𐎶𐎦𐎢𐏁

m-gu-u-š (romanization)
Maguš (romanization)

→ Ancient Greek: Μάγος (Mágos)

Generally assumed to be borrowed from Old Median (only found as a title? of persons that are also identified as Mede). Cognate of Avestan 𐬨𐬊𐬖𐬎 (moγu) but probably not of Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬔𐬀 (maga) (cognate with Sanskrit मघ (magha, “gift”)).

The meaning of this term is uncertain. (magūš) It is a hapax legomenon known only from the Behistun inscription where it is used as a title (?) of persons. Sometimes said to be the term for a Zoroastrian priest, or for a magician, or for a sub-tribe of the Medes; these interpretations are formed by Greek Μάγος and μάγος.


𐎷𐎰𐎼

mi-θ-r (romanization)
Miθraʰ (romanization)

desctree

Middle Persian: mtr', 𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡 (myhr /mihr/)
Persian: مهر (mehr)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਮਿਹਰ (mihar)
Shahmukhi script: مہر (mihr)

→ Akkadian:

desc

→ Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊑 (mi-it-ri /Mitri/)

Borrowed from Avestan 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (Miθra) or Old Median *Miθrah. Doublet of 𐎷𐎫𐎼 (mi-t-r /Mitraʰ/) and 𐎷𐏂 (mi-ç /Miçaʰ/).

doublet

(Iranian mythology, religion, Zoroastrianism) Mithra, a Zoroastrian deity


𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁

ku-u-ru-u-š (romanization)
Kuruš (romanization)

Classical Persian: کُورُش (kūruš)

Dari: کورش (kūruš)

Iranian Persian: کوروش (kuroš)

→ Old Armenian: քորէշ (kʻorēš)

Tajik: Куруш (Kuruš)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒆪𒆪𒊏𒀾 (ᵏᵘku-ra-áš /Kuraš/), 𒆪𒆪𒊏𒀾𒋙 (ᵏᵘku-ra-áš-šú /Kurašu/), 𒆪𒊏𒀾 (ku-ra-áš /Kuraš/), 𒆪𒊏𒀾𒋙 (ku-ra-áš-šú /Kurašu/), 𒆪𒆜 (ku-raš /Kuraš/), 𒆪𒊏𒋗 (ku-ra-šu /Kurašu/), 𒆪𒊏𒋙 (ku-ra-šú /Kurašu/), 𒆪𒆜𒋙 (ku-raš-šú /Kurašu/), 𒆳𒀸 (kur-aš /Kuraš/), 𒆳𒀾 (kur-áš /Kuraš/), 𒆪𒊕 (ku-reš /Kureš/), 𒆳𒊏𒀸 (kur-ra-aš /Kuraš/), 𒆳𒁺𒀸 (kur-rá-aš /Kuraš/), 𒆳𒆜 (kur-raš /Kuraš/), 𒆳𒌇 (kur-ráš /Kuraš/), 𒆳𒊏𒋙 (kur-ra-šú /Kurašu/), 𒆳𒊕 (kur-reš /Kureš/), 𒆪𒌨𒊏𒀾 (ku-ur-ra-áš /Kuraš/), 𒆪𒌨𒊏𒋙 (ku-ur-ra-šú /Kurašu/), 𒆪𒌨𒋙 (ku-ur-šú /Kuršu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Κῦρος (Kûros), Κόρος (Kóros) (see there for further descendants)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡊𐡓𐡔 (krš)

Classical Syriac: ܟܘܪܫ (Kūreš)

→ Biblical Hebrew: כּוֹרֶשׁ (kóresh)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: kA-wA-rw-SA (kꜣwꜣrwšꜣ)

→? Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆪𒌇 (ku-ráš /Kuraš/)

→ Sanskrit: कुरुष (kuruṣa)

Of disputed origin. One theory is that it is from Elamite 𒁹𒆪𒊏𒀾 (ᵐku-ra-aš₂ /kuraš/, “shepherd, bestowed care, protector”); earliest cuneiform attestations of the name, even instances prior to the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, always end in /-aš/ as opposed to /-uš/, an unexplainable development for Akkadian and Elamite phonologically if the original was the Iranian /-uš/. This has suggested rather that the later, more well-known Iranian version is in fact the adaptation, perhaps brought on by the fact that Old Persian a stems never have a final /-š/ in the nominative but u stems do.

unk

disputed


𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁

d-a-r-y-v-u-š (romanization)
Dārayavaʰuš (romanization)

Middle Persian: 𐭣𐭠𐭫𐭠𐭡 (dʾlʾḇ /Dārā(y)/), 𐡃𐡀𐡓𐡉𐡅 (Dārayaw), 𐡃𐡀𐡓𐡉𐡍 (Dārāyān)

Persian: داراب (dârâb), دارا (dârâ)

→ Arabic: دَارَا (dārā)

→ Old Armenian: Դարա (Dara)

desc

→ Persian: داریوش (Dāryuš) (semi-learned)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒁕𒅀𒀀𒈲 (ar-da-ia-a-muš /Ardayāwuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊏𒅀𒀀𒈲 (da-a-ra-ia-a-muš /Dārayāwuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊏𒅀𒈲 (da-a-ra-ia-muš /Daārayawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊏𒅀𒈬𒍑 (da-a-ra-ia-mu-uš /Dārayawuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒀀𒈲 (da-ar-a-muš /Darawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊏𒈬𒍑 (da-a-ra-mu-uš /Dārawuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒀪𒀀𒈬𒍑 (da-ar-ʾ-a-mu-uš /Darʾawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀀𒀀𒈲 (da-a-re-a-a-muš /Dāreāyawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀀𒈲 (da-a-re-a-muš /Dāreamuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒀀𒈲 (da-a-re-ʾ-a-muš /Dāreʾawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀀𒈬𒍑 (da-a-re-a-mu-uš /da-a-re-a-mu-uš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅎𒈲 (da-a-re-em-muš /da-a-re-em-muš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅎𒍑𒋙 (da-a-re-em-uš-šu₂ /da-a-re-em-uš-šu₂/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒐊𒀀𒈲 (da-a-re-ia₂-a-muš /da-a-re-ia₂-a-muš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒐊𒈲 (da-a-re-ia₂-muš /da-a-re-ia₂-muš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒐊𒀪𒈲 (da-a-re-ia₂-ʾ-muš /da-a-re-ia₂-ʾ-muš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒐊𒈬𒋙 (da-a-re-ia₂-mu-šu₂ /da-a-re-ia₂-mu-šu₂/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒐊𒈬𒍑 (da-a-re-ia₂-mu-uš /da-a-re-ia₂-mu-uš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅀𒀀𒈲 (da-a-re-ia-a-muš /Dāreyāwuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅀𒀀𒈬𒍑 (da-a-re-ia-a-mu-uš /Dāreyāwuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅀𒈲 (da-a-re-ia-muš /Dāreyawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅀𒈬𒍑 (da-a-re-ia-mu-uš /Dāreyawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒄿𒈲 (da-a-re-i-muš /Dāreywuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒄿𒈬𒍑 (da-a-re-i-mu-uš /Dāreywuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒈲 (da-a-re-muš /Dārewuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒈲 (da-a-re-ʾ-muš /Dāreʾwuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒈲𒋙 (da-a-re-muš-šu₂ /Dārewušu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒈬𒋙 (da-a-re-mu-šu₂ /Dārewušu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒈬𒋙 (da-a-re-ʾ-mu-šu₂ /Dāreʾwušu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒈬𒍑 (da-a-re-mu-uš /Dārewuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒅀𒀀𒈲 (da-ar-ia-a-muš /Daryāwuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒅀𒈲 (da-ar-ia-muš /Daryawuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒅀𒈬𒍑 (da-ar-ia-mu-uš /Daryawuuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒈲 (da-ar-muš /Darwuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒀪𒈲 (da-ar-ʾ-muš /Darʾwuš/), 𒁕𒅈𒈬𒋙 (da-ar-mu-šu₂ /Darwušu/), 𒁕𒅈𒀪𒈬𒋙 (da-ar-ʾ-mu-šu₂ /Darʾwušu/), 𒁕𒅈𒊏𒀀𒈲 (da-ar-ra-a-muš /Darāmwš/), 𒁕𒅈𒊏𒋙 (da-ar-ra-šu₂ /Darašu/), 𒁕𒅈𒊑𒈲 (da-ar-re-muš /Darewuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊒𒀀𒈲 (da-a-ru-a-muš /Dāruawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊒𒅀𒈲 (da-a-ru-ia-muš /Dāruyawuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊒𒅀𒈬𒍑𒋙 (da-a-ru-ia-mu-uš-šu₂ /Dāruyawušu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊒𒈬𒋙 (da-a-ru-mu-šu₂ /Dāruwušu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊒𒈬𒍑𒋙 (da-a-ru-mu-uš-šu₂ /Dāruwušu/), 𒁕𒁯𒈲 (ᵈᵃdar-muš /Darwuš/), 𒁕𒄷𒀀𒐊𒈲 (da-hu-a-ia₂-muš /Daḫuayawuš/), 𒁕𒊏𒀀𒈲 (da-ra-a-muš /Darāwuš/), 𒁕𒊏𒀀𒈬𒋙 (da-ra-a-mu-šu₂ /Darāwušu/), 𒁕𒊏𒐊𒈲 (da-ra-ia₂-muš /Darayamuš/), 𒁕𒊏𒅀𒀀𒈲 (da-ra-ia-a-muš /Darayāwuš/), 𒁕𒊏𒅀𒈬𒍑 (da-ra-ia-mu-uš /Darayawuš/), 𒁯𒀀𒈲 (dar-a-muš /Darawuš/), 𒁕𒊏𒈲 (da-ra-muš /Darawuš/), 𒁕𒊏𒀪𒈲 (da-ra-ʾ-muš /Daraʾwuš/), 𒁕𒊏𒈲𒋙 (da-ra-muš-šu₂ /Darawušu/), 𒁕𒊏𒈬𒋙 (da-ra-mu-šu₂ /Darawušu/), 𒁕𒊏𒈬𒋙 (da-ra-mu-uš /Darawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒐊𒈲 (da-re-a-ia₂-muš /Dareayawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒈨𒌍𒈬šu₂ (da-re-a-meš-mu-šu₂ /Dareawešwušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒈲 (da-re-a-muš /Dareawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒀪𒈲 (da-re-a-ʾ-muš /Dareaʾwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒀀𒈲 (da-re-ʾ-a-muš /Dareʾawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒈲𒋙 (da-re-a-muš-šu₂ /Dareawušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒈬𒋙 (da-re-a-mu-šu₂ /Dareawušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒈬𒍑 (da-re-a-mu-uš /Dareawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒅎𒈬𒍑 (da-re-em-mu-uš /Darewuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒄿 (da-re-i /Darey/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒀀𒈲 (da-re-ia-a-muš /Dareyāwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒀀𒀪𒈲 (da-re-ia-a-ʾ-muš /Dareyāʾmuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒀀𒈬𒋙 (da-re-ia-a-mu-šu₂ /Dareyāwušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒀀𒈬𒍑 (da-re-ia-a-mu-uš /Dareyāwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒅀𒀀𒈬𒍑 (da-re-ʾ-ia-a-mu-uš /Dareʾyāwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒈬𒈲 (da-re-ia-ᵐᵘmuš /Dareyawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒈲 (da-re-ia-muš /Dareyawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒀪𒈲 (da-re-ia-ʾ-muš /Dareyaʾwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒅀𒈲 (da-re-ʾ-ia-muš /Dareʾyawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒈬𒋙 (da-re-ia-mu-šu₂ /Dareyawušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒈬𒍑 (da-re-ia-mu-uš /Dareyawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒅀𒈬𒍑 (da-re-ʾ-ia-mu-uš /Dareʾyawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒐊𒈲 (da-re-ia₂-muš /Dareyawuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒐊𒀀𒈲 (da-re-ia₂-a-muš /Dareyāwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒐊𒀀𒈬𒍑 (da-re-ia₂-a-mu-uš /Dareyāwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒐊𒈬𒋙 (da-re-ia₂-mu-šu₂ /Dareyawušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒄿𒈲 (da-re-i-muš /Dareywuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒄿𒈬𒋙 (da-re-i-mu-šu₂ /Dareywušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒄿𒈬𒍑 (da-re-i-mu-uš /Dareywuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒀀𒋗 (da-re-mu-a-šu /Darewuašu/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒌍 (da-re-mu-eš /Darewueš/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒌍𒋙 (da-re-mu-eš-šu₂ /Darewuešu/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒈨𒌍 (da-re-ᵐᵘmeš /Darewuweš/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒈲 (da-re-ᵐᵘmuš /Darewuwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒈬𒈲 (da-re-ʾ-ᵐᵘmuš /Dareʾwuwuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒈲 (da-re-muš /Darewuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒈲 (da-re-ʾ-muš /Dareʾwmuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒃻 (da-re-mu-ša₂ /Darewuša/), 𒁕𒊑𒈲𒋙 (da-re-muš-šu₂ /Darewušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒈲𒋙 (da-re-ʾ-muš-šu₂ /Dareʾwušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒋙 (da-re-mu-šu₂ /Darewušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒈬𒋙 (da-re-ʾ-mu-šu₂ /da-re-ʾ-mu-šu₂/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒍑 (da-re-mu-uš /da-re-mu-uš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒈬𒍑 (da-re-ʾ-mu-uš /da-re-ʾ-mu-uš/), 𒁕𒊑𒈬𒍑𒋙 (da-re-mu-uš-šu₂ /da-re-mu-uš-šu₂/), 𒁕𒊑𒍑𒈬𒋙 (da-re-uš-mu-šu₂ /da-re-uš-mu-šu₂/), 𒁯𒐊𒀀𒈲 (dar-ia₂-a-muš /dar-ia₂-a-muš/), 𒁯𒅀𒀀𒈲 (dar-ia-a-muš /dar-ia-a-muš/), 𒁯𒅀𒈲 (dar-ia-muš /dar-ia-muš/), 𒁯𒈲 (dar-muš /dar-muš/), 𒁯𒊏𒀀𒈲 (dar-ra-a-muš /dar-ra-a-muš/), 𒁕𒊒𒈠𒀾𒋙 (da-ru-ma-aš₂-šu₂ /da-ru-ma-aš₂-šu₂/), 𒁕𒊒𒀪𒈲 (da-ru-ʾ-muš /da-ru-ʾ-muš/), 𒁕𒊒𒌑𒈨𒋙 (da-ru-u₂-me-šu₂ /da-ru-u₂-me-šu₂/), 𒁲□𒀪□𒈨𒌍 (di-x-ʾ-x-meš /di-x-ʾ-x-meš/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡃𐡓𐡅𐡔 (drwš), 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡔 (drywhš), 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡅𐡔 (drywhwš), 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡔 (drywš)

Classical Syriac: ܕܪܝܘܫ (dāryāwaš)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: ini-ti-r:w-SA (jntjrwšꜣ), ini-ti-rw-i-i-w-SA (jntjrwywšꜣ), ini-ti-rw-i-i-wA-h-w-SA (jntjrwywꜣhwšꜣ), ini-ti-rw-i-i-wA-SA (jntjrwywꜣšꜣ), ini-ti-rw-wA-SA (jntjrwꜣšꜣ), ini-ti-sxt-rw-SA (jntjsḫtrwsꜣ), ini-T:rw-i-i-wA-SA (jnṯrwywꜣšꜣ), ini-T:r-i-i-w-SA (jnṯrywšꜣ), ini-N17:r-w-SA (jntꜣrwšꜣ), n:d-rw:E9-T (ndrwjwṯ), t-r-w-SA (trwšꜣ), t*t:r-w-SA (trwšꜣ), T:rw-i-i-w-h-SA (ṯrwywhšꜣ), t:r-i-i-w-SA (trywšꜣ), N17:r-w-SA (tꜣrwšꜣ), tA:rw-i-i-w-SA (tꜣrwywšꜣ), N17:rw-i-i-w-h-SA (tꜣrwywhšꜣ), tA:rw-wA-SA (tꜣrwꜣšꜣ), T:r-i-i-w-SA (ṯrywšꜣ)

→ Demotic: tꜣryꜣwš, tꜣrywš, tꜣrywhš, tꜣrywhwš, tꜣrwš, ṯrꜣwš, ṯrywš, trywš, trwyš, ṯrwš

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆪𒄷𒀀𒈠𒌋𒆜 (da-hu-a-ma-u-iš /Dahuamauiš/), 𒆪𒊑𒀀𒈠𒌋𒆜 (da-re-a-ma-u-iš /da-re-a-ma-u-iš/), 𒆪𒊑𒅀𒈠𒌋𒆜 (da-re-ia-ma-u-iš /Dareiamauiš/), 𒆪𒊑𒅀𒌋𒌑𒆜 (da-re-ia-u-u₂-iš /Dareiaūiš/)

→ Hebrew: דריווש (dar'yávesh), דָּרְיָוֶשׁ (dārəyā́weš)

→ Old Armenian: Դարեհ (Dareh)

→ Old Georgian: დარეჰ (dareh)

From 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎫𐎡𐎹 (d-a-r-y-t-i-y /dārayatiy/, “to hold, have”) + *vahuš (“good”).

af

a male given name, equivalent to English Darius


𐏎

Middle Persian: 𐭡𐭢 (bg /bag/)

From Proto-Iranian *bagáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰagás, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-; see there for more. Cognate with Sanskrit भग (bhága, “dispenser, gracious lord, patron”).

cog

(Iranian mythology, Religion, Zoroastrianism) god


𐏉

Auramazdā (romanization)
logogram (romanization)


𐎳𐎼𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠

head

𐎳𐎼𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠 (framātā) m


𐎲𐎥

(Iranian mythology, Religion, Zoroastrianism, syllabary) Alternative form of 𐏎 (baga)


𐏊

AMha (romanization)
auramazdā (romanization)
logogram (romanization)


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁

𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁 (arštiš) f


𐎭𐎠𐎫𐎶

d-a-t-m (romanization)
dātam (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dʾt' /dād/)

Persian: داد (dâd)

→ Hebrew: דת (dat)

From Proto-Iranian *dātam, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀 (dāta, “law, rule”).


𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠

Middle Persian: pitar, pidar, pid

Persian: پدر (pedar)

From Proto-Iranian *pHtā́, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pHtā́, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr (compare Ancient Greek πατήρ (patḗr), Latin pater, Tocharian A pācar, English father).


𐎺𐎠𐏃𐎼

Middle Persian: whʾl (wahār)

Persian: بهار (bahâr)

From Proto-Iranian *wáhr̥, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wásr̥, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (“spring”).


𐎣𐎠𐎶

k-a-m (romanization)
kāmaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭬𐭪 (kʾm /kām/)

Persian: کام (kâm)

From Proto-Iranian *káHmah. Cognate with Sanskrit काम (kāma, “desire”).


𐎲𐎼𐎠𐎫𐎠

b-r-a-t-a (romanization)
brātā (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫡𐫀𐫅 (brʾd /brād/), 𐫁𐫡𐫀𐫅𐫡 (brʾdr /brādar/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (AH), [Book Pahlavi needed] (blʾt' /brād/), [Book Pahlavi needed] (blʾtl' /brādar/)

From Proto-Iranian *bráHtā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰráHtā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Compare Sanskrit भ्रातृ (bhrātṛ, “brother”).


𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹

head

𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 (xšāyaθiya) m

xšāyaθiya (romanization)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 (nominative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

peo-decl

𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠


𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥

d-r-u-g (romanization)
drauga (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/drō(g)/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇 (drw)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (KDBA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlwb')

Pazend script: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬔 (darōg), 𐬛𐬭𐬋𐬔 (drōg)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ-.

𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹/𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎲𐎼𐎬𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎡/𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼/𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎹/𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎼/𐎢𐎥𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎩𐎷𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐏃[𐎡]𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁/𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥 𐏐 𐎠𐎡𐎫 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎩𐎮𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭/𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎠/𐎡[𐎫𐎶𐎡𐎹 𐏐] 𐎹[𐎠𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎢]𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬/𐎢[𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎻𐎡]𐎰[𐎡]𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐

Darius the King says: May Ahuramazda bear me aid, with the gods of the royal house; and may Ahuramazda protect this country from a (hostile) army, from famine, from the Lie! Upon this country may there not come an army, nor famine, nor the Lie; this I pray as a boon from Ahuramazda together with the gods of the royal house. This boon may Ahuramazda together with the gods of the royal house give to me!

thâtiy : Dârayavaush : xshâyathiya : manâ : Auramazdâ : upastâm : baratuv : hadâ : vithaibish : bagaibish : utâ : imâm : dahyâum : Auramazda : pâtuv : hacâ : hainâyâ : hacâ : dushiyârâ : hacâ : draugâ : abiy : imâm : dahyâum : mâ : âjamiyâ : mâ : hainâ : mâ : dushiyâram : mâ : drauga : aita : adam : yânam : jadiyâmiy : Auramazdâm : hadâ : vithaibish : bagaibish : aitamaiy : yânam : Auramazdâ : dadâtuv : hadâ vithaibish : bagaibish :


𐎠𐎼𐎫

a-r-t (romanization)
r̥taʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/ard/, “Ard, a goddess; 25th day of Persian calendar”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫏𐫡𐫅 (ʾyrd)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭫𐭲𐭩 (ʾlty)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlt')

From Proto-Iranian *Hr̥táh (“truth, righteousness”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥tás (“truth”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀 (aṣ̌a, “truth”), Sanskrit ऋत (ṛtá, “fixed order, truth”).


𐎱𐎢𐏂

Middle Persian: (/pus, pusar/)

Middle Persian: 𐭡𐭥𐭤 (BRE)

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫇𐫘 (pws), 𐫛𐫇𐫘𐫡 (pwsr)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pws), [Book Pahlavi needed] (BRE); [Book Pahlavi needed] (pwsl), [Book Pahlavi needed] (BREl)

From Proto-Iranian *puθráh,(compare Avestan 𐬞𐬎𐬚𐬭𐬀 (puθra)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *putrás (compare Sanskrit पुत्र (putra)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂u-.

𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹 […]
Pārsahyā : puça : Ariya […]

522 BCE – 486 BCE, Darius I, DSe line 13


𐎴𐎠𐎶

n-a-m (romanization)
nāma (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/nām/)

Manichaean script: 𐫗𐫀𐫖 (nʾm)

Book Pahlavi script: ŠM (ŠM)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭱𐭬 (ŠM)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮐𐮋 (ŠM)

From Proto-Iranian *Hnā́ma (compare Avestan 𐬥𐬅𐬨𐬀𐬥- (ną̇man-)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnā́ma (compare Sanskrit नामन् (nā́man)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”) (compare Hittite 𒆷𒀀𒈠𒀭 (lāman), Old Armenian անուն (anun), Ancient Greek ὄνομα (ónoma), Latin nōmen, Tocharian A ñom, and Old English nama (English name)).


𐎭𐎠𐎽𐎢𐎺

d-a-ru-u-v (romanization)
dāruv (romanization)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dʾl /dār/)

Persian: دار (dâr)

Bakhtiari: دار (dâr)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dóru
Proto-Indo-Iranian *dā́ru
Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎽𐎢𐎺 (d-a-ru-u-v)
From Proto-Iranian *dā́ru. Cognates include Sanskrit दारु (dā́ru), Ancient Greek δρῦς (drûs) and Old English trēow (English tree).


𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎱𐎠𐎺𐎠

x-š-ç-p-a-v-a (romanization)
xšaçapāvā (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (šsp /šasab/)

Literally "protector of the realm, province", an agent noun based on 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaça-/, “realm, province”) and 𐎱𐎠𐎮𐎹 (p-a-di-y /√pā/, “to protect”).
Akin to Parthian 𐭔𐭄𐭓𐭁 (šhrb), 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓𐭐 (ḥštrp), Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭯 (štrp). Compare the Iranian borrowings: Elamite 𒃻𒀝𒃻𒁀𒈠 (šá-ak-šá-ba-ma), Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀔𑀢𑀧 (khatapa), Maharastri Prakrit 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀧 (kṣatrapa), Sanskrit क्षत्रप (kṣatrapa), Gandhari 𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨤 (kṣatrapa) and 𐨖𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨤 (chatrapa), Lycian 𐊜𐊖𐊖𐊀𐊅𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀 (χssadrapa) and 𐊜𐊖𐊖𐊀𐊉𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀 (χssaθrapa), Ancient Greek σατράπης (satrápēs), Old Armenian շահապ (šahap).

satrap (governor of a province under Achaemenid Persian rule)


𐎴𐎱𐎠

n-p-a (romanization)
napā (romanization)

Middle Persian: np (/nab/)

Classical Persian: نوه (nava)

From Proto-Iranian *nápāth, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *nápāts, from Proto-Indo-European *(h₂)népōts. Cognates include Sanskrit नपात् (nápāt), Latin nepōs, Ancient Greek ἀνεψιός (anepsiós) and Old English nefa.

𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠𐎶𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎴𐎱𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐

[…] son, grandson of Arsames, an Achaemenid, says […]


𐏋

XŠ (romanization)
xšāyaθiya (romanization)

desctree

Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (MLKA /šāh/)
Persian: شاه (šâh) (see there for further descendants)
Tajik: шоҳ (šoh)

From Proto-Iranian *xšáyati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (“he rules, he has power over”) (whence Sanskrit क्षयति (kṣáyati)), from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to gain power over, gain control over”).
Likely a borrowing from Old Median, being a doublet of 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (xšaça-, “realm, province”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षत्र (kṣatrá, “might, power”), Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra, “kingdom”), Old Armenian աշխարհ (ašxarh), Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to get, acquire”).


𐎴𐎠𐎶𐎠

From Proto-Iranian *Hnā́ma, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnā́ma, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”).


𐎭𐎡𐎺

d-i-v (romanization)
daiva (romanization)

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫏𐫇 (dyw /dēw/, “evil spirit, demon”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠDYA /dēw/, “evil spirit, demon”)

→ Aramaic: דיוא (daywā)

Classical Syriac: ܕܝܘܐ (daywā)

desctree

→ Arabic: دِيُو (diyū)
→ Kazakh: дию (diü)

From Proto-Iranian *daywáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *daywás, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deywós. Cognates include Sanskrit देव (deva), Latin deus, Proto-Germanic *Tīwaz (whence the first element in English Tuesday), Proto-Celtic *deiwos.

(Iranian mythology, Zoroastrianism) foreign god, false god


𐎶𐎠𐏃

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫀𐫆 (mʾẖ)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mʾh)

desctree

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭩𐭥𐭧 (BYRH), 𐫖𐫀𐫆 (mʾẖ) — Manichaean
Classical Persian: مَاه (māh)
Iranian Persian: مَاه (mâh)
Tajik: моҳ (moh)
→ Gujarati: માહ (māh)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: माह (māh)
Urdu: مَاہ (māh)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s
Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā́Has
Proto-Iranian *mā́Hah
Old Persian 𐎶𐎠𐏃 (m-a-h)
From Proto-Iranian *mā́Hah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā́Has, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s.


𐎭𐎿𐎫

d-s-t (romanization)
dasta (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Iranian *jástah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰástas, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰóstos, from *ǵʰes-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 (zasta), Sanskrit हस्त (hásta).


𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹

m-r-t-i-y (romanization)
martiyaʰ (romanization)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 (nominative singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

From Proto-Iranian *mártyah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mártyas, from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”). Cognate with Sanskrit मर्त्य (martya).


𐎶𐎦𐏁

m-gu-š (romanization)
maguš (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/mow/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (MGWŠH)

desctree

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭢𐭥 (mgw)
Persian: مغ (moğ)
→ Aghwan: 𐕌𐕒𐔲 (mog)
→ Old Armenian: մոգ (mog)
→ Old Georgian: მოგჳ (mogwi)
→ Sogdian: (/maɣu/)
Sogdian script: 𐼺𐼴𐼲 (mwɣ)
Syriac script: ܡܓ݂ܘ (mɣw), ܡܘܓ݂ (mwɣ)

→ Persian: مگوش (maguš) (learned)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈠𒄖𒊺𒂊 (ma-gu-še-e /magušē/), 𒈠𒄖𒋗 (ma-gu-šu /magušu/), 𒈠𒄖𒋙 (ma-gu-šú /maguš/), 𒈠𒄖𒍑 (ma-gu-uš /maguš/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡂𐡅𐡔 (mgwš), 𐡌𐡂𐡔 (mgš)

desctree

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: מגושא (mgwšʾ)
Classical Syriac: ܡܓܘܫܐ (məḡūšā)
→ Arabic: مَجُوس (majūs)
→ Persian: مَجوس (majus)
→ Hebrew: מָג (māḡ)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒆪𒆜 (ma-ku-iš /makuiš/)

→ Ancient Greek: μάγος (mágos)

Greek: μάγος (mágos)

→ Coptic: ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ (magos)

→ Latin: magus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Iranian *magúš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *magʰúš, from Proto-Indo-European *megʰ-ú-s, from *megʰ- (“to be able”), as priests were considered capable of powerful feats (though some, including Beekes, are implicitly skeptical).


𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠

head

𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠 (mātā) f

Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭥 (mātar)

Persian: مادر (mâdar)

From Proto-Iranian *máHtā (compare Avestan 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 (mātar)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *máHtā (compare Sanskrit मातृ (mā́tṛ), from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr (compare Old Armenian մայր (mayr), Ancient Greek μήτηρ (mḗtēr), Old Church Slavonic мати (mati), Latin māter, Old English mōdor (whence English mother).


𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠

𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a /apiyā/) f (locative singular)

a-p-i-y-a (romanization)
apiyā (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫁 (ʾb /āb/)

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭯 (ʾp /āp/, /āβ/)

desctree

Classical Persian: آب (āb)
Dari: آب (āb), اَو (aw)
Hazaragi: او (aw)
Iranian Persian: آب (âb)
Tajik: об (ob)
→ Äynu: ab
→ Bengali: আব (āb)
→ Gujarati: અબ (āb)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: आब (āb)
Urdu: آب (āb)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਆਬ (āba)
Shahmukhi script: آب (āb)
→ Turkish: ab

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́ps
Proto-Iranian *Hā́fš
Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a)
From Proto-Iranian *Hā́fš.


𐎠𐎿𐎶𐎴

a-s-m-n (romanization)
asman (romanization)
𐎠𐎿𐎶𐎠𐎴𐎶 (accusative singular)

Middle Persian: (/asmān/)

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭮𐭬𐭠𐭭 (ʾsmʾn)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗 (ʾsmʾn)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐮰𐮽𐮼𐮰𐮵𐮵 (ʾsmʾn')

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮀𐮍𐮋𐮀𐮌 (ʾsmʾn)

Pazend script: 𐬁𐬯𐬨𐬅 (āsmą̇)

Borrowed from Old Median *asman, from Proto-Iranian *Hácmā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćmā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō.


𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶

x-š-ç-m (romanization)
xšaçam (romanization)

Middle Persian: 𐭱𐭲𐭫𐭩 (štly /šahr/)

Persian: شهر (šahr)

From Proto-Iranian *xšaθram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to attain”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षत्र (kṣatrá, “might, power”), Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra, “kingdom”), Khotanese kṣāra- (“power, dominion”), Old Armenian աշխարհ (ašxarh), Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to get, acquire”).


𐏀𐎴

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫗𐫃 (zng /zanag/, “kind, sort”)

From Old Median [Term?], from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ánHas, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os. Cognates include Ancient Greek γόνος (gónos) and Sanskrit जन (jána).

𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎿𐎱𐏀𐎴𐎠/𐎴𐎠𐎶

Inscription of Darius at Naqsh-e rustam A. (DNa), cca 6th century BCE, lines 8—10

I am Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of countries containing all kinds of men

adam Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya vazraka xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām xšāyaθiya dahyūnām vispazanānām


𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎹

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒌋𒌋𒉡𒅀 (har-man-nu-ia /Harmanuya/), 𒄯𒈪𒉡 (har-mi-nu /Harminu/), 𒄯𒈪𒉡𒅀 (har-mi-nu-ia /Harminuya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 (a-r-mi-i-n /Armina/, “Armenia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

...θātiy Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya Dādaršiš nāma Arminiya manā badaka avam adam frāišayam Arminam avaθāšaiy aθaham paraidiy kāra hya hamiçiva manā naiy gaubataiy avam jadiy...

late 6th century BC, Darius the Great, Behistun Inscription, Column 2, lines 29-31

King Darius says: An Armenian named Dādarši, my servant, I sent into Armenia, and I said unto him: 'Go, smite that host which is in revolt and does not acknowledge me.'

...θātiy Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya yātā adam Pārsaiy u[t]ā Mādaiy āham patiy duvitîyam Bābiruviyā hamiçiyā abava hacāma I martiya Arxa nāma Arminiya Halditahya puça hauv udapatatā Bābirauv Dubāla nāmā dahyāuš hacā avadaša hauv kārahyā avaθā adurujiya adam Nabukudracara amiy hya Nabunaitahya puça pasāva kāra Bābiruviya hacāma hamiçiya abava abiy avam Arxam ašiyava Bābirum hauv agarbāyatā hauv xšāyaθiya abava Bābirauv...

late 6th century BC, Darius the Great, Behistun Inscription, Column 3, lines 76-83

King Darius says: While I was in Persia and in Media, the Babylonians revolted from me a second time. A certain man named Arakha, an Armenian, son of Haldita, rebelled in Babylon. At a place called Dubāla, he lied unto the people, saying: 'I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus.' Then did the Babylonian people revolt from me and they went over to that Arakha. He seized Babylon, he became king in Babylon.


𐎲𐎠𐎪𐎶

Middle Persian: bʾc (bāǰ)

Persian: باج (bâj), باژ (bāž)

From Proto-Iranian *bāǰi- (“tribute, tax”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to distribute, allot”).

der

5th century BCE, Behistun Inscription, column 1, lines 17-20:

Dārayavauš xšāyathiya imā dahyāva tyā manā patiyāita vašnā Auramazdāha manā badakā āhatā manā bājim abaratā tyašām hacāma athahya xšapava raucapativā ava akunavayatā thātiy

Darius the King says: These are the countries which came to me; by the favor of Ahuramazda they were my subjects; they bore tribute to me; what was said to them by me either by night or by day, that was done.


𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁

h-x-a-m-n-i-š (romanization)
Haxāmaniš (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

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Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒄩𒈠𒉌𒅖𒀪 (a-ḫa-ma-ni-iš-ʾ /Aḫamanišʾ/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀχαιμένης (Akhaiménēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡇𐡌𐡍𐡔 (ʾḥmnš)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒀝𒋡𒌋𒌋𒉡𒆜 (ha-ak-ka₄-man-nu-iš /Hakamanuiš/)

From *haxā (“friend, companion”) + *maniš (“thought, mind”).


𐎠𐎴𐏃𐎡𐎫

Middle Persian: ʾnʾhyt' (Anāhīd)

Persian: اناهید (anâhid), ناهید (nâhid)

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Arabic: أَنَاهِيذ (ʔanāhīḏ)

Arabic: أَنَاهِيذ (ʔanāhīḏ)

Classical Syriac: ܐܢܗܝܕ (ʾĂnāhêḏ)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒈾𒄴𒄿𒌅𒀪 (a-na-aḫ-i-tu-ʾ /Anaḫituʾ/), 𒀀𒈾𒀪𒋾 (a-na-ʾ-ti /Anaʾti/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀναῗτις (Anaï̂tis)

→ Latin: Anaītis

→ Russian: Анаити́да (Anaitída)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒀭𒈾𒄭𒌓𒆪 (an-na-hi-ud-da /Anahiuda/)

→ Old Armenian: Անահիտ (Anahit)

Literally "who is not defiled", composed of *a(n)- (privative particle) + *āhitā- (“defiled”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬁𐬵𐬌𐬙𐬀 (anāhita, “pure, immaculate”, adj), an epithet of 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬍 (arəduuī).

cog

(Iranian mythology, Religion, Zoroastrianism) Anahita


𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠

a-r-t-x-š-ç-a (romanization)
R̥taxšaçāʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/Ardašīr, Ardaxšahr/)

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Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾltšdl)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭥 (ʾrtḥštr)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅈 (ar /Ar/), 𒌒 (ár /Ar/), 𒅈𒋫𒀪𒄩𒐼𒄑𒋢 (ar-ta-ʾ-ḫa-šá-is-su /Artaʾḫašaisu/), 𒅈𒋫𒀝𒁲𒊍𒋢 (ar-ta-ak-šá-as-su /Artakšasu/), 𒅈𒋳𒆳𒋢 (ar-tak-šat-su /Artakšatsu/), 𒌒𒋳𒆳𒋢 (ár-tak-šat-su /Artakšatsu/), 𒀸𒋫𒀝𒐼𒊍𒋢 (aš-ta-ak-šá-as-su /Aštakšasu/), 𒅈𒋫𒄴𒊓𒋢 (ar-ta-aḫ-sa-su /Artaḫsasu/), 𒅈𒋫𒄴𒐼𒊍𒋛𒅖 (ar-ta-aḫ-šá-as-si-iš /Artaḫšasiš/), 𒅈𒋫𒄴𒐼𒊍𒋢 (ar-ta-aḫ-šá-as-su /Artaḫšasu/), 𒅈𒋫𒀝𒐼𒊍𒋢 (ar-ta-ak-šá-as-su /Artakšasu/), 𒅈𒋫𒊍𒋢 (ar-ta-as-su /Artasu/), 𒅈𒈭𒊓𒋢 (ar-taḫ-sa-su /Artaḫsasu/), 𒅈𒈭𒊓𒌅 (ar-taḫ-sa-tu /Artaḫsatu/), 𒅈𒈭𒊭𒊍𒋢 (ar-taḫ-ša-as-su /Artaḫšasu/), 𒅈𒈭𒐼𒊍 (ar-taḫ-šá-as /Artaḫšas/), 𒅈𒈭𒐼𒊍𒄴𒋢 (ar-taḫ-šá-as-aḫ-su /Artaḫšasaḫsu/), 𒅈𒈭𒐼𒊍𒄑𒋢 (ar-taḫ-šá-as-is-su /Artaḫšasisu/), 𒅈𒈭𒐼𒊍𒊓𒀾 (ar-taḫ-šá-as-sa-áš /Artaḫšasaš/), 𒅈𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋛𒅖 (ar-taḫ-šá-as-si-iš /Artaḫšasiš/), 𒅈𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋀 (ar-taḫ-šá-as-siš /Artaḫšasiš/), 𒅈𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋢 (ar-taḫ-šá-as-su /Artaḫšasu/), 𒅈𒈭𒆳𒋢 (ar-taḫ-šat-su /Artaḫšatsu/), 𒅈𒃮𒐼𒊍𒋢 (ar-táḫ-šá-as-su /Artaḫšasu/), 𒅈𒋳𒀀𒄭𒅆 (ar-tak-a-ḫi-ši /Artakaḫiši/), 𒅈𒋳𒊍𒋢 (ar-tak-as-su /Artakasu/), 𒅈𒋫𒅗𒋢 (ar-ta-ka-su /Artakasu/), 𒅈𒋳𒐼𒊍𒋛 (ar-tak-šá-as-si /Artakšasi/), 𒅈𒋳𒐼𒊍𒋢 (ar-tak-šá-as-su /Artakšasu/), 𒅈𒋳𒐼𒄿𒋢 (ar-tak-šá-i-su /Artakšaisu/), 𒅈𒋳𒐼𒋛 (ar-tak-šá-si /Artakšasi/), 𒅈𒋳𒐼𒋢 (ar-tak-šá-su /Artakšasu/), 𒅈𒋳𒆳𒋢 (ar-tak-šat-su /Artakšatsu/), 𒅈𒋫𒊑𒋫𒊍𒋢 (ar-ta-ri-ta-as-su /Artaritasu/), 𒌒𒆳𒋢 (ár-šat-su /Aršatsu/), 𒌒𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋛 (ár-taḫ-šá-as-si /Artaḫšasi/), 𒌒𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋢 (ár-taḫ-šá-as-su /Artaḫšasu/), 𒌒𒈭𒐼𒊍𒌑𒋢 (ár-taḫ-šá-as-ú-su /Artaḫšasusu/), 𒌒𒈭𒐼𒋢 (ár-taḫ-šá-su /Artaḫšasu/), 𒌒𒈭𒆳𒋢 (ár-taḫ-šat-su /Artaḫšatsu/), 𒌒𒈭𒐼𒍝𒋢 (ár-taḫ-šá-za-su /Artaḫšazasu/), 𒌒𒋳𒀪𒋢 (ár-tak-ʾ-su /Artakʾsu/), 𒌒𒋳𒐼𒊍𒋢 (ár-tak-šá-as-su /Artakšasu/), 𒌒𒋳𒆳𒋢 (ár-tak-šat-su /Artakšatsu/), 𒌒𒋫𒆳𒋢 (ár-ta-š[at-su] /Artaš[atsu]/), 𒀸𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋢 (aš-taḫ-šá-as-su /Aštaḫšasu/), 𒀸𒈭𒐼𒋛 (aš-taḫ-šá-si /Aštaḫšasi/), 𒀸𒈭𒆳𒋢 (aš-taḫ-šat-su /Aštaḫšatsu/), 𒀸𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋢 (aš-taḫ-šá-as-su /Aštaḫšasu/), □𒈭𒐼𒊍𒋛𒍪 (□-taḫ-šá-as-si-sú /□taḫšasisu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρταξέρξης (Artaxérxēs), Ἀρταξέσσης (Artaxéssēs), Ἀρτασέσσης (Artaséssēs)

→ Latin: Artaxerxēs

→ English: Artaxerxes

→ Aramaic:

אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא

Biblical Aramaic: אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא (ʾartaḥšaśt), אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתְּא (ʾartaḥšast)

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡕𐡇𐡔𐡎𐡔 (ʾrtḥšsš)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: ꜣrṱẖšsš, ꜣrṱẖštš, ꜣrṱẖšṱš, ꜣrṱẖṱš

Late Egyptian: A-rw:T-xA-S-z:SA (ꜣrwṯḫꜣšsšꜣ), A-r:N17-xA-SA-z:SA (ꜣrtꜣḫꜣšꜣsšꜣ), A-rw-N17:x-SA-SA-s (ꜣrwtꜣḫšꜣšꜣs), A-rw:N17-xA-SA-z:SA (ꜣrwtꜣḫꜣšꜣsšꜣ), A-rw:T-x:S-s-A (ꜣrwṯḫšsꜣ)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒅅𒐼𒆜𒐼 (ir-da-ik-šá-iš-šá /Irdaikšaiša/), 𒅕𒋳𒅅𒐼𒀾𒐼 (ir-tà-ik-šá-áš-šá /Irtaikšaša/), 𒅕𒋳𒅅𒐼𒅖𒐼 (ir-tà-ik-šá-iš-šá /Irtaikšaiša/)

𐊁𐊕𐊗𐊀𐊋𐊖𐊖𐊆𐊕𐊀𐊈𐊀-

→ Lycian: 𐊁𐊕𐊗𐊀𐊋𐊖𐊖𐊆𐊕𐊀𐊈𐊀- (ertakssiraza-) (possibly)

→ Lydian: 𐤠𐤭𐤯𐤠𐤨𐤮𐤠𐤳𐤳𐤠𐤬 (artaksaššao), 𐤠𐤭𐤯𐤠𐤨𐤮𐤠𐤮𐤳𐤠 (artakśaś[sa])

From Proto-Iranian *Hr̥taxšaθrah. Equivalent to 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (r̥taʰ, “Asha; truth”) + 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (xšaçam, “realm; reign”). Cognate with Parthian 𐭀𐭓𐭕𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓 (ʾrtḥštr /Ardaxšahr/).


𐎹𐎢𐎴

y-u-n (romanization)
Yauna (romanization)


𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹

mu-d-r-a-y (romanization)
Mudrāyaʰ (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *Mujrāyah, ultimately derived from Proto-Semitic *muṣr-ā- (“Egypt”). Compare Akkadian 𒈬𒀫 (muṣru), Ugaritic 𐎎𐎕𐎗𐎎 (mṣrm /miṣrāma/), Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (miṣráyim), and Achaemenid Elamite 𒈬𒄑𒍝𒊑𒅀 (mu-iṣ-ṣa-ri-ia).

cog

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹


𐎠𐎣𐎢𐎳𐎨𐎡𐎹𐎠

a-k-u-f-c-i-y-a (romanization)
Ākaufačiyā (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒆪𒉿𒄿𒅖 (a-ku-pi-i-iš /Akupīš/)

Literally "dwellers of the mountain-land", from *Ākaufaka- + *-(i)ya- (adjectival suffix). *Ākaufaka- itself is composed of *ā- (“to”) + *kaufa- (“mountain”) + *-ka- (hypocoristic suffix).


Bagadātah

Middle Persian: (/Baydād/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭢𐭣𐭲 (bgdt), 𐭡𐭢𐭣𐭠𐭲𐭩 (bgdʾty)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒁀𒀝𒁕𒌈 (ba-ag-da-tu₄ /Bagdatu/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒁕𒀀𒋫 (ba-ga-ʾ-da-a-ta /Bagaʾdāta/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒁕𒀀𒋫𒀪 (ba-ga-ʾ-da-a-ta-ʾ /Bagaʾdātaʾ/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒁕𒀀𒋾 (ba-ga-ʾ-da-a-ti /Bagaʾdāti/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒁕𒀀𒌅 (ba-ga-ʾ-da-a-tú /Bagaʾdātu/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒁕𒀜𒋫𒀪 (ba-ga-ʾ-da-at-ta-ʾ /Bagaʾdātaʾ/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒁕𒋫𒀪 (ba-ga-ʾ-da-ta-ʾ /Bagaʾdataʾ/), 𒁀𒂵𒁕𒀀𒋾 (ba-ga-da-a-ti /Bagadāti/), 𒁀𒂵𒁕𒀀𒌓 (ba-ga-da-a-tú /Bagadātu/), 𒁀𒂵𒁕𒀀𒌈 (ba-ga-da-a-tu₄ /Bagadātu/), 𒁀𒂵𒁕𒁺 (ba-ga-da-du /Bagadadu/), 𒄷𒁕𒁕 (bag-da-da /Bagdada/), 𒁀𒄀𒁕𒀀𒌓 (ba-ge-da-a-tú /Bagedātu/), 𒀭𒈨𒌍𒁕𒀀𒋫 (DINGIR.MEŠ-da-a-ta /Bagadāta/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡂𐡃𐡕 (bgdt)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: [script needed] (pgtt)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒀝𒆪𒀜𒆪 (ba-ak-da-ad-da /Bakdada/), 𒁀𒀝𒆪𒌓𒆪 (ba-ak-da-ud-da /Bakdauda/), 𒁀𒅅𒆪𒌓𒆪 (ba-ik-da-ud-da /Baikdauda/), 𒁀𒋡𒆪𒀜 (ba-ka₄-da-ad /Bakadad/), 𒁀𒋡𒆪𒀜𒆪 (ba-ka₄-da-ad-da /Bakadada/), 𒁀𒋡𒆪𒆪 (ba-ka₄-da-da /Bakadada/), 𒁀𒋡𒆪𒌓𒆪 (ba-ka₄-da-ud-da /Bakadauda/)

→ Ancient Greek: Βαγαδάτες (Bagadátes), Βαγαδάτης (Bagadátēs), Μαγαδάτες (Magadátes) (possibly from a Proto-Armenian form)

→ Latin: Bagadates

→ English: Bagadates

→ Old Armenian: Բագադիա (Bagadia)

From Proto-Iranian *BágadaHtah. Equivalent to 𐏎 (BG /bagaʰ/, “god”) + 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”).


𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹

u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-y (romanization)
ʰUvārazmīya (romanization)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁 (u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-š /ʰUvārazmiš/, “Chorasmia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹


𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫀𐫏𐫇𐫗 (ʾʾywn /āywan/, “palace”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾdwn' /ēwan/, “stalk, trunk”)

→ Akkadian: 𒀊𒉺𒁕𒀭 (ap-pa-da-an /appadān/)

→ Aramaic:

Aramaic: אַפַּדְנָא (/ʾāppaḏnāʾ/)

Palmyrene script: 𐡠𐡱𐡣𐡭𐡠 (ʾpdnʾ /ʾāppaḏnāʾ/)

Classical Syriac: ܐܦܕܢܐ (/ʾāppaḏnāʾ/)

→ Hebrew: אַפֶּדֶן (/ʾāppaḏan/)

→ Elamite: 𒄩𒁀𒆪𒈾 (ha-ba-da-na /habadana/)

* Compare Parthian 𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍 (ʾpdn) 𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍𐭉 (ʾpdny /apadan/), 𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍𐭊 (ʾpdnk)𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍𐭊𐭉 (ʾpdnky /apadanak/), Manichaean Parthian 𐫀𐫛𐫅𐫗 (ʾpdn), 𐫀𐫜𐫅𐫗 (ʾfdn /afdan/, “palace”), and borrowings Old Armenian ապարանք (aparankʻ), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic אפדנא, Classical Syriac ܐܦܕܢܐ (ʾāppaḏnāʾ), Hebrew אפדן, Arabic فدن (fadan).
* Compare with Sanskrit अपध (apadha, “concealment”) and Ancient Greek ἀποθήκη (apothḗkē, “storehouse”).


𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺

p-r-θ-v (romanization)
Parθavaʰ (romanization)

Uncertain; possibly:
* from *Parθaʰ + -𐎺 (-vaʰ, adjectival suffix), related to 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsaʰ/, “Persian”),
* from *pr̥θvī (“area”), from Proto-Iranian *pr̥θwíH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥tHwíH, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂-éwih₂, from *pléth₂us (“flat, broad”), cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī, “surface”), Sanskrit पृथ्वी (pṛthvī, “the Earth”),
* or syncopated from earlier *Parārθavaʰ, from *parārθam (“exterior, remote”) + -𐎺 (-vaʰ, adjectival suffix, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós), from Proto-Iranian *paraHárθam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paraHártʰam, from *para- (“farther, highest”, from Proto-Indo-European *pér-o- (“distant, beyond”)) + *Hártʰam (“event, thing, purpose”), cognate with Sanskrit परार्थ (parārtha, “highest advantage, interest”).

af

adjectival suffix, from Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-wós</i>

af

from Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pér-o-</i> (“distant, beyond”)


𐎣𐎼𐏁𐎹𐎠

head

𐎣𐎼𐏁𐎹𐎠 (karšayā)


hammārakarah

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭧𐭬𐭠𐭫𐭪𐭫𐭩 (ḥmʾlkly /hammārgar/), 𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭫𐭪𐭫𐭩 (ʾmʾlkly /āmārgar/, “chief fiscal officer”)

Persian: آمارگر (âmârgar)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒄩𒄠𒈠𒊏𒀀𒅗𒀀𒊒 (ḫa-am-ma-ra-a-ka-a-ru /ḫamarākāru/), 𒄠𒈥𒋼𒊏 (am-mar-kar-ra /amarkara/), 𒄠𒈠𒊑𒀀𒆗 (am-ma-ri-a-kal /amariakal/), 𒄠𒈠𒊒𒀀𒆗 (am-ma-ru-a-kal /amaruakal/), 𒄠𒈠𒊑𒀀𒅗𒊑 (am-ma-ri-a-ka-ri /amariakari/)

→ Aramaic:

Judeo-Aramaic: אמרכלא (ʾămarkəlā), אמרכול (ʾămarkōl) (via Middle Iranian)

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡄𐡌𐡓𐡊𐡓𐡀 (hmrkrʾ)

→ Armenian:

→ Old Armenian: համարակար (hamarakar) (possibly via Middle Iranian) (see there for further descendants)

→ Gandhari: 𐨨𐨪𐨬𐨪 (maravara, “accountant”) (or from a similar etymon)

→ Hebrew: אֲמַרְכָּל (ʾămarkāl), אֲמַרְכּוֹל (ʾămarkōl) (via Middle Iranian)

→ Parthian: 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾḥmrkr), 𐭀𐭄𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾhmrkr)

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܗܡܪܐܓܪ (ʾhmrʾgr)

* From Proto-Iranian *ham- + a form of *mar-, which is a later form of the root *hmar- (“think of”), + *kara- (“to do”) (then it would be reconstructed as *hammārakara- or *hamārakara-). The constituents go back to Proto-Indo-European *sem-, *(s)mer- (compare Sanskrit स्मरति (smárati, “to remember”)) and *kʷer- respectively.
* From the root *hmar- without prefixation + *kara- (“to do”) (then it would be reconstructed as *hmārakara-).
The initial 𐭀 (ʾ) in Parthian 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾḥmrkr) does not contradict the first theory: compare 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭕𐭍 (ʾḥmtn), which corresponds to Old Persian 𐏃𐎥𐎶𐎫𐎠𐎴 (h-g-m-t-a-n /Ha(n)gmatāna-/, “Ecbatana”).
The presence of -mm- in Akkadian (Late Babylonian) forms strengthens the first theory.
Akin to Bactrian υαμαρογαρο (uamarogaro). Note also Old Armenian համար (hamar).


gandabarah

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒃷𒁕𒁇𒊏 (kan₂-da-bar-ra /kandabara/)

Biblical Aramaic: גדבר (gdbr) (possibly)


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎣

a-r-š-k (romanization)
R̥šakaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: *Aršak

Persian: ارشک (aršak), اشک (Ašk)

→ Arabic: أَشَك (ʔašak)

→ Gandhari: 𐨀𐨪𐨿𐨮𐨐 (Arṣaka)

→ Old Armenian: Արշակ (Aršak) (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Chinese: 安息 (ʔan-sik)

→ Ossetian: Арсӕгтӕ (Arsægtæ)

→ Parthian:

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭀𐭓𐭔𐭊 (ʾršk /Aršak/)

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܪܫܟ (ʾAršaḵ)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρσάκης (Arsákēs)
Greek: Αρσάκης (Arsákis)
→ Latin: Arsacēs

From *(w)r̥šā (“man; hero”) + 𐎣 (k /-kaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix). First element alternatively from *r̥šaʰ (“bear”), from Proto-Iranian *Hŕ̥šah.


𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎨𐎴

Aspacanāʰ (romanization)
nom. (romanization singular)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒊍𒉺𒅆𒉌 (as-pa-ši-ni /Aspašini/), 𒀀𒊓𒉺𒅆𒅔 (a-sa-pa-ši-in /Asapašin/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡎𐡐𐡔𐡍 (ʾspšn)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒀾𒁀𒍝𒈾 (áš-ba-za-na /Ašbazana/), 𒀾𒁀𒍢𒈾 (áš-ba-zí-na /Ašbazina/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀσπαθίνης (Aspathínēs)
→ Latin: Aspathinēs

Nominative singular of Aspačanah (literally “delighting in horses”), from 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (aspa, “horse”) + *čanah (“desire”) (from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kan-).
Compare equivalent in Old Median *Aspačinā (literally “desiring for horses”).

cog

a male given name most famously held by a senior official under Darius the Great and Xerxes. Aspacanah, Aspacana, Aspachanah, Aspachana, Aspathines, Aspačanā, Aspathines


ganzabarah

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: 𐯋𐮲𐮵𐮿𐮵𐮱𐮹 (gncwbl /ganjwar/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭭𐭦𐭥𐭡𐭥 (gnzwbr /ganjwar/)

Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫗𐫉𐫇𐫡 (gnzwr /ganzwar/)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒃶𒍝𒁀𒊒 (gan-za-ba-ru /ganzabaru/), 𒃶𒍝𒁇𒊑 (gan-za-bar-ri /ganzabari/), 𒂵𒀭𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ga-an-za-ba-ra /ganzabara/), 𒃶𒍪𒁇𒊏 (gan-zu-bar-ra /ganzubara/)

→ Aramaic:

Biblical Aramaic: גזבר (gizbar)

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡂𐡍𐡆𐡁𐡓 (gnzbr)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋡𒀭𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ka₄-an-za-ba-ra /kanzabara/), 𒋡𒅔𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ka₄-in-za-ba-ra /kainzabara/), 𒃶𒍝𒁇𒊏 (kán-za-bar-ra /kanzabara/), 𒋡𒍝𒁀𒊏 (ka₄-za-ba-ra /kazabara/)


𐎠𐎿𐎲𐎠𐎼

a-s-b-a-r (romanization)
asabāra (romanization)

Middle Persian: ʾswbʾl, ʾsp̄wʾl (/aswār/)

Classical Persian: سوار (suwār) (see there for further descendants)

Iranian Persian: سوار (sovâr, savâr)

Tajik: савор (savor)

الأَسَاوِرَة

→ Arabic: أُسْوَار (ʔuswār), إِسْوَار (ʔiswār), الأَسَاوِرَة pl (al-ʔasāwira), الأَسَاوِر pl (al-ʔasāwir)

→ Persian: اسوار (osvâr), اساوره pl (asâvere), اساور pl (asâver)

→ Bactrian: ασβαρο (asbaro)

→ Persian: اسوار (asvâr, esvâr), اسواران pl (asvârân)

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܣܘܪ (eswār)

desctree

→ Old Gujarati: असवार (asavāra)
Gujarati: અસવાર (asavār)
Marwari:
Devanagari script: असवार (asvār)
Mahajani script: 𑅐𑅰𑅯𑅭 (asvr)

→ Parthian: 𐭀𐭎𐭁𐭓𐭉 (ʾsbry)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Iranian *Hacwabāráh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haćwabʰāras. Analyzable as 𐎠𐎿 (asa, “horse”) + 𐎲𐎠𐎼 (bāra-, “carried by, rider”), the latter from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. See also Ասպուրակէս (Aspurakēs).


𐎠𐎿𐎴

Variant of 𐎠𐎰𐎥 (aθaⁿga) affected by Median substrate, from the same source.


𐎠𐎰𐎥

a-θ-g (romanization)
aθaⁿgaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/sang/)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐮽𐮵𐯋𐮲 (sng), [script needed] (KYPA)

Zazaki: si(g)


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠

From 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 (y-u-n-a /Yaunā/, “Greek, Ionian”) + 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼 (t-k-b-r /takabara/). Literally means "Greeks with hats that look like shields", probably a reference to the kausia hat typically worn by the ancient Macedonians.
Compare:
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā, “a Scythian people”, literally “Sacae with pointed caps”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y /Yaunā tayaiy paradraya/, literally “Greeks who are across the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : d-r-y-h-y-a /Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā/, literally “Greeks who are by the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : u-š-k-h-y-a /Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā/, literally “Greeks who are of the Mainland”).

af

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴
𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹
𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎨𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y : a-r-mi-i-n
k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n : s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y
s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-k-b-r-a : p-u-t-a-y-a
ku-u-š-i-y-a : m-c-i-y-a : k-r-k-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š
/: Arabāya : Mudrāya : Armina
Katpatuka : Sparda : Yauna : Sakā : tayaiy : paradraya
Skudra : Yaunā : takabarā : Putāyā
Kūšiyā : Maciyā : Karkā : θātiy : Dārayavauš/
… Arabia, Egypt, Armenia,
Cappadocia, Lydia, Greece, the Scythians who are across the Sea,
Thrace, the Greeks who wear shield-like hats, Libya,

Ancient Macedonians
Naqsh-e Rostam
Xerxes I
kausia


𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹𐎣𐎼

𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎣𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎶

The goldsmiths who wrought the gold were Lydians […]

[…] Spardiyā martiyā dāraniyakarā tayaiy daraniyam […]


𐎴𐎺𐎶

n-v-m (romanization)
navama (romanization)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnawamás (“ninth”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥ (“nine”). Cognate with Sanskrit नवम (navamá), Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀 (naoma).


𐎠𐎼𐎧

a-r-x (romanization)
Araxaʰ (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒊏𒄷 (a-ra-ḫu /Araḫu/)

→ Armenian: Արախա (Araxa)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒊩𒋡 (ha-rák-ka₄ /Haraka/)

Unknown; possibly of Armenian origin, compare արքայ (arkʻay, “king”) or երախայ (eraxay, “child”).

𐏑 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎧 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎡/𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎾𐎮𐎡𐎫𐏃𐎹

One man named Araxa, an Armenian, son of Haldita

Aiva martiya Arxa nāma Arminiya Halditahya puça

A male given name of historical usage, Arakha


𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹

d-r-n-y (romanization)
daraniya (romanization)

→ Aramaic: דריכונא (drykwnʾ)

→ Ancient Greek: Δαρεικός (Dareikós, “Persian daric”)

→ English: daric

→ Biblical Hebrew: אֲדַרְכּוֹן (adarkon)

→ Parthian: 𐫅𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫃 (dʾryg /dārīg/, “gold coin, Dareikos”)

→ Sogdian: ܠܐܪܝܟ (δʾryk /δārīk/)

→ Classical Syriac: ܕܪܝܟܘܢܐ (drykwnʾ)

From Proto-Iranian *jr̥Hanyam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₃-en-yo-m, from *ǵʰelh₃- (“to shine”). Cognate to Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬦𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zarańiia), Sanskrit हिरण्य (hiraṇya) and English gold.


𐎺𐏁𐎴𐎠

va-ša-na-a (romanization)
vašnā (romanization)

Instrumental singular masculine inflection of 𐎺𐏁𐎴 (vašna, “will, favor”).

(please add the primary text of this usage example)
vašnā Auramazdāha adam xšāyaθiya amiy
by the greatness of Ahuramazdā I am king

by the grace of, by the greatness of, by the will of


𐎠𐎡𐎺

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫏𐫇 (ʿyw /ēw/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾy /ē/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭸 (HD)

From Proto-Iranian *Háywah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háywas.


𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱

vi-š-t-a-s-p (romanization)
Vištāspaʰ (romanization)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱 (nominative singular)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎠 (singular)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

Middle Persian:

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭥𐭱𐭲𐭮𐭯 (gʿštsp /Guštāsp/), 𐭥𐭱𐭲𐭠𐭮𐭯𐭩 (ʿštʾspy /Wištāsp/)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒍑𒋫𒊍𒉺 (uš-ta-as-pa /Uštaspa/), 𒍑𒋫𒊍𒉿 (uš-ta-as-pi /Uštaspi/), 𒍑𒋫𒊍𒁍 (uš-ta-as-pu /Uštaspu/), 𒍑𒌨𒁍 ([uš-ta]s-pu /Uštaspu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὑστάσπης (Hustáspēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡔𐡕𐡀𐡎𐡐 (wštʾsp)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: wA-i-i-SA-ti-i-Aa18:p-i-i (wꜣyšꜣtjsꜣpy)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒆜𒆪𒀾𒁀 (mi-iš-da-áš-ba /Mišdašba/)

→ Lycian: 𐊇𐊆𐊈𐊗𐊗𐊖𐊓𐊓𐊀 (Wizttsppa)

Borrowed from Avestan 𐬬𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀 (Vištāspa). Equivalent to *vištah (“free, unbridled”) + 𐎠𐎿 (a-s /asaʰ/), 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (a-s-p /aspaʰ/, “horse”).

af

(please add the primary text of this usage example)
Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya vazạrka Vištāspahạyā puça Haxāmanišiya
Darius, the great king, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenid

A male given name of historical usage, equivalent to English Hystaspes


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠

y-u-n-a (romanization)
Yaunā (romanization)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎹𐎢𐎴 (y-u-n /Yauna/, “Greece”) + -𐎠 (-a, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹

y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y /Yaunā tayaiy paradraya/

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠

y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : u-š-k-h-y-a /Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā/

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠

y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : d-r-y-h-y-a /Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā/

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴
𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹
𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎨𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y : a-r-mi-i-n
k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n : s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y
s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-k-b-r-a : p-u-t-a-y-a
ku-u-š-i-y-a : m-c-i-y-a : k-r-k-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š
/: Arabāya : Mudrāya : Armina
Katpatuka : Sparda : Yauna : Sakā : tayaiy : paradraya
Skudra : Yaunā : takabarā : Putāyā
Kūšiyā : Maciyā : Karkā : θātiy : Dārayavauš/
Arabia, Egypt, Armenia,
Cappadocia, Lydia, Greece, the Scythians who are across the Sea,
Thrace, the Greeks who wear shield-like hats, Libya,

𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐎿𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁𐎣𐎼𐎫𐎶
a-θ-u-r-a : a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y :
a-r-mi-i-n : k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n-a
t-y-i-y : d-r-y-h-y-a : u-t-a : t-y-i-y
p-r-d-r-y : s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y
p-r-d-r-y : k-r-k-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š
XŠ : v-s-i-y : t-y : du-u-š-k-r-t-m
/: Aθurā : Arabāya : Mudrāya :
Armina : Katpatuka : Sparda : Yaunā
tayaiy : drayahyā : utā : tayaiy
paradraya : Skudra : Yaunā : tayaiy
paradraya : Karkā : θātiy : Dārayavauš
xšāyaθiya : vasiy : tya : duškartam/
Assyria, Arabia, Egypt,

who are by the Sea and
across the Sea, Thrace, the Greeks who are
across the Sea. Saith Darius
the King: much which was ill done …

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎿𐎥𐎼𐎫 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣
a-r-b-a-y : a-θ-u-r-a : mu-u-d-r-a-y-a
a-r-mi-i-n : k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n-a
t-y-i-y : u-š-k-h-y-a : u-t-a : t-y-i-y
d-r-y-h-y-a : u-t-a : d-h-y-a-v : t-y-a
p-r : d-r-y : a-s-g-r-t : p-r-θ-v : z-r-k
/: Arabāya : Aθurā : Mudrāyā
Armina : Katpatuka : Sparda : Yaunā
tayaiy : uškahyā : utā : tayaiy
drayahyā : utā : dahyāva : tyā
para : draya : Asagarta : Parθava : Zraⁿka/
Arabia, Assyria, Egypt,

who are of the Mainland and who
are by the Sea, and the Countries which are
across the Sea, Sagartia, Parthia, Drangiana, …


𐏃𐎶𐎼𐎴

h-m-r-n (romanization)
hamarana (romanization)

Middle Persian: hmlʾnyh (hamrānīh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHáranam (“battle, strife”), from Proto-Indo-European *sem-h₃ér-en-o-m. Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀 (hamar^əna), Sanskrit समरण (samaraṇa).


𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎶𐎠

f-r-t-m-a (romanization)
fratama (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *fratamáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pratʰamás.


𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃

r-u-c-h (romanization)
raucah (romanization)
𐎼𐎢𐎨 (nominative singular)
𐎼𐎢𐎨 (accusative singular)
𐎼𐎢𐎨𐎲𐎡𐏁 (instrumental plural)

Middle Persian: (/rōz/, “day”)

Manichaean script: 𐫡𐫇𐫝 (rwc), 𐫡𐫇𐫉 (rwz)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐮹𐮵𐮿 (YWM)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭩𐭥𐭬 (YWM), 𐭫𐭥𐭰 (lwc)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮈𐮅𐮋 (YWM), 𐮊𐮅𐮍𐮎𐮈 (lwspy /rōsp/)


𐎿𐎡𐎹𐎶

sa-i-ya-ma (romanization)
sēma (romanization)

Middle Persian: sym (sēm)

Persian: سیم (sim)


𐎣𐎠𐎿𐎣

k-a-s-k (romanization)
kāsaka (romanization)

desc

(possibly) Middle Persian: [script needed] (*kʾsk' /kāsag/, “bowl”)

desctree

Persian: کاسه (kâse)
Tajik: коса (kosa), косаи (kosa-yi)
→ Armenian: քասա (kʻasa)
→ Azerbaijani: kasa
→ Bashkir: каса (kasa)
→ Kazakh: кесе (kese)
→ Northern Kurdish: kas, kase
→ Kyrgyz: кесе (kese)
→ Tatar: кәсә (käsä)
→ Ottoman Turkish: كاسه (kâse)
Ladino: kyase
Turkish: kâse
Serbo-Croatian: ћаса / ćasa
→ Turkmen: käse
→ Uyghur: كاسا (kasa)

Possibly from Proto-Iranian *kā́šti (“to shine brilliantly, to be visible”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kā́ćti (compare Sanskrit काशते (kāśate), Avestan 𐬁𐬐𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬝 (ākasat̰)), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷḗḱ-ti ~ *kʷéḱ-n̥ti, from *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).


𐏃𐎡𐎴𐎠

h-i-n-a (romanization)
hainā (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫍𐫏𐫏𐫗 (hyyn)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hyn' /hēn/)

From Proto-Iranian *háynaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáynaH. Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬁 (haēnā), Sanskrit सेना (sénā).


𐏃𐏀𐎠𐎴𐎶

h-z-a-n-m (romanization)
hazānam (romanization)
hizānam (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *hižwáH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH (“tongue”), from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

[𐏐] 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐏃𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎥𐎢𐏁𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐏀𐎠𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎩𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠𐏁/𐎡𐎹
[ : ] u-t-a : n-a-h-m : u-t-a : g-u-š-a : u-t-a : h-z-a-n-m : f-r-a-j-n-m : u-t-a-š/i-y


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣

a-r-š-t-i-k (romanization)
ạrštika (romanization)
ārštika (romanization)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥štikás, from *Hr̥štíš (“spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁r̥stís (whence 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁 (arštiš, “spear”)). Compare Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬌 (aršti), Sanskrit ऋष्टि (ṛṣṭi).

𐏐 𐎠𐎿𐎲𐎠𐎼 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣 𐏐 𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣 𐏐

As a spearman, I am a good spearman, on horseback […]

a-s-b-a-r : a-r-š-t-i-k : a-mi-i-y : u-v-a-r-š-t-i-k :


𐎨𐎡𐏂

č-i-ça (romanization)
čiça (romanization)

Mostly displaced by borrowing *ciθrah, both from Proto-Iranian *ciθráh.

𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎨𐎡𐏂

Alternative form of *ciθrah: type, form, lineage


𐎠𐎵𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹

a-nu-u-š-i-y (romanization)
anušiya (romanization)

𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎠𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎹𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎵𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐏃 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐏁𐎱𐎢𐏀𐎠𐎫𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎺𐎼𐎭𐎴𐎶
hadā : kārā : hyašaiy : anušiya : āha : Višpauzātiš : nāma : vardanam
[…] marched forth with the troops that remained faithful. At a city called Višpauzātiš […]


𐎲𐎭𐎣

ba-da-ka (romanization)
baⁿdaka (romanization)

Middle Persian: bndk' (bandag)

Persian: بنده (bande)

𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎺𐎢𐎷𐎡𐎿 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 𐏐 𐎶𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎭𐎣

King Darius says : A Persian named Vaumisa, my servant […]

ϑātiy : Dārayavauš : xšāyaϑiya : Vaumisa : nāma : Pārsa : manā : baⁿdaka


𐎭𐎼𐎹

d-r-y (romanization)
draya (romanization)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: دریا (diryā)

Bakhtiari: دریا (diryā)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫏𐫀𐫁 (dryʾb /drayāb/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlydʾp̄ /drayāb/)

From Proto-Iranian *jráyah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ráyas. Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵 (zraiiaŋh, “sea”), Sanskrit ज्रयस् (jráyas, “expanse”).


𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠

t-u-m-a (romanization)
taumā (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/tōhm/, "seed; family")

Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫍𐫖 (twhm), 𐫎𐫇𐫍𐫖 (ṯwhm)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twm)

From Proto-Iranian *táwxma, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *táwkma, from Proto-Indo-European *téwk-mn̥ ~ *tuk-méns, from *tewk-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬨𐬀𐬥 (taoxman), Sanskrit तोक्मन् (tókman).


𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹

k-b-u-ji-i-y (romanization)
Kaᵐbūjiyaʰ (romanization)

Persian: کمبوجیه (kambujiye) (right loanword)

Iranian Persian: کامبیز (Kāmbīz) (via French)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒄰𒁍𒍣𒐊 (kam-bu-zi-iá /Kambuzia/), 𒃮𒁍𒍣𒐊 (gab-b[u-zi]-iá /Gabuzia/), 𒃵𒁍𒍣𒅀 (gam-bu-zi-ia /Gambuzia/), 𒃵𒁍𒍣𒐊 (gam-bu-zi-iá /Gambuzia/), 𒅗𒄠𒁍𒍣𒐊 (ka-am-bu-zi-iá /Kambuzia/), 𒅗𒄠𒁍𒍣𒐊 (ka-am-mu-zi-iá /Kammuzia/), 𒅗𒄠𒈬𒍣𒅀 (ka-am-mu-zi-ia /Kammuzia/), 𒅗𒁀𒍣𒐊 (ka-ba-zi-iá /Kabazia/), 𒄰𒄠𒁍𒍣𒅀 (kamᵃᵐ-bu-zi-ia /Kambuzia/), 𒄰𒄠𒁍𒍣𒐊 (kamᵃᵐ-bu-zi-iá /Kambuzia/), 𒄰𒁍𒋛𒁲 (kam-bu-si-sá /Kambusisa/), 𒄰𒁍𒌑𒍣𒅀 (kam-bu-ú-zi-ia /Kambūzia/), 𒄰𒁉𒍣𒀀 (kam-bi-zi-a /Kambizia/), 𒄰𒁍𒍣𒄿𒀀 (kam-bu-zi-i-a /Kambuzīa/), 𒄰𒁍𒍣𒅀 (kam-bu-zi-ia /Kambuzia/), 𒄰𒁍𒍣𒐊 (kam-bu-zi-iá /Kambuzia/), 𒄰𒁍𒍣𒍣 (kam-bu-zi-<> /Kambuzizi/), 𒆪𒄠𒁍𒍣𒅀 (ku-am-bu-zi-ia /Kuambuzia/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Καμβύσης (Kambúsēs)
Greek: Καμβύσης (Kamvýsis)
→ Latin: Cambȳsēs

→ Aramaic:

desc

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡊𐡁𐡅𐡆𐡉 (kbwz[y]), 𐡊𐡍𐡁𐡅𐡆𐡉 (knbwzy), 𐡊𐡍𐡁𐡆𐡉 (knbzy)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: k-m-b-i-T (kmbjṯ), k-m-b-i-T:t (kmbjṯt), k:n-b-w-DA (knbwḏꜣ)

Demotic: gmꜣḏ, kbḏ

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒃷𒁍𒍢𒄿 (kán-bu-zí-ia /Kanbuziya/)

Meaning and etymology still uncertain, Supposed by some scholars to be related to Kamboja, although "there are also scholars who denounce a connection between Kamboja and Kambujiya … and who defend another etymology".


𐏂

The thirty-fifth letter of the Old Persian cuneiform script.


𐎣𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎣

k-p-u-t-k (romanization)
kapautaka (romanization)

Persian: کبود (kabud, “blue-gray, blue”)

From Proto-Iranian *kapawtakáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kapawtakás, from *kapáwtas (“grey-blue”). Cognate with Sanskrit कपोतक (kapotaka, “pigeon-coloured”), Old Armenian կապուտակ (kaputak) (an Iranian borrowing).


𐎣𐎠𐎼

k-a-r (romanization)
kāra (romanization)

⇒ Middle Persian: kʾlwʾn' (/kārawān/) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Middle Persian: [Term?] (/kārazār/, “battle”)

Classical Persian: کارزار (kārzār)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ker- (“army”). Akin to Old Armenian կարապետ (karapet), an Iranian borrowing.


𐏃𐎶𐎼𐎴𐎣𐎼

h-m-r-n-k-r (romanization)
hamaranakara (romanization)

From 𐏃𐎶𐎼𐎴 (h-m-r-n /hamarana/, “battle”) + 𐎣𐎼 (k-r /kara/, “doer”).


𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎡

p-s-t-i (romanization)
pasti (romanization)

From Proto-Iranian *pastíš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *patˢtíš, from Proto-Indo-European *ped-tí-s, from *ped-. Cognate with Sanskrit पत्ति (pattí).


𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴

a-y-d-n (romanization)
āyadana (romanization)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎡

a-r-š-n-i (romanization)
arašni (romanization)
𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎡𐏁 (nominative singular)

Middle Persian: ”ryšn (arašn)

Persian: ارش (araš)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: آرشون (arşun, arşın), آرشین (arşın)
Turkish: arşın
→ Albanian: arshin
→ Armenian: արշին (aršin), արշըն (aršən), առշուն (aṙšun) — dialectal
→ Aromanian: aršín
→ Bulgarian: арши́н (aršín)
→ Macedonian: аршин (aršin)
→ Russian: арши́н (aršín)
→ English: arshin
→ Finnish: arsina
→ Northern Mansi: а̄рсын (ārsyn)
→ Polish: arszyn
→ Portuguese: archina
→ Romanian: arșin
→ Spanish: archina
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: а̀ршӣн
Latin script: àršīn

→ Turkmen: arçyn

From Proto-Iranian *Haraθníš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haratníš, from Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l- (“to bow”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬥𐬀 (ar^əθna), Sanskrit अरत्नि (aratní).


𐎰𐎠𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎨𐎡𐏁

θ-a-i-g-r-c-i-š (romanization)
θāigračiš (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒊓𒀀𒆳𒊏𒍢𒆜 (sa-a-kur-ra-zí-iš /Sākuraziš/), 𒊓𒀀𒆳𒍢𒆜 (sa-a-kur-zí-iš /Sākurziš/)

A vṛddhi derivation of the adjective *θigraka-, itself from *θigra- (“garlic”) + *ka- (hypocoristic suffix).
Palatalisation during the derivation of *θigraka- from θāigračiš occurred on same pattern as during the derivations of Ākaufačiyā- from *Ākaufaka- and of Mačiyā- from *Maka-.

Third month of the Old Persian year, falling from May to June


𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎺𐎠𐏃𐎼

head

𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎺𐎠𐏃𐎼 (θ-u-r-v-a-h-r /θūravāharaʰ, θūravāraʰ/) m

θ-u-r-v-a-h-r (romanization)
θūravāharaʰ (romanization)
θūravāraʰ (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁺𒊒𒈠𒅕 (du-ru-ma-ir /Durumair/), 𒋗𒊏𒈠𒅕 (šu-ra-ma-i /Šuramai/), 𒋗𒊏𒈠𒊏 (šu-ra-ma-ra /Šuramara/), 𒋗𒊑𒈠𒅕 (šu-re-ma-ir /Šuremair/), 𒋗𒊒𒈠𒅕 (šu-ru-ma-ir /Šurumair/), 𒋗𒊒𒈠𒈥 (šu-ru-ₘₐmar /Šurumar/), 𒋗𒊒𒈥 (šu-ru-mar /Šurumar/), 𒋗𒊒𒈠𒋗𒌨 (šu-ru-ma-«šu»-ur /Šurumaur/), 𒋗𒌨𒈠𒅕 (šu-ur-ma-ir /Šurmair/), 𒋗𒌨𒈠𒊏 (šu-ur-ma-ra /Šurmara/), 𒋗𒌨𒈠𒌇 (šu-ur-ma-ráš /Šurmaraš/), 𒌅𒅕𒈠𒅕 (tu-ir-ma-ir /Tuirmair/), 𒌅𒅕𒈠𒅕𒊏𒅖 (tu-ir-ma-ir-ra(-iš) /Tuirmairaiš/), 𒌅𒅕𒈥 (tu-ir-mar /Tuirmar/), 𒌅𒅕𒈠𒊏𒅖 (tu-ir-ma-ra(-iš) /Tuirmaraiš/), 𒌅𒅕𒈠𒌇 (tu-ir-ma-ra(-iš) /Tuirmaraiš/), 𒌅𒅕𒈠𒌇𒅖 (tu-ir-ma-ráš^(iš) /Tuirmaraš/), 𒌅𒅕𒈠𒊑𒅖 (tu-ir-ma-ri-iš /Tuirmariš/), 𒌅𒅕𒊏𒈠𒅕 (tu-ir-ra-ma-ir /Tuiramair/), 𒌅𒅕𒊒𒈠𒅕 (tu-ir-ru-ma-ir /Tuirumair/), 𒌅𒈠𒌇 (tu-ma-ráš /Tumaraš/), 𒌅𒊏𒈠𒅕 (tu-ra-ma-ir /Turamair/), 𒌅𒊏𒈠𒊏 (tu-ra-ma-ra /Turamara/), 𒌅𒊏𒈠𒌇 (tu-ra-ma-ráš /Turamaraš/), 𒌅𒊑𒈠𒅕 (tu-re-ma-ir /Turemair/), 𒌅𒊑𒈠𒊏 (tu-re-ma-ra /Turemara/), 𒌅𒊒𒈠𒅕 (tu-ru-ma-ir /Turumair/), 𒌅𒊒𒈥 (tu-ru-mar /Turumar/), 𒌅𒊒𒈥𒅕 (tu-ru-mar-ir /Turumarir/), 𒌅𒊒𒈠𒊏 (tu-ru-ma-ra /Turumara/), 𒌅𒊒𒈠𒌇 (tu-ru-ma-ráš /Turumaraš/), 𒌅𒌨𒈠𒅕 (tu-ur-ma-ir /Turmair/), 𒌅𒌨𒈠𒌇 (tu-ur-ma-ráš /Turmaraš/)

Uncertain; possibly from either:
* *θūra- (“early (in the morning)”), from Proto-Iranian *cuHra- (whence 𐬯𐬏𐬭𐬆𐬨 (sūrəm, “in the morning”)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćúHra-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewH- (“to shine”), cognate with श्वस् (śvás, “tomorrow”)),
* *θūryah (“meal, feast, banquet”) (whence Persian سور (sur)), from Proto-Iranian *cuHryáh (whence 𐬯𐬏𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (sūⁱriia, “morning meal”)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćuHryás, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewH- (“to shine”),
* or *θūraʰ (“strong”), fom Proto-Iranian *cuHráh, Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćuHrás,
+ *vāharaʰ (“of the spring”), from Proto-Iranian *wāharáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wāsarás (perhaps whence वासर (vāsará, “of the morning (light)”)), vṛddhi derivative of *wásr̥ (“spring”).

Second month of the Old Persian year, falling from April to May


𐎧𐏁𐎱

x-š-p (romanization)
xšapa (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/šab/)

Manichaean script: 𐫢𐫁 (šb)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (LYLYA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (šp)

Psalter Pahlavi script: [Psalter Pahlavi needed] (LYLYA)

Pazend script: 𐬱𐬀𐬬 (šav)

PIE word
 *kʷséps
From Proto-Iranian *xšáfš.

𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎱𐎺𐎠 𐏐 𐎼𐎢𐎨𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎺𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎠𐎤𐎢𐎴𐎺𐎹𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺/𐎢𐏁
a-θ-h-y : x-š-p-v-a : r-u-c-p-t-i-v-a : a-v : a-ku-u-n-v-y-t-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v/u-š

[Whatever] was said to them by me either at night or also by day, that they would do, as Darius says.

/aθahya xšapavā raucapativā ava akunavayatā θātiy Dārayavauš./


aivacadaθa

Middle Persian: (/yāzdah/) (< earlier *yvāzdah)

Manichaean script: 𐫏𐫀𐫉𐫅𐫍 (yʾzdh)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (yʾcdẖ)

From 𐎠𐎡𐎺 (a-i-v /aiva/, “one”) + -𐎨𐎠 (-c-a /-cā/, “and”) + *daθa (“ten”).


daθa

Middle Persian: (/dah/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫍 (dh)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ASLYA)


navacadaθa

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (nwzdh /nōzdah/)

From 𐎴𐎺 (n-v /nava/, “nine”) + -𐎨𐎠 (-c-a /-cā/, “and”) + *daθa (“ten”).


𐎴𐎺

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫗𐫇𐫆 (nwẖ), 𐫗𐫇𐫇 (nww /nōh/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (TŠA /nō/)

From Proto-Iranian *Hnáwa, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnáwa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥.


vahār

Middle Persian: [script needed] (whʾl /wahār/)

Classical Persian: بهار (bahār)

Persian: بهار (bahâr)

From Proto-Iranian *wáhār, collective of Proto-Iranian *wáhr̥, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wásr̥. Cognate with Northern Kurdish bihar, Bactrian οαυαρ (oauar), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬭 (vaŋhar).


𐎲𐎥𐎲𐎢𐎧𐏁

b-g-b-u-x-š (romanization)
Bagabuxšaʰ (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒁀𒂵𒁍𒊌𒋙 (ba-ga-bu-uk-šú /Bagabukšu/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒋡𒁍𒊌𒊭 (ba-ka₄-bu-uk-ša /Bakabukša/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μεγάβυζος (Megábuzos), Μεγάβυξος (Megábuxos)
Greek: Μεγάβυζος (Megávyzos)
→ Latin: Megabyzus

From 𐎲𐎥 (b-g /bagaʰ/, “god”) + *bauxšati (“to be saved”) (whence Middle Persian 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫘𐫏𐫅 (bwxsyd /bōxsēd/)), from Proto-Iranian *báwxšati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰáwxšati, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéwg-se-ti, from *bʰewg- (“to release, flee”) + *-seti. Second element alternatively from homonym Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg- (“to enjoy, experience; to make use of”).


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹

head

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Yaunā tayaiy paradraya)

Literally means "Greeks who are across the Sea", from 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 (y-u-n-a /Yaunā/, “Greek”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (p-r-d-r-y /paradraya/, “across the sea”), in reference to them living beyond the Aegean Sea with respect to the Achaemenid Empire in contrast to the Asian Greeks, termed 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā, literally “Greeks who are by the Sea”), who lived on the same side of the Aegean Sea as the Persians.
Compare with:
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Scythians who are across the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā, literally “Greeks who are by the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā, literally “Greeks who are of the Mainland”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 (Yaunā takabarā, literally “Greeks who wear shield-like hats”)
* 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹 (dahyāva tya para draya, literally “Countries which are across the Sea”)

𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐎿𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐏁𐎣𐎼𐎫𐎶
a-θ-u-r-a : a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y :
a-r-mi-i-n : k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n-a
t-y-i-y : d-r-y-h-y-a : u-t-a : t-y-i-y
p-r-d-r-y : s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y
p-r-d-r-y : k-r-k-a : θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š
XŠ : v-s-i-y : t-y : du-u-š-k-r-t-m
/: Aθurā : Arabāya : Mudrāya :
Armina : Katpatuka : Sparda : Yaunā
tayaiy : drayahyā : utā : tayaiy
paradraya : Skudra : Yaunā : tayaiy
paradraya : Karkā : θātiy : Dārayavauš
xšāyaθiya : vasiy : tya : duškartam/
… Assyria, Arabia, Egypt,

who are by the Sea and who are
across the Sea, Thrace, the Greeks who are
across the Sea. Saith Darius
the King: much which was ill-done …

European Greeks, Greeks who live in Greece proper


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā)

Literally means "Greeks who are by the Sea", from 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 (y-u-n-a /Yaunā/, “Greek”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (d-r-y-h-y-a /drayahyā/, “at the sea”), in reference to them living on the same side of the Aegean Sea with respect to the Achaemenid Empire in contrast to the European Greeks, termed 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (y-u-n-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y, “Yaunā tayaiy paradraya”, literally “Greeks who are across the Sea”), who lived on the opposite side the Aegean Sea as the Persians.
Compare:
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Yaunā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Greeks who are across the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā, literally “Greeks who are of the Mainland”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 (Yaunā takabarā, literally “Greeks who wear shield-like hats”)
* 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (dahyāva tayaiy drayahyā, literally “Countries who are beside Sea”)

Asian Greeks, Greeks who live on the western coast of Anatolia

en-𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠_𐏐_𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹_𐏐_𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠-peo-name-6Kw5vuby


𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹

𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹 (Vạrkāniya)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡓𐡊𐡍𐡉 (wrkny)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒅕𒋡𒉡𒅀𒅁 (mi-ir-ka₄-nu-ia-ip /Mirkanuyaip/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 (v-r-k-a-n /Vạrkāna/, “Hyrcania”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐎹

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hndwk' /hindūg/), 𐫍𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫇𐫃 (hyndwg /hindūg/)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅔𒁺𒌋 (in-du-u /Indū/), 𒅔𒁺𒈠𒀀𒀀 (in-du-ma-a-a /Indumāya/), 𒅔𒁺𒈠𒀀𒀀𒀪 (in-du-ma-a-a- /Indumāyaʾ/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒆜 (hi-in-du-iš /Hinduiš/), 𒄭𒁺 (hi-du /Hidu/), 𒄭𒁺𒁁 (hi-du-be /Hidube/), 𒄭𒁺𒆜 (hi-du-iš /Hiduiš/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀 (hi-in-du-ia /Hinduya/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀𒁁 (hi-in-du-ia-be /Hinduyabe/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀𒅁 (hi-in-du-ia-ip /Hinduyaip/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒅀𒆜 (hi-in-du-ia-iš /Hinduyaiš/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (h-i-du-u-š /Hiⁿduš/, “India”) + -𐎹 (-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐎹


𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐎹

h-r-u-v-t-i-y (romanization)
Harauvatiya (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒊒𒈠𒋾𒅀 (har-[ru]-ma-ti-ia /Harumatiya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁 (h-r-u-v-t-i-š /Harauvatiš/, “Arachosia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐎹


𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐎹

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡇𐡕𐡓𐡉 (bḥtry)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒁀𒄴𒋻𒀀𒀀 (ba-aḫ-tar-a-a /Baḫtaraya/), 𒁀𒄴𒋻𒌑𒀪𒄿𒋾 (ba-aḫ-tar-u₂-ʾ-i-ti /Baḫtaruʾiti/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐏁 (b-a-x-t-r-i-š /Bāxtriš/, “Bactria”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐎹


𐏀𐎼𐎣𐎠

z-r-k-a (romanization)
Zraⁿkā (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆰𒊏𒀭𒋡 (zir-ra-an-ka₄ /Ziranka/), 𒆰𒊏𒅔𒁉 (zir-ra-in-kaš /Zirainkaš/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏀𐎼𐎣 (z-r-k /Zraⁿka/, “Drangiana”) + -𐎠 (-a /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣𐎠


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎡𐎹

y-u-n-i-y (romanization)
Yauniya (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄿𒌋𒉡𒅀𒅁 (i-u-nu-ia-ip /Iunuyaip/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎹𐎢𐎴 (y-u-n /Yauna/, “Ionia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎡𐎹

s-ku-u-d-r-i-y (romanization)
Skudriya (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒄑𒆪𒁺𒊒𒀀𒀀 (is-ku-du-ru-a-a /Iskuduruya/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒊑𒅀 (iš-ku-ud-ri-ia /Iškudriya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 (s-ku-u-d-r /Skudra/, “Thrace”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐏃𐎼𐎹

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒊑𒅀𒅁 (Hareyaip)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺 (h-r-i-v /Haraiva/, “Ariana”) + -𐎹 (-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎿𐎢𐎦𐎢𐎭𐎡𐎹

s-u-gu-u-d-i-y (romanization)
Sugᵘdiya (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋗𒊌𒋾𒅀𒅁 (šu-ug-ti-ia-ip /Šugtiyaip/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎿𐎢𐎦𐎢𐎭 (s-u-gu-u-d /Sugᵘda/, “Sogdiana”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎲𐎠𐎧𐏂𐎡𐎹

head

𐎲𐎠𐎧𐏂𐎡𐎹 (Bāxçiya)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒀝𒅆𒅀 (ba-ak-ši-ia /Bakšiya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐏂𐎡𐏁 (b-a-x-ç-i-š /Bāxçiš/, “Bactria”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.
Cognate with Old Persian 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐎹 (Bāxtriya)


𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹

g-d-a-r-y (romanization)
Gaⁿdāraya (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒂵𒀭𒁕𒊒𒄿𒌈 (ga-an-da-ru-i-tu₄ /Gandaruitu/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒃷𒆪𒊑𒅀 (kán-da-re-ia /Kandareya/)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼 (g-d-a-r /Gaⁿdāra/, “Gandhara”) + -𐎹 (-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹


𐎳𐎼𐎺𐎼𐎫𐎡𐏁

f-r-v-r-t-i-š (romanization)
Fravartiš (romanization)

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡐𐡓𐡅𐡓𐡕 (prwrt)

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒉺𒅈𒈥𒋾𒅖 (pa-ar-mar-ti-iš), 𒉺𒅈𒌑𒈥𒋾𒅖 (pa-ar-ú-mar-ti-iš)

→ Ancient Greek: Φραόρτης (Phraórtēs)

Latin: Phraortes

Borrowed from Old Median *Fravartiš, from Proto-Iranian *frawr̥Htíš, from *fra- (“formost”) + *wr̥Htíš (“choice, wish”), from Proto-Indo-European *wélh₁-ti-s ~ *wl̥h₁-téy-s, from *welh₁- (“to choose, want”) + *-tis. Cognate with Old Avestan 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬴𐬌 (frauuaṣ̌i, “guardian spirit”).


𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠

head

𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy uškahyā)

Literally means "Greeks who are of the Mainland", from 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 (y-u-n-a /Yaunā/, “Greek”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 (u-š-k-h-y-a /uškahyā/, “on the land”).
Compare:
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Yaunā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Greeks who are across the Sea”)
* n𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 (Yaunā tayaiy drayahyā, literally “Greeks who are by the Sea”)
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 (Yaunā takabarā, literally “Greeks who wear shield-like hats”)

𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹
𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠
𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎿𐎥𐎼𐎫 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣
a-r-b-a-y : a-θ-u-r-a : mu-u-d-r-a-y-a
a-r-mi-i-n : k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n-a
t-y-i-y : u-š-k-h-y-a : u-t-a : t-y-i-y
d-r-y-h-y-a : u-t-a : d-h-y-a-v : t-y-a
p-r : d-r-y : a-s-g-r-t : p-r-θ-v : z-r-k
/: Arabāya : Aθurā : Mudrāyā
Armina : Katpatuka : Sparda : Yaunā
tayaiy : uškahyā : utā : tayaiy
drayahyā : utā : dahyāva : tyā
para : draya : Asagarta : Parθava : Zraⁿka/
… Arabia, Assyria, Egypt,

en-𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠_𐏐_𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹_𐏐_𐎢𐏁𐎣𐏃𐎹𐎠-peo-name-BOUEtBo9


𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠

𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā)

From 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a /Sakā/, “Scythian, Sacaean”) + 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭 (t-i-g-r-x-u-d /tigraxauda/). Literally means "Scythians with pointed caps", a reference to the pointed hats worn by this Scythian people.
Compare with:
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 (Yaunā takabarā, “Ancient Macedonians”, literally “Greeks with hats that look like shields”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠 (Sakā haumavargā, literally “Scythians who lay hauma-plants around (the fire)”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Scythians who are across the Sea”).
* 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam, literally “Scythians who live beyond Sogdiana”)

af

𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼𐏐
𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠
𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠
𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴
𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹
𐏐 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠
z-r-k : h-r-u-v-t-i-š : θ-t-gu-u-š : g-d-a-r :
h-i-du-u-š : s-k-a : h-u-m-v-r-g-a : s-k-a
t-i-g-r-x-u-d-a : b-a-b-i-ru-u-š : a-θ-u-r-a
a-r-b-a-y : mu-u-d-r-a-y : a-r-mi-i-n
k-t-p-tu-u-k : s-p-r-d : y-u-n : s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y
s-ku-u-d-r : y-u-n-a : t-k-b-r-a : p-u-t-a-y-a
/: Zraⁿka : Harauvatiš : Θataguš : Gaⁿdāra
Hiⁿduš : Sakā : haumavargā : Sakā
tigraxaudā : Bābirauš : Aθurā
Arabāya : Mudrāya : Armina
Katpatuka : Sparda : Yauna : Sakā : tayaiy : paradraya
Skudra : Yaunā : takabarā : Putāyā/
… Drangiana, Arachosia, Sattagydia, Gandhara,

with pointed caps, Babylon, Assyria,
Arabia, Egypt, Armenia,
Cappadocia, Lydia, Greece, the Scythians who are across the Sea,
Thrace, the Greeks who wear shield-like hats, Libya …

India, the Scythians who lay around hauma-plants, the Scythians

Encyclopædia Iranica
Haoma
Orthocorybantians


𐎿𐎣𐎠

s-k-a (romanization)
Sakā (romanization)

desctree

→ Sanskrit: शक (śaka)
→ English: Saka
→ Hindi: शक (śak)

Masculine gender term formed from 𐎿𐎣 (s-k /Saka/, “Scythia”) + -𐎠 (-a, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.
Compare 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (s-k-i-b-i-š /Sakaibiš/)

𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠

s-k-a : t-i-g-r-x-u-d-a /Sakā tigraxaudā/

𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹

s-k-a : t-y-i-y : p-r-d-r-y /Sakā tayaiy paradraya/


𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠

Literally "Scythians who lay hauma-plants around (the fire)", from 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a /Sakā/, “Scythian, Sacaean”) + 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥 (h-u-m-v-r-g /haumavarga/, “Who lays hauma-plants around (the fire)”). Literally means "Scythians who lay hauma plants around (the fire)".
Compare:
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā, literally “Scythians with pointed caps”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Scythians who are across the Sea”).
* 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam, literally “Scythians who are beyond Sogdiana”)


𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹

head

𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya)

Literally means "Scythians who are across the Sea", from 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a /Sakā/, “Scythian, Sacaean”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (p-r-d-r-y /paradraya/, “across the sea”), in reference to them living beyond the Black Sea with respect to the Achaemenid Empire.
Compare:
* 𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Yaunā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Greeks who live across the Sea”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam, literally “Scythians who are beyond Sogdiana”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā, literally “Scythians with pointed caps”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠 (Sakā haumavargā, literally “Scythians who lay hauma-plants around (the fire)”)
* 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎹 (dahyāva tya para draya, literally “Countries which are across the Sea”)

The Scythians inhabiting the Pontic Steppe


𐎻𐎡𐎭𐎳𐎼𐎴𐎠

𐎻𐎡𐎭𐎳𐎼𐎴𐎠 (vi-i-d-f-r-n-a /Viⁿdafarnāʰ/) m

vi-i-d-f-r-n-a (romanization)
Viⁿdafarnāʰ (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: (/Gundafarr, Gundaxwarr/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭥𐭭𐭣𐭯𐭥 (gwndpr), 𐭢𐭥𐭭𐭣𐭯𐭫𐭩 (gwndply), 𐭢𐭥𐭭𐭣𐭧𐭥𐭠𐭫𐭠 (gwndḥwʾl)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒌑𒈪𒅔𒋫𒉺𒅈𒈾𒀪 (ú-mi-in-ta-pa-ar-na-ʾ /Umintaparnaʾ/), 𒌑𒈪𒅔𒋫𒌓𒈾𒀪 (ú-mi-in-ta-par-na-ʾ /Umintaparnaʾ/), 𒌦𒁕𒉺𒅈𒈾𒀪 (un-da-pa-ar-na-ʾ /Undaparnaʾ/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡍𐡃𐡐𐡓𐡍 (wndprn)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἰνταφέρνης (Intaphérnēs), Ἰνταφρένης (Intaphrénēs), Ἰνδοφέρρης (Indophérrhēs)
→ Latin: Intaphernēs

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒅔𒁕𒁇𒈾 (mi-in-da-bar-na /Mindabarna/), 𒈪𒅔𒋰𒁇𒈾 (mi-in-tab-bar-na /Mintabarna/)

From *viⁿdati (“to find, obtain, gain”), from Proto-Iranian *winásti ~ *windánti, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *winátˢti ~ *windánti, from Proto-Indo-European *wi-né-d-ti ~ *wi-n-d-énti, from *weyd- (“to see”), + *farnāh (“glory”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬬𐬌𐬜𐬀𐬙𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵 (viδat.xᵛarənah), Parthian 𐭅𐭉𐭍𐭃𐭐𐭓𐭍 (wyndprn /Windafarn/), 𐭅𐭉𐭍𐭃𐭐𐭓𐭍𐭊 (wyndprnk /Windafarnak/).

cog

𐬬𐬌𐬜𐬀𐬙𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵


𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁

s-k-i-b-i-š (romanization)
Sakaibiš (romanization)

Masculine gender noun formed from the instrumental form of 𐎿𐎣 (s-k /Saka/, “Scythia”), used as a substantive.
Compare 𐎿𐎣𐎠 (s-k-a /Sakā/).

θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š : XŠ : i-m : x-š-ç-m : t-y : a-d-m
d-a-r-y-a-mi-i-y : h-c-a : s-k-i-b-i-š : t-y-i-y : p-r
s-u-g-d-m : a-m-t : y-a-t-a : a : ku-u-š-a : h-c-a : h-i-d-u-v
a-m-t : y-a-t-a : a : s-p-r-d-a : t-y-m-i-y : a-u-r-m-z-d-a
f-r-a-b-r : h-y : m-θ-i-š-t : b-g-a-n-a-m : m-a-m
a-u-r-m-z-d-a : p-a-tu-u-v : u-t-a-m-i-y : vi-i-θ-m
/Dārayavauš : XŠ : vazraka : XŠ : XŠyanām : XŠ : dahyūvnām
Vištāspahyā : puça : Haxāmanišiya :
θātiy : Dārayavauš : XŠ : ima : xšaçam : tya : adam
dārayāmiy : hacā : Sakaibiš : tayaiy : para
Sugdam : amata : yātā : ā : Kūšā : hacā : Hidauv
amata : yātā : ā : Spardā : tyamaiy : Auramazdā
frābara : hya : maθišta : bagānām : mām
Auramazdā : pātuv : utāmaiy : viθam/
Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of Countries,
son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian.
Saith Darius the King: This is the kingdom which I
hold, from the Scythians who are beyond

DH 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐏋𐎹<𐎠>𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎶𐎫 𐏐 𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎠 𐏐 𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎭𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐎠𐎶𐎫 𐏐 𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎠 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎶𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎲𐎼 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎰𐎡𐏁𐎫 𐏐 𐎲𐎥𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎶𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎶 d-a-r-y-v-u-š : XŠ : v-z-r-k : XŠ : XŠ-y<𐎠>n-a-m : XŠ : d-h-y-u-v-n-a-m

thence unto Lydia - which Ahuramazda
the greatest of the gods bestowed upon me. Me
may Ahuramazda protect, and my royal house.

Sogdiana, thence unto Ethiopia; from India,

𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶

s-k-i-b-i-š : t-y-i-y : p-r : s-u-g-d-m /Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam/


𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶

head

𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (s-k-i-b-i-š : t-y-i-y : p-r : s-u-g-d-m /Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam/)

t-y-i-y : p-r : s-u-g-d-m (romanization)
Sakaibiš tayaiy para Sugdam (romanization)

Literally means "Scythians who live beyond Sogdiana", from 𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (s-k-i-b-i-š /Sakaibiš/, “Scythians, Sacaeans”) + 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 (t-y-i-y /tayaiy/, “who, which”) + 𐎱𐎼 (p-r /para/, “beyond”) + 𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶 (s-u-g-d-m /Sugdam/, “Sogdiana”), in reference to them living beyond Sogdiana with respect to the Achaemenid Empire.
Compare:
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 (Sakā tayaiy paradraya, literally “Scythians who live across the Sea”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (Sakā tigraxaudā, literally “Scythians with pointed caps”)
* 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎼𐎥𐎠 (Sakā haumavargā, literally “Scythians who lay hauma-plants around (the fire)”)

θ-a-t-i-y : d-a-r-y-v-u-š : XŠ : i-m : x-š-ç-m : t-y : a-d-m
d-a-r-y-a-mi-i-y : h-c-a : s-k-i-b-i-š : t-y-i-y : p-r
s-u-g-d-m : a-m-t : y-a-t-a : a : ku-u-š-a : h-c-a : h-i-d-u-v
a-m-t : y-a-t-a : a : s-p-r-d-a : t-y-m-i-y : a-u-r-m-z-d-a
f-r-a-b-r : h-y : m-θ-i-š-t : b-g-a-n-a-m : m-a-m
a-u-r-m-z-d-a : p-a-tu-u-v : u-t-a-m-i-y : vi-i-θ-m
/Dārayavauš : XŠ : vazraka : XŠ : XŠyanām : XŠ : dahyūvnām
Vištāspahyā : puça : Haxāmanišiya :
θātiy : Dārayavauš : XŠ : ima : xšaçam : tya : adam
dārayāmiy : hacā : Sakaibiš : tayaiy : para
Sugdam : amata : yātā : ā : Kūšā : hacā : Hidauv
amata : yātā : ā : Spardā : tyamaiy : Auramazdā
frābara : hya : maθišta : bagānām : mām
Auramazdā : pātuv : utāmaiy : viθam/
Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of Countries,
son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian.
Saith Darius the King: This is the kingdom which I
hold, from the Scythians who are beyond
Sogdiana, thence unto Ethiopia; from India,

the greatest of the gods bestowed upon me. Me
may Ahuramazda protect, and my royal house.

en-𐎿𐎣𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁_𐏐_𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹_𐏐_𐎱𐎼_𐏐_𐎿𐎢𐎥𐎭𐎶-peo-name-rf10cE-Y


R̥šitah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒊑𒋃𒌓 (ar-ri-šit-tu₂ /Arišitu/), 𒅈𒊑𒋃𒌈 (ar-ri-šit-tu₄ /Arišitu/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρσίτης (Arsítēs)
→ Latin: Arsītēs

From *(w)r̥šā (“man; hero”) + 𐎡𐎫 (i-t /-itaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix).


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠𐎶

a-r-š-a-m (romanization)
R̥šāmaʰ (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒃻𒄠 (ar-šá-am /Aršam/), 𒅈𒃻𒄠𒈠 (ar-šá-am-ma /Aršama/), 𒅈𒃻𒄠𒈠𒀪 (ar-šá-am-ma-ʾ /Aršamaʾ/), 𒅈𒌑 (ar-šam /Aršam/), 𒅈𒌑𒈬 (ar-šam-mu /Aršamu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρσάμης (Arsámēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡔𐡌 (ʾršm)

Classical Syriac: [script needed] (Aršām)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: ꜣršm

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒐼𒈠 (ir-šá-ma /Iršama/), 𒅕𒐼𒌝𒈠 (ir-šá-um-ma /Iršauma/)

→ Old Armenian: Արշամ (Aršam)

→ Lycian: 𐊀𐊕𐊖𐊖𐊙𐊎𐊀 (arssãma)

From *(w)r̥šā (“bull; male”) + *amah (“power, force”).


R̥tavazdāh

Persian: اشاوزد (ašâvazd) (< *Ašavazdāʰ)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: Արտաւազդ (Artawazd)
→ Armenian: Արտավազդ (Artavazd) (learned)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒁺𒈦𒆪 (ir-du-maš-da /Irdumašda/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρταβάζης (Artabázēs), Ἀρτάβαζος (Artábazos), Ἀρτάοζος (Artáozos), Ἀρταουάσδης (Artaouásdēs)

→ Greek: Αρτάβαζος (Artávazos)

→ Latin: Artabazus, Artavasdes

Calque of Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬀𐬵 (Aṣ̌auuazdah), from 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /artaʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + *vazdāh (“persistence, endurance”). Cognate Sanskrit वेधा ऋतष्य (vedhā́ ṛtáṣya).


R̥tastūnā

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒆜𒁺𒈾 (ir-da-iš-du-na /Irdaišduna/), 𒅕𒌨𒁺𒈾 (ir-taš-du-na /Irtašduna/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρτυστώνη (Artustṓnē)

→ Latin: Artystōnē

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /artaʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + 𐎿𐎬𐎢𐎴𐎠 (stūnā, “pillar, column”).


Vātafradātah

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡕𐡐𐡓𐡃𐡕 (wtprdt)

desc

Αὐτοφραδάτης

→ Ancient Greek: Αὐτοφραδάτης (Autophradátēs)

→ Lycian: 𐊇𐊀𐊗𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊅𐊅𐊀𐊗𐊀 (Wataprddata)

From *vātah (“wind; wind-god Vata”) + *fradātah (“bestowed”), from Proto-Iranian *fradaHtáh, from *fra- + *daHtáh.


Ciθravahištah

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Τιθραύστης (Tithraústēs)

From *ciθrah (“lineage; appearance”) + *vahištah (“best”).


Ciθrafarnāh

→ Akkadian:

desc

Neo-Assyrian: 𒅆𒋛𒀀𒉺𒅈𒈾 (ši-ṭir-pa-ar-na /Šiṭirparna/)

→ Ancient Greek: Τετραφέρνης (Tetraphérnēs)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒍢𒌓𒊏𒁇𒈾 (zí-ut-ra-bar-na /Ziutrabarna/)

From *ciθrah (“shining; appearance; lineage”) + *farnāh (“glory”).


Miθravahištah

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθραύστης (Mithraústēs), Μιθρώστης (Mithrṓstēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡕𐡓𐡅𐡄𐡔𐡕 (mtrwhšt)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + *vahištah (“best”).


Ciçafarnāh

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Τισσαφέρνης (Tissaphérnēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡔𐡔𐡐𐡓𐡍 (ššprn)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒍢𒅖𒐼𒁇𒈾 (zí-iš-šá-bar-na /Zišabarna/)

→ Lycian: 𐊋𐊆𐊈𐊈𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀 (Kizzaprñna), 𐊈𐊆𐊖𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀 (Zisaprñna)

From 𐎨𐎡𐏂 (čiçaʰ, “shining; appearance; lineage”) + *farnāh (“glory”).


Spiθradātah

→ Akkadian:

q

Late Babylonian: 𒂠𒉿𒊑𒁕𒀀𒋫 (ís-pi-ri-da-a-ta /Ispiridāta/) (< Late Old Persian *Spihradātah or Middle Persian *Spīrdāt)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Σπιθραδάτης (Spithradátēs)

From *spiθrah (“heaven”) + 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”).


Miθrabr̥zans

desctree

Μιθροβαρζάνης

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθροβαρζάνης (Mithrobarzánēs)
Greek: Μιθροβαρζάνης (Mithrovarzánis)
→ Latin: Mithrobarzanēs

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒌓𒊏𒁇𒍝𒈾 (mi-ut-ra-bar-za-na /Miutrabarzana/)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + *br̥zans (“high, exalted”).


Aryābr̥zans

desctree

Ἀριοβαρζάνης

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀριοβαρζάνης (Ariobarzánēs)
Greek: Αριοβαρζάνης (Ariovarzánis)
→ Latin: Ariobarzanēs

From 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-r-i-y-a /Aryā/, “Iranians”) + *br̥zans (“high, exalted”). Doublet of *Aryābr̥dāh.


Šyātibr̥zans

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒐼𒋫𒁀𒅈𒍝𒈾𒀪 (šá--ba-ar-za-na-ʾ /Šatabarzanaʾ/), 𒐼𒋫𒁀𒅈𒍝𒉡 (šá-ta-ba-ar-za-nu /Šatabarzanu/), 𒃻𒋫𒁇𒍝𒈾 (šá-ta-bar-za-na /Šatabarzana/), 𒃻𒋫𒁇𒍝𒉡 (šá-ta-bar-za-nu /Šatabarzanu/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡔𐡕𐡁𐡓𐡆𐡍 (štbrzn)

desctree

Σατιβαρζάνης

→ Ancient Greek: Σατιβαρζάνης (Satibarzánēs)
Greek: Σατιβαρζάνης (Sativarzánis)
→ Latin: Satibarzanēs

From 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎡𐏁 (š-i-y-a-t-i-š /šyātiš/, “peace, happiness”) + *br̥zans (“high, exalted”).


Miθrabaujanah

desctree

Μιθραβαυζάνης

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθραβαυζάνης (Mithrabauzánēs), Μιθροβαυζάνης (Mithrobauzánēs), Μιθροβουζάνης (Mithrobouzánēs)
Greek: Μιθραβαυζάνης (Mithravavzánis)
→ Latin: Mithrabauzanēs

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡕𐡓𐡁𐡆𐡍 (mtrbzn)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + *baujanah (“profit, advantage”).


Spantadātah

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (spnddʾt' /Spanddād/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡎𐡐𐡍𐡕𐡃𐡕 (spntdt)

→ Old Armenian: Սպանդարատ (Spandarat)

→ Georgian: სპანდატ (sṗandaṭ)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Σφενδαδάτης (Sphendadátēs)
Greek: Σφενδαδάτης (Sfendadátis)
→ Latin: Sphendadatēs

From *spantah (“beneficent, sacred; Holy”) + 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬉𐬥𐬙𐬋𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀 (spēntō.dāta), Parthian 𐭎𐭐𐭍𐭃𐭕𐭊 (Spanddātak), Sogdian 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼻𐼹𐼰𐽂 (ʾspnδʾt /Əspandat/), 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼰𐼻𐼹𐽂 (ʾspʾnδt /Əspandat/), 𐼼𐼾𐼻𐼰𐼹𐽂 (spnʾδt /Əspandat/), 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼻𐼹𐽂 (ʾspnδt /Əspandat/), 𐼼𐼾𐼻𐼹𐽂 (spnδt /Əspandat/).


Māhibaujanah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μαιβουζάνης (Maibouzánēs)
Greek: Μαιβουζάνης (Maivouzánis)
→ Latin: Maebuzanēs

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡄𐡉𐡁𐡅𐡆𐡍 (mhybwzn)

From *Māhiš (“moon deity Mah”) + *baujanah (“profit, advantage”). Cognate with Parthian 𐭌𐭄𐭁𐭅𐭆𐭍 (Māhbōžan).


Raivamiθrah

Middle Persian:

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭫𐭩𐭥𐭬𐭲𐭥 (lywmtr /Rēvmihr/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ῥεομίθρης (Rheomíthrēs)
→ Latin: Rheomithrēs

From *raivah (“rich; splendid”) + 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (Miθraʰ, “Mithra”).


Miθraupastah

desc

Μιθροπαύστης

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθρωπάστης (Mithrōpástēs), Μιθροπαύστης (Mithropaústēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡕𐡓𐡅𐡐𐡎𐡕 (mtrwpst)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + [Term?] (“servant, helper”) + *upastah, comapare 𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠 (u-p-s-t-a /upastā/, “help, assistance”), Sanskrit उपस्ति (úpasti, “subordinate, subject”).


Māhidātah

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (mʾḥdʾt' /Māhdād/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡄𐡃𐡕 (mhdt)

→ Elamite:

Elamite: 𒈠𒀀𒆪𒆪 (ma-a-da-da /Mādada/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μαιδάτας (Maidátas)
Greek: Μαιδάτας (Maidátas)
→ Latin: Maedatas

→ Latin: Maedates

From Proto-Iranian *MāHidaHtah. Equivalent to *Māhiš (“moon deity Mah”) + 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”). Cognate with Parthian 𐭌𐭄𐭃𐭕 (Māhdāt).


Vahumanah

Middle Persian: (/Wahman/)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫍𐫖𐫗 (whmn)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (whwmn')

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒌑𒄷𒈠𒈾𒀪 (ú-ḫu-ma-na-ʾ /Uḫumanaʾ/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒌋𒎙𒈾 (ma-u-man-na /Maumana/), 𒌋𒎙𒈾 (u-man-na /Umana/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ὠμάνης (Ōmánēs)
Greek: Ὠμάνης (Ōmánēs)
→ Latin: Ōmanēs

From Proto-Iranian *Hwahumanah, from *Hwáhuš (“good”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwásuš, + *mánah (“mind, thought”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mánas. Cognate with Avestan 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵 (vohu.manah), Parthian 𐭅𐭄𐭅𐭌𐭍𐭉 (Wahman), 𐭅𐭄𐭅𐭌𐭍𐭊 (Wahmanak).


Miθrafarnāh

Middle Persian: (/Mihrxwarr, Mihrfarr/)

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭲𐭥𐭤𐭥𐭫 (mtrhwl)

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθραφέρνης (Mithraphérnēs), Μιτραφέρνης (Mitraphérnēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡕𐡓𐡐𐡓𐡍 (mtrprn)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + *farnāh (“glory”).


Šyātifarnāh

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅆𒅀𒋾𒁇𒈾 (ši-ia-ti-bar-na /Šiyatibarna/)

→ Ancient Greek: Σατιφέρνης (Satiphérnēs)

From 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎡𐏁 (š-i-y-a-t-i-š /šyātiš/, “peace, happiness”) + *farnāh (“glory, splendour”).


Miθrapātah

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Μιτροβάτης (Mitrobátēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡕𐡓𐡐𐡕 (mtrpt)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒌉𒊏𒁀𒁕 (mi-tur-ra-ba-da /Miturabada/), 𒈪𒌓𒊏𒁀𒆪 (mi-ut-ra-ba-da /Miutrabada/), 𒈪𒌓𒊏𒁀𒌓𒁕 (mi-ut--ba-ud-da /Miutrabauda/)

→ Lycian: 𐊎𐊆𐊉𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀𐊗𐊀 (Miθrapata), 𐊎𐊆𐊉𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀𐊗𐊆 (Miθrapati), 𐊎𐊆𐊈𐊕𐊓𐊓𐊀𐊗𐊀 (Mizrppata)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + 𐎱𐎠𐎫 (p-a-t /pātaʰ/, “protected”).


Farnahdātah

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡐𐡓𐡍𐡃𐡕 (prndt)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: prntt, prndd

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁇𒅔𒆪𒀜𒆪 (bar-in-da-ad-da /Barindada/), 𒁇𒈾𒆪𒀜𒆪 (bar-na-da-ad-da /Barnadada/), 𒁇𒈾𒆪𒆪 (bar-na-da-da /Barnadada/), 𒁇𒈾𒆪𒌓𒆪 (bar-na-da-ud-da /Barnadauda/), 𒉺𒅕𒅔𒆪𒀜𒆪 (pa-ir-in-da-ad-da /Pairindada/), 𒉺𒅕𒅔𒆪𒆪 (pa-ir-in-da-da /Pairindada/), 𒉺𒅕𒈾𒆪𒆪 (pa-ir-na-da-da /Pairnadada/), 𒉺𒊏𒀭𒆪𒀜𒆪 (pa-ra-an-da-ad-da /Parandada/), 𒉺𒊏𒀭𒆪𒆪 (pa-ra-an-da-da /Parandada/)

→ Ancient Greek: Φαρανδάτης (Pharandátēs), Φερενδάτης (Pherendátēs)

From *farnāh (“glory”) + 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”).


Pišišyauθnah

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pyššwtn' /Pišišōtan/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Πισσούθνης (Pissoúthnēs)
Greek: Πισσούθνης (Pissoúthnis)
→ Latin: Pissūthnēs

Borrowed from Avestan 𐬞𐬌𐬳𐬌⸱𐬳𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬥𐬆𐬨 (piš́i.š́iiaoθnəm), from unknown element + *čyáwθnam (“deed, work”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čyáwtnam, from *čyáwati (“to move, stir; to undertake”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷyéw-ti, from *kʷyew- (“to set in motion”), + *-tnam.

bor

𐬞𐬌𐬳𐬌⸱𐬳𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬥𐬆𐬨


Raucakah

Late Old Persian: Rōcakah

→ Ancient Greek: Ῥωσάκης (Rhōsákēs)

→ Latin: Rhōsacēs

→ Ancient Greek: Ῥοισάκης (Rhoisákēs)

→ Latin: Rhoesacēs

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒊏𒌋𒄑𒍝𒋡 (ra-u-iz-za-ka₄ /Rauizaka/), 𒊏𒌋𒍝𒋡 (ra-u-za-ka₄ /Rauzaka/), 𒊏𒌋𒍨𒋡 (ra-u-zik-ka₄ /Rauzika/), 𒊏𒄑𒍝𒀝𒋡 (ra-iz-za-ak-ka₄ /Raizaka/), 𒊒𒄑𒍨𒋡 (ru-iz-zi[k]-ka₄ /Ruizika/), 𒊏𒍨𒋡 (ra-zik-ka₄ /Razika/)

From 𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃 (r-u-c-h /raucah/, “light; day”) + 𐎣 (k /-kaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix).


Arvantapātah

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡅𐡍𐡕𐡐𐡕 (ʾrwntpt)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ὀροντοβάτης (Orontobátēs), Ὀροντοπάτης (Orontopátēs)

From *arvāh ~ *arvantah (“swift; deity Vāyu”) + 𐎱𐎠𐎫 (p-a-t /pātaʰ/, “protected”).


Bagaciθrah

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡂𐡔𐡕𐡓 (bgštr)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μεγασίδρης (Megasídrēs)
Greek: Μεγασίδρης (Megasídris)
→ Latin: Megasidrēs

From 𐏎 (BG /bagaʰ/, “god”) + *ciθrah (“shining; appearance; lineage”).


Parušyātiš

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒅕𒊒𒅆𒅀𒋾𒆜 (ba-ir-ru-ši-ia-t[i]-iš /Bairušiyatiš/), 𒁇𒊒𒅆𒅀𒋾𒆜 (bar-ru-ši-ia-ti-iš /Barušiyatiš/), 𒁀𒊑𒅆𒅀𒋾𒆜 (ba-ri-ši-ia-ti-iš /Barišiyatiš/)

→ Ancient Greek: Παρύσατις (Parúsatis)

From 𐎱𐎽𐎢𐎺 (p-ru-u-v, “much, many”) + 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎡𐏁 (š-i-y-a-t-i-š /šyātiš/, “peace, happiness”).


Ātr̥dātah

Middle Persian: (/Ādurdād/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾtwrdʾt')

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭲𐭥𐭥𐭣𐭠𐭲 (ʾtwrdʾt)

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒋻𒆪𒆪 (ha-tar-da-da /Hatardada/), 𒄩𒌉𒆪𒀜𒆪 (ha-tur-da-ad-da /Haturdada/), 𒄩𒌉𒆪𒆪 (ha-tur-da-da /Haturdada/), 𒄩𒌉𒆪𒌓𒆪 (ha-tur-da-ud-da /Haturdauda/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀτραδάτης (Atradátēs)


Bagapātah

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒄷𒀪𒀀𒉺𒀀𒌈 (bag-ʾ-a-pa-a-tu₄ /Bagʾapātu/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒉺𒀀𒌓 (ba-ga-ʾ-pa-a-tú /Bagaʾpātu/), 𒁀𒂵𒀪𒉺𒁕 (ba-ga-ʾ-pa-da /Bagaʾpada/), 𒁀𒂵𒉺𒀀𒋫 (ba-ga-pa-a-ta /Bagapāta/), 𒁀𒂵𒉺𒀀𒌈 (ba-ga-pa-a-tu₄ /Bagapātu/), 𒁀𒂵𒉺𒁕 (ba-ga-pa-da /Bagapada/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡂𐡐𐡕 (bgpt)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒋡𒁀𒀜𒆪 (ba-ka₄-ba-ad-da /Bakabada/), 𒁀𒋡𒁀𒆪 (ba-ka₄-ba-da /Bakabada/), 𒁀𒋡𒁀𒌓𒆪 (ba-ka₄-ba-ud-da /Bakabauda/)

→ Ancient Greek: Βαγαπάτης (Bagapátēs), Μεγαβάτης (Megabátēs)

→ Lycian: 𐊎𐊀𐊄𐊀𐊂𐊀𐊗𐊀 (magabata)

From 𐏎 (BG /bagaʰ/, “god”) + 𐎱𐎠𐎫 (p-a-t /pātaʰ/, “protected”).


Mr̥duniyah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈥𒁺𒉌𒅀 (mar-du-ni-ia /Marduniya/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡓𐡃𐡅𐡍𐡉 (mrdwny)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈥𒁺𒉡𒅀 (mar-du-nu-ia /Mardunuya/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Μαρδόνιος (Mardónios)
Greek: Μαρδόνιος (Mardónios)
→ Latin: Mardonius

From
*mr̥duš (“mild, soft”) + 𐎴 (n /-naʰ/, nominal suffix) + 𐎡𐎹 (i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix). Compare with Sanskrit मृदुता (mṛdutā) and मृदुल (mṛdula).


Ātr̥pātah

desc

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾtwrpʾt' /Ādurbād/)

Persian: آذرباد (Âzarbâd), آذربد (Âzarbad)

⇒ Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭲𐭥𐭥𐭯𐭠𐭲𐭪𐭠𐭭 (ʾtwrpʾtkʾn /Ādurbādagān/)

Persian: آذربایجان (Âzarbâyjân)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒀜𒋫𒊏𒉺𒋫 (at-ta-ra-pa-ta /Atarapata/)

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒋻𒁀𒀜𒆪 (ha-tar-ba-ad-da /Hatarbada/), 𒄩𒋻𒁀 (ha-tar-ba-ud-da𒌓𒆪 /Hatarbauda/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀτροπάτης (Atropátēs) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Iranian *HaHtr̥paHtah, from *HáHtr̥š (“Fire; fire”) + *paHtáh (“protected”), from Proto-Iranian *paHtáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paHtás, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-tó-s, from *peh₂- (“to protect”) + *-tós. Equivalent to *ātr̥š (“fire”) + 𐎱𐎠𐎫 (p-a-t /pātaʰ/, “protected”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬞𐬁𐬙𐬀 (Atərᵊ.pāta).


Māhiš

(Iranian mythology, Zoroastrianism) moon deity Mah


R̥tavazdānah

desctree

→? Ancient Greek: Ἀρταβαζάνης (Artabazánēs)
Greek: Αρταβαζάνης (Artavazánis)
→ Latin: Artabazanēs

From *R̥tavazdāh + 𐎠𐎴 (a-n /-ānaʰ/, patronymic suffix).


Miθrayah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊏𒀀𒀀 (mi-it-ra-a-a /Mitrāya/)

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθραῖος (Mithraîos), Μιτραῖος (Mitraîos)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒋻𒊏𒅀 (mi-tar-ra-ia /Mitaraya/)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + -𐎹 (-y /*-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix).


R̥tayah

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρταῖος (Artaîos)

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡏𐡓𐡕𐡉 (ʿrty)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: ꜣrty

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒅀 (ir-da-ia /Irdaya/), 𒅕𒋼𒅀 (ir-te-ia /Irteya/)

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /r̥taʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + -𐎹 (-y /*-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix).


𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎴

u-t-a-n (romanization)
ʰUtānaʰ (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: [script needed] (ú-mi-it-ta-na-na)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: [script needed] (hu-ud-da-na)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὀτάνης (Otánēs)

Possibly from 𐎢 (u /ʰu-/, “good”) + *tānaʰ (“tone, melody”), from Proto-Iranian *tā́nah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tā́nas, from Proto-Indo-European *tónos. Cognate with Sanskrit सुतान (sutā́na, “well-tuned, melodious”).


Hutauθā

→ Ancient Greek: Ἄτοσσα (Átossa) (see there for further descendants)

Either inherited from Proto-Iranian *HhutawcáH or borrowed from Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬯𐬁 (Hutaosā).


bādukah

desc

Early Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bʾdwg /bādūg/)

Late Middle Persian: *bāhūg

Classical Persian: باهو (bāhū)

Judeo-Persian: באהו (bʾhw /bāhū/)

→ Old Armenian: բահուանդ (bahuand)

→ Zoroastrian Dari: بویی (bōyī), بوئی (bōʾī), بوئی (būʾī)

→ Gurani: باھوو (bāhū)

→ Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bahî

Central Kurdish: باھوو (bahû), باھۆ (baho)

Southern Kurdish: باھوو (bahû)


Dātafarnāh

→ Achaemenid Elamite: [script needed] (da-tap-par-na), [script needed] (da-tab-bar-na), [script needed] (da-tub-bar-na), [script needed] (da-ud-da-pa-ir-na), [script needed] (da-da-bar-na)

→ Ancient Greek: Δαταφέρνης (Dataphérnēs)

→ Neo-Assyrian: [script needed] (da-da-pír-na-ʾ)

From 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”) + *farnāh (“glory”).


hadāram

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒆪𒊏 (ha-da-ra /hadara/), 𒄩𒆪𒊏𒀭 (ha-da-ra-an /hadaran/)

From Proto-Iranian *hajáhram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *saȷ́ʰásram, from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-ǵʰéslom, from *sm̥- (“one; full”) + *ǵʰéslom (“thousand”). Cognate with Old Median *hazāram and Sanskrit सहस्र (sahasra).


Miθradātah

Persian: میلاد (Milād)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊏𒁕𒀀𒌓 (mi-it-ra-da-a-tú /Mitradātu/), 𒈪𒌁𒊑𒀀𒁕𒁕𒀪 (mi-tir-ri-a-da-da-ʾ /Mitiryadadaʾ/), 𒁁𒀉𒊏𒁕𒀀𒋫 (mitⁱᵗ-ra-da-a-ta /Mitradāta/), 𒁁𒀉𒊑𒁕𒀀𒋫 (mitⁱᵗ-ri-da-a-ta /Mitridāta/), 𒁁𒊏𒁕𒀀𒋾 (mit-ra-da-a-ti /Mitradāti/), 𒁁𒊏𒁕𒀀𒌓 (mit-ra-da-a-tú /Mitradātu/), 𒁁𒊑𒁕𒀀𒋫 (mit-ri-da-a-ta /Mitridāta/), 𒁁𒊑𒁕𒀀𒌓 (mit-ri-da-a-tú /Mitridātu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθραδάτης (Mithradátēs), Μιθριδάτης (Mithridátēs), Μιτραδάτης (Mitradátēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡕𐡓𐡃𐡕 (mtrdt)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: mṱrtt

desctree

→ Parthian: 𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭃𐭕 (mtrdt /Mihrdāt/)
→ Ancient Greek: Μειριδάτης (Meiridátēs), Μιραδάτης (Miradátēs)
→ Egyptian:
Demotic: mhrtt
→ Latin: Meherdatēs
→ Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭲𐭥𐭣𐭠𐭲 (mtrdʾt /Mihrdād/)
Persian: مهرداد (Mihrdād)
→ Old Armenian: Միհրդատ (Mihrdat)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”). Compare with *Dātamiθrah.


Gāučiθrah

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (gōchihr)

Persian: گوچهر (gôchihr)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Γωσίθρης (Gōsíthrēs)
→ Latin: Gōsithrēs

From Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (gaociθra). Equivalent to *gāuš (“cow”) + *ciθrah (“seed, lineage”).


𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹

b-r-di-i-y (romanization)
Br̥diyaʰ (romanization)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Σμέρδις (Smérdis), Μέρδῐς (Mérdis)
Greek: Σμέρδις (Smérdis)
→ Latin: Smerdis

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒂟𒋾𒅀 (bìr-ti-ia /Birtiya/)

From Proto-Iranian *Br̥jiyah. Equivalent to *br̥diš (“high”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix). Compare with Avestan 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬌 (bər^əziiaršti) and 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬱𐬥𐬎 (bər^əzišnu).

cog

𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬌


Jīvakah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒍣𒈠𒀝𒅗𒀪 (zi-ma-ak-ka-ʾ /Ziwakaʾ/), 𒍣𒈠𒀝𒆠𒀪 (zi-ma-ak-ki-ʾ /Ziwakiʾ/), 𒍣𒈠𒂵 (zi-ma-ga /Ziwaga/), 𒍣𒈠𒂵𒀪 (zi-ma-ga-ʾ /Ziwagaʾ/), 𒍣𒈠𒅗𒀪 (zi-ma-ka-ʾ /Ziwakaʾ/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡆𐡉𐡅𐡊 (zywk)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒍢𒈠𒀝𒋡 (zi₂-ma-ak-ka₄ /Zimaka/), 𒍢𒈠𒅅𒋡 (zi₂-ma-ik-ka₄ /Zimaika/), 𒍢𒈠𒋡 (zi₂-ma-ka₄ /Zimaka/)

From *jīvakah. Cognate with Proto-Scythian *J̌īwaki


R̥difyah

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρτύβιος (Artúbios), Ἀρτύφιος (Artúphios)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒁺𒉿𒅀 (ir-du-pi-ia /Irdupiya/), 𒅕𒋰𒉿𒅀 (ir-tap-pi-ia /Irtapiya/), 𒅕𒁾𒉿𒅀 (ir-tup-pi-ia /Irtupiya/)

From *r̥difyah. Cognate with Old Median *R̥zifyah.

quote-book

2011, Rüdiger Schmitt, Iranische Personennamen in de Griechischen Literatur vor Alexander d. Gr. [Iranian Personal Names in Greek Literature before Alexander the Great] (Iranisches Personennamenbuch), volume 5A, pages 91-92:


Miθrānah

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (mtrʾn /Mihrān/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡈𐡓𐡍 (mṭrn)

→ Ancient Greek: Μιτράνης (Mitránēs)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + *-ānah (patronymic suffix). Cognate with Parthian 𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭍 (Mihrān), whence Old Armenian Միհրան (Mihran).


Miθrātah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊏𒀀𒋫 (mi-it-ra-a-ta /Mitrāta/), 𒈪𒀉𒊏𒀀𒌓 (mi-it-ra-a-tú /Mitrātu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Μιθράτης (Mithrátēs)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈪𒀉𒊏𒁕 (mi-it-ra-da /Mitrada/), 𒈪𒄑𒊏𒁕 (mi-is-ra-da /Misrada/)

→ Lydian: 𐤪𐤦𐤯𐤭𐤠𐤯𐤠𐤳 (mitrataš)

From 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (mi-θ-r /Miθraʰ/, “Mithra”) + *-ātah (intensificative suffix).


Mazdāyā

head

*Mazdāyā (/Mazdāyā/) (masculine *Mazdāyah)

/Mazdāyā/ (romanization)
Mazdāyah (masculine)

→ Ancient Greek: Μαζαία (Mazaía)

From *Mazdā (“deity Ahura Mazda”) + -yā (adjectival suffix).


Mazdākah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈠𒀾𒁕𒆪 (ma-áš-da-ku /Mašdaku/), 𒈠𒀾𒉌𒂟𒆪 (ma-áš-dàk-ku /Mašdaku/), 𒈠𒀾𒁖𒆪 (ma-áš-dak-ku /Mašdaku/), 𒈠𒀾𒁖𒅗 (ma-áš-dak-ka /Mašdaka/)

→ Ancient Greek: Μαζάκης (Mazákēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡆𐡃𐡊 (mzdk)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒀾𒆪𒀝𒋡 (ma-áš-da-ak-ka₄ /Mašdaka/), 𒈠𒀾𒆪𒅅𒋡 (ma-áš-da-ik-ka₄ /Mašdaika/), 𒈠𒀾𒌇𒋡 (ma-áš-tuk-ka₄ /Maštuka/), 𒈦𒌇𒋡 (maš-tuk-ka₄ /Maštuka/)

From *Mazdā (“deity Ahura Mazda”) + 𐎣 (k /-kaʰ/, hypocoristic suffix).


Mazdāyah

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*Mazdāyah (/Mazdāyah/) (feminine *Mazdāyā)

/Mazdāyah/ (alternative)
Mazdāyā (feminine)

→ Ancient Greek: Μαζαῖος (Mazaîos)

→ Aramaic:

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡆𐡃𐡉 (mzdy)

From *Mazdā (“deity Ahura Mazda”) + 𐎹 (y /*-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix).


Manuštanah

→ Akkadian:

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Late Babylonian: 𒌋𒌋𒉡𒍑𒋫𒈾𒀪 (man-nu-uš-ta-na-ʾ /Manuštanaʾ/), 𒈠𒉡𒍑𒆗𒉌 (ma-nu-uš-tan-ni /Manuštani/), 𒈠𒉡𒍑𒋫𒉡 (ma-nu-uš-ta-nu /Manuštanu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Μενοστάνης (Menostánēs)

From *Manuš (“mythological figure Manuš”) + tā̆nah (“offspring”).


Jāmāspah

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Middle Persian: 𐭩𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭮𐭯 (yʾmʾsp /Jāmāsp/)

Persian: جاماسپ (Jāmāsp)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒍝𒄠𒈠𒊍𒉿 (za-am-ma-as-pi /Zamaspi/), 𒍝𒈠𒊍𒉺𒀪 (za-ma-as-pa-ʾ /Zamaspaʾ/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ζαμάσφης (Zamásphēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡆𐡌𐡎𐡐 (zmsp)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒍝𒈠𒀾𒁀 (za-ma-áš-ba /Zamašba/), 𒍝𒈠𒆜𒁀 (za-ma-iš-ba /Zamaišba/)

From *jāmah (“leading”) + 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (a-s-p /*aspaʰ/, “horse”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬘𐬁𐬨𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀 (Jāmāspa) and Parthian 𐭆𐭀𐭌𐭀𐭎𐭐 (zʾmʾsp /Jāmāsp/).


Dātāmah

→? Ancient Greek: Δατάμης (Datámēs)

From 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”) + *amah (“power, force”).


Dātah

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁕𒀜𒁕 (da-ad-da /Dada/), 𒁕𒌓𒁕 (da-ud-da /Dauda/)

From 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”).


Dātīš

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆪𒋾𒄷𒆜 (da-ti-hu-iš /Datihuiš/)


Dātiyah

→ Ancient Greek: Δᾶτις (Dâtis)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆪𒋾𒅀 (da-ti-ia /Datiya/)

From 𐎭𐎠𐎫 (d-a-t /dātaʰ/, “given, created”) + 𐎡𐎹 (i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix).


Dātamah

→? Ancient Greek: Δατάμης (Datámēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡃𐡕𐡌 (dtm)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁕𒀜𒁕𒈠 (da-ad-da-ma /Dadama/), 𒁕𒁕𒈠 (da-da-ma /Dadama/), 𒁕𒌓𒁕𒈠 (da-ud-da-ma /Daudama/)

Two-stem hypocoristic of a *Dātamiθrah-type name.


R̥tamanā

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒈠𒈾 (ir-da-ma-na /Irdamana/)


R̥takāmah

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒋫𒃶𒈠 (ar-ta-kám-ma /Artakama/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρτακάμας (Artakámas), Ἀρτακαμᾶ (Artakamâ)

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (r̥taʰ, “Asha; truth”) + 𐎣𐎠𐎶 (*kāmaʰ, “wish”).


R̥tamanyuš

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒂟𒌋𒌋𒉡𒌑𒆜 (ir-tam₅-man-nu-ú-iš /Irtamanūiš/)

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (r̥taʰ, “Asha; truth”) + *manyuš (“thought, mind”).


R̥tamah

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒋫𒄠𒈠𒀪 (ar-ta-ma-ma-ʾ /Artamaʾ/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρτάμης (Artámēs)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡕𐡌 (ʾrtm)

→ Egyptian:

Demotic: ꜣrṱm

Late Egyptian: A-r:T-m-A1 (ꜣrṯm),

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒈠 (ir-da-ma /Irdama/), 𒅕𒂟 (ir-tam₅ /Irtam/)

Two-stem hypocoristic of *R̥tamanah or *R̥tamanyuš.


R̥tamanah

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρταμένης (Artaménēs), Ἀρτάμνης (Artámnēs)

→ Latin: Artamenēs

→ Elamite:

From Proto-Iranian *Hr̥tamanah. Equivalent to 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (r̥taʰ, “Asha; truth”) + 𐎶𐎴𐏃 (manaʰ, “mind”).


R̥tabr̥zans

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→? Ancient Greek: Ἀρταβαζάνης (Artabazánēs)

→ Aramaic:

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡕𐡁𐡓𐡆𐡍 (ʾrtbrzn)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒂟𒍝𒈾 (ir-da-bir₃-za-na /Irdabirzana/)

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /r̥taʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + *br̥zans (“high, exalted”).


R̥tafarnāh

→ Akkadian:

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Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒋫𒉺𒅈𒈾𒀪 (ar-ta-pa-ar-na-ʾ /Artaparnaʾ/), 𒅈𒋫𒌓𒈾𒀪 (ar-ta-par-na-ʾ /Artaparnaʾ/), 𒀜𒋫𒌓𒉡 (at-ta-par-nu /Ataparnu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρταφέρνης (Artaphérnēs)

→ Aramaic:

→ Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡕𐡐𐡓𐡍 (ʾrtprn)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅕𒆪𒁇𒈾 (ir-da-bar-na /Irdabarna/), 𒅕𒆪𒂟𒈾 (ir-da-pir₂-na /Irdapirna/)

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /r̥taʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + *farnāh (“fortune, glory”).


Br̥dimanah

desctree

→? Ancient Greek: Σμερδομένης (Smerdoménēs)
Greek: Σμερδομένης (Smerdoménis)
→ Latin: Smerdomenēs

From br̥diš (“high”) + 𐎶𐎴𐏃 (manaʰ, “mind”). Cognate with Old Median *Br̥zimanah; compare with Sanskrit मनस् बृहत् (mánas- br̥hát-) and बृहत्मनस् (Bṛhát-manas-).


Br̥dimaniš

From br̥diš (“high”) + *maniš (“thought, mind”). Compare with Sanskrit मनस् बृहत् (mánas- br̥hát-) and बृहत्मनस् (Bṛhát-manas-).


Bagavahyah

desctree

→? Ancient Greek: Βαγώας (Bagṓas)
Greek: Βαγώας (Vagóas)
→ Latin: Bagōās
→ English: Bagoas

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡂𐡅𐡄𐡉 (bgwhy)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒆪𒌋𒌋𒅀 (ba-ku-man-ia /Bakumania/)

From 𐏎 (BG /bagaʰ/, “god”) + *vahyah (“better”).


Arēmanah

→ Elamite:

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Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒊑𒈠𒈾 (har-re-ma-na /Haremana/)


Aryamanah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀριαμένης (Ariaménēs)
Greek: Ἀριαμένης (Ariaménēs)
→ Latin: Ariamenēs

→ Elamite:

→ Latin: Hieramenes

→ Lycian: 𐊁𐊕𐊆𐊊𐊀𐊎𐊙𐊏𐊀 (erijamãna)

From 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-r-i-y-a /Aryā/, “Iranians”) + 𐎶𐎴𐏃 (manaʰ, “mind”).


Bēça

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒁉𒂊𒋢 (be₂-e-su /Bēsu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Βήσσος (Bḗssos)


Bagayah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Βαγαῖος (Bagaîos)
→ Latin: Bagaeus

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒄀𒅀 (ba-ge-ia /Bageia/), 𒁀𒆠𒅀 (ba-ke-ia /Bakeia/)

From 𐏎 (BG /bagaʰ/, “god”) + 𐎹 (y /*-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix).


Arušah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρύσης (Arúsēs)
Greek: Ἀρύσης (Arúsēs)
→ Latin: Arysēs

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒊒𒆜 (har-ru-iš /Haruiš/)


Spihradātah

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒂠𒉿𒊑𒁕𒀀𒋫 (ís-pi-ri-da-a-ta /Ispiridāta/)


Bayaçāh

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒁉𒂊𒋢 (be₂-e-su /Bēsu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Βήσσος (Bḗssos)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡁𐡉𐡎 (bys)

From *bayah (“fear”) + çāyatay (“to protect”).


𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎢𐏁

d-a-r-y-u-š (romanization)
Dārayauš (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

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Late Babylonian: 𒁕 (da /Da/), 𒁕𒅈𒀪𒋙 (da-ar-ʾ-šu₂ /Darʾšu₂/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒅀𒍑 (da-a-re-ʾ-ia-uš /Dāreʾyauš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒄿𒋗 (da-a-re-ʾ-i-šu /Dāreʾišu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒋗 (da-a-re-ʾ-šu /Dāreʾšu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒋙 (da-a-re-ʾ-šu₂ /Dāreʾšu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀪𒍑 (da-a-re-ʾ-uš /Dāreʾuš/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒀀𒋙 (da-a-re-a-šu₂ /Dāreašu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅀𒀪𒍑𒋙 (da-a-re-ia-ʾ-uš-šu₂ /Dāreyaʾušu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒅀𒋙 (da-a-re-ia-šu₂ /Dāreyašu₂/), 𒁕𒀀𒊑𒋙 (da-a--šu₂ /Dāšu/), 𒁕𒅈𒐊𒀪𒀀𒋙 (da-ar-ia₂-ʾ-a-šu₂ /Dāryaʾašu/), 𒁕𒅈𒐊𒀀𒋙 (da-ar-ia₂-a-šu₂ /Dāryāšu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊒𒌍𒋙 (da-a-ru-eš-šu₂ /Dārwešu/), 𒁕𒀀𒊒𒅀𒌍𒋙 (da-a-ru-ia-eš-šu₂ /Dāruyaešu/), 𒁕𒊏𒀾 (da-ra-aš₂ /Daraš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒀀𒋙 (da-re-ʾ-a-šu₂ /Dareʾašu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒅀𒍑 (da-re-ʾ-ia-uš /Dareʾyauš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒄿𒋗 (da-re-ʾ-i-šu /Dareʾišu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒄿𒌑𒋙 (da-re-ʾ-i-u₂-šu₂ /Dareʾyūšu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒋙 (da-re-ʾ-šu₂ /Dareʾšu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒍑 (da-re-ʾ-uš /Dareʾuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒍑𒋙 (da-re-ʾ-uš-šu₂ /Dareʾušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀪𒌑𒋙 (da-re-ʾ-u₂-šu₂ /Dareʾūšu/), 𒁕𒊑𒀀𒀪𒍑 (da-re-a-ʾ-uš /Dareaʾuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒂊𒋙 (da-re-e-šu₂ /Darēšu/), 𒁕𒊑𒌍𒋙 (da-re-eš-šu₂ /Darešu/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒀀𒋙 (da-re-ia-a-šu₂ /Dareyāšu/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒀀𒍑𒋙 (da-re-ia-a-uš-šu₂ /Dareyāušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒌍𒋙 (da-re-ia-eš-šu₂ /Dareyaešu/), 𒁕𒊑𒐊𒋙 (da-re-ia₂-šu₂ /Dareyašu/), 𒁕𒊑𒅀𒍑 (da-re-ia-uš /Dareyauš/), 𒁕𒊑𒄿𒋙 (da-re-i-šu₂ /Dareyšu/), 𒁕𒊑𒊺𒅀 (da-re-še-ia /Darešeya/), 𒁕𒊑𒋙 (da-re-šu₂ /Darešu/), 𒁕𒊑𒍑 (da-re-uš /Dareuš/), 𒁕𒊑𒍑𒋗 (da-re-uš-šu₂ /Dareušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒌑𒋗 (da-re-u₂-šu /Dareušu/), 𒁕𒊑𒌑𒋙 (da-re-u₂-šu₂ /Dareušu/), 𒁕𒆸𒀪𒋙 (da-re₃-ʾ-šu₂ /Dareʾšu/), 𒁕𒊒𒀪𒋙 (da-ru-ʾ-šu₂ /Daruʾšu/), □𒅀𒀪𒅆 (□-ia-ʾ-ši /□yaʾši/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Δαρεῖος (Dareîos), Δᾱ́ρειος (Dā́reios), Δᾱρειαῖος (Dāreiaîos), Δαριήκης (Dariḗkēs)
Greek: Δαρείος (Dareíos)
Latin: Dārīus
→ English: Darius
→ Italian: Dario
→ Portuguese: Dario
→ Spanish: Darío

→ Egyptian:

desc

Late Egyptian: ini-ti-rw-SA (jntjrwšꜣ), N17:rw-SA (tꜣrwšꜣ)

Demotic: tꜣriwš

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆪𒊑𒅀𒄷𒆜 (da-re-ia-hu-iš /Dareiahuiš/), 𒆪𒊑𒅀𒌋𒆜 (da-re-ia-u-iš /Dareiauiš/)

→ Lycian: 𐊑𐊗𐊀𐊕𐊆𐊊𐊁𐊒𐊖 (ñtarijeus)


R̥taxšarah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρτοξάρης (Artoxárēs)
Greek: Ἀρτοξάρης (Artoxárēs)
→ Latin: Artoxarēs


Arbarēvāh

→ Akkadian:

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Late Babylonian: 𒅈𒁀𒊑𒈠 (ar-ba-re-ma /Arbarewa/), 𒅈𒁀𒊑𒈨 (ar-ba-re-me /Arbarewe/)


Arbarāivāh

→ Akkadian:

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρβάριος (Arbários)
Greek: Ἀρβάριος (Arbários)
→ Latin: Arbarius

From *arbah (“young; youth, child”) + *rāivāh (“rich, wealthy”).


R̥taxšaθrah

From 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /r̥taʰ/, “Asha; truth”) + 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaçam/, “realm, province, kingdom”).

Old Persian: *R̥taxšarah→ Ancient Greek: ἈρτοξάρηςGreek: Ἀρτοξάρης→ Latin: Artoxarēs


Haumanah

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Εὐμένης (Euménēs)
→ Latin: Eumenēs

Parthian: 𐭄𐭅𐭌𐭍𐭉 (hwmny)


Humanah

→ Elamite:

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Achaemenid Elamite: 𒌋𒌋𒌋𒈾 (u-man-na /Umana/)

From *huš (“good”) + 𐎶𐎴𐏃 (manaʰ, “mind”).