𐎭𐎼𐎥

d-r-g (romanization)
darga (romanization)

Middle Persian: ("long")

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫃𐫡 (dgr /daǧr/), 𐫅𐫏𐫡 (dyr /dēr/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dgl /daǧr/)

From Proto-Iranian *dr̥Hgáh (compare Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬔𐬀 (dar^əga, “long”)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dr̥Hgʰás (compare Sanskrit दीर्घ (dīrghá)), from Proto-Indo-European *dl̥h₁gʰós (compare Latin longus, Old Church Slavonic дльгъ (dlĭgŭ)).


𐎹𐎢𐎴

y-u-n (romanization)
Yauna (romanization)


𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹

mu-d-r-a-y (romanization)
Mudrāyaʰ (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *Mujrāyah, ultimately derived from Proto-Semitic *muṣr-ā- (“Egypt”). Compare Akkadian 𒈬𒀫 (muṣru), Ugaritic 𐎎𐎕𐎗𐎎 (mṣrm /miṣrāma/), Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (miṣráyim), and Achaemenid Elamite 𒈬𒄑𒍝𒊑𒅀 (mu-iṣ-ṣa-ri-ia).

cog

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹


𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺

p-r-θ-v (romanization)
Parθavaʰ (romanization)

Uncertain; possibly:
* from *Parθaʰ + -𐎺 (-vaʰ, adjectival suffix), related to 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsaʰ/, “Persian”),
* from *pr̥θvī (“area”), from Proto-Iranian *pr̥θwíH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥tHwíH, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂-éwih₂, from *pléth₂us (“flat, broad”), cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī, “surface”), Sanskrit पृथ्वी (pṛthvī, “the Earth”),
* or syncopated from earlier *Parārθavaʰ, from *parārθam (“exterior, remote”) + -𐎺 (-vaʰ, adjectival suffix, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós), from Proto-Iranian *paraHárθam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paraHártʰam, from *para- (“farther, highest”, from Proto-Indo-European *pér-o- (“distant, beyond”)) + *Hártʰam (“event, thing, purpose”), cognate with Sanskrit परार्थ (parārtha, “highest advantage, interest”).

af

adjectival suffix, from Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-wós</i>

af

from Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pér-o-</i> (“distant, beyond”)

cog

Parthian (of, from or relating to the historical region of Parthia in Central Asia)


𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹

u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-y (romanization)
ʰUvārazmīya (romanization)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁 (u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-š /ʰUvārazmiš/, “Chorasmia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹

Chorasmian (of, from or relating to the region of Chorasmia/Khwarazm in Central Asia)


𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹

h-x-a-m-n-i-š-i-y (romanization)
Haxāmanišyaʰ (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒀭𒉌𒅖𒀪 (a-ḫa-ma-an-ni-iš-ʾ /Aḫamanišʾ/), 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒀭𒎙𒅆𒀪 (a-ḫa-ma-an-niš-ši-ʾ /Aḫamanišiʾ/), 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒎙𒉌𒅖𒅆 (a-ḫa-ᵐᵃman-ni-iš-ši /Aḫamaniši/), 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒉌𒅖𒅆 (a-ḫa-ma-ni-iš-ši /Aḫamaniši/), 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒉌𒅖𒅆𒀪 (a-ḫa-ma-ni-iš-ši-ʾ /Aḫamanišiʾ/), 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒉌𒅆𒀪 (a-ḫa-ma-ni-ši-ʾ /Aḫamanišiʾ/), 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒎙𒅆𒀪 (a-ḫa-ma-niš-ši-ʾ /Aḫamanišiʾ/), 𒀀𒄩𒎙𒎙𒅆𒀪 (a-ḫa-man-niš-ši-ʾ /Aḫamanišiʾ/), 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒉡𒍑 (a-ḫa-ma-nu-uš /Aḫamanuš/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: i-A-x-m-ini-N38 (jꜣḫmjnš), i-A-x:H_SPACE-m-n:N38-A41 (jꜣḫmnš), i-A-x:H_SPACE-m-i-n:N38-A41 (jꜣḫmjnš)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒀝𒋡𒎙𒉡𒆜𒅆𒅀 (ha-ak-ka₄-man-nu-iš-ši-ia /Hakamanuišiya/), 𒄩𒀝𒋡𒎙𒉡𒅆𒅀 (ha-ak-ka₄-man-nu-ši-ia /Hakamanušiya/), 𒄩𒀝𒋡𒎙𒉡𒌋𒅆𒅀 (ha-ak-ka₄-man-nu-u-ši-ia /Hakamanūšiya/), 𒄩𒋡𒎙𒈾𒐼 (ha-ka₄-man-na-šá /Hakamanaša/), 𒄩𒋡𒎙𒈾𒍝 (ha-ka₄-man-na-za /Hakamanaza/), 𒄩𒋡𒎙𒉡𒆜𒅆𒅀 (ha-ka₄-man-nu-iš-ši-ia /Hakamanuišiya/), 𒄩𒋡𒎙𒉡𒅆𒅀 (ha-ka₄-man-nu-ši-ia /Hakamanušiya/)

From 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁 (h-x-a-m-n-i-š /Haxāmaniš/, “Achaemenes”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix).

af

CMa
𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹
𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹
Adam : Kūruš : xšāya
θiya : Haxāmanišiya


𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣

Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭰𐭥𐭫𐭢 (wuzurg)

Persian: بزرگ (bozorg)

→ Old Armenian: վզուրկ (vzurk)

Originally meaning "endowed with generative power", from vazra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wáȷ́ras (“strong”), from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, lively, awake”). Cognate with Sanskrit वाज (vā́ja, “strength, vigor, energy”), वज्र (vájra, “Indra's thunderbolt, a symbol of generative force”), Latin vigeō (“to thrive”), vegeō (“to quicken, arouse”) and Old English wacan, wacian (English wake).

cog

𐎲𐎥 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠

𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶

c. 522–486 BCE, Behistun Inscription [DB], column 1, line 1:

I am Darius, the great king, king of kings

adam Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya vazạrka xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām


𐎴𐎺𐎶

n-v-m (romanization)
navama (romanization)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnawamás (“ninth”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥ (“nine”). Cognate with Sanskrit नवम (navamá), Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀 (naoma).


𐏃𐎶

Middle Persian: hm (ham)

Persian: هم (ham)

Northern Luri: هوم (hom)

From Proto-Iranian *hamHás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHás.


𐏃𐎷𐎡𐏂𐎡𐎹

h-mi-i-ç-i-y (romanization)
hamiçiya (romanization)

𐏐 𐎱𐎿𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎣𐎠𐎼 𐏐 𐏃𐎽𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎷𐎡𐏂𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎲𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎺𐎶 𐏐

Translation by Livius.org
Then were all the people in revolt, and from Cambyses they went over unto him

p-s-a-v : k-a-r : h-ru-u-v : h-mi-i-ç-i-y : a-b-v : h-c-a : k-b-u-ji-i-y-a : a-b-i-y : a-v-m :


br̥zans

Borrowed from Old Median *br̥jans or Avestan 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬧𐬙 (bər^əzaṇt), both from Proto-Iranian *br̥jáns. Doublet of native *br̥dans.


naftah

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (npt' /naft/, “moist, damp”)

From Proto-Indo-European *n̥bʰtós, from *nebʰ- (“wet, moist”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬀 (napta, “moist, wet”).


𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹

a-r-i-y (romanization)
Ariyaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/ēr/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭩𐭫 (ʾyl)

From Proto-Iranian *Áryah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Áryas. Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (aⁱriia), Sanskrit आर्य (ārya).

𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹 […]
Pārsahyā : puça : Ariya […]

522 BCE – 486 BCE, Darius I, DSe line 13


𐎣𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎣

k-p-u-t-k (romanization)
kapautaka (romanization)

Persian: کبود (kabud, “blue-gray, blue”)

From Proto-Iranian *kapawtakáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kapawtakás, from *kapáwtas (“grey-blue”). Cognate with Sanskrit कपोतक (kapotaka, “pigeon-coloured”), Old Armenian կապուտակ (kaputak) (an Iranian borrowing).


𐏀𐎢𐎼𐎣𐎼

z-u-r-k-r (romanization)
zūrakara (romanization)

From 𐏀𐎢𐎼 (z-u-r /zūra/, “wrong”) + 𐎣𐎼 (k-r /kara/, “doer”).


𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹

a-n-i-y (romanization)
aniya (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *Hanyáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hanyás. Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬀 (aniia), Sanskrit अन्य (anyá).


𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫

du-ru-x-t (romanization)
duruxta (romanization)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫 (nominative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (nominative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dative genitive singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (locative singular)
𐎯𐎽𐎧𐎫𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)


𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣

a-r-i-k (romanization)
arika (romanization)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣 (nominative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (nominative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dative genitive singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐎹𐎠 (locative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎣𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)


𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴

d-r-u-j-n (romanization)
draujana (romanization)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴 (nominative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (nominative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dative genitive singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐎹𐎠 (locative singular)
𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠

a-r-š-t-a (romanization)
arštā (romanization)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠 (nominative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dative genitive singular)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (locative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)


𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹

b-r-z-m-n-i-y (romanization)
brazmaniya (romanization)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹 (nominative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dative genitive singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎹𐎠 (locative singular)
𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

peo-decl

𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠

𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠

𐎲𐎼𐏀𐎶𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠


𐏃𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎶

h-š-i-y-m (romanization)
hašiyam (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *Hhaθyáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hsatyás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-n̥t-yós, from *h₁sónts, from *h₁es- (“to be”). Cognate with Sanskrit सत्य (satya), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬚𐬌𐬌𐬀 (haⁱθiia), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 (sunjis).

𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠𐏃 𐏐 [𐎼]𐎥𐎶 𐏐 [𐎺]𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎹𐎰𐎠 𐏐 𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎴𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐎽𐎢/𐎧𐎫𐎶
a-u-r-m-z-d-a-h : [r]g-m : [v]r-di-i-y-i-y : y-θ-a : i-m : h-š-i-y-m : n-i-y : du-u-ru-u/x-t-m
a-u-r-m-z-d-a-h [r]-g-m [v]-r-di-i-y-i-y y-ϑ-a i-m h-š-i-y-m n-i-y du-u-ru-u-/x-t-m

5th century BCE, Behistun Inscription, column 4, line 44

I turn myself quickly to Ahura Mazda, as this [is] true, not false

Auramazdāha ragam vardaiyaiy yaϑā ima hašiyam naiy duruxtam


𐎠𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠

a-m-a-t-a (romanization)
āmātā (romanization)


𐎪𐎡𐎺

ji-i-v (romanization)
jīva (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (žīwandāg, “living”)

Persian: جیوه (jive, “alive metal, mercury”)

From Proto-Iranian *ǰiHwáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰiHwás (“alive”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós. Compare Sanskrit जीव (jīva).


𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼

t-k-b-r (romanization)
takabara- (romanization)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆪𒀝𒋡𒁇𒊏 (da-ak-ka₄-bar-ra /Dakabara/), 𒆪𒋡𒁇𒊏𒁀 (da-ka₄-bar-ra-ba /Dakabaraba/)

Literally "wearing hats which look like shields", compound of *taka- (“shield”) + *bara- (“bearing, carrying, esteeming”) probably a reference to the kausia hat typically worn by the ancient Macedonians.
Compare with Old Median *sparabara- (“shield-bearer”), composed of *spara- (“shield”) + *bara- (“bearing, carrying, esteeming”).


𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭

t-i-g-r-x-u-d (romanization)
tigraxaudah (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒋾𒄫𒄷𒌑𒁺 (ti-gir-ḫu-ú-du /Tigirḫūdu/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋾𒅅𒊏𒋡𒌋𒆪 (ti-ik-ra-ka₄-u-da /Tikrakauda/)

From 𐎫𐎥𐎼 (tigrah, “sharp, pointed”) + *xaudah (“hat, cap”).

af

𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠

s-k-a : t-i-g-r-x-u-d-a /Sakā tigraxaudā/


𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥

h-u-m-v-r-g (romanization)
haumavarga- (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒌑𒈬𒌨𒂵𒀪 (ú-mu-ur-ga-ʾ /Umurgaʾ/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒌋𒈬𒈥𒋡𒅁 (u-mu-mar-qa-ip /Umumarqaip/), 𒌋𒈥𒋡 (u-mar-qa /Umarqa/), 𒌋𒈠𒈥𒋡 (u-ma-mar-ka₄ /Umamarka/)

Literally "laying Haoma-plants around (the sacred fire)", compound of Old Iranian *hauma- (“Haoma”) + *varga- (“to lay (around)”).

Who lays Haoma-plants around (the fire) (person)


𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎤𐎢𐏁 (ku-u-š /Kuša/, “Kush”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


vahištah

Middle Persian: (/wahišt/)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫍𐫏𐫢𐫤 (whyšt), 𐫇𐫍𐫏𐫢𐫎 (whyšṯ)

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭥𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭩 (whyšt)

Presumably borrowed from either Old Median *vahištah or Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (vahišta), both from Proto-Iranian *Hwáhištah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwásištʰas.


arvāh

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] ('lwnd /arwand/)

Classical Persian: اروند (arvand, “swift”)

Iranian Persian: اروند (arvand, “swift”)

fa-xlit

اَرْوَنْدْرُود

desc

Persian: اروندرود (arwandrūd /arvandrud, “the Shatt al-Arab river”, literally “swift river”)

Dari: اروند (arwand, “swift”)

Tajik: арванд (arvand)

From Proto-Iranian *Hárwāh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hárwants.


𐎱𐎠𐎫

p-a-t (romanization)
pātaʰ (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *paHtáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paHtás, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-tó-s, from *peh₂- (“to protect”) + *-tós.

𐎹𐎮𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎣𐎠𐎼 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎫 𐏐 𐎠𐏃𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐎺𐎡𐏁[𐎫]𐎶 𐏐 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎠𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎨𐎡/𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎴𐎡𐎼𐎿𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎶

If the Persian people is protected (then) precisely the longest peace unbroken will come down upon this house.

y-di-i-y : k-a-r : p-a-r-s : p-a-t : a-h-t-i-y : h-y-a : du-u-v-i-š[t]m : š-i-y-a-t-i-š : a-x-š-t-a : h-u-v-c-i/y : a-u-r-a : n-i-r-s-a-t-i-y : a-b-i-y : i-m-a-m : vi-i-θ-m


𐎱𐎽𐎢𐎺

From Proto-Iranian *pr̥Húš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥Húš.


spantah

Middle Persian: *spand

Persian: سپند (sepand)

Presumably borrowed from either Old Median *spantah or Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀 (spəṇta), both from Proto-Iranian *cwantáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćwantás, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwen-tó-s, from *ḱwen- (“holy, sacred”) + *-tós.


raivah

From Proto-Iranian *HraHiwáh, secondary a-stem of *HraHiwáns (whence Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (raēuuaṇt)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HraHiwánts (whence Sanskrit रयिवत् (rayivát)), from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁i-wént-s, from *Hreh₁ís (“wealth, goods”) + *-wénts. Cognate with Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 (raēuua).


mr̥duš

From Proto-Iranian *mr̥dúš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥dúš, from Proto-Indo-European *ml̥dus (“soft, weak”).


maθištah

From Proto-Iranian *majištah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *maȷ́ʰištʰas. Cognate with Old Median *masištah.

superlative degree of *maθah (“great, big”): greatest, biggest


arbah

From Proto-Iranian *Hárbʰah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hárbʰas.


rāivāh

From Proto-Iranian *raHíwāh, from *raHíš + *-wāh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *raHíš, from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁ís (“wealth, goods”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬬𐬀𐬥𐬙 (raēvant, “rich”).


vahuš

From Proto-Iranian *Hwáhuš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwásuš.


𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎠𐎺𐎠

a-r-t-a-v-a (romanization)
r̥tāvāʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/ahlaw/, “righteous”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫍𐫓𐫇 (ʾhlw)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhlwb')


arušah

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾlws /arus/, “white”)

Persian: الوس (alus, “white horse”)

From Proto-Iranian *Harušáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Harušás. Cognate with Sanskrit अरुष (aruṣa).