𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿

Middle Persian:

desctree

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩 (pʾlsy), 𐭯𐭠𐭥𐭮𐭩 (pʾrsy /Pārs/)
Persian: پارس (pârs)
→ Arabic: فَارِس (fāris)
→ Portuguese: alferes
→ Early Middle Chinese: 波斯 (pa-si)
→ Parthian: (/Pārs/)
Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘 (pʾrs)
Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭐𐭀𐭓𐭎 (pʾrs)
→ Sogdian:
Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (pʾrs /Pārs/)

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒉺𒅈𒊓𒀀𒀀 (pa-ar-sa-a-a /Parsāya/), 𒉺𒅈𒋢 (pa-ar-su /Parsu/), 𒌓𒊑𒊓𒀀 (par-ri-sa-a /Parisā/), 𒌓𒊓 (par-sa /Parsa/), 𒌓𒊓𒀀𒀀 (par-sa-a-a /Parsāya/), 𒌓𒋢 (par-su /Parsu/), 𒌓𒍪 (par-sú /Parsu/)

→ Aramaic:

Biblical Aramaic: פָּרָס (pārās)

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡐𐡓𐡎 (prs), 𐡐𐡓𐡎𐡉 (prsy)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: p:r-s-xAst (prs), p:r-z:xAst (prs), p:r-Aa18:Z1-xAst (prsꜣ), p:rw-Aa18-xAst (prwsꜣ)

Demotic:  (prs)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒅕𒐼 (ba-ir-šá /Bairša/), 𒁇𒌍 (bar-šip /Baršip/), 𒁇𒋤 (bar-šir₈ /Baršir/), 𒁀𒅕𒆪 (ba-ir-da /Bairda/), 𒁀𒅕𒆜𒐼 (ba-ir-iš-šá /Bairiša/), 𒁀𒅕𒊓𒀭 (ba-ir-sa-an /Bairsan/), 𒁀𒅕𒐼𒀭 (ba-ir-šá-an /Bairšan/), 𒁀𒅕𒃻𒀾 (ba-ir-šá-áš /Bairšaš/), 𒁀𒅕𒐼𒆜 (ba-ir-šá-iš /Bairšaiš/), 𒁀𒅕𒐼𒌝 (ba-ir-šá-um /Bairšaum/), 𒁀𒅕𒍝 (ba-ir-za /Bairza/), 𒁀𒊏𒊏𒆜𒐼𒀭 (ba-ra-iš-šá-an /Baraišan/), 𒁇𒃻𒀭 (bar-šá-an /Baršan/), 𒁇𒋤𒌇𒁁 (bar-šir₈-ráš-be /Barširášbe/)

→ Ancient Greek: Περσίς (Persís)

→ Latin: Persia, Persis

→ Lycian: 𐊓𐊀𐊕𐊈𐊀 (parza), 𐊓𐊀𐊕𐊈𐊈𐊀 (parzza)

→ Old Armenian: պարսք (parskʻ)

Uncertain; possibly:
* related to Sanskrit पर्शु (Parśu), the name of a warrior tribe,
* or Sanskrit परशु (paraśu, “hatchet, axe”),
* or from Proto-Iranian *párcuš (“rib”), compare Sanskrit पर्शु (parśu, “rib; sickle”), पार्श्व (pārśva, “the region of the ribs, immediate neighbourhood”).


𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁

𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 . (canonical)
h-i-du-u-š (romanization)
Hiⁿduš (romanization)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hndwkʾn' /hindūgān/, “Hindustan”), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hndwkstʾn' /hindūgestān/, “Hindustan”)

Classical Persian: هند (Hind), هندوستان (Hindūstān)

Persian: هند (hend), هندوستان (hendustân)

→ Bashkir: һинд (hind)

→ Bengali: হিন্দু (hindu), হিন্দুস্তান (hindustan)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: हिंद (hind), हिंदुस्तान (hindustān), हिंदी (hindī), हिंदू (hindū)

Fiji Hindi: Hindustan

Urdu: ہند (hind), ہندوستان (hindustān), ہندی (hindī), ہندو (hindū)

→ Marathi: हिन्दुस्तान (hindustān)

हिन्दुस्तान्

→ Nepali: हिन्दुस्तान् (hindustān)

→ Odia: ହିନ୍ଦ୍ (hind), ହିନ୍ଦୁସ୍ତାନ (hindustāna)

→ Punjabi: ਹਿੰਦ (hind), ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨ (hindustān)

→ Chinese: 天竺 (Tiānzhú)

→ Japanese: 天竺 (てんじく, Tenjiku)

→ Okinawan: 天竺 (てぃんじく, Tinjiku)

→ Korean: 천축 (Cheonchuk)

→ Vietnamese: Thiên Trúc

→ Chinese: 印度 (Yìndù)

→ Japanese: インド (Indo), 印度 (インド, Indo) (rare)

→ Korean: 인도 (Indo)

→ Vietnamese: Ấn Độ

→ Chinese: 身毒

→ Japanese: 身毒 (しんどく, Shindoku)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅔𒁺𒌑 (in-du-ú /Indū/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἰνδός (Indós), Ἰνδία (Indía)

Greek: Ινδός (Indós)

→ English: India

→ Fiji Hindi: India

→ Tamil: இந்தியா (intiyā)

→ Telugu: ఇండియా (iṇḍiyā)

→ Latin: Indus

Catalan: Índia

→ Latvian: Indija

→ Lithuanian: Indija

Spanish: India

Portuguese: Índia

→ English: Indus

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: h:n-d:wA-i-i-xAst (hndwꜣy)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄭𒅔𒁺 (hi-in-du /Hindu/), 𒄭𒅔𒁺𒆜 (hi-in-du-iš /Hinduiš/), 𒄭𒁺𒆜 (hi-du-iš /Hiduiš/)

→ Hebrew: הודו (Hṓddū), הֹדּוּ (Hṓddū)

From Proto-Iranian *hínduš, from an Old Iranian representation of Old Indo-Aryan सिन्धु (sindhu-, “big river, Indus”); see there for further theorized descent.

India (the Indus valley region under Achaemenid rule)


𐏏

Midle Persian: 𐭡𐭥𐭬 (būm)

Persian: بوم (bum)

From Proto-Iranian *búHmiš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰúHmiš (compare Avestan 𐬠𐬏𐬨𐬌 (būmi) and Sanskrit भूमि (bhūmi, “earth, soil, land”)).


𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶

x-š-ç-m (romanization)
xšaçam (romanization)

Middle Persian: 𐭱𐭲𐭫𐭩 (štly /šahr/)

Persian: شهر (šahr)

From Proto-Iranian *xšaθram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to attain”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षत्र (kṣatrá, “might, power”), Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra, “kingdom”), Khotanese kṣāra- (“power, dominion”), Old Armenian աշխարհ (ašxarh), Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to get, acquire”).


𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴

𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 (nominative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (dual nominative)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (nominative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (singular vocative)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (dual vocative)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (plural vocative)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎶 (accusative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (accusative dual)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (accusative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a) (instrumental singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐎹𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-i-b-i-y-a) (dual instrumental)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (*a-r-mi-i-n-i-b-i-š) (instrumental plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐏃𐎹𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-h-y-a) (dative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐎹𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-i-b-i-y-a) (dative dual)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎡𐎲𐎡𐏁 (*a-r-mi-i-n-i-b-i-š) (dative plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐏃𐎹𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-h-y-a) (genitive singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎹𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a-y-a) (dual genitive)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎴𐎠𐎶 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a-n-a-m) (genitive plural)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎡𐎹 (locative singular)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎹𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-a-y-a) (dual locative)
𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎢𐎺𐎠 (*a-r-mi-i-n-i-š-u-v-a) (locative plural)

Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭫𐭬𐭭𐭩 (ʾlmny /Arman/)

Persian: ارمن (arman)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρμενίᾱ (Armeníā)

desc

→ Egyptian: A-rw-G20-i*i:n-A-xAst (ꜣrwmꜥynꜣ), A-rw-G20-i-i-n:y*A-xAst (ꜣrwmꜥynyꜣ)

Old Persian Armina is the first unambiguous application of the name Armenia as the ethnonym of the Armenians and is first attested in 6th century BC Behistun inscription by Achaemenid king Darius I of Persia. Like most place names in West Asia the Persians borrowed it from Aramaeans, whom the Achaemenids employed in their chancelleries. According to Diakonoff the word is formed with long Aramaic ending -ā from Urartian *armini (“inhabitant of Arme; Arme-ian (country)”). Arme/Urme was a country inhabited by Proto-Armenians in the mountains of Sassoun; of the territories inhabited by Proto-Armenians it was the closest to Aramaeans (who lived in Amida). See also Old Armenian հայ (hay) and Old Georgian სომეხი (somexi).

der

[…]θātiy Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya imā dahyāva tyā manā patiyāiša vašnā Auramazdāha adamšām xšāyaθiya āham Pārsa Ûvja Bābiruš Ahurā Arabāya Mudrāya tayaiy drayahyā Sparda Yauna Māda Armina Katpatuka Parθava Zraka Haraiva Uvārazmîy Bāxtriš Suguda Gadāra Saka Θataguš Harauvatiš Maka fraharavam dahyāva XXIII...

late 6th century BCE, Darius the Great, Behistun Inscription, Column 1, lines 13-17

[…] King Darius says: These are the countries which are subject unto me, and by the grace of Ahuramazda I became king of them: Persia, Elam, Babylonia, Assyria, Arabia, Egypt, the countries by the Sea, Lydia, the Greeks, Media, Armenia, Cappadocia, Parthia, Drangiana, Aria, Chorasmia, Bactria, Sogdia, Gandara, Scythia, Sattagydia, Arachosia and Maka; twenty-three lands in all.

[…]θātiy Dārayavauš xšāyaθiya Dādaršiš nāma Arminiya manā badaka avam adam frāišayam Arminam avaθāšaiy aθaham paraidiy kāra hya hamiçiva manā naiy gaubataiy avam jadiy...
[…] King Darius says: An Armenian named Dādarši, my servant, I sent into Armenia, and I said unto him: 'Go, smite that host which is in revolt and does not acknowledge me.'

late 6th century BCE, Darius the Great, Behistun Inscription, Column 2, lines 29-31

Armenia (an ancient Armenian kingdom in eastern Anatolia, in modern eastern Turkey and Armenia)

Behistun inscription
Darius I of Persia
Igor M. Diakonoff
Sassoun


𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎹𐎭𐎠𐎶

p-r-d-y-d-a-m (romanization)
paradayadām (romanization)

desc

→ Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁇𒋼𒌨 (bar-te-taš /Bartetaš/) (< Late OP /pardēdəm/)

From Proto-Iranian *paridayjah.
The spelling appears to reflect underlying spoken "Late Old Persian" form /pardēd/ (shown more directly by the Elamite rendering), which already shows the development towards Middle Persian, mechanically transferred back into an incorrect ahistorical Old Persian spelling (a kind of hypercorrection essentially analogous to "hyper-Sanskritization" of Middle Indic forms), as opposed to the expected Old Persian spelling *paridaida (i. e., the scribe did not know the Old Persian of Darius I's time anymore, and essentially spelled the spoken form as p-r-d-y-d-a-m corresponding to pseudo-Old-Persian paradayadām, which would also result in /pardēd/ according to the sound developments leading from Old Persian to spoken "Late Old Persian", so it was simply a wrong guess).


𐎢𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎬𐎢

u-f-r-a-tu-u (romanization)
ʰUfrātu- (romanization)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒌑𒅁𒊏𒌅𒅖 (ú-ip-ra-du-iš /Uipraduiš/)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Εὐφράτης (Euphrátēs)
Greek: Ευφράτης (Effrátis)
→ Latin: Euphrātēs

From Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (^(ÍD)Purattu), itself from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (^(ÍD)Buranun). Developed into *ʰUfrātuš (literally “having good fords”) through folk etymology.


𐎶𐎠𐎭

Uncertain; possibly related to Old Persian *madyānah (“middle”) (whence Persian میان (/miyân/)), from Proto-Iranian *madyānah (“middle”), from *mádyah.


𐎹𐎢𐎴

y-u-n (romanization)
Yauna (romanization)


𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹

mu-d-r-a-y (romanization)
Mudrāyaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian:

desc

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭣𐭥𐭠𐭩 (mudrāy /Mudrāy/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈬𒆪𒊑𒅀 (mu-da-ri-ya /Mudariya/), 𒈬𒌓𒊑 (mu-ud-ri /Mudri/), 𒈬𒄑𒍝𒊑𒅀 (mu-is-sa-ri-ia /Muisariya/), 𒈪𒆪𒊑𒅀 (mi-da-ri-ia /Midariya/) (reborrowing)

From Proto-Iranian *Mujrāyah, ultimately derived from Proto-Semitic *muṣr-ā- (“Egypt”). Compare Akkadian 𒈬𒀫 (muṣru), Ugaritic 𐎎𐎕𐎗𐎎 (mṣrm /miṣrāma/), Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (miṣráyim), and Achaemenid Elamite 𒈬𒄑𒍝𒊑𒅀 (mu-iṣ-ṣa-ri-ia).

cog

Egypt (a country and ancient kingdom in North Africa and Western Asia)


𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠

t-i-g-r-a (romanization)
Tigrā (romanization)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Τίγρης (Tígrēs), Τῐ́γρῐς (Tígris)
Greek: Τίγρης (Tígris), Τίγρητας (Tígritas)
→ Armenian: Տիգրիս (Tigris)
→ Latin: Tigris

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋾𒅅𒊏 (ti-ik-ra /Tikra/)

From Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(ÍD)Idiqlat) , from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(ÍD)Idigna, ^(ÍD)Idigina, literally “fast as an arrow”). Influenced by 𐬙𐬌𐬖𐬭𐬌 (tiγri, literally “arrow”) through folk etymology.


𐎾𐎲𐎴𐎠𐎴

Lebanon (an ancient region in the Levant in Western Asia, roughly coextensive with the modern country of Lebanon)


𐎣𐎼𐎣𐎠

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆳𒋡 (kur-ka₄ /Kurka/), 𒆳𒋡𒀊 (kur-ka₄-ap /Kurkap/), 𒆳𒋡𒁁 (kur-ka₄-be /Kurkabe/), 𒆳𒋡𒅁 (kur-ka₄-ip /Kurkaip/), 𒆳𒋡𒊏 (kur-ka₄-ra /Kurkara/), 𒆳𒁉 (kur-kaš /Kurkaš/)


𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎠𐎹

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄯𒁀𒀀 (har-ba-a /Harbā/), 𒄯𒁀𒀀𒁁 (har-ba-a-be /Harbābe/), 𒄯𒁀𒅀 (har-ba-ia /Harbaya/)


𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽

b-a-b-i-ru (romanization)
bābiru (romanization)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: bA-bA-rw:xAst (bꜣbꜣrw)

→ Pali: Bāveru


𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼

g-d-a-r (romanization)
Gaⁿdāraʰ (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒂵𒀭𒁕𒊑 (ga-an-da-ri /Gandari/), 𒃶𒁕𒅈 (gan-da-ar /Gandar/), 𒃶𒁕𒊏 (gan-da-ra /Gandara/), 𒃶𒁕𒊑 (gan-da-ri /Gandari/), 𒅗𒀭𒁕𒊏 (ka-an-da-ra /Kandara/)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋡𒅔𒁕𒅕 (ka₄-in-da-ir /Kaindair/), 𒃷𒁕𒊏 (kán-da-ra /Kandara/), 𒃷𒁕𒌇 (kán-da-ráš /Kandaraš/)


𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁

h-r-u-v-t-i-š (romanization)
Harauvatiš (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒊏𒄷𒌓 (a-ra-ḫu-ut /Araḫut/), 𒀀𒊒𒄷𒀜𒋾 (a-ru-ḫu-at-ti /Aruḫuati/), 𒀀𒊒𒄩𒀜𒋾 (a-ru-ḫa-at-ti /Aruḫati/), 𒀀𒊒𒄩𒀜𒋾𒀪 (a-ru-ḫa-at-ti-ʾ /Aruḫatiʾ/), 𒀀𒊒𒉺𒋾 (a-ru-ḫat-ti /Aruḫati/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡄𐡓𐡇𐡅𐡕𐡉 (hrḥwty), 𐡄𐡓𐡅𐡇𐡕𐡉 (hrwḥty)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: h:rw-x:d-i-i-xAst (hrwḫdy)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒊏𒈠𒋾𒆜 (ha-ra-ma-ti-iš /Haramatiš/), 𒄯𒊏𒌋𒈠𒋾𒆜 (har-ra-u-ma-ti-iš /Haraumatiš/), 𒄯𒈠𒋾𒆜 (har-ma-ti-iš /Harmatiš/), 𒄯𒊏𒈠𒋾𒆜 (har-ra-ma-ti-iš /Haramatiš/), 𒄯𒊒𒈠𒋾𒆜 (har-ru-ma-ti-iš /Harumatiš/), 𒄯𒊒𒈠𒌓𒋾𒆜 (har-ru-ma-ut-ti-iš /Harumautiš/), 𒄩𒊒𒈠𒋾𒆜 (ha-ru-m[a-ti-iš] /Harumatiš/), 𒄯𒆪𒋾𒆜 (har-ku-ti(-iš) /Harkutiš/), 𒄯𒆪𒌓𒋾 (har-ku-ut-ti /Harkuti/)

From Proto-Iranian *HárahwatiH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *SáraswatiH. Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬓𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍 (haraxᵛaⁱtī).


𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒊓𒌓𒁺 (sa-par-du /Sapardu/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: Aa18-p:rw-T-A-xAst (sꜣprwṯꜣ)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒅖𒌓𒁕 (iš-par-da /Išparda/)

From Lydian 𐤮𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣 (sfard, literally “Sardian”)


𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠

a-θ-u-r-a (romanization)
aθurā (romanization)

→ Egyptian:

Latin script: A-SA-wA-rw:xAst (ꜣšꜣwꜣrw)

From Proto-Iranian *AcuraH, itself from Akkadian 𒀸𒋩𒆠 (Aššūr, “Assur”).


𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁

θ-t-gu-u-š (romanization)
Θataguš (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒊓𒀜𒆪𒆪𒆜 (sa-ad-da-ku-iš /Sadakuiš/), 𒊓𒆪𒆪 (sa-da-ku /Sadaku/), 𒊓𒌓𒆪𒆪𒆜 (sa-ud-da-ku-iš /Saudakuiš/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: Aa18-d:g-wA-U29-xAst (sꜣdgwꜣḏꜣ)

From *θatam (“hundred”) + *gāuš (“cattle”). Cognate with Old Median *Sataguš.


𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠𐎹

head

𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠𐎹 (Kušāya)

Ultimately from Egyptian k-A-S:xAst (kꜣš), k-A-z:xAst (kꜣs), k:S-xAst (kš), k:S-y-xAst (kšj).
Either independently derived or potentially via Neo-Babylonian 𒆳𒆪𒌑𒋢 (Kūsu) or 𒆳𒆪𒌑𒋙 (Kūšu), which are not from Old Persian, but directly from Egyptian themselves.
Cognate with Late Babylonian 𒆳𒆪𒌑𒋗 (Kūšu), Hebrew כּוּשׁ (kûš), Ancient Greek Χους (Khous).


𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺

→ Akkadian:

desc

Late Babylonian: 𒀀𒊑𒂊𒈨 (a-re-e-me /Arēme/), 𒀀𒊑𒂊𒈬 (a-re-e-mu /Arēmu/), 𒅈𒊑𒂊𒈨 (ar-re-e-me /Arēme/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: h:rw-wA-xAst (hrwwꜣ)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄩𒊑𒈠 (ha-re-ma /Harema/), 𒄯𒊑𒈠 (har-re-ma /Harema/), 𒄯𒊒𒈠 (har-ru-ma /Haruma/), 𒄩𒊒𒈠 (ha-ru-ma /Haruma/)

Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬌𐬬𐬀 (harōiva), Sanskrit सरयु (saráyu, “air”).


𐏀𐎼𐎣

z-r-k (romanization)
Zaraⁿka (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒍝𒊏𒀭𒂵 (za-ra-an-ga /Zaranga/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: Aa18-rw:n-g:xAst (sꜣrwng)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒄑𒊏𒀭𒋡 (iz-ra-an-ka₄ /Izranka/), 𒆰𒊏𒀭𒋡 (zir-ra-an-ka₄ /Ziranka/), 𒍢𒊏𒀭𒋡 (zí-ra-an-ka₄ /Ziranka/), 𒆰𒊏𒁉 (zir-ra-kaš /Zirakaš/)

Literally "Sea-Land", from Old Iranian *zranka- (“sea”).


𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐏁

b-a-x-t-r-i-š (romanization)
Bāxtriš (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒁀𒀀𒄩𒋫𒅈 (ba-a-ḫa-ta-ar /Bāḫatar/), 𒁀𒄴𒋻 (ba-aḫ-tar /Baḫtar/), 𒁀𒄴𒋾𒅕 (ba-aḫ-ti-ir /Baḫtir/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: bA-x:T-rw:xAst (bꜣḫṯrw)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒀝𒋻𒊑𒆜 (ba-ak-tar-ri-iš /Baktariš/), 𒁀𒀝𒌉𒊑𒆜 (ba-ak-tur-ri-iš /Bakturiš/), 𒁀𒅅𒌉𒊑𒆜 (ba-ik-tur-ri-iš /Baikturiš/)

Either cognate with Persian باختر (bâxtar, “west”) and Avestan 𐬠𐬁𐬑𐬜𐬌 (bāxδi), or possibly Bāxtriš (“she who divides”) from the name of the river Βάκτρος (Báktros), itself derived from the root *bhag- (“to divide”) (cf. Sanskrit भज् (bháj-), Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬔 (bag)).


𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼

s-ku-u-d-r (romanization)
Skudra (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒄑𒆪𒁺𒊒 (is-ku-du-ru /Iskuduru/), 𒄑𒆪𒁺𒌨 (is-[k]u-du-ur /Iskdur/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: Aa18-kA:T-rw-A-xAst (sꜣkꜣṯrwꜣ)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒆜𒆪𒋻𒊏 (iš-ku-tar-ra /Iškutara/), 𒆜𒆪𒋻𒊏𒁁 (iš-ku-tar-ra-be /Iškutarabe/), 𒆜𒆪𒋻𒊏𒅁 (iš-ku-tar-ra-ip /Iškutaraip/), 𒆜𒆪𒌉𒆷𒀊 (iš-ku-tur-la-ap /Iškuturlap/), 𒆜𒆪𒌉𒊏𒅁 (iš-ku-tur-ra-ip /Iškuturaip/), 𒅖𒆪𒌉𒌇 (iš-ku-tur-ráš /Iškuturaš/), 𒅖𒆪𒌉𒌇 (iš-ku-tur-ráš-be /Iškuturašbe/), 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒊏 (iš-ku-ud-ra /Iškudra/), 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒊏𒀊 (iš-ku-ud-ra-ap /Iškudrap/), 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒊏𒁁 (iš-ku-ud-ra-be /Iškudrabe/), 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒊏𒅁 (iš-ku-ud-ra-ip /Iškudraip/), 𒅖𒆪𒌓𒃲𒁁 (iš-ku-ud-ráb-be /Iškudrabe/), 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒋻𒊏𒅁 (iš-ku-ut-tar-ra-ip /Iškutaraip/), 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒌉𒅁 (iš-ku-ut-tur-ip /Iškuturip/), 𒆜𒆪𒌓𒌉𒊏𒅁 (iš-ku-ut-tur-ra-ip /Iškuturaip/)

From Old Median *Skuδah + 𐎼 (-raʰ, hypocoristic suffix), from Proto-Scythian *Skuδa, from Proto-Iranian *Skudah, ultimately from *(s)kewd- (“to propel, shoot”). Cognate with Ancient Greek Σκύθης (Skúthēs).


𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣

k-t-p-tu-u-k (romanization)
Katpatuka (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒅗𒀜𒉺𒌇 (ka-at-pa-tuk /Katpatuk/), 𒅗𒀜𒉺𒌇𒀀𒀀 (ka-at-pa-tuk-a-a /Katpatukaya/), 𒅗𒀜𒉺𒌇𒅗 (ka-at-pa-tuk-ka /Katpatuka/), 𒅗𒀜𒌇𒆪 (ka-at-pa-tuk-ku /Katpatuku/), 𒆐𒉺𒌇𒅗 (kát-pa-tuk-ka /Katpatuka/)

→ Ancient Greek: Καππαδοκία (Kappadokía)

→ Latin: Cappadocia

→ Coptic: ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁⲇⲟⲕⲓⲁ (kappadokia)

→ Greek: Καππαδοκία (Kappadokía)

→ Turkish: Kapadokya

→ Aramaic:

Classical Syriac: ܩܦܕܘܩܝܐ (Qappaddōqīyā)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: g:d-p:d-kA-i*i-xAst (gdpdkꜣy)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋡𒀜𒁀𒁺𒁉 (ka₄-at-ba-du-kaš /Katbadukaš/), 𒋡𒀜𒁍𒌇𒁉 (ka₄-at-pu-tuk-kaš /Katputukaš/), 𒃰𒁀𒁺𒋡 (kat-ba-du-ka₄ /Katbaduka/), 𒃰𒁀𒁺𒁉 (kat-ba-du-kaš /Katbadukaš/), 𒃰𒁀𒁺𒊌𒋡 (kat-ba-du-uk-ka₄ /Katbaduka/), 𒋡𒌓𒁀𒁺𒋡 (ka₄-ut-ba-du-ka₄ /Kautbaduka/), 𒋡𒌓𒁀𒌇𒋡 (ka₄-ut-ba-tuk-ka₄ /Kautbatuka/)

→ Old Armenian: Կապադովկիա (Kapadovkia)

→ Parthian: 𐭊𐭐𐭅𐭕𐭊𐭉𐭀 (kpwtkyʾ /Kappōdakiyā/)

→ Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭯𐭥𐭲𐭪𐭩𐭠𐭩 (kpwtkyʾy /Kappōdakiyā/)

Uncertain; possibly Anatolian, compare Luwian 𒅗𒀜𒉺𒌅𒅗 (ka-ad-pa-tu-ka, “low country”), Hittite 𒅗𒋫𒁉𒁕 (ka-ta-pe-da, “place below”). More at Cappadocia.


𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠

head

𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 (Putāyā)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁍𒌓𒁕𒀀𒅀 (pu-ud-da-a-ia /Pudāya/), 𒁍𒌓𒁕𒅀 (pu-ud-da-ia /Pudaya/), 𒁍𒌑𒋾𒅀𒀊 (pu-ú-ti-ia-ap /Pūtiyap/)

Ultimately from Egyptian p-i-i-t:Z1-T14:N26-Z1:Z1*Z1 (pyt, “Libya”), from earlier pwd. Compare with Demotic t:A-p-i-i-W-d:y-T14:N26 (tꜣ pywdj) Coptic ⲫⲁⲓⲁⲧ (phaiat) and ⲡⲁⲓⲉⲧ (paiet).
Either independently derived or potentially via Neo-Babylonian 𒁍𒌑𒂅 (pu-ú-ṭu /Pūṭu/) and Late Babylonian 𒁍𒌑𒁕 (pu-ú-ṭa /Pūṭa/), 𒁍𒁕𒀀𒀀 (pu-ṭa-a-a /Puṭā/), which are not from Old Persian, but directly from Egyptian themselves.


𐎿𐎢𐎦𐎢𐎭

s-u-gᵘ-u-d (romanization)
Suguda (romanization)

Middle Persian:

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (swt /Sūδ/)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒋢𒄖𒁺 (su-gu-du /Sugudu/), 𒋢𒄖𒌓 (su-gu-ud /Sugud/), 𒋢𒊌𒁺 (su-ug-du /Sugdu/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: Aa18-q:d-i-i-xAst (sꜣqdy)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒋗𒊌𒆪 (šu-ug-da /Šugda/), 𒋢𒊌𒌨 (su-ug-daš /Sugdaš/)

From Sogdian *Suγδa << *Sukδa << *Sukuδa << *Sukuda, from a Proto-Iranian root that also gave Proto-Scythian *Skuδat (see Old Persian 𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼 (Skudra, “Thrace”) and Ancient Greek Σκύθης (Skúthēs, “Scythian”)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to propel, shoot, drive forth”).
Or Sug(u)da (literally “the burnt land”), cognate with Sogdian 𐼼𐼴𐼲𐽂 (swɣt) and Ossetian сугъдӕг (suǧdæg).
More at Sogdia.


𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹

u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-y (romanization)
ʰUvārazmīya (romanization)

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁 (u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-š /ʰUvārazmiš/, “Chorasmia”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.

af

𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹


𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺

p-r-θ-v (romanization)
Parθavaʰ (romanization)

desc

Middle Persian: (/pahraw(ag) ~ pahlaw(ag)/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: (early Middle Persian) 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭩 (plswby /parθaw/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pʾhlwb')

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫍𐫡𐫇𐫃 (phrwg)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒉺𒅈𒌅𒈠𒀀𒀀 (pa-ar-tu-ma-a-a /Partumāya/), 𒉺𒅈𒌅𒌑 (pa-ar-tu-ú /Partū/), 𒌓𒌅 (par-tu /Partu/), 𒌓𒌅𒌑 (par-tu-ú /Partū/)

→ Ancient Greek: Πᾰ́ρθος (Párthos), Πᾰ́ρθυος (Párthuos)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡐𐡓𐡕𐡅 (prtw)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: p:rw-ti-i-wA-xAst (prwtjwꜣ), p:r-ti-i-wA-xAst (prtjwꜣ)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁇𒌅𒈠 (bar-tu-ma /Bartuma/), 𒁇𒌅𒈦 (bar-tu-maš /Bartumaš/)

→ Middle Chinese: 白疊 (po-tie)

→ Old Armenian: Պարթեւք (Partʻewkʻ)

→ Parthian:

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅 (prtw)

→ Sogdian:

Syriac script: ܦܪܬ݂ܘܐܝܟ (prθwʾyq /parθawīk/)

Uncertain; possibly:
* from *Parθaʰ + -𐎺 (-vaʰ, adjectival suffix), related to 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsaʰ/, “Persian”),
* from *pr̥θvī (“area”), from Proto-Iranian *pr̥θwíH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥tHwíH, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂-éwih₂, from *pléth₂us (“flat, broad”), cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī, “surface”), Sanskrit पृथ्वी (pṛthvī, “the Earth”),
* or syncopated from earlier *Parārθavaʰ, from *parārθam (“exterior, remote”) + -𐎺 (-vaʰ, adjectival suffix, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós), from Proto-Iranian *paraHárθam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paraHártʰam, from *para- (“farther, highest”, from Proto-Indo-European *pér-o- (“distant, beyond”)) + *Hártʰam (“event, thing, purpose”), cognate with Sanskrit परार्थ (parārtha, “highest advantage, interest”).

af

adjectival suffix, from Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-wós</i>

af

from Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pér-o-</i> (“distant, beyond”)


𐎣𐎢𐎳

k-u-f (romanization)
kaufaʰ (romanization)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫐𐫇𐫛 (kwp), 𐫞𐫇𐫛 (qwp), 𐫐𐫇𐫜 (kwf)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (kwp)

From Proto-Iranian *káwfš. Cognate with Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬊𐬟𐬀 (kaofa).


𐎿𐎣

Persian: سکاستان (sakâstân)

Persian: سجستان (sejestân)

Persian: سیستان (sistân)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒊕𒅗𒀀𒀀 (sak-ka-a-a /Sakāya/)

→ Egyptian:

Late Egyptian: Aa18-g:xAst (sꜣg), s-sk-k:xAst (sk)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒐼𒀝𒋡 (šá-ak-ka₄ /Šaka/)

Encyclopædia Iranica
Saka
Scythia
Scythians

Scythia, an ancient region of the eastern Iranian Plateau.


𐎼𐎧𐎠

r-x-a (romanization)
Raxā (romanization)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒊏𒄩𒀪 (ra-[ḫa]- /Raḫaʾ/)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡓𐡇𐡀 (rḥʾ)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒊩𒋡𒀭 (rák-ka₄-an /Rakan/)

𐎼𐎧𐎠 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎺𐎼𐎭𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐎡𐎹


𐏃𐎥𐎶𐎫𐎠𐎴

Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭧𐭬𐭲𐭠𐭭 (ʾhmtʾn /Ahmadān/)

Persian: همدان (hamadân, hamedân)

Persian: هگمتانه (hegmatâne)

→ Akkadian:

Late Babylonian: 𒆳𒀀𒃵𒋫𒉡 (ₖᵤᵣa-gam-ta-nu /Agamtanu/), 𒀀𒂵𒈠𒋫𒉡 (a-ga-ma-ta-nu /Agamatanu/), 𒀀𒃵𒈠𒋫𒉡 (a-gam-ma-ta-nu /Agamatanu/), 𒀀𒃵𒋫𒉡 (a-gam-ta-nu /Agamtanu/), 𒀝𒈠𒋫𒉡 (ag-ma-ta-nu /Agmatanu/)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀγβάτανα (Agbátana), Ἐκβάτανα (Ekbátana)

Latin: Ecbatana, Ecbatanas, Ecbatanis Partiorum

Old Armenian: Եկբատան (Ekbatan)

→ Aramaic:

Aramaic: אַחְמְתָא (Aḥmeta)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒀝𒈠𒆪𒈾 (ag-ma-da-na /Agmadana/), 𒀝𒈠𒆪𒈾 (ak-ma-da-na /Akmadana/)

Parthian: 𐭀𐭇𐭌𐭕𐭍 (ʾḥmtn /Ahmadān/)

qual

Old Armenian: Ահմատան (Ahmatan), Ահմադան (Ahmadan), Համատան (Hamatan) (or from other Middle Iranian languages)

From *Hagmatāna- from *Ham-gmata-ana- (literally “city of the gathered”), itself derived from *ham-gmata-, participle of *ha(m)-gam- (“coming together”), from *ham- (literally “together”) + *gam- (“to come”) (cf. *gmata- (“past participle of *gam-”)), from Proto-Indo-European *sem- and *gʷem-.

DB, column 2
(please add the primary text of this usage example)
... Hagmatânaiy ...
... at Ecbatana ...


𐎭𐎼𐎹

d-r-y (romanization)
draya (romanization)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: دریا (diryā)

Bakhtiari: دریا (diryā)

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫏𐫀𐫁 (dryʾb /drayāb/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlydʾp̄ /drayāb/)

From Proto-Iranian *jráyah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ráyas. Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵 (zraiiaŋh, “sea”), Sanskrit ज्रयस् (jráyas, “expanse”).


𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁

u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-š (romanization)
ʰUvārazmiš (romanization)

Middle Persian: (/Xwārazm/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭧𐭥𐭥𐭦𐭬 (ḥwrzm)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwʾlcm)

Pazend script: 𐬓𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬨 (xᵛārazm)

→ Ancient Greek: Χορασμία (Khorasmía)

desctree

→ Latin: Chorasmia
French: Chorasmie
Italian: Corasmia
→ English: Chorasmia

→ Egyptian:

desc

Late Egyptian: M12-rw-Aa18-G20-xAst (ḫꜣrwsꜣmj), M12-rw-Aa18-m-xAst (ḫꜣrwsꜣm)

→ Elamite:

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒈠𒊏𒆜𒈪𒆜 (ma-ra-iš-mi-iš /Maraišmiš/), 𒈠𒊏𒄑𒈠 (ma-ra-iz-ma /Maraizma/)

→ Parthian: (/Xwārazm/)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭇𐭅𐭓𐭆𐭌 (ḥwrzm)

Literally "dark-soiled land", from *(h)uvāra- (“dark”) + *zmī- (“land”). Derived from an earlier form 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹 (u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-y /ʰUvārazmī-/), itself cognate with the East Iranian form *Xvārazmī- (C.f.Avestan 𐬓𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬰𐬆𐬨 (xᵛāⁱrizəm, “Chorasmia”)). More at Khwarazm.


𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹

Masculine gender adjective formed from 𐎤𐎢𐏁 (ku-u-š /Kuša/, “Kush”) + -𐎡𐎹 (-i-y /-yaʰ/, adjectival suffix), used as a substantive.


𐎲𐎠𐎧𐏂𐎡𐏁

b-a-x-ç-i-š (romanization)
Bāxçiš (romanization)

→ Elamite:

desc

Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁀𒀝𒅆 (ba-ak-ši /Bakši/), 𒁀𒀝𒅆𒆜 (ba-ak-ši-iš /Bakšiš/)

Variant of Old Persian 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐏁 (Bāxtriš).


𐎤𐎢𐏁

Ultimately from Egyptian k-A-S:xAst (kꜣš), k-A-z:xAst (kꜣs), k-A-s-xAst (kꜣs), k:S-xAst (kš), k:N38-i-xAst (kšj).
Either independently derived or potentially via Neo-Babylonian 𒆳𒅗𒋛 (ᴷᵁᴿka-si /Kasi/), 𒆳𒅗𒅆 (ᴷᵁᴿka-ši /Kaši/), 𒆳𒅗𒀀𒊭 (ᴷᵁᴿka-a-ša /Kāša/), 𒆳𒆪𒌋𒅆 (ᴷᵁᴿku(-u)-ši /Kūši/), 𒆳𒆪𒌋𒋛 (ᴷᵁᴿku(-u)-si /Kūsi/), 𒆪𒊓𒀀𒀀 (ku-sa-a(-a) /Kusā/) which are not from Old Persian, but directly from Egyptian themselves.
Cognate with Late Babylonian 𒆪𒌑𒋗 (ku-ú-šu /Kūsu/), Hebrew כוש, Ancient Greek Χους (Khous).


𐎱𐎡𐎼𐎠𐎺

p-i-r-a-v (romanization)
Pirāva (romanization)

From Demotic pꜣ yr-ꜥꜣ (“the Nile”) (borrowed with the definite article), based on Egyptian jtrw (“river”), ꜥꜣ (“great”).

522-486 BC, DZc
𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎴𐎡[𐎹𐏁]𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠𐎶 [𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎠]/𐎶 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎴𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎡𐎼𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎼𐎢𐎫 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎸𐎢𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎵𐎢[𐎺𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎲]/𐎡𐎹[𐏐 𐎭]𐎼𐎹 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐎠
adam ni[yaš]tāyam imām [yaṷviyā]m kantana+ hacā Pirāva nāma raṷta Muδrāya+ danu[vati ab]i [dra]ya tya hacā Pārsā

I ordered to dig this canal from the river that is called Nile and flows in Egypt, to the sea that begins in Persia.