𐎶𐎦𐎢𐏁

m-gu-u-š (romanization)
Maguš (romanization)

→ Ancient Greek: Μάγος (Mágos)

Generally assumed to be borrowed from Old Median (only found as a title? of persons that are also identified as Mede). Cognate of Avestan 𐬨𐬊𐬖𐬎 (moγu) but probably not of Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬔𐬀 (maga) (cognate with Sanskrit मघ (magha, “gift”)).

The meaning of this term is uncertain. (magūš) It is a hapax legomenon known only from the Behistun inscription where it is used as a title (?) of persons. Sometimes said to be the term for a Zoroastrian priest, or for a magician, or for a sub-tribe of the Medes; these interpretations are formed by Greek Μάγος and μάγος.


𐎷𐎰𐎼

mi-θ-r (romanization)
Miθraʰ (romanization)

desctree

Middle Persian: mtr', 𐫖𐫏𐫍𐫡 (myhr /mihr/)
Persian: مهر (mehr)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਮਿਹਰ (mihar)
Shahmukhi script: مہر (mihr)

→ Akkadian:

desc

→ Late Babylonian: 𒈪𒀉𒊑 (mi-it-ri /Mitri/)

Borrowed from Avestan 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (Miθra) or Old Median *Miθrah. Doublet of 𐎷𐎫𐎼 (mi-t-r /Mitraʰ/) and 𐎷𐏂 (mi-ç /Miçaʰ/).

doublet

(Iranian mythology, religion, Zoroastrianism) Mithra, a Zoroastrian deity


𐏎

Middle Persian: 𐭡𐭢 (bg /bag/)

From Proto-Iranian *bagáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰagás, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-; see there for more. Cognate with Sanskrit भग (bhága, “dispenser, gracious lord, patron”).

cog

(Iranian mythology, Religion, Zoroastrianism) god


𐏈

Auramazdā (romanization)
logogram (romanization)


𐎲𐎥

(Iranian mythology, Religion, Zoroastrianism, syllabary) Alternative form of 𐏎 (baga)


𐎳𐎼𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠

head

𐎳𐎼𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠 (framātā) m


𐏊

AMha (romanization)
auramazdā (romanization)
logogram (romanization)


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁

𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁 (arštiš) f


𐎭𐎠𐎫𐎶

d-a-t-m (romanization)
dātam (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (dʾt' /dād/)

Persian: داد (dâd)

→ Hebrew: דת (dat)

From Proto-Iranian *dātam, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀 (dāta, “law, rule”).


𐎴𐎠𐎶𐎠

From Proto-Iranian *Hnā́ma, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnā́ma, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”).


𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹

head

𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 (xšāyaθiya) m

xšāyaθiya (romanization)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 (nominative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠 (singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)

peo-decl

𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠


𐎠𐎼𐎫

a-r-t (romanization)
r̥taʰ (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: (/ard/, “Ard, a goddess; 25th day of Persian calendar”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫏𐫡𐫅 (ʾyrd)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭫𐭲𐭩 (ʾlty)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlt')

From Proto-Iranian *Hr̥táh (“truth, righteousness”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥tás (“truth”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀 (aṣ̌a, “truth”), Sanskrit ऋत (ṛtá, “fixed order, truth”).


𐎴𐎠𐎶

n-a-m (romanization)
nāma (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/nām/)

Manichaean script: 𐫗𐫀𐫖 (nʾm)

Book Pahlavi script: ŠM (ŠM)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭱𐭬 (ŠM)

Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮐𐮋 (ŠM)

From Proto-Iranian *Hnā́ma (compare Avestan 𐬥𐬅𐬨𐬀𐬥- (ną̇man-)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnā́ma (compare Sanskrit नामन् (nā́man)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”) (compare Hittite 𒆷𒀀𒈠𒀭 (lāman), Old Armenian անուն (anun), Ancient Greek ὄνομα (ónoma), Latin nōmen, Tocharian A ñom, and Old English nama (English name)).


𐎭𐎡𐎺

d-i-v (romanization)
daiva (romanization)

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫏𐫇 (dyw /dēw/, “evil spirit, demon”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠDYA /dēw/, “evil spirit, demon”)

→ Aramaic: דיוא (daywā)

Classical Syriac: ܕܝܘܐ (daywā)

desctree

→ Arabic: دِيُو (diyū)
→ Kazakh: дию (diü)

From Proto-Iranian *daywáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *daywás, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deywós. Cognates include Sanskrit देव (deva), Latin deus, Proto-Germanic *Tīwaz (whence the first element in English Tuesday), Proto-Celtic *deiwos.

(Iranian mythology, Zoroastrianism) foreign god, false god


𐎶𐎦𐏁

m-gu-š (romanization)
maguš (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/mow/)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (MGWŠH)

desctree

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭢𐭥 (mgw)
Persian: مغ (moğ)
→ Aghwan: 𐕌𐕒𐔲 (mog)
→ Old Armenian: մոգ (mog)
→ Old Georgian: მოგჳ (mogwi)
→ Sogdian: (/maɣu/)
Sogdian script: 𐼺𐼴𐼲 (mwɣ)
Syriac script: ܡܓ݂ܘ (mɣw), ܡܘܓ݂ (mwɣ)

→ Persian: مگوش (maguš) (learned)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒈠𒄖𒊺𒂊 (ma-gu-še-e /magušē/), 𒈠𒄖𒋗 (ma-gu-šu /magušu/), 𒈠𒄖𒋙 (ma-gu-šú /maguš/), 𒈠𒄖𒍑 (ma-gu-uš /maguš/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡌𐡂𐡅𐡔 (mgwš), 𐡌𐡂𐡔 (mgš)

desctree

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: מגושא (mgwšʾ)
Classical Syriac: ܡܓܘܫܐ (məḡūšā)
→ Arabic: مَجُوس (majūs)
→ Persian: مَجوس (majus)
→ Hebrew: מָג (māḡ)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒆪𒆜 (ma-ku-iš /makuiš/)

→ Ancient Greek: μάγος (mágos)

Greek: μάγος (mágos)

→ Coptic: ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ (magos)

→ Latin: magus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Iranian *magúš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *magʰúš, from Proto-Indo-European *megʰ-ú-s, from *megʰ- (“to be able”), as priests were considered capable of powerful feats (though some, including Beekes, are implicitly skeptical).


𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎱𐎠𐎺𐎠

x-š-ç-p-a-v-a (romanization)
xšaçapāvā (romanization)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (šsp /šasab/)

Literally "protector of the realm, province", an agent noun based on 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaça-/, “realm, province”) and 𐎱𐎠𐎮𐎹 (p-a-di-y /√pā/, “to protect”).
Akin to Parthian 𐭔𐭄𐭓𐭁 (šhrb), 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓𐭐 (ḥštrp), Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭯 (štrp). Compare the Iranian borrowings: Elamite 𒃻𒀝𒃻𒁀𒈠 (šá-ak-šá-ba-ma), Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀔𑀢𑀧 (khatapa), Maharastri Prakrit 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀧 (kṣatrapa), Sanskrit क्षत्रप (kṣatrapa), Gandhari 𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨤 (kṣatrapa) and 𐨖𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨤 (chatrapa), Lycian 𐊜𐊖𐊖𐊀𐊅𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀 (χssadrapa) and 𐊜𐊖𐊖𐊀𐊉𐊕𐊀𐊓𐊀 (χssaθrapa), Ancient Greek σατράπης (satrápēs), Old Armenian շահապ (šahap).

satrap (governor of a province under Achaemenid Persian rule)


𐏋

XŠ (romanization)
xšāyaθiya (romanization)

desctree

Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (MLKA /šāh/)
Persian: شاه (šâh), شه (šah)
→ Arabic: شَاه (šāh)
→ Basque: xake
→ Czech: šach
→ Galician: xaque
→ Portuguese: xeque, xaque
→ Slovak: šach
→ Slovene: šah
→ Spanish: jaque
→ Vulgar Latin: *scaccus
Italian: scacco
Old French: eschec
French: échec
→ Catalan: xec
→ Middle Dutch: scaec
Dutch: schaak
→ Danish: skak
→ Middle English: chek, chekke
English: check, cheque
→ Brazilian Portuguese: checar
→ Cantonese: check
→ Finnish: tsekata
→ German: checken
→ Gulf Arabic: چيك (čayyak)
→ Hijazi Arabic: شَيَّك (šayyak)
→ Hungarian: csekkol
→ Russian: че́кать (čékatʹ)
→ Russian: че́кнуть (čéknutʹ)
→ Russian: проче́кать (pročékatʹ)
→ Spanish: chequear, checar (Mexico)
→ Albanian: çek
→ Amharic: ቼክ (ček)
→ Arabic: شِيك (šēk, šīk)
→ Gulf Arabic: چيك (cek)
→ Armenian: չեկ (čʻek)
→ Asturian: cheque
→ Azerbaijani: çek
→ Belarusian: чэк (ček)
→ Bengali: চেক (cek)
→ Breton: chekenn
→ Bulgarian: чек (ček)
→ Burmese: ချက် (hkyak)
→ Catalan: xec
→ Czech: šek
→ Danish: check
→ Dutch: cheque
→ Estonian: tšekk
→ Finnish: sekki, šekki, shekki
→ French: chèque
→ Galician: cheque
→ Georgian: ჩეკი (čeḳi)
→ German: Scheck
→ Hebrew: צֵ׳ק (chéq), שֵׁיְק (shéq)
→ Hindi: चेक (cek), चैक (caik)
→ Hungarian: csekk
→ Icelandic: tékki
→ Irish: seic
→ Kazakh: чек (çek)
→ Kyrgyz: чек (cek)
→ Lao: ເຊັກ (sek)
→ Latvian: čeks
→ Lithuanian: čekis
→ Macedonian: чек (ček)
→ Malay: cek
Indonesian: cek
→ Marathi: चेक (cek)
→ Mongolian: чек (ček)
→ Norman: chèque
→ Northern Kurdish: çek
→ Norwegian: sjekk
→ Occitan: chèc
→ Odia: ଚେକ୍ (cēk)
→ Persian: چک (ček)
→ Polish: czek
→ Portuguese: cheque
→ Punjabi: ਚੈੱਕ (caikka)
→ Romanian: cec
→ Russian: чек (ček)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: чек
Latin script: ček
→ Slovak: šek
→ Slovene: ček
→ Spanish: cheque
→ Swahili: cheki
→ Swedish: check
→ Tajik: чек (ček)
→ Telugu: చెక్కు (cekku)
→ Thai: เช็ค (chék)
→ Turkish: çek
→ Turkmen: çek
→ Ukrainian: чек (ček)
→ Urdu: چیک (cēk)
→ Uzbek: chek
→ Vietnamese: séc
→ Welsh: siec
→ Middle English: ches, chees, chesse, echesse, esches (via the plural eschés)
English: chess
Scots: chess
→ Middle High German: schāch
German: Schach
→ Russian: шах (šax)
→ Armenian: շախ (šax)
→ Hungarian: sakk
→ Luxembourgish: Schach
→ Romanian: șah
→ Swedish: schack
→ Finnish: shakki, šakki
→ Saterland Frisian: Schak, Schach
→ Medieval Latin: scaccarium
Old French: eschekier, escheker, eschequier, eskekier
Middle French: eschiquier
French: échiquier
Norman: êchitchi
→ Middle English: escheker, eschecour, eschekker, eschekkere, eschequeer, eschequer, eschequier, esscheker, cheker, checher, chekar, chekere, chekier, chekir, chekker, chekkere, chekkyr, chekyr, chequer, schequer
English: exchequer, Exchequer
English: checker, chequer (checkers, chequers)
→ Azerbaijani: şah
→ Bashkir: шаһ (şah)
→ Belarusian: шах (šax)
→ Bengali: শাহ (śah)
→ Bulgarian: шах (šah)
→ Catalan: xa
→ Chinese: 沙阿 (shā'ā), 沙赫 (shāhè)
→ Danish: shah
→ Dutch: sjah
→ English: shah
→ Estonian: šahh
→ Finnish: šakki, shakki, sakki
→ French: schah, chah, shah
→ Georgian: შაჰი (šahi)
→ German: schah
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: शाह (śāh)
Urdu: شاہ (śāh)
→ Hungarian: sakk
→ Irish: seá
→ Italian: scià
→ Japanese: シャー (shā)
→ Kazakh: шаһ (şah)
→ Khalaj: şâh
→ Korean: 샤 (sya)
→ Kumyk: шагь (şah)
→ Kyrgyz: шах (şah)
→ Latvian: šahs
→ Lezgi: шагь (šah)
→ Lithuanian: šachas
→ Macedonian: шах (šah)
→ Malay: syah
→ Mongolian: шах (šax)
→ Middle Armenian: շահ (šah)
Armenian: շահ (šah)
→ Norwegian: sjah
→ Old Norse: skák
Faroese: skák
Icelandic: skák
Norwegian Bokmål: sjakk
Norwegian Nynorsk: sjakk
→ Odia: ଶାହା (śāhā), ସାହା (sāhā)
→ Ottoman Turkish: شاه (şâh)
Turkish: şah
→ Albanian: shah
→ Hungarian: sah
→ Romanian: șah
→ Pashto: شاه (šāh)
→ Polish: szach
→ Portuguese: xá
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਾਹ (śāh)
Shahmukhi script: شاہ (śāh)
→ Romansch: schah
→ Russian: шах (šax)
→ Armenian: շախ (šax)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: шах
Latin script: šah
→ Spanish: sah
→ Swedish: shah
→ Sylheti: ꠡꠣ (śa)
→ Tatar: шаһ (şah)
→ Turkish: şah
→ Turkmen: şah
→ Ukrainian: шах (šax)
→ Uyghur: شاھ (shah)
→ Uzbek: shoh
→ Vietnamese: sa
→ Zazaki: şağ
Tajik: шоҳ (šoh)

From Proto-Iranian *xšáyati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (“he rules, he has power over”) (whence Sanskrit क्षयति (kṣáyati)), from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to gain power over, gain control over”).
Likely a borrowing from Old Median, being a doublet of 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (xšaça-, “realm, province”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षत्र (kṣatrá, “might, power”), Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra, “kingdom”), Old Armenian աշխարհ (ašxarh), Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to get, acquire”).


𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶

x-š-ç-m (romanization)
xšaçam (romanization)

desctree

Middle Persian: 𐭱𐭲𐭫𐭩 (štly /šahr/)
Persian: شهر (šahr)

Persian: شهر (šahr)
→ Tajik: шаҳр (šahr)
→ Azerbaijani: şəhər
→ Assamese: চহৰ (sohor)
→ Bengali: শহর (śohor)
→ Crimean Tatar: şeer
→ Dhivehi: ޝަހަރު (šaharu), ސަހަރު (saharu)
→ Gujarati: શહેર (śaher)
→ Hindustani:
→ Hindi: शहर (śahr)
→ Urdu: شہر (śahr, śahar, śehar, śeher)
→ Karachay-Balkar: шахар (şaxar)
→ Kazakh: шаһар (şahar)
→ Kumyk: шагьар (şahar)
→ Northern Kurdish: şar
→ Kyrgyz: шаар (şaar)
→ Marathi: शहर (śahar)
→ Nepali: सहर (sahar)
→ Ottoman Turkish: شهر (şehir)
Turkish: şehir
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Latin script: šȅher
Cyrillic script: ше̏хер
→ Odia: ସହର (sahara)
→ Punjabi:
→ Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਹਿਰ (śahir)
→ Shahmukhi script: شہر (śahir)
→ Uyghur: شەھەر (sheher)
→ Uzbek: shahar

From Proto-Iranian *xšaθram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to attain”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षत्र (kṣatrá, “might, power”), Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra, “kingdom”), Khotanese kṣāra- (“power, dominion”), Old Armenian աշխարհ (ašxarh), Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to get, acquire”).


𐎲𐎠𐎪𐎶

Middle Persian: bʾc (bāǰ)

Persian: باج (bâj), باژ (bāž)

From Proto-Iranian *bāǰi- (“tribute, tax”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to distribute, allot”).

der

5th century BCE, Behistun Inscription, column 1, lines 17-20:

Dārayavauš xšāyathiya imā dahyāva tyā manā patiyāita vašnā Auramazdāha manā badakā āhatā manā bājim abaratā tyašām hacāma athahya xšapava raucapativā ava akunavayatā thātiy

Darius the King says: These are the countries which came to me; by the favor of Ahuramazda they were my subjects; they bore tribute to me; what was said to them by me either by night or by day, that was done.


𐎠𐎴𐏃𐎡𐎫

Middle Persian: ʾnʾhyt' (Anāhīd)

Persian: اناهید (anâhid), ناهید (nâhid)

desc

Arabic: أَنَاهِيذ (ʔanāhīḏ)

Arabic: أَنَاهِيذ (ʔanāhīḏ)

Classical Syriac: ܐܢܗܝܕ (ʾĂnāhêḏ)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒈾𒄴𒄿𒌅𒀪 (a-na-aḫ-i-tu-ʾ /Anaḫituʾ/), 𒀀𒈾𒀪𒋾 (a-na-ʾ-ti /Anaʾti/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀναῗτις (Anaï̂tis)

→ Latin: Anaītis

→ Russian: Анаити́да (Anaitída)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒀭𒈾𒄭𒌓𒆪 (an-na-hi-ud-da /Anahiuda/)

→ Old Armenian: Անահիտ (Anahit)

Literally "who is not defiled", composed of *a(n)- (privative particle) + *āhitā- (“defiled”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬁𐬵𐬌𐬙𐬀 (anāhita, “pure, immaculate”, adj), an epithet of 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬍 (arəduuī).

cog

(Iranian mythology, Religion, Zoroastrianism) Anahita


𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫀𐫏𐫇𐫗 (ʾʾywn /āywan/, “palace”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾdwn' /ēwan/, “stalk, trunk”)

→ Akkadian: 𒀊𒉺𒁕𒀭 (ap-pa-da-an /appadān/)

→ Aramaic:

Aramaic: אַפַּדְנָא (/ʾāppaḏnāʾ/)

Palmyrene script: 𐡠𐡱𐡣𐡭𐡠 (ʾpdnʾ /ʾāppaḏnāʾ/)

Classical Syriac: ܐܦܕܢܐ (/ʾāppaḏnāʾ/)

→ Hebrew: אַפֶּדֶן (/ʾāppaḏan/)

→ Elamite: 𒄩𒁀𒆪𒈾 (ha-ba-da-na /habadana/)

* Compare Parthian 𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍 (ʾpdn) 𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍𐭉 (ʾpdny /apadan/), 𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍𐭊 (ʾpdnk)𐭀𐭐𐭃𐭍𐭊𐭉 (ʾpdnky /apadanak/), Manichaean Parthian 𐫀𐫛𐫅𐫗 (ʾpdn), 𐫀𐫜𐫅𐫗 (ʾfdn /afdan/, “palace”), and borrowings Old Armenian ապարանք (aparankʻ), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic אפדנא, Classical Syriac ܐܦܕܢܐ (ʾāppaḏnāʾ), Hebrew אפדן, Arabic فدن (fadan).
* Compare with Sanskrit अपध (apadha, “concealment”) and Ancient Greek ἀποθήκη (apothḗkē, “storehouse”).


hammārakarah

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭧𐭬𐭠𐭫𐭪𐭫𐭩 (ḥmʾlkly /hammārgar/), 𐭠𐭬𐭠𐭫𐭪𐭫𐭩 (ʾmʾlkly /āmārgar/, “chief fiscal officer”)

Persian: آمارگر (âmârgar)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒄩𒄠𒈠𒊏𒀀𒅗𒀀𒊒 (ḫa-am-ma-ra-a-ka-a-ru /ḫamarākāru/), 𒄠𒈥𒋼𒊏 (am-mar-kar-ra /amarkara/), 𒄠𒈠𒊑𒀀𒆗 (am-ma-ri-a-kal /amariakal/), 𒄠𒈠𒊒𒀀𒆗 (am-ma-ru-a-kal /amaruakal/), 𒄠𒈠𒊑𒀀𒅗𒊑 (am-ma-ri-a-ka-ri /amariakari/)

→ Aramaic:

Judeo-Aramaic: אמרכלא (ʾămarkəlā), אמרכול (ʾămarkōl) (via Middle Iranian)

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡄𐡌𐡓𐡊𐡓𐡀 (hmrkrʾ)

→ Armenian:

→ Old Armenian: համարակար (hamarakar) (possibly via Middle Iranian) (see there for further descendants)

→ Gandhari: 𐨨𐨪𐨬𐨪 (maravara, “accountant”) (or from a similar etymon)

→ Hebrew: אֲמַרְכָּל (ʾămarkāl), אֲמַרְכּוֹל (ʾămarkōl) (via Middle Iranian)

→ Parthian: 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾḥmrkr), 𐭀𐭄𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾhmrkr)

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܗܡܪܐܓܪ (ʾhmrʾgr)

* From Proto-Iranian *ham- + a form of *mar-, which is a later form of the root *hmar- (“think of”), + *kara- (“to do”) (then it would be reconstructed as *hammārakara- or *hamārakara-). The constituents go back to Proto-Indo-European *sem-, *(s)mer- (compare Sanskrit स्मरति (smárati, “to remember”)) and *kʷer- respectively.
* From the root *hmar- without prefixation + *kara- (“to do”) (then it would be reconstructed as *hmārakara-).
The initial 𐭀 (ʾ) in Parthian 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭓𐭊𐭓 (ʾḥmrkr) does not contradict the first theory: compare 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭕𐭍 (ʾḥmtn), which corresponds to Old Persian 𐏃𐎥𐎶𐎫𐎠𐎴 (h-g-m-t-a-n /Ha(n)gmatāna-/, “Ecbatana”).
The presence of -mm- in Akkadian (Late Babylonian) forms strengthens the first theory.
Akin to Bactrian υαμαρογαρο (uamarogaro). Note also Old Armenian համար (hamar).


𐎠𐎿𐎲𐎠𐎼

a-s-b-a-r (romanization)
asabāra (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: ʾswbʾl, ʾsp̄wʾl (/aswār/)

Classical Persian: سوار (suwār) (see there for further descendants)

Iranian Persian: سوار (sovâr, savâr)

Tajik: савор (savor)

الأَسَاوِرَة

→ Arabic: أُسْوَار (ʔuswār), إِسْوَار (ʔiswār), الأَسَاوِرَة pl (al-ʔasāwira), الأَسَاوِر pl (al-ʔasāwir)

→ Persian: اسوار (osvâr), اساوره pl (asâvere), اساور pl (asâver)

→ Bactrian: ασβαρο (asbaro)

→ Persian: اسوار (asvâr, esvâr), اسواران pl (asvârân)

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܣܘܪ (eswār)

desctree

→ Old Gujarati: असवार (asavāra)
Gujarati: અસવાર (asavār)
Marwari:
Devanagari script: असवार (asvār)
Mahajani script: 𑅐𑅰𑅯𑅭 (asvr)

→ Parthian: 𐭀𐭎𐭁𐭓𐭉 (ʾsbry)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Iranian *Hacwabāráh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haćwabʰāras. Analyzable as 𐎠𐎿 (asa, “horse”) + 𐎲𐎠𐎼 (bāra-, “carried by, rider”), the latter from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. See also Ասպուրակէս (Aspurakēs).


𐎺𐏁𐎴𐎠

va-ša-na-a (romanization)
vašnā (romanization)

Instrumental singular masculine inflection of 𐎺𐏁𐎴 (vašna, “will, favor”).

(please add the primary text of this usage example)
vašnā Auramazdāha adam xšāyaθiya amiy
by the greatness of Ahuramazdā I am king

by the grace of, by the greatness of, by the will of


𐏃𐎶𐎼𐎴

h-m-r-n (romanization)
hamarana (romanization)

Middle Persian: hmlʾnyh (hamrānīh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHáranam (“battle, strife”), from Proto-Indo-European *sem-h₃ér-en-o-m. Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀 (hamar^əna), Sanskrit समरण (samaraṇa).


𐎨𐎡𐏂

č-i-ça (romanization)
čiça (romanization)

Mostly displaced by borrowing *ciθrah, both from Proto-Iranian *čiθráh.

𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎨𐎡𐏂

Alternative form of *ciθrah: type, form, lineage


𐏃𐎡𐎴𐎠

h-i-n-a (romanization)
hainā (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫍𐫏𐫏𐫗 (hyyn)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hyn' /hēn/)

From Proto-Iranian *háynaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáynaH. Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬁 (haēnā), Sanskrit सेना (sénā).


𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣

a-r-š-t-i-k (romanization)
ạrštika (romanization)
ārštika (romanization)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥štikás, from *Hr̥štíš (“spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁r̥stís (whence 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐏁 (arštiš, “spear”)). Compare Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬌 (aršti), Sanskrit ऋष्टि (ṛṣṭi).

𐏐 𐎠𐎿𐎲𐎠𐎼 𐏐 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣 𐏐 𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎣 𐏐

As a spearman, I am a good spearman, on horseback […]

a-s-b-a-r : a-r-š-t-i-k : a-mi-i-y : u-v-a-r-š-t-i-k :


𐎠𐎵𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹

a-nu-u-š-i-y (romanization)
anušiya (romanization)

𐏐 𐏃𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎠𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎹𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎵𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐏃 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐏁𐎱𐎢𐏀𐎠𐎫𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎺𐎼𐎭𐎴𐎶
hadā : kārā : hyašaiy : anušiya : āha : Višpauzātiš : nāma : vardanam
[…] marched forth with the troops that remained faithful. At a city called Višpauzātiš […]


𐎣𐎠𐎼

k-a-r (romanization)
kāra (romanization)

⇒ Middle Persian: kʾlwʾn' (/kārawān/) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Middle Persian: [Term?] (/kārazār/, “battle”)

Classical Persian: کارزار (kārzār)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ker- (“army”). Akin to Old Armenian կարապետ (karapet), an Iranian borrowing.


𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴

a-y-d-n (romanization)
āyadana (romanization)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎶 (nominative singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (nominative plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (singular vocative)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (accusative plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐏃𐎹 (dative genitive singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (dative genitive plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎠 (singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (plural)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎠𐎹𐎭𐎴𐎡𐎿𐎢𐎺𐎠 (locative plural)


Māhiš

(Iranian mythology, Zoroastrianism) moon deity Mah