ab

Occitan: amb

Catalan: amb

Non comprarias ab mil liuras d’argent.

[That] you couldn't buy with a thousand pounds of silver.


libre

head

libre m (oblique plural libres, nominative singular libres, nominative plural libre)

libres (oblique plural)
libres (nominative singular)
libre (nominative plural)

Occitan: libre

Borrowed from Latin liber. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French livre.


amar

Occitan: aimar

Ma dona m’assai’ e·m prueva, / Quossi de qual guiza l’am [...].

My lady tries to tempt me to find out how much I love her.


can

Tan m'es bel quan n'aug ben dire.

c. 1200, Peire Vidal, Ab l'alen tir vas me l'aire:

So much it pleases me when I hear it spoken of well.


can

Occitan: quand


color

color f (oblique plural colors, nominative singular color, nominative plural colors)

colors (oblique plural)
color (nominative singular)
colors (nominative plural)

Occitan: color f


i

Occitan: i

12th century, Bernard de Ventadour — Anc no gardei sazo ni mes
E las melhors domnas i son !


en

12th century, Bernard de Ventadour, Can vei la lauzeta mover
Ailas! Tan cuidava saber
D'amor, e tan petit en sai,
Alas! I thought I knew so much

about love, and I know so little [of it]!


om

om m (oblique plural oms, nominative singular oms, nominative plural om)

oms (oblique plural)
oms (nominative singular)
om (nominative plural)


justicia

justicia f (nominative singular justicia)

Borrowed from Latin iūstitia (“justice”).


vers

vers m (oblique plural vers, nominative singular vers, nominative plural vers)

vers (oblique plural)
vers (nominative singular)
vers (nominative plural)


bel

bel m (feminine singular bela, masculine plural bels, feminine plural belas)

bela (feminine singular)
bels (masculine plural)
belas (feminine plural)


paraula

paraula f (oblique plural paraulas, nominative singular paraula, nominative plural paraulas)

paraulas (oblique plural)
paraula (nominative singular)
paraulas (nominative plural)


dia

Occitan: dia

From Vulgar Latin *dia, from Latin diēs.


man

man f (oblique plural mans, nominative singular man, nominative plural mans)

mans (oblique plural)
man (nominative singular)
mans (nominative plural)

Occitan: man


an

an m (oblique plural ans, nominative singular ans, nominative plural an)

ans (oblique plural)
ans (nominative singular)
an (nominative plural)

Occitan: an


ben

Occitan: ben


ven

ven m (oblique plural vens, nominative singular vens, nominative plural ven)

vens (oblique plural)
vens (nominative singular)
ven (nominative plural)

Latin ventus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French vent.


falcon

falcon m (oblique plural falcons, nominative singular falcons, nominative plural falcon)

falcons (oblique plural)
falcons (nominative singular)
falcon (nominative plural)

Occitan: falcon


chan

chan m (oblique plural chans, nominative singular chans, nominative plural chan)

chans (oblique plural)
chans (nominative singular)
chan (nominative plural)


ram

ram m (oblique plural rams, nominative singular rams, nominative plural ram)

rams (oblique plural)
rams (nominative singular)
ram (nominative plural)

Occitan: ram

From Latin rāmus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French raim.


mal

Occitan: mal

From Latin malus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French mal.


prince

prince m (oblique plural princes, nominative singular princes, nominative plural prince)

princes (oblique plural)
princes (nominative singular)
prince (nominative plural)

From Latin prīnceps, possibly a borrowing.

Jaufres Rudels de Blaia si fo mout gentils hom, e fo princes de Blaia.
Jaufre Rudel of Blaye was a most noble man, and was the Lord of Blaye.

c. 1235, anonymous author, Vida of Jaufre Rudel:


celestial

Borrowed from Medieval Latin caelestialis, from Latin caelestis.


far

Occitan: far, fer, faire

Dieus que fetz tot qunt ve ni vai / E formet sest'amor de lonh / Mi don poder [...].

God, who makes everything that comes or goes and who created this distant love, give me power.


hospital

hospital m (oblique plural hospitals, nominative singular hospitals, nominative plural hospital)

hospitals (oblique plural)
hospitals (nominative singular)
hospital (nominative plural)

Occitan: espital

Borrowed from Latin hospitāle (“hospital; guesthouse”), noun use of the neuter form of hospitālis (“pertaining to a host or guest”).

bor

A gleisas et a hospitals

12ᵗʰ c., Lo codi [The Code], translation of Codex Justinianeus by Justinian I:


e

Occitan: e


home

head

home m (oblique plural homes, nominative singular hom, nominative plural home)

homes (oblique plural)
hom (nominative singular)
home (nominative plural)


las

Occitan: las


arbre

arbre m (oblique plural arbres, nominative singular arbres, nominative plural arbre)

arbres (oblique plural)
arbres (nominative singular)
arbre (nominative plural)

Occitan: arbre

dels arbres chazer la folha

c. 1145, Bernard de Ventadour, Lancan vei per mei la landa:


tres

Occitan: tres


flor

flor f (oblique plural flors, nominative singular flor, nominative plural flors)

flors (oblique plural)
flor (nominative singular)
flors (nominative plural)

Occitan: flor


cor

cor m (oblique plural cors, nominative singular cors, nominative plural cor)

cors (oblique plural)
cors (nominative singular)
cor (nominative plural)

Occitan: còr

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *corem m, from Latin cor n.

Tant ai mo cor ple de joya

c. 1145, Bernard de Ventadour, Tant ai mo cor ple de joya:


mot

mot m (oblique plural motz, nominative singular motz, nominative plural mot)

motz (oblique plural)
motz (nominative singular)
mot (nominative plural)


tort

tort m (oblique plural tortz, nominative singular tortz, nominative plural tort)

tortz (oblique plural)
tortz (nominative singular)
tort (nominative plural)

From Latin tortum, substantive use of tortus, the past participle of torqueō (“twist, turn”).


fe

fe f (oblique plural fes, nominative singular fe, nominative plural fes)

fes (oblique plural)
fe (nominative singular)
fes (nominative plural)

Occitan: fe


li

the (masculine nominative singular and plural definite article)


eu

Occitan: ieu

Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

I (first-person singular subject pronoun)


pe

pe m (oblique plural pes, nominative singular pes, nominative plural pe)

pes (oblique plural)
pes (nominative singular)
pe (nominative plural)

Occitan: pè

From Latin pedem, accusative of pes. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French pié.


testa

testa f (oblique plural testas, nominative singular testa, nominative plural testas)

testas (oblique plural)
testa (nominative singular)
testas (nominative plural)

Occitan: tèsta, testa (Limousin)


la

Occitan: la


saber

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *sapēre, from Latin sapĕre (“taste, know”).


saber

saber m (oblique plural sabers, nominative singular sabers, nominative plural saber)

sabers (oblique plural)
sabers (nominative singular)
saber (nominative plural)

Catalan: saber


ela

eu (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
ieu (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
ie (before enclitic) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
me (emphatic first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
me (first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
mi (emphatic first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
mi (first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
m' (emphatic first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
m' (first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
·m (emphatic first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
·m (first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
meus (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
meu (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
tu (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
te (emphatic oblique personal pronoun second-person singular)
te (oblique personal pronoun second-person singular)
ti (emphatic oblique personal pronoun second-person singular)
ti (oblique personal pronoun second-person singular)
·t (emphatic oblique personal pronoun second-person singular)
·t (oblique personal pronoun second-person singular)
teus (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
teu (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
el (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
lo (masculine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
li (masculine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
l' (masculine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
lh' (masculine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
·l (masculine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
·lh (masculine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
lui (emphatic masculine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
seus (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
seu (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ela (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
la (feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
li (feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
l' (feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
lh' (feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
·l (feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
·lh (feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
lei (emphatic feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
leis (emphatic feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
seus (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
seu (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
se (oblique personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
si (oblique personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
s' (oblique personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
·s (oblique personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
·is (oblique personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
nos (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
·ns (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
nos (emphatic first-person oblique personal plural pronoun)
nos (first-person oblique personal plural pronoun)
·ns (emphatic first-person oblique personal plural pronoun)
·ns (first-person oblique personal plural pronoun)
nostre (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
vos (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
·us (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
vos (emphatic oblique personal plural pronoun second-person)
vos (oblique personal plural pronoun second-person)
·us (emphatic oblique personal plural pronoun second-person)
·us (oblique personal plural pronoun second-person)
·eus (emphatic oblique personal plural pronoun second-person)
·eus (oblique personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostre (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
il (masculine nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
los (masculine oblique personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (after preposition) (masculine oblique personal plural pronoun third-person)
lor (emphatic masculine oblique personal plural pronoun third-person)
lor (masculine personal plural possessive pronoun third-person)
lur (masculine personal plural possessive pronoun third-person)
elas (feminine nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
las (feminine oblique personal plural pronoun third-person)
elas (after preposition) (feminine oblique personal plural pronoun third-person)
lor (emphatic feminine oblique personal plural pronoun third-person)
lor (feminine personal plural possessive pronoun third-person)
lur (feminine personal plural possessive pronoun third-person)
se (oblique personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
si (oblique personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
s' (oblique personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
·s (oblique personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
·is (oblique personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)

Occitan: ela

«Don, dis ela, qui que·m sia / Ben conosc sen o folia [...].»

‘Sir,’ said she, ‘whatever I may be, I can well distinguish sense and folly.’
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


arma

arma f (oblique plural armas, nominative singular arma, nominative plural armas)

armas (oblique plural)
arma (nominative singular)
armas (nominative plural)

Occitan: arma

From Late Latin arma (“weapon”), from Latin arma (“defensive arms”).


dormir

Occitan: dormir

Auvergnat: dromir

Gascon: dromir, dròmer

Limousin: durmir

Vivaro-Alpine: durmir

From Latin dormīre, present active infinitive of dormiō. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French dormir.


vos

Occitan: vos


ton

ton m (oblique plural tons, nominative singular tons, nominative plural ton)

tons (oblique plural)
tons (nominative singular)
ton (nominative plural)


cantar

Occitan: cantar


bon

bon m (feminine singular bona, masculine plural bons, feminine plural bonas)

bona (feminine singular)
bons (masculine plural)
bonas (feminine plural)

Occitan: bon


mos

Que mos chantars no·m val gaire / Ni mas voutas ni mei so [...].

For my song little avails me, nor my verses, nor my airs.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


antic

Occitan: antic

12th century, Bernard de Ventadour, Lancan folhon bosc e jarric
Anc no vitz ome tan antic


dir

Occitan: dire, díder, díser

From a contraction of Latin dīcō, dīcere.


dos

Occitan: dos


novel

novel m (feminine singular novela, masculine plural novels, feminine plural novelas)

novela (feminine singular)
novels (masculine plural)
novelas (feminine plural)

Occitan: novèu, navèth, novèl

From Latin novellus. Compare Old French novel.


stella

stella f (oblique plural stellas, nominative singular stella, nominative plural stellas)

stellas (oblique plural)
stella (nominative singular)
stellas (nominative plural)

Occitan: estela, estiala

Occitan: Estela
→ French: Estelle

From Latin stella, from Proto-Italic *stērlā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.


terra

terra f (oblique plural terras, nominative singular terra, nominative plural terras)

terras (oblique plural)
terra (nominative singular)
terras (nominative plural)

Occitan: tèrra

From Latin terra, from Proto-Italic *terzā, from Proto-Indo-European *ters-eh₂, from *ters- (“dry”).


gai

Occitan: gai

desctree

→ Old French: gai
Middle French: gay
French: gai
→ Middle English: gay
English: gay
Yola: gaaye, gaay, gay, gai
→ Middle Dutch: gay
Dutch: gei, gaai

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: gai
Galician: gaio
Portuguese: gaio

Perhaps of Germanic origin and from Frankish *gahi, from Proto-Germanic *ganhuz (“quick, lively, fast”).

der

Per que tuih amador
Son gai e chantador

c. 1145, Bernard de Ventadour, Lo gens tems de pascor:

For all the lovers
are joyous and full of song


seis

Occitan: sièis

From Latin sex, from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs (“six”).


por

On sab son enamic, sobre lhui cor / e si le vat ferit de tau vigor / que del caval lo porta a terra por.

12th century, anonymous, Girart de Rossilhó 2631

At the place where he recognizes his enemy, he runs to him, / and goes to strike him with such vigour / that he makes him fall forward from his horse onto the ground.


traire

Occitan: traire

From Early Medieval Latin tragō, from Classical Latin trahō (“I pull”).


paire

head

paire m (oblique plural paires, nominative singular paires, nominative plural paire)

paires (oblique plural)
paires (nominative singular)
paire (nominative plural)

Occitan: paire


rey

rey m (oblique plural reys, nominative singular reys, nominative plural rey)

reys (oblique plural)
reys (nominative singular)
rey (nominative plural)

Occitan: rei, rèi


fin

fin f (oblique plural fins, nominative singular fin, nominative plural fins)

fins (oblique plural)
fin (nominative singular)
fins (nominative plural)

Occitan: fin


mes

mes m (oblique plural mes, nominative singular mes, nominative plural mes)

mes (oblique plural)
mes (nominative singular)
mes (nominative plural)

Occitan: mes

From Latin mensis. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French mois.


mentir

Occitan: mentir


lo

Occitan: lo

From Vulgar Latin *lo, *illu, from Latin illum; compare Old French lo.

the; masculine singular definite article


aver

Occitan: aver

From Latin habēre, present active infinitive of habeō (“to have, hold, keep”). Cognate with Old French avoir, aver, aveir, avoyr, Old Sardinian avere, and Old Spanish aver.

Jes gran saber
no potz aver,
si fors non eis de ta reion.


blanc

blanc m (feminine singular blancha, masculine plural blancs, feminine plural blanchas)

blancha (feminine singular)
blancs (masculine plural)
blanchas (feminine plural)

Occitan: blanc

From Early Medieval Latin blancus, from Frankish *blank, from Proto-Germanic *blankaz (“bright, shining, blinding, white”), from Proto-Indo-European *bhleg- (“to shine”).


porc

head

porc m (oblique plural porcs, nominative singular porcs, nominative plural porc)

porcs (oblique plural)
porcs (nominative singular)
porc (nominative plural)

Occitan: pòrc

From Latin porcus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French porc.


moneda

moneda f (oblique plural monedas, nominative singular moneda, nominative plural monedas)

monedas (oblique plural)
moneda (nominative singular)
monedas (nominative plural)

Occitan: moneda

Limousin: moneda, monuda

desc

Vivaro-Alpine: monea, moneia, monha, monìa

Inherited from Latin monēta. Cognate to Old Catalan moneda, Old French monoie.


tot

Occitan: tot


mandar

Occitan: mandar

From Latin mandāre, present active indicative of mandō (“order, commission”). Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French mander.


autre

head

autre m (feminine singular autra, masculine plural autres, feminine plural autras)

autra (feminine singular)
autres (masculine plural)
autras (feminine plural)

Occitan: autre


dire

Occitan: dire

From a contraction of Latin dīcere, present active infinitive of dīcō.


Norman

Norman m (oblique plural Normans, nominative singular Normans, nominative plural Norman)

Normans (oblique plural)
Normans (nominative singular)
Norman (nominative plural)


jos

Inherited from Late Latin iūsum~iōsum, from Classical Latin deorsum.


jos

Occitan: jos


pastor

pastor m (oblique plural pastors, nominative singular pastors, nominative plural pastor)

pastors (oblique plural)
pastors (nominative singular)
pastor (nominative plural)

Occitan: pastor

From the accusative declension of Latin pāstor, pāstōrem. Cf also the form pastre from the nominative.


figa

figa f (oblique plural figas, nominative singular figa, nominative plural figas)

figas (oblique plural)
figa (nominative singular)
figas (nominative plural)

Occitan: figa

→ Old French: figue (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin *fīca, from Latin fīcus.


pois

Occitan: puèi

From Vulgar Latin *postius, from Latin postea.


corona

corona f (oblique plural coronas, nominative singular corona, nominative plural coronas)

coronas (oblique plural)
corona (nominative singular)
coronas (nominative plural)

Occitan: corona, courouno

From Latin corōna, from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “garland, wreath”).


sen

head

sen m (oblique plural sens, nominative singular sens, nominative plural sen)

sens (oblique plural)
sens (nominative singular)
sen (nominative plural)

Occitan: sen

From Vulgar Latin *sennus, of Germanic origin, from Frankish *sinn.


folha

folha f (oblique plural folhas, nominative singular folha, nominative plural folhas)

folhas (oblique plural)
folha (nominative singular)
folhas (nominative plural)

Occitan: fuèlha

From Late Latin folia, from the plural of Latin folium.


traitor

traitor m (oblique plural traitors, nominative singular traitors, nominative plural traitor)

traitors (oblique plural)
traitors (nominative singular)
traitor (nominative plural)


argent

argent m (oblique plural argents, nominative singular argents, nominative plural argent)

argents (oblique plural)
argents (nominative singular)
argent (nominative plural)

Occitan: argent

→ Old Spanish: argent


temps

temps m (oblique plural temps, nominative singular temps, nominative plural temps)

temps (oblique plural)
temps (nominative singular)
temps (nominative plural)

Catalan: temps


fol

Occitan: hòu, fòl, fòu

Inherited from Latin follis. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French fol.


ley

ley f (oblique plural leys, nominative singular ley, nominative plural leys)

leys (oblique plural)
ley (nominative singular)
leys (nominative plural)

Occitan: lei

From Latin lēgem, accusative of lēx. Compare Old French lei, loi.


mon

Occitan: mon

From Vulgar Latin, Late Latin mum, a reduced variant of Latin meum, nominative neuter singular of meus.


mon

mon m (oblique plural mons, nominative singular mons, nominative plural mon)

mons (oblique plural)
mons (nominative singular)
mon (nominative plural)

Catalan: món

Occitan: mond

Tota gens ditz que Vianes
Es la melher terra del mon

c. 1145, Bernard de Ventadour, Anc no gardei sazo ni mes:

Everyone says that Vianes
is the best land in the world


reina

reina f (oblique plural reinas, nominative singular reina, nominative plural reinas)

reinas (oblique plural)
reina (nominative singular)
reinas (nominative plural)

Occitan: reina


sui

first-person singular present indicative of esser


plus

Occitan: pus, pu, plus

12th century,. Bernard de Ventadour, Lancan folhon bosc e jarric
ome de me no vei plus ric

I do not see a richer [more rich] than me


vendre

Occitan: vendre

From Latin vēndere, present active infinitive of vēndō (“sell”).


que

Occitan: qué


gran

Occitan: gran


torment

torment m (nominative singular torments)

Occitan: torment


prendre

Occitan: prendre

From Latin prēndere, variant of prehendere, present active infinitive of prehendō. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French prendre.


-ment

Occitan: -ment

Attaches to an adjective in the feminine singular to form the corresponding adverb.


-ment

Occitan: -ment

Forms nouns from verbs, usually indicating a resulting action or state.


trop

Occitan: tròp

Borrowed from Frankish *þorp. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French trop.

too (excessively; to an excessive extent)


pena

pena f (oblique plural penas, nominative singular pena, nominative plural penas)

penas (oblique plural)
pena (nominative singular)
penas (nominative plural)

Occitan: pena

From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).


dezirar

Occitan: desirar

→ Italian: desirare


donar

Occitan: donar

From Latin donāre, present active infinitive of dōnō.


mais

c. 1170, Bernart de Ventadorn, canso

One single day is worth more than a hundred.


venir

Occitan: venir


entre

Occitan: entre


doler

Occitan: dòler

From Latin dolēre. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French doloir.


nom

nom m (oblique plural noms, nominative singular noms, nominative plural nom)

noms (oblique plural)
noms (nominative singular)
nom (nominative plural)

Occitan: nom

From Latin nōmen (whence Italian nome, Portuguese nome, Spanish nombre), from Proto-Italic *nomən, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (whence Ancient Greek ὄνομα (ónoma), Russian и́мя (ímja), Sanskrit नामन् (nā́man), English name).


com

From Vulgar Latin *quomo, from classical Latin quomōdo. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French con, cum, etc.


com

12th century, Bernard de Ventadour, E mainh genh se volv e's vira
No sai com me contenha


joya

joya f (oblique plural joyas, nominative singular joya, nominative plural joyas)

joyas (oblique plural)
joya (nominative singular)
joyas (nominative plural)


jornada

jornada f (oblique plural jornadas, nominative singular jornada, nominative plural jornadas)

jornadas (oblique plural)
jornada (nominative singular)
jornadas (nominative plural)

Occitan: jornada

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: jornada
Portuguese: jornada

Old Spanish: jornada
Spanish: jornada

inherited from Vulgar Latin *diurnāta. Derivable from jorn + -ada.


tenir

desc

Occitan: téner, tendre, ténguer, tenir, tiéner

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin tenīre, from Classical Latin tenēre.


jurar

From Latin jūrāre, iūrāre, present active infinitive of iūrō (“I swear”).


ventre

head

ventre m (oblique plural ventres, nominative singular ventres, nominative plural ventre)

ventres (oblique plural)
ventres (nominative singular)
ventre (nominative plural)

Occitan: ventre, vente


servir

Occitan: servir


rire

Occitan: rire

From Late Latin rīdere, from Latin rīdēre.


dolor

Occitan: dolor


Dieu

Occitan: Dieu


marit

marit m (oblique plural maritz, nominative singular maritz, nominative plural marit)

maritz (oblique plural)
maritz (nominative singular)
marit (nominative plural)

Occitan: marit


salvador

salvador m (oblique plural salvadors, nominative singular salvadors, nominative plural salvador)

salvadors (oblique plural)
salvadors (nominative singular)
salvador (nominative plural)


creatura

creatura f (oblique plural creaturas, nominative singular creatura, nominative plural creaturas)

creaturas (oblique plural)
creatura (nominative singular)
creaturas (nominative plural)

Borrowed from Late Latin creātūra, from Latin creō.

Toza, tota creatura / Revertis a sa natura [...].

Girl, every creature reverts to its nature.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

creature (chiefly a non-human animal or being)


demostrar

Occitan: demostrar

From Latin dēmonstrāre, present active infinitive of dēmonstrō.


mo

mo m (feminine ma, masculine plural mos)


morir

Occitan: morir


norman

norman m (feminine singular normanda, masculine plural normans, feminine plural normandas)

normanda (feminine singular)
normans (masculine plural)
normandas (feminine plural)

Norman (relating to Normandy or its inhabitants)


voler

Occitan: voler

From Vulgar Latin volēre, regularized from Latin velle.

Mas so qu'ieu vuelh m'es atahis [...].


poder

poder m (oblique plural poders, nominative singular poders, nominative plural poder)

poders (oblique plural)
poders (nominative singular)
poder (nominative plural)

From Vulgar Latin potēre, regularization of Latin posse.


poder

Occitan: poder


mostrar

Occitan: mostrar

From Latin mōnstrāre, present active infinitive of mōnstrō.


duc

duc m (oblique plural ducs, nominative singular ducs, nominative plural duc)

ducs (oblique plural)
ducs (nominative singular)
duc (nominative plural)

Occitan: duc

Learned borrowing from Latin dux, ducem.


monge

monge m (oblique plural monges, nominative singular monges, nominative plural monge)

monges (oblique plural)
monges (nominative singular)
monge (nominative plural)

Occitan: monge, morghe

desctree

→ Navarro-Aragonese: monge
Aragonese: monche

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: monje
Galician: monxe
Portuguese: monge

→ Old Spanish: monje
Spanish: monje
→ Cebuano: monghe
→ Tagalog: monghe

Asturian: monxu

Inherited from Late Latin monicus, alteration of monachus.


comte

head

comte m (oblique plural comtes, nominative singular comtes, nominative plural comte)

comtes (oblique plural)
comtes (nominative singular)
comte (nominative plural)

Occitan: comte


capella

capella f (oblique plural capellas, nominative singular capella, nominative plural capellas)

capellas (oblique plural)
capella (nominative singular)
capellas (nominative plural)

Occitan: capèla

→ Basque: kapera

From Medieval Latin or Late Latin cappella, from cappa.


gen

gen m (feminine singular genta, masculine plural gens, feminine plural gentas)

genta (feminine singular)
gens (masculine plural)
gentas (feminine plural)

12th century, Bernard de Ventadour⁽ᵂⁱᵏⁱˢᵒᵘʳᶜᵉ⁾
Lo gens tems de pascor

attractive; pleasing; nice; fair; pleasant


asegurar

Occitan: assegurar

From Vulgar Latin *assēcūrare, from Latin sēcūrus (“safe”).


cortina

cortina f (oblique plural cortinas, nominative singular cortina, nominative plural cortinas)

cortinas (oblique plural)
cortina (nominative singular)
cortinas (nominative plural)

Occitan: cortina

Inherited from Late Latin cōrtīna (“curtain”).


anunciar

From Latin annūntiāre, present active infinitive of annūntiō (“I announce”).


joi

head

joi m (oblique plural jois, nominative singular jois, nominative plural joi)

jois (oblique plural)
jois (nominative singular)
joi (nominative plural)

From Latin gaudium (“joy”). Compare Old French joie.


lengua

lengua f (oblique plural lenguas, nominative singular lengua, nominative plural lenguas)

lenguas (oblique plural)
lengua (nominative singular)
lenguas (nominative plural)

Occitan: lenga

Gascon: lengua

Limousin: linga

Provençal: lengo, lenguo


salvar

Catalan: salvar

From Late Latin salvāre, present active infinitive of salvō (“I save”), from Latin salvus.


demandar

Occitan: demandar

From Latin demandāre, present active infinitive of demandō.


apres

From Late Latin ad pressum from Latin ad + pressum. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French aprés.


forn

forn m (oblique plural forns, nominative singular forns, nominative plural forn)

forns (oblique plural)
forns (nominative singular)
forn (nominative plural)

Occitan: forn

From Latin furnus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French forn.


ivre

E no m’en tengatz per yvre / S’ieu ma bona dompna am [...].

And she doesn't take me for drunk if I love my good lady.


gota

gota f (oblique plural gotas, nominative singular gota, nominative plural gotas)

gotas (oblique plural)
gota (nominative singular)
gotas (nominative plural)

Occitan: gota

gota d'aiga que chai

c. 1145, Bernard de Ventadour, Conortz, era sai eu be:


deport

deport m (oblique plural deports, nominative singular deports, nominative plural deport)

deports (oblique plural)
deports (nominative singular)
deport (nominative plural)

12th century, Bernard de Ventadour, Ges de chantar no.m pren talans
Que d'aqui mou deportz e chans

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


pesar

Occitan: pesar

(transitive) to weigh (measure the weight of)

(intransitive) to weigh (have a certain weight)


foc

foc m (oblique plural focs, nominative singular focs, nominative plural foc)

focs (oblique plural)
focs (nominative singular)
foc (nominative plural)

desc

Occitan: fuòc, fòc, fuec, hoec (Gascony), huec (Gascony)

From Latin focus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French fu.


noch

head

noch f (oblique plural nochs, nominative singular noch, nominative plural nochs)

nochs (oblique plural)
noch (nominative singular)
nochs (nominative plural)

Occitan: nuèch


perdre

Occitan: pèrdre, pèrder

From Latin perdere, present active infinitive of perdō.


cuidar

Occitan: coidar


mover

Occitan: mòure

From Vulgar Latin *movĕre, from Latin movēre (“to move”).


cel

Occitan: cèl, ciau, ciel, cèu


esser

esser (infinitive)
essen (participle present)
estat (participle past)
soi (indicative present singular)
est (indicative present singular)
es (indicative present singular)
em (indicative plural present)
esmes (indicative plural present)
etz (indicative plural present second-person)
es (indicative plural present second-person)
son (indicative plural present)
sunt (indicative plural present)
era (imperfect indicative singular)
eras (imperfect indicative singular)
eram (imperfect indicative plural)
eratz (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
eran (imperfect indicative plural)
eron (imperfect indicative plural)
serai (future indicative singular)
seras (future indicative singular)
sera (future indicative singular)
serem (future indicative plural)
seretz (future indicative plural second-person)
seran (future indicative plural)
fui (indicative preterite singular)
fust (indicative preterite singular)
fon (indicative preterite singular)
fom (indicative plural preterite)
fotz (indicative plural preterite second-person)
foron (indicative plural preterite)
seria (indicative singular)
serias (indicative singular)
seriam (indicative plural)
seriatz (indicative plural second-person)
serian (indicative plural)
fora (indicative singular)
foras (indicative singular)
foram (indicative plural)
foratz (indicative plural second-person)
foran (indicative plural)
sia (present singular subjunctive)
sias (present singular subjunctive)
siam (plural present subjunctive)
siatz (plural present second-person subjunctive)
sian (plural present subjunctive)
sion (plural present subjunctive)
fos (past singular subjunctive)
fosses (past singular subjunctive)
fossem (past plural subjunctive)
fossetz (past plural second-person subjunctive)
fosson (past plural subjunctive)
sia (imperative singular)
siam (imperative plural)
siatz (imperative plural second-person)

Occitan: èsser

Que crestian devon esser


rei

rei m (oblique plural reis, nominative singular reis, nominative plural rei)

reis (oblique plural)
reis (nominative singular)
rei (nominative plural)

Occitan: rei, rèi


rima

rima f (oblique plural rimas, nominative singular rima, nominative plural rimas)

rimas (oblique plural)
rima (nominative singular)
rimas (nominative plural)


joc

joc m (oblique plural jocs, nominative singular jocs, nominative plural joc)

jocs (oblique plural)
jocs (nominative singular)
joc (nominative plural)

From Latin jocus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French geu.


breu

Occitan: brèu

From Latin brevem, accusative singular of brevis.


erba

erba f (oblique plural erbas, nominative singular erba, nominative plural erbas)

erbas (oblique plural)
erba (nominative singular)
erbas (nominative plural)

Occitan: èrba


amic

amic m (oblique plural amics, nominative singular amics, nominative plural amic)

amics (oblique plural)
amics (nominative singular)
amic (nominative plural)

Occitan: amic, ami (Mistralian)

Tuih mei amic, pois ma domna no m’ama!

c. 1145, Bernard de Ventadour, Be m'an perdut lai enves Ventadorn:


bou

bou m (oblique plural bous, nominative singular bous, nominative plural bou)

bous (oblique plural)
bous (nominative singular)
bou (nominative plural)

Auvergnat: beu, bueu

Gascon: buèu, bueu, beu, bieu, büu

Languedocien: buòu, biòu

Provençal: buou, bou

Vivaro-Alpine: buou

From Latin bōvem, accusative singular of bōs.


cui

Mas no sai de que ni de cui,

c. 1145, Bernard de Ventadour, Lo rossinhols s'esbaudeya:


punir

Occitan: punir

From Latin pūnīre, present infinitive of pūniō.


nostre

nostre m (feminine nostra, apocopic form nostr')

nostra (feminine)
nostr' (abbreviation apocopic)

Occitan: nòstre


torre

torre f (oblique plural torres, nominative singular torre, nominative plural torres)

torres (oblique plural)
torre (nominative singular)
torres (nominative plural)

Occitan: torre


escut

escut m (oblique plural escuts, nominative singular escuts, nominative plural escut)

escuts (oblique plural)
escuts (nominative singular)
escut (nominative plural)

Occitan: escut


aur

aur m (oblique plural aurs, nominative singular aurs, nominative plural aur)

aurs (oblique plural)
aurs (nominative singular)
aur (nominative plural)

Occitan: aur


agur

agur m (oblique plural agurs, nominative singular agurs, nominative plural agur)

agurs (oblique plural)
agurs (nominative singular)
agur (nominative plural)

Inherited from Latin augurium. Compare Old French eur.


truc

truc m (oblique plural trucs, nominative singular trucs, nominative plural truc)

trucs (oblique plural)
trucs (nominative singular)
truc (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Old French: trut
Middle French: truc
French: truc (see there for further descendants)


loc

head

loc m (oblique plural locs, nominative singular locs, nominative plural loc)

locs (oblique plural)
locs (nominative singular)
loc (nominative plural)

Occitan: lòc, luec, luòc


abadia

abadia f (oblique plural abadias, nominative singular abadia, nominative plural abadias)

abadias (oblique plural)
abadia (nominative singular)
abadias (nominative plural)

Occitan: abadiá

From Late Latin or Ecclesiastical Latin abbātia. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French abaie.


ple

Occitan: plen (from a variant form)


sant

sant m (oblique plural sants, nominative singular sants, nominative plural sant)

sants (oblique plural)
sants (nominative singular)
sant (nominative plural)


sant

sant m (feminine singular santa, masculine plural sants, feminine plural santas)

santa (feminine singular)
sants (masculine plural)
santas (feminine plural)

Catalan: sant


dolen

From Latin dolēns. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French dolent.


cridar

Occitan: cridar


bosc

bosc m (oblique plural boscs, nominative singular boscs, nominative plural bosc)

boscs (oblique plural)
boscs (nominative singular)
bosc (nominative plural)

Occitan:

Gascon: bòsc (Aranais)

Languedocien: bòsc

Provençal: bos (Mistralienne), boasc (Niçois), bòsc (Occitane)

Vivaro-Alpin: bòsc

From Late Latin boscus, Vulgar Latin *buscus, from Frankish *busk, Proto-Germanic *buskaz.

12th century, Jaufré Rudel, Lanquan lo temps renovelha
E quand lo bosc reverdeya


doblar

From Late Latin duplāre, present active infinitive of duplō, from Latin duplus.

(transitive) to double (make twice as much or twice as large)

(intransitive) to double (become twice as much or twice as large)


dins

Occitan: dins


pros

d'una pros dona valen

13ᵗʰ Century, Guillem Ramon de Gironella, Partiment:


guisa

guisa f (oblique plural guisas, nominative singular guisa, nominative plural guisas)

guisas (oblique plural)
guisa (nominative singular)
guisas (nominative plural)

From Late Latin [Term?] (compare Old French guise, Italian guisa), from Proto-Germanic *wisa, related to *wīsaz (“wise”).
Cognate with English wise and German Weise. Compare Spanish guisa, Italian guisa.

Ma dona m'assai' e·m prueva, / Quossi de qual guiza l'am [...].

My lady tries to test me to find out how much I love her.


rayar

From Latin radiāre, present active infinitive of radiō. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French raier.

(usually of the Sun) to shine; to emit light


hospitals

inflection of hospital:
nominative singular


tornar

Catalan: tornar

From Latin tornāre, present active infinitive of tornō.

(transitive) to turn (to rotate or reorient)

(intransitive) to turn into [with en ‘something’]


novela

novela f (oblique plural novelas, nominative singular novela, nominative plural novelas)

novelas (oblique plural)
novela (nominative singular)
novelas (nominative plural)


talan

talan m (oblique plural talans, nominative singular talans, nominative plural talan)

talans (oblique plural)
talans (nominative singular)
talan (nominative plural)


tosa

tosa f (oblique plural tosas, nominative singular tosa, nominative plural tosas)

tosas (oblique plural)
tosa (nominative singular)
tosas (nominative plural)

«Toza, fi·m eu, res faitissa, / Dol ai gran del ven que·us fissa.»

‘Girl,’ I said, ‘beautiful thing, I have great concern about the wind which is biting you.’


oc

Occitan: òc

Catalan: oi

⇒ French: langue d’oc

→ German: Oc-Sprache/oc-Sprache

From Latin hoc. Compare Old French oïl and o.


Espanha

Occitan: Espanha

From Latin Hispānia. Compare Old Spanish Espanna and Old Galician-Portuguese Espanna.

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

the Iberian Peninsula (a peninsula in Southern Europe)


tron

tron m (oblique plural trons, nominative singular trons, nominative plural tron)

trons (oblique plural)
trons (nominative singular)
tron (nominative plural)


tondre

Occitan: tondre, tónder

From Vulgar Latin *tondĕre, variant of Latin tondēre, present active infinitive of tondeō.


no

Occitan: non


leis

eu (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
ieu (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
ie (before enclitic) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
me (emphatic first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
me (first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
mi (emphatic first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
mi (first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
m' (emphatic first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
m' (first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
·m (emphatic first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
·m (first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
meus (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
meu (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
tu (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
te (emphatic oblique personal pronoun second-person singular)
te (oblique personal pronoun second-person singular)
ti (emphatic oblique personal pronoun second-person singular)
ti (oblique personal pronoun second-person singular)
·t (emphatic oblique personal pronoun second-person singular)
·t (oblique personal pronoun second-person singular)
teus (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
teu (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
el (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
lo (masculine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
li (masculine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
l' (masculine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
lh' (masculine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
·l (masculine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
·lh (masculine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
lui (emphatic masculine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
seus (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
seu (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ela (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
la (feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
li (feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
l' (feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
lh' (feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
·l (feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
·lh (feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
lei (emphatic feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
leis (emphatic feminine oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
seus (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
seu (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
se (oblique personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
si (oblique personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
s' (oblique personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
·s (oblique personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
·is (oblique personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
nos (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
·ns (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
nos (emphatic first-person oblique personal plural pronoun)
nos (first-person oblique personal plural pronoun)
·ns (emphatic first-person oblique personal plural pronoun)
·ns (first-person oblique personal plural pronoun)
nostre (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
vos (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
·us (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
vos (emphatic oblique personal plural pronoun second-person)
vos (oblique personal plural pronoun second-person)
·us (emphatic oblique personal plural pronoun second-person)
·us (oblique personal plural pronoun second-person)
·eus (emphatic oblique personal plural pronoun second-person)
·eus (oblique personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostre (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
il (masculine nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
los (masculine oblique personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (after preposition) (masculine oblique personal plural pronoun third-person)
lor (emphatic masculine oblique personal plural pronoun third-person)
lor (masculine personal plural possessive pronoun third-person)
lur (masculine personal plural possessive pronoun third-person)
elas (feminine nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
las (feminine oblique personal plural pronoun third-person)
elas (after preposition) (feminine oblique personal plural pronoun third-person)
lor (emphatic feminine oblique personal plural pronoun third-person)
lor (feminine personal plural possessive pronoun third-person)
lur (feminine personal plural possessive pronoun third-person)
se (oblique personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
si (oblique personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
s' (oblique personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
·s (oblique personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
·is (oblique personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)

Quar senes lieys non puesc viure [...].

Qu'ilh val tant e m'es tan coraus, / Que ja de lieis no·m venra maus.

For she is worth so much and is such a part of my heart that no ill will ever come to me from her.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


verdura

verdura f (oblique plural verduras, nominative singular verdura, nominative plural verduras)

verduras (oblique plural)
verdura (nominative singular)
verduras (nominative plural)


esper

esper m (oblique plural espers, nominative singular espers, nominative plural esper)

espers (oblique plural)
espers (nominative singular)
esper (nominative plural)


sposa

sposa f (oblique plural sposas, nominative singular sposa, nominative plural sposas)

sposas (oblique plural)
sposa (nominative singular)
sposas (nominative plural)


merce

merce f (oblique plural merces, nominative singular merce, nominative plural merces)

merces (oblique plural)
merce (nominative singular)
merces (nominative plural)


senhor

senhor m (oblique plural senhors, nominative singular senher, nominative plural senhor)

senhors (oblique plural)
senher (nominative singular)
senhor (nominative plural)

Occitan: sénher, senhor, signour


savi

savi m (feminine singular savia, masculine plural savis, feminine plural savias)

savia (feminine singular)
savis (masculine plural)
savias (feminine plural)

Occitan: savi

→ Italian: savio

→ Sicilian: saviu

From Vulgar Latin *sapium (“wise”), from Latin sapidus (“delicious, wise”).


fam

Occitan: fam

Quar senes lieys non puesc viure, / Tant ai pres de s'amor gran fam.

For without her I cannot live, such great hunger have I for her love.


-men

lonja f (“long”) + -men → lonjamen (“for a long time”)

Forms adverbs from feminine adjectives. -wise, -ly


mou

third-person singular present indicative of mover


flaut

flaut f (oblique plural flauts, nominative singular flaut, nominative plural flauts)

flauts (oblique plural)
flaut (nominative singular)
flauts (nominative plural)

Occitan: flaüta

→ Asturian: flauta

→ Catalan: flauta

→ Italian: flauto (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: flauta

→ Spanish: flauta (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: fleute (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps a blend of flaujol (“flageolet”) + laüt (“lute”). The first element is probably from Vulgar Latin *flabeolum (“flute”), from Latin flabrum.


vostra

vostra f (masculine vostre, apocopic form vostr')

vostre (masculine)
vostr' (abbreviation apocopic)

Occitan: vòstra


vostre

vostre m (feminine vostra, apocopic form vostr')

vostra (feminine)
vostr' (abbreviation apocopic)

Occitan: vòstre

From Latin voster, vostrum (older vester).


manjar

Occitan: manjar

From Vulgar Latin mandicāre, from Latin manducāre, present active infinitive of manducō.


maestre

maestre m (oblique plural maestres, nominative singular maestres, nominative plural maestre)

maestres (oblique plural)
maestres (nominative singular)
maestre (nominative plural)

Occitan: mèstre

desctree

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: meestre, maestre (or via Old Catalan)
Galician: mestre
Portuguese: mestre

→ Spanish: maestre

From Latin magister, magistrum. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French maistre.

master; Master; magister (honorific title)


vei

first-person singular present indicative of vezer


contener

From Latin contineō, continēre. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French contenir.


peca

head

peca m (oblique plural pecas, nominative singular pecas, nominative plural peca)

pecas (oblique plural)
pecas (nominative singular)
peca (nominative plural)


renda

renda f (oblique plural rendas, nominative singular renda, nominative plural rendas)

rendas (oblique plural)
renda (nominative singular)
rendas (nominative plural)

Occitan: renda

→ Iberia:

Old Galician-Portuguese: renda

Galician: renda

Portuguese: renda

Old Spanish: renda


egal

Occitan: egal

From Latin aequālis. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French egal.


folia

folia f (oblique plural folias, nominative singular folia, nominative plural folias)

folias (oblique plural)
folia (nominative singular)
folias (nominative plural)

Cognate with Old French folie, Old Galician-Portuguese folia.


cors

Occitan: còs


daga

daga f (oblique plural dagas, nominative singular daga, nominative plural dagas)

dagas (oblique plural)
daga (nominative singular)
dagas (nominative plural)


vila

vila m (oblique plural vilas, nominative singular vilas, nominative plural vila)

vilas (oblique plural)
vilas (nominative singular)
vila (nominative plural)

Cerca fols la folatura, / Cortes cortez’ aventura, / E·l vilas ab la vilana [...].

The fool searches for folly, the gentleman for gentle adventure, and the peasant for his peasant-girl.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


aigua

aigua f (oblique plural aiguas, nominative singular aigua, nominative plural aiguas)

aiguas (oblique plural)
aigua (nominative singular)
aiguas (nominative plural)

Occitan: aiga, aigua


ciutat

ciutat f (oblique plural ciutats, nominative singular ciutat, nominative plural ciutats)

ciutats (oblique plural)
ciutat (nominative singular)
ciutats (nominative plural)

Occitan: ciutat


filh

filh m (oblique plural filhs, nominative singular filhs, nominative plural filh)

filhs (oblique plural)
filhs (nominative singular)
filh (nominative plural)

Occitan: filh, fiu, hilh

From Latin fīlium, accusative singular of fīlius. The nominative singular derives from the Latin nominative form. Compare Old French fil, fiz.


doctrina

doctrina f (oblique plural doctrinas, nominative singular doctrina, nominative plural doctrinas)

doctrinas (oblique plural)
doctrina (nominative singular)
doctrinas (nominative plural)


onor

onor m (oblique plural onors, nominative singular onors, nominative plural onor)

onors (oblique plural)
onors (nominative singular)
onor (nominative plural)

Occitan: onor


melhor

Occitan: melhor, milhor


maizo

maizo f (oblique plural maizons, nominative singular maizo, nominative plural maizons)

maizons (oblique plural)
maizo (nominative singular)
maizons (nominative plural)

From Latin mansiō. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French meson.


luzir

Occitan: lusir

From Vulgar Latin *lūcīre, from Latin lūcēre. Compare Old French luisir.


castel

castel m (oblique plural castels, nominative singular castels, nominative plural castel)

castels (oblique plural)
castels (nominative singular)
castel (nominative plural)

Occitan:

Auvergnat: chastèl

Languedocien: castèl

Provençal: castèu

Vivaro-Alpine: chastèu

From Latin castellum, diminutive of castrum. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French chastel.

castle (large fortified medieval building)


espina

espina f (oblique plural espinas, nominative singular espina, nominative plural espinas)

espinas (oblique plural)
espina (nominative singular)
espinas (nominative plural)

Occitan: espina


segon

Occitan: segon

From Latin secundus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French selonc.


beure

Occitan: beure


escriure

Occitan: escriure

From Latin scrībere, present active infinitive of scrībō. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French escrivre.


viure

Occitan: viure

From Latin vīvere, present active infinitive of vīvō.

For without her I cannot live, such great hunger do I have for her love.


sofrir

Occitan: sofrir

From Vulgar Latin *sufferīre, from Latin sufferre.


cobrir

Occitan: cobrir

From Latin cooperiō, cooperīre. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French covrir.

12th century, Bernard de Ventadour, Bel m’es can eu vei la brolha
e.lh ram son cubert de folha

and the branches are covered with leaves


començar

Occitan: començar


caval

caval m (oblique plural cavals, nominative singular cavals, nominative plural caval)

cavals (oblique plural)
cavals (nominative singular)
caval (nominative plural)

Occitan: caval

From Late Latin caballus (“horse”), from Latin caballus (“pack horse”), of Gaulish origin.


carn

Occitan: carn


valen

Occitan: valent

d'una pros dona valen


albergar

Borrowed from Frankish [Term?]. See English auberge.

12th century, Garin d'Apchier, Mos Cominals fai ben parer
ni·l voilla albergar un ser

to host; to lodge (provide a place to stay)


cambra

cambra f (oblique plural cambras, nominative singular cambra, nominative plural cambras)

cambras (oblique plural)
cambra (nominative singular)
cambras (nominative plural)

Occitan: cambra, chambra

From Latin camera, from Ancient Greek καμάρα (kamára). Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French chambre.


guerrier

guerrier m (oblique plural guerriers, nominative singular guerriers, nominative plural guerrier)

guerriers (oblique plural)
guerriers (nominative singular)
guerrier (nominative plural)

Occitan: guerrièr


esperit

esperit m (oblique plural esperits, nominative singular esperits, nominative plural esperit)

esperits (oblique plural)
esperits (nominative singular)
esperit (nominative plural)

Occitan: esperit

soul (intangible essence of a sentient being)


apostol

apostol m (oblique plural apostols, nominative singular apostols, nominative plural apostol)

apostols (oblique plural)
apostols (nominative singular)
apostol (nominative plural)

Borrowed from Late Latin apostolus, from Ancient Greek ἀπόστολος (apóstolos, “messenger, one sent forth”), from ἀποστέλλω (apostéllō, “I send off”), from ἀπό (apó, “from”) + στέλλω (stéllō, “I set”).


riu

head

riu m (oblique plural rius, nominative singular rius, nominative plural riu)

rius (oblique plural)
rius (nominative singular)
riu (nominative plural)

Occitan: riu

From Vulgar Latin rius (“river”) or Latin rīvus (“brook; small stream”).


forsa

forsa f (oblique plural forsas, nominative singular forsa, nominative plural forsas)

forsas (oblique plural)
forsa (nominative singular)
forsas (nominative plural)

Occitan: fòrça

From Late Latin fortia, a noun derived from the neuter plural of Latin fortis (“strong”). Compare Old French force.


pauta

pauta f (oblique plural pautas, nominative singular pauta, nominative plural pautas)

pautas (oblique plural)
pauta (nominative singular)
pautas (nominative plural)

Occitan: pauta

→⇒ Basque: potika (“on all fours”)

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *pauta. Compare Old French poe.

1417–1424, Cathalogus dels apostolis de Roma, fol. 120

A wicked and hungry wolf who took his head between its paws without touching it with its teeth.

.I. lop mal e cruel e afamat, lo qual pres lo cap entre sas pautas premieras, ses tocar de las dens.


aurelha

aurelha f (oblique plural aurelhas, nominative singular aurelha, nominative plural aurelhas)

aurelhas (oblique plural)
aurelha (nominative singular)
aurelhas (nominative plural)

Occitan: aurelha


genolh

genolh m (oblique plural genolhs, nominative singular genolhs, nominative plural genolh)

genolhs (oblique plural)
genolhs (nominative singular)
genolh (nominative plural)

Occitan: genolh

From Late Latin genuculum, alteration of Latin geniculum, diminutive of genū (“knee”).


fraire

Occitan: fraire, frair

desc

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: freire, freira

Portuguese: freire, frei, freira

Galician: frei

→ Spanish: fraile, fray

→? Venetian: frar

→ Cimbrian: fraar

From Latin frāter. Compare Old French frere.


babau

Occitan: babau


solelh

Occitan: solelh

From Vulgar Latin *sōliculus, diminutive of Latin sōl. Compare Old French soleil.


dous

head

dous m (feminine singular dousa, masculine plural dous, feminine plural dousas)

dousa (feminine singular)
dous (masculine plural)
dousas (feminine plural)

Occitan: doç


sospirar

Occitan: sospirar

From Latin suspirāre, present active infinitive of suspirō.


gardar

Occitan: gardar

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin wardāre.


gabar

Occitan: gabar

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: gabar

Galician: gabar

Portuguese: gabar

Borrowed from Old Norse gabb with the verbal suffix -ar. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French gaber.


nadal

Catalan: nadal

Occitan: nadal

Christmas (date commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ)


caler

Ladino: kaler

Occitan: caler

From Latin calēre, present active infinitive of caleō.

12th century, Bernard de Ventadour, Lo gens tems de pascor
Ela.m ditz no m'en chal.

(reflexive, se caler) to care about; to be concerned about


multiplicar

Borrowed from Latin multiplicāre, present active infinitive of multiplicō. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French molteplier.

(intransitive) to multiply (augment; increase)


Normandia

Normandy (a historical province and medieval kingdom in northwest France, on the English Channel)


Grec

head

Grec m (oblique plural Grecs, nominative singular Grecs, nominative plural Grec)

Grecs (oblique plural)
Grecs (nominative singular)
Grec (nominative plural)


nien

From Latin ne gentem. Compare Old French nient, Italian niente.


plastre

plastre m (oblique plural plastres, nominative singular plastres, nominative plural plastre)

plastres (oblique plural)
plastres (nominative singular)
plastre (nominative plural)


joia

joia f (oblique plural joias, nominative singular joia, nominative plural joias)

joias (oblique plural)
joia (nominative singular)
joias (nominative plural)

From Late Latin gaudia, plural of the Classical Latin gaudium (“joy”).


joglar

joglar m (oblique plural joglars, nominative singular joglars, nominative plural joglar)

joglars (oblique plural)
joglars (nominative singular)
joglar (nominative plural)

Occitan: joglar


catre

Occitan: quatre, qüate


ric

ric m (feminine singular rica, masculine plural rics, feminine plural ricas)

rica (feminine singular)
rics (masculine plural)
ricas (feminine plural)

Catalan: ric

Occitan: ric

From Proto-Germanic *rīkijaz (“powerful, rich”), from Proto-Indo-European *reg- (“to straighten, direct, make right”).


estiu

head

estiu m (oblique plural estius, nominative singular estius, nominative plural estiu)

estius (oblique plural)
estius (nominative singular)
estiu (nominative plural)

Occitan: estiu

Inherited from Latin [tempus] aestīvum (literally “summertime”).


clerc

head

clerc m (oblique plural clercs, nominative singular clercs, nominative plural clerc)

clercs (oblique plural)
clercs (nominative singular)
clerc (nominative plural)

From Late Latin clēricus (“clergyman, priest”), from Ancient Greek κληρικός (klērikós).


jorn

head

jorn m (oblique plural jorns, nominative singular jorns, nominative plural jorn)

jorns (oblique plural)
jorns (nominative singular)
jorn (nominative plural)

Occitan: jorn

Inherited from Late Latin diurnum. Compare Old French jor.

Lo tems vai e ven e vire / Per jorns, per mes e per ans [...].

Time comes and goes and turns, by days, by months and by years.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


audir

Occitan: ausir, audir, auvir

From Latin audīre, present active infinitive of audiō.


ome

ome m (oblique plural omes, nominative singular om, nominative plural ome)

omes (oblique plural)
om (nominative singular)
ome (nominative plural)


ome

Occitan: òme, ome

q'enperis ne reinhatç ¶ non fan ome grasir, mas cors verais

13ᵗʰ c., Aimeric de Belenoi, Anc puois qe giois ni cantç 28–29

For neither empire nor kingdom makes one liked, but an honest heart [does]

(indefinite) Used to indicate an unspecified individual: one, people, you, someone


negre

Occitan: negre

From Latin niger. Cf. Old French noir, neir.


trobar

Occitan: trobar

desctree

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: trobar
Galician: trobar
Portuguese: trovar

→ Old Spanish: trobar
Spanish: trovar

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *tropāre. Attested in the Sainte Foy. Compare Old French trover.

Nos, e molz libres, o trobam legen

Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
fr:Chanson de sainte Foy d'Agen


arnes

head

arnes m (oblique plural arnes, nominative singular arnes, nominative plural arnes)

arnes (oblique plural)
arnes (nominative singular)
arnes (nominative plural)

Borrowed from Old Norse *hernest. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French hernois.


ancian

Occitan: ancian

From Vulgar Latin *anteānus. Attested in Borneil.

Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
fr:Giraut de Bornelh


amor

amor m (oblique plural amors, nominative singular amors, nominative plural amor)

amors (oblique plural)
amors (nominative singular)
amor (nominative plural)

Occitan: amor

Assatz sai d’amor ben parlar [...].


chascun

chascun m (feminine singular chascuna, masculine plural chascuns, feminine plural chascunas)

chascuna (feminine singular)
chascuns (masculine plural)
chascunas (feminine plural)

Occitan: chascun

From Vulgar Latin *cascunum, *casquunum, from a crossing of quisque unum with *catunum < cata unum. Latin cata derives from Ancient Greek κατά (katá). Compare Old French chascun; compare also Old Catalan quiscun, modern Catalan cadascun.


batalha

batalha f (oblique plural batalhas, nominative singular batalha, nominative plural batalhas)

batalhas (oblique plural)
batalha (nominative singular)
batalhas (nominative plural)

Occitan: batalha

desc

→ Old Spanish: batalla (or from Old French)

Ladino: batalya

Spanish: batalla

From Late Latin battālia, variant of battuālia (“fencing, fighting practice”), from Latin battuō (“to strike”).


-atge

Occitan: -atge

From Latin -aticum. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French -age, -aige, whence English -age.


Raimond

a male given name, equivalent to English Raymond


certan

head

certan m (feminine singular certana, masculine plural certans, feminine plural certanas)

certana (feminine singular)
certans (masculine plural)
certanas (feminine plural)

From Vulgar Latin *certānus, extended form of Latin certus (“fixed, resolved, certain”).


dreit

head

dreit m (feminine singular dreita, masculine plural dreiz, feminine plural dreitas)

dreita (feminine singular)
dreiz (masculine plural)
dreitas (feminine plural)

Occitan: dreit, drech

From Late Latin drictus, syncopated form of Latin dīrectus.


corant

Present participle of core (“to run”). Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French corant.


colp

colp m (oblique plural colps, nominative singular colps, nominative plural colp)

colps (oblique plural)
colps (nominative singular)
colp (nominative plural)

Occitan: còp

From Late Latin colpus, syncopated form of Latin colaphus, from Ancient Greek κόλαφος (kólaphos, “blow, smack”).


lonc

head

lonc m (feminine singular lonja, masculine plural loncs, feminine plural lonjas)

lonja (feminine singular)
loncs (masculine plural)
lonjas (feminine plural)

Occitan: long

From Latin longus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French lonc.


flama

flama f (oblique plural flamas, nominative singular flama, nominative plural flamas)

flamas (oblique plural)
flama (nominative singular)
flamas (nominative plural)

Occitan: flamba, flama

From Latin flamma. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French flame.


gaire

Of Germanic origin, borrowed from Frankish *waigaro, related to *waigr (“resistant”) (source of modern German unweigerlich (“unevitable”), Middle High German unweiger (“not very”)). Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French gaire.

cog

(chiefly with "ne") hardly; almost not at all


creire

Occitan: creire

From Latin crēdere, present active infinitive of crēdō.


poble

head

poble m (oblique plural pobles, nominative singular pobles, nominative plural poble)

pobles (oblique plural)
pobles (nominative singular)
poble (nominative plural)

Occitan: pòble

From Latin populus. Compare Old French pueple, pople.


segle

segle m (oblique plural segles, nominative singular segles, nominative plural segle)

segles (oblique plural)
segles (nominative singular)
segle (nominative plural)

Catalan: segle

Occitan: sègle, sècle, siècle

From Latin saeculum. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French siecle.

worldly existence (as opposed to heavenly existence)


recebre

Occitan: recebre

From Latin recipere. Cognate with Old French recevoir.


vergier

vergier m (oblique plural vergiers, nominative singular vergiers, nominative plural vergier)

vergiers (oblique plural)
vergiers (nominative singular)
vergier (nominative plural)

Occitan: vergièr

desc

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: vergeu, vergel

Portuguese: vergel

→ Spanish: vergel

From Latin viridiārium, variant of viridārium, from viridis (“green”). Compare Old French vergier.

orchard, or other place where fruit is grown


remembrar

Occitan: remembrar

From Latin rememoror. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French remembrer.


amoros

Occitan: amorós

From amor or from Vulgar Latin *amorōsus, from Latin amor.


autrier

(with definite article) the other day (in the recent past)


trucar

Occitan: trucar

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *trūdicāre, from Latin trūdō + -icō.


aiga

head

aiga f (oblique plural aigas, nominative singular aiga, nominative plural aigas)

aigas (oblique plural)
aiga (nominative singular)
aigas (nominative plural)


jòi

jòi m (oblique plural jòis, nominative singular jòis, nominative plural jòi)

jòis (oblique plural)
jòis (nominative singular)
jòi (nominative plural)


raubar

Occitan: raubar


molher

molher f (oblique plural molhers, nominative singular molher, nominative plural molhers)

molhers (oblique plural)
molher (nominative singular)
molhers (nominative plural)

Occitan: molhèr

→ Middle French: moulhé


plor

plor m (oblique plural plors, nominative singular plors, nominative plural plor)

plors (oblique plural)
plors (nominative singular)
plor (nominative plural)


scriptura

scriptura f (oblique plural scripturas, nominative singular scriptura, nominative plural scripturas)

scripturas (oblique plural)
scriptura (nominative singular)
scripturas (nominative plural)


veritat

veritat f (oblique plural veritats, nominative singular veritat, nominative plural veritats)

veritats (oblique plural)
veritat (nominative singular)
veritats (nominative plural)

In this form, possibly borrowed from Latin vēritās, vēritātem.


gelos

Occitan: gelós

From Late Latin zelōsus, from zelus, from Ancient Greek ζῆλος (zêlos, “zeal, jealousy”).


caut

head

caut m (feminine singular cauta, masculine plural cauts, feminine plural cautas)

cauta (feminine singular)
cauts (masculine plural)
cautas (feminine plural)


caut

caut m (oblique plural cauts, nominative singular cauts, nominative plural caut)

cauts (oblique plural)
cauts (nominative singular)
caut (nominative plural)


ja mais

Occitan: jamai, jamei, jamés

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: jamais

Galician: xamais

Portuguese: jamais

→ Old Spanish: jamás

Spanish: jamás


vertat

vertat f (oblique plural vertatz, nominative singular vertat, nominative plural vertatz)

vertatz (oblique plural)
vertat (nominative singular)
vertatz (nominative plural)

Occitan: vertat


defendre

Occitan: defendre

Latin defendō. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French defendre.


desir

desir m (oblique plural desirs, nominative singular desirs, nominative plural desir)

desirs (oblique plural)
desirs (nominative singular)
desir (nominative plural)


fenir

Occitan: finir

Aissi fenira ma chanso


nesci

nesci m (feminine singular nescia, masculine plural nescis, feminine plural nescias)

nescia (feminine singular)
nescis (masculine plural)
nescias (feminine plural)

From Latin nescius. Cognate with French nice.


charn

charn f (oblique plural charns, nominative singular charn, nominative plural charns)

charns (oblique plural)
charn (nominative singular)
charns (nominative plural)

Occitan: charn

From Latin carnem, accusative singular of carō.

12th century, Bernard de Ventadour, Lo tems vai e ven e vire
Ai, frescha charn colorida,
Cui Deus formet ab sas mas
fresh, colored flesh


ospital

ospital m (oblique plural ospitals, nominative singular ospitals, nominative plural ospital)

ospitals (oblique plural)
ospitals (nominative singular)
ospital (nominative plural)


aquest

Occitan: aqueste

From Vulgar Latin *eccum iste, from Latin eccum + iste. Compare Catalan aquest and Spanish aqueste.


semblar

Occitan: semblar

→ Italian: sembrare

→ Portuguese: sembrar

→ Spanish: semblar (archaic)

From Late Latin similāre, a verb derived from Latin similis (“similar”). Compare Old French sembler.


oblidar

Occitan: doblidar

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *oblītāre, a frequentative based on Latin oblīvīscor (via its past participle oblītus). Compare Old French oblier.


tems

tems m (oblique plural tems, nominative singular tems, nominative plural tems)

tems (oblique plural)
tems (nominative singular)
tems (nominative plural)

Occitan: tèms, tems, temps

From Latin tempus. Compare Old French temps, tens.


clausa

clausa f (oblique plural clausas, nominative singular clausa, nominative plural clausas)

clausas (oblique plural)
clausa (nominative singular)
clausas (nominative plural)

Latin clausula. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French clause.


canczon

canczon f (oblique plural canczons, nominative singular canczon, nominative plural canczons)

canczons (oblique plural)
canczon (nominative singular)
canczons (nominative plural)

Catalan: cançó

Occitan: cançon


paraulla

paraulla f (oblique plural paraullas, nominative singular paraulla, nominative plural paraullas)

paraullas (oblique plural)
paraulla (nominative singular)
paraullas (nominative plural)

Occitan: paraula

From Late Latin, from Latin parabola, from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ). Compare Old French parole.


ciutad

ciutad f (oblique plural ciutads, nominative singular ciutad, nominative plural ciutads)

ciutads (oblique plural)
ciutad (nominative singular)
ciutads (nominative plural)

Occitan: ciutat


domna

domna f (oblique plural domnas, nominative singular domna, nominative plural domnas)

domnas (oblique plural)
domna (nominative singular)
domnas (nominative plural)

Occitan: dòna

From Late Latin domna, shortened variant of Latin domina.

E sa ma dextra la domna u libre te

In her right hand, the woman held a book.

Qual pro y auretz, dompna conja, / Si vostr’amors mi deslonja?

What gain for you, beautiful lady, if you distance me from your love?

Domna, vostre sui e serai

c. 1145, Bernard de Ventadour, Pel doutz chan que.l rossinhols fai:


plom

plom m (oblique plural ploms, nominative singular ploms, nominative plural plom)

ploms (oblique plural)
ploms (nominative singular)
plom (nominative plural)

Occitan: plomb, plom


salvament

salvament m (oblique plural salvaments, nominative singular salvaments, nominative plural salvament)

salvaments (oblique plural)
salvaments (nominative singular)
salvament (nominative plural)

Inherited from Late Latin salvāmentum. Synchronically derivable from salvar + -ment.


pauc

Occitan: pauc


amistat

amistat f (oblique plural amistats, nominative singular amistat, nominative plural amistats)

amistats (oblique plural)
amistat (nominative singular)
amistats (nominative plural)

Occitan: amistat

desc

→ Old Italian: amistade, amistate, amistà

Italian: amistà
→ Friulian: amistât

Sicilian: amistà, amistati

From Vulgar Latin *amīcitātem, derived from Latin amīcus (“friend”).


paor

head

paor f (oblique plural paors, nominative singular paor, nominative plural paors)

paors (oblique plural)
paor (nominative singular)
paors (nominative plural)

Occitan: paur


lansa

lansa f (oblique plural lansas, nominative singular lansa, nominative plural lansas)

lansas (oblique plural)
lansa (nominative singular)
lansas (nominative plural)

Occitan: lança


solament

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin sōlā mente. Derivable from sola + -ment.


remirar

From Latin remīrārī, from mīrārī (“to wonder at, admire”).

to admire, especially with affection or desire


yvre

E no m’en tengatz per yvre / S’ieu ma bona dompna am [...].


pecat

head

pecat m (oblique plural pecatz, nominative singular pecatz, nominative plural pecat)

pecatz (oblique plural)
pecatz (nominative singular)
pecat (nominative plural)

Occitan: pecat


ivern

ivern m (oblique plural iverns, nominative singular iverns, nominative plural ivern)

iverns (oblique plural)
iverns (nominative singular)
ivern (nominative plural)

Occitan: ivèrn


enemic

enemic m (oblique plural enemics, nominative singular enemics, nominative plural enemic)

enemics (oblique plural)
enemics (nominative singular)
enemic (nominative plural)

Occitan: enemic

From Latin inimīcus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French enemi.


messatger

messatger m (oblique plural messatgers, nominative singular messatgers, nominative plural messatger)

messatgers (oblique plural)
messatgers (nominative singular)
messatger (nominative plural)

Occitan: messatgièr


chavaler

chavaler m (oblique plural chavalers, nominative singular chavalers, nominative plural chavaler)

chavalers (oblique plural)
chavalers (nominative singular)
chavaler (nominative plural)

From Vulgar Latin caballarius, from Latin caballus (“horse”). Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French chevalier.


olh

olh m (oblique plural olhs, nominative singular olhs, nominative plural olh)

olhs (oblique plural)
olhs (nominative singular)
olh (nominative plural)

Occitan: uèlh

From Vulgar Latin oclus, from Latin oculus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”).

der

De l’aiga que dels olhs plor,

c. 1145, Bernard de Ventadour, Era.m cosselhatz, senhor:

Of the water that I'm crying from my eyes,


noih

head

noih f (oblique plural noihs, nominative singular noih, nominative plural noihs)

noihs (oblique plural)
noih (nominative singular)
noihs (nominative plural)

night (period of darkness while the Earth's surface is turned away from the Sun)


chansoneta

chansoneta f (oblique plural chansonetas, nominative singular chansoneta, nominative plural chansonetas)

chansonetas (oblique plural)
chansoneta (nominative singular)
chansonetas (nominative plural)

Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French chançonete


chanso

chanso f (oblique plural chansos, nominative singular chanso, nominative plural chansos)

chansos (oblique plural)
chanso (nominative singular)
chansos (nominative plural)


chantador

chantador m (oblique plural chantadors, nominative singular chantadors, nominative plural chantador)

chantadors (oblique plural)
chantadors (nominative singular)
chantador (nominative plural)


rossinhol

rossinhol m (oblique plural rossinhols, nominative singular rossinhols, nominative plural rossinhol)

rossinhols (oblique plural)
rossinhols (nominative singular)
rossinhol (nominative plural)

Occitan: rossinhòl

→ French: rossignol

→ Walloon: råskignoû

desc

→? Italian: usignolo, usignuolo, rusignuolo

→ Galician: rousinol, reiseñor

→ Ladin: rusignûl

→? Piedmontese: arsigneul

→ Portuguese: rouxinol, roixinol, reixinol

→ Spanish: ruiseñor

Derived from Vulgar Latin *rusciniolus, from Vulgar Latin lusciniola, diminutive of Classical Latin luscinia. Cognate with Catalan rossinyol.


auzel

head

auzel m (oblique plural auzels, nominative singular auzels, nominative plural auzel)

auzels (oblique plural)
auzels (nominative singular)
auzel (nominative plural)

Occitan: aucèl

From Late Latin aucellus, from Late Latin aucellus m (“little bird”), a diminutive ultimately based on Latin avis f (“bird”).

Lanquan li jorn son loc en may / M'es belhs dous chans d’auzelhs, de lonh [...].

Since the days are long in May, I love the soft songs of far-off birds.


trametre

Occitan: trasméter, trasmetre

From Latin tramitto, tramittere, possibly borrowed.


amador

amador m (oblique plural amadors, nominative singular amadors, nominative plural amador)

amadors (oblique plural)
amadors (nominative singular)
amador (nominative plural)


razo

razo f (oblique plural razos, nominative singular razo, nominative plural razos)

razos (oblique plural)
razo (nominative singular)
razos (nominative plural)


linhatge

linhatge m (oblique plural linhatges, nominative singular linhatges, nominative plural linhatge)

linhatges (oblique plural)
linhatges (nominative singular)
linhatge (nominative plural)

Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French linage.


comensar

Occitan: començar

From Vulgar Latin *cominitiāre. Compare Old French comencier.


sazo

sazo f (oblique plural sazons, nominative singular sazo, nominative plural sazons)

sazons (oblique plural)
sazo (nominative singular)
sazons (nominative plural)

season (period lasting approximately three months)


vizatge

vizatge m (oblique plural vizatges, nominative singular vizatges, nominative plural vizatge)

vizatges (oblique plural)
vizatges (nominative singular)
vizatge (nominative plural)

Occitan: visatge

→? Piedmontese: visagi

From Vulgar Latin *vīsāticum, derived from Latin vīsus. Or, by surface analysis, vis + -atge. Compare Old French visage.


enfern

enfern m (oblique plural enferns, nominative singular enferns, nominative plural enfern)

enferns (oblique plural)
enferns (nominative singular)
enfern (nominative plural)

Occitan: infèrn, in·hèrn


beutat

beutat f (oblique plural beutats, nominative singular beutat, nominative plural beutats)

beutats (oblique plural)
beutat (nominative singular)
beutats (nominative plural)


fron

fron m (oblique plural frons, nominative singular frons, nominative plural fron)

frons (oblique plural)
frons (nominative singular)
fron (nominative plural)

From Latin frons. Cognate with Old French front.


remaner

Occitan: remàner

From Latin remanēre, present active infinitive of remaneō.


bocha

bocha f (oblique plural bochas, nominative singular bocha, nominative plural bochas)

bochas (oblique plural)
bocha (nominative singular)
bochas (nominative plural)

From Latin bucca. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French boche.


chazer

dels arbres chazer la fòlha


joios

Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French joieus


lonjamen

lonja + -men. Compare Old French longement.


boschatge

boschatge m (oblique plural boschatges, nominative singular boschatges, nominative plural boschatge)

boschatges (oblique plural)
boschatges (nominative singular)
boschatge (nominative plural)

From Vulgar Latin *boscāticum. By surface analysis, bosc + atge.


Bernart

Bernart m (nominative singular Bernartz)

a male given name, equivalent to English Bernard


posc

first-person singular present indicative of poder


vezer

Occitan: veire


senher

senher m (oblique plural senhers, nominative singular senhers, nominative plural senher)

senhers (oblique plural)
senhers (nominative singular)
senher (nominative plural)


paubretat

paubretat f (oblique plural paubretats, nominative singular paubretat, nominative plural paubretats)

paubretats (oblique plural)
paubretat (nominative singular)
paubretats (nominative plural)

Occitan: paubretat, pauretat

Inherited from Latin paupertātem. Compare Old French poverté.


paubre

From Latin pauper. Compare Old French povre.


paubre

Occitan: paubre, praube, paure


ricor

ricor m (oblique plural ricors, nominative singular ricors, nominative plural ricor)

ricors (oblique plural)
ricors (nominative singular)
ricor (nominative plural)


menut

Occitan: menut

From Latin minūtus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French menu.


fustet

fustet m (oblique plural fustets, nominative singular fustets, nominative plural fustet)

fustets (oblique plural)
fustets (nominative singular)
fustet (nominative plural)

Occitan: fustet

desctree

→ Middle French: fustet, fustel, fustec, fustot
French: fustet
→ English: fustet, fustic, fustoc
→ German: Fustet, Fustic, Fustetholz, Fusticholz, Fisetholz
→ Spanish: fustoc

→ Piedmontese: fustot

From Arabic فُسْتَق (fustaq, “pistachio”) (also the source of Old Occitan and Catalan festuc (“pistachio”)), with the ending substituted by the masculine diminutive suffix -et and with the meaning changed to 'smoke tree'. Compare Catalan fustet (“smoke tree”), presumably borrowed from Occitan or vice-versa. Pistachio and smoke trees share certain affinities, with both belonging to the Anacardiaceae family.

Cotinus coggygria
Cotinus coggygria#Translingual


adormir

Occitan: adormir


payament

head

payament m (oblique plural payaments, nominative singular payaments, nominative plural payament)

payaments (oblique plural)
payaments (nominative singular)
payament (nominative plural)


payre

payre m (oblique plural payres, nominative singular payres, nominative plural payre)

payres (oblique plural)
payres (nominative singular)
payre (nominative plural)


fellon

fellon m (oblique plural fellons, nominative singular fellons, nominative plural fellon)

fellons (oblique plural)
fellons (nominative singular)
fellon (nominative plural)

Borrowed from Frankish [Term?], compare Old French felon, Anglo-Norman felun.


jujament

jujament m (oblique plural jujaments, nominative singular jujaments, nominative plural jujament)

jujaments (oblique plural)
jujaments (nominative singular)
jujament (nominative plural)

Occitan: jutjament

From Late Latin iūdicāmentum, jūdicāmentum, from Latin iūdicō (“pass judgement upon”). Compare Old French jugement.


frayre

frayre m (oblique plural frayres, nominative singular frayres, nominative plural frayre)

frayres (oblique plural)
frayres (nominative singular)
frayre (nominative plural)


alberguar

to house; to shelter (provide accommodation)


ydola

ydola f (oblique plural ydolas, nominative singular ydola, nominative plural ydolas)

ydolas (oblique plural)
ydola (nominative singular)
ydolas (nominative plural)

idol (object that depicts something or someone)


lengaje

lengaje m (oblique plural lengajes, nominative singular lengajes, nominative plural lengaje)

lengajes (oblique plural)
lengajes (nominative singular)
lengaje (nominative plural)

Adonca era un lengaje entra tota la gent ;

Thus, there was a language shared by all people

Alternative form of lenguatge (“language”)


començament

començament m (oblique plural començaments, nominative singular començaments, nominative plural començament)

començaments (oblique plural)
començaments (nominative singular)
començament (nominative plural)


lignaje

lignaje m (oblique plural lignajes, nominative singular lignajes, nominative plural lignaje)

lignajes (oblique plural)
lignajes (nominative singular)
lignaje (nominative plural)


sperit

sperit m (oblique plural sperits, nominative singular sperits, nominative plural sperit)

sperits (oblique plural)
sperits (nominative singular)
sperit (nominative plural)


eysemple

eysemple m (oblique plural eysemples, nominative singular eysemples, nominative plural eysemple)

eysemples (oblique plural)
eysemples (nominative singular)
eysemple (nominative plural)


glorios

Occitan: gloriós


donçela

donçela f (oblique plural donçelas, nominative singular donçela, nominative plural donçelas)

donçelas (oblique plural)
donçela (nominative singular)
donçelas (nominative plural)

Occitan: donzèla

→ Italian: donzella

From Vulgar Latin *domnicella, diminutive of domina.


prumier

prumier m (feminine singular prumiera, masculine plural prumiers, feminine plural prumieras)

prumiera (feminine singular)
prumiers (masculine plural)
prumieras (feminine plural)

Occitan: prumier

From Latin primarius. Compare Old French and Anglo-Norman premier.


leyçon

leyçon f (oblique plural leyçons, nominative singular leyçon, nominative plural leyçons)

leyçons (oblique plural)
leyçon (nominative singular)
leyçons (nominative plural)


peccar

Occitan: pecar


sapiencia

sapiencia f (oblique plural sapiencias, nominative singular sapiencia, nominative plural sapiencias)

sapiencias (oblique plural)
sapiencia (nominative singular)
sapiencias (nominative plural)


Jusio

Jusio m (oblique plural Jusios, nominative singular Jusios, nominative plural Jusio)

Jusios (oblique plural)
Jusios (nominative singular)
Jusio (nominative plural)


croç

Lo cors remas aqui pendu sus en la croç

His body remained here, hanging on the cross


fantin

fantin m (oblique plural fantins, nominative singular fantins, nominative plural fantin)

fantins (oblique plural)
fantins (nominative singular)
fantin (nominative plural)


aucir

Occitan: aucir

From Latin occīdere, present active infinitive of occīdō.


covenent

covenent m (oblique plural covenents, nominative singular covenents, nominative plural covenent)

covenents (oblique plural)
covenents (nominative singular)
covenent (nominative plural)


baptisme

baptisme m (oblique plural baptismes, nominative singular baptismes, nominative plural baptisme)

baptismes (oblique plural)
baptismes (nominative singular)
baptisme (nominative plural)

Probably borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin baptismum, from Ancient Greek βαπτισμός (baptismós).


ensegador

ensegador m (oblique plural ensegadors, nominative singular ensegadors, nominative plural ensegador)

ensegadors (oblique plural)
ensegadors (nominative singular)
ensegador (nominative plural)


Saraçin

Saraçin m (oblique plural Saraçins, nominative singular Saraçins, nominative plural Saraçin)

Saraçins (oblique plural)
Saraçins (nominative singular)
Saraçin (nominative plural)

Saracen (term for a Muslim during the Middle Ages)


Yeshu

From Latin Iēsus, from Ancient Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs), from Hebrew ישוע (y'hoshúa).


crestian

crestian m (oblique plural crestians, nominative singular crestians, nominative plural crestian)

crestians (oblique plural)
crestians (nominative singular)
crestian (nominative plural)

From Latin Christiānus, from Ancient Greek Χριστός (Khristós).


crestian

crestian m (feminine singular crestiana, masculine plural crestians, feminine plural crestianas)

crestiana (feminine singular)
crestians (masculine plural)
crestianas (feminine plural)

Occitan: crestian

La Nobla Leyçon, line 352

Christian (adhering to or relating to Christianity)


comandament

comandament m (oblique plural comandaments, nominative singular comandaments, nominative plural comandament)

comandaments (oblique plural)
comandaments (nominative singular)
comandament (nominative plural)


escriptura

escriptura f (oblique plural escripturas, nominative singular escriptura, nominative plural escripturas)

escripturas (oblique plural)
escriptura (nominative singular)
escripturas (nominative plural)

Occitan: escritura

From Latin scriptūra. Perhaps semi-learned or partially re-Latinized in spelling.

(Christianity) The Scripture (the Christian Bible)


venjar

Occitan: venjar

Languedocien: vengar

From Latin vindicāre, present active infinitive of vindicō. Closely related to Old French and Anglo-Norman vengier.

(reflexive, se venjar) to avenge oneself, to take revenge


bontat

From Latin bonitās, from bonus (“good”).

goodness (quality of that which is good)


meser

meser m (oblique plural mesers, nominative singular mesers, nominative plural meser)

mesers (oblique plural)
mesers (nominative singular)
meser (nominative plural)

desc

→ Italian: missere, messere, messer, ser

→ Sicilian: misseri

→ Maltese: missier (“father”)

mister, sir (a title or form of address for a man)


fresc

Occitan: fresc

12th century, Bernard de Ventadour, Tant ai mo cor ple de joya
Gens cors ab frescha color


plueva

From Late Latin *plovia, from Latin pluvia, after plovere. Compare Italian pioggia, Catalan ploja.

Farai chansoneta nueva / Ans que vent ni gel ni plueva [...].

I'll make a new little song, before the wind, ice or rain.


asorar

From Latin adōrāre, present active infinitive of adōrō.

Que plus etz blanca qu'evori, / Per qu'ieu autra non azori.

For you are whiter than ivory, I'll not love any other than you.


auzelh

head

auzelh m (oblique plural auzelhs, nominative singular auzelhs, nominative plural auzelh)

auzelhs (oblique plural)
auzelhs (nominative singular)
auzelh (nominative plural)


cavec

cavec m (oblique plural cavecs, nominative singular cavecs, nominative plural cavec)

cavecs (oblique plural)
cavecs (nominative singular)
cavec (nominative plural)

c. 1130, Marcabru, pastorela

Don, lo cavecs vos ahura [...].
Sire, the owl portends your fate.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


toza

toza f (oblique plural tozas, nominative singular toza, nominative plural tozas)

tozas (oblique plural)
toza (nominative singular)
tozas (nominative plural)


Jaufre

Jaufre m (oblique plural Jaufres, nominative singular Jaufres, nominative plural Jaufre)

Jaufres (oblique plural)
Jaufres (nominative singular)
Jaufre (nominative plural)

Occitan: Jaufré

a male given name, equivalent to English Geoffrey


dez-

From Latin dis- and dē. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French des-.


pensamen

pensamen m (oblique plural pensamens, nominative singular pensamens, nominative plural pensamen)

pensamens (oblique plural)
pensamens (nominative singular)
pensamen (nominative plural)

Occitan: pensamen


cardon

cardon m (oblique plural cardons, nominative singular cardons, nominative plural cardon)

cardons (oblique plural)
cardons (nominative singular)
cardon (nominative plural)

French: cardon

Occitan: cardon

From Medieval Latin cardo, from Latin carduus (“thistle”).


gauch

Occitan: gaug


conoiser

Occitan: conóisser

From Late Latin conōscere, from Latin cognōscere.


bueu

bueu m (oblique plural bueus, nominative singular bueus, nominative plural bueu)

bueus (oblique plural)
bueus (nominative singular)
bueu (nominative plural)


reverdir

From re- + verdir. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French reverdir.

to turn green again (of trees, plants, etc.)


aunir

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *haunīre. Attested in Jaufré.


espaignol

From a Vulgar Latin *Hispaniolus, from Latin Hispānus, from Hispania. Compare Catalan espanyol.


espaignol

→ Aragonese: espanyol

→ Asturian: español

Catalan: espanyol

→ Corsican: spagnolu

desctree

→ (probably) Italian: spagnolo
→ Romanian: spaniol (along with French espagnol)

→ Mirandese: spanhol

Occitan: espanhòl

→ Old French: espagneul, espaigneul

→ English: spaniel

Middle French: espaignol

French: espagnol
→ Romanian: spaniol (along with Italian spagnolo)

French: épagneul
→ Italian: épagneul

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: espanhol

Fala: español

Galician: español

Portuguese: espanhol

→ Sicilian: spagnolu

→ Spanish: español
→ Kari'na: sipanijoro
→ English: Hispaniola (from the feminine española)
→ Hawaiian: Paniolo
⇒ Hawaiian: paniolo
→ English: paniolo
→ Pemon: españoro, sipañoro
→ Ye'kwana: jañudu


vencemen

early 13th century, William I of Baux, réponse au sirvente de Gui de Cavaillon
Ni vencutz ni desbaratatz. Ni fui al vencemen d'Usson

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


esmalt

head

esmalt m (oblique plural esmalts, nominative singular esmalts, nominative plural esmalt)

esmalts (oblique plural)
esmalts (nominative singular)
esmalt (nominative plural)

Occitan: esmaut, esmalt, esmart

→ Italy:

desctree

Italian: smalto
→ Czech: smalt
→ English: smalto
→ Russian: сма́льта (smálʹta)
→ Sardinian: ismaltu (probably)

Sicilian: smartu

→ Iberia:

Old Galician-Portuguese: esmalte

Galician: esmalte

Portuguese: esmalte

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: esmalte

Old Spanish: esmalte

Spanish: esmalte

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin smaltum.


aparelhar

Occitan: aparelhar

From Vulgar Latin *appariclāre < *appariculāre, present active infinitive of *appariculō, itself probably from Latin apparō. Gallo-Romance cognate with Catalan aparellar and Old French apareillier.


ramel

head

ramel m (oblique plural ramels, nominative singular ramels, nominative plural ramel)

ramels (oblique plural)
ramels (nominative singular)
ramel (nominative plural)

Occitan: ramèl

From Vulgar Latin *ramellus, from Latin rāmus.


estazó

estazó f (oblique plural estazós, nominative singular estazó, nominative plural estazós)

estazós (oblique plural)
estazó (nominative singular)
estazós (nominative plural)

From Latin statiōnem, accusative of statiō (“outpost”).


larc

Occitan: larg

wide (when used to differentiate between height, width and length)


espital

espital m (oblique plural espitals, nominative singular espitals, nominative plural espital)

espitals (oblique plural)
espitals (nominative singular)
espital (nominative plural)


senh

Occitan: senh

From Late Latin signum (“bell, ringing of a bell”), from Latin signum (“sign”), from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”) or *sekʷ- (“to follow”).


cominal

Occitan: coumunal (Mistralian)

From Late Latin commūnālis, from Latin communis.

common; public (belonging to all/to the public)


pejor

Latin pejor, variant spelling of peior. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French peior and pire.


felo

From Medieval Latin fellō. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French felon.


vestidura

head

vestidura f (oblique plural vestiduras, nominative singular vestidura, nominative plural vestiduras)

vestiduras (oblique plural)
vestidura (nominative singular)
vestiduras (nominative plural)

12th century, Bernard de Ventadour, A tantas bonas chansos

Que sos cors es bels e bos
E blancs sotz la vestidura

That her body is beautiful and good
And white under her clothing


tezic

tezic m (feminine singular tezica, masculine plural tezics, feminine plural tezicas)

tezica (feminine singular)
tezics (masculine plural)
tezicas (feminine plural)


tesic

tesic m (feminine singular tesica, masculine plural tesics, feminine plural tesicas)

tesica (feminine singular)
tesics (masculine plural)
tesicas (feminine plural)


vescomte

vescomte m (oblique plural vescomtes, nominative singular vescomtes, nominative plural vescomte)

vescomtes (oblique plural)
vescomtes (nominative singular)
vescomte (nominative plural)

Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French visconte. See also comte.


cobla

cobla f (oblique plural coblas, nominative singular cobla, nominative plural coblas)

coblas (oblique plural)
cobla (nominative singular)
coblas (nominative plural)


negun

From Latin nec ūnus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French negun.

circa 1210, William of Tudela, Chanson de la croisade contre les Albigeois, line 8164

E negun genh que fassan de re no temeretz


gleiza

gleiza f (oblique plural gleizas, nominative singular gleiza, nominative plural gleizas)

gleizas (oblique plural)
gleiza (nominative singular)
gleizas (nominative plural)

Occitan: glèisa

From Vulgar Latin *eclesia, from Latin ecclesia, from Ancient Greek ἐκκλησία (ekklēsía).


gleisa

gleisa f (oblique plural gleisas, nominative singular gleisa, nominative plural gleisas)

gleisas (oblique plural)
gleisa (nominative singular)
gleisas (nominative plural)


gabador

gabador m (oblique plural gabadors, nominative singular gabadors, nominative plural gabador)

gabadors (oblique plural)
gabadors (nominative singular)
gabador (nominative plural)


vielh

vielh m (feminine singular vielha, masculine plural vielhs, feminine plural vielhas)

vielha (feminine singular)
vielhs (masculine plural)
vielhas (feminine plural)

Occitan: vièlh

→ Italian: veglio

Inherited from Late Latin veclus, from Latin vetulus.

Ben me val mort, mais enquer m’es plus grieu, ¶ qu’en breu serem ja vielh et ilh et ieu

12ᵗʰ c., Peire Vidal, Anc no mori per amor ni per al

I am as good as dead, but what is even worse is that shortly we shall be old, both she and I


erguil

erguil m (oblique plural erguils, nominative singular erguils, nominative plural erguil)

erguils (oblique plural)
erguils (nominative singular)
erguil (nominative plural)

Gascon: orgulh (Aranais)

Languedocien: orguèlh, orgulh

Provençal: erguèlh, ergòlh

Vivaro-Alpin: orgulh

Borrowed from Frankish *urgōlī. For Romance cognates, see *orgollium.


semblansa

semblansa f (oblique plural semblansas, nominative singular semblansa, nominative plural semblansas)

semblansas (oblique plural)
semblansa (nominative singular)
semblansas (nominative plural)


camiza

camiza f (oblique plural camizas, nominative singular camiza, nominative plural camizas)

camizas (oblique plural)
camiza (nominative singular)
camizas (nominative plural)


dousor

dousor f (oblique plural dousors, nominative singular dousor, nominative plural dousors)

dousors (oblique plural)
dousor (nominative singular)
dousors (nominative plural)


escien

escien m (oblique plural esciens, nominative singular esciens, nominative plural escien)

esciens (oblique plural)
esciens (nominative singular)
escien (nominative plural)

Latin sciens. Compare Old French escient, esciant.


esperansa

esperansa f (oblique plural esperansas, nominative singular esperansa, nominative plural esperansas)

esperansas (oblique plural)
esperansa (nominative singular)
esperansas (nominative plural)


ochaizo

ochaizo f (oblique plural ochaizons, nominative singular ochaizo, nominative plural ochaizons)

ochaizons (oblique plural)
ochaizo (nominative singular)
ochaizons (nominative plural)


plazer

From Latin placēre. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French plaisir.


plazer

plazer m (oblique plural plazers, nominative singular plazers, nominative plural plazer)

plazers (oblique plural)
plazers (nominative singular)
plazer (nominative plural)

Occitan: plaser, plàser, plaire


volontat

volontat f (oblique plural volontatz, nominative singular volontat, nominative plural volontatz)

volontatz (oblique plural)
volontat (nominative singular)
volontatz (nominative plural)


trichador

trichador m (oblique plural trichadors, nominative singular trichadors, nominative plural trichador)

trichadors (oblique plural)
trichadors (nominative singular)
trichador (nominative plural)


comandamen

comandamen m (oblique plural comandamens, nominative singular comandamens, nominative plural comandamen)

comandamens (oblique plural)
comandamens (nominative singular)
comandamen (nominative plural)


meravelha

meravelha f (oblique plural meravelhas, nominative singular meravelha, nominative plural meravelhas)

meravelhas (oblique plural)
meravelha (nominative singular)
meravelhas (nominative plural)

marvel (something astounding or amazing)


lauzenger

lauzenger m (oblique plural lauzengers, nominative singular lauzengers, nominative plural lauzenger)

lauzengers (oblique plural)
lauzengers (nominative singular)
lauzenger (nominative plural)

→ Old Catalan: llausanger

Borrowed from Frankish *lausinga. Compare Old French losengier.


bratz

bratz m (oblique plural bratz, nominative singular bratz, nominative plural bratz)

bratz (oblique plural)
bratz (nominative singular)
bratz (nominative plural)

Occitan: braç


auranja

auranja f (oblique plural auranjas, nominative singular auranja, nominative plural auranjas)

auranjas (oblique plural)
auranja (nominative singular)
auranjas (nominative plural)

Occitan: irange

desctree

→ Old French: orenge
French: orange
→ Breton: orañjez
→ Belarusian: ара́нжавы (aránžavy)
→ Bulgarian: ора́нжев (oránžev)
→ German: Orange
Haitian Creole: zoranj
→ Latvian: oranžs
Louisiana Creole: zoranj
→ Low German: Orange
→ Luxembourgish: Orange
→ Norwegian: oransje
→ Romanian: oranj
→ Russian: ора́нжевый (oránževyj)
→ Swedish: orange
Norman: orange, oraunge
→ Middle English: orenge, orange
English: orange
→ Esperanto: oranĝo
→ Japanese: オレンジ (orenji)
→ Kashubian: orendż (Canada, United States)
→ Korean: 오렌지 (orenji)
→ Makah: ʔo·linčas
→ Malay: oren
→ Marshallese: oran

The Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch traces auranja, ultimately back to Arabic نَارَنْج (nāranj). See English orange.


acordamen

head

acordamen m (oblique plural acordamens, nominative singular acordamens, nominative plural acordamen)

acordamens (oblique plural)
acordamens (nominative singular)
acordamen (nominative plural)


belazor

comparative degree of bel; more beautiful


concluire

Borrowed from Latin conclūdō. The earliest dated usage listed in the Franzözisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch attributes it to Bernard de Ventadour in the 12th century.


blasmar

Occitan: blaimar, blasmar

Inherited from Late Latin blastēmāre (variant of blasphēmāre). Compare Old French blasmer.

12th century, Bernard de Ventadour, Lo tems vai e ven e vire
Ja per me no·n er blasmada