madu

Middle Persian: (/may/)

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫏 (my)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (HS), [Book Pahlavi needed] (mdy)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭧𐭮 (HS)


amah

From Proto-Iranian *HámHah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HámHas.


𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿

Uncertain; possibly:
* related to Sanskrit पर्शु (Parśu), the name of a warrior tribe, (see below)
* or Sanskrit परशु (paraśu, “hatchet, axe”),
* or from Proto-Iranian *párcuš (“rib”), compare Sanskrit पर्शु (parśu, “rib; sickle”), पार्श्व (pārśva, “the region of the ribs, immediate neighbourhood”).


𐎠𐎿

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Iranian *Hácwah. Doublet of 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (a-s-p /aspaʰ/).


𐏎

Middle Persian: 𐭡𐭢 (bg /bag/)

From Proto-Iranian *bagáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰagás, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-; see there for more. Cognate with Sanskrit भग (bhága, “dispenser, gracious lord, patron”).

cog

(Iranian mythology, Religion, Zoroastrianism) god


𐎠𐎿𐎱

Middle Persian: 𐭮𐭥𐭮𐭩𐭠 (SWSYA /asp/)

Bakhtiari: [script needed] (asp)

Classical Persian: اسپ (asp)

Iranian Persian: اسپ (äsp), اسب (äsb)

Tajik: асп (asp)

Tat: [script needed] (æs)

Judeo-Tat: ⱨəsb

→ Southwestern Fars:

Masarami: [script needed] (äsp), [script needed] (äsb)

Samghani: [script needed] (asp)

→ Larestani: [script needed] ('asp)

→ Southern Luri: [script needed] (asp)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
Variant of 𐎠𐎿 (asaʰ) affected by the Median substrate, from the same source.


𐎲𐎥

(Iranian mythology, Religion, Zoroastrianism, syllabary) Alternative form of 𐏎 (baga)


𐏋

XŠ (romanization)
xšāyaθiya (romanization)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 (alternative)

desctree

Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (MLKA /šāh/)
Persian: شاه (šâh) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Iranian *xšáyati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (“he rules, he has power over”) (whence Sanskrit क्षयति (kṣáyati)), from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to gain power over, gain control over”).
Likely a borrowing from Old Median, being a doublet of 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (xšaça-, “realm, province”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षत्र (kṣatrá, “might, power”), Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra, “kingdom”), Bactrian ϸαο (šao), Old Armenian աշխարհ (ašxarh), Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to get, acquire”).


𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹

head

𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 (xšāyaθiya) m

xšāyaθiya (romanization)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 (nominative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

peo-decl

𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠


𐏏

Midle Persian: 𐭡𐭥𐭬 (būm)

Persian: بوم (bum)

From Proto-Iranian *búHmiš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰúHmiš (compare Avestan 𐬠𐬏𐬨𐬌 (būmi) and Sanskrit भूमि (bhūmi, “earth, soil, land”)).


𐎱𐎢𐏂

Middle Persian: (/pus, pusar/)

Middle Persian: 𐭡𐭥𐭤 (BRE)

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫇𐫘 (pws), 𐫛𐫇𐫘𐫡 (pwsr)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pws), [Book Pahlavi needed] (BRE); [Book Pahlavi needed] (pwsl), [Book Pahlavi needed] (BREl)

From Proto-Iranian *puθráh,(compare Avestan 𐬞𐬎𐬚𐬭𐬀 (puθra)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *putrás (compare Sanskrit पुत्र (putra)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂u-.

𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹 […]
Pārsahyā : puça : Ariya […]

522 BCE – 486 BCE, Darius I, DSe line 13


𐎭𐎠𐎫𐎶

d-a-t-m (romanization)
dātam (romanization)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dʾt' /dād/)

Persian: داد (dâd)

→ Hebrew: דת (dat)

From Proto-Iranian *dātam, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀 (dāta, “law, rule”).


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁

head

𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁 (arštiš) f


𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠

Middle Persian: pitar, pidar, pid

Persian: پدر (pedar)

From Proto-Iranian *pHtā́, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pHtā́, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr (compare Ancient Greek πατήρ (patḗr), Latin pater, Tocharian A pācar, English father).


𐎳𐎼𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠

𐎳𐎼𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠 (framātā) m


𐎴𐎱𐎠

n-p-a (romanization)
napā (romanization)

Middle Persian: np (/nab/)

Classical Persian: نوه (nava)

From Proto-Iranian *nápāth, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *nápāts, from Proto-Indo-European *(h₂)népōts. Cognates include Sanskrit नपात् (nápāt), Latin nepōs, Ancient Greek ἀνεψιός (anepsiós) and Old English nefa.

𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠𐎶𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎴𐎱𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐

[…] son, grandson of Arsames, an Achaemenid, says […]


𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎱𐎠𐎺𐎠

x-š-ç-p-a-v-a (romanization)
xšaçapāvā (romanization)

desc

אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפַּן

→ Hebrew: אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפַּן

→ Hebrew: אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפַּן

Middle Persian: [script needed] (šsp /šasab/)

Literally "protector of the realm, province", an agent noun based on 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaça-/, “realm, province”) and 𐎱𐎠𐎮𐎹 (p-a-di-y /√pā/, “to protect”).
Akin to Parthian 𐭔𐭄𐭓𐭁 (šhrb), 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓𐭐 (ḥštrp), Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭯 (štrp). Compare the Iranian borrowings: Elamite 𒃻𒀝𒃻𒁀𒈠 (šá-ak-šá-ba-ma), Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀔𑀢𑀧 (khatapa), Maharastri Prakrit 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀧 (kṣatrapa), Sanskrit क्षत्रप (kṣatrapa), Gandhari 𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨤 (kṣatrapa) and 𐨖𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨤 (chatrapa), Lycian 𐊜𐊖𐊖𐊀𐊅𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀 (χssadrapa) and 𐊜𐊖𐊖𐊀𐊉𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀 (χssaθrapa), Ancient Greek σατράπης (satrápēs), Old Armenian շահապ (šahap), and Hebrew אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפַּן.

cog

אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפַּן

Hebrew אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפַּן

satrap (governor of a province under Achaemenid Persian rule)


𐎲𐎼𐎠𐎫𐎠

b-r-a-t-a (romanization)
brātā (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫡𐫀𐫅 (brʾd /brād/), 𐫁𐫡𐫀𐫅𐫡 (brʾdr /brādar/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (AH), [Book Pahlavi needed] (blʾt' /brād/), [Book Pahlavi needed] (blʾtl' /brādar/)

From Proto-Iranian *bráHtā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰráHtā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Compare Sanskrit भ्रातृ (bhrātṛ, “brother”).


𐎣𐎠𐎶

k-a-m (romanization)
kāmaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭬𐭪 (kʾm /kām/)

Persian: کام (kâm)

Etymology tree
Proto-Iranian *káHmah
Old Persian 𐎣𐎠𐎶 (k-a-m)
From Proto-Iranian *káHmah. Cognate with Sanskrit काम (kāma, “desire”).


𐎭𐎡𐎺

d-i-v (romanization)
daiva (romanization)

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫏𐫇 (dyw /dēw/, “evil spirit, demon”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠDYA /dēw/, “evil spirit, demon”)

→ Aramaic: דיוא (daywā)

Classical Syriac: ܕܝܘܐ (daywā)

desctree

→ Arabic: دِيُو (diyū)
→ Kazakh: дию (diü)

From Proto-Iranian *daywáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *daywás, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deywós. Cognates include Sanskrit देव (deva), Latin deus, Proto-Germanic *Tīwaz (whence the first element in English Tuesday), Proto-Celtic *deiwos.

(Iranian mythology, Zoroastrianism) foreign god, false god


𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠

head

𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠 (mātā) f

Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭥 (mātar)

Persian: مادر (mâdar)

From Proto-Iranian *máHtā (compare Avestan 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 (mātar)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *máHtā (compare Sanskrit मातृ (mā́tṛ), from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr (compare Old Armenian մայր (mayr), Ancient Greek μήτηρ (mḗtēr), Old Church Slavonic мати (mati), Latin māter, Old English mōdor (whence English mother).


𐎱𐎠𐎭

p-a-d (romanization)
pādaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/pāy/)

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫅 (pʾd)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (LGLE)

From Proto-Iranian *pā́dah, Proto-Indo-Iranian *pā́ts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓd-o-s, thematized form of *pṓds.


𐎶𐎠𐏃

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫀𐫆 (mʾẖ)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mʾh)

desctree

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭩𐭥𐭧 (BYRH), 𐫖𐫀𐫆 (mʾẖ) — Manichaean
Classical Persian: مَاه (māh), مه (mah) (poetic)
→ Gujarati: માહ (māh)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: माह (māh)
Urdu: مَاہ (māh)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s
Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā́Has
Proto-Iranian *mā́Hah
Old Persian 𐎶𐎠𐏃 (m-a-h)
From Proto-Iranian *mā́Hah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā́Has, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s.


𐎭𐎿𐎫

d-s-t (romanization)
dasta (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Iranian *jástah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰástas, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰóstos, from *ǵʰes-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 (zasta), Sanskrit हस्त (hásta).


𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹

m-r-t-i-y (romanization)
martiyaʰ (romanization)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 (nominative singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

From Proto-Iranian *mártyah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mártyas, from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”). Cognate with Sanskrit मर्त्य (martya).


𐎺𐎠𐏃𐎼

Middle Persian: whʾl (wahār)

Persian: بهار (bahâr)

From Proto-Iranian *wáhr̥, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wásr̥, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (“spring”).


𐎠𐎼𐎫

a-r-t (romanization)
r̥taʰ (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: (/ard/, “Ard, a goddess; 25th day of Persian calendar”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫏𐫡𐫅 (ʾyrd)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭫𐭲𐭩 (ʾlty)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlt')

From Proto-Iranian *Hr̥táh (“truth, righteousness”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥tás (“truth”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀 (aṣ̌a, “truth”), Sanskrit ऋत (ṛtá, “fixed order, truth”).


𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥

d-r-u-g (romanization)
drauga (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/drō(g)/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇 (drw)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (KDBA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlwb')

Pazend script: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬔 (darōg), 𐬛𐬭𐬋𐬔 (drōg)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ-.

𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹/𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎲𐎼𐎬𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎡/𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼/𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎹/𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎼/𐎢𐎥𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎩𐎷𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐏃[𐎡]𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁/𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥 𐏐 𐎠𐎡𐎫 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎩𐎮𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭/𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎠/𐎡[𐎫𐎶𐎡𐎹 𐏐] 𐎹[𐎠𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎢]𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬/𐎢[𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎻𐎡]𐎰[𐎡]𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐

Darius the King says: May Ahuramazda bear me aid, with the gods of the royal house; and may Ahuramazda protect this country from a (hostile) army, from famine, from the Lie! Upon this country may there not come an army, nor famine, nor the Lie; this I pray as a boon from Ahuramazda together with the gods of the royal house. This boon may Ahuramazda together with the gods of the royal house give to me!

thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : manâ : Auramazdâ : upastâm : baratuv : hadâ : vithaibish : bagaibish : utâ : imâm : dahyâum : Auramazda : pâtuv : hacâ : hainâyâ : hacâ : dushiyârâ : hacâ : draugâ : abiy : imâm : dahyâum : mâ : âjamiyâ : mâ : hainâ : mâ : dushiyâram : mâ : drauga : aita : adam : yânam : jadiyâmiy : Auramazdâm : hadâ : vithaibish : bagaibish : aitamaiy : yânam : Auramazdâ : dadâtuv : hadâ vithaibish : bagaibish :


𐎭𐎠𐎽𐎢𐎺

d-a-ru-u-v (romanization)
dāruv (romanization)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dʾl /dār/)

Persian: دار (dâr)

Bakhtiari: دار (dâr)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dóru
Proto-Indo-Iranian *dā́ru
Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎽𐎢𐎺 (d-a-ru-u-v)
From Proto-Iranian *dā́ru. Cognates include Sanskrit दारु (dā́ru), Ancient Greek δρῦς (drûs) and Old English trēow (English tree).


𐎶𐎦𐏁

m-gu-š (romanization)
maguš (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/mow/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (MGWŠH)

desctree

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭢𐭥 (mgw)
Persian: مغ (moġ)
→ Aghwan: 𐕌𐕒𐔲 (mog)
→ Old Armenian: մոգ (mog)
→ Old Georgian: მოგჳ (mogwi)
→ Sogdian: (/maɣu/)
Sogdian script: 𐼺𐼴𐼲 (mwɣ)
Syriac script: ܡܓ݂ܘ (mɣw), ܡܘܓ݂ (mwɣ)

→ Persian: مگوش (maguš) (learned)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈠𒄖𒊺𒂊 (ma-gu-še-e /magušē/), 𒈠𒄖𒋗 (ma-gu-šu /magušu/), 𒈠𒄖𒋙 (ma-gu-šú /maguš/), 𒈠𒄖𒍑 (ma-gu-uš /maguš/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡂𐡅𐡔 (mgwš), 𐡌𐡂𐡔 (mgš)

desctree

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: מגושא (mgwšʾ)
Classical Syriac: ܡܓܘܫܐ (məḡūšā)
→ Arabic: مَجُوس (majūs)
→ Persian: مَجوس (majus)
→ Hebrew: מָג (māḡ)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒆪𒆜 (ma-ku-iš /makuiš/)

→ Ancient Greek: μάγος (mágos)

Greek: μάγος (mágos)

→ Coptic: ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ (magos)

→ Latin: magus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Iranian *magúš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *magʰúš, from Proto-Indo-European *megʰ-ú-s, from *megʰ- (“to be able”), as priests were considered capable of powerful feats (though some, including Beekes, are implicitly skeptical).


𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠

head

𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a /apiyā/) f (locative singular)

a-p-i-y-a (romanization)
apiyā (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫁 (ʾb /āb/)

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭯 (ʾp /āp/, /āβ/)

desctree

Classical Persian: آب (āb)
Dari: آب (āb), اَو (aw)
Hazaragi: او (aw)
Iranian Persian: آب (âb)
Tajik: об (ob)
→ Äynu: ab
→ Bengali: আব (āb)
→ Gujarati: આબ (āb)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: आब (āb)
Urdu: آب (āb)
→ Kashmiri:
Arabic script: آب (āb)
Devanagari script: आब (āb)
Sharada script: 𑆄𑆧𑇀 (āb)
→ Ottoman Turkish: آب (âb)
Turkish: ab, ap
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਆਬ (āba)
Shahmukhi script: آب (āb)
→ Sindhi:
Arabic script: آبُ (ābu)
Devanagari script: आबु (ābu)
Khudabadi script: 𑊱𑋔𑋣 (ābu)
→ Sylheti: ꠀꠛ (ab)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́ps
Proto-Iranian *Hā́fš
Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a)
From Proto-Iranian *Hā́fš.


𐎠𐎿𐎶𐎴

a-s-m-n (romanization)
asma (romanization)
𐎠𐎿𐎶𐎠𐎴𐎶 (accusative singular)

Middle Persian: (/asmān/)

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭮𐭬𐭠𐭭 (ʾsmʾn)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 (ʾsmʾn)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐮰𐮽𐮼𐮰𐮵𐮵 (ʾsmʾn')

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮀𐮍𐮋𐮀𐮌 (ʾsmʾn)

Pazend script: 𐬁𐬯𐬨𐬅 (āsmą̇)

Borrowed from Old Median *asman, from Proto-Iranian *Hácmā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćmā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō.


𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶

x-š-ç-m (romanization)
xšaçam (romanization)

Middle Persian: 𐭱𐭲𐭫𐭩 (štly /šahr/)

desctree

Classical Persian: شَهْر (šahr), شار (šâr)
Tajik: шаҳр (šahr)
→ Azerbaijani: şəhər
→ Assamese: চহৰ (sohor)
→ Bengali: শহর (śohor)
→ Crimean Tatar: şeer
→ Dhivehi: ޝަހަރު (šaharu), ސަހަރު (saharu)
→ Gujarati: શહેર (śaher)
→ Gurani: شار (şar)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: शहर (śahar)
Urdu: شَہْر (śahr)
→ Karachay-Balkar: шахар (şaxar)
→ Kazakh: шаһар (şahar)
→ Kumyk: шагьар (şahar)
→ Kyrgyz: шаар (şaar)
→ Marathi: शहर (śahar)
→ Nepali: सहर (sahar)
→ Ottoman Turkish: شهر (şehir) (see there for further descendants)
→ Odia: ସହର (sahara)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਹਿਰ (śahir)
Shahmukhi script: شہر (śahir)
→ Uyghur: شەھەر (sheher)
→ Uzbek: shahar

From Proto-Iranian *xšaθram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to attain”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षत्र (kṣatrá, “might, power”), Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra, “kingdom”), Bactrian ϸαο (šao), Khotanese kṣāra- (“power, dominion”), Old Armenian աշխարհ (ašxarh), Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to get, acquire”).


𐏀𐎴

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫗𐫃 (zng /zanag/, “kind, sort”)

From Old Median [Term?], from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ánHas, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónh₁os. Cognates include Ancient Greek γόνος (gónos) and Sanskrit जन (jána).

𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎿𐎱𐏀𐎴𐎠/𐎴𐎠𐎶

Inscription of Darius at Naqsh-e rustam A. (DNa), cca 6th century BCE, lines 8—10

I am Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of countries containing all kinds of men

adam Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya vazraka xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām xšāyaθiya dahyūnām vispazanānām


𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎹

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒌋𒌋𒉡𒅀 (har-man-nu-ia /Harmanuya/), 𒄯𒈪𒉡 (har-mi-nu /Harminu/), 𒄯𒈪𒉡𒅀 (har-mi-nu-ia /Harminuya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 (a-r-mi-i-n /Armina/, “Armenia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

...θātiy Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya Dādaršiš nāma Arminiya manā badaka avam adam frāišayam Arminam avaθāšaiy aθaham paraidiy kāra hya hamiçiva manā naiy gaubataiy avam jadiy...

late 6th century BC, Darius the Great, Behistun Inscription, Column 2, lines 29-31

King Darius says: An Armenian named Dādarši, my servant, I sent into Armenia, and I said unto him: 'Go, smite that host which is in revolt and does not acknowledge me.'

...θātiy Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya yātā adam Pārsaiy u[t]ā Mādaiy āham patiy duvitîyam Bābiruviyā hamiçiyā abava hacāma I martiya Arxa nāma Arminiya Halditahya puça hauv udapatatā Bābirauv Dubāla nāmā dahyāuš hacā avadaša hauv kārahyā avaθā adurujiya adam Nabukudracara amiy hya Nabunaitahya puça pasāva kāra Bābiruviya hacāma hamiçiya abava abiy avam Arxam ašiyava Bābirum hauv agarbāyatā hauv xšāyaθiya abava Bābirauv...

late 6th century BC, Darius the Great, Behistun Inscription, Column 3, lines 76-83

King Darius says: While I was in Persia and in Media, the Babylonians revolted from me a second time. A certain man named Arakha, an Armenian, son of Haldita, rebelled in Babylon. At a place called Dubāla, he lied unto the people, saying: 'I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus.' Then did the Babylonian people revolt from me and they went over to that Arakha. He seized Babylon, he became king in Babylon.


𐎯𐎺𐎼𐎹𐎠

du-v-r-y-a (romanization)
duvarayā (romanization)
locative singular (romanization)
with postposition ā (romanization)
stem duvara- (romanization)
duvara- (stem)

Middle Persian: 𐭡𐭡𐭠 (dar)

Persian: در (dar)

From Proto-Iranian *dwar- (compare Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (duuar^əm)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰwar- (compare Sanskrit द्वार् (dvā́r)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- (“gate, door”) (compare Latin foris, Ancient Greek θύρα (thúra) and Old English duru and dor (English door)).

inh

adamšai[y] utā nāham utā gaušā utā hazānam frājanam utāšaiy [u]cašma avajam duvarayāmaiy basta adāriya haruvašim kāra avaina

5th century BCE, Behistun Inscription, column 2, lines 73-76

I cut off his nose, his ears, and his tongue, and I put out one eye, and he was kept in fetters at my palace entrance, and all the people beheld him.

𐎯𐎢𐎺𐎼𐎰𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎿𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎶


𐎲𐎠𐎪𐎶

Middle Persian: bʾc (bāǰ)

Persian: باج (bâj), باژ (bāž)

From Proto-Iranian *bāǰi- (“tribute, tax”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to distribute, allot”).

der

5th century BCE, Behistun Inscription, column 1, lines 17-20:

Dārayavauš xšāyathiya imā dahyāva tyā manā patiyāita vašnā Auramazdāha manā badakā āhatā manā bājim abaratā tyašām hacāma athahya xšapava raucapativā ava akunavayatā thātiy

Darius the King says: These are the countries which came to me; by the favor of Ahuramazda they were my subjects; they bore tribute to me; what was said to them by me either by night or by day, that was done.


𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎹𐎭𐎠𐎶

p-r-d-y-d-a-m (romanization)
paradayadām (romanization)

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁇𒋼𒌨 (bar-te-taš /Bartetaš/) (< Late OP /pardēdəm/)

From Proto-Iranian *paridayjah.
The spelling appears to reflect underlying spoken "Late Old Persian" form /pardēd/ (shown more directly by the Elamite rendering), which already shows the development towards Middle Persian, mechanically transferred back into an incorrect ahistorical Old Persian spelling (a kind of hypercorrection essentially analogous to "hyper-Sanskritization" of Middle Indic forms), as opposed to the expected Old Persian spelling *paridaida (i. e., the scribe did not know the Old Persian of Darius I's time anymore, and essentially spelled the spoken form as p-r-d-y-d-a-m corresponding to pseudo-Old-Persian paradayadām, which would also result in /pardēd/ according to the sound developments leading from Old Persian to spoken "Late Old Persian", so it was simply a wrong guess).


𐎶𐎠𐎭

m-a-d (romanization)
Māda (romanization)

Uncertain; possibly related to Old Persian *madyānah (“middle”) (whence Persian میان (/miyân/)), from Proto-Iranian *madyānah (“middle”), from *mádyah.

Median (native or inhabitant of the ancient region of Media in modern Iran) (usually male)


𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫀𐫏𐫇𐫗 (ʾʾywn /āywan/, “palace”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾdwn' /ēwan/, “stalk, trunk”)

→ Akkadian: 𒀊𒉺𒁕𒀭 (ap-pa-da-an /appadān/)

→ Aramaic:

Aramaic: אַפַּדְנָא (/ʾāppaḏnāʾ/)

Palmyrene script: 𐡠𐡱𐡣𐡭𐡠 (ʾpdnʾ /ʾāppaḏnāʾ/)

Classical Syriac: ܐܦܕܢܐ (/ʾāppaḏnāʾ/)

→ Hebrew: אַפֶּדֶן (/ʾāppaḏan/)

→ Elamite: 𒄩𒁀𒆪𒈾 (ha-ba-da-na /habadana/)

* Compare Parthian 𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍 (ʾpdn) 𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍𐭉 (ʾpdny /apadan/), 𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍𐭊 (ʾpdnk)𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍𐭊𐭉 (ʾpdnky /apadanak/), Manichaean Parthian 𐫀𐫛𐫅𐫗 (ʾpdn), 𐫀𐫜𐫅𐫗 (ʾfdn /afdan/, “palace”), and borrowings Old Armenian ապարանք (aparankʻ), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic אפדנא, Classical Syriac ܐܦܕܢܐ (ʾāppaḏnāʾ), Hebrew אפדן, Arabic فدن (fadan).
* Compare with Sanskrit अपध (apadha, “concealment”) and Ancient Greek ἀποθήκη (apothḗkē, “storehouse”).


𐎣𐎼𐏁𐎹𐎠

head

𐎣𐎼𐏁𐎹𐎠 (karšayā)


𐎣𐎢𐎳

k-u-f (romanization)
kaufaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/kōf/)

Manichaean script: 𐫐𐫇𐫛 (kwp), 𐫞𐫇𐫛 (qwp), 𐫐𐫇𐫜 (kwf)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (kwp)

From Proto-Iranian *káwfš. Cognate with Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬊𐬟𐬀 (kaofa).


farnāh

Middle Persian: 𐫛𐫡𐫍 (prh /farrah/) (< gen.sg. *farnahaʰ)

Classical Persian: فره (farrah)

Dari: فر (farr)

Iranian Persian: فر (far(r))

Tajik: фарр (farr)

→ Arabic: فَخْر (faḵr)

→ Old Armenian: փառք (pʻaṙkʻ)

→ Bactrian: φαρο (faro), φαρρο (farrho)

→ Parthian: 𐫛𐫡𐫍 (prh /farrah/)

Borrowed from Old Median *farnāh, from Proto-Iranian *huHarnā́h.


𐎺𐎼𐎣

Middle Persian: (/gurg/)

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫇𐫡𐫃 (gwrg)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwlg)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢 (gʿlg)

Pazend script: 𐬔𐬎𐬭𐬔 (gurg)

From Proto-Iranian *wŕ̥kah (compare Avestan 𐬬𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬀 (vəhrka)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wŕ̥kas (“wolf”) (compare Sanskrit वृक (vṛka)), from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”) (compare Lithuanian vilkas, Old Church Slavonic влькъ (vlĭkŭ), Tocharian B walkwe, Latin lupus, Old English wulf (English wolf).


𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴𐎶

𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴𐎶𐏐𐎿𐎬𐎢𐎴𐎠𐎹𐏐𐎠𐎰𐎥𐎡𐎴𐎶𐏐𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠𐏐𐏋𐏐𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣𐏐𐎠𐎤𐎢𐎴𐎢𐏁𐏐𐏃𐎹𐏐𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐏐𐏋𐏐𐎱𐎢𐏂𐎠𐏐𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹

accusative singular of 𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴 (a-p-d-a-n)


hammārakarah

Middle Persian: 𐭧𐭬𐭠𐭫𐭪𐭫𐭩 (ḥmʾlkly /hammārgar/), 𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭫𐭪𐭫𐭩 (ʾmʾlkly /āmārgar/, “chief fiscal officer”)

Persian: آمارگر (âmârgar)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒄩𒄠𒈠𒊏𒀀𒅗𒀀𒊒 (ḫa-am-ma-ra-a-ka-a-ru /ḫamarākāru/), 𒄠𒈥𒋼𒊏 (am-mar-kar-ra /amarkara/), 𒄠𒈠𒊑𒀀𒆗 (am-ma-ri-a-kal /amariakal/), 𒄠𒈠𒊒𒀀𒆗 (am-ma-ru-a-kal /amaruakal/), 𒄠𒈠𒊑𒀀𒅗𒊑 (am-ma-ri-a-ka-ri /amariakari/)

→ Aramaic:

Judeo-Aramaic: אמרכלא (ʾămarkəlā), אמרכול (ʾămarkōl) (via Middle Iranian)

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡄𐡌𐡓𐡊𐡓𐡀 (hmrkrʾ)

→ Armenian:

→ Old Armenian: համարակար (hamarakar) (possibly via Middle Iranian) (see there for further descendants)

→ Gandhari: 𐨨𐨪𐨬𐨪 (maravara, “accountant”) (or from a similar etymon)

→ Hebrew: אֲמַרְכָּל (ʾămarkāl), אֲמַרְכּוֹל (ʾămarkōl) (via Middle Iranian)

→ Parthian: 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾḥmrkr), 𐭀𐭄𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾhmrkr)

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܗܡܪܐܓܪ (ʾhmrʾgr)

* From Proto-Iranian *ham- + a form of *mar-, which is a later form of the root *hmar- (“think of”), + *kara- (“to do”) (then it would be reconstructed as *hammārakara- or *hamārakara-). The constituents go back to Proto-Indo-European *sem-, *(s)mer- (compare Sanskrit स्मरति (smárati, “to remember”)) and *kʷer- respectively.
* From the root *hmar- without prefixation + *kara- (“to do”) (then it would be reconstructed as *hmārakara-).
The initial 𐭀 (ʾ) in Parthian 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾḥmrkr) does not contradict the first theory: compare 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭕𐭍 (ʾḥmtn), which corresponds to Old Persian 𐏃𐎥𐎶𐎫𐎠𐎴 (h-g-m-t-a-n /Ha(n)gmatāna-/, “Ecbatana”).
The presence of -mm- in Akkadian (Late Babylonian) forms strengthens the first theory.
Akin to Bactrian υαμαρογαρο (uamarogaro). Note also Old Armenian համար (hamar).


gandabarah

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒃷𒁕𒁇𒊏 (kan₂-da-bar-ra /kandabara/)

Biblical Aramaic: גדבר (gdbr) (possibly)


kāravā

desctree

Middle Persian: kʾlwʾn' (kʾlwʾn' /kārawān/) (< acc.sg. *kāravānam or nom.pl. *kāravānah)
Persian: کاروان (kârvân), کارْبان (kârbân) (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: [script needed] (kar-ra-ma-na) (< acc.sg. *kāravānam or nom.pl. *kāravānah)

From Proto-Iranian *kā́rawā ~ *kārawnáh (“mobilized army, caravan”).


ganzabarah

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: 𐯋𐮲𐮵𐮿𐮵𐮱𐮹 (gncwbl /ganjwar/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭭𐭦𐭥𐭡𐭥 (gnzwbr /ganjwar/)

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫗𐫉𐫇𐫡 (gnzwr /ganzwar/)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒃶𒍝𒁀𒊒 (gan-za-ba-ru /ganzabaru/), 𒃶𒍝𒁇𒊑 (gan-za-bar-ri /ganzabari/), 𒂵𒀭𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ga-an-za-ba-ra /ganzabara/), 𒃶𒍪𒁇𒊏 (gan-zu-bar-ra /ganzubara/)

→ Aramaic:

Biblical Aramaic: גזבר (gizbar)

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡂𐡍𐡆𐡁𐡓 (gnzbr)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋡𒀭𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ka₄-an-za-ba-ra /kanzabara/), 𒋡𒅔𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ka₄-in-za-ba-ra /kainzabara/), 𒃶𒍝𒁇𒊏 (kán-za-bar-ra /kanzabara/), 𒋡𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ka₄-za-ba-ra /kazabara/)


𐎠𐎿𐎲𐎠𐎼

a-s-b-a-r (romanization)
asabāra (romanization)

Middle Persian: ʾswbʾl, ʾsp̄wʾl (/aswār/)

Classical Persian: سوار (suwār) (see there for further descendants)

Iranian Persian: سوار (sovâr, savâr)

Tajik: савор (savor)

الأَسَاوِرَة

→ Arabic: أُسْوَار (ʔuswār), إِسْوَار (ʔiswār), الأَسَاوِرَة pl (al-ʔasāwira), الأَسَاوِر pl (al-ʔasāwir)

→ Persian: اسوار (osvâr), اساوره pl (asâvere), اساور pl (asâver)

→ Bactrian: ασβαρο (asbaro)

→ Persian: اسوار (asvâr, esvâr), اسواران pl (asvârân)

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܣܘܪ (eswār)

desctree

→ Old Gujarati: असवार (asavāra)
Gujarati: અસવાર (asavār)
Marwari:
Devanagari script: असवार (asvār)
Mahajani script: 𑅐𑅰𑅯𑅭 (asvr)

→ Parthian: 𐭀𐭎𐭁𐭓𐭉 (ʾsbry)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Iranian *Hacwabāráh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haćwabʰāras. Analyzable as 𐎠𐎿 (asa, “horse”) + 𐎲𐎠𐎼 (bāra-, “carried by, rider”), the latter from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. See also Ասպուրակէս (Aspurakēs).


nauciš

Early Middle Persian: *nōǰ

Late Middle Persian: *nōz

desc

Persian: نوج (nôj), نوژ (nōž), نوز (nōz)

→ Old Armenian: նոճ (noč), նոճի (noči, “cypress”)

→ Elamite: 𒈾𒌋𒍢𒅖 (na-u-zí-iš /nauziš/)

Of uncertain origin.
In view of isolated distribution and no obvious correspondences in any other branch of Indo-European, Gamkrelidze / Ivanov consider the word borrowed from Proto-Kartvelian *naʒw- (“spruce”). On the other hand, according to Ačaṙean the Kartvelian forms themselves are borrowed from Iranian.
Gamkrelidze / Ivanov give an alternative native etymology from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us (“ship”), remarking that in case the direction of borrowing is the reverse, contacts between Iranian and Kartvelian languages would have to be posited as early as the period of Proto-Kartvelian unity, no later than the first half of the second millennium B.C.
Compare also Persian ناژو (nâžu, “pine”), ناجو (nâju, “pine”), ناژون (nâžun, “juniper”), Ossetian нӕзы́ (næzý) / нази (nazi, “pine”), Chechen наж (naž, “oak”), Ingush наж (naž, “oak”) which may be related.


𐎠𐎰𐎥

a-θ-g (romanization)
aθaⁿgaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/sang/)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐮽𐮵𐯋𐮲 (sng), [script needed] (KYPA)


𐎠𐎿𐎴

Variant of 𐎠𐎰𐎥 (aθaⁿga) affected by Median substrate, from the same source.


𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹

d-r-n-y (romanization)
daraniya (romanization)

→ Aramaic: דריכונא (drykwnʾ)

→ Ancient Greek: Δαρεικός (Dareikós, “Persian daric”)

→ English: daric

→ Biblical Hebrew: אֲדַרְכּוֹן (adarkon)

→ Parthian: 𐫅𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫃 (dʾryg /dārīg/, “gold coin, Dareikos”)

→ Sogdian: ܠܐܪܝܟ (δʾryk /δārīk/)

→ Classical Syriac: ܕܪܝܟܘܢܐ (drykwnʾ)

From Proto-Iranian *jr̥Hanyam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₃-en-yo-m, from *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”). Cognate to Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬦𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zarańiia), Sanskrit हिरण्य (hiraṇya) and English gold.


𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹𐎣𐎼

𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎣𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎶

The goldsmiths who wrought the gold were Lydians […]

[…] Spardiyā martiyā dāraniyakarā tayaiy daraniyam […]


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠

y-u-n-a (romanization)
Yaunā (romanization)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎹𐎢𐎴 (y-u-n /Yauna/, “Greece”) + -𐎠 (-a, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹

y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y /Yaunā tayaiy paradraya/

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠

y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : u-š-k-h-y-a /Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā/

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠

y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : d-r-y-h-y-a /Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā/

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴
𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹
𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎨𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y : a-r-mi-i-n
k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n : s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y
s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-k-b-r-a : p-u-t-a-y-a
ku-u-š-i-y-a : m-c-i-y-a : k-r-k-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š
/: Arabāya : Mudrāya : Armina
Katpatuka : Sparda : Yauna : Sakā : tayaiy : paradraya
Skudra : Yaunā : takabarā : Putāyā
Kūšiyā : Maciyā : Karkā : θātiy : Dārayavauš/
Arabia, Egypt, Armenia,
Cappadocia, Lydia, Greece, the Scythians who are across the Sea,
Thrace, the Greeks who wear shield-like hats, Libya,

𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐎿𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁𐎣𐎼𐎫𐎶
a-θ-u-r-a : a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y :
a-r-mi-i-n : k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n-a
t-y-i-y : d-r-y-h-y-a : u-t-a : t-y-i-y
p-r-d-r-y : s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y
p-r-d-r-y : k-r-k-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š
XŠ : v-s-i-y : t-y : du-u-š-k-r-t-m
/: Aθurā : Arabāya : Mudrāya :
Armina : Katpatuka : Sparda : Yaunā
tayaiy : drayahyā : utā : tayaiy
paradraya : Skudra : Yaunā : tayaiy
paradraya : Karkā : θātiy : Dārayavauš
xšāyaθiya : vasiy : tya : duškartam/
Assyria, Arabia, Egypt,

who are by the Sea and
across the Sea, Thrace, the Greeks who are
across the Sea. Saith Darius
the King: much which was ill done …

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎿𐎥𐎼𐎫 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣
a-r-b-a-y : a-θ-u-r-a : mu-u-d-r-a-y-a
a-r-mi-i-n : k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n-a
t-y-i-y : u-š-k-h-y-a : u-t-a : t-y-i-y
d-r-y-h-y-a : u-t-a : d-h-y-a-v : t-y-a
p-r : d-r-y : a-s-g-r-t : p-r-θ-v : z-r-k
/: Arabāya : Aθurā : Mudrāyā
Armina : Katpatuka : Sparda : Yaunā
tayaiy : uškahyā : utā : tayaiy
drayahyā : utā : dahyāva : tyā
para : draya : Asagarta : Parθava : Zraⁿka/
Arabia, Assyria, Egypt,

who are of the Mainland and who
are by the Sea, and the Countries which are
across the Sea, Sagartia, Parthia, Drangiana, …


𐎶𐎴𐏃

m-n-h (romanization)
manah (romanization)
𐎶𐎴𐏁 (alternative)

From Proto-Iranian *mánah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mánas. Compare Sanskrit मनस् (manas).


𐏃𐎶𐎼𐎴

h-m-r-n (romanization)
hamarana (romanization)

Middle Persian: hmlʾnyh (hamrānīh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHáranam (“battle, strife”), from Proto-Indo-European *sem-h₃ér-en-o-m. Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀 (hamar^əna), Sanskrit समरण (samaraṇa).


𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃

r-u-c-h (romanization)
raucah (romanization)
𐎼𐎢𐎨 (nominative singular)
𐎼𐎢𐎨 (accusative singular)
𐎼𐎢𐎨𐎲𐎡𐏁 (instrumental plural)

Middle Persian: (/rōz/, “day”)

Manichaean script: 𐫡𐫇𐫝 (rwc), 𐫡𐫇𐫉 (rwz)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐮹𐮵𐮿 (YWM)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭩𐭥𐭬 (YWM), 𐭫𐭥𐭰 (lwc)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮈𐮅𐮋 (YWM), 𐮊𐮅𐮍𐮎𐮈 (lwspy /rōsp/)


𐎼𐎢𐎨

ra-u-ca (romanization)
raucaʰ (romanization)

nominative/accusative singular of 𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃 (ra-u-ca-h /raucah/)


𐎼𐎢𐎨𐎲𐎡𐏁

ra-u-ca-b-i-š (romanization)
raucabiš (romanization)


𐎿𐎡𐎹𐎶

sa-i-ya-ma (romanization)
sēma (romanization)

Middle Persian: sym (sēm)

Persian: سیم (sim)


𐎣𐎠𐎿𐎣

k-a-s-k (romanization)
kāsaka (romanization)

desc

(possibly) Middle Persian: [script needed] (*kʾsk' /kāsag/, “bowl”)

desctree

Persian: کاسه (kâse)
Tajik: коса (kosa)
→ Armenian: քասա (kʻasa)
→ Azerbaijani: kasa
→ Bashkir: каса (kasa)
→ Kazakh: кесе (kese)
→ Northern Kurdish: kas, kase
→ Kyrgyz: кесе (kese)
→ Tatar: кәсә (käsä)
→ Ottoman Turkish: كاسه (kâse)
Ladino: kyase
Turkish: kâse
Serbo-Croatian: ћаса / ćasa
→ Turkmen: käse
→ Uyghur: كاسا (kasa)

Possibly from Proto-Iranian *kā́šti (“to shine brilliantly, to be visible”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kā́ćti (compare Sanskrit काशते (kāśate), Avestan 𐬁𐬐𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬝 (ākasat̰)), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷḗḱ-ti ~ *kʷéḱ-n̥ti, from *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).


𐎨𐎡𐏂

č-i-ça (romanization)
čiça (romanization)

Mostly displaced by borrowing *ciθrah, both from Proto-Iranian *čiθráh.

𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎨𐎡𐏂

Alternative form of *ciθrah: type, form, lineage


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣

a-r-š-t-i-k (romanization)
ạrštika (romanization)
ārštika (romanization)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥štikás, from *Hr̥štíš (“spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁r̥stís (whence 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁 (arštiš, “spear”)). Compare Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬌 (aršti), Sanskrit ऋष्टि (ṛṣṭi).

𐏐 𐎠𐎿𐎲𐎠𐎼 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣 𐏐 𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣 𐏐

As a spearman, I am a good spearman, on horseback […]

a-s-b-a-r : a-r-š-t-i-k : a-mi-i-y : u-v-a-r-š-t-i-k :


𐏃𐎡𐎴𐎠

h-i-n-a (romanization)
hainā (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫍𐫏𐫏𐫗 (hyyn)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hyn' /hēn/)

From Proto-Iranian *háynaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáynaH. Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬁 (haēnā), Sanskrit सेना (sénā).


𐏃𐏀𐎠𐎴𐎶

h-z-a-n-m (romanization)
hazānam (romanization)
hizānam (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *hižwáH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH (“tongue”), from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

[𐏐] 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎥𐎢𐏁𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐏀𐎠𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎩𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠𐏁/𐎡𐎹
[ : ] u-t-a : n-a-h-m : u-t-a : g-u-š-a : u-t-a : h-z-a-n-m : f-r-a-j-n-m : u-t-a-š/i-y

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


𐎠𐎵𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹

a-nu-u-š-i-y (romanization)
anušiya (romanization)

𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎠𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎹𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎵𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐏃 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐏁𐎱𐎢𐏀𐎠𐎫𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎺𐎼𐎭𐎴𐎶
hadā : kārā : hyašaiy : anušiya : āha : Višpauzātiš : nāma : vardanam
[…] marched forth with the troops that remained faithful. At a city called Višpauzātiš […]


𐎲𐎭𐎣

ba-da-ka (romanization)
baⁿdaka (romanization)

Middle Persian: bndk' (bandag)

Persian: بنده (bande)

𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎺𐎢𐎷𐎡𐎿 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 𐏐 𐎶𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎭𐎣

King Darius says : A Persian named Vaumisa, my servant […]

ϑātiy : Dārayavauš : xšāyaϑiya : Vaumisa : nāma : Pārsa : manā : baⁿdaka


𐎭𐎼𐎹

d-r-y (romanization)
draya (romanization)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: دریا (diryā)

Bakhtiari: دریا (diryā)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫏𐫀𐫁 (dryʾb /drayāb/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlydʾp̄ /drayāb/)

From Proto-Iranian *jráyah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ráyas. Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵 (zraiiaŋh, “sea”), Sanskrit ज्रयस् (jráyas, “expanse”).


𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠

t-u-m-a (romanization)
taumā (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/tōhm/, "seed; family")

Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫍𐫖 (twhm), 𐫎𐫇𐫍𐫖 (ṯwhm)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twm)

From Proto-Iranian *táwxma, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *táwkma, from Proto-Indo-European *téwk-mn̥ ~ *tuk-méns, from *tewk-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬨𐬀𐬥 (taoxman), Sanskrit तोक्मन् (tókman).


mānā

Middle Persian: (/mān/)

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫀𐫗 (mʾn)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mʾn')

From Proto-Iranian *dmáHnaH (“building, dwelling, house”).


𐏃𐏀𐎴𐎶

h-z-n-m (romanization)
hizānam (romanization)

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫉𐫇𐫀𐫗 (ʿzwʾn /izwān/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠNA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwzwʾn' /uzwān/)


𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠

u-p-s-t-a (romanization)
upastā (romanization)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠 (nominative singular)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dative genitive singular)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (locative singular)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

From Proto-Iranian [Term?]. Cognate to Avestan 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬁 (upastā).


baivaram

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫏𐫇𐫡 (bywr /bēwar/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Term?] (/bēwar/)

Pazend script: 𐬠𐬀𐬈𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭 (baeuuar /baevar/)

From Proto-Iranian *baywáram, accusative of *baywā́.

→ English: myriarch

→ Ancient Greek: μυριάρχης (muriárkhēs) (calque) [c. 430–354 BCE, Xenophon]


𐎶𐎹𐎧

m-y-x (romanization)
mayuxa (romanization)

Middle Persian: myh (mēx)

desctree

Persian: میخ (mix)
→ Bashkir: мыҡ (mıq)
→ Azerbaijani: mıx
→ Armenian: մեխ (mex)
→ Crimean Tatar: mıh
→ Hindi: मेख़ (mex)
→ Ottoman Turkish: میخ (mıh)
Turkish: mıh
→ Armenian: մըխ (məx)
→ Uyghur: مىخ (mix)
→ Urdu: میخ (mex)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *mayū́kʰas. Cognate with Sanskrit मयूख (mayū́kha).


warāzah

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wlʾc /warāz/)

Classical Persian: گراز (gurāz)

Iranian Persian: گراز (gorâz)

Tajik: гуроз (guroz)

→ Old Armenian: վարազ (varaz)

→ Classical Syriac: ܘܪܙܐ (warzāʾ)

Borrowed from Old Median *warāzah, from Proto-Iranian *warājáh. Doublet of *warādah.


naftah

→ Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (npt' /naft/, “naphtha”)

Persian: نفت (naft, “petroleum, oil”) (see there for further descendants)

Tajik: нафт (naft)

→ Ancient Greek: νάφθα (náphtha, “naphtha”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: naphtha (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: նաւթ (nawtʻ) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Georgian: ნაფთი (napti)

Georgian: ნავთი (navti)

Presumably borrowed from Akkadian 𒉌𒆳𒊏 (napṭu, “naphtha”). Parallel borrowing with Classical Syriac ܢܦܛܐ (“petroleum”) and Hebrew נֵפְט (nep̄ṭ, “naphtha, kerosene”). Alternatively suggested to be a nominalization of Etymology 1.


𐎣𐎠𐎼

k-a-r (romanization)
kāra (romanization)

⇒ Middle Persian: kʾlwʾn' (/kārawān/) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Middle Persian: [Term?] (/kārazār/, “battle”)

Classical Persian: کارزار (kārzār)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ker- (“army”). Akin to Old Armenian կարապետ (karapet), an Iranian borrowing.


𐏃𐎶𐎼𐎴𐎣𐎼

h-m-r-n-k-r (romanization)
hamaranakara (romanization)

From 𐏃𐎶𐎼𐎴 (h-m-r-n /hamarana/, “battle”) + 𐎣𐎼 (k-r /kara/, “doer”).


𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎡

p-s-t-i (romanization)
pasti (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *pastíš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *patˢtíš, from Proto-Indo-European *ped-tí-s, from *ped-. Cognate with Sanskrit पत्ति (pattí).


𐎿𐎡𐎹𐎶𐎶

𐎿𐎡𐎹𐎶𐎶 . (canonical)
s-i-y-m-m (romanization)
saiymam (romanization)

Middle Persian: (or ← Greek)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫏𐫖 (ʾsym)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsym), [Book Pahlavi needed] (KSPA)

Probably from Ancient Greek ἄσημος (ásēmos).

𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐏋𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐏍𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐏋𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐏋𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎶 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎥𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎡𐎹𐎶𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎫

465-424 BCE, Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions, A1Vase A, lines 1—4

Artaxerxes, the great king, king of kings, king of all peoples, / son of king Xerxes, Xerxes the son of king Darius, the Achaemenid, who made this silver cup in his palace.

Artaxšaçâ XŠ vazraka XŠ XŠyânâm XŠ DHyûnâm / Xšayâršahyâ XŠhyâ puça / Xšayâršahyâ Dârayavaušahyâ XŠhyâ puça / Haxâmanišiya hya imam bâtugara siyamam vithiyâ karta


𐎣𐎠𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎴

k-a-s-k-i-n (romanization)
kāsakaina (romanization)

From 𐎣𐎠𐎿𐎣 (k-a-s-k, “glass”) + -𐎠𐎡𐎴 (-a-i-n).


𐎠𐎰𐎥𐎡𐎴

aθaⁿgaina (romanization)
a-θ-g-i-n (romanization)

From 𐎠𐎰𐎥 (a-θ-g, “stone, rock”) + -𐎠𐎡𐎴 (-a-i-n).


𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴

a-y-d-n (romanization)
āyadana (romanization)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)


𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢

d-h-y-a-u (romanization)
dahạyau (romanization)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐏁 (nominative singular)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 (nominative plural)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 (accusative plural)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐏁 (dative singular)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative plural)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐏁 (genitive singular)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠𐎶 (genitive plural)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative singular)
𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐏁𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭲𐭠 (deh)

Persian: ده (deh)

From Proto-Iranian *dáhyuš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dásyuš, from Proto-Indo-European *des- (“enemy, foreigner”).
Cognate with Old Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬒𐬌𐬌𐬎 (dax́iiu, “country”), Younger Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬣𐬵𐬎 (daŋ́hu), Sanskrit दस्यु (dásyu, “stranger, foreigner”).

cog

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹

i-y-m : d-h-y-a-u-š : p-a-r-s-a : t-y : a-d-m : d-a-r-y-a-mi-i-y


𐏀𐎢𐎼𐎣𐎼

z-u-r-k-r (romanization)
zūrakara (romanization)

From 𐏀𐎢𐎼 (z-u-r /zūra/, “wrong”) + 𐎣𐎼 (k-r /kara/, “doer”).


𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎣𐎼

p-t-i-k-r (romanization)
patikara (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/pahikar/)

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫍𐫏𐫐𐫡 (phykr)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ptkl)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (ptkly)

→ Classical Persian: پیکر (paykar)

→ Aramaic:

Biblical Aramaic: פתכר (ptkr, “sculpture, sculpted image”) [4th–5th c., Kesecek Köyü]

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: פתיכרי (ptkrʾ /pṯaḵrā/)

desctree

Classical Syriac: ܦܬܟܪܐ (pəṯaḵrā, “idol, image”)
→ Arabic: فِتَكْر (fitakr, “misfortune, formidable thing”)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁁𒋾𒆳𒌇 (bat-ti-kur-raš₂ /Batikuraš/), 𒁁𒋾𒋼𒀀𒊏𒌝 (bat-ti-kar-ra-um /Batikaraum/)

Inherited from Proto-Iranian *patikárah.


𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐏁

d-h-y-a-u-š (romanization)
dahạyāuš (romanization)

nominative singular of 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢 (d-h-y-a-u /dahạyau/)


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎡

a-r-š-n-i (romanization)
arašni (romanization)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎡𐏁 (nominative singular)

Middle Persian: ”ryšn (arašn)

Persian: ارش (araš)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: آرشون (arşun, arşın), آرشین (arşın)
Turkish: arşın
→ Albanian: arshin
→ Armenian: արշին (aršin), արշըն (aršən), առշուն (aṙšun) — dialectal
→ Aromanian: aršín
→ Bulgarian: арши́н (aršín)
→ Macedonian: аршин (aršin)
→ Russian: арши́н (aršín)
→ English: arshin
→ Finnish: arsina
→ Northern Mansi: а̄рсын (ārsyn)
→ Polish: arszyn
→ Portuguese: archina
→ Romanian: arșin
→ Spanish: archina
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: а̀ршӣн
Latin script: àršīn

→ Turkmen: arçyn

From Proto-Iranian *Haraθníš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haratníš, from Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l- (“to bow”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬥𐬀 (ar^əθna), Sanskrit अरत्नि (aratní).


𐏀𐎢𐎼

z-u-r (romanization)
zūra (romanization)

𐎴𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏁𐎣𐎢𐎰𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎴𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎬(𐎢)𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎶 𐏐 𐏀𐎢𐎼 𐏐 𐎠𐎤𐎢𐎴𐎺𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎶𐎫/𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎠

5th century BCE, Behistun Inscription, column 4, line 65

I did wrong to neither the weak nor the strong

aiy : škauϑim : naiy : tunuvatam : zūra : akunavam : martiya : hya : hamataxšatā


𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠

h-du-u-g-a (romanization)
hadugā (romanization)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠 (nominative singular)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dative genitive singular)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠𐎹𐎠 (locative singular)
𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)


šarguš

Early Middle Persian: (/šagr/)

Manichaean script: 𐫢𐫃𐫡 (šgr)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šgr)


bāgah

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫀𐫇 (bʾw /bāw/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bʾg /bāɣ/)

> Persian: باغ (bâġ) (inherited) (see there for further descendants)

→ Classical Syriac: ܒܓܐ (bāḡā, “garden”)

→ Classical Mandaic: ࡁࡀࡂࡀ (baga, “garden”)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡂 (bg, “agricultural domain, fief”)

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: באגא (“outskirts of a town”)

Inherited from Proto-Iranian *bāgáh (“garden”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰāgás (“division; allotment”)


𐎰𐎼𐎭

θ-r-d (romanization)
θarda (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/sāl/)

Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫡 (sʾr)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠNT)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭱𐭭𐭲 (ŠNT)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮐𐮌𐮑 (ŠNT)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-?
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts
Proto-Iranian *carHdáh
Old Persian 𐎰𐎼𐎭 (θ-r-d)
From Proto-Iranian *carHdáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts.


𐎧𐏁𐎱

x-š-p (romanization)
xšapa (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/šab/)

Manichaean script: 𐫢𐫁 (šb)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (LYLYA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (šp)

Psalter Pahlavi script: [Psalter Pahlavi needed] (LYLYA)

Pazend script: 𐬱𐬀𐬬 (šav)

PIE word
 *kʷséps
From Proto-Iranian *xšáfš.

𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎱𐎺𐎠 𐏐 𐎼𐎢𐎨𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎺𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎠𐎤𐎢𐎴𐎺𐎹𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺/𐎢𐏁
a-θ-h-y : x-š-p-v-a : r-u-c-p-t-i-v-a : a-v : a-ku-u-n-v-y-t-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v/u-š

[Whatever] was said to them by me either at night or also by day, that they would do, as Darius says.

/aθahya xšapavā raucapativā ava akunavayatā θātiy Dārayavauš./


𐎠𐎼𐎭𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴

head

𐎠𐎼𐎭𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 (a-r-d-s-t-a-n /ardastānaʰ, r̥dastānaʰ/) m

a-r-d-s-t-a-n (romanization)
ardastānaʰ (romanization)
r̥dastānaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: *ālstān

Persian: آستان (âstân)

⇒ Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾstʾnk' /āstānag/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒁕𒅖𒁕𒈾 (har-da-iš-da-na /Hardaišdana/)

Uncertain; first element possibly from unattested:
* *r̥daʰ (“light”), from Proto-Iranian *Hr̥jáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥ȷ́ás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ- (“white, shining”),
* or *ardaʰ (“half”), from Proto-Iranian *Hárdah (“half, side; place”),
and second element from 𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 (s-t-a-n /stānaʰ/, “place”), from Proto-Iranian *stáHnam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stáHnam.

der

𐎠𐎼𐎭𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎥𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐏃𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐏋𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎫
a-r-d-s-t-a-n : a-θ-g-i-n : d-a-r-y-v-h-u-š : XŠ-h-y-a : vi-i-θ-i-y-a : k-r-t

Stone window frame, made in the house of King Darius.

/ardastānaʰ aθaⁿgainaʰ Dārayaʰvahauš XŠhyā viθiyā kartaʰ/


vahār

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (whʾl /wahār/)

Classical Persian: بهار (bahār)

Persian: بهار (bahâr)

From Proto-Iranian *wáhār, collective of Proto-Iranian *wáhr̥, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wásr̥. Cognate with Northern Kurdish bihar, Bactrian οαυαρ (oauar), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬭 (vaŋhar).


𐎿𐎣𐎠

s-k-a (romanization)
Sakā (romanization)

desctree

→ Sanskrit: शक (śaka)
→ English: Saka
→ Hindi: शक (śak)

Masculine gender term formed from 𐎿𐎣 (s-k /Saka/, “Scythia”) + -𐎠 (-a, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.
Compare 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (s-k-i-b-i-š /Sakaibiš/)

𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠

s-k-a : t-i-g-r-x-u-d-a /Sakā tigraxaudā/

𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹

s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y /Sakā tayaiy paradraya/

𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼𐏐
𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠
𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴
𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹
𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠
z-r-k : h-r-u-v-t-i-š : θ-t-gu-u-š : g-d-a-r :
h-i-du-u-š : s-k-a : h-u-m-v-r-g-a : s-k-a
t-i-g-r-x-u-d-a : b-a-b-i-ru-u-š : a-θ-u-r-a
a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y : a-r-mi-i-n
k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n : s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y
s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-k-b-r-a : p-u-t-a-y-a
/: Zraⁿka : Harauvatiš : Θataguš : Gaⁿdāra
Hiⁿduš : Sakā : haumavargā : Sakā
tigraxaudā : Bābirauš : Aθurā
Arabāya : Mudrāya : Armina
Katpatuka : Sparda : Yauna : Sakā : tayaiy : paradraya
Skudra : Yaunā : takabarā : Putāyā/
… Drangiana, Arachosia, Sattagydia, Gandhara,

with pointed caps, Babylon, Assyria,
Arabia, Egypt, Armenia,
Cappadocia, Lydia, Greece, the Scythians who are across the Sea,
Thrace, the Greeks who wear shield-like hats, Libya …

India, the Scythians who lay around hauma-plants, the Scythians


𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐎹

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡇𐡕𐡓𐡉 (bḥtry)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒁀𒄴𒋻𒀀𒀀 (ba-aḫ-tar-a-a /Baḫtaraya/), 𒁀𒄴𒋻𒌑𒀪𒄿𒋾 (ba-aḫ-tar-u₂-ʾ-i-ti /Baḫtaruʾiti/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐏁 (b-a-x-t-r-i-š /Bāxtriš/, “Bactria”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐎹


𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐎹

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hndwk' /hindūg/), 𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫇𐫃 (hyndwg /hindūg/)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅔𒁺𒌋 (in-du-u /Indū/), 𒅔𒁺𒈠𒀀𒀀 (in-du-ma-a-a /Indumāya/), 𒅔𒁺𒈠𒀀𒀀𒀪 (in-du-ma-a-a- /Indumāyaʾ/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒆜 (hi-in-du-iš /Hinduiš/), 𒄭𒁺 (hi-du /Hidu/), 𒄭𒁺𒁁 (hi-du-be /Hidube/), 𒄭𒁺𒆜 (hi-du-iš /Hiduiš/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀 (hi-in-du-ia /Hinduya/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀𒁁 (hi-in-du-ia-be /Hinduyabe/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀𒅁 (hi-in-du-ia-ip /Hinduyaip/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀𒆜 (hi-in-du-ia-iš /Hinduyaiš/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (h-i-du-u-š /Hiⁿduš/, “India”) + -𐎹 (-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐎹


𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎡𐎹

s-ku-u-d-r-i-y (romanization)
Skudriya (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒄑𒆪𒁺𒊒𒀀𒀀 (is-ku-du-ru-a-a /Iskuduruya/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒊑𒅀 (iš-ku-ud-ri-ia /Iškudriya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 (s-ku-u-d-r /Skudra/, “Thrace”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎿𐎢𐎦𐎢𐎭𐎡𐎹

s-u-gu-u-d-i-y (romanization)
Sugᵘdiya (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋗𒊌𒋾𒅀𒅁 (šu-ug-ti-ia-ip /Šugtiyaip/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎿𐎢𐎦𐎢𐎭 (s-u-gu-u-d /Sugᵘda/, “Sogdiana”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹

head

𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹 (Vạrkāniya)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡓𐡊𐡍𐡉 (wrkny)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒅕𒋡𒉡𒅀𒅁 (mi-ir-ka₄-nu-ia-ip /Mirkanuyaip/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 (v-r-k-a-n /Vạrkāna/, “Hyrcania”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐏀𐎼𐎣𐎠

z-r-k-a (romanization)
Zraⁿkā (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆰𒊏𒀭𒋡 (zir-ra-an-ka₄ /Ziranka/), 𒆰𒊏𒅔𒁉 (zir-ra-in-kaš /Zirainkaš/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏀𐎼𐎣 (z-r-k /Zraⁿka/, “Drangiana”) + -𐎠 (-a /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣𐎠


𐎲𐎠𐎧𐏂𐎡𐎹

head

𐎲𐎠𐎧𐏂𐎡𐎹 (Bāxçiya)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒀝𒅆𒅀 (ba-ak-ši-ia /Bakšiya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐏂𐎡𐏁 (b-a-x-ç-i-š /Bāxçiš/, “Bactria”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.
Cognate with Old Persian 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐎹 (Bāxtriya)


𐏃𐎼𐎹

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒊑𒅀𒅁 (Hareyaip)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺 (h-r-i-v /Haraiva/, “Ariana”) + -𐎹 (-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎡𐎹

y-u-n-i-y (romanization)
Yauniya (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄿𒌋𒉡𒅀𒅁 (i-u-nu-ia-ip /Iunuyaip/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎹𐎢𐎴 (y-u-n /Yauna/, “Ionia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹

g-d-a-r-y (romanization)
Gaⁿdāraya (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒂵𒀭𒁕𒊒𒄿𒌈 (ga-an-da-ru-i-tu₄ /Gandaruitu/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒃷𒆪𒊑𒅀 (kán-da-re-ia /Kandareya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼 (g-d-a-r /Gaⁿdāra/, “Gandhara”) + -𐎹 (-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹


𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐎹

h-r-u-v-t-i-y (romanization)
Harauvatiya (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒊒𒈠𒋾𒅀 (har-[ru]-ma-ti-ia /Harumatiya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁 (h-r-u-v-t-i-š /Harauvatiš/, “Arachosia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐎹


𐎭𐎠𐎫

d-a-t (romanization)
dātaʰ (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭣𐭲 (dt /dād/), 𐭣𐭠𐭲 (dʾt /dād/)

Persian: داد (dâd)


𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁

s-k-i-b-i-š (romanization)
Sakaibiš (romanization)

Masculine gender noun formed from the instrumental form of 𐎿𐎣 (s-k /Saka/, “Scythia”), used as a substantive.
Compare 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a /Sakā/).

θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š : XŠ : i-m : x-š-ç-m : t-y : a-d-m
d-a-r-y-a-mi-i-y : h-c-a : s-k-i-b-i-š : t-y-i-y : p-r
s-u-g-d-m : a-m-t : y-a-t-a : a : ku-u-š-a : h-c-a : h-i-d-u-v
a-m-t : y-a-t-a : a : s-p-r-d-a : t-y-m-i-y : a-u-r-m-z-d-a
f-r-a-b-r : h-y : m-θ-i-š-t : b-g-a-n-a-m : m-a-m
a-u-r-m-z-d-a : p-a-tu-u-v : u-t-a-m-i-y : vi-i-θ-m
/Dārayavauš : XŠ : vazraka : XŠ : XŠyanām : XŠ : dahyūvnām
Vištāspahyā : puça : Haxāmanišiya :
θātiy : Dārayavauš : XŠ : ima : xšaçam : tya : adam
dārayāmiy : hacā : Sakaibiš : tayaiy : para
Sugdam : amata : yātā : ā : Kūšā : hacā : Hidauv
amata : yātā : ā : Spardā : tyamaiy : Auramazdā
frābara : hya : maθišta : bagānām : mām
Auramazdā : pātuv : utāmaiy : viθam/
Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of Countries,
son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian.
Saith Darius the King: This is the kingdom which I
hold, from the Scythians who are beyond

DH 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐏋𐎹<𐎠>𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎶𐎫 𐏐 𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎠 𐏐 𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎭𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐎠𐎶𐎫 𐏐 𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎠 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎶𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎲𐎼 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎰𐎡𐏁𐎫 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎶𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎶 d-a-r-y-v-u-š : XŠ : v-z-r-k : XŠ : XŠ-y<𐎠>n-a-m : XŠ : d-h-y-u-v-n-a-m

thence unto Lydia - which Ahuramazda
the greatest of the gods bestowed upon me. Me
may Ahuramazda protect, and my royal house.

Sogdiana, thence unto Ethiopia; from India,

𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶

s-k-i-b-i-š : t-y-i-y : p-r : s-u-g-d-m /Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam/


ciθrah

Borrowed from Old Median *ciθrah or Avestan 𐬗𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (ciθra), both from Proto-Iranian *čiθráh. Displaced doublet of 𐎨𐎡𐏂 (c-i-ç /čiçaʰ/).


ciθrah

Middle Persian: (/čihr/)

Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫏𐫍𐫡 (cyhr)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (cyhl)

Borrowed from Old Median *ciθrah or Avestan 𐬗𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (ciθra), both from Proto-Iranian *ciθrá. Displaced doublet of 𐎨𐎡𐏂 (c-i-ç /čiçaʰ/).


θigrah

Middle Persian: (/sigr, sīr/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (syl), [script needed] (TWMʾ)

Uncertain; possibly borrowed from Proto-Sarmatian *ćiǧr (whence Alanic *cirǧ (“sharp; garlic”)), from Proto-Scythian *tiǧri. Doublet of 𐎫𐎥𐎼 (t-g-r /tigraʰ/, “sharp”).


vazdāh

From Proto-Iranian *wazdHā́h (“persistence, endurance”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wazdʰHā́s, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wn̥-s-dʰh₁-éh₂, from *wen-s- (“to conquer, win”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, place”) + *-éh₂ (deverbal noun suffix).


spiθrah

Middle Persian: (/spihr/)

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫏𐫡 (ʿspyr)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (spyhl), [script needed] (spyyhl)

Borrowed from Old Median *spiθrah, from Proto-Iranian *cwiθráh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćwitrás. Doublet of *siçah (“white”), whence borrowing Sanskrit सीस (sī́sa, “lead”). Cognate with Sanskrit श्वित्र (śvitrá, “white, whitish”).


(w)r̥šā

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwšn' /gušn/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρσής (Arsḗs)


jamānā

Middle Persian: (/zamān/)

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫗𐫀𐫗 (zmʾn)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ẕmʾn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (zmn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ODNA)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭥𐭣𐭭𐭠 (ODNA)

→ Akkadian: 𒋛𒈠𒉡 (si-ma-nu /simānu/)

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡆𐡌𐡍𐡀 (zmnʾ) (see there for further descendants)


𐎰𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎡𐎹

head

𐎰𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎡𐎹 (θ-nu-u-v-n-i-y /θanuvaniyaʰ/) m

θ-nu-u-v-n-i-y (romanization)
θanuvaniyaʰ (romanization)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰánwr̥ ~ *dʰánwan- (“bow”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰénwr̥ (“bow”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥 (θanuuan), 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (θanuuar^ə), Sanskrit धनुस् (dhanus), धन्वन् (dhanvan, “bow”), Ancient Greek θέναρ (thénar, “palm (of hand)”) and Old High German tenar.


𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎶

nāham (romanization)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎠 (dual nominative)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎶 (singular vocative)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎠 (dual vocative)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎠 (plural vocative)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎠 (accusative dual)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎠 (instrumental singular)
𐎴𐎠𐎡𐎲𐎡𐎹𐎠 (dual instrumental)
𐎴𐎠𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (instrumental plural)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎹𐎠 (dative singular)
𐎴𐎠𐎡𐎲𐎡𐎹𐎠 (dative dual)
𐎴𐎠𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (dative plural)
𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎹𐎠 (genitive singular)
𐎴𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dual genitive)
𐎴𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (genitive plural)
𐎴𐎠𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎴𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dual locative)
𐎴𐎠𐎡𐏁𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

PIE word
 *néh₂s
From Proto-Iranian *náHh-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *náHs (compare Sanskrit नस् (nás)), from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s (“nose”) (compare Latin nāsus, Lithuanian nósis and Old English nosu and nose (English nose)).

adamšai[y] utā nāham utā gaušā utā hazānam frājanam utāšaiy [u]cašma avajam duvarayā maiy basta adāriya haruvašim kāra avaina


θāyakā

Middle Persian: (/sāyag/)

Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫏𐫃 (sʾyg)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (sʾdk')


maniš

From 𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 (m-n-i-y-a-t-i-y /maniyātaiy/, “to think, consider”) + -𐎡𐏁 (-i-š /-iš/), from Proto-Iranian *mányatay.


margā

desc

Middle Persian: (/marw/, “herbage, grass”)

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫡𐫇 (mrw)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mlw')

From Proto-Iranian *márgaH (“meadow, grass”).


θatam

Middle Persian: (/sad/)

Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫅 (sd), 𐫯 (100)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (100)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭾 (100)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮯 (100)

Pazend script: 𐬯𐬛 (sd)

From Proto-Iranian *catám, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćatám.


gāuš

Middle Persian: (/gāw/) (< OP acc. *gāvam)

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫀𐫇 (gʾw)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (TWRA)

Pazend script: 𐬔𐬃 (gā̊)


xšaθram

Borrowed from Old Median *xšaθram, from Proto-Iranian *xšaθram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám.

Alternative form of 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaçam/): realm, kingship


vātah

Middle Persian: (/wād/)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫀𐫅 (wʾd)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wʾt')

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭥𐭠𐭲𐭩 (ʿʾty)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮅𐮀𐮑

Pazend script: 𐬬𐬁 (vā)


r̥šah

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hls /xirs/) (prothetic unetymological x-)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: خئرس (xers)

Bakhtiari: خرس (xers)

Classical Persian: خرس (xirs)

Iranian Persian: خرس (xers)

Judeo-Tat:

Cyrillic script: хуьрс (xyrs)

Hebrew script: כאורס (xyrs)

Tajik: хирс (xirs)

→ Yagnobi: хирс (xirs)

→ Khwarezmian: [script needed] (hrs /*hirs/)

→ Gilaki: خرس (xərs)

→ Sanglechi: xars

→ Talysh: خرس (xərs)

→ Wakhi: xers

Inherited from Proto-Iranian *Hŕ̥šah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hŕ̥ćšas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos.


vr̥dah

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwl), [Book Pahlavi needed] (WLTʾ /gul/)

Classical Persian: گُل (gul) (see there for further descendants)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡀𐡓𐡃𐡀 (wardā, wurdā)

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: ורדא (wardā, wurdā)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: վարդ (vard)
Armenian: վարդ (vard)
→ Cappadocian Greek: βάρτι (várti)
→? Old Georgian: ვარდი (vardi) (or directly from Iranian)
→? Udi: вард (vard) (or directly from Iranian)

→ Ancient Greek: ῥόδον (rhódon), βρόδον (bródon), ϝρόδον (wródon) — Aeolic
Greek: ρόδο (ródo)
⇒ New Latin: rhodium (see there for further descendants)
→? Oscan:
→? Latin: rosa (see there for further descendants)


vrinjiš

Middle Persian: blnc (/brinǰ/)

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫉 (brynz /brinz/), 𐫃𐫇𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫝 (gwrync /gurinǰ/)

desctree

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (brnc /brinǰ/)
Classical Persian: برنج (birinj), (rare, archaic) گرنج (gurinj, guranj)
Dari: برنج (birinj)
Iranian Persian: برنج (berenj)
Tajik: биринҷ (birinj)
→ Baluchi: برنج (byrynj)
→ Kazakh: күріш (kürış)
→ Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: بِرِنج (birinc)
Northern Kurdish: birinc
→ Ottoman Turkish: برنج (birinǰ), پرنج (pirinç) (see there for further descendants)
→ Uyghur: گۈرۈچ (gürüch)
→ Zazaki: birinc
→ Old Armenian: բրինձ (brinj) (see there for further descendants)
→ Georgian: ბრინჯი (brinǯi) (see there for further descendants)
→ Classical Syriac: ܒܪܢܓ (brng)

desc

→ Elamite: 𒈪𒊑𒍢𒆜 (mi-ri-zí-iš /miriziš/), 𒊒𒈪𒍢𒆜 (rumiziš)

From Proto-Iranian *wrinǰiš (compare Sogdian ܒܪܝܢܢܨ (βrync /βrinč/), Mazanderani وینج (vinj)), unexplained nasalized variant of *wriHǰíš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wriHǰʰíš, whence Sanskrit व्रीहि (vrīhí, “rice”). Further cognate with Sogdian 𐽀𐼷𐼼𐼸 (rysk /rise/), Pashto وريژې pl (wriže), Khotanese [script needed] (rrīysu), Yagnobi rēžōna, Zazaki riz, Northern Kurdish riz, Ormuri رېزان (rēzan), Talysh برز (berz), Gilaki بج (bəj), Kermanic beray. Possibly related to Proto-Dravidian *wariñci (“rice”).


bādukah

Early Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bʾdwg /bādūg/)

Late Middle Persian: *bāhūg

Classical Persian: باهو (bāhū)

Judeo-Persian: באהו (bʾhw /bāhū/)

→ Old Armenian: բահուանդ (bahuand)

→ Zoroastrian Dari: بویی (bōyī), بوئی (bōʾī), بوئی (būʾī)

→ Gurani: باھوو (bāhū)

→ Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bahî

Central Kurdish: باھوو (bahû), باھۆ (baho)

Southern Kurdish: باھوو (bahû)


rauxšnā

Middle Persian: (/rōšn/)

Manichaean script: 𐫡𐫇𐫢𐫗 (rwšn)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (lwšn')

desctree

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮊𐮅𐮐𐮌𐮈 (lwšny)
Classical Persian: روشن (rōšan, rawšan) (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Armenian: *ռոշն (*ṙošn)
⇒ Old Armenian: ռոշնական (ṙošnakan), ռոշնութիւն (ṙošnutʻiwn), ռոշնաբանութիւն (ṙošnabanutʻiwn)

→ Ancient Greek: Ῥωξᾱ́νη (Rhōxā́nē) (see there for further descendants)


hvatah

Middle Persian: (/xwad/)

Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫇𐫅 (xwd)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (BNPŠE), [Book Pahlavi needed] (xwt')

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭭𐭯𐭱𐭤 (BNPŠE)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮁𐮌𐮎𐮐𐮇 (BNPŠE)

Pazend script: 𐬓𐬆𐬛 (xᵛəd)


çahma

Middle Persian: (/sahm/)

Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫍𐫖 (shm)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (shm)


xšayah

From Proto-Iranian *xšáyah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyah, derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (“he rules, he has power over”), from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to gain power over, gain control over”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (xšaiia, “rule”), Sanskrit क्षय (kṣáya, “dominion, rule”).


hazārapatiš

desc

→ Ancient Greek: ἀζαραπατεῖς (azarapateîs)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: χιλίαρχος (khilíarkhos), χιλιάρχης (khiliárkhēs) (calque)
→ Classical Syriac: ܟܝܠܝܪܟܐ, ܟܝܠܪܟܐ, ܟܠܝܐܪܟܐ, ܟܠܝܪܟܐ
→ Latin: chiliarchus (see there for further descendants)
→ Gothic: 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 (þūsundifaþs) (calque)


θatapatiš

→ Elamite:

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒊓𒀜𒆪𒁁𒋾𒆜 (sa-ad-da-bat-ti-iš /sadabatiš/), 𒆳𒆪𒁁𒋾𒆜 (sad-da-bat-ti-iš /sadabatiš/)

ἑκατόνταρχος

→ Ancient Greek: ἑκατόνταρχος (hekatóntarkhos) (calque)

From *θatam (“hundred”) + *patiš (“master”).


daθapatiš

→ Ancient Greek: δεκάρχος (dekárkhos) (calque)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆪𒊓𒁁𒋾𒆜 (da-sa-bat-ti-iš /dasabatiš/), 𒆪𒊓𒁁𒋾𒆜𒁁 (da-sa-bat-ti-iš-be /dasabatiš-be/)

From *daθa (“ten”) + *patiš (“master”) Cognate with Old Median *δasapatiš.


hadāram

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒆪𒊏 (ha-da-ra /hadara/), 𒄩𒆪𒊏𒀭 (ha-da-ra-an /hadaran/)

From Proto-Iranian *hajáhram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *saȷ́ʰásram, from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-ǵʰéslom, from *sm̥- (“one; full”) + *ǵʰéslom (“thousand”). Cognate with Old Median *hazāram and Sanskrit सहस्र (sahasra).


patiš

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁁𒋾𒆜 (bat-ti-iš /batiš/)

From Proto-Iranian *pátiš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pátiš, from Proto-Indo-European *pótis.


jīvakah

Middle Persian: *zhīwak

From Proto-Iranian *ǰiHwákah. Equivalent to *jīvah (“alive, living”) + 𐎣 (k /-kaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix). Cognate with Sanskrit जीवक (jīvaka).


r̥difyah

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫀𐫓𐫇𐫜 (ʾʾlwf /āluf/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlwh /āluh/), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾylwh /ayluh/)

→ Elamite: 𒅕𒌅𒌒𒉿𒄿𒀀 (ir-tup-pi-ia)

From Proto-Iranian *Hr̥jifyáh. Cognate with Old Median *r̥zifyah, Avestan 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬟𐬌𐬌𐬀 (ər^əzifiia) and Sanskrit ऋजिप्य (ṛjipya).


sparabarah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: σπαραβάραι (sparabárai)
→ Latin: sparabarae


baivarapatiš

desc

→ Ancient Greek: μυριάρχης (muriárkhēs) (calque)

→ English: myriarch

From *baivaram (“ten thousand”) + *patiš (“master”).


Abrakah

→ Ancient Greek: Ἄβραγος (Ábragos)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒀊𒂟𒋡 (ap-pir₂-ka₄ /Apirka/)

From *abrah (“dark”) + 𐎣 (k /-kaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix).


bātah

باده

Middle Persian: [script needed] (bʾtk' /bādag/)


Farnukah

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Φαρνοῦχος (Pharnoûkhos), Φαρνούχης (Pharnoúkhēs) (see there for further descendants)

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁇𒉡𒋡 (bar-nu-ka₄ /Barnuka/), 𒁇𒉡𒊌𒋡 (bar-nu-uk-ka₄ /Barnuka/)

From *farnāh (“glory”) + -ukah (hypocoristic suffix).


daryakah

desctree

Ancient Greek: Δαρεικός (Dareikós)
→ Latin: daricus
→ English: daric
→ French: darique
→ German: Dareikos, Dareike
→ Danish: dareik

From *daryah (“golden, yellow”) + 𐎣 (k /-kaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix),, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“gleam, yellow”). Related to word related to 𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹 (daraniyaʰ, “gold”), compare Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (zaⁱri, “yellowish, golden”). Compare Aramaic ܕܪܝܟܘܢܐ (drykwnʾ), Classical Syriac ܕܪܝܼܟܘܿܢܐ (darykwnʾ), Biblical Hebrew אֲדַרְכּוֹן (adarkon) and Parthian 𐫅𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫃 (dʾryg /dārīg/, “gold coin, Dareikos”).

quote-book

1984, Rüdiger Schmitt, “Perser und Persisches in der Attischen Komödie”, in Orientalia J. Duchesne-Guillemin emerito oblata, pages 459–472:

cog

daric (a gold coin from the Persian Empire)


Bagaduštah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μεγαδόστης (Megadóstēs)
→ Latin: Megadostēs

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒀝𒁺𒆜𒆪 (ba-ak-du-iš-da /Bakduišda/), 𒁀𒋡𒁺𒆜𒆪 (ba-ka₄-du-iš-da /Bakaduišda/)

From 𐏎 (BG /bagaʰ/, “god”) + *duštah (“loved”) from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to try, taste”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬀 (zušta), Persian دوست (dust, “friend”). Cognate with Old Median *Bagazuštah.


Humāyah

Middle Persian: 𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭠𐭩 (Humāy)

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄷𒈠𒀀𒅀 (hu-ma-a-ia /Humāia/), 𒄷𒈠𒅀 (hu-ma-ia /Humaia/), 𒌑𒈠𒅀 (u₂-ma-ia /Umaia/), 𒌑𒈨𒅀 (u₂-me-ia /Umeia/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὑμαίς (Humaís), Ὑμαίης (Humaíēs), Ὑμέης (Huméēs)

→ Latin: Hymaes, Hymaeēs, Hymeēs

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡄𐡅𐡌𐡉 (hwmy)

→ Parthian: 𐭇𐭅𐭌𐭉 (Humāy)

From *huš (“good”) + *māyah (“skill”). Compare with Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬨𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬁 (humāiiā) and 𐬵𐬎𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬐𐬀 (humaiiaka).


𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠

Middle Persian: 𐭣𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭩 (dwst' /dōst/)

Persian: دوست (dust)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́awštā́
Old Persian 𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠 (d-u-š-t-a)
From Proto-Iranian *jawštā́, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́awštā́ (“one who loves”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵéws-tōr ~ *ǵus-tr-és. Cognate with Sanskrit जोष्टा (joṣṭā, “lover”).