from April to May


𐏃𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎶

h-š-i-y-m (romanization)
hašiyam (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *Hhaθyáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hsatyás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-n̥t-yós, from *h₁sónts, from *h₁es- (“to be”). Cognate with Sanskrit सत्य (satya), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬚𐬌𐬌𐬀 (haⁱθiia), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 (sunjis).

𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠𐏃 𐏐 [𐎼]𐎥𐎶 𐏐 [𐎺]𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎹𐎰𐎠 𐏐 𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎴𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐎽𐎢/𐎧𐎫𐎶
a-u-r-m-z-d-a-h : [r]g-m : [v]r-di-i-y-i-y : y-θ-a : i-m : h-š-i-y-m : n-i-y : du-u-ru-u/x-t-m
a-u-r-m-z-d-a-h [r]-g-m [v]-r-di-i-y-i-y y-ϑ-a i-m h-š-i-y-m n-i-y du-u-ru-u-/x-t-m

5th century BCE, Behistun Inscription, column 4, line 44

I turn myself quickly to Ahura Mazda, as this [is] true, not false

Auramazdāha ragam vardaiyaiy yaϑā ima hašiyam naiy duruxtam


𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹

θ-a-t-i-y (romanization)
θātiy (romanization)

From earlier *θahatiy, from Proto-Iranian *cánhati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćánsati, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱéns-e-ti, from *ḱens- (“to announce, proclaim”) + *-eti. Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬇𐬧𐬖𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍 (sə̄ṇγaⁱtī), Sanskrit शंसति (śáṃsati).

cog

Avestan 𐬯𐬇𐬧𐬖𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍 (sə̄ṇγaⁱtī)


𐎶𐎴𐎠

m-n-a (romanization)
manā (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *mána, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mána, from Proto-Indo-European [Term?]. Cognate with Sanskrit मम (mama).

inflection of 𐎠𐎭𐎶 (a-d-m /adam/):
genitive singular

inflection of 𐎠𐎭𐎶 (a-d-m /adam/):
dative singular


𐎠𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠

a-m-a-t-a (romanization)
āmātā (romanization)


𐎪𐎡𐎺

ji-i-v (romanization)
jīva (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (žīwandāg, “living”)

Persian: جیوه (jive, “alive metal, mercury”)

From Proto-Iranian *ǰiHwáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰiHwás (“alive”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós. Compare Sanskrit जीव (jīva).


šarguš

Early Middle Persian: (/šagr/)

Manichaean script: 𐫢𐫃𐫡 (šgr)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šgr)


𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁

u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-š (romanization)
ʰUvārazmiš (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/Xwārazm/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭧𐭥𐭥𐭦𐭬 (ḥwrzm)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwʾlcm)

Pazend script: 𐬓𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬨 (xᵛārazm)

→ Ancient Greek: Χορασμία (Khorasmía)

desctree

→ Latin: Chorasmia
French: Chorasmie
Italian: Corasmia
→ English: Chorasmia

→ Egyptian:

desc

Late Egyptian: M12-rw-Aa18-G20-xAst (ḫꜣrwsꜣmj), M12-rw-Aa18-m-xAst (ḫꜣrwsꜣm)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒊏𒆜𒈪𒆜 (ma-ra-iš-mi-iš /Maraišmiš/), 𒈠𒊏𒄑𒈠 (ma-ra-iz-ma /Maraizma/)

→ Parthian: (/Xwārazm/)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭇𐭅𐭓𐭆𐭌 (ḥwrzm)

Literally "dark-soiled land", from *(h)uvāra- (“dark”) + *zmī- (“land”). Derived from an earlier form 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹 (u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-y /ʰUvārazmī-/), itself cognate with the East Iranian form *Xvārazmī- (C.f.Avestan 𐬓𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬰𐬆𐬨 (xᵛāⁱrizəm, “Chorasmia”)). More at Khwarazm.


bāgah

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫀𐫇 (bʾw /bāw/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bʾg /bāɣ/)

> Persian: باغ (bâğ) (inherited) (see there for further descendants)

→ Classical Syriac: ܒܓܐ (bāḡā, “garden”)

→ Classical Mandaic: ࡁࡀࡂࡀ (baga, “garden”)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡂 (bg, “agricultural domain, fief”)

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: באגא (“outskirts of a town”)

Inherited from Proto-Iranian *bāgáh (“garden”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰāgás (“division; allotment”)


𐎰𐎼𐎭

θ-r-d (romanization)
θarda (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/sāl/)

Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫡 (sʾr)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠNT)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭱𐭭𐭲 (ŠNT)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮐𐮌𐮑 (ŠNT)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-?
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts
Proto-Iranian *carHdáh
Old Persian 𐎰𐎼𐎭 (θ-r-d)
From Proto-Iranian *carHdáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts.


𐎧𐏁𐎱

x-š-p (romanization)
xšapa (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/šab/)

Manichaean script: 𐫢𐫁 (šb)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (LYLYA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (šp)

Psalter Pahlavi script: [Psalter Pahlavi needed] (LYLYA)

Pazend script: 𐬱𐬀𐬬 (šav)

PIE word
 *kʷséps
From Proto-Iranian *xšáfš.

𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎱𐎺𐎠 𐏐 𐎼𐎢𐎨𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎺𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎠𐎤𐎢𐎴𐎺𐎹𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺/𐎢𐏁
a-θ-h-y : x-š-p-v-a : r-u-c-p-t-i-v-a : a-v : a-ku-u-n-v-y-t-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v/u-š

[Whatever] was said to them by me either at night or also by day, that they would do, as Darius says.

/aθahya xšapavā raucapativā ava akunavayatā θātiy Dārayavauš./


𐎠𐎼𐎭𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴

head

𐎠𐎼𐎭𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 (a-r-d-s-t-a-n /ardastānaʰ, r̥dastānaʰ/) m

a-r-d-s-t-a-n (romanization)
ardastānaʰ (romanization)
r̥dastānaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: *ālstān

Persian: آستان (âstân)

⇒ Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾstʾnk' /āstānag/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒁕𒅖𒁕𒈾 (har-da-iš-da-na /Hardaišdana/)

Uncertain; first element possibly from unattested:
* *r̥daʰ (“light”), from Proto-Iranian *Hr̥jáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥ȷ́ás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ- (“white, shining”),
* or *ardaʰ (“half”), from Proto-Iranian *Hárdah (“half, side; place”),
and second element from 𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 (s-t-a-n /stānaʰ/, “place”), from Proto-Iranian *stáHnam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stáHnam.

der

𐎠𐎼𐎭𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎥𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐏃𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐏋𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎫
a-r-d-s-t-a-n : a-θ-g-i-n : d-a-r-y-v-h-u-š : XŠ-h-y-a : vi-i-θ-i-y-a : k-r-t

Stone window frame, made in the house of King Darius.

/ardastānaʰ aθaⁿgainaʰ Dārayaʰvahauš XŠhyā viθiyā kartaʰ/


daθa

Middle Persian: (/dah/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫍 (dh)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ASLYA)


aivacadaθa

Middle Persian: (/yāzdah/) (< earlier *yvāzdah)

Manichaean script: 𐫏𐫀𐫉𐫅𐫍 (yʾzdh)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (yʾcdẖ)

From 𐎠𐎡𐎺 (a-i-v /aiva/, “one”) + -𐎨𐎠 (-c-a /-cā/, “and”) + *daθa (“ten”).


navacadaθa

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (nwzdh /nōzdah/)

From 𐎴𐎺 (n-v /nava/, “nine”) + -𐎨𐎠 (-c-a /-cā/, “and”) + *daθa (“ten”).


𐎴𐎺

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫗𐫇𐫆 (nwẖ), 𐫗𐫇𐫇 (nww /nōh/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (TŠA /nō/)

From Proto-Iranian *Hnáwa, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnáwa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥.


vahār

Middle Persian: [script needed] (whʾl /wahār/)

Classical Persian: بهار (bahār)

Persian: بهار (bahâr)

From Proto-Iranian *wáhār, collective of Proto-Iranian *wáhr̥, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wásr̥. Cognate with Northern Kurdish bihar, Bactrian οαυαρ (oauar), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬭 (vaŋhar).


𐎲𐎥𐎲𐎢𐎧𐏁

b-g-b-u-x-š (romanization)
Bagabuxšaʰ (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒁀𒂵𒁍𒊌𒋙 (ba-ga-bu-uk-šú /Bagabukšu/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒋡𒁍𒊌𒊭 (ba-ka₄-bu-uk-ša /Bakabukša/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μεγάβυζος (Megábuzos), Μεγάβυξος (Megábuxos)
Greek: Μεγάβυζος (Megávyzos)
→ Latin: Megabyzus

From 𐎲𐎥 (b-g /bagaʰ/, “god”) + *bauxšati (“to be saved”) (whence Middle Persian 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫘𐫏𐫅 (bwxsyd /bōxsēd/)), from Proto-Iranian *báwxšati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰáwxšati, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéwg-se-ti, from *bʰewg- (“to release, flee”) + *-seti. Second element alternatively from homonym Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg- (“to enjoy, experience; to make use of”).


𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠

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𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā)

From 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a /Sakā/, “Scythian, Sacaean”) + 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭 (t-i-g-r-x-u-d /tigraxauda/). Literally means "Scythians with pointed caps", a reference to the pointed hats worn by this Scythian people.
Compare with:
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 (Yaunā takabarā, “Ancient Macedonians”, literally “Greeks with hats that look like shields”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠 (Sakā haumavargā, literally “Scythians who lay hauma-plants around (the fire)”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Scythians who are across the Sea”).
* 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam, literally “Scythians who live beyond Sogdiana”)

af

𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼𐏐
𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠
𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴
𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹
𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠
z-r-k : h-r-u-v-t-i-š : θ-t-gu-u-š : g-d-a-r :
h-i-du-u-š : s-k-a : h-u-m-v-r-g-a : s-k-a
t-i-g-r-x-u-d-a : b-a-b-i-ru-u-š : a-θ-u-r-a
a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y : a-r-mi-i-n
k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n : s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y
s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-k-b-r-a : p-u-t-a-y-a
/: Zraⁿka : Harauvatiš : Θataguš : Gaⁿdāra
Hiⁿduš : Sakā : haumavargā : Sakā
tigraxaudā : Bābirauš : Aθurā
Arabāya : Mudrāya : Armina
Katpatuka : Sparda : Yauna : Sakā : tayaiy : paradraya
Skudra : Yaunā : takabarā : Putāyā/
… Drangiana, Arachosia, Sattagydia, Gandhara,

with pointed caps, Babylon, Assyria,
Arabia, Egypt, Armenia,
Cappadocia, Lydia, Greece, the Scythians who are across the Sea,
Thrace, the Greeks who wear shield-like hats, Libya …

India, the Scythians who lay around hauma-plants, the Scythians

Encyclopædia Iranica
Haoma
Orthocorybantians


𐎿𐎣𐎠

s-k-a (romanization)
Sakā (romanization)

Masculine gender term formed from 𐎿𐎣 (s-k /Saka/, “Scythia”) + -𐎠 (-a, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.
Compare 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (s-k-i-b-i-š /Sakaibiš/)


𐎿𐎣𐎠

desctree

→ Sanskrit: शक (śaka)
→ English: Saka
→ Hindi: शक (śak)

𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠

s-k-a : t-i-g-r-x-u-d-a /Sakā tigraxaudā/

𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹

s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y /Sakā tayaiy paradraya/


𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼

t-k-b-r (romanization)
takabara- (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆪𒀝𒋡𒁇𒊏 (da-ak-ka₄-bar-ra /Dakabara/), 𒆪𒋡𒁇𒊏𒁀 (da-ka₄-bar-ra-ba /Dakabaraba/)

Literally "wearing hats which look like shields", compound of *taka- (“shield”) + *bara- (“bearing, carrying, esteeming”) probably a reference to the kausia hat typically worn by the ancient Macedonians.
Compare with Old Median *sparabara- (“shield-bearer”), composed of *spara- (“shield”) + *bara- (“bearing, carrying, esteeming”).


𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭

t-i-g-r-x-u-d (romanization)
tigraxaudah (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒋾𒄫𒄷𒌑𒁺 (ti-gir-ḫu-ú-du /Tigirḫūdu/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋾𒅅𒊏𒋡𒌋𒆪 (ti-ik-ra-ka₄-u-da /Tikrakauda/)

From 𐎫𐎥𐎼 (tigrah, “sharp, pointed”) + *xaudah (“hat, cap”).


𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠

Literally "Scythians who lay hauma-plants around (the fire)", from 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a /Sakā/, “Scythian, Sacaean”) + 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥 (h-u-m-v-r-g /haumavarga/, “Who lays hauma-plants around (the fire)”). Literally means "Scythians who lay hauma plants around (the fire)".
Compare:
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā, literally “Scythians with pointed caps”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Scythians who are across the Sea”).
* 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam, literally “Scythians who are beyond Sogdiana”)


𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥

h-u-m-v-r-g (romanization)
haumavarga- (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒌑𒈬𒌨𒂵𒀪 (ú-mu-ur-ga-ʾ /Umurgaʾ/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒌋𒈬𒈥𒋡𒅁 (u-mu-mar-qa-ip /Umumarqaip/), 𒌋𒈥𒋡 (u-mar-qa /Umarqa/), 𒌋𒈠𒈥𒋡 (u-ma-mar-ka₄ /Umamarka/)

Literally "laying Haoma-plants around (the sacred fire)", compound of Old Iranian *hauma- (“Haoma”) + *varga- (“to lay (around)”).

Who lays Haoma-plants around (the fire) (person)


𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹

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𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya)

Literally means "Scythians who are across the Sea", from 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a /Sakā/, “Scythian, Sacaean”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (p-r-d-r-y /paradraya/, “across the sea”), in reference to them living beyond the Black Sea with respect to the Achaemenid Empire.
Compare:
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Yaunā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Greeks who live across the Sea”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam, literally “Scythians who are beyond Sogdiana”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā, literally “Scythians with pointed caps”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠 (Sakā haumavargā, literally “Scythians who lay hauma-plants around (the fire)”)
* 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹 (dahyāva tya para draya, literally “Countries which are across the Sea”)

The Scythians inhabiting the Pontic Steppe


𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎤𐎢𐏁 (ku-u-š /Kuša/, “Kush”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹

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𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Yaunā tayaiy paradraya)

Literally means "Greeks who are across the Sea", from 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 (y-u-n-a /Yaunā/, “Greek”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (p-r-d-r-y /paradraya/, “across the sea”), in reference to them living beyond the Aegean Sea with respect to the Achaemenid Empire in contrast to the Asian Greeks, termed 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā, literally “Greeks who are by the Sea”), who lived on the same side of the Aegean Sea as the Persians.
Compare with:
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Scythians who are across the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā, literally “Greeks who are by the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā, literally “Greeks who are of the Mainland”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 (Yaunā takabarā, literally “Greeks who wear shield-like hats”)
* 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹 (dahyāva tya para draya, literally “Countries which are across the Sea”)

𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐎿𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁𐎣𐎼𐎫𐎶
a-θ-u-r-a : a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y :
a-r-mi-i-n : k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n-a
t-y-i-y : d-r-y-h-y-a : u-t-a : t-y-i-y
p-r-d-r-y : s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y
p-r-d-r-y : k-r-k-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š
XŠ : v-s-i-y : t-y : du-u-š-k-r-t-m
/: Aθurā : Arabāya : Mudrāya :
Armina : Katpatuka : Sparda : Yaunā
tayaiy : drayahyā : utā : tayaiy
paradraya : Skudra : Yaunā : tayaiy
paradraya : Karkā : θātiy : Dārayavauš
xšāyaθiya : vasiy : tya : duškartam/
… Assyria, Arabia, Egypt,

who are by the Sea and who are
across the Sea, Thrace, the Greeks who are
across the Sea. Saith Darius
the King: much which was ill-done …

European Greeks, Greeks who live in Greece proper


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā)

Literally means "Greeks who are by the Sea", from 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 (y-u-n-a /Yaunā/, “Greek”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (d-r-y-h-y-a /drayahyā/, “at the sea”), in reference to them living on the same side of the Aegean Sea with respect to the Achaemenid Empire in contrast to the European Greeks, termed 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y, “Yaunā tayaiy paradraya”, literally “Greeks who are across the Sea”), who lived on the opposite side the Aegean Sea as the Persians.
Compare:
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Yaunā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Greeks who are across the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā, literally “Greeks who are of the Mainland”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 (Yaunā takabarā, literally “Greeks who wear shield-like hats”)
* 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (dahyāva tayaiy drayahyā, literally “Countries who are beside Sea”)

Asian Greeks, Greeks who live on the western coast of Anatolia

en-𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠_𐏐_𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹_𐏐_𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠-peo-name-6Kw5vuby


𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐎹

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡇𐡕𐡓𐡉 (bḥtry)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒁀𒄴𒋻𒀀𒀀 (ba-aḫ-tar-a-a /Baḫtaraya/), 𒁀𒄴𒋻𒌑𒀪𒄿𒋾 (ba-aḫ-tar-u₂-ʾ-i-ti /Baḫtaruʾiti/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐏁 (b-a-x-t-r-i-š /Bāxtriš/, “Bactria”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐎹


𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐎹

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hndwk' /hindūg/), 𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫇𐫃 (hyndwg /hindūg/)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅔𒁺𒌋 (in-du-u /Indū/), 𒅔𒁺𒈠𒀀𒀀 (in-du-ma-a-a /Indumāya/), 𒅔𒁺𒈠𒀀𒀀𒀪 (in-du-ma-a-a- /Indumāyaʾ/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒆜 (hi-in-du-iš /Hinduiš/), 𒄭𒁺 (hi-du /Hidu/), 𒄭𒁺𒁁 (hi-du-be /Hidube/), 𒄭𒁺𒆜 (hi-du-iš /Hiduiš/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀 (hi-in-du-ia /Hinduya/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀𒁁 (hi-in-du-ia-be /Hinduyabe/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀𒅁 (hi-in-du-ia-ip /Hinduyaip/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀𒆜 (hi-in-du-ia-iš /Hinduyaiš/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (h-i-du-u-š /Hiⁿduš/, “India”) + -𐎹 (-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐎹


𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎡𐎹

s-ku-u-d-r-i-y (romanization)
Skudriya (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒄑𒆪𒁺𒊒𒀀𒀀 (is-ku-du-ru-a-a /Iskuduruya/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒊑𒅀 (iš-ku-ud-ri-ia /Iškudriya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 (s-ku-u-d-r /Skudra/, “Thrace”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎿𐎢𐎦𐎢𐎭𐎡𐎹

s-u-gu-u-d-i-y (romanization)
Sugᵘdiya (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋗𒊌𒋾𒅀𒅁 (šu-ug-ti-ia-ip /Šugtiyaip/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎿𐎢𐎦𐎢𐎭 (s-u-gu-u-d /Sugᵘda/, “Sogdiana”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹

head

𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹 (Vạrkāniya)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡓𐡊𐡍𐡉 (wrkny)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒅕𒋡𒉡𒅀𒅁 (mi-ir-ka₄-nu-ia-ip /Mirkanuyaip/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 (v-r-k-a-n /Vạrkāna/, “Hyrcania”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁

h-u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-š (romanization)
Huvārazmiš (romanization)

Alternative form of 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁 (u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-š /ʰUvārazmiš/, “Chorasmia”)


𐏀𐎼𐎣𐎠

z-r-k-a (romanization)
Zraⁿkā (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆰𒊏𒀭𒋡 (zir-ra-an-ka₄ /Ziranka/), 𒆰𒊏𒅔𒁉 (zir-ra-in-kaš /Zirainkaš/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏀𐎼𐎣 (z-r-k /Zraⁿka/, “Drangiana”) + -𐎠 (-a /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣𐎠


𐎲𐎠𐎧𐏂𐎡𐎹

head

𐎲𐎠𐎧𐏂𐎡𐎹 (Bāxçiya)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒀝𒅆𒅀 (ba-ak-ši-ia /Bakšiya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐏂𐎡𐏁 (b-a-x-ç-i-š /Bāxçiš/, “Bactria”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.
Cognate with Old Persian 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐎹 (Bāxtriya)


𐎲𐎠𐎧𐏂𐎡𐏁

b-a-x-ç-i-š (romanization)
Bāxçiš (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒀝𒅆 (ba-ak-ši /Bakši/), 𒁀𒀝𒅆𒆜 (ba-ak-ši-iš /Bakšiš/)

Variant of Old Persian 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐏁 (Bāxtriš).


𐏃𐎼𐎹

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒊑𒅀𒅁 (Hareyaip)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺 (h-r-i-v /Haraiva/, “Ariana”) + -𐎹 (-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎡𐎹

y-u-n-i-y (romanization)
Yauniya (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄿𒌋𒉡𒅀𒅁 (i-u-nu-ia-ip /Iunuyaip/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎹𐎢𐎴 (y-u-n /Yauna/, “Ionia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹

g-d-a-r-y (romanization)
Gaⁿdāraya (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒂵𒀭𒁕𒊒𒄿𒌈 (ga-an-da-ru-i-tu₄ /Gandaruitu/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒃷𒆪𒊑𒅀 (kán-da-re-ia /Kandareya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼 (g-d-a-r /Gaⁿdāra/, “Gandhara”) + -𐎹 (-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹


𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐎹

h-r-u-v-t-i-y (romanization)
Harauvatiya (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒊒𒈠𒋾𒅀 (har-[ru]-ma-ti-ia /Harumatiya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁 (h-r-u-v-t-i-š /Harauvatiš/, “Arachosia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐎹


𐏃𐎾𐎡𐎺

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒄩𒈠 (ha-le-ma /Halema/)


𐎳𐎼𐎺𐎼𐎫𐎡𐏁

f-r-v-r-t-i-š (romanization)
Fravartiš (romanization)

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡐𐡓𐡅𐡓𐡕 (prwrt)

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒉺𒅈𒈥𒋾𒅖 (pa-ar-mar-ti-iš), 𒉺𒅈𒌑𒈥𒋾𒅖 (pa-ar-ú-mar-ti-iš)

→ Ancient Greek: Φραόρτης (Phraórtēs)

Latin: Phraortes

Borrowed from Old Median *Fravartiš, from Proto-Iranian *frawr̥Htíš, from *fra- (“formost”) + *wr̥Htíš (“choice, wish”), from Proto-Indo-European *wélh₁-ti-s ~ *wl̥h₁-téy-s, from *welh₁- (“to choose, want”) + *-tis. Cognate with Old Avestan 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬴𐬌 (frauuaṣ̌i, “guardian spirit”).


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠

head

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā)

Literally means "Greeks who are of the Mainland", from 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 (y-u-n-a /Yaunā/, “Greek”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (u-š-k-h-y-a /uškahyā/, “on the land”).
Compare:
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Yaunā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Greeks who are across the Sea”)
* n𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā, literally “Greeks who are by the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 (Yaunā takabarā, literally “Greeks who wear shield-like hats”)

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎿𐎥𐎼𐎫 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣
a-r-b-a-y : a-θ-u-r-a : mu-u-d-r-a-y-a
a-r-mi-i-n : k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n-a
t-y-i-y : u-š-k-h-y-a : u-t-a : t-y-i-y
d-r-y-h-y-a : u-t-a : d-h-y-a-v : t-y-a
p-r : d-r-y : a-s-g-r-t : p-r-θ-v : z-r-k
/: Arabāya : Aθurā : Mudrāyā
Armina : Katpatuka : Sparda : Yaunā
tayaiy : uškahyā : utā : tayaiy
drayahyā : utā : dahyāva : tyā
para : draya : Asagarta : Parθava : Zraⁿka/
… Arabia, Assyria, Egypt,

who are of the Mainland and who
are by the Sea, and the Countries which are
across the Sea, Sagartia, Parthia, Drangiana, …

en-𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠_𐏐_𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹_𐏐_𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠-peo-name-BOUEtBo9


𐎤𐎢𐏁

Ultimately from Egyptian k-A-S:xAst (kꜣš), k-A-z:xAst (kꜣs), k-A-s-xAst (kꜣs), k:S-xAst (kš), k:N38-i-xAst (kšj).
Either independently derived or potentially via Neo-Babylonian 𒆳𒅗𒋛 (ᴷᵁᴿka-si /Kasi/), 𒆳𒅗𒅆 (ᴷᵁᴿka-ši /Kaši/), 𒆳𒅗𒀀𒊭 (ᴷᵁᴿka-a-ša /Kāša/), 𒆳𒆪𒌋𒅆 (ᴷᵁᴿku(-u)-ši /Kūši/), 𒆳𒆪𒌋𒋛 (ᴷᵁᴿku(-u)-si /Kūsi/), 𒆪𒊓𒀀𒀀 (ku-sa-a(-a) /Kusā/) which are not from Old Persian, but directly from Egyptian themselves.
Cognate with Late Babylonian 𒆪𒌑𒋗 (ku-ú-šu /Kūsu/), Hebrew כוש, Ancient Greek Χους (Khous).


𐎭𐎠𐎫

d-a-t (romanization)
dātaʰ (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭣𐭲 (dt /dād/), 𐭣𐭠𐭲 (dʾt /dād/)

Persian: داد (dâd)


𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁

s-k-i-b-i-š (romanization)
Sakaibiš (romanization)

Masculine gender noun formed from the instrumental form of 𐎿𐎣 (s-k /Saka/, “Scythia”), used as a substantive.
Compare 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a /Sakā/).

θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š : XŠ : i-m : x-š-ç-m : t-y : a-d-m
d-a-r-y-a-mi-i-y : h-c-a : s-k-i-b-i-š : t-y-i-y : p-r
s-u-g-d-m : a-m-t : y-a-t-a : a : ku-u-š-a : h-c-a : h-i-d-u-v
a-m-t : y-a-t-a : a : s-p-r-d-a : t-y-m-i-y : a-u-r-m-z-d-a
f-r-a-b-r : h-y : m-θ-i-š-t : b-g-a-n-a-m : m-a-m
a-u-r-m-z-d-a : p-a-tu-u-v : u-t-a-m-i-y : vi-i-θ-m
/Dārayavauš : XŠ : vazraka : XŠ : XŠyanām : XŠ : dahyūvnām
Vištāspahyā : puça : Haxāmanišiya :
θātiy : Dārayavauš : XŠ : ima : xšaçam : tya : adam
dārayāmiy : hacā : Sakaibiš : tayaiy : para
Sugdam : amata : yātā : ā : Kūšā : hacā : Hidauv
amata : yātā : ā : Spardā : tyamaiy : Auramazdā
frābara : hya : maθišta : bagānām : mām
Auramazdā : pātuv : utāmaiy : viθam/
Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of Countries,
son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian.
Saith Darius the King: This is the kingdom which I
hold, from the Scythians who are beyond

DH 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐏋𐎹<𐎠>𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎶𐎫 𐏐 𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎠 𐏐 𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎭𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐎠𐎶𐎫 𐏐 𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎠 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎶𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎲𐎼 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎰𐎡𐏁𐎫 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎶𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎶 d-a-r-y-v-u-š : XŠ : v-z-r-k : XŠ : XŠ-y<𐎠>n-a-m : XŠ : d-h-y-u-v-n-a-m

thence unto Lydia - which Ahuramazda
the greatest of the gods bestowed upon me. Me
may Ahuramazda protect, and my royal house.

Sogdiana, thence unto Ethiopia; from India,

𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶

s-k-i-b-i-š : t-y-i-y : p-r : s-u-g-d-m /Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam/


𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶

head

𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (s-k-i-b-i-š : t-y-i-y : p-r : s-u-g-d-m /Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam/)

t-y-i-y : p-r : s-u-g-d-m (romanization)
Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam (romanization)

Literally means "Scythians who live beyond Sogdiana", from 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (s-k-i-b-i-š /Sakaibiš/, “Scythians, Sacaeans”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎱𐎼 (p-r /para/, “beyond”) + 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (s-u-g-d-m /Sugdam/, “Sogdiana”), in reference to them living beyond Sogdiana with respect to the Achaemenid Empire.
Compare:
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Scythians who live across the Sea”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā, literally “Scythians with pointed caps”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠 (Sakā haumavargā, literally “Scythians who lay hauma-plants around (the fire)”)

θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š : XŠ : i-m : x-š-ç-m : t-y : a-d-m
d-a-r-y-a-mi-i-y : h-c-a : s-k-i-b-i-š : t-y-i-y : p-r
s-u-g-d-m : a-m-t : y-a-t-a : a : ku-u-š-a : h-c-a : h-i-d-u-v
a-m-t : y-a-t-a : a : s-p-r-d-a : t-y-m-i-y : a-u-r-m-z-d-a
f-r-a-b-r : h-y : m-θ-i-š-t : b-g-a-n-a-m : m-a-m
a-u-r-m-z-d-a : p-a-tu-u-v : u-t-a-m-i-y : vi-i-θ-m
/Dārayavauš : XŠ : vazraka : XŠ : XŠyanām : XŠ : dahyūvnām
Vištāspahyā : puça : Haxāmanišiya :
θātiy : Dārayavauš : XŠ : ima : xšaçam : tya : adam
dārayāmiy : hacā : Sakaibiš : tayaiy : para
Sugdam : amata : yātā : ā : Kūšā : hacā : Hidauv
amata : yātā : ā : Spardā : tyamaiy : Auramazdā
frābara : hya : maθišta : bagānām : mām
Auramazdā : pātuv : utāmaiy : viθam/
Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of Countries,
son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian.
Saith Darius the King: This is the kingdom which I
hold, from the Scythians who are beyond
Sogdiana, thence unto Ethiopia; from India,

the greatest of the gods bestowed upon me. Me
may Ahuramazda protect, and my royal house.

en-𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁_𐏐_𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹_𐏐_𐎱𐎼_𐏐_𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶-peo-name-rf10cE-Y


𐎻𐎡𐎭𐎳𐎼𐎴𐎠

𐎻𐎡𐎭𐎳𐎼𐎴𐎠 (vi-i-d-f-r-n-a /Viⁿdafarnāʰ/) m

vi-i-d-f-r-n-a (romanization)
Viⁿdafarnāʰ (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: (/Gundafarr, Gundaxwarr/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭥𐭭𐭣𐭯𐭥 (gwndpr), 𐭢𐭥𐭭𐭣𐭯𐭫𐭩 (gwndply), 𐭢𐭥𐭭𐭣𐭧𐭥𐭠𐭫𐭠 (gwndḥwʾl)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒌑𒈪𒅔𒋫𒉺𒅈𒈾𒀪 (ú-mi-in-ta-pa-ar-na-ʾ /Umintaparnaʾ/), 𒌑𒈪𒅔𒋫𒌓𒈾𒀪 (ú-mi-in-ta-par-na-ʾ /Umintaparnaʾ/), 𒌦𒁕𒉺𒅈𒈾𒀪 (un-da-pa-ar-na-ʾ /Undaparnaʾ/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡍𐡃𐡐𐡓𐡍 (wndprn)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἰνταφέρνης (Intaphérnēs), Ἰνταφρένης (Intaphrénēs), Ἰνδοφέρρης (Indophérrhēs)
→ Latin: Intaphernēs

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒅔𒁕𒁇𒈾 (mi-in-da-bar-na /Mindabarna/), 𒈪𒅔𒋰𒁇𒈾 (mi-in-tab-bar-na /Mintabarna/)

From *viⁿdati (“to find, obtain, gain”), from Proto-Iranian *winásti ~ *windánti, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *winátˢti ~ *windánti, from Proto-Indo-European *wi-né-d-ti ~ *wi-n-d-énti, from *weyd- (“to see”), + *farnāh (“glory”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬬𐬌𐬜𐬀𐬙𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵 (viδat.xᵛarənah), Parthian 𐭅𐭉𐭍𐭃𐭐𐭓𐭍 (wyndprn /Windafarn/), 𐭅𐭉𐭍𐭃𐭐𐭓𐭍𐭊 (wyndprnk /Windafarnak/).

cog

𐬬𐬌𐬜𐬀𐬙𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠𐎶

a-r-š-a-m (romanization)
R̥šāmaʰ (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒃻𒄠 (ar-šá-am /Aršam/), 𒅈𒃻𒄠𒈠 (ar-šá-am-ma /Aršama/), 𒅈𒃻𒄠𒈠𒀪 (ar-šá-am-ma-ʾ /Aršamaʾ/), 𒅈𒌑 (ar-šam /Aršam/), 𒅈𒌑𒈬 (ar-šam-mu /Aršamu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρσάμης (Arsámēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡔𐡌 (ʾršm)

Classical Syriac: [script needed] (Aršām)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: ꜣršm

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒐼𒈠 (ir-šá-ma /Iršama/), 𒅕𒐼𒌝𒈠 (ir-šá-um-ma /Iršauma/)

→ Old Armenian: Արշամ (Aršam)

→ Lycian: 𐊀𐊕𐊖𐊖𐊙𐊎𐊀 (arssãma)

→ Persian: آرشام (âršâm) (learned)

From *(w)r̥šā (“bull; male”) + *amah (“power, force”).


R̥šitah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒊑𒋃𒌓 (ar-ri-šit-tu₂ /Arišitu/), 𒅈𒊑𒋃𒌈 (ar-ri-šit-tu₄ /Arišitu/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρσίτης (Arsítēs)
→ Latin: Arsītēs

From *(w)r̥šā (“man; hero”) + 𐎡𐎫 (i-t /-itaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix).


R̥tavazdāh

Persian: اشاوزد (ašâvazd) (< *Ašavazdāʰ)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: Արտաւազդ (Artawazd)
→ Armenian: Արտավազդ (Artavazd) (learned)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒁺𒈦𒆪 (ir-du-maš-da /Irdumašda/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρταβάζης (Artabázēs), Ἀρτάβαζος (Artábazos), Ἀρτάοζος (Artáozos), Ἀρταουάσδης (Artaouásdēs)

→ Greek: Αρτάβαζος (Artávazos)

→ Latin: Artabazus, Artavasdes

Calque of Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬀𐬵 (Aṣ̌auuazdah), from 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /artaʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + *vazdāh (“persistence, endurance”). Cognate Sanskrit वेधा ऋतष्य (vedhā́ ṛtáṣya).


R̥tastūnā

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒆜𒁺𒈾 (ir-da-iš-du-na /Irdaišduna/), 𒅕𒌨𒁺𒈾 (ir-taš-du-na /Irtašduna/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρτυστώνη (Artustṓnē)

→ Latin: Artystōnē

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /artaʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + 𐎿𐎬𐎢𐎴𐎠 (stūnā, “pillar, column”).


Vātafradātah

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡕𐡐𐡓𐡃𐡕 (wtprdt)

desc

Αὐτοφραδάτης

→ Ancient Greek: Αὐτοφραδάτης (Autophradátēs)

→ Lycian: 𐊇𐊀𐊗𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊅𐊅𐊀𐊗𐊀 (Wataprddata)

From *vātah (“wind; wind-god Vata”) + *fradātah (“bestowed”), from Proto-Iranian *fradaHtáh, from *fra- + *daHtáh.


Ciθrafarnāh

→ Akkadian:

desc

Neo-Assyrian: 𒅆𒋛𒀀𒉺𒅈𒈾 (ši-ṭir-pa-ar-na /Šiṭirparna/)

→ Ancient Greek: Τετραφέρνης (Tetraphérnēs)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒍢𒌓𒊏𒁇𒈾 (zí-ut-ra-bar-na /Ziutrabarna/)

From *ciθrah (“shining; appearance; lineage”) + *farnāh (“glory”).


Ciçafarnāh

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Τισσαφέρνης (Tissaphérnēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡔𐡔𐡐𐡓𐡍 (ššprn)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒍢𒅖𒐼𒁇𒈾 (zí-iš-šá-bar-na /Zišabarna/)

→ Lycian: 𐊋𐊆𐊈𐊈𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀 (Kizzaprñna), 𐊈𐊆𐊖𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀 (Zisaprñna)

From 𐎨𐎡𐏂 (čiçaʰ, “shining; appearance; lineage”) + *farnāh (“glory”).


Miθravahištah

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθραύστης (Mithraústēs), Μιθρώστης (Mithrṓstēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡕𐡓𐡅𐡄𐡔𐡕 (mtrwhšt)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + *vahištah (“best”).


Ciθravahištah

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Τιθραύστης (Tithraústēs)

From *ciθrah (“lineage; appearance”) + *vahištah (“best”).


ciθrah

Borrowed from Old Median *ciθrah or Avestan 𐬗𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (ciθra), both from Proto-Iranian *čiθráh. Displaced doublet of 𐎨𐎡𐏂 (c-i-ç /čiçaʰ/).


ciθrah

Middle Persian: (/čihr/)

Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫏𐫍𐫡 (cyhr)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (cyhl)

Borrowed from Old Median *ciθrah or Avestan 𐬗𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (ciθra), both from Proto-Iranian *ciθrá. Displaced doublet of 𐎨𐎡𐏂 (c-i-ç /čiçaʰ/).


vahištah

Middle Persian: (/wahišt/)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫍𐫏𐫢𐫤 (whyšt), 𐫇𐫍𐫏𐫢𐫎 (whyšṯ)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭥𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭩 (whyšt)

Presumably borrowed from either Old Median *vahištah or Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (vahišta), both from Proto-Iranian *Hwáhištah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwásištʰas.


Spantadātah

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (spnddʾt' /Spanddād/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡎𐡐𐡍𐡕𐡃𐡕 (spntdt)

→ Old Armenian: Սպանդարատ (Spandarat)

→ Georgian: სპანდატ (sṗandaṭ)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Σφενδαδάτης (Sphendadátēs)
Greek: Σφενδαδάτης (Sfendadátis)
→ Latin: Sphendadatēs

From *spantah (“beneficent, sacred; Holy”) + 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬉𐬥𐬙𐬋𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀 (spēntō.dāta), Parthian 𐭎𐭐𐭍𐭃𐭕𐭊 (Spanddātak), Sogdian 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼻𐼹𐼰𐽂 (ʾspnδʾt /Əspandat/), 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼰𐼻𐼹𐽂 (ʾspʾnδt /Əspandat/), 𐼼𐼾𐼻𐼰𐼹𐽂 (spnʾδt /Əspandat/), 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼻𐼹𐽂 (ʾspnδt /Əspandat/), 𐼼𐼾𐼻𐼹𐽂 (spnδt /Əspandat/).


Spiθradātah

→ Akkadian:

q

Late Babylonian: 𒂠𒉿𒊑𒁕𒀀𒋫 (ís-pi-ri-da-a-ta /Ispiridāta/) (< Late Old Persian *Spihradātah or Middle Persian *Spīrdāt)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Σπιθραδάτης (Spithradátēs), Σπιθριδάτης (Spithridátēs)

From *spiθrah (“heaven”) + 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”).


Raivamiθrah

Middle Persian:

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭫𐭩𐭥𐭬𐭲𐭥 (lywmtr /Rēvmihr/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ῥεομίθρης (Rheomíthrēs)
→ Latin: Rheomithrēs

From *raivah (“rich; splendid”) + 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (Miθraʰ, “Mithra”).


Šyātibr̥zans

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒐼𒋫𒁀𒅈𒍝𒈾𒀪 (šá--ba-ar-za-na-ʾ /Šatabarzanaʾ/), 𒐼𒋫𒁀𒅈𒍝𒉡 (šá-ta-ba-ar-za-nu /Šatabarzanu/), 𒃻𒋫𒁇𒍝𒈾 (šá-ta-bar-za-na /Šatabarzana/), 𒃻𒋫𒁇𒍝𒉡 (šá-ta-bar-za-nu /Šatabarzanu/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡔𐡕𐡁𐡓𐡆𐡍 (štbrzn)

desctree

Σατιβαρζάνης

→ Ancient Greek: Σατιβαρζάνης (Satibarzánēs)
Greek: Σατιβαρζάνης (Sativarzánis)
→ Latin: Satibarzanēs

From 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎡𐏁 (š-i-y-a-t-i-š /šyātiš/, “peace, happiness”) + *br̥zans (“high, exalted”).


Miθrabr̥zans

desctree

Μιθροβαρζάνης

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθροβαρζάνης (Mithrobarzánēs)
Greek: Μιθροβαρζάνης (Mithrovarzánis)
→ Latin: Mithrobarzanēs

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒌓𒊏𒁇𒍝𒈾 (mi-ut-ra-bar-za-na /Miutrabarzana/)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + *br̥zans (“high, exalted”).


Aryābr̥zans

desctree

Ἀριοβαρζάνης

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀριοβαρζάνης (Ariobarzánēs)
Greek: Αριοβαρζάνης (Ariovarzánis)
→ Latin: Ariobarzanēs

From 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-r-i-y-a /Aryā/, “Iranians”) + *br̥zans (“high, exalted”). Doublet of *Aryābr̥dāh.


Miθrabaujanah

desctree

Μιθραβαυζάνης

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθραβαυζάνης (Mithrabauzánēs), Μιθροβαυζάνης (Mithrobauzánēs), Μιθροβουζάνης (Mithrobouzánēs)
Greek: Μιθραβαυζάνης (Mithravavzánis)
→ Latin: Mithrabauzanēs

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡕𐡓𐡁𐡆𐡍 (mtrbzn)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + *baujanah (“profit, advantage”).


Miθraupastah

desc

Μιθροπαύστης

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθρωπάστης (Mithrōpástēs), Μιθροπαύστης (Mithropaústēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡕𐡓𐡅𐡐𐡎𐡕 (mtrwpst)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + [Term?] (“servant, helper”) + *upastah, comapare 𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠 (u-p-s-t-a /upastā/, “help, assistance”), Sanskrit उपस्ति (úpasti, “subordinate, subject”).


Māhibaujanah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μαιβουζάνης (Maibouzánēs)
Greek: Μαιβουζάνης (Maivouzánis)
→ Latin: Maebuzanēs

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡄𐡉𐡁𐡅𐡆𐡍 (mhybwzn)

From *Māhiš (“moon deity Mah”) + *baujanah (“profit, advantage”). Cognate with Parthian 𐭌𐭄𐭁𐭅𐭆𐭍 (Māhbōžan).


Vahumanah

Middle Persian: (/Wahman/)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫍𐫖𐫗 (whmn)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (whwmn')

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒌑𒄷𒈠𒈾𒀪 (ú-ḫu-ma-na-ʾ /Uḫumanaʾ/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒌋𒎙𒈾 (ma-u-man-na /Maumana/), 𒌋𒎙𒈾 (u-man-na /Umana/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ὠμάνης (Ōmánēs)
Greek: Ὠμάνης (Ōmánēs)
→ Latin: Ōmanēs

From Proto-Iranian *Hwahumanah, from *Hwáhuš (“good”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwásuš, + *mánah (“mind, thought”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mánas. Cognate with Avestan 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵 (vohu.manah), Parthian 𐭅𐭄𐭅𐭌𐭍𐭉 (Wahman), 𐭅𐭄𐭅𐭌𐭍𐭊 (Wahmanak).


Māhidātah

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mʾḥdʾt' /Māhdād/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡄𐡃𐡕 (mhdt)

→ Elamite:

Elamite: 𒈠𒀀𒆪𒆪 (ma-a-da-da /Mādada/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μαιδάτας (Maidátas)
Greek: Μαιδάτας (Maidátas)
→ Latin: Maedatas

→ Latin: Maedates

From Proto-Iranian *MāHidaHtah. Equivalent to *Māhiš (“moon deity Mah”) + 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”). Cognate with Parthian 𐭌𐭄𐭃𐭕 (Māhdāt).


Miθrafarnāh

→ Imperial Aramaic: [𐡌𐡕]𐡓𐡐𐡓𐡍 ([mt]rprn)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθραφέρνης (Mithraphérnēs), Μιτραφέρνης (Mitraphérnēs)

→ Parthian: 𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭐𐭓𐭍 (mtrprn /Mihrfarn/)

→ Sogdian: 𐼺𐼷𐽀𐼾𐽀𐼻 (myrprn /Mi(h)rfarn/)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + *farnāh (“glory”).


Šyātifarnāh

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅆𒅀𒋾𒁇𒈾 (ši-ia-ti-bar-na /Šiyatibarna/)

→ Ancient Greek: Σατιφέρνης (Satiphérnēs)

From 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎡𐏁 (š-i-y-a-t-i-š /šyātiš/, “peace, happiness”) + *farnāh (“glory, splendour”).


Miθrapātah

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Μιτροβάτης (Mitrobátēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡕𐡓𐡐𐡕 (mtrpt)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒌉𒊏𒁀𒁕 (mi-tur-ra-ba-da /Miturabada/), 𒈪𒌓𒊏𒁀𒆪 (mi-ut-ra-ba-da /Miutrabada/), 𒈪𒌓𒊏𒁀𒌓𒁕 (mi-ut--ba-ud-da /Miutrabauda/)

→ Lycian: 𐊎𐊆𐊉𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀𐊗𐊀 (Miθrapata), 𐊎𐊆𐊉𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀𐊗𐊆 (Miθrapati), 𐊎𐊆𐊈𐊕𐊓𐊓𐊀𐊗𐊀 (Mizrppata)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + 𐎱𐎠𐎫 (p-a-t /pātaʰ/, “protected”).


Farnahdātah

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡐𐡓𐡍𐡃𐡕 (prndt)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: prntt, prndd

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁇𒅔𒆪𒀜𒆪 (bar-in-da-ad-da /Barindada/), 𒁇𒈾𒆪𒀜𒆪 (bar-na-da-ad-da /Barnadada/), 𒁇𒈾𒆪𒆪 (bar-na-da-da /Barnadada/), 𒁇𒈾𒆪𒌓𒆪 (bar-na-da-ud-da /Barnadauda/), 𒉺𒅕𒅔𒆪𒀜𒆪 (pa-ir-in-da-ad-da /Pairindada/), 𒉺𒅕𒅔𒆪𒆪 (pa-ir-in-da-da /Pairindada/), 𒉺𒅕𒈾𒆪𒆪 (pa-ir-na-da-da /Pairnadada/), 𒉺𒊏𒀭𒆪𒀜𒆪 (pa-ra-an-da-ad-da /Parandada/), 𒉺𒊏𒀭𒆪𒆪 (pa-ra-an-da-da /Parandada/)

→ Ancient Greek: Φαρανδάτης (Pharandátēs), Φερενδάτης (Pherendátēs)

From *farnāh (“glory”) + 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”).


Pišišyauθnah

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pyššwtn' /Pišišōtan/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Πισσούθνης (Pissoúthnēs)
Greek: Πισσούθνης (Pissoúthnis)
→ Latin: Pissūthnēs

Borrowed from Avestan 𐬞𐬌𐬳𐬌⸱𐬳𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬥𐬆𐬨 (piš́i.š́iiaoθnəm), from unknown element + *čyáwθnam (“deed, work”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čyáwtnam, from *čyáwati (“to move, stir; to undertake”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷyéw-ti, from *kʷyew- (“to set in motion”), + *-tnam.

bor

𐬞𐬌𐬳𐬌⸱𐬳𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬥𐬆𐬨


Raucakah

Late Old Persian: Rōcakah

→ Ancient Greek: Ῥωσάκης (Rhōsákēs)

→ Latin: Rhōsacēs

→ Ancient Greek: Ῥοισάκης (Rhoisákēs)

→ Latin: Rhoesacēs

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒊏𒌋𒄑𒍝𒋡 (ra-u-iz-za-ka₄ /Rauizaka/), 𒊏𒌋𒍝𒋡 (ra-u-za-ka₄ /Rauzaka/), 𒊏𒌋𒍨𒋡 (ra-u-zik-ka₄ /Rauzika/), 𒊏𒄑𒍝𒀝𒋡 (ra-iz-za-ak-ka₄ /Raizaka/), 𒊒𒄑𒍨𒋡 (ru-iz-zi[k]-ka₄ /Ruizika/), 𒊏𒍨𒋡 (ra-zik-ka₄ /Razika/)

From 𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃 (r-u-c-h /raucah/, “light; day”) + 𐎣 (k /-kaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix).


θigrah

Middle Persian: (/sigr, sīr/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (syl), [script needed] (TWMʾ)

Uncertain; possibly borrowed from Proto-Sarmatian *ćiǧr (whence Alanic *cirǧ (“sharp; garlic”)), from Proto-Scythian *tiǧri. Doublet of 𐎫𐎥𐎼 (t-g-r /tigraʰ/, “sharp”).


Arvantapātah

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡅𐡍𐡕𐡐𐡕 (ʾrwntpt)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ὀροντοβάτης (Orontobátēs), Ὀροντοπάτης (Orontopátēs)

From *arvāh ~ *arvantah (“swift; deity Vāyu”) + 𐎱𐎠𐎫 (p-a-t /pātaʰ/, “protected”).


Bagaciθrah

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡂𐡔𐡕𐡓 (bgštr)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μεγασίδρης (Megasídrēs)
Greek: Μεγασίδρης (Megasídris)
→ Latin: Megasidrēs

From 𐏎 (BG /bagaʰ/, “god”) + *ciθrah (“shining; appearance; lineage”).


Ātr̥dātah

Middle Persian: (/Ādurdād/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾtwrdʾt')

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭲𐭥𐭥𐭣𐭠𐭲 (ʾtwrdʾt)

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒋻𒆪𒆪 (ha-tar-da-da /Hatardada/), 𒄩𒌉𒆪𒀜𒆪 (ha-tur-da-ad-da /Haturdada/), 𒄩𒌉𒆪𒆪 (ha-tur-da-da /Haturdada/), 𒄩𒌉𒆪𒌓𒆪 (ha-tur-da-ud-da /Haturdauda/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀτραδάτης (Atradátēs)


Ātr̥pātah

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾtwrpʾt' /Ādurbād/)

Persian: آذرباد (Âzarbâd), آذربد (Âzarbad)

⇒ Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭲𐭥𐭥𐭯𐭠𐭲𐭪𐭠𐭭 (ʾtwrpʾtkʾn /Ādurbādagān/)

Persian: آذربایجان (Âzarbâyjân)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒀜𒋫𒊏𒉺𒋫 (at-ta-ra-pa-ta /Atarapata/)

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒋻𒁀𒀜𒆪 (ha-tar-ba-ad-da /Hatarbada/), 𒄩𒋻𒁀 (ha-tar-ba-ud-da𒌓𒆪 /Hatarbauda/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀτροπάτης (Atropátēs) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Iranian *HaHtr̥paHtah, from *HáHtr̥š (“Fire; fire”) + *paHtáh (“protected”), from Proto-Iranian *paHtáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paHtás, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-tó-s, from *peh₂- (“to protect”) + *-tós. Equivalent to *ātr̥š (“fire”) + 𐎱𐎠𐎫 (p-a-t /pātaʰ/, “protected”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬞𐬁𐬙𐬀 (Atərᵊ.pāta).


Parušyātiš

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒅕𒊒𒅆𒅀𒋾𒆜 (ba-ir-ru-ši-ia-t[i]-iš /Bairušiyatiš/), 𒁇𒊒𒅆𒅀𒋾𒆜 (bar-ru-ši-ia-ti-iš /Barušiyatiš/), 𒁀𒊑𒅆𒅀𒋾𒆜 (ba-ri-ši-ia-ti-iš /Barišiyatiš/)

→ Ancient Greek: Παρύσατις (Parúsatis)

From 𐎱𐎽𐎢𐎺 (p-ru-u-v, “much, many”) + 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎡𐏁 (š-i-y-a-t-i-š /šyātiš/, “peace, happiness”).


Mr̥duniyah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈥𒁺𒉌𒅀 (mar-du-ni-ia /Marduniya/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡓𐡃𐡅𐡍𐡉 (mrdwny)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈥𒁺𒉡𒅀 (mar-du-nu-ia /Mardunuya/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μαρδόνιος (Mardónios)
Greek: Μαρδόνιος (Mardónios)
→ Latin: Mardonius

From
*mr̥duš (“mild, soft”) + 𐎴 (n /-naʰ/, nominal suffix) + 𐎡𐎹 (i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix). Compare with Sanskrit मृदुता (mṛdutā) and मृदुल (mṛdula).


Bagapātah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒄷𒀪𒀀𒉺𒀀𒌈 (bag-ʾ-a-pa-a-tu₄ /Bagʾapātu/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒉺𒀀𒌓 (ba-ga-ʾ-pa-a-tú /Bagaʾpātu/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒉺𒁕 (ba-ga-ʾ-pa-da /Bagaʾpada/), 𒁀𒂵𒉺𒀀𒋫 (ba-ga-pa-a-ta /Bagapāta/), 𒁀𒂵𒉺𒀀𒌈 (ba-ga-pa-a-tu₄ /Bagapātu/), 𒁀𒂵𒉺𒁕 (ba-ga-pa-da /Bagapada/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡂𐡐𐡕 (bgpt)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒋡𒁀𒀜𒆪 (ba-ka₄-ba-ad-da /Bakabada/), 𒁀𒋡𒁀𒆪 (ba-ka₄-ba-da /Bakabada/), 𒁀𒋡𒁀𒌓𒆪 (ba-ka₄-ba-ud-da /Bakabauda/)

→ Ancient Greek: Βαγαπάτης (Bagapátēs), Μεγαβάτης (Megabátēs)

→ Lycian: 𐊎𐊀𐊄𐊀𐊂𐊀𐊗𐊀 (magabata)

From 𐏎 (BG /bagaʰ/, “god”) + 𐎱𐎠𐎫 (p-a-t /pātaʰ/, “protected”).


arvāh

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] ('lwnd /arwand/)

From Proto-Iranian *Hárwāh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hárwāns.


𐎱𐎠𐎫

p-a-t (romanization)
pātaʰ (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *paHtáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paHtás, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-tó-s, from *peh₂- (“to protect”) + *-tós.

𐎹𐎮𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎣𐎠𐎼 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎫 𐏐 𐎠𐏃𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐎺𐎡𐏁[𐎫]𐎶 𐏐 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎠𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎨𐎡/𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎴𐎡𐎼𐎿𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎶

If the Persian people is protected (then) precisely the longest peace unbroken will come down upon this house.

y-di-i-y : k-a-r : p-a-r-s : p-a-t : a-h-t-i-y : h-y-a : du-u-v-i-š[t]m : š-i-y-a-t-i-š : a-x-š-t-a : h-u-v-c-i/y : a-u-r-a : n-i-r-s-a-t-i-y : a-b-i-y : i-m-a-m : vi-i-θ-m


𐎱𐎽𐎢𐎺

From Proto-Iranian *pr̥Húš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥Húš.


vazdāh

From Proto-Iranian *wazdHā́h (“persistence, endurance”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wazdʰHā́s, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wn̥-s-dʰh₁-éh₂, from *wen-s- (“to conquer, win”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, place”) + *-éh₂ (deverbal noun suffix).


spiθrah

Middle Persian: (/spihr/)

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫏𐫡 (ʿspyr)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (spyhl), [script needed] (spyyhl)

Borrowed from Old Median *spiθrah, from Proto-Iranian *cwiθráh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćwitrás. Doublet of *siçah (“white”), whence borrowing Sanskrit सीस (sī́sa, “lead”). Cognate with Sanskrit श्वित्र (śvitrá, “white, whitish”).


spantah

Middle Persian: *spand

Persian: سپند (sepand)

Presumably borrowed from either Old Median *spantah or Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀 (spəṇta), both from Proto-Iranian *cwantáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćwantás, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwen-tó-s, from *ḱwen- (“holy, sacred”) + *-tós.


raivah

From Proto-Iranian *HraHiwáh, secondary a-stem of *HraHiwáns (whence Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (raēuuaṇt)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HraHiwánts (whence Sanskrit रयिवत् (rayivát)), from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁i-wént-s, from *Hreh₁ís (“wealth, goods”) + *-wénts. Cognate with Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 (raēuua).


(w)r̥šā

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwšn' /gušn/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρσής (Arsḗs)


Māhiš

(Iranian mythology, Zoroastrianism) moon deity Mah


jamānā

Middle Persian: (/zamān/)

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫗𐫀𐫗 (zmʾn)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ẕmʾn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (zmn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ODNA)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭥𐭣𐭭𐭠 (ODNA)

→ Akkadian: 𒋛𒈠𒉡 (si-ma-nu /simānu/)

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡆𐡌𐡍𐡀 (zmnʾ) (see there for further descendants)


𐎰𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎡𐎹

head

𐎰𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎡𐎹 (θ-nu-u-v-n-i-y /θanuvaniyaʰ/) m

θ-nu-u-v-n-i-y (romanization)
θanuvaniyaʰ (romanization)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰánwr̥ ~ *dʰánwan- (“bow”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰénwr̥ (“bow”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥 (θanuuan), 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (θanuuar^ə), Sanskrit धनुस् (dhanus), धन्वन् (dhanvan, “bow”), Ancient Greek θέναρ (thénar, “palm (of hand)”) and Old High German tenar.


R̥tavazdānah

desctree

→? Ancient Greek: Ἀρταβαζάνης (Artabazánēs)
Greek: Αρταβαζάνης (Artavazánis)
→ Latin: Artabazanēs

From *R̥tavazdāh + 𐎠𐎴 (a-n /-ānaʰ/, patronymic suffix).


𐎱𐎡𐎼𐎠𐎺

p-i-r-a-v (romanization)
Pirāva (romanization)

From Demotic pꜣ yr-ꜥꜣ (“the Nile”) (borrowed with the definite article), based on Egyptian jtrw (“river”), ꜥꜣ (“great”).

522-486 BC, DZc
𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎴𐎡[𐎹𐏁]𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠𐎶 [𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎠]/𐎶 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎴𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎡𐎼𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎼𐎢𐎫 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎵𐎢[𐎺𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎲]/𐎡𐎹[𐏐 𐎭]𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐎠
adam ni[yaš]tāyam imām [yaṷviyā]m kantana+ hacā Pirāva nāma raṷta Muδrāya+ danu[vati ab]i [dra]ya tya hacā Pārsā

I ordered to dig this canal from the river that is called Nile and flows in Egypt, to the sea that begins in Persia.


Miθrayah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊏𒀀𒀀 (mi-it-ra-a-a /Mitrāya/)

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθραῖος (Mithraîos), Μιτραῖος (Mitraîos)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒋻𒊏𒅀 (mi-tar-ra-ia /Mitaraya/)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + -𐎹 (-y /*-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix).


R̥tayah

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρταῖος (Artaîos)

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡏𐡓𐡕𐡉 (ʿrty)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: ꜣrty

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒅀 (ir-da-ia /Irdaya/), 𒅕𒋼𒅀 (ir-te-ia /Irteya/)

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /r̥taʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + -𐎹 (-y /*-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix).


𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎶

nāham (romanization)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎠 (dual nominative)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎶 (singular vocative)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎠 (dual vocative)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎠 (plural vocative)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎠 (accusative dual)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎠 (instrumental singular)
𐎴𐎠𐎡𐎲𐎡𐎹𐎠 (dual instrumental)
𐎴𐎠𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (instrumental plural)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎹𐎠 (dative singular)
𐎴𐎠𐎡𐎲𐎡𐎹𐎠 (dative dual)
𐎴𐎠𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (dative plural)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎹𐎠 (genitive singular)
𐎴𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dual genitive)
𐎴𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (genitive plural)
𐎴𐎠𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎴𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dual locative)
𐎴𐎠𐎡𐏁𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

From Proto-Iranian *náHh-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *náHs (compare Sanskrit नस् (nás)), from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s (“nose”) (compare Latin nāsus, Lithuanian nósis and Old English nosu and nose (English nose)).

adamšai[y] utā nāham utā gaušā utā hazānam frājanam utāšaiy [u]cašma avajam duvarayā maiy basta adāriya haruvašim kāra avaina

5th century BCE, Behistun Inscription, column 2, lines 73-76

I cut off his nose, his ears, and his tongue, and I put out one eye, and he was kept in fetters at my palace entrance, and all the people beheld him.


θāyakā

Middle Persian: (/sāyag/)

Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫏𐫃 (sʾyg)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (sʾdk')


mr̥duš

From Proto-Iranian *mr̥dúš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥dúš, from Proto-Indo-European *ml̥dus (“soft, weak”).


maθištah

From Proto-Iranian *majištah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *maȷ́ʰištʰas. Cognate with Old Median *masištah.

superlative degree of *maθah (“great, big”): greatest, biggest


maniš

From 𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 (m-n-i-y-a-t-i-y /maniyātaiy/, “to think, consider”) + -𐎡𐏁 (-i-š /-iš/), from Proto-Iranian *mányatay.


margā

desc

Middle Persian: (/marw/, “herbage, grass”)

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫡𐫇 (mrw)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mlw')

From Proto-Iranian *márgaH (“meadow, grass”).


𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎴

u-t-a-n (romanization)
ʰUtānaʰ (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: [script needed] (ú-mi-it-ta-na-na)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: [script needed] (hu-ud-da-na)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὀτάνης (Otánēs)

Possibly from 𐎢 (u /ʰu-/, “good”) + *tānaʰ (“tone, melody”), from Proto-Iranian *tā́nah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tā́nas, from Proto-Indo-European *tónos. Cognate with Sanskrit सुतान (sutā́na, “well-tuned, melodious”).


arbah

From Proto-Iranian *Hárbʰah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hárbʰas.


rāivāh

From Proto-Iranian *raHíwāh, from *raHíš + *-wāh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *raHíš, from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁ís (“wealth, goods”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬬𐬀𐬥𐬙 (raēvant, “rich”).


Hutauθā

→ Ancient Greek: Ἄτοσσα (Átossa) (see there for further descendants)

Either inherited from Proto-Iranian *HhutawcáH or borrowed from Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬯𐬁 (Hutaosā).


θatam

Middle Persian: (/sad/)

Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫅 (sd), 𐫯 (100)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (100)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭾 (100)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮯 (100)

Pazend script: 𐬯𐬛 (sd)

From Proto-Iranian *catám, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćatám.


gāuš

Middle Persian: (/gāw/) (< OP acc. *gāvam)

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫀𐫇 (gʾw)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (TWRA)

Pazend script: 𐬔𐬃 (gā̊)


vahuš

From Proto-Iranian *Hwáhuš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwásuš.


xšaθram

Borrowed from Old Median *xšaθram, from Proto-Iranian *xšaθram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám.

Alternative form of 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaçam/): realm, kingship


vātah

Middle Persian: (/wād/)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫀𐫅 (wʾd)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wʾt')

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭥𐭠𐭲𐭩 (ʿʾty)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮅𐮀𐮑

Pazend script: 𐬬𐬁 (vā)


r̥šah

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hls /xirs/) (prothetic unetymological x-)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: خئرس (xers)

Bakhtiari: خرس (xers)

Classical Persian: خرس (xirs)

Iranian Persian: خرس (xers)

Judeo-Tat:

Cyrillic script: хуьрс (xyrs)

Hebrew script: כאורס (xyrs)

Tajik: хирс (xirs)

→ Yagnobi: хирс (xirs)

→ Khwarezmian: [script needed] (hrs /*hirs/)

→ Gilaki: خرس (xərs)

→ Sanglechi: xars

→ Talysh: خرس (xərs)

→ Wakhi: xers

Inherited from Proto-Iranian *Hŕ̥šah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hŕ̥ćšas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos.


vr̥dah

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwl), [Book Pahlavi needed] (WLTʾ /gul/)

Classical Persian: گُل (gul) (see there for further descendants)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡀𐡓𐡃𐡀 (wardā, wurdā)

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: ורדא (wardā, wurdā)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: վարդ (vard)
Armenian: վարդ (vard)
→? Georgian: ვარდი (vardi)

→ Ancient Greek: ῥόδον (rhódon), βρόδον (bródon) — Aeolic, ϝρόδον (wródon) — Aeolic
Greek: ρόδο (ródo)
⇒ New Latin: rhodium (see there for further descendants)
→? Oscan:
→? Latin: rosa (see there for further descendants)


vrinjiš

Middle Persian: blnc (/brinǰ/)

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫉 (brynz /brinz/), 𐫃𐫇𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫝 (gwrync /gurinǰ/)

desctree

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (brnc /brinǰ/)
Classical Persian: برنج (birinj), (rare, archaic) گرنج (gurinj, guranj)
Dari: برنج (birinj)
Iranian Persian: برنج (berenj)
Tajik: биринҷ (birinj)
→ Baluchi: برنج (byrynj)
→ Kazakh: күріш (kürış)
→ Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: بِرِنج (birinc)
Northern Kurdish: birinc
→ Ottoman Turkish: برنج (birinǰ), پرنج (pirinç) (see there for further descendants)
→ Uyghur: گۈرۈچ (gürüch)
→ Zazaki: birinc
→ Old Armenian: բրինձ (brinj) (see there for further descendants)
→ Georgian: ბრინჯი (brinǯi) (see there for further descendants)
→ Classical Syriac: ܒܪܢܓ (brng)

desc

→ Elamite: 𒈪𒊑𒍢𒆜 (mi-ri-zí-iš /miriziš/), 𒊒𒈪𒍢𒆜 (rumiziš)

From Proto-Iranian *wrinǰiš (compare Sogdian ܒܪܝܢܢܨ (βrync /βrinč/), Mazanderani وینج (vinj)), unexplained nasalized variant of *wriHǰíš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wriHǰʰíš, whence Sanskrit व्रीहि (vrīhí, “rice”). Further cognate with Sogdian 𐽀𐼷𐼼𐼸 (rysk /rise/), Pashto وريژې pl (wriže), Khotanese [script needed] (rrīysu), Yagnobi rēžōna, Zazaki riz, Northern Kurdish riz, Ormuri رېزان (rēzan), Talysh برز (berz), Gilaki بج (bəj), Kermanic beray. Possibly related to Proto-Dravidian *wariñci (“rice”).


bādukah

Early Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bʾdwg /bādūg/)

Late Middle Persian: *bāhūg

Classical Persian: باهو (bāhū)

Judeo-Persian: באהו (bʾhw /bāhū/)

→ Old Armenian: բահուանդ (bahuand)

→ Zoroastrian Dari: بویی (bōyī), بوئی (bōʾī), بوئی (būʾī)

→ Gurani: باھوو (bāhū)

→ Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bahî

Central Kurdish: باھوو (bahû), باھۆ (baho)

Southern Kurdish: باھوو (bahû)


𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎠𐎺𐎠

a-r-t-a-v-a (romanization)
r̥tāvāʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/ahlaw/, “righteous”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫍𐫓𐫇 (ʾhlw)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhlwb')


rauxšnā

Middle Persian: (/rōšn/)

Manichaean script: 𐫡𐫇𐫢𐫗 (rwšn)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (lwšn')

desctree

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮊𐮅𐮐𐮌𐮈 (lwšny)
Classical Persian: روشن (rōšan, rawšan) (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Armenian: *ռոշն (*ṙošn)
⇒ Old Armenian: ռոշնական (ṙošnakan), ռոշնութիւն (ṙošnutʻiwn), ռոշնաբանութիւն (ṙošnabanutʻiwn)

→ Ancient Greek: Ῥωξᾱ́νη (Rhōxā́nē) (see there for further descendants)


hvatah

Middle Persian: (/xwad/)

Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫇𐫅 (xwd)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (BNPŠE), [Book Pahlavi needed] (xwt')

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭭𐭯𐭱𐭤 (BNPŠE)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮁𐮌𐮎𐮐𐮇 (BNPŠE)

Pazend script: 𐬓𐬆𐬛 (xᵛəd)


çahma

Middle Persian: (/sahm/)

Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫍𐫖 (shm)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (shm)


Dātafarnāh

→ Achaemenid Elamite: [script needed] (da-tap-par-na), [script needed] (da-tab-bar-na), [script needed] (da-tub-bar-na), [script needed] (da-ud-da-pa-ir-na), [script needed] (da-da-bar-na)

→ Ancient Greek: Δαταφέρνης (Dataphérnēs)

→ Neo-Assyrian: [script needed] (da-da-pír-na-ʾ)

From 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”) + *farnāh (“glory”).


xšayah

From Proto-Iranian *xšáyah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyah, derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (“he rules, he has power over”), from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to gain power over, gain control over”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (xšaiia, “rule”), Sanskrit क्षय (kṣáya, “dominion, rule”).


hazārapatiš

desc

→ Ancient Greek: ἀζαραπατεῖς (azarapateîs)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: χιλίαρχος (khilíarkhos), χιλιάρχης (khiliárkhēs) (calque)
→ Classical Syriac: ܟܝܠܝܪܟܐ, ܟܝܠܪܟܐ, ܟܠܝܐܪܟܐ, ܟܠܝܪܟܐ
→ Latin: chiliarchus (see there for further descendants)
→ Gothic: 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 (þūsundifaþs) (calque)


θatapatiš

→ Elamite:

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒊓𒀜𒆪𒁁𒋾𒆜 (sa-ad-da-bat-ti-iš /sadabatiš/), 𒆳𒆪𒁁𒋾𒆜 (sad-da-bat-ti-iš /sadabatiš/)

ἑκατόνταρχος

→ Ancient Greek: ἑκατόνταρχος (hekatóntarkhos) (calque)

From *θatam (“hundred”) + *patiš (“master”).


daθapatiš

→ Ancient Greek: δεκάρχος (dekárkhos) (calque)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆪𒊓𒁁𒋾𒆜 (da-sa-bat-ti-iš /dasabatiš/), 𒆪𒊓𒁁𒋾𒆜𒁁 (da-sa-bat-ti-iš-be /dasabatiš-be/)

From *daθa (“ten”) + *patiš (“master”) Cognate with Old Median *δasapatiš.


hadāram

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒆪𒊏 (ha-da-ra /hadara/), 𒄩𒆪𒊏𒀭 (ha-da-ra-an /hadaran/)

From Proto-Iranian *hajáhram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *saȷ́ʰásram, from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-ǵʰéslom, from *sm̥- (“one; full”) + *ǵʰéslom (“thousand”). Cognate with Old Median *hazāram and Sanskrit सहस्र (sahasra).


patiš

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁁𒋾𒆜 (bat-ti-iš /batiš/)

From Proto-Iranian *pátiš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pátiš, from Proto-Indo-European *pótis.


Miθradātah

Persian: میلاد (Milād)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊏𒁕𒀀𒌓 (mi-it-ra-da-a-tú /Mitradātu/), 𒈪𒌁𒊑𒀀𒁕𒁕𒀪 (mi-tir-ri-a-da-da-ʾ /Mitiryadadaʾ/), 𒁁𒀉𒊏𒁕𒀀𒋫 (mitⁱᵗ-ra-da-a-ta /Mitradāta/), 𒁁𒀉𒊑𒁕𒀀𒋫 (mitⁱᵗ-ri-da-a-ta /Mitridāta/), 𒁁𒊏𒁕𒀀𒋾 (mit-ra-da-a-ti /Mitradāti/), 𒁁𒊏𒁕𒀀𒌓 (mit-ra-da-a-tú /Mitradātu/), 𒁁𒊑𒁕𒀀𒋫 (mit-ri-da-a-ta /Mitridāta/), 𒁁𒊑𒁕𒀀𒌓 (mit-ri-da-a-tú /Mitridātu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθραδάτης (Mithradátēs), Μιθριδάτης (Mithridátēs), Μιτραδάτης (Mitradátēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡕𐡓𐡃𐡕 (mtrdt)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: mṱrtt

desctree

→ Parthian: 𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭃𐭕 (mtrdt /Mihrdāt/)
→ Ancient Greek: Μειριδάτης (Meiridátēs), Μιραδάτης (Miradátēs)
→ Egyptian:
Demotic: mhrtt
→ Latin: Meherdatēs
→ Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭲𐭥𐭣𐭠𐭲 (mtrdʾt /Mihrdād/)
Persian: مهرداد (Mihrdād)
→ Old Armenian: Միհրդատ (Mihrdat)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”). Compare with *Dātamiθrah.


-𐎡𐎣

-i-k (romanization)
-ikah (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/-īk ~ -īg/)

desc

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (-yg)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (-yk')

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: -𐭩𐭪𐭩 (-yky)

Psalter Pahlavi script: [Psalter Pahlavi needed] (-yk')

from Proto-Iranian *-ikah, itself from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos which is composed of a-stem suffix *-eh₂ + adjectival suffix *-kos.

of, pertaining to, belonging to, related to,


𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹

b-r-di-i-y (romanization)
Br̥diyaʰ (romanization)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Σμέρδις (Smérdis), Μέρδῐς (Mérdĭs)
Greek: Σμέρδις (Smérdis)
→ Latin: Smerdis

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒂟𒋾𒅀 (bìr-ti-ia /Birtiya/)

From Proto-Iranian *Br̥jiyah. Equivalent to *br̥diš (“high”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix). Compare with Avestan 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬌 (bər^əziiaršti) and 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬱𐬥𐬎 (bər^əzišnu).

cog

𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬌


Gāučiθrah

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (gōchihr)

Persian: گوچهر (gôchihr)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Γωσίθρης (Gōsíthrēs)
→ Latin: Gōsithrēs

From Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (gaociθra). Equivalent to *gāuš (“cow”) + *ciθrah (“seed, lineage”).


Jīvakah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒍣𒈠𒀝𒅗𒀪 (zi-ma-ak-ka-ʾ /Ziwakaʾ/), 𒍣𒈠𒀝𒆠𒀪 (zi-ma-ak-ki-ʾ /Ziwakiʾ/), 𒍣𒈠𒂵 (zi-ma-ga /Ziwaga/), 𒍣𒈠𒂵𒀪 (zi-ma-ga-ʾ /Ziwagaʾ/), 𒍣𒈠𒅗𒀪 (zi-ma-ka-ʾ /Ziwakaʾ/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡆𐡉𐡅𐡊 (zywk)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒍢𒈠𒀝𒋡 (zi₂-ma-ak-ka₄ /Zimaka/), 𒍢𒈠𒅅𒋡 (zi₂-ma-ik-ka₄ /Zimaika/), 𒍢𒈠𒋡 (zi₂-ma-ka₄ /Zimaka/)

From *jīvakah. Cognate with Proto-Sarmatian *J̌īwak


jīvakah

Middle Persian: *zhīwak

From Proto-Iranian *ǰiHwákah. Equivalent to *jīvah (“alive, living”) + 𐎣 (k /-kaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix). Cognate with Sanskrit जीवक (jīvaka).


R̥difyah

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρτύβιος (Artúbios), Ἀρτύφιος (Artúphios)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒁺𒉿𒅀 (ir-du-pi-ia /Irdupiya/), 𒅕𒋰𒉿𒅀 (ir-tap-pi-ia /Irtapiya/), 𒅕𒁾𒉿𒅀 (ir-tup-pi-ia /Irtupiya/)

From *r̥difyah. Cognate with Old Median *R̥zifyah.

quote-book

2011, Rüdiger Schmitt, Iranische Personennamen in de Griechischen Literatur vor Alexander d. Gr. [Iranian Personal Names in Greek Literature before Alexander the Great] (Iranisches Personennamenbuch), volume 5A, pages 91-92:


r̥difyah

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫀𐫓𐫇𐫜 (ʾʾlwf /āluf/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlwh /āluh/), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾylwh /ayluh/)

→ Elamite: 𒅕𒌅𒌒𒉿𒄿𒀀 (ir-tup-pi-ia)

From Proto-Iranian *Hr̥jifyáh. Cognate with Old Median *r̥zifyah, Avestan 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬟𐬌𐬌𐬀 (ər^əzifiia) and Sanskrit ऋजिप्य (ṛjipya).


Miθrānah

Middle Persian: [script needed] (mtrʾn /Mihrān/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡈𐡓𐡍 (mṭrn)

→ Ancient Greek: Μιτράνης (Mitránēs)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + *-ānah (patronymic suffix). Cognate with Parthian 𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭍 (Mihrān), whence Old Armenian Միհրան (Mihran).


Miθrātah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊏𒀀𒋫 (mi-it-ra-a-ta /Mitrāta/), 𒈪𒀉𒊏𒀀𒌓 (mi-it-ra-a-tú /Mitrātu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθράτης (Mithrátēs)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒀉𒊏𒁕 (mi-it-ra-da /Mitrada/), 𒈪𒄑𒊏𒁕 (mi-is-ra-da /Misrada/)

→ Lydian: 𐤪𐤦𐤯𐤭𐤠𐤯𐤠𐤳 (mitrataš)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + *-ātah (intensificative suffix).


Mazdāyah

head

*Mazdāyah (/Mazdāyah/) (feminine *Mazdāyā)

/Mazdāyah/ (alternative)
Mazdāyā (feminine)

→ Ancient Greek: Μαζαῖος (Mazaîos)

→ Aramaic:

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡆𐡃𐡉 (mzdy)

From *Mazdā (“deity Ahura Mazda”) + 𐎹 (y /*-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix).


Mazdākah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈠𒀾𒁕𒆪 (ma-áš-da-ku /Mašdaku/), 𒈠𒀾𒉌𒂟𒆪 (ma-áš-dàk-ku /Mašdaku/), 𒈠𒀾𒁖𒆪 (ma-áš-dak-ku /Mašdaku/), 𒈠𒀾𒁖𒅗 (ma-áš-dak-ka /Mašdaka/)

→ Ancient Greek: Μαζάκης (Mazákēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡆𐡃𐡊 (mzdk)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒀾𒆪𒀝𒋡 (ma-áš-da-ak-ka₄ /Mašdaka/), 𒈠𒀾𒆪𒅅𒋡 (ma-áš-da-ik-ka₄ /Mašdaika/), 𒈠𒀾𒌇𒋡 (ma-áš-tuk-ka₄ /Maštuka/), 𒈦𒌇𒋡 (maš-tuk-ka₄ /Maštuka/)

From *Mazdā (“deity Ahura Mazda”) + 𐎣 (k /-kaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix).


Mazdāyā

head

*Mazdāyā (/Mazdāyā/) (masculine *Mazdāyah)

/Mazdāyā/ (romanization)
Mazdāyah (masculine)

→ Ancient Greek: Μαζαία (Mazaía)

From *Mazdā (“deity Ahura Mazda”) + -yā (adjectival suffix).


Jāmāspah

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭩𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭮𐭯 (yʾmʾsp /Jāmāsp/)

Persian: جاماسپ (Jāmāsp)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒍝𒄠𒈠𒊍𒉿 (za-am-ma-as-pi /Zamaspi/), 𒍝𒈠𒊍𒉺𒀪 (za-ma-as-pa-ʾ /Zamaspaʾ/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ζαμάσφης (Zamásphēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡆𐡌𐡎𐡐 (zmsp)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒍝𒈠𒀾𒁀 (za-ma-áš-ba /Zamašba/), 𒍝𒈠𒆜𒁀 (za-ma-iš-ba /Zamaišba/)

From *jāmah (“leading”) + 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (a-s-p /*aspaʰ/, “horse”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬘𐬁𐬨𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀 (Jāmāspa) and Parthian 𐭆𐭀𐭌𐭀𐭎𐭐 (zʾmʾsp /Jāmāsp/).


Manuštanah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒌋𒌋𒉡𒍑𒋫𒈾𒀪 (man-nu-uš-ta-na-ʾ /Manuštanaʾ/), 𒈠𒉡𒍑𒆗𒉌 (ma-nu-uš-tan-ni /Manuštani/), 𒈠𒉡𒍑𒋫𒉡 (ma-nu-uš-ta-nu /Manuštanu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Μενοστάνης (Menostánēs)

From *Manuš (“mythological figure Manuš”) + tā̆nah (“offspring”).


Dātamah

→? Ancient Greek: Δατάμης (Datámēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡃𐡕𐡌 (dtm)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁕𒀜𒁕𒈠 (da-ad-da-ma /Dadama/), 𒁕𒁕𒈠 (da-da-ma /Dadama/), 𒁕𒌓𒁕𒈠 (da-ud-da-ma /Daudama/)

Two-stem hypocoristic of a *Dātamiθrah-type name.


Dātāmah

→? Ancient Greek: Δατάμης (Datámēs)

From 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”) + *amah (“power, force”).


Dātah

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁕𒀜𒁕 (da-ad-da /Dada/), 𒁕𒌓𒁕 (da-ud-da /Dauda/)

From 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”).


Dātiyah

→ Ancient Greek: Δᾶτις (Dâtis)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆪𒋾𒅀 (da-ti-ia /Datiya/)

From 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”) + 𐎡𐎹 (i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix).


R̥tamanah

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρταμένης (Artaménēs), Ἀρτάμνης (Artámnēs)

→ Latin: Artamenēs

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒈠𒈾 (ir-da-ma-na /Irdamana/)

From Proto-Iranian *Hr̥tamanah. Equivalent to 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (r̥taʰ, “Asha; truth”) + 𐎶𐎴𐏃 (manaʰ, “mind”).


R̥tamanā

→ Elamite:


R̥tamanyuš

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒂟𒌋𒌋𒉡𒌑𒆜 (ir-tam₅-man-nu-ú-iš /Irtamanūiš/)

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (r̥taʰ, “Asha; truth”) + *manyuš (“thought, mind”).


R̥tamah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒋫𒄠𒈠𒀪 (ar-ta-ma-ma-ʾ /Artamaʾ/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρτάμης (Artámēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡕𐡌 (ʾrtm)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: ꜣrṱm

Late Egyptian: A-r:T-m-A1 (ꜣrṯm),

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒈠 (ir-da-ma /Irdama/), 𒅕𒂟 (ir-tam₅ /Irtam/)

Two-stem hypocoristic of *R̥tamanah or *R̥tamanyuš.


R̥takāmah

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒋫𒃶𒈠 (ar-ta-kám-ma /Artakama/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρτακάμας (Artakámas), Ἀρτακαμᾶ (Artakamâ)

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (r̥taʰ, “Asha; truth”) + 𐎣𐎠𐎶 (*kāmaʰ, “wish”).


𐎶𐎰𐎡𐏁𐎫

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μασίστης (Masístēs)
→ Latin: Masistēs

From *maθištah. Cognate with Old Median *Masištah.


R̥tafarnāh

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒋫𒉺𒅈𒈾𒀪 (ar-ta-pa-ar-na-ʾ /Artaparnaʾ/), 𒅈𒋫𒌓𒈾𒀪 (ar-ta-par-na-ʾ /Artaparnaʾ/), 𒀜𒋫𒌓𒉡 (at-ta-par-nu /Ataparnu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρταφέρνης (Artaphérnēs)

→ Aramaic:

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡕𐡐𐡓𐡍 (ʾrtprn)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒁇𒈾 (ir-da-bar-na /Irdabarna/), 𒅕𒆪𒂟𒈾 (ir-da-pir₂-na /Irdapirna/)

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /r̥taʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + *farnāh (“fortune, glory”).


R̥tabr̥zans

desc

→? Ancient Greek: Ἀρταβαζάνης (Artabazánēs)

→ Aramaic:

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡕𐡁𐡓𐡆𐡍 (ʾrtbrzn)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒂟𒍝𒈾 (ir-da-bir₃-za-na /Irdabirzana/)

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /r̥taʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + *br̥zans (“high, exalted”).


Br̥dimaniš

desctree

→? Ancient Greek: Σμερδομένης (Smerdoménēs)
Greek: Σμερδομένης (Smerdoménis)
→ Latin: Smerdomenēs

From br̥diš (“high”) + *maniš (“thought, mind”). Compare with Sanskrit मनस् बृहत् (mánas- br̥hát-) and बृहत्मनस् (Bṛhát-manas-).


Br̥dimanah

From br̥diš (“high”) + 𐎶𐎴𐏃 (manaʰ, “mind”). Cognate with Old Median *Br̥zimanah; compare with Sanskrit मनस् बृहत् (mánas- br̥hát-) and बृहत्मनस् (Bṛhát-manas-).


Bagavahyah

desctree

→? Ancient Greek: Βαγώας (Bagṓas)
Greek: Βαγώας (Vagóas)
→ Latin: Bagōās
→ English: Bagoas

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡂𐡅𐡄𐡉 (bgwhy)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒆪𒌋𒌋𒅀 (ba-ku-man-ia /Bakumania/)

From 𐏎 (BG /bagaʰ/, “god”) + *vahyah (“better”).


Aryamanah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀριαμένης (Ariaménēs)
Greek: Ἀριαμένης (Ariaménēs)
→ Latin: Ariamenēs

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒊑𒈠𒈾 (har-re-ma-na /Haremana/)

→ Latin: Hieramenes

→ Lycian: 𐊁𐊕𐊆𐊊𐊀𐊎𐊙𐊏𐊀 (erijamãna)

From 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-r-i-y-a /Aryā/, “Iranians”) + 𐎶𐎴𐏃 (manaʰ, “mind”).


Arēmanah

→ Elamite:


Spihradātah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒂠𒉿𒊑𒁕𒀀𒋫 (ís-pi-ri-da-a-ta /Ispiridāta/)


Arušah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρύσης (Arúsēs)
Greek: Ἀρύσης (Arúsēs)
→ Latin: Arysēs

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒊒𒆜 (har-ru-iš /Haruiš/)


arušah

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾlws /arus/, “white”)

Persian: الوس (alus, “white horse”)

From Proto-Iranian *Harušáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Harušás. Cognate with Sanskrit अरुष (aruṣa).


Bagayah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Βαγαῖος (Bagaîos)
→ Latin: Bagaeus

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒄀𒅀 (ba-ge-ia /Bageia/), 𒁀𒆠𒅀 (ba-ke-ia /Bakeia/)

From 𐏎 (BG /bagaʰ/, “god”) + 𐎹 (y /*-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix).


Bayaçāh

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒁉𒂊𒋢 (be₂-e-su /Bēsu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Βήσσος (Bḗssos)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡉𐡎 (bys)

From *bayah (“fear”) + çāyatay (“to protect”).


Bēça

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒁉𒂊𒋢 (be₂-e-su /Bēsu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Βήσσος (Bḗssos)


𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎢𐏁

d-a-r-y-u-š (romanization)
Dārayauš (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒁕 (da /Da/), 𒁕𒅈𒀪𒋙 (da-ar-ʾ-šu₂ /Darʾšu₂/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒅀𒍑 (da-a-re-ʾ-ia-uš /Dāreʾyauš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒄿𒋗 (da-a-re-ʾ-i-šu /Dāreʾišu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒋗 (da-a-re-ʾ-šu /Dāreʾšu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒋙 (da-a-re-ʾ-šu₂ /Dāreʾšu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒍑 (da-a-re-ʾ-uš /Dāreʾuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀀𒋙 (da-a-re-a-šu₂ /Dāreašu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅀𒀪𒍑𒋙 (da-a-re-ia-ʾ-uš-šu₂ /Dāreyaʾušu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅀𒋙 (da-a-re-ia-šu₂ /Dāreyašu₂/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒋙 (da-a--šu₂ /Dāšu/), 𒁕𒅈𒐊𒀪𒀀𒋙 (da-ar-ia₂-ʾ-a-šu₂ /Dāryaʾašu/), 𒁕𒅈𒐊𒀀𒋙 (da-ar-ia₂-a-šu₂ /Dāryāšu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊒𒌍𒋙 (da-a-ru-eš-šu₂ /Dārwešu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊒𒅀𒌍𒋙 (da-a-ru-ia-eš-šu₂ /Dāruyaešu/), 𒁕𒊏𒀾 (da-ra-aš₂ /Daraš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒀀𒋙 (da-re-ʾ-a-šu₂ /Dareʾašu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒅀𒍑 (da-re-ʾ-ia-uš /Dareʾyauš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒄿𒋗 (da-re-ʾ-i-šu /Dareʾišu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒄿𒌑𒋙 (da-re-ʾ-i-u₂-šu₂ /Dareʾyūšu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒋙 (da-re-ʾ-šu₂ /Dareʾšu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒍑 (da-re-ʾ-uš /Dareʾuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒍑𒋙 (da-re-ʾ-uš-šu₂ /Dareʾušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒌑𒋙 (da-re-ʾ-u₂-šu₂ /Dareʾūšu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒀪𒍑 (da-re-a-ʾ-uš /Dareaʾuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒂊𒋙 (da-re-e-šu₂ /Darēšu/), 𒁕𒊑𒌍𒋙 (da-re-eš-šu₂ /Darešu/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒀀𒋙 (da-re-ia-a-šu₂ /Dareyāšu/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒀀𒍑𒋙 (da-re-ia-a-uš-šu₂ /Dareyāušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒌍𒋙 (da-re-ia-eš-šu₂ /Dareyaešu/), 𒁕𒊑𒐊𒋙 (da-re-ia₂-šu₂ /Dareyašu/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒍑 (da-re-ia-uš /Dareyauš/), 𒁕𒊑𒄿𒋙 (da-re-i-šu₂ /Dareyšu/), 𒁕𒊑𒊺𒅀 (da-re-še-ia /Darešeya/), 𒁕𒊑𒋙 (da-re-šu₂ /Darešu/), 𒁕𒊑𒍑 (da-re-uš /Dareuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒍑𒋗 (da-re-uš-šu₂ /Dareušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒌑𒋗 (da-re-u₂-šu /Dareušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒌑𒋙 (da-re-u₂-šu₂ /Dareušu/), 𒁕𒆸𒀪𒋙 (da-re₃-ʾ-šu₂ /Dareʾšu/), 𒁕𒊒𒀪𒋙 (da-ru-ʾ-šu₂ /Daruʾšu/), □𒅀𒀪𒅆 (□-ia-ʾ-ši /□yaʾši/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Δαρεῖος (Dareîos), Δᾱ́ρειος (Dā́reios), Δᾱρειαῖος (Dāreiaîos), Δαριήκης (Dariḗkēs)
Greek: Δαρείος (Dareíos)
Latin: Dārīus
→ English: Darius
→ Italian: Dario
→ Portuguese: Dario
→ Spanish: Darío

→ Egyptian:

desc

Late Egyptian: ini-ti-rw-SA (jntjrwšꜣ), N17:rw-SA (tꜣrwšꜣ)

Demotic: tꜣriwš

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆪𒊑𒅀𒄷𒆜 (da-re-ia-hu-iš /Dareiahuiš/), 𒆪𒊑𒅀𒌋𒆜 (da-re-ia-u-iš /Dareiauiš/)

→ Lycian: 𐊑𐊗𐊀𐊕𐊆𐊊𐊁𐊒𐊖 (ñtarijeus)


Arbarāivāh

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒁀𒊑𒈠 (ar-ba-re-ma /Arbarewa/), 𒅈𒁀𒊑𒈨 (ar-ba-re-me /Arbarewe/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρβάριος (Arbários)
Greek: Ἀρβάριος (Arbários)
→ Latin: Arbarius

From *arbah (“young; youth, child”) + *rāivāh (“rich, wealthy”).


Arbarēvāh

→ Akkadian:


R̥taxšarah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρτοξάρης (Artoxárēs)
Greek: Ἀρτοξάρης (Artoxárēs)
→ Latin: Artoxarēs


Rōcakah

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ῥοισάκης (Rhoisákēs), Ῥωσάκης (Rhōsákēs)

→ Latin: Rhoesacēs, Rhōsacēs


Dātamiθrah

Persian: دادمهر (Dādmihr)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡃𐡕𐡌𐡕𐡓 (dtmtr)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆪𒀜𒆪𒈪𒌓𒊏 (da-ad-da-mi-ut-ra /Dadamiutra/), 𒆪𒆪𒈪𒌓𒊏 (da-da-mi-ut-ra /Dadamiutra/), 𒆪𒂟𒈪𒌓𒊏 (da-tam₅-mi-ut-ra /Datamiutra/)

From 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”) + 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”). Compare with *Miθradātah.


Hufratah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒌑𒁇𒀜𒋫 (u₂-par₂-at-ta /Uparata/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Εὐφράτας (Euphrátas)
Greek: Ευφράτας (Effrátas)
→ Latin: Euphratas

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒌑𒅁𒂟𒊏𒌓𒆪 (u₂-ip-pir₂-ra-ud-da /Uipirauda/), 𒌑𒂟𒊏𒀜𒆪 (u₂-pir₂-ra-ad-da /Upirada/), 𒌑𒂟𒊏𒆪 (u₂-pir₂-ra-da /Upirada/)

From *huš (“good”) + *fratah (“excellent”).


Humanah

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒌋𒌋𒌋𒈾 (u-man-na /Umana/)

From *huš (“good”) + 𐎶𐎴𐏃 (manaʰ, “mind”).


Haumanah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Εὐμένης (Euménēs)
→ Latin: Eumenēs

Parthian: 𐭄𐭅𐭌𐭍𐭉 (hwmny)


R̥taxšaθrah

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /r̥taʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaçam/, “realm, province, kingdom”).

af

Old Persian: *R̥taxšarah→ Ancient Greek: ἈρτοξάρηςGreek: Ἀρτοξάρης→ Latin: Artoxarēs


𐎢𐎺𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎼

u-v-x-š-t-r (romanization)
ʰUvaxštraʰ (romanization)

Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒌑𒀝𒊓𒋻 (ú-ak-sa-tar /Waksatar/), 𒊌𒊓𒋻 (uk-sa-tar /Uksatar/), 𒌑𒈠𒆪𒅖𒋻 (ú-ma-ku-iš-tar /Uwakuištar/)

Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒆠𒅖𒌉𒊑 (ma-ki-iš-tur-ri /Makišturi/), 𒈠𒀝𒅖𒋻𒊏 (ma-ak-iš-tar-ra /Makištara/)

From *huš (“good”) + *axštrah (“oversight”).


𐎥𐎢𐎲𐎽𐎢𐎺

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒄖𒁀𒊏 (gu-ba-ra /Gubara/), 𒄖𒁀𒊑 (gu-ba-ri /Gubari/), 𒄖𒁀𒊒 (gu-ba-ru /Gubaru/), 𒄖𒁀𒊒𒀪 (gu-ba-ru-ʾ /Gubaruʾ/), 𒆪𒁇𒊏 (ku-bar-ra /Kubara/), 𒊌𒁀𒊒 (ug-ba-ru /Ugbaru/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡂𐡅𐡁𐡓𐡅 (gwbrw)

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄰𒁇𒈠 (kam-bar-ma /Kambarma/), 𒋡𒌋𒁀𒊏 (ka₄-u-ba-ra /Kaubara/)

→ Ancient Greek: Γωβρύης (Gōbrúēs) (see there for further descendants)

From *gāuš (“cow”) + uncertain element *barvah, perhaps meaning “eating”, compare Younger Avestan 𐬀𐬱·𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀 (aš·baoᵘruua, “where there is much to eat”), or “lord, master”, compare Sanskrit भरु (bharu, “lord, master”).


R̥tabānuš

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ʾrtwʾn /Ardavān/)

→ Old Armenian: Արտաւան (Artawan) (or from Parthian)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒋫𒁀𒉡 (ar-ta-ba-nu /Artabanu/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡕𐡁𐡍𐡅 (ʾrtbnw)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒁀𒉡𒆜 (ir-da-ba-nu-iš /Irdabanuiš/), 𒅕𒋰𒁀𒉡𒆜 (ir-tab-ba-nu-iš /Irtabanuiš/), 𒅕𒁾𒁀𒉡𒆜 (ir-tub-ba-nu-iš /Irtubanuiš/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρτάβανος (Artábanos)

From Proto-Iranian *Hr̥tábaHnúš, equivalent to 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /r̥taʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + *bānuš (“beam, lustre, light”). Cognate with Parthian 𐭀𐭓𐭕𐭁𐭍𐭅 (ʾrtbnw /Ardabān/).


R̥tapānah

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒁀𒈾 (ir-da-ba-na /Irdabana/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρταπάνης (Artapánēs), Ἀρτάπανος (Artápanos)

→ Lydian: 𐤠𐤭𐤯𐤠𐤡𐤵𐤫𐤠𐤬 (artapãnao)

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /r̥taʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + *pānah (“protection”). Cognate with Parthian 𐭀𐭓𐭕𐭐𐭍 (ʾrtpn /Artapān/).


Arvantah

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Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭫𐭥𐭭𐭣- (ʾlwnd- /Arwand-/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀροάνδης (Aroándēs), Ἀρυάνδης (Aruándēs), Ὀρόνδης (Oróndēs), Ὀρόντας (Oróntas)

Retrenchment of a name derived from *arvāh ~ *arvantah (“swift”).


R̥taxayah

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρταχαίης (Artakhaíēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡕𐡇𐡉 (ʾrtḥy)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒀝𒋡𒀀𒅀 (ir-da-ak-ka₄-a-ia /Irdakāia/), 𒅕𒆪𒄀𒅀 (ir-da-ge-ia /Irdageia/), 𒅕𒆪𒋡𒀀 (ir-da-ka₄-a /irdakā/), 𒅕𒆪𒋡𒅀 (ir-da-ka₄-ia /Irdakaia/), 𒅕𒌇𒆪𒅀 (ir-tuk-ku-ia /Irtukuia/)

Two-stem hypocoristic of 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠 (a-r-t-x-š-ç-a /R̥taxšaçāʰ/) or *R̥taxraθuš.


R̥timah

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡕𐡉𐡌 (ʾrtym)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρτίμας (Artímas)
Greek: Ἀρτίμας (Artímas)
→ Latin: Artimas

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒋾𒈠 (ir-ti-ma /Irtima/)

→ Lydian: 𐤠𐤭𐤯𐤦𐤪𐤠𐤩𐤦𐤮 (artimalis), 𐤠𐤭𐤯𐤧𐤪𐤠 (artyma)

Retrenchment of name beginning with element 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /r̥taʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + *-imah (hypocoristic suffix).


Gadātah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Γαδάτας (Gadátas)
Greek: Γαδάτας (Gadátas)
→ Latin: Gadatās

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋡𒆪𒆪 (ka₄-da-da /Kadada/)

From *gadā (“mace”) + *-ātah (intensificative suffix).


Arbinah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρβίνας (Arbínas)
Greek: Ἀρβίνας (Arbínas)
→ Latin: Arbinas

→ Lycian: 𐊁𐊕𐊂𐊂𐊆𐊏𐊀 (erbbina)

Retrenchment of name beginning with element *arbah (“young; youth, child”) + 𐎡𐎴 (i-n /-inaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix).


Tīrayah

→ Ancient Greek: Τιραῖος (Tiraîos)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡕𐡉𐡓𐡉 (tyry)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋾𒊑𒅀 (ti-re-ia /Tireia/)

From *Tīrah (“deity Tir”) + -𐎹 (-y /*-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix).


Vahubarah

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Οίβάρας (Oíbáras), Οἰβάρης (Oibárēs), Ὠβαρις (Ōbaris)

→ Latin: Oebaras, Oebarēs, Ōbaris

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒌋𒈦𒊏 (ma-u-bar-ra /Maubara/), 𒈠𒌋𒉿𒊏 (ma-u-pe-ra /Maupera/), 𒈠𒌋𒂟 (ma-u-pir₂ /Maupir/)

From *vahuš (“good”) + *barah (“bearer”).


Tīrīdātah

Middle Persian: 𐭲𐭩𐭫𐭣𐭲 (tyldt /tīrdād/)

Classical Persian: تِیرْدَاد (tīrdād)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒋾𒊑𒁕𒀀𒋫 (ti-ri-da-a-ta /Tiridāta/), 𒋾𒊑𒁕𒀀𒌓 (ti-ri-da-a-tu₂ /Tiridātu/), 𒋾𒊑𒁕𒀀𒌈 (ti-ri-da-a-tu₄ /Tiridātu/), 𒋾𒊑𒁕𒋫 (ti-ri-da-ta /Tiridata/), 𒋾𒊑𒄿𒁕𒀀𒌅 (ti-ri-i-da-a-tu /Tirīdātu/), 𒌁𒁕𒀀𒋫 (tir-da-a-ta /Tirdāta/)

→ Ancient Greek: Τιριδάτης (Tiridátēs)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋾𒊑𒆪𒆪 (ti-ri-da-da /Tiridada/)

From *Tīriyah (“deity Tir”) + 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”). Cognate with Parthian 𐭕𐭉𐭓𐭉𐭃𐭕 (Tīrīdāt).


sparabarah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: σπαραβάραι (sparabárai)
→ Latin: sparabarae


Čiçamiθrah

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Σισιμίθρης (Sisimíthrēs)

→ Latin: Sisimithrēs

From 𐎨𐎡𐏂 (čiçaʰ, “shining; appearance; lineage”) + 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”).


baivarapatiš

desc

→ Ancient Greek: μυριάρχης (muriárkhēs) (calque)

→ English: myriarch

From *baivaram (“ten thousand”) + *patiš (“master”).


Abrakah

→ Ancient Greek: Ἄβραγος (Ábragos)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒀊𒂟𒋡 (ap-pir₂-ka₄ /Apirka/)

From *abrah (“dark”) + 𐎣 (k /-kaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix).


Bātah

→ Ancient Greek: Βᾶτις (Bâtis)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡕 (bt)


bātah

باده

Middle Persian: [script needed] (bʾtk' /bādag/)


Varufarnāh

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ὀλοφέρνης (Olophérnēs), Ὀροφέρνης (Orophérnēs)

→ Hebrew: הולופרנס

→ Hebrew: הולופרנס

→ Latin: Holofernes

From *varuš (“wide”) + *farnāh (“glory”).


Farnukah

→ Ancient Greek: Φαρνοῦχος (Pharnoûkhos), Φαρνούχης (Pharnoúkhēs) (see there for further descendants)

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁇𒉡𒋡 (bar-nu-ka₄ /Barnuka/), 𒁇𒉡𒊌𒋡 (bar-nu-uk-ka₄ /Barnuka/)

From *farnāh (“glory”) + -ukah (hypocoristic suffix).


daryakah

desctree

Ancient Greek: Δαρεικός (Dareikós)
→ Latin: daricus
→ English: daric
→ French: darique
→ German: Dareikos, Dareike
→ Danish: dareik

From *daryah (“golden, yellow”) + 𐎣 (k /-kaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix),, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“gleam, yellow”). Related to word related to 𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹 (daraniyaʰ, “gold”), compare Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (zaⁱri, “yellowish, golden”). Compare Aramaic ܕܪܝܟܘܢܐ (drykwnʾ), Classical Syriac ܕܪܝܼܟܘܿܢܐ (darykwnʾ), Biblical Hebrew אֲדַרְכּוֹן (adarkon) and Parthian 𐫅𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫃 (dʾryg /dārīg/, “gold coin, Dareikos”).

quote-book

1984, Rüdiger Schmitt, “Perser und Persisches in der Attischen Komödie”, in Orientalia J. Duchesne-Guillemin emerito oblata, pages 459–472:

cog

daric (a gold coin from the Persian Empire)


Maškāmah

→ Ancient Greek: Μασκάμης (Maskámēs)

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈦𒋡𒈠 (maš-ka₄-ma /Maškama/)

From *maš (“very”) + 𐎣𐎠𐎶 (k-a-m /kāmah/, “desire, wish”).


Bagaduštah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μεγαδόστης (Megadóstēs)
→ Latin: Megadostēs

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒀝𒁺𒆜𒆪 (ba-ak-du-iš-da /Bakduišda/), 𒁀𒋡𒁺𒆜𒆪 (ba-ka₄-du-iš-da /Bakaduišda/)

From 𐏎 (BG /bagaʰ/, “god”) + *duštah (“loved”). Cognate with Old Median *Bagazuštah.


Humāyah

Middle Persian: 𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭠𐭩 (Humāy)

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄷𒈠𒀀𒅀 (hu-ma-a-ia /Humāia/), 𒄷𒈠𒅀 (hu-ma-ia /Humaia/), 𒌑𒈠𒅀 (u₂-ma-ia /Umaia/), 𒌑𒈨𒅀 (u₂-me-ia /Umeia/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὑμαίς (Humaís), Ὑμαίης (Humaíēs), Ὑμέης (Huméēs)

→ Latin: Hymaes, Hymaeēs, Hymeēs

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡄𐡅𐡌𐡉 (hwmy)

→ Parthian: 𐭇𐭅𐭌𐭉 (Humāy)

From *huš (“good”) + *māyah (“skill”). Compare with Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬨𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬁 (humāiiā) and 𐬵𐬎𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬐𐬀 (humaiiaka).


𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠

Middle Persian: 𐭣𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭩 (dwst' /dōst/)

Persian: دوست (dust)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́awštā́
Old Persian 𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠 (d-u-š-t-a)
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́awštā́ (“one who loves”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵéws-tōr ~ *ǵus-tr-és. Cognate with Sanskrit जोष्टा (joṣṭā, “lover”).