madu

Middle Persian: (/may/)

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫏 (my)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (HS), [Book Pahlavi needed] (mdy)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭧𐭮 (HS)


amah

From Proto-Iranian *HámHah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HámHas.


𐎶𐎦𐎢𐏁

m-gu-u-š (romanization)
Maguš (romanization)

→ Ancient Greek: Μάγος (Mágos)

Generally assumed to be borrowed from Old Median (only found as a title? of persons that are also identified as Mede). Cognate of Avestan 𐬨𐬊𐬖𐬎 (moγu) but probably not of Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬔𐬀 (maga) (cognate with Sanskrit मघ (magha, “gift”)).

The meaning of this term is uncertain. (magūš) It is a hapax legomenon known only from the Behistun inscription where it is used as a title (?) of persons. Sometimes said to be the term for a Zoroastrian priest, or for a magician, or for a sub-tribe of the Medes; these interpretations are formed by Greek Μάγος and μάγος.


𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠

x-š-y-a-r-š-a (romanization)
Xšayāršā (romanization)

→ Persian: خشایارشا (xašâyâršâ), خشایار (xašâyâr)

→ Marathi: खशायर (khaśāyar)

→ Akkadian:

aḫ-áš-šá-ḫu-šú

ḫi-ši-ʾ-áš-šú

Late Babylonian: 𒄭𒅆𒀪𒅈𒐼𒀪 (ḫi-ši-ʾ-ar-šá-ʾ /Ḫišiʾaršaʾ/), 𒄭𒅆𒀪𒅈𒅆 (ḫi-ši-ʾ-ar-ši /Ḫišiʾarši/), 𒄭𒅆𒅈𒋙 (ḫi-ši-ar-šú /Ḫišiaršu/), 𒄭𒅆𒌒𒅆 (ḫi-ši-ár-ši /Ḫišiarši/), 𒄴𒀾𒊭𒄷𒋙 (aḫ-áš-šá-ḫu-šú /Aḫašaḫušu/), 𒄴𒄭𒅈𒋙 (aḫ-ḫi-ar-šú /Aḫiaršu/), 𒄴𒌍𒊑 (aḫ-eš-ri /Aḫešri/), 𒄴𒅆𒅈𒋙 (aḫ-ši-ar-šú /Aḫšiaršu/), 𒄴𒅆𒌒𒋙 (aḫ-ši-ár-šú /Aḫšiaršu/), 𒄴𒅆𒊍𒋢 (aḫ-ši-as-su /Aḫšiasu/), 𒄴𒅆𒄷𒋙 (aḫ-ši-ḫu-šú /Aḫšiḫušu/), 𒄴𒅆𒄿𒅈𒋗 (aḫ-ši-i-ar-šu /Aḫšiaršu/), 𒄴𒅆𒄿𒅈𒋙 (aḫ-ši-i-ar-šú /Aḫšiaršu/), 𒄴𒅆𒅀𒅈 (aḫ-ši-ia-ar /Aḫšiar/), 𒄴𒅆𒅀𒅈𒅆 (aḫ-ši-ia-ar-ši /Aḫšiarši/), 𒄴𒅆𒅀𒅈𒋙 (aḫ-ši-ia-ar-šú /Aḫšiaršu/), 𒄴𒅆𒐊𒅈𒋙 (aḫ-ši-iá-ar-šú /Aḫšiaršu/), 𒄴𒅆𒄿𒈥𒋙 (aḫ-ši-i-mar-šú /Aḫšimaršu/), 𒄴𒋗𒈥𒅆𒀪 (aḫ-šu-mar-ši-ʾ /Aḫšumaršiʾ/), 𒄴𒅆𒅈𒋙 (aḫ-ši-ar-šú /Aḫšiaršu/), 𒋀𒅆𒈥𒋙 (áḫ-ši-mar-šú /Aḫšimaršu/), 𒋀𒅆𒊑𒅈𒋙 (áḫ-ši-ri-ar-šú /Aḫširiaršu/), 𒀝𒅈𒀾𒄷 (ak-ar-áš-ḫu /Akarašḫu/), 𒀝𒅗𒅆𒅈𒅆 (ak-ka-ši-ar-ši /Akašiarši/), 𒀝𒅗𒅆𒅈𒋙 (ak-ka-ši-ar-šú /Akašiaršu/), 𒀝𒆠𒅖𒅈𒋙 (ak-ki-iš-ar-šú /Akišaršu/), 𒀝𒊭𒅈𒋙 (ak-ša-ar-šú /Akšaršú/), 𒀝𒊹𒊑𒌍𒋙 (ak-šár-re-eš-šú /Akšárešu/), 𒀝𒅆𒀪𒅈𒅆 (ak-ši-ʾ-ar-ši /Akšiʾarši/), 𒀝𒅆𒀝𒅈𒋙 (ak-ši-ak-ar-šú /Akšiakaršu/), 𒀝𒅆𒅈𒀀𒋙 (ak-ši-ar-a-šú /Akšiarašu/), 𒀝𒅆𒅈𒊑𒋙 (ak-ši-ar-ri-šú /Akšiarišu/), 𒀝𒅆𒅈𒅆𒄿𒀪 (ak-ši-ar-ši-i-ʾ /Akšiaršīʾ/), 𒀝𒅆𒅈𒋗 (ak-ši-ar-šu /Akšiaršu/), 𒀝𒅆𒅈𒋙 (ak-ši-ar-šú /Akšiaršu/), 𒀝𒅆𒅀𒅈𒀪𒋙 (ak-ši-ia-ar-ʾ-šú /Akšiarʾšu/), 𒀝𒅆𒅀𒅈𒅆 (ak-ši-ia-ar-ši /Akšiarši/), 𒀝𒅆𒅀𒅈𒋙 (ak-ši-ia-ar-šú /Akšiaršu/), 𒀝𒅆𒐊𒅈𒋙 (ak-ši-iá-ar-šú /Akšiaršu/), 𒀝𒅆𒄿𒅈𒋙 (ak-ši-i-ar-šú /Akšiaršu/), 𒀝𒅆𒄿𒈠𒅈𒋙 (ak-ši-i-ma-ar-šú /Akšimaršu/), 𒀝𒅆𒈠𒀝𒋙 (ak-ši-ma-ak-šú /Akšimakšu/), 𒀝𒋛𒈠𒅈𒋙 (ak-ši-ma-ar-šú /Akšimaršu/), 𒀝𒅆𒊑𒌍𒋙 (ak-ši-re-eš-šú /Akširešu/), 𒀝𒋢𒅈𒋙 (ak-šu-ar-šú /Akšuaršu/), 𒀝𒋙𒅈𒋙 (ak-šú-ar-šú /Akšuaršu/), 𒄩𒅆𒄿𒅈𒋙 (ḫa-ši-i-ar-šú /Ḫašiaršu/), 𒄭𒊺𒈥𒋙 (ḫi-še-mar-šú /Ḫišemaršu/), 𒄩𒅆𒀪𒅈𒅆 (ḫi-ši-ʾ-ar-ši /Ḫišiʾarši/), 𒄩𒅆𒀪𒅈𒅆𒀪 (ḫi-ši-ʾ-ar-ši-ʾ /Ḫišiʾaršiʾ/), 𒄩𒅆𒀪𒅈𒋙 (ḫi-ši-ʾ-ar-šú /Ḫišiʾaršu/), 𒄭𒅆𒀪𒀾𒋙 (ḫi-ši-ʾ-áš-šú /Ḫišiʾášú/), 𒄭𒅆𒅈𒐼𒋙 (ḫi-ši-ar-šá-šú /Ḫišiaršašu/), 𒄭𒅆𒌒𒋙 (ḫi-ši-ár-šú /Ḫišiaršu/), 𒄭𒅆𒅀𒅈𒋙 (ḫi-ši-ia-ar-šú /Ḫišiaršu/), 𒄭𒅆𒐊𒅈𒋙 (ḫi-ši-iá-ar-šú /Ḫišiaršu/), 𒄭𒅆𒐊𒈥𒋙 (ḫi-ši-iá-mar-šú /Ḫišiamaršu/), 𒄭𒅆𒈥𒋙 (ḫi-ši-mar-šú /Ḫišimaršu/), 𒅅𒅈𒅈𒅆 (ik-ar-ar-ši /Ikararši/), 𒅆𒆪𒍑𒋾 (ši-ku-uš-ti /Šikušti/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ξέρξης (Xérxēs) (see there for further descendants)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡇𐡔𐡉𐡓𐡔 (ʾḥšyrš), 𐡇𐡔𐡉𐡀𐡓𐡔 (ḥšyʾrš), 𐡇𐡔𐡉𐡓𐡔 (ḥšyrš)

خْشَايَارْشَا

→ Arabic: خْشَايَارْشَا (ḵšāyāršā)

→ Arabic: خْشَايَارْشَا (ḵšāyāršā)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: x-SA-i-i-A-rw-SA (ḫšꜣyꜣrwšꜣ), x-SA-i-i-A-rw-SA-A (ḫšꜣyꜣrwšꜣ), x-SA-i*i:rw-SA (ḫšꜣyrwš), x:SA-i*i:A-rw-SA (ḫšꜣyꜣrwšꜣ), xA-SA-i-i-A-rw-SA-A (ḫꜣšꜣyꜣrwšꜣ)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅅𒊺𒅕𒆜𒐼 (ik-še-er-iš-šá /Ikšeriša/), 𒅅𒊺𒅕𒐼 (ik-še-er-šá /Ikšerša/), 𒊺𒅕𒐼 (še-er-šá /Šerša/)

→ Hebrew: חשיארש

→ Hebrew: חשיארש

See also: אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ (Akhashverósh)

→ Indonesian: Ahasyweros

→ Dutch: Ahasveros

Afrikaans: Ahasveros

→ Swedish: Ahasveros

→ Armenian: Ահասֆերուս (Ahasferus)

→ Ancient Greek: Ασουηρος (Asouēros)

→ Latin: Ahasuerus, Ahasverus

→ Basque: Asuero

→ Catalan: Assuer

→ Danish: Ahasverus

→ Dutch: Ahasverus

→ English: Ahasuerus

→ Estonian: Ahasveerus

→ Faroese: Áhasverus

→ Finnish: Ahasverus, Ahasveros

→ French: Assuérus

→ Galician: Axuero

→ Latvian: Ahasvērs

→ Polish: Achaszwerosz

→ Portuguese: Assuero, Aasvero, Ahasuerus

→ Spanish: Asuero

→ Tagalog: Asuero

→ Welsh: Ahasferws, Ahasfferus

→ Persian: اَحَشْوِروش

→ Persian: اَحَشْوِروش

→ Urdu: اخسویرس

→ Urdu: اخسویرس

→ Sanskrit: क्षयर्ष (kṣayarṣa)

→ Hungarian: Khsajársá

From *xšayah (“rule, dominion”) + *(w)r̥šā (“man, hero”).


𐎷𐎰𐎼

mi-θ-r (romanization)
Miθraʰ (romanization)

desctree

Middle Persian: mtr', 𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡 (myhr /mihr/)
Persian: مهر (mehr)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਮਿਹਰ (mihar)
Shahmukhi script: مہر (mihr)

→ Akkadian:

desc

→ Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊑 (mi-it-ri /Mitri/)

Borrowed from Avestan 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (Miθra) or Old Median *Miθrah. Doublet of 𐎷𐎫𐎼 (mi-t-r /Mitraʰ/) and 𐎷𐏂 (mi-ç /Miçaʰ/).

doublet

(Iranian mythology, religion, Zoroastrianism) Mithra, a Zoroastrian deity


𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁

ku-u-ru-u-š (romanization)
Kuruš (romanization)

Classical Persian: کُورُش (kūruš)

Dari: کورش (kūruš)

Iranian Persian: کوروش (kuroš)

→ Old Armenian: քորէշ (kʻorēš)

Tajik: Куруш (Kuruš)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒆪𒆪𒊏𒀾 (ᵏᵘku-ra-áš /Kuraš/), 𒆪𒆪𒊏𒀾𒋙 (ᵏᵘku-ra-áš-šú /Kurašu/), 𒆪𒊏𒀾 (ku-ra-áš /Kuraš/), 𒆪𒊏𒀾𒋙 (ku-ra-áš-šú /Kurašu/), 𒆪𒆜 (ku-raš /Kuraš/), 𒆪𒊏𒋗 (ku-ra-šu /Kurašu/), 𒆪𒊏𒋙 (ku-ra-šú /Kurašu/), 𒆪𒆜𒋙 (ku-raš-šú /Kurašu/), 𒆳𒀸 (kur-aš /Kuraš/), 𒆳𒀾 (kur-áš /Kuraš/), 𒆪𒊕 (ku-reš /Kureš/), 𒆳𒊏𒀸 (kur-ra-aš /Kuraš/), 𒆳𒁺𒀸 (kur-rá-aš /Kuraš/), 𒆳𒆜 (kur-raš /Kuraš/), 𒆳𒌇 (kur-ráš /Kuraš/), 𒆳𒊏𒋙 (kur-ra-šú /Kurašu/), 𒆳𒊕 (kur-reš /Kureš/), 𒆪𒌨𒊏𒀾 (ku-ur-ra-áš /Kuraš/), 𒆪𒌨𒊏𒋙 (ku-ur-ra-šú /Kurašu/), 𒆪𒌨𒋙 (ku-ur-šú /Kuršu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Κῦρος (Kûros), Κόρος (Kóros) (see there for further descendants)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡊𐡓𐡔 (krš)

Classical Syriac: ܟܘܪܫ (Kūreš)

→ Biblical Hebrew: כּוֹרֶשׁ (kóresh)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: kA-wA-rw-SA (kꜣwꜣrwšꜣ)

→? Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆪𒌇 (ku-ráš /Kuraš/)

→ Sanskrit: कुरुष् (kuruṣ)

Of disputed origin. One theory is that it is from Elamite 𒁹𒆪𒊏𒀾 (ᵐku-ra-aš₂ /kuraš/, “shepherd, bestowed care, protector”); earliest cuneiform attestations of the name, even instances prior to the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, always end in /-aš/ as opposed to /-uš/, an unexplainable development for Akkadian and Elamite phonologically if the original was the Iranian /-uš/. This has suggested rather that the later, more well-known Iranian version is in fact the adaptation, perhaps brought on by the fact that Old Persian a stems never have a final /-š/ in the nominative but u stems do.

unk

disputed


𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿

Uncertain; possibly:
* related to Sanskrit पर्शु (Parśu), the name of a warrior tribe,
* or Sanskrit परशु (paraśu, “hatchet, axe”),
* or from Proto-Iranian *párcuš (“rib”), compare Sanskrit पर्शु (parśu, “rib; sickle”), पार्श्व (pārśva, “the region of the ribs, immediate neighbourhood”).


𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿

Middle Persian:

desctree

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩 (pʾlsy), 𐭯𐭠𐭥𐭮𐭩 (pʾrsy /Pārs/)
Persian: پارس (pârs)
→ Arabic: فَارِس (fāris)
→ Portuguese: alferes
Malay: alperes, alferes
Indonesian: alferes
→ Spanish: alférez
→ English: alferes
→ Italian: alfiere
→ Tagalog: alperes
→ Early Middle Chinese: 波斯 (pa-si)
→ Parthian: (/Pārs/)
Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘 (pʾrs)
Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭐𐭀𐭓𐭎 (pʾrs)
→ Sogdian:
Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (pʾrs /Pārs/)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒉺𒅈𒊓𒀀𒀀 (pa-ar-sa-a-a /Parsāya/), 𒉺𒅈𒋢 (pa-ar-su /Parsu/), 𒌓𒊑𒊓𒀀 (par-ri-sa-a /Parisā/), 𒌓𒊓 (par-sa /Parsa/), 𒌓𒊓𒀀𒀀 (par-sa-a-a /Parsāya/), 𒌓𒋢 (par-su /Parsu/), 𒌓𒍪 (par-sú /Parsu/)

→ Aramaic:

Biblical Aramaic: פָּרָס (pārās)

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡐𐡓𐡎 (prs), 𐡐𐡓𐡎𐡉 (prsy)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: p:r-s-xAst (prs), p:r-z:xAst (prs), p:r-Aa18:Z1-xAst (prsꜣ), p:rw-Aa18-xAst (prwsꜣ)

Demotic:  (prs)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒅕𒐼 (ba-ir-šá /Bairša/), 𒁇𒌍 (bar-šip /Baršip/), 𒁇𒋤 (bar-šir₈ /Baršir/), 𒁀𒅕𒆪 (ba-ir-da /Bairda/), 𒁀𒅕𒆜𒐼 (ba-ir-iš-šá /Bairiša/), 𒁀𒅕𒊓𒀭 (ba-ir-sa-an /Bairsan/), 𒁀𒅕𒐼𒀭 (ba-ir-šá-an /Bairšan/), 𒁀𒅕𒃻𒀾 (ba-ir-šá-áš /Bairšaš/), 𒁀𒅕𒐼𒆜 (ba-ir-šá-iš /Bairšaiš/), 𒁀𒅕𒐼𒌝 (ba-ir-šá-um /Bairšaum/), 𒁀𒅕𒍝 (ba-ir-za /Bairza/), 𒁀𒊏𒊏𒆜𒐼𒀭 (ba-ra-iš-šá-an /Baraišan/), 𒁇𒃻𒀭 (bar-šá-an /Baršan/), 𒁇𒋤𒌇𒁁 (bar-šir₈-ráš-be /Barširášbe/)

→ Ancient Greek: Περσίς (Persís)

→ Latin: Persia, Persis

→ Lycian: 𐊓𐊀𐊕𐊈𐊀 (parza), 𐊓𐊀𐊕𐊈𐊈𐊀 (parzza)

→ Old Armenian: պարսք (parskʻ)


𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁

d-a-r-y-v-u-š (romanization)
Dārayavaʰuš (romanization)

Middle Persian: 𐭣𐭠𐭫𐭠𐭡 (dʾlʾḇ /Dārā(y)/), 𐡃𐡀𐡓𐡉𐡅 (Dārayaw), 𐡃𐡀𐡓𐡉𐡍 (Dārāyān)

Persian: داراب (dârâb), دارا (dârâ)

→ Arabic: دَارَا (dārā)

→ Old Armenian: Դարա (Dara)

→ Persian: داریوش (Dāryuš) (semi-learned)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒁕𒅀𒀀𒈲 (ar-da-ia-a-muš /Ardayāwuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊏𒅀𒀀𒈲 (da-a-ra-ia-a-muš /Dārayāwuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊏𒅀𒈲 (da-a-ra-ia-muš /Daārayawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊏𒅀𒈬𒍑 (da-a-ra-ia-mu-uš /Dārayawuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒀀𒈲 (da-ar-a-muš /Darawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊏𒈬𒍑 (da-a-ra-mu-uš /Dārawuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒀪𒀀𒈬𒍑 (da-ar-ʾ-a-mu-uš /Darʾawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀀𒀀𒈲 (da-a-re-a-a-muš /Dāreāyawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀀𒈲 (da-a-re-a-muš /Dāreamuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒀀𒈲 (da-a-re-ʾ-a-muš /Dāreʾawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀀𒈬𒍑 (da-a-re-a-mu-uš /da-a-re-a-mu-uš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅎𒈲 (da-a-re-em-muš /da-a-re-em-muš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅎𒍑𒋙 (da-a-re-em-uš-šu₂ /da-a-re-em-uš-šu₂/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒐊𒀀𒈲 (da-a-re-ia₂-a-muš /da-a-re-ia₂-a-muš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒐊𒈲 (da-a-re-ia₂-muš /da-a-re-ia₂-muš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒐊𒀪𒈲 (da-a-re-ia₂-ʾ-muš /da-a-re-ia₂-ʾ-muš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒐊𒈬𒋙 (da-a-re-ia₂-mu-šu₂ /da-a-re-ia₂-mu-šu₂/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒐊𒈬𒍑 (da-a-re-ia₂-mu-uš /da-a-re-ia₂-mu-uš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅀𒀀𒈲 (da-a-re-ia-a-muš /Dāreyāwuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅀𒀀𒈬𒍑 (da-a-re-ia-a-mu-uš /Dāreyāwuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅀𒈲 (da-a-re-ia-muš /Dāreyawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅀𒈬𒍑 (da-a-re-ia-mu-uš /Dāreyawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒄿𒈲 (da-a-re-i-muš /Dāreywuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒄿𒈬𒍑 (da-a-re-i-mu-uš /Dāreywuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒈲 (da-a-re-muš /Dārewuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒈲 (da-a-re-ʾ-muš /Dāreʾwuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒈲𒋙 (da-a-re-muš-šu₂ /Dārewušu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒈬𒋙 (da-a-re-mu-šu₂ /Dārewušu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒈬𒋙 (da-a-re-ʾ-mu-šu₂ /Dāreʾwušu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒈬𒍑 (da-a-re-mu-uš /Dārewuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒅀𒀀𒈲 (da-ar-ia-a-muš /Daryāwuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒅀𒈲 (da-ar-ia-muš /Daryawuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒅀𒈬𒍑 (da-ar-ia-mu-uš /Daryawuuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒈲 (da-ar-muš /Darwuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒀪𒈲 (da-ar-ʾ-muš /Darʾwuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒈬𒋙 (da-ar-mu-šu₂ /Darwušu/), 𒁕𒅈𒀪𒈬𒋙 (da-ar-ʾ-mu-šu₂ /Darʾwušu/), 𒁕𒅈𒊏𒀀𒈲 (da-ar-ra-a-muš /Darāmwš/), 𒁕𒅈𒊏𒋙 (da-ar-ra-šu₂ /Darašu/), 𒁕𒅈𒊑𒈲 (da-ar-re-muš /Darewuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊒𒀀𒈲 (da-a-ru-a-muš /Dāruawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊒𒅀𒈲 (da-a-ru-ia-muš /Dāruyawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊒𒅀𒈬𒍑𒋙 (da-a-ru-ia-mu-uš-šu₂ /Dāruyawušu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊒𒈬𒋙 (da-a-ru-mu-šu₂ /Dāruwušu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊒𒈬𒍑𒋙 (da-a-ru-mu-uš-šu₂ /Dāruwušu/), 𒁕𒁯𒈲 (ᵈᵃdar-muš /Darwuš/), 𒁕𒄷𒀀𒐊𒈲 (da-hu-a-ia₂-muš /Daḫuayawuš/), 𒁕𒊏𒀀𒈲 (da-ra-a-muš /Darāwuš/), 𒁕𒊏𒀀𒈬𒋙 (da-ra-a-mu-šu₂ /Darāwušu/), 𒁕𒊏𒐊𒈲 (da-ra-ia₂-muš /Darayamuš/), 𒁕𒊏𒅀𒀀𒈲 (da-ra-ia-a-muš /Darayāwuš/), 𒁕𒊏𒅀𒈬𒍑 (da-ra-ia-mu-uš /Darayawuš/), 𒁯𒀀𒈲 (dar-a-muš /Darawuš/), 𒁕𒊏𒈲 (da-ra-muš /Darawuš/), 𒁕𒊏𒀪𒈲 (da-ra-ʾ-muš /Daraʾwuš/), 𒁕𒊏𒈲𒋙 (da-ra-muš-šu₂ /Darawušu/), 𒁕𒊏𒈬𒋙 (da-ra-mu-šu₂ /Darawušu/), 𒁕𒊏𒈬𒋙 (da-ra-mu-uš /Darawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒐊𒈲 (da-re-a-ia₂-muš /Dareayawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒈨𒌍𒈬šu₂ (da-re-a-meš-mu-šu₂ /Dareawešwušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒈲 (da-re-a-muš /Dareawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒀪𒈲 (da-re-a-ʾ-muš /Dareaʾwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒀀𒈲 (da-re-ʾ-a-muš /Dareʾawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒈲𒋙 (da-re-a-muš-šu₂ /Dareawušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒈬𒋙 (da-re-a-mu-šu₂ /Dareawušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒈬𒍑 (da-re-a-mu-uš /Dareawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒅎𒈬𒍑 (da-re-em-mu-uš /Darewuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒄿 (da-re-i /Darey/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒀀𒈲 (da-re-ia-a-muš /Dareyāwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒀀𒀪𒈲 (da-re-ia-a-ʾ-muš /Dareyāʾmuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒀀𒈬𒋙 (da-re-ia-a-mu-šu₂ /Dareyāwušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒀀𒈬𒍑 (da-re-ia-a-mu-uš /Dareyāwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒅀𒀀𒈬𒍑 (da-re-ʾ-ia-a-mu-uš /Dareʾyāwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒈬𒈲 (da-re-ia-ᵐᵘmuš /Dareyawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒈲 (da-re-ia-muš /Dareyawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒀪𒈲 (da-re-ia-ʾ-muš /Dareyaʾwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒅀𒈲 (da-re-ʾ-ia-muš /Dareʾyawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒈬𒋙 (da-re-ia-mu-šu₂ /Dareyawušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒈬𒍑 (da-re-ia-mu-uš /Dareyawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒅀𒈬𒍑 (da-re-ʾ-ia-mu-uš /Dareʾyawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒐊𒈲 (da-re-ia₂-muš /Dareyawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒐊𒀀𒈲 (da-re-ia₂-a-muš /Dareyāwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒐊𒀀𒈬𒍑 (da-re-ia₂-a-mu-uš /Dareyāwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒐊𒈬𒋙 (da-re-ia₂-mu-šu₂ /Dareyawušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒄿𒈲 (da-re-i-muš /Dareywuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒄿𒈬𒋙 (da-re-i-mu-šu₂ /Dareywušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒄿𒈬𒍑 (da-re-i-mu-uš /Dareywuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒀀𒋗 (da-re-mu-a-šu /Darewuašu/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒌍 (da-re-mu-eš /Darewueš/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒌍𒋙 (da-re-mu-eš-šu₂ /Darewuešu/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒈨𒌍 (da-re-ᵐᵘmeš /Darewuweš/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒈲 (da-re-ᵐᵘmuš /Darewuwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒈬𒈲 (da-re-ʾ-ᵐᵘmuš /Dareʾwuwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒈲 (da-re-muš /Darewuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒈲 (da-re-ʾ-muš /Dareʾwmuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒃻 (da-re-mu-ša₂ /Darewuša/), 𒁕𒊑𒈲𒋙 (da-re-muš-šu₂ /Darewušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒈲𒋙 (da-re-ʾ-muš-šu₂ /Dareʾwušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒋙 (da-re-mu-šu₂ /Darewušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒈬𒋙 (da-re-ʾ-mu-šu₂ /da-re-ʾ-mu-šu₂/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒍑 (da-re-mu-uš /da-re-mu-uš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒈬𒍑 (da-re-ʾ-mu-uš /da-re-ʾ-mu-uš/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒍑𒋙 (da-re-mu-uš-šu₂ /da-re-mu-uš-šu₂/), 𒁕𒊑𒍑𒈬𒋙 (da-re-uš-mu-šu₂ /da-re-uš-mu-šu₂/), 𒁯𒐊𒀀𒈲 (dar-ia₂-a-muš /dar-ia₂-a-muš/), 𒁯𒅀𒀀𒈲 (dar-ia-a-muš /dar-ia-a-muš/), 𒁯𒅀𒈲 (dar-ia-muš /dar-ia-muš/), 𒁯𒈲 (dar-muš /dar-muš/), 𒁯𒊏𒀀𒈲 (dar-ra-a-muš /dar-ra-a-muš/), 𒁕𒊒𒈠𒀾𒋙 (da-ru-ma-aš₂-šu₂ /da-ru-ma-aš₂-šu₂/), 𒁕𒊒𒀪𒈲 (da-ru-ʾ-muš /da-ru-ʾ-muš/), 𒁕𒊒𒌑𒈨𒋙 (da-ru-u₂-me-šu₂ /da-ru-u₂-me-šu₂/), 𒁲□𒀪□𒈨𒌍 (di-x-ʾ-x-meš /di-x-ʾ-x-meš/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡃𐡓𐡅𐡔 (drwš), 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡔 (drywhš), 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡅𐡔 (drywhwš), 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡔 (drywš)

Classical Syriac: ܕܪܝܘܫ (dāryāwaš)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: ini-ti-r:w-SA (jntjrwšꜣ), ini-ti-rw-i-i-w-SA (jntjrwywšꜣ), ini-ti-rw-i-i-wA-h-w-SA (jntjrwywꜣhwšꜣ), ini-ti-rw-i-i-wA-SA (jntjrwywꜣšꜣ), ini-ti-rw-wA-SA (jntjrwꜣšꜣ), ini-ti-sxt-rw-SA (jntjsḫtrwsꜣ), ini-T:rw-i-i-wA-SA (jnṯrwywꜣšꜣ), ini-T:r-i-i-w-SA (jnṯrywšꜣ), ini-N17:r-w-SA (jntꜣrwšꜣ), n:d-rw:E9-T (ndrwjwṯ), t-r-w-SA (trwšꜣ), t*t:r-w-SA (trwšꜣ), T:rw-i-i-w-h-SA (ṯrwywhšꜣ), t:r-i-i-w-SA (trywšꜣ), N17:r-w-SA (tꜣrwšꜣ), tA:rw-i-i-w-SA (tꜣrwywšꜣ), N17:rw-i-i-w-h-SA (tꜣrwywhšꜣ), tA:rw-wA-SA (tꜣrwꜣšꜣ), T:r-i-i-w-SA (ṯrywšꜣ)

→ Demotic: tꜣryꜣwš, tꜣrywš, tꜣrywhš, tꜣrywhwš, tꜣrwš, ṯrꜣwš, ṯrywš, trywš, trwyš, ṯrwš

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆪𒄷𒀀𒈠𒌋𒆜 (da-hu-a-ma-u-iš /Dahuamauiš/), 𒆪𒊑𒀀𒈠𒌋𒆜 (da-re-a-ma-u-iš /da-re-a-ma-u-iš/), 𒆪𒊑𒅀𒈠𒌋𒆜 (da-re-ia-ma-u-iš /Dareiamauiš/), 𒆪𒊑𒅀𒌋𒌑𒆜 (da-re-ia-u-u₂-iš /Dareiaūiš/)

→ Hebrew: דריווש (dar'yávesh), דָּרְיָוֶשׁ (dārəyā́weš)

→ Old Armenian: Դարեհ (Dareh)

→ Old Georgian: დარეჰ (dareh)

From 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎫𐎡𐎹 (d-a-r-y-t-i-y /dārayatiy/, “to hold, have”) + *vahuš (“good”).

af

a male given name, equivalent to English Darius


𐎠𐎿

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Iranian *Hácwah. Doublet of 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (a-s-p /aspaʰ/).


𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁

𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 . (canonical)
h-i-du-u-š (romanization)
Hiⁿduš (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hndwkʾn' /hindūgān/, “Hindustan”), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hndwkstʾn' /hindūgestān/, “Hindustan”)

Classical Persian: هند (Hind), هندوستان (Hindūstān)

Persian: هند (hend), هندوستان (hendustân)

→ Bashkir: һинд (hind)

→ Bengali: হিন্দু (hindu), হিন্দুস্তান (hindustan)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: हिंद (hind), हिंदुस्तान (hindustān), हिंदी (hindī), हिंदू (hindū)

Fiji Hindi: Hindustan

Urdu: ہند (hind), ہندوستان (hindustān), ہندی (hindī), ہندو (hindū)

→ Marathi: हिन्दुस्तान (hindustān)

हिन्दुस्तान्

→ Nepali: हिन्दुस्तान् (hindustān)

→ Odia: ହିନ୍ଦ୍ (hind), ହିନ୍ଦୁସ୍ତାନ (hindustāna)

→ Punjabi: ਹਿੰਦ (hind), ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨ (hindustān)

→ Chinese: 天竺 (Tiānzhú)

→ Japanese: 天竺 (てんじく, Tenjiku)

→ Okinawan: 天竺 (てぃんじく, Tinjiku)

→ Korean: 천축 (Cheonchuk)

→ Vietnamese: Thiên Trúc

→ Chinese: 印度 (Yìndù)

→ Japanese: インド (Indo), 印度 (インド, Indo) (rare)

→ Korean: 인도 (Indo)

→ Vietnamese: Ấn Độ

→ Chinese: 身毒

→ Japanese: 身毒 (しんどく, Shindoku)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅔𒁺𒌑 (in-du-ú /Indū/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἰνδός (Indós), Ἰνδία (Indía)

Greek: Ινδός (Indós)

→ English: India

→ Fiji Hindi: India

→ Tamil: இந்தியா (intiyā)

→ Telugu: ఇండియా (iṇḍiyā)

→ Latin: Indus

Catalan: Índia

→ Latvian: Indija

→ Lithuanian: Indija

Spanish: India

Portuguese: Índia

→ English: Indus

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: h:n-d:wA-i-i-xAst (hndwꜣy)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄭𒅔𒁺 (hi-in-du /Hindu/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒆜 (hi-in-du-iš /Hinduiš/), 𒄭𒁺𒆜 (hi-du-iš /Hiduiš/)

→ Hebrew: הודו (Hṓddū), הֹדּוּ (Hṓddū)

From Proto-Iranian *hínduš, from an Old Iranian representation of Old Indo-Aryan सिन्धु (sindhu-, “big river, Indus”); see there for further theorized descent.

India (the Indus valley region under Achaemenid rule)


𐏎

Middle Persian: 𐭡𐭢 (bg /bag/)

From Proto-Iranian *bagáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰagás, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-; see there for more. Cognate with Sanskrit भग (bhága, “dispenser, gracious lord, patron”).

cog

(Iranian mythology, Religion, Zoroastrianism) god


𐎲𐎥

(Iranian mythology, Religion, Zoroastrianism, syllabary) Alternative form of 𐏎 (baga)


𐏉

Auramazdā (romanization)
logogram (romanization)


𐎳𐎼𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠

head

𐎳𐎼𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠 (framātā) m


𐏊

AMha (romanization)
auramazdā (romanization)
logogram (romanization)


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁

𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁 (arštiš) f


𐎯𐎢𐎼𐎡𐎹

du-u-r-i-y (romanization)
dūraiy (romanization)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *duHrás (“far”), from Proto-Indo-European *dweh₂-. Compare Sanskrit दूर (dūrá).


𐏏

Midle Persian: 𐭡𐭥𐭬 (būm)

Persian: بوم (bum)

From Proto-Iranian *búHmiš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰúHmiš (compare Avestan 𐬠𐬏𐬨𐬌 (būmi) and Sanskrit भूमि (bhūmi, “earth, soil, land”)).


𐎭𐎠𐎫𐎶

d-a-t-m (romanization)
dātam (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dʾt' /dād/)

Persian: داد (dâd)

→ Hebrew: דת (dat)

From Proto-Iranian *dātam, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀 (dāta, “law, rule”).


𐎡𐎭𐎠

Middle Persian: (/ēdar/, “here”)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭫𐭲𐭭𐭧 (LTNE)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫏𐫅𐫡 (ʾydr)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (LTME)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮊𐮑𐮋𐮇 (LTME)

Pazend script: 𐬉𐬛𐬀𐬭 (ēdar)


𐎴𐎠𐎶𐎠

From Proto-Iranian *Hnā́ma, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnā́ma, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”).


𐎠𐎭𐎶

Middle Persian: (/az, an/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ANE)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭭𐭤 (ANE)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫗 (ʾn)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮊𐮈 (LY)

From Proto-Iranian *ajám, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *aȷ́ʰám, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐏋𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐


𐎺𐎠𐏃𐎼

Middle Persian: whʾl (wahār)

Persian: بهار (bahâr)

From Proto-Iranian *wáhr̥, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wásr̥, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (“spring”).


𐎠𐎿𐎱

Middle Persian: 𐭮𐭥𐭮𐭩𐭠 (SWSYA /asp/)

Bakhtiari: [script needed] (asp)

Classical Persian: اسپ (asp)

Iranian Persian: اسپ (äsp), اسب (äsb)

Tajik: асп (asp)

Tat: [script needed] (æs)

Judeo-Tat: ⱨəsb

→ Southwestern Fars:

Masarami: [script needed] (äsp), [script needed] (äsb)

Samghani: [script needed] (asp)

→ Larestani: [script needed] ('asp)

→ Southern Luri: [script needed] (asp)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
Variant of 𐎠𐎿 (asaʰ) affected by the Median substrate, from the same source.


𐎠𐎿𐎫𐎡𐎹

a-s-t-i-y (romanization)
astiy (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭩𐭲𐭩 (ast)

From Proto-Iranian *Hásti, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hásti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti. Cognate with Sanskrit अस्ति (ásti).


𐎲𐎼𐎠𐎫𐎠

b-r-a-t-a (romanization)
brātā (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫡𐫀𐫅 (brʾd /brād/), 𐫁𐫡𐫀𐫅𐫡 (brʾdr /brādar/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (AH), [Book Pahlavi needed] (blʾt' /brād/), [Book Pahlavi needed] (blʾtl' /brādar/)

From Proto-Iranian *bráHtā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰráHtā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Compare Sanskrit भ्रातृ (bhrātṛ, “brother”).


𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥

d-r-u-g (romanization)
drauga (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/drō(g)/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇 (drw)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (KDBA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlwb')

Pazend script: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬔 (darōg), 𐬛𐬭𐬋𐬔 (drōg)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ-.

𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹/𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎲𐎼𐎬𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎡/𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼/𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎹/𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎼/𐎢𐎥𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎩𐎷𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐏃[𐎡]𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁/𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥 𐏐 𐎠𐎡𐎫 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎩𐎮𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭/𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎠/𐎡[𐎫𐎶𐎡𐎹 𐏐] 𐎹[𐎠𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎢]𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬/𐎢[𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎻𐎡]𐎰[𐎡]𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐

Darius the King says: May Ahuramazda bear me aid, with the gods of the royal house; and may Ahuramazda protect this country from a (hostile) army, from famine, from the Lie! Upon this country may there not come an army, nor famine, nor the Lie; this I pray as a boon from Ahuramazda together with the gods of the royal house. This boon may Ahuramazda together with the gods of the royal house give to me!

thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : manâ : Auramazdâ : upastâm : baratuv : hadâ : vithaibish : bagaibish : utâ : imâm : dahyâum : Auramazda : pâtuv : hacâ : hainâyâ : hacâ : dushiyârâ : hacâ : draugâ : abiy : imâm : dahyâum : mâ : âjamiyâ : mâ : hainâ : mâ : dushiyâram : mâ : drauga : aita : adam : yânam : jadiyâmiy : Auramazdâm : hadâ : vithaibish : bagaibish : aitamaiy : yânam : Auramazdâ : dadâtuv : hadâ vithaibish : bagaibish :


𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠

Middle Persian: pitar, pidar, pid

Persian: پدر (pedar)

From Proto-Iranian *pHtā́, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pHtā́, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr (compare Ancient Greek πατήρ (patḗr), Latin pater, Tocharian A pācar, English father).


𐎣𐎠𐎶

k-a-m (romanization)
kāmaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭬𐭪 (kʾm /kām/)

Persian: کام (kâm)

From Proto-Iranian *káHmah. Cognate with Sanskrit काम (kāma, “desire”).


𐎱𐎠𐎭

p-a-d (romanization)
pādaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/pāy/)

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫅 (pʾd)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (LGLE)

From Proto-Iranian *pā́dah, Proto-Indo-Iranian *pā́ts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓd-o-s, thematized form of *pṓds.


𐎠𐎼𐎫

a-r-t (romanization)
r̥taʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/ard/, “Ard, a goddess; 25th day of Persian calendar”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫏𐫡𐫅 (ʾyrd)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭫𐭲𐭩 (ʾlty)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlt')

From Proto-Iranian *Hr̥táh (“truth, righteousness”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥tás (“truth”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀 (aṣ̌a, “truth”), Sanskrit ऋत (ṛtá, “fixed order, truth”).


𐎬𐎺𐎶

tu-v-m (romanization)
tuvam (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (LK /tō/)

Persian: تو (tu)

Tajik: ту (tu)

From Proto-Iranian *tuHám, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tuHám, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. See also Sanskrit त्वम् (tvam), Avestan 𐬙𐬏𐬨 (tūm), Latin tū, Ancient Greek σύ (sú), Old Church Slavonic тꙑ (ty).


𐎱𐎢𐏂

Middle Persian: (/pus, pusar/)

Middle Persian: 𐭡𐭥𐭤 (BRE)

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫇𐫘 (pws), 𐫛𐫇𐫘𐫡 (pwsr)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pws), [Book Pahlavi needed] (BRE); [Book Pahlavi needed] (pwsl), [Book Pahlavi needed] (BREl)

From Proto-Iranian *puθráh,(compare Avestan 𐬞𐬎𐬚𐬭𐬀 (puθra)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *putrás (compare Sanskrit पुत्र (putra)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂u-.

𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹 […]
Pārsahyā : puça : Ariya […]

522 BCE – 486 BCE, Darius I, DSe line 13


𐎴𐎱𐎠

n-p-a (romanization)
napā (romanization)

Middle Persian: np (/nab/)

Classical Persian: نوه (nava)

From Proto-Iranian *nápāth, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *nápāts, from Proto-Indo-European *(h₂)népōts. Cognates include Sanskrit नपात् (nápāt), Latin nepōs, Ancient Greek ἀνεψιός (anepsiós) and Old English nefa.

𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠𐎶𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎴𐎱𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐

[…] son, grandson of Arsames, an Achaemenid, says […]


𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹

head

𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 (xšāyaθiya) m

xšāyaθiya (romanization)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 (nominative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

peo-decl

𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠


𐎭𐎿𐎫

d-s-t (romanization)
dasta (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Iranian *jástah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰástas, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰóstos, from *ǵʰes-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 (zasta), Sanskrit हस्त (hásta).


𐎭𐎠𐎽𐎢𐎺

d-a-ru-u-v (romanization)
dāruv (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dʾl /dār/)

Persian: دار (dâr)

Bakhtiari: دار (dâr)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dóru
Proto-Indo-Iranian *dā́ru
Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎽𐎢𐎺 (d-a-ru-u-v)
From Proto-Iranian *dā́ru. Cognates include Sanskrit दारु (dā́ru), Ancient Greek δρῦς (drûs) and Old English trēow (English tree).


𐎴𐎠𐎶

n-a-m (romanization)
nāma (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/nām/)

Manichaean script: 𐫗𐫀𐫖 (nʾm)

Book Pahlavi script: ŠM (ŠM)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭱𐭬 (ŠM)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮐𐮋 (ŠM)

From Proto-Iranian *Hnā́ma (compare Avestan 𐬥𐬅𐬨𐬀𐬥- (ną̇man-)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnā́ma (compare Sanskrit नामन् (nā́man)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”) (compare Hittite 𒆷𒀀𒈠𒀭 (lāman), Old Armenian անուն (anun), Ancient Greek ὄνομα (ónoma), Latin nōmen, Tocharian A ñom, and Old English nama (English name)).


𐎶𐎠𐏃

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫀𐫆 (mʾẖ)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mʾh)

desctree

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭩𐭥𐭧 (BYRH), 𐫖𐫀𐫆 (mʾẖ) — Manichaean
Classical Persian: مَاه (māh), مه (mah) (poetic)
Iranian Persian: مَاه (mâh)
Tajik: моҳ (moh)
→ Gujarati: માહ (māh)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: माह (māh)
Urdu: مَاہ (māh)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s
Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā́Has
Proto-Iranian *mā́Hah
Old Persian 𐎶𐎠𐏃 (m-a-h)
From Proto-Iranian *mā́Hah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā́Has, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s.


𐎢𐎫𐎠

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭥𐭣 (ʾwd /ud/), 𐭠𐭥 (ʾw /u/) 𐭥

Classical Persian:

Persian: و (o, va)

Tajik: у (u), ва (va) (after a pause)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)utá, from *(H)u, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u. Cognate with Younger Avestan 𐬎𐬙𐬀 (uta), Parthian [script needed] ('wd), Sanskrit उत (utá).
Mayrhofer and others suggested a further connection with Ancient Greek αὖτε (aûte, “again”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u-te. This connection has been disputed by later scholars due to the difference in usage, but a direct PIE ancestor is still possible; Celtiberian [Term?] (uta) serves an identical function, and on this basis Klein reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *utá.


𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠

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𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠 (mātā) f

Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭥 (mātar)

Persian: مادر (mâdar)

From Proto-Iranian *máHtā (compare Avestan 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 (mātar)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *máHtā (compare Sanskrit मातृ (mā́tṛ), from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr (compare Old Armenian մայր (mayr), Ancient Greek μήτηρ (mḗtēr), Old Church Slavonic мати (mati), Latin māter, Old English mōdor (whence English mother).


𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎱𐎠𐎺𐎠

x-š-ç-p-a-v-a (romanization)
xšaçapāvā (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (šsp /šasab/)

Literally "protector of the realm, province", an agent noun based on 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaça-/, “realm, province”) and 𐎱𐎠𐎮𐎹 (p-a-di-y /√pā/, “to protect”).
Akin to Parthian 𐭔𐭄𐭓𐭁 (šhrb), 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓𐭐 (ḥštrp), Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭯 (štrp). Compare the Iranian borrowings: Elamite 𒃻𒀝𒃻𒁀𒈠 (šá-ak-šá-ba-ma), Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀔𑀢𑀧 (khatapa), Maharastri Prakrit 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀧 (kṣatrapa), Sanskrit क्षत्रप (kṣatrapa), Gandhari 𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨤 (kṣatrapa) and 𐨖𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨤 (chatrapa), Lycian 𐊜𐊖𐊖𐊀𐊅𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀 (χssadrapa) and 𐊜𐊖𐊖𐊀𐊉𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀 (χssaθrapa), Ancient Greek σατράπης (satrápēs), Old Armenian շահապ (šahap).

satrap (governor of a province under Achaemenid Persian rule)


𐎭𐎡𐎺

d-i-v (romanization)
daiva (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫏𐫇 (dyw /dēw/, “evil spirit, demon”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠDYA /dēw/, “evil spirit, demon”)

→ Aramaic: דיוא (daywā)

Classical Syriac: ܕܝܘܐ (daywā)

desctree

→ Arabic: دِيُو (diyū)
→ Kazakh: дию (diü)

From Proto-Iranian *daywáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *daywás, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deywós. Cognates include Sanskrit देव (deva), Latin deus, Proto-Germanic *Tīwaz (whence the first element in English Tuesday), Proto-Celtic *deiwos.

(Iranian mythology, Zoroastrianism) foreign god, false god


𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹

m-r-t-i-y (romanization)
martiyaʰ (romanization)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 (nominative singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

From Proto-Iranian *mártyah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mártyas, from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”). Cognate with Sanskrit मर्त्य (martya).


𐎶𐎦𐏁

m-gu-š (romanization)
maguš (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/mow/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (MGWŠH)

desctree

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭢𐭥 (mgw)
Persian: مغ (moğ)
→ Aghwan: 𐕌𐕒𐔲 (mog)
→ Old Armenian: մոգ (mog)
→ Old Georgian: მოგჳ (mogwi)
→ Sogdian: (/maɣu/)
Sogdian script: 𐼺𐼴𐼲 (mwɣ)
Syriac script: ܡܓ݂ܘ (mɣw), ܡܘܓ݂ (mwɣ)

→ Persian: مگوش (maguš) (learned)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈠𒄖𒊺𒂊 (ma-gu-še-e /magušē/), 𒈠𒄖𒋗 (ma-gu-šu /magušu/), 𒈠𒄖𒋙 (ma-gu-šú /maguš/), 𒈠𒄖𒍑 (ma-gu-uš /maguš/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡂𐡅𐡔 (mgwš), 𐡌𐡂𐡔 (mgš)

desctree

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: מגושא (mgwšʾ)
Classical Syriac: ܡܓܘܫܐ (məḡūšā)
→ Arabic: مَجُوس (majūs)
→ Persian: مَجوس (majus)
→ Hebrew: מָג (māḡ)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒆪𒆜 (ma-ku-iš /makuiš/)

→ Ancient Greek: μάγος (mágos)

Greek: μάγος (mágos)

→ Coptic: ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ (magos)

→ Latin: magus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Iranian *magúš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *magʰúš, from Proto-Indo-European *megʰ-ú-s, from *megʰ- (“to be able”), as priests were considered capable of powerful feats (though some, including Beekes, are implicitly skeptical).


𐎭𐎼𐎥

d-r-g (romanization)
darga (romanization)

Middle Persian: ("long")

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫃𐫡 (dgr /daǧr/), 𐫅𐫏𐫡 (dyr /dēr/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dgl /daǧr/)

From Proto-Iranian *dr̥Hgáh (compare Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬔𐬀 (dar^əga, “long”)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dr̥Hgʰás (compare Sanskrit दीर्घ (dīrghá)), from Proto-Indo-European *dl̥h₁gʰós (compare Latin longus, Old Church Slavonic дльгъ (dlĭgŭ)).


𐏋

XŠ (romanization)
xšāyaθiya (romanization)

desctree

Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (MLKA /šāh/)
Persian: شاه (šâh), شه (šah)
→ Arabic: شَاه (šāh)
→ Basque: xake
→ Czech: šach
→ Galician: xaque
→ Portuguese: xeque, xaque
→ Slovak: šach
→ Slovene: šah
→ Spanish: jaque
→ Vulgar Latin: *scaccus
Italian: scacco
Old French: eschec
French: échec
→ Catalan: xec
→ Middle Dutch: scaec
Dutch: schaak
→ Danish: skak
→ Middle English: chek, chekke
English: check, cheque
→ Brazilian Portuguese: checar
→ Cantonese: check
→ Finnish: tsekata
→ German: checken
→ Gulf Arabic: چيك (čayyak)
→ Hijazi Arabic: شَيَّك (šayyak)
→ Hungarian: csekkol
→ Russian: че́кать (čékatʹ)
→ Russian: че́кнуть (čéknutʹ)
→ Russian: проче́кать (pročékatʹ)
→ Spanish: chequear, checar (Mexico)
→ Albanian: çek
→ Amharic: ቼክ (ček)
→ Arabic: شِيك (šēk, šīk)
→ Gulf Arabic: چيك (cek)
→ Armenian: չեկ (čʻek)
→ Asturian: cheque
→ Azerbaijani: çek
→ Belarusian: чэк (ček)
→ Bengali: চেক (cek)
→ Breton: chekenn
→ Bulgarian: чек (ček)
→ Burmese: ချက် (hkyak)
→ Catalan: xec
→ Czech: šek
→ Danish: check
→ Dutch: cheque
→ Estonian: tšekk
→ Finnish: sekki, šekki, shekki
→ French: chèque
→ Galician: cheque
→ Georgian: ჩეკი (čeḳi)
→ German: Scheck
→ Hebrew: צֵ׳ק (chéq), שֵׁיְק (shéq)
→ Hindi: चेक (cek), चैक (caik)
→ Hungarian: csekk
→ Icelandic: tékki
→ Irish: seic
→ Kazakh: чек (çek)
→ Kyrgyz: чек (cek)
→ Lao: ເຊັກ (sek)
→ Latvian: čeks
→ Lithuanian: čekis
→ Macedonian: чек (ček)
→ Malay: cek
Indonesian: cek
→ Marathi: चेक (cek)
→ Mongolian: чек (ček)
→ Norman: chèque
→ Northern Kurdish: çek
→ Norwegian: sjekk
→ Occitan: chèc
→ Odia: ଚେକ୍ (cēk)
→ Persian: چک (ček)
→ Polish: czek
→ Portuguese: cheque
→ Punjabi: ਚੈੱਕ (caikka)
→ Romanian: cec
→ Russian: чек (ček)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: чек
Latin script: ček
→ Slovak: šek
→ Slovene: ček
→ Spanish: cheque
→ Swahili: cheki
→ Swedish: check
→ Tajik: чек (ček)
→ Telugu: చెక్కు (cekku)
→ Thai: เช็ค (chék)
→ Turkish: çek
→ Turkmen: çek
→ Ukrainian: чек (ček)
→ Urdu: چیک (cēk)
→ Uzbek: chek
→ Vietnamese: séc
→ Welsh: siec
→ Middle English: ches, chees, chesse, echesse, esches (via the plural eschés)
English: chess
Scots: chess
→ Middle High German: schāch
German: Schach
→ Russian: шах (šax)
→ Armenian: շախ (šax)
→ Hungarian: sakk
→ Luxembourgish: Schach
→ Romanian: șah
→ Swedish: schack
→ Finnish: shakki, šakki
→ Saterland Frisian: Schak, Schach
→ Medieval Latin: scaccarium
Old French: eschekier, escheker, eschequier, eskekier
Middle French: eschiquier
French: échiquier
Norman: êchitchi
→ Middle English: escheker, eschecour, eschekker, eschekkere, eschequeer, eschequer, eschequier, esscheker, cheker, checher, chekar, chekere, chekier, chekir, chekker, chekkere, chekkyr, chekyr, chequer, schequer
English: exchequer, Exchequer
English: checker, chequer (checkers, chequers)
→ Azerbaijani: şah
→ Bashkir: шаһ (şah)
→ Belarusian: шах (šax)
→ Bengali: শাহ (śah)
→ Bulgarian: шах (šah)
→ Catalan: xa
→ Chinese: 沙阿 (shā'ā), 沙赫 (shāhè)
→ Danish: shah
→ Dutch: sjah
→ English: shah
→ Estonian: šahh
→ Finnish: šakki, shakki, sakki
→ French: schah, chah, shah
→ Georgian: შაჰი (šahi)
→ German: schah
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: शाह (śāh)
Urdu: شاہ (śāh)
→ Hungarian: sakk
→ Irish: seá
→ Italian: scià
→ Japanese: シャー (shā)
→ Kazakh: шаһ (şah)
→ Khalaj: şâh
→ Korean: 샤 (sya)
→ Kumyk: шагь (şah)
→ Kyrgyz: шах (şah)
→ Latvian: šahs
→ Lezgi: шагь (šah)
→ Lithuanian: šachas
→ Macedonian: шах (šah)
→ Malay: syah
→ Mongolian: шах (šax)
→ Middle Armenian: շահ (šah)
Armenian: շահ (šah)
→ Norwegian: sjah
→ Old Norse: skák
Faroese: skák
Icelandic: skák
Norwegian Bokmål: sjakk
Norwegian Nynorsk: sjakk
→ Odia: ଶାହା (śāhā), ସାହା (sāhā)
→ Ottoman Turkish: شاه (şâh)
Turkish: şah
→ Albanian: shah
→ Hungarian: sah
→ Romanian: șah
→ Pashto: شاه (šāh)
→ Polish: szach
→ Portuguese: xá
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਾਹ (śāh)
Shahmukhi script: شاہ (śāh)
→ Romansch: schah
→ Russian: шах (šax)
→ Armenian: շախ (šax)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: шах
Latin script: šah
→ Spanish: sah
→ Swedish: shah
→ Sylheti: ꠡꠣ (śa)
→ Tatar: шаһ (şah)
→ Turkish: şah
→ Turkmen: şah
→ Ukrainian: шах (šax)
→ Uyghur: شاھ (shah)
→ Uzbek: shoh
→ Vietnamese: sa
→ Zazaki: şağ
Tajik: шоҳ (šoh)

From Proto-Iranian *xšáyati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (“he rules, he has power over”) (whence Sanskrit क्षयति (kṣáyati)), from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to gain power over, gain control over”).
Likely a borrowing from Old Median, being a doublet of 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (xšaça-, “realm, province”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षत्र (kṣatrá, “might, power”), Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra, “kingdom”), Old Armenian աշխարհ (ašxarh), Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to get, acquire”).


𐎠𐎱

From Proto-Iranian *Hapá, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hapá, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo. Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀢 (a-pu), Sanskrit अप- (apá-, “away, off”), Latin ab, Proto-Germanic *ab.


𐎼𐎠𐎮𐎡𐎹

r-a-di-i-y (romanization)
rādiy (romanization)

Cognate to Northern Kurdish ra (rā, 'for') and Northern Kurdish re (ra. 'for'), and Persian rā. Compare Old Church Slavonic ради (radi, “because of”). Most probably originally instrumental singular of the noun rādi- (“accomplishment”).


𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹

From Proto-Iranian *Habí, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Habʰi (compare Sanskrit अभि (abhí, “towards, over, upon”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”).
Compare Latin ambi-, Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “for, about, around”), Old High German umbi (“around”), Old Irish imb (“around”).


𐎠𐎡𐎫𐎡𐎹

head

𐎠𐎡𐎫𐎡𐎹 (a-i-t-i-y) (third-person singular present active)

From Proto-Iranian *Háyti, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háyti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éyti.
Cognate with Sanskrit एति (éti, “goes”), Mycenaean Greek 𐀂𐀍𐀳 (i-jo-te), Latin eo (“I go”), Luwian 𒄿𒋾 (i-ti /iti, idi/, “goes”), Hittite 𒄿𒄿𒀀𒀜𒋫 (i-ya-at-ta /iyatta/, “goes”), Old Church Slavonic ити (iti).


𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠

head

𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a /apiyā/) f (locative singular)

a-p-i-y-a (romanization)
apiyā (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫁 (ʾb /āb/)

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭯 (ʾp /āp/, /āβ/)

desctree

Classical Persian: آب (āb)
Dari: آب (āb), اَو (aw)
Hazaragi: او (aw)
Iranian Persian: آب (âb)
Tajik: об (ob)
→ Äynu: ab
→ Bengali: আব (āb)
→ Gujarati: અબ (āb)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: आब (āb)
Urdu: آب (āb)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਆਬ (āba)
Shahmukhi script: آب (āb)
→ Sylheti: ꠀꠛ (ab)
→ Turkish: ab

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́ps
Proto-Iranian *Hā́fš
Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a)
From Proto-Iranian *Hā́fš.


𐎠𐎿𐎶𐎴

a-s-m-n (romanization)
asman (romanization)
𐎠𐎿𐎶𐎠𐎴𐎶 (accusative singular)

Middle Persian: (/asmān/)

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭮𐭬𐭠𐭭 (ʾsmʾn)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 (ʾsmʾn)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐮰𐮽𐮼𐮰𐮵𐮵 (ʾsmʾn')

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮀𐮍𐮋𐮀𐮌 (ʾsmʾn)

Pazend script: 𐬁𐬯𐬨𐬅 (āsmą̇)

Borrowed from Old Median *asman, from Proto-Iranian *Hácmā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćmā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō.


𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺

d-d-a-tu-u-v (romanization)
of √dā (active imperative present singular third-person)

From Proto-Indo-European *deh₃- (“to give”). Cognates include Latin dō, Ancient Greek δίδωμι (dídōmi), Sanskrit ददाति (dádāti).


𐎱𐎠𐎮𐎹

head

𐎱𐎠𐎮𐎹 (p-a-di-y /pādiy/) (2nd person singular imperactive active, root √pā)

p-a-di-y (romanization)
pādiy (romanization)
imperactive active (second-person singular)
√pā (root)

From Proto-Iranian *paH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paH-, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect”). Cognates include Sanskrit पाति (pā́ti), Latin pāscō and Mycenaean Greek 𐀡𐀕 (po-me).


𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶

x-š-ç-m (romanization)
xšaçam (romanization)

desctree

Middle Persian: 𐭱𐭲𐭫𐭩 (štly /šahr/)
Persian: شهر (šahr)

Persian: شهر (šahr)
→ Tajik: шаҳр (šahr)
→ Azerbaijani: şəhər
→ Assamese: চহৰ (sohor)
→ Bengali: শহর (śohor)
→ Crimean Tatar: şeer
→ Dhivehi: ޝަހަރު (šaharu), ސަހަރު (saharu)
→ Gujarati: શહેર (śaher)
→ Hindustani:
→ Hindi: शहर (śahr)
→ Urdu: شہر (śahr, śahar, śehar, śeher)
→ Karachay-Balkar: шахар (şaxar)
→ Kazakh: шаһар (şahar)
→ Kumyk: шагьар (şahar)
→ Northern Kurdish: şar
→ Kyrgyz: шаар (şaar)
→ Marathi: शहर (śahar)
→ Nepali: सहर (sahar)
→ Ottoman Turkish: شهر (şehir)
Turkish: şehir
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Latin script: šȅher
Cyrillic script: ше̏хер
→ Odia: ସହର (sahara)
→ Punjabi:
→ Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਹਿਰ (śahir)
→ Shahmukhi script: شہر (śahir)
→ Uyghur: شەھەر (sheher)
→ Uzbek: shahar

From Proto-Iranian *xšaθram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to attain”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षत्र (kṣatrá, “might, power”), Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra, “kingdom”), Khotanese kṣāra- (“power, dominion”), Old Armenian աշխարհ (ašxarh), Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to get, acquire”).


𐏀𐎴

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫗𐫃 (zng /zanag/, “kind, sort”)

From Old Median [Term?], from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ánHas, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os. Cognates include Ancient Greek γόνος (gónos) and Sanskrit जन (jána).

𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎿𐎱𐏀𐎴𐎠/𐎴𐎠𐎶

Inscription of Darius at Naqsh-e rustam A. (DNa), cca 6th century BCE, lines 8—10

I am Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of countries containing all kinds of men

adam Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya vazraka xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām xšāyaθiya dahyūnām vispazanānām


𐏃𐎣𐎼𐎶𐎨𐎡𐎹

Middle Persian: 𐭧𐭪𐭫𐭰 (ḥklc /hagriz/)

Persian: هرگز (hargez)

From earlier [script needed] (*ha-k(a)r), from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-kr̥t (“one time”). The first component of a compound is zero-grade of *sḗm, with cognates such as Latin sem-per (“every time, always”) and sem-el (“once”), Ancient Greek εἷς (heîs, “one”) and Sanskrit सकृत् (sa-kṛ́t, “once, at once”).


𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎫𐎡𐎹

d-a-r-y-t-i-y (romanization)
dārayatiy (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/dāštan/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫀𐫢𐫤𐫗 (dʾštn)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (YHSNN-tn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dʾštn')

From Proto-Iranian *dāráyati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰāráyati, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰoréyeti (“to hold”). Cognates include Sanskrit धारयति (dhārayati), Latin firmus and Lithuanian derė́ti.

inh

𐏐 𐎴𐎱𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶𐎴 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎿𐎱𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎥
[𐏐] 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎲[𐎼 𐏐] 𐎺𐏁𐎴𐎠
n-p-a : ϑ-a-t-i-y : a-r-i-y-a-r-m-n : x-š-a-y-ϑ-i-y
i-y-m : d-h-y-a-u-š : p-a-r-s-a : t-y : a-d-m : d-a-r-y-a-mi-i-y
h-y : u-v-s-p-a : u-m-r-t-i-y-a : m-n-a : b-g
[:] v-z-r-k : a-u-r-m-z-d-a : f-r-a-b-[r :] v-š-n-a
napā : ϑātiy : Ariyāramna : xšāyaϑiya
iyam : dahyāuš : Pārsā : tya : adam : dārayāmiy
hya : uvaspā : umartiyā : manā : baga

Inscription of the Ariaramnes, at Hamadan (AmH), on a gold tablet, lines 4-7

Ariaramnes the King says: This country Persia which I hold, which is possessed of good horses, of good men, the Great God Ahuramazda bestowed it upon me.


𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎶

accusative singular of 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 (a-r-mi-i-n)


𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎹

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒌋𒌋𒉡𒅀 (har-man-nu-ia /Harmanuya/), 𒄯𒈪𒉡 (har-mi-nu /Harminu/), 𒄯𒈪𒉡𒅀 (har-mi-nu-ia /Harminuya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 (a-r-mi-i-n /Armina/, “Armenia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

...θātiy Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya Dādaršiš nāma Arminiya manā badaka avam adam frāišayam Arminam avaθāšaiy aθaham paraidiy kāra hya hamiçiva manā naiy gaubataiy avam jadiy...

late 6th century BC, Darius the Great, Behistun Inscription, Column 2, lines 29-31

King Darius says: An Armenian named Dādarši, my servant, I sent into Armenia, and I said unto him: 'Go, smite that host which is in revolt and does not acknowledge me.'

...θātiy Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya yātā adam Pārsaiy u[t]ā Mādaiy āham patiy duvitîyam Bābiruviyā hamiçiyā abava hacāma I martiya Arxa nāma Arminiya Halditahya puça hauv udapatatā Bābirauv Dubāla nāmā dahyāuš hacā avadaša hauv kārahyā avaθā adurujiya adam Nabukudracara amiy hya Nabunaitahya puça pasāva kāra Bābiruviya hacāma hamiçiya abava abiy avam Arxam ašiyava Bābirum hauv agarbāyatā hauv xšāyaθiya abava Bābirauv...

late 6th century BC, Darius the Great, Behistun Inscription, Column 3, lines 76-83

King Darius says: While I was in Persia and in Media, the Babylonians revolted from me a second time. A certain man named Arakha, an Armenian, son of Haldita, rebelled in Babylon. At a place called Dubāla, he lied unto the people, saying: 'I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus.' Then did the Babylonian people revolt from me and they went over to that Arakha. He seized Babylon, he became king in Babylon.


𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴

𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 (nominative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (dual nominative)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (nominative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (singular vocative)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (dual vocative)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (plural vocative)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (accusative dual)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (accusative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (instrumental singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐎹𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-i-b-i-y-a) (dual instrumental)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (*a-r-mi-i-n-i-b-i-š) (instrumental plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐏃𐎹𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-h-y-a) (dative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐎹𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-i-b-i-y-a) (dative dual)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (*a-r-mi-i-n-i-b-i-š) (dative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐏃𐎹𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-h-y-a) (genitive singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎹𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a-y-a) (dual genitive)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a-n-a-m) (genitive plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎹𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a-y-a) (dual locative)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎢𐎺𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-i-š-u-v-a) (locative plural)

Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭫𐭬𐭭𐭩 (ʾlmny /Arman/)

Persian: ارمن (arman)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρμενίᾱ (Armeníā)

desc

→ Egyptian: A-rw-G20-i*i:n-A-xAst (ꜣrwmꜥynꜣ), A-rw-G20-i-i-n:y*A-xAst (ꜣrwmꜥynyꜣ)

Old Persian Armina is the first unambiguous application of the name Armenia as the ethnonym of the Armenians and is first attested in 6th century BC Behistun inscription by Achaemenid king Darius I of Persia. Like most place names in West Asia the Persians borrowed it from Aramaeans, whom the Achaemenids employed in their chancelleries. According to Diakonoff the word is formed with long Aramaic ending -ā from Urartian *armini (“inhabitant of Arme; Arme-ian (country)”). Arme/Urme was a country inhabited by Proto-Armenians in the mountains of Sassoun; of the territories inhabited by Proto-Armenians it was the closest to Aramaeans (who lived in Amida). See also Old Armenian հայ (hay) and Old Georgian სომეხი (somexi).

der

[…]θātiy Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya imā dahyāva tyā manā patiyāiša vašnā Auramazdāha adamšām xšāyaθiya āham Pārsa Ûvja Bābiruš Ahurā Arabāya Mudrāya tayaiy drayahyā Sparda Yauna Māda Armina Katpatuka Parθava Zraka Haraiva Uvārazmîy Bāxtriš Suguda Gadāra Saka Θataguš Harauvatiš Maka fraharavam dahyāva XXIII...

late 6th century BCE, Darius the Great, Behistun Inscription, Column 1, lines 13-17

[…] King Darius says: These are the countries which are subject unto me, and by the grace of Ahuramazda I became king of them: Persia, Elam, Babylonia, Assyria, Arabia, Egypt, the countries by the Sea, Lydia, the Greeks, Media, Armenia, Cappadocia, Parthia, Drangiana, Aria, Chorasmia, Bactria, Sogdia, Gandara, Scythia, Sattagydia, Arachosia and Maka; twenty-three lands in all.

[…]θātiy Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya Dādaršiš nāma Arminiya manā badaka avam adam frāišayam Arminam avaθāšaiy aθaham paraidiy kāra hya hamiçiva manā naiy gaubataiy avam jadiy...
[…] King Darius says: An Armenian named Dādarši, my servant, I sent into Armenia, and I said unto him: 'Go, smite that host which is in revolt and does not acknowledge me.'

late 6th century BCE, Darius the Great, Behistun Inscription, Column 2, lines 29-31

Armenia (an ancient Armenian kingdom in eastern Anatolia, in modern eastern Turkey and Armenia)

Behistun inscription
Darius I of Persia
Igor M. Diakonoff
Sassoun


𐎯𐎺𐎼𐎹𐎠

du-v-r-y-a (romanization)
duvarayā (romanization)
locative singular (romanization)
with postposition ā (romanization)
stem duvara- (romanization)
duvara- (stem)

Middle Persian: 𐭡𐭡𐭠 (dar)

Persian: در (dar)

From Proto-Iranian *dwar- (compare Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (duuar^əm)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰwar- (compare Sanskrit द्वार् (dvā́r)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- (“gate, door”) (compare Latin foris, Ancient Greek θύρα (thúra) and Old English duru and dor (English door)).

inh

adamšai[y] utā nāham utā gaušā utā hazānam frājanam utāšaiy [u]cašma avajam duvarayāmaiy basta adāriya haruvašim kāra avaina

5th century BCE, Behistun Inscription, column 2, lines 73-76

I cut off his nose, his ears, and his tongue, and I put out one eye, and he was kept in fetters at my palace entrance, and all the people beheld him.

𐎯𐎢𐎺𐎼𐎰𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎿𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎶


𐎲𐎠𐎪𐎶

Middle Persian: bʾc (bāǰ)

Persian: باج (bâj), باژ (bāž)

From Proto-Iranian *bāǰi- (“tribute, tax”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to distribute, allot”).

der

5th century BCE, Behistun Inscription, column 1, lines 17-20:

Dārayavauš xšāyathiya imā dahyāva tyā manā patiyāita vašnā Auramazdāha manā badakā āhatā manā bājim abaratā tyašām hacāma athahya xšapava raucapativā ava akunavayatā thātiy

Darius the King says: These are the countries which came to me; by the favor of Ahuramazda they were my subjects; they bore tribute to me; what was said to them by me either by night or by day, that was done.


𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁

h-x-a-m-n-i-š (romanization)
Haxāmaniš (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒉌𒅖𒀪 (a-ḫa-ma-ni-iš-ʾ /Aḫamanišʾ/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀχαιμένης (Akhaiménēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡇𐡌𐡍𐡔 (ʾḥmnš)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒀝𒋡𒌋𒌋𒉡𒆜 (ha-ak-ka₄-man-nu-iš /Hakamanuiš/)

From *haxā (“friend, companion”) + *maniš (“thought, mind”).


𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎹𐎭𐎠𐎶

p-r-d-y-d-a-m (romanization)
paradayadām (romanization)

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁇𒋼𒌨 (bar-te-taš /Bartetaš/) (< Late OP /pardēdəm/)

From Proto-Iranian *paridayjah.
The spelling appears to reflect underlying spoken "Late Old Persian" form /pardēd/ (shown more directly by the Elamite rendering), which already shows the development towards Middle Persian, mechanically transferred back into an incorrect ahistorical Old Persian spelling (a kind of hypercorrection essentially analogous to "hyper-Sanskritization" of Middle Indic forms), as opposed to the expected Old Persian spelling *paridaida (i. e., the scribe did not know the Old Persian of Darius I's time anymore, and essentially spelled the spoken form as p-r-d-y-d-a-m corresponding to pseudo-Old-Persian paradayadām, which would also result in /pardēd/ according to the sound developments leading from Old Persian to spoken "Late Old Persian", so it was simply a wrong guess).


𐎠𐎴𐏃𐎡𐎫

Middle Persian: ʾnʾhyt' (Anāhīd)

Persian: اناهید (anâhid), ناهید (nâhid)

Arabic: أَنَاهِيذ (ʔanāhīḏ)

Arabic: أَنَاهِيذ (ʔanāhīḏ)

Classical Syriac: ܐܢܗܝܕ (ʾĂnāhêḏ)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒈾𒄴𒄿𒌅𒀪 (a-na-aḫ-i-tu-ʾ /Anaḫituʾ/), 𒀀𒈾𒀪𒋾 (a-na-ʾ-ti /Anaʾti/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀναῗτις (Anaï̂tis)

→ Latin: Anaītis

→ Russian: Анаити́да (Anaitída)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒀭𒈾𒄭𒌓𒆪 (an-na-hi-ud-da /Anahiuda/)

→ Old Armenian: Անահիտ (Anahit)

Literally "who is not defiled", composed of *a(n)- (privative particle) + *āhitā- (“defiled”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬁𐬵𐬌𐬙𐬀 (anāhita, “pure, immaculate”, adj), an epithet of 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬍 (arəduuī).

cog

(Iranian mythology, Religion, Zoroastrianism) Anahita


𐎢𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎬𐎢

u-f-r-a-tu-u (romanization)
ʰUfrātu- (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒌑𒅁𒊏𒌅𒅖 (ú-ip-ra-du-iš /Uipraduiš/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Εὐφράτης (Euphrátēs)
Greek: Ευφράτης (Effrátis)
→ Latin: Euphrātēs

From Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (^(ÍD)Purattu), itself from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (^(ÍD)Buranun). Developed into *ʰUfrātuš (literally “having good fords”) through folk etymology.


𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠

a-r-t-x-š-ç-a (romanization)
R̥taxšaçāʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/Ardašīr, Ardaxšahr/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾltšdl)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭥 (ʾrtḥštr)

Classical Persian: اردشیر (Ardašēr)

Iranian Persian: اردشیر (Ardešīr)

Dari: اردشیر (Ardašēr)

Tajik: Ардашер (Ardašer)

→ Old Armenian: Արտաշիր (Artašir), Արտաշէս (Artašēs), Արտասիրէս (Artasirēs)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρταξίας (Artaxías)

अर्तक्षयार्ष

→ Sanskrit: अर्तक्षयार्ष (artakṣayārṣa)

अर्तक्षयार्ष

→ Hindi: अर्तक्षयार्ष (artakṣayārṣ)

→ Hindi: अर्तक्षयार्ष (artakṣayārṣ)

अर्तक्षयार्ष

→ Marathi: अर्तक्षयार्ष (artakṣayārṣa)

ଅର୍ତକ୍ଷୟାର୍ଷ

årtåkṣåyārṣå

→ Odia: ଅର୍ତକ୍ଷୟାର୍ଷ (årtåkṣåyārṣå)

→ Odia: ଅର୍ତକ୍ଷୟାର୍ଷ (årtåkṣåyārṣå)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅈 (ar /Ar/), 𒌒 (ár /Ar/), 𒅈𒋫𒀪𒄩𒐼𒄑𒋢 (ar-ta-ʾ-ḫa-šá-is-su /Artaʾḫašaisu/), 𒅈𒋫𒀝𒁲𒊍𒋢 (ar-ta-ak-šá-as-su /Artakšasu/), 𒅈𒋳𒆳𒋢 (ar-tak-šat-su /Artakšatsu/), 𒌒𒋳𒆳𒋢 (ár-tak-šat-su /Artakšatsu/), 𒀸𒋫𒀝𒐼𒊍𒋢 (aš-ta-ak-šá-as-su /Aštakšasu/), 𒅈𒋫𒄴𒊓𒋢 (ar-ta-aḫ-sa-su /Artaḫsasu/), 𒅈𒋫𒄴𒐼𒊍𒋛𒅖 (ar-ta-aḫ-šá-as-si-iš /Artaḫšasiš/), 𒅈𒋫𒄴𒐼𒊍𒋢 (ar-ta-aḫ-šá-as-su /Artaḫšasu/), 𒅈𒋫𒀝𒐼𒊍𒋢 (ar-ta-ak-šá-as-su /Artakšasu/), 𒅈𒋫𒊍𒋢 (ar-ta-as-su /Artasu/), 𒅈𒈭𒊓𒋢 (ar-taḫ-sa-su /Artaḫsasu/), 𒅈𒈭𒊓𒌅 (ar-taḫ-sa-tu /Artaḫsatu/), 𒅈𒈭𒊭𒊍𒋢 (ar-taḫ-ša-as-su /Artaḫšasu/), 𒅈𒈭𒐼𒊍 (ar-taḫ-šá-as /Artaḫšas/), 𒅈𒈭𒐼𒊍𒄴𒋢 (ar-taḫ-šá-as-aḫ-su /Artaḫšasaḫsu/), 𒅈𒈭𒐼𒊍𒄑𒋢 (ar-taḫ-šá-as-is-su /Artaḫšasisu/), 𒅈𒈭𒐼𒊍𒊓𒀾 (ar-taḫ-šá-as-sa-áš /Artaḫšasaš/), 𒅈𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋛𒅖 (ar-taḫ-šá-as-si-iš /Artaḫšasiš/), 𒅈𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋀 (ar-taḫ-šá-as-siš /Artaḫšasiš/), 𒅈𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋢 (ar-taḫ-šá-as-su /Artaḫšasu/), 𒅈𒈭𒆳𒋢 (ar-taḫ-šat-su /Artaḫšatsu/), 𒅈𒃮𒐼𒊍𒋢 (ar-táḫ-šá-as-su /Artaḫšasu/), 𒅈𒋳𒀀𒄭𒅆 (ar-tak-a-ḫi-ši /Artakaḫiši/), 𒅈𒋳𒊍𒋢 (ar-tak-as-su /Artakasu/), 𒅈𒋫𒅗𒋢 (ar-ta-ka-su /Artakasu/), 𒅈𒋳𒐼𒊍𒋛 (ar-tak-šá-as-si /Artakšasi/), 𒅈𒋳𒐼𒊍𒋢 (ar-tak-šá-as-su /Artakšasu/), 𒅈𒋳𒐼𒄿𒋢 (ar-tak-šá-i-su /Artakšaisu/), 𒅈𒋳𒐼𒋛 (ar-tak-šá-si /Artakšasi/), 𒅈𒋳𒐼𒋢 (ar-tak-šá-su /Artakšasu/), 𒅈𒋳𒆳𒋢 (ar-tak-šat-su /Artakšatsu/), 𒅈𒋫𒊑𒋫𒊍𒋢 (ar-ta-ri-ta-as-su /Artaritasu/), 𒌒𒆳𒋢 (ár-šat-su /Aršatsu/), 𒌒𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋛 (ár-taḫ-šá-as-si /Artaḫšasi/), 𒌒𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋢 (ár-taḫ-šá-as-su /Artaḫšasu/), 𒌒𒈭𒐼𒊍𒌑𒋢 (ár-taḫ-šá-as-ú-su /Artaḫšasusu/), 𒌒𒈭𒐼𒋢 (ár-taḫ-šá-su /Artaḫšasu/), 𒌒𒈭𒆳𒋢 (ár-taḫ-šat-su /Artaḫšatsu/), 𒌒𒈭𒐼𒍝𒋢 (ár-taḫ-šá-za-su /Artaḫšazasu/), 𒌒𒋳𒀪𒋢 (ár-tak-ʾ-su /Artakʾsu/), 𒌒𒋳𒐼𒊍𒋢 (ár-tak-šá-as-su /Artakšasu/), 𒌒𒋳𒆳𒋢 (ár-tak-šat-su /Artakšatsu/), 𒌒𒋫𒆳𒋢 (ár-ta-š[at-su] /Artaš[atsu]/), 𒀸𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋢 (aš-taḫ-šá-as-su /Aštaḫšasu/), 𒀸𒈭𒐼𒋛 (aš-taḫ-šá-si /Aštaḫšasi/), 𒀸𒈭𒆳𒋢 (aš-taḫ-šat-su /Aštaḫšatsu/), 𒀸𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋢 (aš-taḫ-šá-as-su /Aštaḫšasu/), □𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋛𒍪 (□-taḫ-šá-as-si-sú /□taḫšasisu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρταξέρξης (Artaxérxēs), Ἀρταξέσσης (Artaxéssēs), Ἀρτασέσσης (Artaséssēs)

→ Latin: Artaxerxēs

→ English: Artaxerxes

→ Aramaic:

אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא

Biblical Aramaic: אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא (ʾartaḥšaśt), אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתְּא (ʾartaḥšast)

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡕𐡇𐡔𐡎𐡔 (ʾrtḥšsš)

אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא

אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא

אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתְּא

→ Biblical Hebrew: אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא (ʾartaḥšáśtā), אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא (ʾartaḥšaśt), אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתְּא (ʾartaḥšast)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: ꜣrṱẖšsš, ꜣrṱẖštš, ꜣrṱẖšṱš, ꜣrṱẖṱš

Late Egyptian: A-rw:T-xA-S-z:SA (ꜣrwṯḫꜣšsšꜣ), A-r:N17-xA-SA-z:SA (ꜣrtꜣḫꜣšꜣsšꜣ), A-rw-N17:x-SA-SA-s (ꜣrwtꜣḫšꜣšꜣs), A-rw:N17-xA-SA-z:SA (ꜣrwtꜣḫꜣšꜣsšꜣ), A-rw:T-x:S-s-A (ꜣrwṯḫšsꜣ)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒅅𒐼𒆜𒐼 (ir-da-ik-šá-iš-šá /Irdaikšaiša/), 𒅕𒋳𒅅𒐼𒀾𒐼 (ir-tà-ik-šá-áš-šá /Irtaikšaša/), 𒅕𒋳𒅅𒐼𒅖𒐼 (ir-tà-ik-šá-iš-šá /Irtaikšaiša/)

𐊁𐊕𐊗𐊀𐊋𐊖𐊖𐊆𐊕𐊀𐊈𐊀-

→ Lycian: 𐊁𐊕𐊗𐊀𐊋𐊖𐊖𐊆𐊕𐊀𐊈𐊀- (ertakssiraza-) (possibly)

→ Lydian: 𐤠𐤭𐤯𐤠𐤨𐤮𐤠𐤳𐤳𐤠𐤬 (artaksaššao), 𐤠𐤭𐤯𐤠𐤨𐤮𐤠𐤮𐤳𐤠 (artakśaś[sa])

From Proto-Iranian *Hr̥taxšaθrah. Equivalent to 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (r̥taʰ, “Asha; truth”) + 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (xšaçam, “realm; reign”). Cognate with Parthian 𐭀𐭓𐭕𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓 (ʾrtḥštr /Ardaxšahr/).


𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠

t-i-g-r-a (romanization)
Tigrā (romanization)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Τίγρης (Tígrēs), Τῐ́γρῐς (Tígris)
Greek: Τίγρης (Tígris), Τίγρητας (Tígritas)
→ Armenian: Տիգրիս (Tigris)
→ Latin: Tigris (see there for further descendants)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋾𒅅𒊏 (ti-ik-ra /Tikra/)

From Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(ÍD)Idiqlat) , from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(ÍD)Idigna, ^(ÍD)Idigina, literally “fast as an arrow”). Influenced by 𐬙𐬌𐬖𐬭𐬌 (tiγri, literally “arrow”) through folk etymology.


𐎹𐎢𐎴

y-u-n (romanization)
Yauna (romanization)


𐎹𐎢𐎴

y-u-n (romanization)
Yaunaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: *yōnān

desctree

Persian: یونان (yunân)
→ Arabic: الْيُونَان (al-yūnān)
→ Bengali: ইউনান (iunan)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: यूनान (yūnān)
Urdu: یُونان (yunān)
→ Old Anatolian Turkish: یونان (Yunan)
Ottoman Turkish: یونان (Yunan)
Turkish: Yunan

→ Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀬𑁄𑀦 (yona)

→ Pali: yona, yonā

→ Sanskrit: यवन (yavana) (see there for further descendants)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅀𒌋𒈾 (ia-u-na /Yauna/), 𒅀𒌋𒈾𒀊 (ia-u-na-ap /Yaunap/), 𒅀𒌋𒈾𒅁 (ia-u-na-ip /Yaunaip/), 𒄿𒅀𒌋𒈾𒅁 (i-ia-u-na-ip /Iyaunaip/)

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴
𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹
𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠
a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y : a-r-mi-i-n
k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n : s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y
s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-k-b-r-a : p-u-t-a-y-a
/: Arabāya : Mudrāya : Armina
Katpatuka : Sparda : Yauna : Sakā : tayaiy : paradraya

… Arabia, Egypt, Armenia,
Cappadocia, Lydia, Greece, the Scythians who are across the Sea,
Thrace, the Greeks who wear shield-like hats, Libya …


𐎶𐎠𐎭

Uncertain; possibly related to Old Persian *madyānah (“middle”) (whence Persian میان (/miyân/)), from Proto-Iranian *madyānah (“middle”), from *mádyah.


𐎶𐎠𐎭

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mʾy /Māy/)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒈠𒁕𒀀 (ma-da-a /Madaya/), 𒈠𒁕𒀀𒀀 (ma-da-a-a /Madāya/), 𒆳𒁕𒀀𒀀 (mad-da-a-a /Madāya/), 𒁁𒀜𒁕𒀀𒀀 (mádᵃᵈ-da-a-a /Madāya/)

→ Aramaic:

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡃𐡉 (mdy)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: mdy

Late Egyptian: G20-d-i-i-xAst (mꜥdy)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒆪 (ma-da /Mada/), 𒈠𒀜𒁕 (ma-ad-da /Mada/), 𒈠𒆪𒁁 (ma-da-be /Madabe/), 𒈠𒌨 (ma-taš /Mataš/)

→ Lycian: 𐊎𐊁𐊅𐊁 (Mede)

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎭 𐏐


𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹

mu-d-r-a-y (romanization)
Mudrāyaʰ (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *Mujrāyah, ultimately derived from Proto-Semitic *muṣr-ā- (“Egypt”). Compare Akkadian 𒈬𒀫 (muṣru), Ugaritic 𐎎𐎕𐎗𐎎 (mṣrm /miṣrāma/), Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (miṣráyim), and Achaemenid Elamite 𒈬𒄑𒍝𒊑𒅀 (mu-iṣ-ṣa-ri-ia).

cog

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹


𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹

Middle Persian:

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭣𐭥𐭠𐭩 (mudrāy /Mudrāy/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈬𒆪𒊑𒅀 (mu-da-ri-ya /Mudariya/), 𒈬𒌓𒊑 (mu-ud-ri /Mudri/), 𒈬𒄑𒍝𒊑𒅀 (mu-is-sa-ri-ia /Muisariya/), 𒈪𒆪𒊑𒅀 (mi-da-ri-ia /Midariya/) (reborrowing)

Egypt (a country and ancient kingdom in North Africa and Western Asia)


𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁

h-r-u-v-t-i-š (romanization)
Harauvatiš (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒊏𒄷𒌓 (a-ra-ḫu-ut /Araḫut/), 𒀀𒊒𒄷𒀜𒋾 (a-ru-ḫu-at-ti /Aruḫuati/), 𒀀𒊒𒄩𒀜𒋾 (a-ru-ḫa-at-ti /Aruḫati/), 𒀀𒊒𒄩𒀜𒋾𒀪 (a-ru-ḫa-at-ti-ʾ /Aruḫatiʾ/), 𒀀𒊒𒉺𒋾 (a-ru-ḫat-ti /Aruḫati/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡄𐡓𐡇𐡅𐡕𐡉 (hrḥwty), 𐡄𐡓𐡅𐡇𐡕𐡉 (hrwḥty)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: h:rw-x:d-i-i-xAst (hrwḫdy)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒊏𒈠𒋾𒆜 (ha-ra-ma-ti-iš /Haramatiš/), 𒄯𒊏𒌋𒈠𒋾𒆜 (har-ra-u-ma-ti-iš /Haraumatiš/), 𒄯𒈠𒋾𒆜 (har-ma-ti-iš /Harmatiš/), 𒄯𒊏𒈠𒋾𒆜 (har-ra-ma-ti-iš /Haramatiš/), 𒄯𒊒𒈠𒋾𒆜 (har-ru-ma-ti-iš /Harumatiš/), 𒄯𒊒𒈠𒌓𒋾𒆜 (har-ru-ma-ut-ti-iš /Harumautiš/), 𒄩𒊒𒈠𒋾𒆜 (ha-ru-m[a-ti-iš] /Harumatiš/), 𒄯𒆪𒋾𒆜 (har-ku-ti(-iš) /Harkutiš/), 𒄯𒆪𒌓𒋾 (har-ku-ut-ti /Harkuti/)

From Proto-Iranian *HárahwatiH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *SáraswatiH. Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬓𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍 (haraxᵛaⁱtī).


𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒁀𒀀 (har-ba-a /Harbā/), 𒄯𒁀𒀀𒁁 (har-ba-a-be /Harbābe/), 𒄯𒁀𒅀 (har-ba-ia /Harbaya/)


𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆳𒋡 (kur-ka₄ /Kurka/), 𒆳𒋡𒀊 (kur-ka₄-ap /Kurkap/), 𒆳𒋡𒁁 (kur-ka₄-be /Kurkabe/), 𒆳𒋡𒅁 (kur-ka₄-ip /Kurkaip/), 𒆳𒋡𒊏 (kur-ka₄-ra /Kurkara/), 𒆳𒁉 (kur-kaš /Kurkaš/)


𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽

b-a-b-i-ru (romanization)
bābiru (romanization)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: bA-bA-rw:xAst (bꜣbꜣrw)

→ Pali: Bāveru


𐎠𐎣𐎢𐎳𐎨𐎡𐎹𐎠

a-k-u-f-c-i-y-a (romanization)
Ākaufačiyā (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒆪𒉿𒄿𒅖 (a-ku-pi-i-iš /Akupīš/)

Literally "dwellers of the mountain-land", from *Ākaufaka- + *-(i)ya- (adjectival suffix). *Ākaufaka- itself is composed of *ā- (“to”) + *kaufa- (“mountain”) + *-ka- (hypocoristic suffix).


𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼

g-d-a-r (romanization)
Gaⁿdāraʰ (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒂵𒀭𒁕𒊑 (ga-an-da-ri /Gandari/), 𒃶𒁕𒅈 (gan-da-ar /Gandar/), 𒃶𒁕𒊏 (gan-da-ra /Gandara/), 𒃶𒁕𒊑 (gan-da-ri /Gandari/), 𒅗𒀭𒁕𒊏 (ka-an-da-ra /Kandara/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋡𒅔𒁕𒅕 (ka₄-in-da-ir /Kaindair/), 𒃷𒁕𒊏 (kán-da-ra /Kandara/), 𒃷𒁕𒌇 (kán-da-ráš /Kandaraš/)


𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠

a-θ-u-r-a (romanization)
aθurā (romanization)

→ Egyptian:

Latin script: A-SA-wA-rw:xAst (ꜣšꜣwꜣrw)

From Proto-Iranian *AcuraH, itself from Akkadian 𒀸𒋩𒆠 (Aššūr, “Assur”).


𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁

θ-t-gu-u-š (romanization)
Θataguš (romanization)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒊓𒀜𒆪𒆪𒆜 (sa-ad-da-ku-iš /Sadakuiš/), 𒊓𒆪𒆪 (sa-da-ku /Sadaku/), 𒊓𒌓𒆪𒆪𒆜 (sa-ud-da-ku-iš /Saudakuiš/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: Aa18-d:g-wA-U29-xAst (sꜣdgwꜣḏꜣ)

From *θatam (“hundred”) + *gāuš (“cattle”). Cognate with Old Median *Sataguš.


𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒊓𒌓𒁺 (sa-par-du /Sapardu/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: Aa18-p:rw-T-A-xAst (sꜣprwṯꜣ)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅖𒌓𒁕 (iš-par-da /Išparda/)

From Lydian 𐤳𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣 (šfard, literally “Sardian”)


𐏀𐎼𐎣

z-r-k (romanization)
Zaraⁿka (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒍝𒊏𒀭𒂵 (za-ra-an-ga /Zaranga/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: Aa18-rw:n-g:xAst (sꜣrwng)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄑𒊏𒀭𒋡 (iz-ra-an-ka₄ /Izranka/), 𒆰𒊏𒀭𒋡 (zir-ra-an-ka₄ /Ziranka/), 𒍢𒊏𒀭𒋡 (zí-ra-an-ka₄ /Ziranka/), 𒆰𒊏𒁉 (zir-ra-kaš /Zirakaš/)

Literally "Sea-Land", from Old Iranian *zranka- (“sea”).


𐎾𐎲𐎴𐎠𐎴

Lebanon (an ancient region in the Levant in Western Asia, roughly coextensive with the modern country of Lebanon)


𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒊑𒂊𒈨 (a-re-e-me /Arēme/), 𒀀𒊑𒂊𒈬 (a-re-e-mu /Arēmu/), 𒅈𒊑𒂊𒈨 (ar-re-e-me /Arēme/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: h:rw-wA-xAst (hrwwꜣ)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒊑𒈠 (ha-re-ma /Harema/), 𒄯𒊑𒈠 (har-re-ma /Harema/), 𒄯𒊒𒈠 (har-ru-ma /Haruma/), 𒄩𒊒𒈠 (ha-ru-ma /Haruma/)

Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬌𐬬𐬀 (harōiva), Sanskrit सरयु (saráyu, “air”).


𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠𐎹

head

𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠𐎹 (Kušāya)

Ultimately from Egyptian k-A-S:xAst (kꜣš), k-A-z:xAst (kꜣs), k:S-xAst (kš), k:S-y-xAst (kšj).
Either independently derived or potentially via Neo-Babylonian 𒆳𒆪𒌑𒋢 (Kūsu) or 𒆳𒆪𒌑𒋙 (Kūšu), which are not from Old Persian, but directly from Egyptian themselves.
Cognate with Late Babylonian 𒆳𒆪𒌑𒋗 (Kūšu), Hebrew כּוּשׁ (kûš), Ancient Greek Χους (Khous).


𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐏁

b-a-x-t-r-i-š (romanization)
Bāxtriš (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒁀𒀀𒄩𒋫𒅈 (ba-a-ḫa-ta-ar /Bāḫatar/), 𒁀𒄴𒋻 (ba-aḫ-tar /Baḫtar/), 𒁀𒄴𒋾𒅕 (ba-aḫ-ti-ir /Baḫtir/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: bA-x:T-rw:xAst (bꜣḫṯrw)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒀝𒋻𒊑𒆜 (ba-ak-tar-ri-iš /Baktariš/), 𒁀𒀝𒌉𒊑𒆜 (ba-ak-tur-ri-iš /Bakturiš/), 𒁀𒅅𒌉𒊑𒆜 (ba-ik-tur-ri-iš /Baikturiš/)

Either cognate with Persian باختر (bâxtar, “west”) and Avestan 𐬠𐬁𐬑𐬜𐬌 (bāxδi), or possibly Bāxtriš (“she who divides”) from the name of the river Βάκτρος (Báktros), itself derived from the root *bhag- (“to divide”) (cf. Sanskrit भज् (bháj-), Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬔 (bag)).


𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼

s-ku-u-d-r (romanization)
Skudra (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒄑𒆪𒁺𒊒 (is-ku-du-ru /Iskuduru/), 𒄑𒆪𒁺𒌨 (is-[k]u-du-ur /Iskdur/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: Aa18-kA:T-rw-A-xAst (sꜣkꜣṯrwꜣ)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆜𒆪𒋻𒊏 (iš-ku-tar-ra /Iškutara/), 𒆜𒆪𒋻𒊏𒁁 (iš-ku-tar-ra-be /Iškutarabe/), 𒆜𒆪𒋻𒊏𒅁 (iš-ku-tar-ra-ip /Iškutaraip/), 𒆜𒆪𒌉𒆷𒀊 (iš-ku-tur-la-ap /Iškuturlap/), 𒆜𒆪𒌉𒊏𒅁 (iš-ku-tur-ra-ip /Iškuturaip/), 𒅖𒆪𒌉𒌇 (iš-ku-tur-ráš /Iškuturaš/), 𒅖𒆪𒌉𒌇 (iš-ku-tur-ráš-be /Iškuturašbe/), 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒊏 (iš-ku-ud-ra /Iškudra/), 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒊏𒀊 (iš-ku-ud-ra-ap /Iškudrap/), 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒊏𒁁 (iš-ku-ud-ra-be /Iškudrabe/), 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒊏𒅁 (iš-ku-ud-ra-ip /Iškudraip/), 𒅖𒆪𒌓𒃲𒁁 (iš-ku-ud-ráb-be /Iškudrabe/), 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒋻𒊏𒅁 (iš-ku-ut-tar-ra-ip /Iškutaraip/), 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒌉𒅁 (iš-ku-ut-tur-ip /Iškuturip/), 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒌉𒊏𒅁 (iš-ku-ut-tur-ra-ip /Iškuturaip/)

From Old Median *Skuδah + 𐎼 (-raʰ, hypocoristic suffix), from Proto-Scythian *Skuδa, from Proto-Iranian *Skudah, ultimately from *(s)kewd- (“to propel, shoot”). Cognate with Ancient Greek Σκύθης (Skúthēs).


𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣

k-t-p-tu-u-k (romanization)
Katpatuka (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅗𒀜𒉺𒌇 (ka-at-pa-tuk /Katpatuk/), 𒅗𒀜𒉺𒌇𒀀𒀀 (ka-at-pa-tuk-a-a /Katpatukaya/), 𒅗𒀜𒉺𒌇𒅗 (ka-at-pa-tuk-ka /Katpatuka/), 𒅗𒀜𒌇𒆪 (ka-at-pa-tuk-ku /Katpatuku/), 𒆐𒉺𒌇𒅗 (kát-pa-tuk-ka /Katpatuka/)

→ Ancient Greek: Καππαδοκία (Kappadokía)

→ Latin: Cappadocia

→ Coptic: ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁⲇⲟⲕⲓⲁ (kappadokia)

→ Greek: Καππαδοκία (Kappadokía)

→ Turkish: Kapadokya

→ Aramaic:

Classical Syriac: ܩܦܕܘܩܝܐ (Qappaddōqīyā)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: g:d-p:d-kA-i*i-xAst (gdpdkꜣy)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋡𒀜𒁀𒁺𒁉 (ka₄-at-ba-du-kaš /Katbadukaš/), 𒋡𒀜𒁍𒌇𒁉 (ka₄-at-pu-tuk-kaš /Katputukaš/), 𒃰𒁀𒁺𒋡 (kat-ba-du-ka₄ /Katbaduka/), 𒃰𒁀𒁺𒁉 (kat-ba-du-kaš /Katbadukaš/), 𒃰𒁀𒁺𒊌𒋡 (kat-ba-du-uk-ka₄ /Katbaduka/), 𒋡𒌓𒁀𒁺𒋡 (ka₄-ut-ba-du-ka₄ /Kautbaduka/), 𒋡𒌓𒁀𒌇𒋡 (ka₄-ut-ba-tuk-ka₄ /Kautbatuka/)

→ Old Armenian: Կապադովկիա (Kapadovkia)

→ Parthian: 𐭊𐭐𐭅𐭕𐭊𐭉𐭀 (kpwtkyʾ /Kappōdakiyā/)

→ Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭯𐭥𐭲𐭪𐭩𐭠𐭩 (kpwtkyʾy /Kappōdakiyā/)

Uncertain; possibly Anatolian, compare Luwian 𒅗𒀜𒉺𒌅𒅗 (ka-ad-pa-tu-ka, “low country”), Hittite 𒅗𒋫𒁉𒁕 (ka-ta-pe-da, “place below”). More at Cappadocia.


Bagadātah

Middle Persian: (/Baydād/)

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭢𐭣𐭲 (bgdt), 𐭡𐭢𐭣𐭠𐭲𐭩 (bgdʾty)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒁀𒀝𒁕𒌈 (ba-ag-da-tu₄ /Bagdatu/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒁕𒀀𒋫 (ba-ga-ʾ-da-a-ta /Bagaʾdāta/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒁕𒀀𒋫𒀪 (ba-ga-ʾ-da-a-ta-ʾ /Bagaʾdātaʾ/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒁕𒀀𒋾 (ba-ga-ʾ-da-a-ti /Bagaʾdāti/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒁕𒀀𒌅 (ba-ga-ʾ-da-a-tú /Bagaʾdātu/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒁕𒀜𒋫𒀪 (ba-ga-ʾ-da-at-ta-ʾ /Bagaʾdātaʾ/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒁕𒋫𒀪 (ba-ga-ʾ-da-ta-ʾ /Bagaʾdataʾ/), 𒁀𒂵𒁕𒀀𒋾 (ba-ga-da-a-ti /Bagadāti/), 𒁀𒂵𒁕𒀀𒌓 (ba-ga-da-a-tú /Bagadātu/), 𒁀𒂵𒁕𒀀𒌈 (ba-ga-da-a-tu₄ /Bagadātu/), 𒁀𒂵𒁕𒁺 (ba-ga-da-du /Bagadadu/), 𒄷𒁕𒁕 (bag-da-da /Bagdada/), 𒁀𒄀𒁕𒀀𒌓 (ba-ge-da-a-tú /Bagedātu/), 𒀭𒈨𒌍𒁕𒀀𒋫 (DINGIR.MEŠ-da-a-ta /Bagadāta/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡂𐡃𐡕 (bgdt)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: [script needed] (pgtt)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒀝𒆪𒀜𒆪 (ba-ak-da-ad-da /Bakdada/), 𒁀𒀝𒆪𒌓𒆪 (ba-ak-da-ud-da /Bakdauda/), 𒁀𒅅𒆪𒌓𒆪 (ba-ik-da-ud-da /Baikdauda/), 𒁀𒋡𒆪𒀜 (ba-ka₄-da-ad /Bakadad/), 𒁀𒋡𒆪𒀜𒆪 (ba-ka₄-da-ad-da /Bakadada/), 𒁀𒋡𒆪𒆪 (ba-ka₄-da-da /Bakadada/), 𒁀𒋡𒆪𒌓𒆪 (ba-ka₄-da-ud-da /Bakadauda/)

→ Ancient Greek: Βαγαδάτες (Bagadátes), Βαγαδάτης (Bagadátēs), Μαγαδάτες (Magadátes) (possibly from a Proto-Armenian form)

→ Latin: Bagadates

→ English: Bagadates

→ Old Armenian: Բագադիա (Bagadia)

From Proto-Iranian *BágadaHtah. Equivalent to 𐏎 (BG /bagaʰ/, “god”) + 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”).


𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠

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𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (Putāyā)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁍𒌓𒁕𒀀𒅀 (pu-ud-da-a-ia /Pudāya/), 𒁍𒌓𒁕𒅀 (pu-ud-da-ia /Pudaya/), 𒁍𒌑𒋾𒅀𒀊 (pu-ú-ti-ia-ap /Pūtiyap/)

Ultimately from Egyptian p-i-i-t:Z1-T14:N26-Z1:Z1*Z1 (pyt, “Libya”), from earlier pwd. Compare with Demotic t:A-p-i-i-W-d:y-T14:N26 (tꜣ pywdj) Coptic ⲫⲁⲓⲁⲧ (phaiat) and ⲡⲁⲓⲉⲧ (paiet).
Either independently derived or potentially via Neo-Babylonian 𒁍𒌑𒂅 (pu-ú-ṭu /Pūṭu/) and Late Babylonian 𒁍𒌑𒁕 (pu-ú-ṭa /Pūṭa/), 𒁍𒁕𒀀𒀀 (pu-ṭa-a-a /Puṭā/), which are not from Old Persian, but directly from Egyptian themselves.


𐎿𐎢𐎦𐎢𐎭

s-u-gᵘ-u-d (romanization)
Suguda (romanization)

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (swt /Sūδ/)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒋢𒄖𒁺 (su-gu-du /Sugudu/), 𒋢𒄖𒌓 (su-gu-ud /Sugud/), 𒋢𒊌𒁺 (su-ug-du /Sugdu/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: Aa18-q:d-i-i-xAst (sꜣqdy)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋗𒊌𒆪 (šu-ug-da /Šugda/), 𒋢𒊌𒌨 (su-ug-daš /Sugdaš/)

From Sogdian *Suγδa << *Sukδa << *Sukuδa << *Sukuda, from a Proto-Iranian root that also gave Proto-Scythian *Skuδat (see Old Persian 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 (Skudra, “Thrace”) and Ancient Greek Σκύθης (Skúthēs, “Scythian”)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to propel, shoot, drive forth”).
Or Sug(u)da (literally “the burnt land”), cognate with Sogdian 𐼼𐼴𐼲𐽂 (swɣt) and Ossetian сугъдӕг (suǧdæg).
More at Sogdia.


𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹

u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-y (romanization)
ʰUvārazmiya- (romanization)

desc

Old Persian: 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁 (ʰUvārazmiš), 𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁 (Huvārazmiš)

desctree

Persian: خوارزم (xwârazm)
→ Arabic: خَوَارِزْم (ḵawārizm)
→ Armenian: Խորեզմ (Xorezm)
→ Azerbaijani: Xarəzm
→ English: Khwarazm
→ Kazakh: Хорезм (Xorezm)
→ Russian: Хоре́зм (Xorézm)
→ Turkish: Harezm
→ Turkmen: Horezm
→ Uzbek: Xorazm

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒄷𒈠𒀪𒊏𒍝𒂔 (ḫu-ma-ʾ-ra-za-am /Ḫumaʾrazam/), 𒄷𒈠𒊑𒄑𒈠𒀪 (ḫu-ma-ri-iz-ma-ʾ /Ḫumarizmaʾ/), 𒄷𒈠𒊑𒄑𒈬 (ḫu-ma-ri-iz-mu /Ḫumarizmu/), 𒄷𒈠𒊑𒍣𒅎 (ḫu-ma-ri-zi-im /Ḫumarizim/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Χορασμία (Khorasmía)
→ Latin: Chorasmia
French: Chorasmie
Italian: Corasmia
→ English: Chorasmia

→ Egyptian:

desc

Late Egyptian: M12-rw-Aa18-G20-xAst (ḫꜣrwsꜣmj), M12-rw-Aa18-m-xAst (ḫꜣrwsꜣm)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒌇𒈪𒅀 (ma-ráš-mi-ia /Marašmiya/)

Literally "dark-soiled land", from *(h)uvāra- (“dark”) + *zmī- (“land”), cognate with the East Iranian form *Xvārazmī-.


𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹

u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-y (romanization)
ʰUvārazmīya (romanization)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁 (u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-š /ʰUvārazmiš/, “Chorasmia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹


𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺

p-r-θ-v (romanization)
Parθavaʰ (romanization)

Uncertain; possibly:
* from *Parθaʰ + -𐎺 (-vaʰ, adjectival suffix), related to 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsaʰ/, “Persian”),
* from *pr̥θvī (“area”), from Proto-Iranian *pr̥θwíH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥tHwíH, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂-éwih₂, from *pléth₂us (“flat, broad”), cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī, “surface”), Sanskrit पृथ्वी (pṛthvī, “the Earth”),
* or syncopated from earlier *Parārθavaʰ, from *parārθam (“exterior, remote”) + -𐎺 (-vaʰ, adjectival suffix, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós), from Proto-Iranian *paraHárθam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paraHártʰam, from *para- (“farther, highest”, from Proto-Indo-European *pér-o- (“distant, beyond”)) + *Hártʰam (“event, thing, purpose”), cognate with Sanskrit परार्थ (parārtha, “highest advantage, interest”).

adjectival suffix, from Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-wós</i>

af

from Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pér-o-</i> (“distant, beyond”)


𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺

desc

Middle Persian: (/pahraw(ag) ~ pahlaw(ag)/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: (early Middle Persian) 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭩 (plswby /parθaw/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pʾhlwb')

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫍𐫡𐫇𐫃 (phrwg)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒉺𒅈𒌅𒈠𒀀𒀀 (pa-ar-tu-ma-a-a /Partumāya/), 𒉺𒅈𒌅𒌑 (pa-ar-tu-ú /Partū/), 𒌓𒌅 (par-tu /Partu/), 𒌓𒌅𒌑 (par-tu-ú /Partū/)

→ Ancient Greek: Πᾰ́ρθος (Párthos), Πᾰ́ρθυος (Párthuos)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡐𐡓𐡕𐡅 (prtw)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: p:rw-ti-i-wA-xAst (prwtjwꜣ), p:r-ti-i-wA-xAst (prtjwꜣ)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁇𒌅𒈠 (bar-tu-ma /Bartuma/), 𒁇𒌅𒈦 (bar-tu-maš /Bartumaš/)

→ Middle Chinese: 白疊 (po-tie)

→ Old Armenian: Պարթեւք (Partʻewkʻ)

→ Parthian:

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅 (prtw)

→ Sogdian:

Syriac script: ܦܪܬ݂ܘܐܝܟ (prθwʾyq /parθawīk/)


𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫀𐫏𐫇𐫗 (ʾʾywn /āywan/, “palace”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾdwn' /ēwan/, “stalk, trunk”)

→ Akkadian: 𒀊𒉺𒁕𒀭 (ap-pa-da-an /appadān/)

→ Aramaic:

Aramaic: אַפַּדְנָא (/ʾāppaḏnāʾ/)

Palmyrene script: 𐡠𐡱𐡣𐡭𐡠 (ʾpdnʾ /ʾāppaḏnāʾ/)

Classical Syriac: ܐܦܕܢܐ (/ʾāppaḏnāʾ/)

→ Hebrew: אַפֶּדֶן (/ʾāppaḏan/)

→ Elamite: 𒄩𒁀𒆪𒈾 (ha-ba-da-na /habadana/)

* Compare Parthian 𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍 (ʾpdn) 𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍𐭉 (ʾpdny /apadan/), 𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍𐭊 (ʾpdnk)𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍𐭊𐭉 (ʾpdnky /apadanak/), Manichaean Parthian 𐫀𐫛𐫅𐫗 (ʾpdn), 𐫀𐫜𐫅𐫗 (ʾfdn /afdan/, “palace”), and borrowings Old Armenian ապարանք (aparankʻ), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic אפדנא, Classical Syriac ܐܦܕܢܐ (ʾāppaḏnāʾ), Hebrew אפדן, Arabic فدن (fadan).
* Compare with Sanskrit अपध (apadha, “concealment”) and Ancient Greek ἀποθήκη (apothḗkē, “storehouse”).


𐎣𐎼𐏁𐎹𐎠

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𐎣𐎼𐏁𐎹𐎠 (karšayā)


𐎣𐎢𐎳

k-u-f (romanization)
kaufaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫐𐫇𐫛 (kwp), 𐫞𐫇𐫛 (qwp), 𐫐𐫇𐫜 (kwf)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (kwp)

From Proto-Iranian *káwfš. Cognate with Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬊𐬟𐬀 (kaofa).


farnāh

Middle Persian: 𐫛𐫡𐫍 (prh /farrah/) (< gen.sg. *farnahaʰ)

Classical Persian: فره (farrah)

Dari: فر (farr)

Iranian Persian: فر (far(r))

Tajik: фарр (farr)

→ Arabic: فَخْر (faḵr)

→ Old Armenian: փառք (pʻaṙkʻ)

→ Bactrian: φαρο (faro), φαρρο (farro)

→ Parthian: 𐫛𐫡𐫍 (prh /farrah/)

Borrowed from Old Median *farnāh, from Proto-Iranian *huHarnā́h.


𐎿𐎣

Persian: سکاستان (sakâstân)

Persian: سجستان (sejestân)

Persian: سیستان (sistân)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒊕𒅗𒀀𒀀 (sak-ka-a-a /Sakāya/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: Aa18-g:xAst (sꜣg), s-sk-k:xAst (sk)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒐼𒀝𒋡 (šá-ak-ka₄ /Šaka/)

Encyclopædia Iranica
Saka
Scythia
Scythians

Scythia, an ancient region of the eastern Iranian Plateau.

𐏐 𐎴𐎮𐎡𐎫𐎲𐎡𐎼𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎼𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐎠𐎺𐎠𐎩𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎼𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐎠𐏃𐎶 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎷𐎡𐏂𐎡𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎠𐎲𐎺 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎩 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎭 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 𐏐 𐎶𐎼𐎦𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁
𐏐 𐎿𐎣 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏑 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶
𐏐 𐎨𐎡𐎨𐎧𐎼𐎠𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐎤𐎢𐎥𐎴𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎺𐎼𐎭𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎺𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹 𐏐
n-di-i-t-b-i-r-m : a-d-m : b-a-b-i-r-u-v : a-v-a-j-n-m : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š : x-š-a-y-θ-i-y
y-a-t-a : a-d-m : b-a-b-i-r-u-v : a-h-m : i-m-a : d-h-y-a-v : t-y-a : h-c-a-m : h-mi-i-ç-i-y-a
a-b-v : p-a-r-s : u-v-j : m-a-d : a-θ-u-r-a : mu-u-d-r-a-y : p-r-θ-v : m-r-gu-u-š : θ-t-gu-u-š
s-k : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š : x-š-a-y-θ-i-y : 1 m-r-t-i-y : m-r-t-i-y : n-a-m
c-i-c-x-r-a-i-š : p-u-ç : ku-u-g-n-k-a : n-a-m : v-r-d-n-m : p-a-r-s-i-y : a-v-d-a : a-d-a-r-y :
/: Naditabairam : adam : Bābarauv : avājanam : θātiy : Dārayavauš : xšāyaθiya
yātā : adam : Bābarauv : āham : imā : dahyāva : tyā : hacāma : hamiçiyā
abava : Pārsa : Ūvja : Māda : Aθurā : Mudrāya : Parθava : Marguš : Θataguš
Saka : θātiy : Dārayavauš : xšāyaθiya : aiva : martiya : Martiya : nāma
Cicixrāiš : puça : Kuganakā : nāma : vardanam : Pārsaiy : avadā : adāraya :/
… slew that Nidintu-Bel at Babylon. Saith Darius the king:
While I was in Babylon, these are the provinces which became rebellious from me:
Persia, Elam, Assyria, Egypt, Margiana, Sattagydia,
Scythia. Saith Darius the king: One man, named Martiya,

son of Cicixri - a town by the name of Kuganakā in Persia - there he abode.…

Saka and Scythians, a nomadic people of the Eurasian steppes


𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹

h-x-a-m-n-i-š-i-y (romanization)
Haxāmanišyaʰ (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒀭𒉌𒅖𒀪 (a-ḫa-ma-an-ni-iš-ʾ /Aḫamanišʾ/), 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒀭𒎙𒅆𒀪 (a-ḫa-ma-an-niš-ši-ʾ /Aḫamanišiʾ/), 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒎙𒉌𒅖𒅆 (a-ḫa-ᵐᵃman-ni-iš-ši /Aḫamaniši/), 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒉌𒅖𒅆 (a-ḫa-ma-ni-iš-ši /Aḫamaniši/), 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒉌𒅖𒅆𒀪 (a-ḫa-ma-ni-iš-ši-ʾ /Aḫamanišiʾ/), 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒉌𒅆𒀪 (a-ḫa-ma-ni-ši-ʾ /Aḫamanišiʾ/), 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒎙𒅆𒀪 (a-ḫa-ma-niš-ši-ʾ /Aḫamanišiʾ/), 𒀀𒄩𒎙𒎙𒅆𒀪 (a-ḫa-man-niš-ši-ʾ /Aḫamanišiʾ/), 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒉡𒍑 (a-ḫa-ma-nu-uš /Aḫamanuš/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: i-A-x-m-ini-N38 (jꜣḫmjnš), i-A-x:H_SPACE-m-n:N38-A41 (jꜣḫmnš), i-A-x:H_SPACE-m-i-n:N38-A41 (jꜣḫmjnš)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒀝𒋡𒎙𒉡𒆜𒅆𒅀 (ha-ak-ka₄-man-nu-iš-ši-ia /Hakamanuišiya/), 𒄩𒀝𒋡𒎙𒉡𒅆𒅀 (ha-ak-ka₄-man-nu-ši-ia /Hakamanušiya/), 𒄩𒀝𒋡𒎙𒉡𒌋𒅆𒅀 (ha-ak-ka₄-man-nu-u-ši-ia /Hakamanūšiya/), 𒄩𒋡𒎙𒈾𒐼 (ha-ka₄-man-na-šá /Hakamanaša/), 𒄩𒋡𒎙𒈾𒍝 (ha-ka₄-man-na-za /Hakamanaza/), 𒄩𒋡𒎙𒉡𒆜𒅆𒅀 (ha-ka₄-man-nu-iš-ši-ia /Hakamanuišiya/), 𒄩𒋡𒎙𒉡𒅆𒅀 (ha-ka₄-man-nu-ši-ia /Hakamanušiya/)

From 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁 (h-x-a-m-n-i-š /Haxāmaniš/, “Achaemenes”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix).

af

CMa
𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹
𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹
Adam : Kūruš : xšāya
θiya : Haxāmanišiya


𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴

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𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 (Vr̥kānaʰ)

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 (gʿlgʾn /Gurgān/)

→ Ancient Greek: Γουργάν (Gourgán)

Persian: گرگان (gorgân)

Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭠𐭭 (ʿlʿcʾn /Wiruz-ān/)

Persian: گرجستان (gorjestân)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒅕𒋡𒀭 (mi-ir-ka₄-an /Mirkan/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ὑρκᾱνίᾱ (Hurkāníā)
Greek: Υρκανία (Yrkanía)
→ Latin: Hyrcania

From 𐎺𐎼𐎣 (v-r-k /vr̥kaʰ/, “wolf”) + 𐎴 (n /*-naʰ/, nominal suffix). Inherited from Proto-Iranian *Wŕ̥kānah (compare Avestan 𐬬𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬁𐬥𐬀 (Vəhrkāna) and Parthian 𐭅𐭓𐭊𐭍 (wrkn /Wurgān/)).


𐎺𐎼𐎣

Middle Persian: (/gurg/)

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫇𐫡𐫃 (gwrg)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwlg)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢 (gʿlg)

Pazend script: 𐬔𐬎𐬭𐬔 (gurg)

From Proto-Iranian *wŕ̥kah (compare Avestan 𐬬𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬀 (vəhrka)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wŕ̥kas (“wolf”) (compare Sanskrit वृक (vṛka)), from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”) (compare Lithuanian vilkas, Old Church Slavonic влькъ (vlĭkŭ), Tocharian B walkwe, Latin lupus, Old English wulf (English wolf).


𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴𐎶

𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴𐎶𐏐𐎿𐎬𐎢𐎴𐎠𐎹𐏐𐎠𐎰𐎥𐎡𐎴𐎶𐏐𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠𐏐𐏋𐏐𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣𐏐𐎠𐎤𐎢𐎴𐎢𐏁𐏐𐏃𐎹𐏐𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐏐𐏋𐏐𐎱𐎢𐏂𐎠𐏐𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹

accusative singular of 𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴 (a-p-d-a-n)


𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣

Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭰𐭥𐭫𐭢 (wuzurg)

Persian: بزرگ (bozorg)

→ Old Armenian: վզուրկ (vzurk)

Originally meaning "endowed with generative power", from vazra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wáȷ́ras (“strong”), from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, lively, awake”). Cognate with Sanskrit वाज (vā́ja, “strength, vigor, energy”), वज्र (vájra, “Indra's thunderbolt, a symbol of generative force”), Latin vigeō (“to thrive”), vegeō (“to quicken, arouse”) and Old English wacan, wacian (English wake).

cog

𐎲𐎥 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 ― baga vazạrka Auramazdā ― Great is the god Ahura Mazda

𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶

c. 522–486 BCE, Behistun Inscription [DB], column 1, line 1:

I am Darius, the great king, king of kings

adam Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya vazạrka xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām


hammārakarah

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭧𐭬𐭠𐭫𐭪𐭫𐭩 (ḥmʾlkly /hammārgar/), 𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭫𐭪𐭫𐭩 (ʾmʾlkly /āmārgar/, “chief fiscal officer”)

Persian: آمارگر (âmârgar)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒄩𒄠𒈠𒊏𒀀𒅗𒀀𒊒 (ḫa-am-ma-ra-a-ka-a-ru /ḫamarākāru/), 𒄠𒈥𒋼𒊏 (am-mar-kar-ra /amarkara/), 𒄠𒈠𒊑𒀀𒆗 (am-ma-ri-a-kal /amariakal/), 𒄠𒈠𒊒𒀀𒆗 (am-ma-ru-a-kal /amaruakal/), 𒄠𒈠𒊑𒀀𒅗𒊑 (am-ma-ri-a-ka-ri /amariakari/)

→ Aramaic:

Judeo-Aramaic: אמרכלא (ʾămarkəlā), אמרכול (ʾămarkōl) (via Middle Iranian)

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡄𐡌𐡓𐡊𐡓𐡀 (hmrkrʾ)

→ Armenian:

→ Old Armenian: համարակար (hamarakar) (possibly via Middle Iranian) (see there for further descendants)

→ Gandhari: 𐨨𐨪𐨬𐨪 (maravara, “accountant”) (or from a similar etymon)

→ Hebrew: אֲמַרְכָּל (ʾămarkāl), אֲמַרְכּוֹל (ʾămarkōl) (via Middle Iranian)

→ Parthian: 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾḥmrkr), 𐭀𐭄𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾhmrkr)

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܗܡܪܐܓܪ (ʾhmrʾgr)

* From Proto-Iranian *ham- + a form of *mar-, which is a later form of the root *hmar- (“think of”), + *kara- (“to do”) (then it would be reconstructed as *hammārakara- or *hamārakara-). The constituents go back to Proto-Indo-European *sem-, *(s)mer- (compare Sanskrit स्मरति (smárati, “to remember”)) and *kʷer- respectively.
* From the root *hmar- without prefixation + *kara- (“to do”) (then it would be reconstructed as *hmārakara-).
The initial 𐭀 (ʾ) in Parthian 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾḥmrkr) does not contradict the first theory: compare 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭕𐭍 (ʾḥmtn), which corresponds to Old Persian 𐏃𐎥𐎶𐎫𐎠𐎴 (h-g-m-t-a-n /Ha(n)gmatāna-/, “Ecbatana”).
The presence of -mm- in Akkadian (Late Babylonian) forms strengthens the first theory.
Akin to Bactrian υαμαρογαρο (uamarogaro). Note also Old Armenian համար (hamar).


𐎼𐎧𐎠

r-x-a (romanization)
Raxā (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒊏𒄩𒀪 (ra-[ḫa]- /Raḫaʾ/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡓𐡇𐡀 (rḥʾ)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒊩𒋡𒀭 (rák-ka₄-an /Rakan/)

𐎼𐎧𐎠 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎺𐎼𐎭𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐎡𐎹


gandabarah

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒃷𒁕𒁇𒊏 (kan₂-da-bar-ra /kandabara/)

Biblical Aramaic: גדבר (gdbr) (possibly)


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎣

a-r-š-k (romanization)
R̥šakaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: *Aršak

Persian: ارشک (aršak), اشک (Ašk)

→ Arabic: أَشَك (ʔašak)

→ Gandhari: 𐨀𐨪𐨿𐨮𐨐 (Arṣaka)

→ Old Armenian: Արշակ (Aršak) (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Chinese: 安息 (ʔan-sik)

→ Ossetian: Арсӕгтӕ (Arsægtæ)

→ Parthian:

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭀𐭓𐭔𐭊 (ʾršk /Aršak/)

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܪܫܟ (ʾAršaḵ)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρσάκης (Arsákēs)
Greek: Αρσάκης (Arsákis)
→ Latin: Arsacēs

From *(w)r̥šā (“man; hero”) + 𐎣 (k /-kaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix). First element alternatively from *r̥šaʰ (“bear”), from Proto-Iranian *Hŕ̥šah.


𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎨𐎴

Aspacanāʰ (romanization)
nom. (romanization singular)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒊍𒉺𒅆𒉌 (as-pa-ši-ni /Aspašini/), 𒀀𒊓𒉺𒅆𒅔 (a-sa-pa-ši-in /Asapašin/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡎𐡐𐡔𐡍 (ʾspšn)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒀾𒁀𒍝𒈾 (áš-ba-za-na /Ašbazana/), 𒀾𒁀𒍢𒈾 (áš-ba-zí-na /Ašbazina/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀσπαθίνης (Aspathínēs)
→ Latin: Aspathinēs

Nominative singular of Aspačanah (literally “delighting in horses”), from 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (aspa, “horse”) + *čanah (“desire”) (from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kan-).
Compare equivalent in Old Median *Aspačinā (literally “desiring for horses”).

cog

a male given name most famously held by a senior official under Darius the Great and Xerxes. Aspacanah, Aspacana, Aspachanah, Aspachana, Aspathines, Aspačanā, Aspathines


kāravā

desctree

Middle Persian: kʾlwʾn' (kʾlwʾn' /kārawān/) (< acc.sg. *kāravānam or nom.pl. *kāravānah)
Persian: کاروان (kârvân), کارْبان (kârbân) (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: [script needed] (kar-ra-ma-na) (< acc.sg. *kāravānam or nom.pl. *kāravānah)

From Proto-Iranian *kā́rawā ~ *kārawnáh (“mobilized army, caravan”).


ganzabarah

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: 𐯋𐮲𐮵𐮿𐮵𐮱𐮹 (gncwbl /ganjwar/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭭𐭦𐭥𐭡𐭥 (gnzwbr /ganjwar/)

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫗𐫉𐫇𐫡 (gnzwr /ganzwar/)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒃶𒍝𒁀𒊒 (gan-za-ba-ru /ganzabaru/), 𒃶𒍝𒁇𒊑 (gan-za-bar-ri /ganzabari/), 𒂵𒀭𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ga-an-za-ba-ra /ganzabara/), 𒃶𒍪𒁇𒊏 (gan-zu-bar-ra /ganzubara/)

→ Aramaic:

Biblical Aramaic: גזבר (gizbar)

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡂𐡍𐡆𐡁𐡓 (gnzbr)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋡𒀭𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ka₄-an-za-ba-ra /kanzabara/), 𒋡𒅔𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ka₄-in-za-ba-ra /kainzabara/), 𒃶𒍝𒁇𒊏 (kán-za-bar-ra /kanzabara/), 𒋡𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ka₄-za-ba-ra /kazabara/)


𐎠𐎿𐎲𐎠𐎼

a-s-b-a-r (romanization)
asabāra (romanization)

Middle Persian: ʾswbʾl, ʾsp̄wʾl (/aswār/)

Classical Persian: سوار (suwār) (see there for further descendants)

Iranian Persian: سوار (sovâr, savâr)

Tajik: савор (savor)

الأَسَاوِرَة

→ Arabic: أُسْوَار (ʔuswār), إِسْوَار (ʔiswār), الأَسَاوِرَة pl (al-ʔasāwira), الأَسَاوِر pl (al-ʔasāwir)

→ Persian: اسوار (osvâr), اساوره pl (asâvere), اساور pl (asâver)

→ Bactrian: ασβαρο (asbaro)

→ Persian: اسوار (asvâr, esvâr), اسواران pl (asvârân)

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܣܘܪ (eswār)

desctree

→ Old Gujarati: असवार (asavāra)
Gujarati: અસવાર (asavār)
Marwari:
Devanagari script: असवार (asvār)
Mahajani script: 𑅐𑅰𑅯𑅭 (asvr)

→ Parthian: 𐭀𐭎𐭁𐭓𐭉 (ʾsbry)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Iranian *Hacwabāráh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haćwabʰāras. Analyzable as 𐎠𐎿 (asa, “horse”) + 𐎲𐎠𐎼 (bāra-, “carried by, rider”), the latter from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. See also Ասպուրակէս (Aspurakēs).


nauciš

Early Middle Persian: *nōǰ

Late Middle Persian: *nōz

desc

Persian: نوج (nôj), نوژ (nōž), نوز (nōz)

→ Old Armenian: նոճ (noč), նոճի (noči, “cypress”)

→ Elamite: 𒈾𒌋𒍢𒅖 (na-u-zí-iš /nauziš/)

Of uncertain origin.
In view of isolated distribution and no obvious correspondences in any other branch of Indo-European, Gamkrelidze / Ivanov consider the word borrowed from Proto-Kartvelian *naʒw- (“spruce”). On the other hand, according to Ačaṙean the Kartvelian forms themselves are borrowed from Iranian.
Gamkrelidze / Ivanov give an alternative native etymology from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us (“ship”), remarking that in case the direction of borrowing is the reverse, contacts between Iranian and Kartvelian languages would have to be posited as early as the period of Proto-Kartvelian unity, no later than the first half of the second millennium B.C.
Compare also Persian ناژو (nâžu, “pine”), ناجو (nâju, “pine”), ناژون (nâžun, “juniper”), Ossetian нӕзы́ (næzý) / нази (nazi, “pine”), Chechen наж (naž, “oak”), Ingush наж (naž, “oak”) which may be related.


𐎠𐎿𐎴

Variant of 𐎠𐎰𐎥 (aθaⁿga) affected by Median substrate, from the same source.


𐎠𐎰𐎥

a-θ-g (romanization)
aθaⁿgaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/sang/)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐮽𐮵𐯋𐮲 (sng), [script needed] (KYPA)

Zazaki: si(g)


A symbol of the Old Persian cuneiform script, the word divider.


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠

From 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 (y-u-n-a /Yaunā/, “Greek, Ionian”) + 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼 (t-k-b-r /takabara/). Literally means "Greeks with hats that look like shields", probably a reference to the kausia hat typically worn by the ancient Macedonians.
Compare:
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā, “a Scythian people”, literally “Sacae with pointed caps”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y /Yaunā tayaiy paradraya/, literally “Greeks who are across the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : d-r-y-h-y-a /Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā/, literally “Greeks who are by the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : u-š-k-h-y-a /Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā/, literally “Greeks who are of the Mainland”).

af

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴
𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹
𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎨𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y : a-r-mi-i-n
k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n : s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y
s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-k-b-r-a : p-u-t-a-y-a
ku-u-š-i-y-a : m-c-i-y-a : k-r-k-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š
/: Arabāya : Mudrāya : Armina
Katpatuka : Sparda : Yauna : Sakā : tayaiy : paradraya
Skudra : Yaunā : takabarā : Putāyā
Kūšiyā : Maciyā : Karkā : θātiy : Dārayavauš/
… Arabia, Egypt, Armenia,
Cappadocia, Lydia, Greece, the Scythians who are across the Sea,
Thrace, the Greeks who wear shield-like hats, Libya,

Ancient Macedonians
Naqsh-e Rostam
Xerxes I
kausia


𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹𐎣𐎼

𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎣𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎶

The goldsmiths who wrought the gold were Lydians […]

[…] Spardiyā martiyā dāraniyakarā tayaiy daraniyam […]


𐎴𐎺𐎶

n-v-m (romanization)
navama (romanization)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnawamás (“ninth”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥ (“nine”). Cognate with Sanskrit नवम (navamá), Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀 (naoma).


𐎠𐎼𐎧

a-r-x (romanization)
Araxaʰ (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒊏𒄷 (a-ra-ḫu /Araḫu/)

→ Armenian: Արախա (Araxa)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒊩𒋡 (ha-rák-ka₄ /Haraka/)

Unknown; possibly of Armenian origin, compare արքայ (arkʻay, “king”) or երախայ (eraxay, “child”).

𐏑 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎧 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎡/𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎾𐎮𐎡𐎫𐏃𐎹

One man named Araxa, an Armenian, son of Haldita

Aiva martiya Arxa nāma Arminiya Halditahya puça

A male given name of historical usage, Arakha


𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹

d-r-n-y (romanization)
daraniya (romanization)

→ Aramaic: דריכונא (drykwnʾ)

→ Ancient Greek: Δαρεικός (Dareikós, “Persian daric”)

→ English: daric

→ Biblical Hebrew: אֲדַרְכּוֹן (adarkon)

→ Parthian: 𐫅𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫃 (dʾryg /dārīg/, “gold coin, Dareikos”)

→ Sogdian: ܠܐܪܝܟ (δʾryk /δārīk/)

→ Classical Syriac: ܕܪܝܟܘܢܐ (drykwnʾ)

From Proto-Iranian *jr̥Hanyam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₃-en-yo-m, from *ǵʰelh₃- (“to shine”). Cognate to Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬦𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zarańiia), Sanskrit हिरण्य (hiraṇya) and English gold.


𐎺𐏁𐎴𐎠

va-ša-na-a (romanization)
vašnā (romanization)

Instrumental singular masculine inflection of 𐎺𐏁𐎴 (vašna, “will, favor”).

(please add the primary text of this usage example)
vašnā Auramazdāha adam xšāyaθiya amiy
by the greatness of Ahuramazdā I am king

by the grace of, by the greatness of, by the will of


𐎠𐎡𐎺

From Proto-Iranian *Háywah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háywas.


𐎠𐎡𐎺

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫏𐫇 (ʿyw /ēw/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾy /ē/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭸 (HD)


𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱

vi-š-t-a-s-p (romanization)
Vištāspaʰ (romanization)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱 (nominative singular)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎠 (singular)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

Middle Persian:

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭥𐭱𐭲𐭮𐭯 (gʿštsp /Guštāsp/), 𐭥𐭱𐭲𐭠𐭮𐭯𐭩 (ʿštʾspy /Wištāsp/)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒍑𒋫𒊍𒉺 (uš-ta-as-pa /Uštaspa/), 𒍑𒋫𒊍𒉿 (uš-ta-as-pi /Uštaspi/), 𒍑𒋫𒊍𒁍 (uš-ta-as-pu /Uštaspu/), 𒍑𒌨𒁍 ([uš-ta]s-pu /Uštaspu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὑστάσπης (Hustáspēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡔𐡕𐡀𐡎𐡐 (wštʾsp)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: wA-i-i-SA-ti-i-Aa18:p-i-i (wꜣyšꜣtjsꜣpy)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒆜𒆪𒀾𒁀 (mi-iš-da-áš-ba /Mišdašba/)

→ Lycian: 𐊇𐊆𐊈𐊗𐊗𐊖𐊓𐊓𐊀 (Wizttsppa)

Borrowed from Avestan 𐬬𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀 (Vištāspa). Equivalent to *vištah (“free, unbridled”) + 𐎠𐎿 (a-s /asaʰ/), 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (a-s-p /aspaʰ/, “horse”).

af

(please add the primary text of this usage example)
Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya vazạrka Vištāspahạyā puça Haxāmanišiya
Darius, the great king, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenid

A male given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Hystaspes


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠

y-u-n-a (romanization)
Yaunā (romanization)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎹𐎢𐎴 (y-u-n /Yauna/, “Greece”) + -𐎠 (-a, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹

y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y /Yaunā tayaiy paradraya/

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠

y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : u-š-k-h-y-a /Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā/

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠

y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : d-r-y-h-y-a /Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā/

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴
𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹
𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎨𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y : a-r-mi-i-n
k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n : s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y
s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-k-b-r-a : p-u-t-a-y-a
ku-u-š-i-y-a : m-c-i-y-a : k-r-k-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š
/: Arabāya : Mudrāya : Armina
Katpatuka : Sparda : Yauna : Sakā : tayaiy : paradraya
Skudra : Yaunā : takabarā : Putāyā
Kūšiyā : Maciyā : Karkā : θātiy : Dārayavauš/
Arabia, Egypt, Armenia,
Cappadocia, Lydia, Greece, the Scythians who are across the Sea,
Thrace, the Greeks who wear shield-like hats, Libya,

𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐎿𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁𐎣𐎼𐎫𐎶
a-θ-u-r-a : a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y :
a-r-mi-i-n : k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n-a
t-y-i-y : d-r-y-h-y-a : u-t-a : t-y-i-y
p-r-d-r-y : s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y
p-r-d-r-y : k-r-k-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š
XŠ : v-s-i-y : t-y : du-u-š-k-r-t-m
/: Aθurā : Arabāya : Mudrāya :
Armina : Katpatuka : Sparda : Yaunā
tayaiy : drayahyā : utā : tayaiy
paradraya : Skudra : Yaunā : tayaiy
paradraya : Karkā : θātiy : Dārayavauš
xšāyaθiya : vasiy : tya : duškartam/
Assyria, Arabia, Egypt,

who are by the Sea and
across the Sea, Thrace, the Greeks who are
across the Sea. Saith Darius
the King: much which was ill done …

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎿𐎥𐎼𐎫 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣
a-r-b-a-y : a-θ-u-r-a : mu-u-d-r-a-y-a
a-r-mi-i-n : k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n-a
t-y-i-y : u-š-k-h-y-a : u-t-a : t-y-i-y
d-r-y-h-y-a : u-t-a : d-h-y-a-v : t-y-a
p-r : d-r-y : a-s-g-r-t : p-r-θ-v : z-r-k
/: Arabāya : Aθurā : Mudrāyā
Armina : Katpatuka : Sparda : Yaunā
tayaiy : uškahyā : utā : tayaiy
drayahyā : utā : dahyāva : tyā
para : draya : Asagarta : Parθava : Zraⁿka/
Arabia, Assyria, Egypt,

who are of the Mainland and who
are by the Sea, and the Countries which are
across the Sea, Sagartia, Parthia, Drangiana, …


𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹

a-mi-i-y (romanization)
aʰmiy (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *Háhmi, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hásmi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésmi, from *h₁es- (“to be”). Cognate with Sanskrit अस्मि (ásmi).

first-person singular present indicative of 𐎠𐎿𐎫𐎡𐎹 (astiy); am


𐎶𐎴𐏃

m-n-h (romanization)
manah (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *mánah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mánas. Compare Sanskrit मनस् (manas).


𐎱𐎫𐎡𐏁

From Proto-Iranian *pati- (“against”), from a variant of Proto-Indo-Iranian *práti, from Proto-Indo-European *per-, *próti, *préti; compare Sanskrit प्रति (prati), Ancient Greek πρός (prós), Latin pretium, Old Church Slavonic противъ (protivŭ).


𐏃𐎶

Middle Persian: hm (ham)

Persian: هم (ham)

Northern Luri: هوم (hom)

From Proto-Iranian *hamHás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHás.


𐏃𐎶𐎼𐎴

h-m-r-n (romanization)
hamarana (romanization)

Middle Persian: hmlʾnyh (hamrānīh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHáranam (“battle, strife”), from Proto-Indo-European *sem-h₃ér-en-o-m. Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀 (hamar^əna), Sanskrit समरण (samaraṇa).


𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎲𐎼

𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎲𐎼 𐏐 𐎺𐏁𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠𐏃

[…] the great Ahuramazda gave through his will […]

v-z-r-k : a-u-r-m-z-d-a : f-r-a-b-r : v-š-n-a : a-u-r-m-z-d-a-h


𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎶𐎠

f-r-t-m-a (romanization)
fratama (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *fratamáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pratʰamás.


𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃

r-u-c-h (romanization)
raucah (romanization)
𐎼𐎢𐎨 (nominative singular)
𐎼𐎢𐎨 (accusative singular)
𐎼𐎢𐎨𐎲𐎡𐏁 (instrumental plural)

Middle Persian: (/rōz/, “day”)

Manichaean script: 𐫡𐫇𐫝 (rwc), 𐫡𐫇𐫉 (rwz)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐮹𐮵𐮿 (YWM)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭩𐭥𐭬 (YWM), 𐭫𐭥𐭰 (lwc)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮈𐮅𐮋 (YWM), 𐮊𐮅𐮍𐮎𐮈 (lwspy /rōsp/)


𐎼𐎢𐎨

ra-u-ca (romanization)
raucaʰ (romanization)

nominative/accusative singular of 𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃 (ra-u-ca-h /raucah/)


𐎼𐎢𐎨𐎲𐎡𐏁

ra-u-ca-b-i-š (romanization)
raucabiš (romanization)


𐎿𐎡𐎹𐎶

sa-i-ya-ma (romanization)
sēma (romanization)

Middle Persian: sym (sēm)

Persian: سیم (sim)


𐏃𐎥𐎶𐎫𐎠𐎴

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭧𐭬𐭲𐭠𐭭 (ʾhmtʾn /Ahmadān/)

Persian: همدان (hamadân, hamedân)

Persian: هگمتانه (hegmatâne)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒆳𒀀𒃵𒋫𒉡 (ₖᵤᵣa-gam-ta-nu /Agamtanu/), 𒀀𒂵𒈠𒋫𒉡 (a-ga-ma-ta-nu /Agamatanu/), 𒀀𒃵𒈠𒋫𒉡 (a-gam-ma-ta-nu /Agamatanu/), 𒀀𒃵𒋫𒉡 (a-gam-ta-nu /Agamtanu/), 𒀝𒈠𒋫𒉡 (ag-ma-ta-nu /Agmatanu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀγβάτανα (Agbátana), Ἐκβάτανα (Ekbátana)

Latin: Ecbatana, Ecbatanas, Ecbatanis Partiorum

Old Armenian: Եկբատան (Ekbatan)

→ Aramaic:

Aramaic: אַחְמְתָא (Aḥmeta)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒀝𒈠𒆪𒈾 (ag-ma-da-na /Agmadana/), 𒀝𒈠𒆪𒈾 (ak-ma-da-na /Akmadana/)

Parthian: 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭕𐭍 (ʾḥmtn /Ahmadān/)

qual

Old Armenian: Ահմատան (Ahmatan), Ահմադան (Ahmadan), Համատան (Hamatan) (or from other Middle Iranian languages)

From *Hagmatāna- from *Ham-gmata-ana- (literally “city of the gathered”), itself derived from *ham-gmata-, participle of *ha(m)-gam- (“coming together”), from *ham- (literally “together”) + *gam- (“to come”) (cf. *gmata- (“past participle of *gam-”)), from Proto-Indo-European *sem- and *gʷem-.

DB, column 2
(please add the primary text of this usage example)
... Hagmatânaiy ...
... at Ecbatana ...


𐎣𐎠𐎿𐎣

k-a-s-k (romanization)
kāsaka (romanization)

desc

(possibly) Middle Persian: [script needed] (*kʾsk' /kāsag/, “bowl”)

desctree

Persian: کاسه (kâse)
Tajik: коса (kosa), косаи (kosa-yi)
→ Armenian: քասա (kʻasa)
→ Azerbaijani: kasa
→ Bashkir: каса (kasa)
→ Kazakh: кесе (kese)
→ Northern Kurdish: kas, kase
→ Kyrgyz: кесе (kese)
→ Tatar: кәсә (käsä)
→ Ottoman Turkish: كاسه (kâse)
Ladino: kyase
Turkish: kâse
Serbo-Croatian: ћаса / ćasa
→ Turkmen: käse
→ Uyghur: كاسا (kasa)

Possibly from Proto-Iranian *kā́šti (“to shine brilliantly, to be visible”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kā́ćti (compare Sanskrit काशते (kāśate), Avestan 𐬁𐬐𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬝 (ākasat̰)), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷḗḱ-ti ~ *kʷéḱ-n̥ti, from *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).


𐎨𐎡𐏂

č-i-ça (romanization)
čiça (romanization)

Mostly displaced by borrowing *ciθrah, both from Proto-Iranian *čiθráh.

𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎨𐎡𐏂

Alternative form of *ciθrah: type, form, lineage


𐎡𐎶

neuter nominative/accusative singular of 𐎡𐎹𐎶 (iyam, “this”)


𐏃𐎷𐎡𐏂𐎡𐎹

h-mi-i-ç-i-y (romanization)
hamiçiya (romanization)

𐏐 𐎱𐎿𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎣𐎠𐎼 𐏐 𐏃𐎽𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎷𐎡𐏂𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎲𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎺𐎶 𐏐

Translation by Livius.org
Then were all the people in revolt, and from Cambyses they went over unto him

p-s-a-v : k-a-r : h-ru-u-v : h-mi-i-ç-i-y : a-b-v : h-c-a : k-b-u-ji-i-y-a : a-b-i-y : a-v-m :


𐏃𐏀𐎠𐎴𐎶

h-z-a-n-m (romanization)
hazānam (romanization)
hizānam (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *hižwáH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH (“tongue”), from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

[𐏐] 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎥𐎢𐏁𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐏀𐎠𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎩𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠𐏁/𐎡𐎹
[ : ] u-t-a : n-a-h-m : u-t-a : g-u-š-a : u-t-a : h-z-a-n-m : f-r-a-j-n-m : u-t-a-š/i-y


𐏃𐎡𐎴𐎠

h-i-n-a (romanization)
hainā (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫍𐫏𐫏𐫗 (hyyn)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hyn' /hēn/)

From Proto-Iranian *háynaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáynaH. Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬁 (haēnā), Sanskrit सेना (sénā).


𐎡𐎹𐎶

i-y-m (romanization)
iyam (romanization)
𐎡𐎹𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎡𐎶𐎡𐎹 (nominative plural)
𐎡𐎶𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎡𐎶𐎡𐎹 (accusative plural)

From Proto-Iranian *Hiyám, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hiyám, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁i-. Cognate with Younger Avestan 𐬍𐬨 (īm), Sanskrit इयम् (iyám).

𐏐 𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹

iyam : dahyāuš : Pārsā : tya : adam : dārayāmiy

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿
𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎭
iyam : Pārsa


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣

a-r-š-t-i-k (romanization)
ạrštika (romanization)
ārštika (romanization)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥štikás, from *Hr̥štíš (“spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁r̥stís (whence 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁 (arštiš, “spear”)). Compare Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬌 (aršti), Sanskrit ऋष्टि (ṛṣṭi).

𐏐 𐎠𐎿𐎲𐎠𐎼 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣 𐏐 𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣 𐏐

As a spearman, I am a good spearman, on horseback […]

a-s-b-a-r : a-r-š-t-i-k : a-mi-i-y : u-v-a-r-š-t-i-k :


𐎠𐎵𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹

a-nu-u-š-i-y (romanization)
anušiya (romanization)

𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎠𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎹𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎵𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐏃 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐏁𐎱𐎢𐏀𐎠𐎫𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎺𐎼𐎭𐎴𐎶
hadā : kārā : hyašaiy : anušiya : āha : Višpauzātiš : nāma : vardanam
[…] marched forth with the troops that remained faithful. At a city called Višpauzātiš […]


𐎲𐎭𐎣

ba-da-ka (romanization)
baⁿdaka (romanization)

Middle Persian: bndk' (bandag)

Persian: بنده (bande)

𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎺𐎢𐎷𐎡𐎿 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 𐏐 𐎶𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎭𐎣

King Darius says : A Persian named Vaumisa, my servant […]

ϑātiy : Dārayavauš : xšāyaϑiya : Vaumisa : nāma : Pārsa : manā : baⁿdaka


𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠

t-u-m-a (romanization)
taumā (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/tōhm/, "seed; family")

Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫍𐫖 (twhm), 𐫎𐫇𐫍𐫖 (ṯwhm)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twm)

From Proto-Iranian *táwxma, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *táwkma, from Proto-Indo-European *téwk-mn̥ ~ *tuk-méns, from *tewk-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬨𐬀𐬥 (taoxman), Sanskrit तोक्मन् (tókman).


𐎭𐎼𐎹

d-r-y (romanization)
draya (romanization)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: دریا (diryā)

Bakhtiari: دریا (diryā)

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫏𐫀𐫁 (dryʾb /drayāb/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlydʾp̄ /drayāb/)

From Proto-Iranian *jráyah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ráyas. Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵 (zraiiaŋh, “sea”), Sanskrit ज्रयस् (jráyas, “expanse”).


mānā

Middle Persian: (/mān/)

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫀𐫗 (mʾn)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mʾn')

From Proto-Iranian *dmáHnaH (“building, dwelling, house”).


𐏃𐏀𐎴𐎶

h-z-n-m (romanization)
hizānam (romanization)

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫉𐫇𐫀𐫗 (ʿzwʾn /izwān/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠNA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwzwʾn' /uzwān/)


baivaram

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫏𐫇𐫡 (bywr /bēwar/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Term?] (/bēwar/)

Pazend script: 𐬠𐬀𐬈𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭 (baeuuar /baevar/)

From Proto-Iranian *baywáram, accusative of *baywā́.

→ English: myriarch

→ Ancient Greek: μυριάρχης (muriárkhēs) (calque) [c. 430–354 BCE, Xenophon]


𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠

u-p-s-t-a (romanization)
upastā (romanization)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠 (nominative singular)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (dative genitive singular)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (locative singular)
𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

From Proto-Iranian [Term?]. Cognate to Avestan 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬁 (upastā).


𐎶𐎹𐎧

m-y-x (romanization)
mayuxa (romanization)

Middle Persian: myh (mēx)

desctree

Persian: میخ (mix)
→ Bashkir: мыҡ (mıq)
→ Azerbaijani: mıx
→ Armenian: մեխ (mex)
→ Crimean Tatar: mıh
→ Hindi: मेख़ (mex)
→ Ottoman Turkish: میخ (mıh)
Turkish: mıh
→ Armenian: մըխ (məx)
→ Uyghur: مىخ (mix)
→ Urdu: میخ (mex)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *mayū́kʰas. Cognate with Sanskrit मयूख (mayū́kha).


𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹

k-b-u-ji-i-y (romanization)
Kaᵐbūjiyaʰ (romanization)

Persian: کمبوجیه (kambujiye) (right loanword)

Iranian Persian: کامبیز (Kāmbīz) (via French)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒄰𒁍𒍣𒐊 (kam-bu-zi-iá /Kambuzia/), 𒃮𒁍𒍣𒐊 (gab-b[u-zi]-iá /Gabuzia/), 𒃵𒁍𒍣𒅀 (gam-bu-zi-ia /Gambuzia/), 𒃵𒁍𒍣𒐊 (gam-bu-zi-iá /Gambuzia/), 𒅗𒄠𒁍𒍣𒐊 (ka-am-bu-zi-iá /Kambuzia/), 𒅗𒄠𒁍𒍣𒐊 (ka-am-mu-zi-iá /Kammuzia/), 𒅗𒄠𒈬𒍣𒅀 (ka-am-mu-zi-ia /Kammuzia/), 𒅗𒁀𒍣𒐊 (ka-ba-zi-iá /Kabazia/), 𒄰𒄠𒁍𒍣𒅀 (kamᵃᵐ-bu-zi-ia /Kambuzia/), 𒄰𒄠𒁍𒍣𒐊 (kamᵃᵐ-bu-zi-iá /Kambuzia/), 𒄰𒁍𒋛𒁲 (kam-bu-si-sá /Kambusisa/), 𒄰𒁍𒌑𒍣𒅀 (kam-bu-ú-zi-ia /Kambūzia/), 𒄰𒁉𒍣𒀀 (kam-bi-zi-a /Kambizia/), 𒄰𒁍𒍣𒄿𒀀 (kam-bu-zi-i-a /Kambuzīa/), 𒄰𒁍𒍣𒅀 (kam-bu-zi-ia /Kambuzia/), 𒄰𒁍𒍣𒐊 (kam-bu-zi-iá /Kambuzia/), 𒄰𒁍𒍣𒍣 (kam-bu-zi-<> /Kambuzizi/), 𒆪𒄠𒁍𒍣𒅀 (ku-am-bu-zi-ia /Kuambuzia/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Καμβύσης (Kambúsēs)
Greek: Καμβύσης (Kamvýsis)
→ Latin: Cambȳsēs

→ Aramaic:

desc

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡊𐡁𐡅𐡆𐡉 (kbwz[y]), 𐡊𐡍𐡁𐡅𐡆𐡉 (knbwzy), 𐡊𐡍𐡁𐡆𐡉 (knbzy)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: k-m-b-i-T (kmbjṯ), k-m-b-i-T:t (kmbjṯt), k:n-b-w-DA (knbwḏꜣ)

Demotic: gmꜣḏ, kbḏ

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒃷𒁍𒍢𒄿 (kán-bu-zí-ia /Kanbuziya/)

Meaning and etymology still uncertain, Supposed by some scholars to be related to Kamboja, although "there are also scholars who denounce a connection between Kamboja and Kambujiya … and who defend another etymology".


𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹

first-person singular present active indicative of 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎫𐎡𐎹 (d-a-r-y-t-i-y /dārayatiy/)


br̥zans

Borrowed from Old Median *br̥jans or Avestan 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬧𐬙 (bər^əzaṇt), both from Proto-Iranian *br̥jáns. Doublet of native *br̥dans.


warāzah

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wlʾc /warāz/)

Classical Persian: گراز (gurāz)

Iranian Persian: گراز (gorâz)

Tajik: гуроз (guroz)

→ Old Armenian: վարազ (varaz)

→ Classical Syriac: ܘܪܙܐ (warzāʾ)

Borrowed from Old Median *warāzah, from Proto-Iranian *warājáh. Doublet of *warādah.


𐎠

The first letter of the Old Persian cuneiform script.


𐎤

The fifth letter of the Old Persian cuneiform script.


𐎨

The ninth letter of the Old Persian cuneiform script.


𐎮

The fifteenth letter of the Old Persian cuneiform script.


𐎬

The thirteenth letter of the Old Persian cuneiform script.


𐎫

The twelfth letter of the Old Persian cuneiform script.


𐎰

The seventeenth letter of the Old Persian cuneiform script.


𐎥

The sixth letter of the Old Persian cuneiform script.


𐎱

The eighteenth letter of the Old Persian cuneiform script.


𐎭

The fourteenth letter of the Old Persian cuneiform script.


𐎧

The eighth letter of the Old Persian cuneiform script.


𐎳

The twentieth letter of the Old Persian cuneiform script.


𐎯

The sixteenth letter of the Old Persian cuneiform script.