𐎶𐎦𐎢𐏁

m-gu-u-š (romanization)
Maguš (romanization)

→ Ancient Greek: Μάγος (Mágos)

Generally assumed to be borrowed from Old Median (only found as a title? of persons that are also identified as Mede). Cognate of Avestan 𐬨𐬊𐬖𐬎 (moγu) but probably not of Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬔𐬀 (maga) (cognate with Sanskrit मघ (magha, “gift”)).

The meaning of this term is uncertain. (magūš) It is a hapax legomenon known only from the Behistun inscription where it is used as a title (?) of persons. Sometimes said to be the term for a Zoroastrian priest, or for a magician, or for a sub-tribe of the Medes; these interpretations are formed by Greek Μάγος and μάγος.


𐎷𐎰𐎼

mi-θ-r (romanization)
Miθraʰ (romanization)

desctree

Middle Persian: mtr', 𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡 (myhr /mihr/)
Persian: مهر (mehr)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਮਿਹਰ (mihar)
Shahmukhi script: مہر (mihr)

→ Akkadian:

desc

→ Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊑 (mi-it-ri /Mitri/)

Borrowed from Avestan 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (Miθra) or Old Median *Miθrah. Doublet of 𐎷𐎫𐎼 (mi-t-r /Mitraʰ/) and 𐎷𐏂 (mi-ç /Miçaʰ/).

doublet

(Iranian mythology, religion, Zoroastrianism) Mithra, a Zoroastrian deity


𐏎

Middle Persian: 𐭡𐭢 (bg /bag/)

From Proto-Iranian *bagáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰagás, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-; see there for more. Cognate with Sanskrit भग (bhága, “dispenser, gracious lord, patron”).

cog

(Iranian mythology, Religion, Zoroastrianism) god


𐏉

Auramazdā (romanization)
logogram (romanization)


𐎲𐎥

(Iranian mythology, Religion, Zoroastrianism, syllabary) Alternative form of 𐏎 (baga)


𐏊

AMha (romanization)
auramazdā (romanization)
logogram (romanization)


𐎺𐎠𐏃𐎼

Middle Persian: whʾl (wahār)

Persian: بهار (bahâr)

From Proto-Iranian *wáhr̥, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wásr̥, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (“spring”).


𐎠𐎼𐎫

a-r-t (romanization)
r̥taʰ (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: (/ard/, “Ard, a goddess; 25th day of Persian calendar”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫏𐫡𐫅 (ʾyrd)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭫𐭲𐭩 (ʾlty)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlt')

From Proto-Iranian *Hr̥táh (“truth, righteousness”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥tás (“truth”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀 (aṣ̌a, “truth”), Sanskrit ऋत (ṛtá, “fixed order, truth”).


𐎭𐎠𐎽𐎢𐎺

d-a-ru-u-v (romanization)
dāruv (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dʾl /dār/)

Persian: دار (dâr)

Bakhtiari: دار (dâr)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dóru
Proto-Indo-Iranian *dā́ru
Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎽𐎢𐎺 (d-a-ru-u-v)
From Proto-Iranian *dā́ru. Cognates include Sanskrit दारु (dā́ru), Ancient Greek δρῦς (drûs) and Old English trēow (English tree).


𐎭𐎡𐎺

d-i-v (romanization)
daiva (romanization)

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫏𐫇 (dyw /dēw/, “evil spirit, demon”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠDYA /dēw/, “evil spirit, demon”)

→ Aramaic: דיוא (daywā)

Classical Syriac: ܕܝܘܐ (daywā)

desctree

→ Arabic: دِيُو (diyū)
→ Kazakh: дию (diü)

From Proto-Iranian *daywáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *daywás, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deywós. Cognates include Sanskrit देव (deva), Latin deus, Proto-Germanic *Tīwaz (whence the first element in English Tuesday), Proto-Celtic *deiwos.

(Iranian mythology, Zoroastrianism) foreign god, false god


𐎶𐎠𐏃

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫀𐫆 (mʾẖ)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mʾh)

desctree

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭩𐭥𐭧 (BYRH), 𐫖𐫀𐫆 (mʾẖ) — Manichaean
Classical Persian: مَاه (māh)
Iranian Persian: مَاه (mâh)
Tajik: моҳ (moh)
→ Gujarati: માહ (māh)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: माह (māh)
Urdu: مَاہ (māh)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s
Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā́Has
Proto-Iranian *mā́Hah
Old Persian 𐎶𐎠𐏃 (m-a-h)
From Proto-Iranian *mā́Hah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā́Has, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s.


𐎶𐎦𐏁

m-gu-š (romanization)
maguš (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/mow/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (MGWŠH)

desctree

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭢𐭥 (mgw)
Persian: مغ (moğ)
→ Aghwan: 𐕌𐕒𐔲 (mog)
→ Old Armenian: մոգ (mog)
→ Old Georgian: მოგჳ (mogwi)
→ Sogdian: (/maɣu/)
Sogdian script: 𐼺𐼴𐼲 (mwɣ)
Syriac script: ܡܓ݂ܘ (mɣw), ܡܘܓ݂ (mwɣ)

→ Persian: مگوش (maguš) (learned)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈠𒄖𒊺𒂊 (ma-gu-še-e /magušē/), 𒈠𒄖𒋗 (ma-gu-šu /magušu/), 𒈠𒄖𒋙 (ma-gu-šú /maguš/), 𒈠𒄖𒍑 (ma-gu-uš /maguš/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡂𐡅𐡔 (mgwš), 𐡌𐡂𐡔 (mgš)

desctree

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: מגושא (mgwšʾ)
Classical Syriac: ܡܓܘܫܐ (məḡūšā)
→ Arabic: مَجُوس (majūs)
→ Persian: مَجوس (majus)
→ Hebrew: מָג (māḡ)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒆪𒆜 (ma-ku-iš /makuiš/)

→ Ancient Greek: μάγος (mágos)

Greek: μάγος (mágos)

→ Coptic: ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ (magos)

→ Latin: magus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Iranian *magúš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *magʰúš, from Proto-Indo-European *megʰ-ú-s, from *megʰ- (“to be able”), as priests were considered capable of powerful feats (though some, including Beekes, are implicitly skeptical).


𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠

head

𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a /apiyā/) f (locative singular)

a-p-i-y-a (romanization)
apiyā (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫁 (ʾb /āb/)

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭯 (ʾp /āp/, /āβ/)

desctree

Classical Persian: آب (āb)
Dari: آب (āb), اَو (aw)
Hazaragi: او (aw)
Iranian Persian: آب (âb)
Tajik: об (ob)
→ Äynu: ab
→ Bengali: আব (āb)
→ Gujarati: અબ (āb)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: आब (āb)
Urdu: آب (āb)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਆਬ (āba)
Shahmukhi script: آب (āb)
→ Turkish: ab

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́ps
Proto-Iranian *Hā́fš
Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a)
From Proto-Iranian *Hā́fš.


𐎠𐎿𐎶𐎴

a-s-m-n (romanization)
asman (romanization)
𐎠𐎿𐎶𐎠𐎴𐎶 (accusative singular)

Middle Persian: (/asmān/)

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭮𐭬𐭠𐭭 (ʾsmʾn)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 (ʾsmʾn)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐮰𐮽𐮼𐮰𐮵𐮵 (ʾsmʾn')

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮀𐮍𐮋𐮀𐮌 (ʾsmʾn)

Pazend script: 𐬁𐬯𐬨𐬅 (āsmą̇)

Borrowed from Old Median *asman, from Proto-Iranian *Hácmā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćmā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō.


𐎠𐎴𐏃𐎡𐎫

Middle Persian: ʾnʾhyt' (Anāhīd)

Persian: اناهید (anâhid), ناهید (nâhid)

Arabic: أَنَاهِيذ (ʔanāhīḏ)

Arabic: أَنَاهِيذ (ʔanāhīḏ)

Classical Syriac: ܐܢܗܝܕ (ʾĂnāhêḏ)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒈾𒄴𒄿𒌅𒀪 (a-na-aḫ-i-tu-ʾ /Anaḫituʾ/), 𒀀𒈾𒀪𒋾 (a-na-ʾ-ti /Anaʾti/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀναῗτις (Anaï̂tis)

→ Latin: Anaītis

→ Russian: Анаити́да (Anaitída)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒀭𒈾𒄭𒌓𒆪 (an-na-hi-ud-da /Anahiuda/)

→ Old Armenian: Անահիտ (Anahit)

Literally "who is not defiled", composed of *a(n)- (privative particle) + *āhitā- (“defiled”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬁𐬵𐬌𐬙𐬀 (anāhita, “pure, immaculate”, adj), an epithet of 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬍 (arəduuī).

cog

(Iranian mythology, Religion, Zoroastrianism) Anahita


𐎠𐎿𐎴

Variant of 𐎠𐎰𐎥 (aθaⁿga) affected by Median substrate, from the same source.


𐎠𐎰𐎥

a-θ-g (romanization)
aθaⁿgaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/sang/)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐮽𐮵𐯋𐮲 (sng), [script needed] (KYPA)

Zazaki: si(g)


𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹

d-r-n-y (romanization)
daraniya (romanization)

→ Aramaic: דריכונא (drykwnʾ)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Δαρεικός (Dareikós, “Persian daric”)

→ English: daric

→ Biblical Hebrew: אֲדַרְכּוֹן (adarkon)

→ Parthian: 𐫅𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫃 (dʾryg /dārīg/, “gold coin, Dareikos”)

→ Sogdian: ܠܐܪܝܟ (δʾryk /δārīk/)

→ Classical Syriac: ܕܪܝܟܘܢܐ (drykwnʾ)

From Proto-Iranian *jr̥Hanyam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₃-en-yo-m, from *ǵʰelh₃- (“to shine”). Cognate to Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬦𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zarańiia), Sanskrit हिरण्य (hiraṇya) and English gold.


𐎺𐏁𐎴𐎠

va-ša-na-a (romanization)
vašnā (romanization)

Instrumental singular masculine inflection of 𐎺𐏁𐎴 (vašna, “will, favor”).

(please add the primary text of this usage example)
vašnā Auramazdāha adam xšāyaθiya amiy
by the greatness of Ahuramazdā I am king

by the grace of, by the greatness of, by the will of


𐎿𐎡𐎹𐎶

sa-i-ya-ma (romanization)
sēma (romanization)

Middle Persian: sym (sēm)

Persian: سیم (sim)


𐎣𐎠𐎿𐎣

k-a-s-k (romanization)
kāsaka (romanization)

(possibly) Middle Persian: [script needed] (*kʾsk' /kāsag/, “bowl”)

desctree

Persian: کاسه (kâse)
Tajik: коса (kosa), косаи (kosa-yi)
→ Armenian: քասա (kʻasa)
→ Azerbaijani: kasa
→ Bashkir: каса (kasa)
→ Kazakh: кесе (kese)
→ Northern Kurdish: kas, kase
→ Kyrgyz: кесе (kese)
→ Tatar: кәсә (käsä)
→ Ottoman Turkish: كاسه (kâse)
Ladino: kyase
Turkish: kâse
Serbo-Croatian: ћаса / ćasa
→ Turkmen: käse
→ Uyghur: كاسا (kasa)

Possibly from Proto-Iranian *kā́šti (“to shine brilliantly, to be visible”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kā́ćti (compare Sanskrit काशते (kāśate), Avestan 𐬁𐬐𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬝 (ākasat̰)), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷḗḱ-ti ~ *kʷéḱ-n̥ti, from *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).


𐎭𐎼𐎹

d-r-y (romanization)
draya (romanization)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: دریا (diryā)

Bakhtiari: دریا (diryā)

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫏𐫀𐫁 (dryʾb /drayāb/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlydʾp̄ /drayāb/)

From Proto-Iranian *jráyah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ráyas. Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵 (zraiiaŋh, “sea”), Sanskrit ज्रयस् (jráyas, “expanse”).


𐎣𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎣

k-p-u-t-k (romanization)
kapautaka (romanization)

Persian: کبود (kabud, “blue-gray, blue”)

From Proto-Iranian *kapawtakáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kapawtakás, from *kapáwtas (“grey-blue”). Cognate with Sanskrit कपोतक (kapotaka, “pigeon-coloured”), Old Armenian կապուտակ (kaputak) (an Iranian borrowing).


vahār

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (whʾl /wahār/)

Classical Persian: بهار (bahār)

Persian: بهار (bahâr)

From Proto-Iranian *wáhār, collective of Proto-Iranian *wáhr̥, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wásr̥. Cognate with Northern Kurdish bihar, Bactrian οαυαρ (oauar), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬭 (vaŋhar).


Māhiš

(Iranian mythology, Zoroastrianism) moon deity Mah