𐎶𐎦𐎢𐏁

m-gu-u-š (romanization)
Maguš (romanization)

→ Ancient Greek: Μάγος (Mágos)

Generally assumed to be borrowed from Old Median (only found as a title? of persons that are also identified as Mede). Cognate of Avestan 𐬨𐬊𐬖𐬎 (moγu) but probably not of Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬔𐬀 (maga) (cognate with Sanskrit मघ (magha, “gift”)).

The meaning of this term is uncertain. (magūš) It is a hapax legomenon known only from the Behistun inscription where it is used as a title (?) of persons. Sometimes said to be the term for a Zoroastrian priest, or for a magician, or for a sub-tribe of the Medes; these interpretations are formed by Greek Μάγος and μάγος.


𐎳𐎼𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠

head

𐎳𐎼𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠 (framātā) m


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁

𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁 (arštiš) f


𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠

Middle Persian: pitar, pidar, pid

Persian: پدر (pedar)

From Proto-Iranian *pHtā́, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pHtā́, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr (compare Ancient Greek πατήρ (patḗr), Latin pater, Tocharian A pācar, English father).


𐎣𐎠𐎶

k-a-m (romanization)
kāmaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭬𐭪 (kʾm /kām/)

Persian: کام (kâm)

From Proto-Iranian *káHmah. Cognate with Sanskrit काम (kāma, “desire”).


𐎲𐎼𐎠𐎫𐎠

b-r-a-t-a (romanization)
brātā (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫡𐫀𐫅 (brʾd /brād/), 𐫁𐫡𐫀𐫅𐫡 (brʾdr /brādar/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (AH), [Book Pahlavi needed] (blʾt' /brād/), [Book Pahlavi needed] (blʾtl' /brādar/)

From Proto-Iranian *bráHtā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰráHtā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Compare Sanskrit भ्रातृ (bhrātṛ, “brother”).


𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹

head

𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 (xšāyaθiya) m

xšāyaθiya (romanization)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 (nominative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

peo-decl

𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠


𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥

d-r-u-g (romanization)
drauga (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/drō(g)/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇 (drw)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (KDBA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlwb')

Pazend script: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬔 (darōg), 𐬛𐬭𐬋𐬔 (drōg)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ-.

𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹/𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎲𐎼𐎬𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎡/𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼/𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎹/𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎼/𐎢𐎥𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎩𐎷𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐏃[𐎡]𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁/𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥 𐏐 𐎠𐎡𐎫 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎩𐎮𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭/𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎠/𐎡[𐎫𐎶𐎡𐎹 𐏐] 𐎹[𐎠𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎢]𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬/𐎢[𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎻𐎡]𐎰[𐎡]𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐

Darius the King says: May Ahuramazda bear me aid, with the gods of the royal house; and may Ahuramazda protect this country from a (hostile) army, from famine, from the Lie! Upon this country may there not come an army, nor famine, nor the Lie; this I pray as a boon from Ahuramazda together with the gods of the royal house. This boon may Ahuramazda together with the gods of the royal house give to me!

thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : manâ : Auramazdâ : upastâm : baratuv : hadâ : vithaibish : bagaibish : utâ : imâm : dahyâum : Auramazda : pâtuv : hacâ : hainâyâ : hacâ : dushiyârâ : hacâ : draugâ : abiy : imâm : dahyâum : mâ : âjamiyâ : mâ : hainâ : mâ : dushiyâram : mâ : drauga : aita : adam : yânam : jadiyâmiy : Auramazdâm : hadâ : vithaibish : bagaibish : aitamaiy : yânam : Auramazdâ : dadâtuv : hadâ vithaibish : bagaibish :


𐎠𐎼𐎫

a-r-t (romanization)
r̥taʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/ard/, “Ard, a goddess; 25th day of Persian calendar”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫏𐫡𐫅 (ʾyrd)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭫𐭲𐭩 (ʾlty)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlt')

From Proto-Iranian *Hr̥táh (“truth, righteousness”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥tás (“truth”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀 (aṣ̌a, “truth”), Sanskrit ऋत (ṛtá, “fixed order, truth”).


𐎱𐎢𐏂

Middle Persian: (/pus, pusar/)

Middle Persian: 𐭡𐭥𐭤 (BRE)

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫇𐫘 (pws), 𐫛𐫇𐫘𐫡 (pwsr)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pws), [Book Pahlavi needed] (BRE); [Book Pahlavi needed] (pwsl), [Book Pahlavi needed] (BREl)

From Proto-Iranian *puθráh,(compare Avestan 𐬞𐬎𐬚𐬭𐬀 (puθra)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *putrás (compare Sanskrit पुत्र (putra)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂u-.

𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹 […]
Pārsahyā : puça : Ariya […]

522 BCE – 486 BCE, Darius I, DSe line 13


𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎱𐎠𐎺𐎠

x-š-ç-p-a-v-a (romanization)
xšaçapāvā (romanization)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (šsp /šasab/)

Literally "protector of the realm, province", an agent noun based on 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaça-/, “realm, province”) and 𐎱𐎠𐎮𐎹 (p-a-di-y /√pā/, “to protect”).
Akin to Parthian 𐭔𐭄𐭓𐭁 (šhrb), 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓𐭐 (ḥštrp), Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭯 (štrp). Compare the Iranian borrowings: Elamite 𒃻𒀝𒃻𒁀𒈠 (šá-ak-šá-ba-ma), Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀔𑀢𑀧 (khatapa), Maharastri Prakrit 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀧 (kṣatrapa), Sanskrit क्षत्रप (kṣatrapa), Gandhari 𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨤 (kṣatrapa) and 𐨖𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨤 (chatrapa), Lycian 𐊜𐊖𐊖𐊀𐊅𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀 (χssadrapa) and 𐊜𐊖𐊖𐊀𐊉𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀 (χssaθrapa), Ancient Greek σατράπης (satrápēs), Old Armenian շահապ (šahap).

satrap (governor of a province under Achaemenid Persian rule)


𐎴𐎱𐎠

n-p-a (romanization)
napā (romanization)

Middle Persian: np (/nab/)

Classical Persian: نوه (nava)

From Proto-Iranian *nápāth, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *nápāts, from Proto-Indo-European *(h₂)népōts. Cognates include Sanskrit नपात् (nápāt), Latin nepōs, Ancient Greek ἀνεψιός (anepsiós) and Old English nefa.

𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠𐎶𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎴𐎱𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐

[…] son, grandson of Arsames, an Achaemenid, says […]


𐏋

XŠ (romanization)
xšāyaθiya (romanization)

desctree

Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (MLKA /šāh/)
Persian: شاه (šâh) (see there for further descendants)
Tajik: шоҳ (šoh)

From Proto-Iranian *xšáyati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (“he rules, he has power over”) (whence Sanskrit क्षयति (kṣáyati)), from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to gain power over, gain control over”).
Likely a borrowing from Old Median, being a doublet of 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (xšaça-, “realm, province”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षत्र (kṣatrá, “might, power”), Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra, “kingdom”), Old Armenian աշխարհ (ašxarh), Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to get, acquire”).


𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹

m-r-t-i-y (romanization)
martiyaʰ (romanization)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 (nominative singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

From Proto-Iranian *mártyah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mártyas, from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”). Cognate with Sanskrit मर्त्य (martya).


𐎶𐎦𐏁

m-gu-š (romanization)
maguš (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/mow/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (MGWŠH)

desctree

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭢𐭥 (mgw)
Persian: مغ (moğ)
→ Aghwan: 𐕌𐕒𐔲 (mog)
→ Old Armenian: մոգ (mog)
→ Old Georgian: მოგჳ (mogwi)
→ Sogdian: (/maɣu/)
Sogdian script: 𐼺𐼴𐼲 (mwɣ)
Syriac script: ܡܓ݂ܘ (mɣw), ܡܘܓ݂ (mwɣ)

→ Persian: مگوش (maguš) (learned)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈠𒄖𒊺𒂊 (ma-gu-še-e /magušē/), 𒈠𒄖𒋗 (ma-gu-šu /magušu/), 𒈠𒄖𒋙 (ma-gu-šú /maguš/), 𒈠𒄖𒍑 (ma-gu-uš /maguš/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡂𐡅𐡔 (mgwš), 𐡌𐡂𐡔 (mgš)

desctree

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: מגושא (mgwšʾ)
Classical Syriac: ܡܓܘܫܐ (məḡūšā)
→ Arabic: مَجُوس (majūs)
→ Persian: مَجوس (majus)
→ Hebrew: מָג (māḡ)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒆪𒆜 (ma-ku-iš /makuiš/)

→ Ancient Greek: μάγος (mágos)

Greek: μάγος (mágos)

→ Coptic: ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ (magos)

→ Latin: magus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Iranian *magúš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *magʰúš, from Proto-Indo-European *megʰ-ú-s, from *megʰ- (“to be able”), as priests were considered capable of powerful feats (though some, including Beekes, are implicitly skeptical).


𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠

head

𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠 (mātā) f

Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭥 (mātar)

Persian: مادر (mâdar)

From Proto-Iranian *máHtā (compare Avestan 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 (mātar)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *máHtā (compare Sanskrit मातृ (mā́tṛ), from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr (compare Old Armenian մայր (mayr), Ancient Greek μήτηρ (mḗtēr), Old Church Slavonic мати (mati), Latin māter, Old English mōdor (whence English mother).


𐏀𐎴

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫗𐫃 (zng /zanag/, “kind, sort”)

From Old Median [Term?], from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ánHas, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os. Cognates include Ancient Greek γόνος (gónos) and Sanskrit जन (jána).

𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎿𐎱𐏀𐎴𐎠/𐎴𐎠𐎶

Inscription of Darius at Naqsh-e rustam A. (DNa), cca 6th century BCE, lines 8—10

I am Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of countries containing all kinds of men

adam Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya vazraka xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām xšāyaθiya dahyūnām vispazanānām


𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎹

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒌋𒌋𒉡𒅀 (har-man-nu-ia /Harmanuya/), 𒄯𒈪𒉡 (har-mi-nu /Harminu/), 𒄯𒈪𒉡𒅀 (har-mi-nu-ia /Harminuya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 (a-r-mi-i-n /Armina/, “Armenia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

...θātiy Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya Dādaršiš nāma Arminiya manā badaka avam adam frāišayam Arminam avaθāšaiy aθaham paraidiy kāra hya hamiçiva manā naiy gaubataiy avam jadiy...

late 6th century BC, Darius the Great, Behistun Inscription, Column 2, lines 29-31

King Darius says: An Armenian named Dādarši, my servant, I sent into Armenia, and I said unto him: 'Go, smite that host which is in revolt and does not acknowledge me.'

...θātiy Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya yātā adam Pārsaiy u[t]ā Mādaiy āham patiy duvitîyam Bābiruviyā hamiçiyā abava hacāma I martiya Arxa nāma Arminiya Halditahya puça hauv udapatatā Bābirauv Dubāla nāmā dahyāuš hacā avadaša hauv kārahyā avaθā adurujiya adam Nabukudracara amiy hya Nabunaitahya puça pasāva kāra Bābiruviya hacāma hamiçiya abava abiy avam Arxam ašiyava Bābirum hauv agarbāyatā hauv xšāyaθiya abava Bābirauv...

late 6th century BC, Darius the Great, Behistun Inscription, Column 3, lines 76-83

King Darius says: While I was in Persia and in Media, the Babylonians revolted from me a second time. A certain man named Arakha, an Armenian, son of Haldita, rebelled in Babylon. At a place called Dubāla, he lied unto the people, saying: 'I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus.' Then did the Babylonian people revolt from me and they went over to that Arakha. He seized Babylon, he became king in Babylon.


𐎹𐎢𐎴

y-u-n (romanization)
Yauna (romanization)


𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹

mu-d-r-a-y (romanization)
Mudrāyaʰ (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *Mujrāyah, ultimately derived from Proto-Semitic *muṣr-ā- (“Egypt”). Compare Akkadian 𒈬𒀫 (muṣru), Ugaritic 𐎎𐎕𐎗𐎎 (mṣrm /miṣrāma/), Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (miṣráyim), and Achaemenid Elamite 𒈬𒄑𒍝𒊑𒅀 (mu-iṣ-ṣa-ri-ia).

cog

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹


𐎠𐎣𐎢𐎳𐎨𐎡𐎹𐎠

a-k-u-f-c-i-y-a (romanization)
Ākaufačiyā (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒆪𒉿𒄿𒅖 (a-ku-pi-i-iš /Akupīš/)

Literally "dwellers of the mountain-land", from *Ākaufaka- + *-(i)ya- (adjectival suffix). *Ākaufaka- itself is composed of *ā- (“to”) + *kaufa- (“mountain”) + *-ka- (hypocoristic suffix).


𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹

u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-y (romanization)
ʰUvārazmīya (romanization)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁 (u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-š /ʰUvārazmiš/, “Chorasmia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹


𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺

p-r-θ-v (romanization)
Parθavaʰ (romanization)

Uncertain; possibly:
* from *Parθaʰ + -𐎺 (-vaʰ, adjectival suffix), related to 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsaʰ/, “Persian”),
* from *pr̥θvī (“area”), from Proto-Iranian *pr̥θwíH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥tHwíH, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂-éwih₂, from *pléth₂us (“flat, broad”), cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī, “surface”), Sanskrit पृथ्वी (pṛthvī, “the Earth”),
* or syncopated from earlier *Parārθavaʰ, from *parārθam (“exterior, remote”) + -𐎺 (-vaʰ, adjectival suffix, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós), from Proto-Iranian *paraHárθam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paraHártʰam, from *para- (“farther, highest”, from Proto-Indo-European *pér-o- (“distant, beyond”)) + *Hártʰam (“event, thing, purpose”), cognate with Sanskrit परार्थ (parārtha, “highest advantage, interest”).

adjectival suffix, from Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-wós</i>

af

from Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pér-o-</i> (“distant, beyond”)


hammārakarah

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭧𐭬𐭠𐭫𐭪𐭫𐭩 (ḥmʾlkly /hammārgar/), 𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭫𐭪𐭫𐭩 (ʾmʾlkly /āmārgar/, “chief fiscal officer”)

Persian: آمارگر (âmârgar)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒄩𒄠𒈠𒊏𒀀𒅗𒀀𒊒 (ḫa-am-ma-ra-a-ka-a-ru /ḫamarākāru/), 𒄠𒈥𒋼𒊏 (am-mar-kar-ra /amarkara/), 𒄠𒈠𒊑𒀀𒆗 (am-ma-ri-a-kal /amariakal/), 𒄠𒈠𒊒𒀀𒆗 (am-ma-ru-a-kal /amaruakal/), 𒄠𒈠𒊑𒀀𒅗𒊑 (am-ma-ri-a-ka-ri /amariakari/)

→ Aramaic:

Judeo-Aramaic: אמרכלא (ʾămarkəlā), אמרכול (ʾămarkōl) (via Middle Iranian)

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡄𐡌𐡓𐡊𐡓𐡀 (hmrkrʾ)

→ Armenian:

→ Old Armenian: համարակար (hamarakar) (possibly via Middle Iranian) (see there for further descendants)

→ Gandhari: 𐨨𐨪𐨬𐨪 (maravara, “accountant”) (or from a similar etymon)

→ Hebrew: אֲמַרְכָּל (ʾămarkāl), אֲמַרְכּוֹל (ʾămarkōl) (via Middle Iranian)

→ Parthian: 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾḥmrkr), 𐭀𐭄𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾhmrkr)

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܗܡܪܐܓܪ (ʾhmrʾgr)

* From Proto-Iranian *ham- + a form of *mar-, which is a later form of the root *hmar- (“think of”), + *kara- (“to do”) (then it would be reconstructed as *hammārakara- or *hamārakara-). The constituents go back to Proto-Indo-European *sem-, *(s)mer- (compare Sanskrit स्मरति (smárati, “to remember”)) and *kʷer- respectively.
* From the root *hmar- without prefixation + *kara- (“to do”) (then it would be reconstructed as *hmārakara-).
The initial 𐭀 (ʾ) in Parthian 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾḥmrkr) does not contradict the first theory: compare 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭕𐭍 (ʾḥmtn), which corresponds to Old Persian 𐏃𐎥𐎶𐎫𐎠𐎴 (h-g-m-t-a-n /Ha(n)gmatāna-/, “Ecbatana”).
The presence of -mm- in Akkadian (Late Babylonian) forms strengthens the first theory.
Akin to Bactrian υαμαρογαρο (uamarogaro). Note also Old Armenian համար (hamar).


gandabarah

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒃷𒁕𒁇𒊏 (kan₂-da-bar-ra /kandabara/)

Biblical Aramaic: גדבר (gdbr) (possibly)


ganzabarah

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: 𐯋𐮲𐮵𐮿𐮵𐮱𐮹 (gncwbl /ganjwar/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭭𐭦𐭥𐭡𐭥 (gnzwbr /ganjwar/)

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫗𐫉𐫇𐫡 (gnzwr /ganzwar/)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒃶𒍝𒁀𒊒 (gan-za-ba-ru /ganzabaru/), 𒃶𒍝𒁇𒊑 (gan-za-bar-ri /ganzabari/), 𒂵𒀭𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ga-an-za-ba-ra /ganzabara/), 𒃶𒍪𒁇𒊏 (gan-zu-bar-ra /ganzubara/)

→ Aramaic:

Biblical Aramaic: גזבר (gizbar)

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡂𐡍𐡆𐡁𐡓 (gnzbr)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋡𒀭𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ka₄-an-za-ba-ra /kanzabara/), 𒋡𒅔𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ka₄-in-za-ba-ra /kainzabara/), 𒃶𒍝𒁇𒊏 (kán-za-bar-ra /kanzabara/), 𒋡𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ka₄-za-ba-ra /kazabara/)


𐎠𐎿𐎲𐎠𐎼

a-s-b-a-r (romanization)
asabāra (romanization)

Middle Persian: ʾswbʾl, ʾsp̄wʾl (/aswār/)

Classical Persian: سوار (suwār) (see there for further descendants)

Iranian Persian: سوار (sovâr, savâr)

Tajik: савор (savor)

الأَسَاوِرَة

→ Arabic: أُسْوَار (ʔuswār), إِسْوَار (ʔiswār), الأَسَاوِرَة pl (al-ʔasāwira), الأَسَاوِر pl (al-ʔasāwir)

→ Persian: اسوار (osvâr), اساوره pl (asâvere), اساور pl (asâver)

→ Bactrian: ασβαρο (asbaro)

→ Persian: اسوار (asvâr, esvâr), اسواران pl (asvârân)

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܣܘܪ (eswār)

desctree

→ Old Gujarati: असवार (asavāra)
Gujarati: અસવાર (asavār)
Marwari:
Devanagari script: असवार (asvār)
Mahajani script: 𑅐𑅰𑅯𑅭 (asvr)

→ Parthian: 𐭀𐭎𐭁𐭓𐭉 (ʾsbry)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Iranian *Hacwabāráh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haćwabʰāras. Analyzable as 𐎠𐎿 (asa, “horse”) + 𐎲𐎠𐎼 (bāra-, “carried by, rider”), the latter from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. See also Ասպուրակէս (Aspurakēs).


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠

From 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 (y-u-n-a /Yaunā/, “Greek, Ionian”) + 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼 (t-k-b-r /takabara/). Literally means "Greeks with hats that look like shields", probably a reference to the kausia hat typically worn by the ancient Macedonians.
Compare:
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā, “a Scythian people”, literally “Sacae with pointed caps”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y /Yaunā tayaiy paradraya/, literally “Greeks who are across the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : d-r-y-h-y-a /Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā/, literally “Greeks who are by the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : u-š-k-h-y-a /Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā/, literally “Greeks who are of the Mainland”).

af

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴
𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹
𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎨𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y : a-r-mi-i-n
k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n : s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y
s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-k-b-r-a : p-u-t-a-y-a
ku-u-š-i-y-a : m-c-i-y-a : k-r-k-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š
/: Arabāya : Mudrāya : Armina
Katpatuka : Sparda : Yauna : Sakā : tayaiy : paradraya
Skudra : Yaunā : takabarā : Putāyā
Kūšiyā : Maciyā : Karkā : θātiy : Dārayavauš/
… Arabia, Egypt, Armenia,
Cappadocia, Lydia, Greece, the Scythians who are across the Sea,
Thrace, the Greeks who wear shield-like hats, Libya,

Ancient Macedonians
Naqsh-e Rostam
Xerxes I
kausia


𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹𐎣𐎼

𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎣𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎶

The goldsmiths who wrought the gold were Lydians […]

[…] Spardiyā martiyā dāraniyakarā tayaiy daraniyam […]


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠

y-u-n-a (romanization)
Yaunā (romanization)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎹𐎢𐎴 (y-u-n /Yauna/, “Greece”) + -𐎠 (-a, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹

y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y /Yaunā tayaiy paradraya/

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠

y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : u-š-k-h-y-a /Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā/

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠

y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : d-r-y-h-y-a /Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā/

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴
𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹
𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎨𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y : a-r-mi-i-n
k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n : s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y
s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-k-b-r-a : p-u-t-a-y-a
ku-u-š-i-y-a : m-c-i-y-a : k-r-k-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š
/: Arabāya : Mudrāya : Armina
Katpatuka : Sparda : Yauna : Sakā : tayaiy : paradraya
Skudra : Yaunā : takabarā : Putāyā
Kūšiyā : Maciyā : Karkā : θātiy : Dārayavauš/
Arabia, Egypt, Armenia,
Cappadocia, Lydia, Greece, the Scythians who are across the Sea,
Thrace, the Greeks who wear shield-like hats, Libya,

𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐎿𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁𐎣𐎼𐎫𐎶
a-θ-u-r-a : a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y :
a-r-mi-i-n : k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n-a
t-y-i-y : d-r-y-h-y-a : u-t-a : t-y-i-y
p-r-d-r-y : s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y
p-r-d-r-y : k-r-k-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š
XŠ : v-s-i-y : t-y : du-u-š-k-r-t-m
/: Aθurā : Arabāya : Mudrāya :
Armina : Katpatuka : Sparda : Yaunā
tayaiy : drayahyā : utā : tayaiy
paradraya : Skudra : Yaunā : tayaiy
paradraya : Karkā : θātiy : Dārayavauš
xšāyaθiya : vasiy : tya : duškartam/
Assyria, Arabia, Egypt,

who are by the Sea and
across the Sea, Thrace, the Greeks who are
across the Sea. Saith Darius
the King: much which was ill done …

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎿𐎥𐎼𐎫 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣
a-r-b-a-y : a-θ-u-r-a : mu-u-d-r-a-y-a
a-r-mi-i-n : k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n-a
t-y-i-y : u-š-k-h-y-a : u-t-a : t-y-i-y
d-r-y-h-y-a : u-t-a : d-h-y-a-v : t-y-a
p-r : d-r-y : a-s-g-r-t : p-r-θ-v : z-r-k
/: Arabāya : Aθurā : Mudrāyā
Armina : Katpatuka : Sparda : Yaunā
tayaiy : uškahyā : utā : tayaiy
drayahyā : utā : dahyāva : tyā
para : draya : Asagarta : Parθava : Zraⁿka/
Arabia, Assyria, Egypt,

who are of the Mainland and who
are by the Sea, and the Countries which are
across the Sea, Sagartia, Parthia, Drangiana, …


𐏃𐎶𐎼𐎴

h-m-r-n (romanization)
hamarana (romanization)

Middle Persian: hmlʾnyh (hamrānīh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHáranam (“battle, strife”), from Proto-Indo-European *sem-h₃ér-en-o-m. Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀 (hamar^əna), Sanskrit समरण (samaraṇa).


𐏃𐎡𐎴𐎠

h-i-n-a (romanization)
hainā (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫍𐫏𐫏𐫗 (hyyn)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hyn' /hēn/)

From Proto-Iranian *háynaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáynaH. Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬁 (haēnā), Sanskrit सेना (sénā).


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣

a-r-š-t-i-k (romanization)
ạrštika (romanization)
ārštika (romanization)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥štikás, from *Hr̥štíš (“spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁r̥stís (whence 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁 (arštiš, “spear”)). Compare Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬌 (aršti), Sanskrit ऋष्टि (ṛṣṭi).

𐏐 𐎠𐎿𐎲𐎠𐎼 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣 𐏐 𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣 𐏐

As a spearman, I am a good spearman, on horseback […]

a-s-b-a-r : a-r-š-t-i-k : a-mi-i-y : u-v-a-r-š-t-i-k :


𐎨𐎡𐏂

č-i-ça (romanization)
čiça (romanization)

Mostly displaced by borrowing *ciθrah, both from Proto-Iranian *ciθráh.

𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎨𐎡𐏂

Alternative form of *ciθrah: type, form, lineage


𐎠𐎵𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹

a-nu-u-š-i-y (romanization)
anušiya (romanization)

𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎠𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎹𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎵𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐏃 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐏁𐎱𐎢𐏀𐎠𐎫𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎺𐎼𐎭𐎴𐎶
hadā : kārā : hyašaiy : anušiya : āha : Višpauzātiš : nāma : vardanam
[…] marched forth with the troops that remained faithful. At a city called Višpauzātiš […]


𐎲𐎭𐎣

ba-da-ka (romanization)
baⁿdaka (romanization)

Middle Persian: bndk' (bandag)

Persian: بنده (bande)

𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎺𐎢𐎷𐎡𐎿 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 𐏐 𐎶𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎭𐎣

King Darius says : A Persian named Vaumisa, my servant […]

ϑātiy : Dārayavauš : xšāyaϑiya : Vaumisa : nāma : Pārsa : manā : baⁿdaka


𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠

t-u-m-a (romanization)
taumā (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/tōhm/, "seed; family")

Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫍𐫖 (twhm), 𐫎𐫇𐫍𐫖 (ṯwhm)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twm)

From Proto-Iranian *táwxma, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *táwkma, from Proto-Indo-European *téwk-mn̥ ~ *tuk-méns, from *tewk-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬨𐬀𐬥 (taoxman), Sanskrit तोक्मन् (tókman).


𐏃𐎶𐎼𐎴𐎣𐎼

h-m-r-n-k-r (romanization)
hamaranakara (romanization)

From 𐏃𐎶𐎼𐎴 (h-m-r-n /hamarana/, “battle”) + 𐎣𐎼 (k-r /kara/, “doer”).


𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎡

p-s-t-i (romanization)
pasti (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *pastíš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *patˢtíš, from Proto-Indo-European *ped-tí-s, from *ped-. Cognate with Sanskrit पत्ति (pattí).


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹

head

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Yaunā tayaiy paradraya)

Literally means "Greeks who are across the Sea", from 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 (y-u-n-a /Yaunā/, “Greek”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (p-r-d-r-y /paradraya/, “across the sea”), in reference to them living beyond the Aegean Sea with respect to the Achaemenid Empire in contrast to the Asian Greeks, termed 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā, literally “Greeks who are by the Sea”), who lived on the same side of the Aegean Sea as the Persians.
Compare with:
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Scythians who are across the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā, literally “Greeks who are by the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā, literally “Greeks who are of the Mainland”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 (Yaunā takabarā, literally “Greeks who wear shield-like hats”)
* 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹 (dahyāva tya para draya, literally “Countries which are across the Sea”)

𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐎿𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁𐎣𐎼𐎫𐎶
a-θ-u-r-a : a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y :
a-r-mi-i-n : k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n-a
t-y-i-y : d-r-y-h-y-a : u-t-a : t-y-i-y
p-r-d-r-y : s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y
p-r-d-r-y : k-r-k-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š
XŠ : v-s-i-y : t-y : du-u-š-k-r-t-m
/: Aθurā : Arabāya : Mudrāya :
Armina : Katpatuka : Sparda : Yaunā
tayaiy : drayahyā : utā : tayaiy
paradraya : Skudra : Yaunā : tayaiy
paradraya : Karkā : θātiy : Dārayavauš
xšāyaθiya : vasiy : tya : duškartam/
… Assyria, Arabia, Egypt,

who are by the Sea and who are
across the Sea, Thrace, the Greeks who are
across the Sea. Saith Darius
the King: much which was ill-done …

European Greeks, Greeks who live in Greece proper


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā)

Literally means "Greeks who are by the Sea", from 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 (y-u-n-a /Yaunā/, “Greek”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (d-r-y-h-y-a /drayahyā/, “at the sea”), in reference to them living on the same side of the Aegean Sea with respect to the Achaemenid Empire in contrast to the European Greeks, termed 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y, “Yaunā tayaiy paradraya”, literally “Greeks who are across the Sea”), who lived on the opposite side the Aegean Sea as the Persians.
Compare:
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Yaunā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Greeks who are across the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā, literally “Greeks who are of the Mainland”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 (Yaunā takabarā, literally “Greeks who wear shield-like hats”)
* 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (dahyāva tayaiy drayahyā, literally “Countries who are beside Sea”)

Asian Greeks, Greeks who live on the western coast of Anatolia

en-𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠_𐏐_𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹_𐏐_𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠-peo-name-6Kw5vuby


𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹

𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹 (Vạrkāniya)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡓𐡊𐡍𐡉 (wrkny)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒅕𒋡𒉡𒅀𒅁 (mi-ir-ka₄-nu-ia-ip /Mirkanuyaip/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 (v-r-k-a-n /Vạrkāna/, “Hyrcania”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐎹

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hndwk' /hindūg/), 𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫇𐫃 (hyndwg /hindūg/)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅔𒁺𒌋 (in-du-u /Indū/), 𒅔𒁺𒈠𒀀𒀀 (in-du-ma-a-a /Indumāya/), 𒅔𒁺𒈠𒀀𒀀𒀪 (in-du-ma-a-a- /Indumāyaʾ/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒆜 (hi-in-du-iš /Hinduiš/), 𒄭𒁺 (hi-du /Hidu/), 𒄭𒁺𒁁 (hi-du-be /Hidube/), 𒄭𒁺𒆜 (hi-du-iš /Hiduiš/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀 (hi-in-du-ia /Hinduya/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀𒁁 (hi-in-du-ia-be /Hinduyabe/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀𒅁 (hi-in-du-ia-ip /Hinduyaip/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀𒆜 (hi-in-du-ia-iš /Hinduyaiš/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (h-i-du-u-š /Hiⁿduš/, “India”) + -𐎹 (-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐎹


𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐎹

h-r-u-v-t-i-y (romanization)
Harauvatiya (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒊒𒈠𒋾𒅀 (har-[ru]-ma-ti-ia /Harumatiya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁 (h-r-u-v-t-i-š /Harauvatiš/, “Arachosia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐎹


𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐎹

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡇𐡕𐡓𐡉 (bḥtry)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒁀𒄴𒋻𒀀𒀀 (ba-aḫ-tar-a-a /Baḫtaraya/), 𒁀𒄴𒋻𒌑𒀪𒄿𒋾 (ba-aḫ-tar-u₂-ʾ-i-ti /Baḫtaruʾiti/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐏁 (b-a-x-t-r-i-š /Bāxtriš/, “Bactria”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐎹


𐏀𐎼𐎣𐎠

z-r-k-a (romanization)
Zraⁿkā (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆰𒊏𒀭𒋡 (zir-ra-an-ka₄ /Ziranka/), 𒆰𒊏𒅔𒁉 (zir-ra-in-kaš /Zirainkaš/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏀𐎼𐎣 (z-r-k /Zraⁿka/, “Drangiana”) + -𐎠 (-a /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣𐎠


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎡𐎹

y-u-n-i-y (romanization)
Yauniya (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄿𒌋𒉡𒅀𒅁 (i-u-nu-ia-ip /Iunuyaip/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎹𐎢𐎴 (y-u-n /Yauna/, “Ionia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎡𐎹

s-ku-u-d-r-i-y (romanization)
Skudriya (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒄑𒆪𒁺𒊒𒀀𒀀 (is-ku-du-ru-a-a /Iskuduruya/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒊑𒅀 (iš-ku-ud-ri-ia /Iškudriya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 (s-ku-u-d-r /Skudra/, “Thrace”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐏃𐎼𐎹

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒊑𒅀𒅁 (Hareyaip)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺 (h-r-i-v /Haraiva/, “Ariana”) + -𐎹 (-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎿𐎢𐎦𐎢𐎭𐎡𐎹

s-u-gu-u-d-i-y (romanization)
Sugᵘdiya (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋗𒊌𒋾𒅀𒅁 (šu-ug-ti-ia-ip /Šugtiyaip/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎿𐎢𐎦𐎢𐎭 (s-u-gu-u-d /Sugᵘda/, “Sogdiana”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎲𐎠𐎧𐏂𐎡𐎹

head

𐎲𐎠𐎧𐏂𐎡𐎹 (Bāxçiya)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒀝𒅆𒅀 (ba-ak-ši-ia /Bakšiya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐏂𐎡𐏁 (b-a-x-ç-i-š /Bāxçiš/, “Bactria”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.
Cognate with Old Persian 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐎹 (Bāxtriya)


𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹

g-d-a-r-y (romanization)
Gaⁿdāraya (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒂵𒀭𒁕𒊒𒄿𒌈 (ga-an-da-ru-i-tu₄ /Gandaruitu/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒃷𒆪𒊑𒅀 (kán-da-re-ia /Kandareya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼 (g-d-a-r /Gaⁿdāra/, “Gandhara”) + -𐎹 (-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠

head

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā)

Literally means "Greeks who are of the Mainland", from 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 (y-u-n-a /Yaunā/, “Greek”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (u-š-k-h-y-a /uškahyā/, “on the land”).
Compare:
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Yaunā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Greeks who are across the Sea”)
* n𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā, literally “Greeks who are by the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 (Yaunā takabarā, literally “Greeks who wear shield-like hats”)

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎿𐎥𐎼𐎫 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣
a-r-b-a-y : a-θ-u-r-a : mu-u-d-r-a-y-a
a-r-mi-i-n : k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n-a
t-y-i-y : u-š-k-h-y-a : u-t-a : t-y-i-y
d-r-y-h-y-a : u-t-a : d-h-y-a-v : t-y-a
p-r : d-r-y : a-s-g-r-t : p-r-θ-v : z-r-k
/: Arabāya : Aθurā : Mudrāyā
Armina : Katpatuka : Sparda : Yaunā
tayaiy : uškahyā : utā : tayaiy
drayahyā : utā : dahyāva : tyā
para : draya : Asagarta : Parθava : Zraⁿka/
… Arabia, Assyria, Egypt,

en-𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠_𐏐_𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹_𐏐_𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠-peo-name-BOUEtBo9


𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠

𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā)

From 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a /Sakā/, “Scythian, Sacaean”) + 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭 (t-i-g-r-x-u-d /tigraxauda/). Literally means "Scythians with pointed caps", a reference to the pointed hats worn by this Scythian people.
Compare with:
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 (Yaunā takabarā, “Ancient Macedonians”, literally “Greeks with hats that look like shields”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠 (Sakā haumavargā, literally “Scythians who lay hauma-plants around (the fire)”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Scythians who are across the Sea”).
* 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam, literally “Scythians who live beyond Sogdiana”)

af

𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼𐏐
𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠
𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴
𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹
𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠
z-r-k : h-r-u-v-t-i-š : θ-t-gu-u-š : g-d-a-r :
h-i-du-u-š : s-k-a : h-u-m-v-r-g-a : s-k-a
t-i-g-r-x-u-d-a : b-a-b-i-ru-u-š : a-θ-u-r-a
a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y : a-r-mi-i-n
k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n : s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y
s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-k-b-r-a : p-u-t-a-y-a
/: Zraⁿka : Harauvatiš : Θataguš : Gaⁿdāra
Hiⁿduš : Sakā : haumavargā : Sakā
tigraxaudā : Bābirauš : Aθurā
Arabāya : Mudrāya : Armina
Katpatuka : Sparda : Yauna : Sakā : tayaiy : paradraya
Skudra : Yaunā : takabarā : Putāyā/
… Drangiana, Arachosia, Sattagydia, Gandhara,

with pointed caps, Babylon, Assyria,
Arabia, Egypt, Armenia,
Cappadocia, Lydia, Greece, the Scythians who are across the Sea,
Thrace, the Greeks who wear shield-like hats, Libya …

India, the Scythians who lay around hauma-plants, the Scythians

Encyclopædia Iranica
Haoma
Orthocorybantians


𐎿𐎣𐎠

s-k-a (romanization)
Sakā (romanization)

desctree

→ Sanskrit: शक (śaka)
→ English: Saka
→ Hindi: शक (śak)

Masculine gender term formed from 𐎿𐎣 (s-k /Saka/, “Scythia”) + -𐎠 (-a, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.
Compare 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (s-k-i-b-i-š /Sakaibiš/)

𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠

s-k-a : t-i-g-r-x-u-d-a /Sakā tigraxaudā/

𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹

s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y /Sakā tayaiy paradraya/


𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠

Literally "Scythians who lay hauma-plants around (the fire)", from 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a /Sakā/, “Scythian, Sacaean”) + 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥 (h-u-m-v-r-g /haumavarga/, “Who lays hauma-plants around (the fire)”). Literally means "Scythians who lay hauma plants around (the fire)".
Compare:
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā, literally “Scythians with pointed caps”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Scythians who are across the Sea”).
* 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam, literally “Scythians who are beyond Sogdiana”)


𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹

head

𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya)

Literally means "Scythians who are across the Sea", from 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a /Sakā/, “Scythian, Sacaean”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (p-r-d-r-y /paradraya/, “across the sea”), in reference to them living beyond the Black Sea with respect to the Achaemenid Empire.
Compare:
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Yaunā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Greeks who live across the Sea”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam, literally “Scythians who are beyond Sogdiana”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā, literally “Scythians with pointed caps”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠 (Sakā haumavargā, literally “Scythians who lay hauma-plants around (the fire)”)
* 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹 (dahyāva tya para draya, literally “Countries which are across the Sea”)

The Scythians inhabiting the Pontic Steppe


𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁

s-k-i-b-i-š (romanization)
Sakaibiš (romanization)

Masculine gender noun formed from the instrumental form of 𐎿𐎣 (s-k /Saka/, “Scythia”), used as a substantive.
Compare 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a /Sakā/).

θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š : XŠ : i-m : x-š-ç-m : t-y : a-d-m
d-a-r-y-a-mi-i-y : h-c-a : s-k-i-b-i-š : t-y-i-y : p-r
s-u-g-d-m : a-m-t : y-a-t-a : a : ku-u-š-a : h-c-a : h-i-d-u-v
a-m-t : y-a-t-a : a : s-p-r-d-a : t-y-m-i-y : a-u-r-m-z-d-a
f-r-a-b-r : h-y : m-θ-i-š-t : b-g-a-n-a-m : m-a-m
a-u-r-m-z-d-a : p-a-tu-u-v : u-t-a-m-i-y : vi-i-θ-m
/Dārayavauš : XŠ : vazraka : XŠ : XŠyanām : XŠ : dahyūvnām
Vištāspahyā : puça : Haxāmanišiya :
θātiy : Dārayavauš : XŠ : ima : xšaçam : tya : adam
dārayāmiy : hacā : Sakaibiš : tayaiy : para
Sugdam : amata : yātā : ā : Kūšā : hacā : Hidauv
amata : yātā : ā : Spardā : tyamaiy : Auramazdā
frābara : hya : maθišta : bagānām : mām
Auramazdā : pātuv : utāmaiy : viθam/
Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of Countries,
son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian.
Saith Darius the King: This is the kingdom which I
hold, from the Scythians who are beyond

DH 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐏋𐎹<𐎠>𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎶𐎫 𐏐 𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎠 𐏐 𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎭𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐎠𐎶𐎫 𐏐 𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎠 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎶𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎲𐎼 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎰𐎡𐏁𐎫 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎶𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎶 d-a-r-y-v-u-š : XŠ : v-z-r-k : XŠ : XŠ-y<𐎠>n-a-m : XŠ : d-h-y-u-v-n-a-m

thence unto Lydia - which Ahuramazda
the greatest of the gods bestowed upon me. Me
may Ahuramazda protect, and my royal house.

Sogdiana, thence unto Ethiopia; from India,

𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶

s-k-i-b-i-š : t-y-i-y : p-r : s-u-g-d-m /Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam/


𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶

𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (s-k-i-b-i-š : t-y-i-y : p-r : s-u-g-d-m /Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam/)

t-y-i-y : p-r : s-u-g-d-m (romanization)
Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam (romanization)

Literally means "Scythians who live beyond Sogdiana", from 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (s-k-i-b-i-š /Sakaibiš/, “Scythians, Sacaeans”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎱𐎼 (p-r /para/, “beyond”) + 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (s-u-g-d-m /Sugdam/, “Sogdiana”), in reference to them living beyond Sogdiana with respect to the Achaemenid Empire.
Compare:
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Scythians who live across the Sea”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā, literally “Scythians with pointed caps”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠 (Sakā haumavargā, literally “Scythians who lay hauma-plants around (the fire)”)

θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š : XŠ : i-m : x-š-ç-m : t-y : a-d-m
d-a-r-y-a-mi-i-y : h-c-a : s-k-i-b-i-š : t-y-i-y : p-r
s-u-g-d-m : a-m-t : y-a-t-a : a : ku-u-š-a : h-c-a : h-i-d-u-v
a-m-t : y-a-t-a : a : s-p-r-d-a : t-y-m-i-y : a-u-r-m-z-d-a
f-r-a-b-r : h-y : m-θ-i-š-t : b-g-a-n-a-m : m-a-m
a-u-r-m-z-d-a : p-a-tu-u-v : u-t-a-m-i-y : vi-i-θ-m
/Dārayavauš : XŠ : vazraka : XŠ : XŠyanām : XŠ : dahyūvnām
Vištāspahyā : puça : Haxāmanišiya :
θātiy : Dārayavauš : XŠ : ima : xšaçam : tya : adam
dārayāmiy : hacā : Sakaibiš : tayaiy : para
Sugdam : amata : yātā : ā : Kūšā : hacā : Hidauv
amata : yātā : ā : Spardā : tyamaiy : Auramazdā
frābara : hya : maθišta : bagānām : mām
Auramazdā : pātuv : utāmaiy : viθam/
Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of Countries,
son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian.
Saith Darius the King: This is the kingdom which I
hold, from the Scythians who are beyond
Sogdiana, thence unto Ethiopia; from India,

the greatest of the gods bestowed upon me. Me
may Ahuramazda protect, and my royal house.

en-𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁_𐏐_𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹_𐏐_𐎱𐎼_𐏐_𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶-peo-name-rf10cE-Y