it

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)

⇒ Old Norse: þit

Icelandic: þið

Faroese: tit

Norwegian Nynorsk: de, did

Elfdalian: ið

Old Swedish: it

Finland Swedish: et, ät

From Proto-Germanic *jit, North-West Germanic form of *jut. Cognate with Old English ġit, Gothic 𐌾𐌿𐍄 (jut).

(personal) second-person dual pronoun; you two


er

From earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).

inh

verse 76 of the Hávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)

but the glory of reputation never dies, / for the man who can get himself a good one

en orðstírr / deyr aldregi / hveim er sér góðan getr


es

From Proto-Germanic *iz (“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).


sik

From Proto-Germanic *sek, whence also Old Saxon sik, Old High German sih.

oneself (myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)


mik

Icelandic: mig

Faroese: meg

Norwegian: meg

Jamtish: meg

Old Swedish: mik

desc

Swedish: mig, mek (Värmland, Västergötland)

Old Danish: mik, mæk

Danish: mig

From Proto-Germanic *mek (“me”), accusative of *ek (“I”). Cognate with Old English meċ, Old Saxon mik, Old High German mih, Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌺 (mik).

me (first-person accusative singular personal pronoun)


ek

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)
iak (alternative)
-k (alternative enclitic)

Icelandic: eg, ég

Faroese: eg, jeg

Norn: eg

Norwegian: ej, é, eig, í, æg, æj, æ, je, jæj (dialectal)

Norwegian Nynorsk: eg

Jamtish: jeg

Dalian: ik, ig

Elfdalian: ig

desctree

Old Swedish: iak, iæk, iag, iagh, iach (late), ᛁᛆᚴ, ᛁᛅᚴ (Runic)
Swedish: jag

Old Danish: iak, iæk, iægh, æk, ak

Danish: jeg, a, æ, ja, jæ (dialectal)

Norwegian Bokmål: jeg

Scanian: jağ

Jutish: æ

Old Gutnish: iek

From Proto-Norse ᛖᚲ (ek, “I”), from Proto-Germanic *ek (“I”), from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂ (“I”).

Hliods bið ec allar... (Codex Regius, circa 1270)
Hlioðs bið ek allar... (Hauksbók, circa 1306)
Hljóðs bið ek allar... (normalised orthography)

"Þótt þetta vandræði hafi nú borit oss at hendi, þá mun eigi langt til, at sama vandræði mun til yðvar koma, því at Haraldr, ætla ek, at skjótt mun hér koma, þá er hann hefir alla menn þrælkat ok áþját, sem hann vill, á Norðmæri ok í Raumsdal." (Norse)
translation by William Charles Green:

1220-1240, Egils saga, chapter 3, line 16

translation by Hallvard Lie:
Though this trouble have now lighted on our hand, 'twill not be long ere the same trouble shall come upon you; for Harald, I ween, will shortly hither come, soon as he hath all men thralled and enslaved, according to this will, in Northmere and Raumsdale.

Though this danger now touches us, before long the same will come to you; for Harold, as I ween, will hasten hither when he has enthralled and oppressed after his will all in North Mæra and Raumsdale.


eins

strong masculine genitive singular of einn


vit

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)
mit (alternative)

Icelandic: við

Faroese: vit

Middle Norwegian: mið

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: me, mid; (dialectal) mið

Jamtish: mæð

Elfdalian: wįð

Old Swedish: vit

From Proto-Germanic *wet, *wit. Cognate with Old English wit, Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐍄 (wit).

(personal) first-person dual pronoun; we two


einn

From Proto-Germanic *ainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos. Compare Old Saxon en, Old English an, Old Frisian en, Old High German ein, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (ains).


ekki

einugi (dative)
einski (genitive)
etki (alternative)

From earlier *eittki, *eittgi, equivalent to eitt (“one”) + -gi (“not”), literally “not one”. Originally neuter of engi.


enginn

From earlier engi, originally einn + -gi.


hinn

hin (feminine)
hitt (neuter)
hinn (masculine nominative singular)
hin (feminine nominative singular)
hitt (neuter nominative singular)
hinn (accusative masculine singular)
hina (accusative feminine singular)
hitt (accusative neuter singular)
hinum (dative masculine singular)
hinni (dative feminine singular)
hinu (dative neuter singular)
hins (genitive masculine singular)
hinnar (feminine genitive singular)
hins (genitive neuter singular)
hinir (masculine nominative plural)
hinar (feminine nominative plural)
hin (neuter nominative plural)
hina (accusative masculine plural)
hinar (accusative feminine plural)
hin (accusative neuter plural)
hinum (dative masculine plural)
hinum (dative feminine plural)
hinum (dative neuter plural)
hinna (genitive masculine plural)
hinna (feminine genitive plural)
hinna (genitive neuter plural)
enn (alternative)
inn (alternative)
-inn (alternative)

Icelandic: hinn

Faroese: hin

Norwegian Nynorsk: hin

Old Swedish: hīn

Swedish: hin (obsolete as demonstrative); hin c (“the devil”)

Danish: hin

Norwegian Bokmål: hin

From a merger of several words: Proto-Norse *ᚺᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*hinaʀ), cognate with Ancient Greek ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos), and Proto-Norse *ᛖᚾᚨᛉ (*enaʀ), irregularly from Proto-Germanic *jainaz (“that over there, yon”), whence also Old English ġeon, Old Frisian jen, jena, Old High German jēner, Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (jains).

der

sá es sæll, en hinn es eigi

(demonstrative, contrastive) the other, that one


hver

inflection of hverr:
feminine nominative singular

inflection of hverr:
neuter nominative/accusative plural


hver

hvat (neuter)
hver (masculine nominative singular)
hvar (masculine nominative singular)
hvat (neuter nominative singular)
hven (accusative masculine singular)
hvat (accusative neuter singular)
hveim (dative masculine singular)
hví (dative neuter singular)
hves (genitive masculine singular)
hves (genitive neuter singular)

Icelandic: hver, hvað, hví

Faroese: hvør, hvat, hví

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: kven (from the accusative), kveim (from the dative), kva, kvi, (dialectal) kver, kvæ

Jamtish: hut, hvuð, horreg

Old Swedish: hvar, hwar, hwo; hvat

Swedish: vem (from the dative), vad; vi, ho

Danish: hvem (from the dative), hvad, hvis (from the genitive), hvi, hvo

Norwegian Bokmål: hvem (from the dative), hva, hvis (from the genitive), hvi, hvo

From Proto-Germanic *hwaz (“who, what”). Cognate with Old English hwā, Old Frisian hwā, Old Saxon hwē, Old Dutch wē, Old High German wēr, Gothic 𐍈𐌰𐍃 (ƕas). Merged with Old Norse hverr from Proto-Germanic *hwarjaz (“which, what”).


sjá

þetta (neuter)
sjá (masculine nominative singular)
þessi (masculine nominative singular)
sjá (feminine nominative singular)
þessi (feminine nominative singular)
þetta (neuter nominative singular)
þenna (accusative masculine singular)
þennan (accusative masculine singular)
þessa (accusative feminine singular)
þetta (accusative neuter singular)
þessum (dative masculine singular)
þeima (dative masculine singular)
þessi (dative feminine singular)
þessu (dative neuter singular)
þvísa (dative neuter singular)
þessa (genitive masculine singular)
þessar (feminine genitive singular)
þessa (genitive neuter singular)
þessir (masculine nominative plural)
þessar (feminine nominative plural)
þessi (neuter nominative plural)
þessa (accusative masculine plural)
þessar (accusative feminine plural)
þessi (accusative neuter plural)
þessum (dative masculine plural)
þeima (dative masculine plural)
þessum (dative feminine plural)
þeima (dative feminine plural)
þessum (dative neuter plural)
þeima (dative neuter plural)
þessa (genitive masculine plural)
þessara (genitive masculine plural)
þessa (feminine genitive plural)
þessara (feminine genitive plural)
þessa (genitive neuter plural)
þessara (genitive neuter plural)
þessi (alternative)

non-decl-adj-base

Old Norse demonstrative pronouns

Icelandic: þessi m or f, þetta n

Faroese: hesin m, henda f, hetta n

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: denne m or f (-nn- from the accusative), dette n, desse pl

Old Swedish: þænni

Swedish: denna c, detta n, dessa pl

Danish: denne c, dette n, disse pl

Norwegian Bokmål: denne c, dette n, disse pl

From earlier sási (attested in runic insriptions), originally the normal declension of sá + -si. Cognate with Old English þes (English this), Old High German dese (German diese).

(demonstrative) this, that (referring to both persons and things)


sumar

feminine nominative/accusative plural of sumr


þú

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)
-du (alternative)
-ðu (alternative)
-tu (alternative)

Icelandic: þú, -du, -ðu, -tu

Faroese: tú

Norwegian Nynorsk: du

Norwegian Bokmål: du

Jamtish: dú

Elfdalian: du

Old Swedish: þū

Swedish: du, tu, thu, dhu (last three obsolete)

Old Danish: thu
Danish: du

From Proto-Germanic *þū (“you; thou”), from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you; thou”).

Ráðum'k þér, Loddfáfnir, / at þú ráð nemir,
njóta mundu ef þú nemr,
þér munu góð ef þú getr:
Nótt þú rís-at / nema á njósn sér
eða þú leitir þér innan út staðar.
I counsel thee, Loddfafnir, / to take advise:
thou wilt profit if thou takest it.
Rise not a night, / unless to explore,
or art compelled to go out.https://web.archive.org/web/20091027034205/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/poetic2/006_06.php


hann

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)
ᚼᛅᚾ (alternative)
ᛅᚾ (alternative)
ᚼᚬᚾ (alternative)
ᚬᚾ (alternative)
ᛅᚾᚢᛘ (alternative)
ᚬᚾᚢᛘ (alternative)
ᚼᛅᚾᛋ (alternative)
ᛅᚾᛋ (alternative)
ᚼᚬᚾᛋ (alternative)
ᚭᚾᛋ (alternative)

Icelandic: hann

Faroese: hann

Norwegian Nynorsk: han

Russenorsk: han

Norwegian Bokmål: han

Elfdalian: an

Old Swedish: han

Swedish: han

Danish: han (hand)

Old Gutnish: hann

From earlier *hánn, from Proto-Norse *hānaʀ, of uncertain origin. Perhaps a compound of *he- (corresponding to English he) and *ānaʀ (from Proto-Germanic *jainaz, corresponding to Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (jains)) or even directly from *ānaʀ with h- added due to influence from the demonstrative pronoun hinn, or else perhaps directly inherited from Proto-Indo-European and answering to Ancient Greek κεῖνος (keînos).
The long vowel is preserved in the masculine dative hǫ́num and feminine nominative hǫ́n, both affected by u-umlaut (Proto-Norse *hānumʀ, *hānu).

he (third-person nominative singular masculine personal pronoun)


þeir

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)
sá (masculine nominative singular)
sú (feminine nominative singular)
þat (neuter nominative singular)
þann (accusative masculine singular)
þá (accusative feminine singular)
þat (accusative neuter singular)
þeim (dative masculine singular)
þeirri (dative feminine singular)
því (dative neuter singular)
þí (dative neuter singular)
þess (genitive masculine singular)
þeirrar (feminine genitive singular)
þess (genitive neuter singular)
þeir (masculine nominative plural)
þær (feminine nominative plural)
þau (neuter nominative plural)
þá (accusative masculine plural)
þær (accusative feminine plural)
þau (accusative neuter plural)
þeim (dative masculine plural)
þeim (dative feminine plural)
þeim (dative neuter plural)
þeira (genitive masculine plural)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural)
þeira (feminine genitive plural)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural)
þeira (genitive neuter plural)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural)
ᚦᛅᛁᛦ (alternative)
ᚦᛅᛁᚱ (alternative)
ᚦᛂᛁᚱ (alternative)
ᚦᛂᚱ (alternative)
ᚦᛂᛦ (alternative)
ᚦᛁᚱ (alternative)
ᚦᛁᛦ (alternative)
ᚦᛅ (alternative)
ᚦᛅᛁᛘ (alternative)
ᚦᛂᛁᛘ (alternative)
ᚦᛂᛘ (alternative)
ᚦᛁᛘ (alternative)
ᚦᛅᛁᚱᛅ (alternative)
ᚦᛅᛁᛦᛅ (alternative)
ᚦᛂᛁᚱᛅ (alternative)
ᚦᛂᛁᛦᛅ (alternative)
ᚦᛂᚱᛅ (alternative)
ᚦᛂᛦᛅ (alternative)
ᚦᛁᚱᛅ (alternative)
ᚦᛁᛦᛅ (alternative)

Icelandic: þeir

Faroese: teir

Norwegian Nynorsk: dei

Jamtish: di

Elfdalian: dier

Old Swedish: þēr, the, þir, thi

Swedish: de, (archaic) the, dhe (dialectal) di, da

Old Danish: þhe, the

Danish: de

Norwegian Bokmål: de

Old Gutnish: þar

Gutnish: dair, di

→ Middle English: thei, they

Scots: they

English: they

From Proto-Norse *ᚦᚨᛁᛉ (*þaiʀ), from Proto-Germanic *þai (“they, those”), plural masculine of *sa (“that”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹 (þai).

those (nominative plural masculine demonstrative pronoun)

they (third-person nominative plural masculine personal pronoun)


þær

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)
sá (masculine nominative singular)
sú (feminine nominative singular)
þat (neuter nominative singular)
þann (accusative masculine singular)
þá (accusative feminine singular)
þat (accusative neuter singular)
þeim (dative masculine singular)
þeirri (dative feminine singular)
því (dative neuter singular)
þí (dative neuter singular)
þess (genitive masculine singular)
þeirrar (feminine genitive singular)
þess (genitive neuter singular)
þeir (masculine nominative plural)
þær (feminine nominative plural)
þau (neuter nominative plural)
þá (accusative masculine plural)
þær (accusative feminine plural)
þau (accusative neuter plural)
þeim (dative masculine plural)
þeim (dative feminine plural)
þeim (dative neuter plural)
þeira (genitive masculine plural)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural)
þeira (feminine genitive plural)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural)
þeira (genitive neuter plural)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural)
þáʀ (alternative)
ᚦᛆᛧ (alternative)
þar (alternative)

Icelandic: þær

Faroese: tær

From Proto-Norse ᚦᛡᛁᛡᛉ (þᴀiᴀʀ), from Proto-Germanic *þôz (“they, those”), plural feminine of *sa (“that”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌸𐍉𐍃 (þōs).

they, them (third-person nominative and accusative plural feminine personal pronoun)

those (nominative and accusative plural feminine demonstrative pronoun)


þau

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)
sá (masculine nominative singular)
sú (feminine nominative singular)
þat (neuter nominative singular)
þann (accusative masculine singular)
þá (accusative feminine singular)
þat (accusative neuter singular)
þeim (dative masculine singular)
þeirri (dative feminine singular)
því (dative neuter singular)
þí (dative neuter singular)
þess (genitive masculine singular)
þeirrar (feminine genitive singular)
þess (genitive neuter singular)
þeir (masculine nominative plural)
þær (feminine nominative plural)
þau (neuter nominative plural)
þá (accusative masculine plural)
þær (accusative feminine plural)
þau (accusative neuter plural)
þeim (dative masculine plural)
þeim (dative feminine plural)
þeim (dative neuter plural)
þeira (genitive masculine plural)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural)
þeira (feminine genitive plural)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural)
þeira (genitive neuter plural)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural)
ᚦᛅᚢ (alternative)
ᚦᛅᚢᚾ (alternative)

Icelandic: þau

Faroese: tey

Old Swedish: þø̄n, þø̄

Old Gutnish: þaun

From Proto-Germanic *þō (“they, those”), plural neuter of *sa (“that”). Cognate with Old English þā, Old Saxon thē, Old High German diu, Gothic 𐌸𐍉 (þō).

they, them (third-person nominative and accusative plural neuter personal pronoun)

those (nominative and accusative plural neuter demonstrative pronoun)


þessi

þetta (neuter)
sjá (masculine nominative singular)
þessi (masculine nominative singular)
sjá (feminine nominative singular)
þessi (feminine nominative singular)
þetta (neuter nominative singular)
þenna (accusative masculine singular)
þennan (accusative masculine singular)
þessa (accusative feminine singular)
þetta (accusative neuter singular)
þessum (dative masculine singular)
þeima (dative masculine singular)
þessi (dative feminine singular)
þessu (dative neuter singular)
þvísa (dative neuter singular)
þessa (genitive masculine singular)
þessar (feminine genitive singular)
þessa (genitive neuter singular)
þessir (masculine nominative plural)
þessar (feminine nominative plural)
þessi (neuter nominative plural)
þessa (accusative masculine plural)
þessar (accusative feminine plural)
þessi (accusative neuter plural)
þessum (dative masculine plural)
þeima (dative masculine plural)
þessum (dative feminine plural)
þeima (dative feminine plural)
þessum (dative neuter plural)
þeima (dative neuter plural)
þessa (genitive masculine plural)
þessara (genitive masculine plural)
þessa (feminine genitive plural)
þessara (feminine genitive plural)
þessa (genitive neuter plural)
þessara (genitive neuter plural)
sjá (alternative)

non-decl-adj-base

Old Norse demonstrative pronouns

From the same ultimate origin as sá and þat. Related to Old English se. Cognate with Old English þes, Old High German dese, English this and German diese.


hin

hinn (masculine nominative singular)
hin (feminine nominative singular)
hitt (neuter nominative singular)
hinn (accusative masculine singular)
hina (accusative feminine singular)
hitt (accusative neuter singular)
hinum (dative masculine singular)
hinni (dative feminine singular)
hinu (dative neuter singular)
hins (genitive masculine singular)
hinnar (feminine genitive singular)
hins (genitive neuter singular)
hinir (masculine nominative plural)
hinar (feminine nominative plural)
hin (neuter nominative plural)
hina (accusative masculine plural)
hinar (accusative feminine plural)
hin (accusative neuter plural)
hinum (dative masculine plural)
hinum (dative feminine plural)
hinum (dative neuter plural)
hinna (genitive masculine plural)
hinna (feminine genitive plural)
hinna (genitive neuter plural)

inflection of hinn:
feminine singular nominative

inflection of hinn:
neuter plural nominative/accusative


hitt

neuter nominative/accusative singular of hinn


því

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)
sá (masculine nominative singular)
sú (feminine nominative singular)
þat (neuter nominative singular)
þann (accusative masculine singular)
þá (accusative feminine singular)
þat (accusative neuter singular)
þeim (dative masculine singular)
þeirri (dative feminine singular)
því (dative neuter singular)
þí (dative neuter singular)
þess (genitive masculine singular)
þeirrar (feminine genitive singular)
þess (genitive neuter singular)
þeir (masculine nominative plural)
þær (feminine nominative plural)
þau (neuter nominative plural)
þá (accusative masculine plural)
þær (accusative feminine plural)
þau (accusative neuter plural)
þeim (dative masculine plural)
þeim (dative feminine plural)
þeim (dative neuter plural)
þeira (genitive masculine plural)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural)
þeira (feminine genitive plural)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural)
þeira (genitive neuter plural)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural)

Icelandic: því

Faroese: tí

Norwegian: di (dialectal)

Old Swedish: þȳ

Swedish: ty (obsolete)

Possibly from the instrumental interrogative Proto-Germanic *hwī (“how, with what”), with the initial h- replaced by the þ- from the forms of *sa (“that”). Compare Old English þȳ (“by that; therefore; because; since”, instrumental case of þæt). More at the.

cog

instrumental case of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">þæt</i>


hvert

neuter nominative/accusative singular of hverr


þá

sá (masculine nominative singular)
sú (feminine nominative singular)
þat (neuter nominative singular)
þann (accusative masculine singular)
þá (accusative feminine singular)
þat (accusative neuter singular)
þeim (dative masculine singular)
þeirri (dative feminine singular)
því (dative neuter singular)
þí (dative neuter singular)
þess (genitive masculine singular)
þeirrar (feminine genitive singular)
þess (genitive neuter singular)
þeir (masculine nominative plural)
þær (feminine nominative plural)
þau (neuter nominative plural)
þá (accusative masculine plural)
þær (accusative feminine plural)
þau (accusative neuter plural)
þeim (dative masculine plural)
þeim (dative feminine plural)
þeim (dative neuter plural)
þeira (genitive masculine plural)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural)
þeira (feminine genitive plural)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural)
þeira (genitive neuter plural)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural)

Icelandic: þá

Faroese: ta, tá

Old Swedish: þē

From Proto-Germanic *þǭ, accusative singular feminine of Proto-Germanic *sa (“that”). Cognate with Old English þā, Old Saxon thia, Old High German dē, dea, Gothic 𐌸𐍉 (þō).

that (accusative singular feminine demonstrative pronoun)


þá

Icelandic: þá

Faroese: tá (obsolete)

Old Swedish: þā

From Proto-Germanic *þanz, accusative plural masculine of Proto-Germanic *sa (“that”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 (þans).

those (accusative plural masculine demonstrative pronoun)

them (third-person accusative plural masculine personal pronoun)


oss

Icelandic: oss

Faroese: os, oss

Norn:

Orkney: vus

Shetland: wus

Norwegian: oss

Dalian: wóss, vôss, ôss, våss, uôss, wåss, wôss, huoss

Elfdalian: uoss

Old Swedish: oss

Swedish: oss

Scanian: váss

Old Danish: os, us

Danish: os

Gutnish: våss


vér

ek (singular)
vit (dual)
ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)
vær (alternative)
mér (alternative)
*wīʀ (alternative)

Icelandic: vér, vær

Faroese: vær

Norwegian Nynorsk: me (< mér < erum vér)

From Proto-Germanic *wīz, from Proto-Indo-European *wéy, plural of *éǵh₂. Cognate with Old English wē ( > English we), Old Frisian wī ( > West Frisian wy), Old Saxon wī ( > Low German wi), Old Dutch wī ( > Dutch wij), Old High German wir ( > German wir), Gothic 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 (weis).


ér

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)
*īʀ (alternative)
þér (alternative)

Icelandic: ér

desctree

⇒ Old West Norse: þér (← hafið ér)
Icelandic: þér
Faroese: tær
Old Swedish: þær, þæ

From Proto-Germanic *jīz, Northwest Germanic form of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs. The vowel change of long ī to long é is due to West Norse R-umlaut, caused by the Proto-Germanic -z, which in Proto-Norse changed to a -R sound, before merging with regular r. The East Norse form is thus ír.


mér

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)

Icelandic: mér

Faroese: mær

Old Swedish: mær

From Proto-Norse ᛗᛖᛉ (meʀ), Proto-Germanic *miz, dative of *ek.


hina

inflection of hinn:
feminine singular accusative

inflection of hinn:
masculine plural accusative


sjalfr

sjalfr (masculine nominative singular)
sjǫlf (feminine nominative singular)
sjalft (neuter nominative singular)
sjalfan (accusative masculine singular)
sjalfa (accusative feminine singular)
sjalft (accusative neuter singular)
sjǫlfum (dative masculine singular)
sjalfri (dative feminine singular)
sjǫlfu (dative neuter singular)
sjalfs (genitive masculine singular)
sjalfrar (feminine genitive singular)
sjalfs (genitive neuter singular)
sjalfir (masculine nominative plural)
sjalfar (feminine nominative plural)
sjǫlf (neuter nominative plural)
sjalfa (accusative masculine plural)
sjalfar (accusative feminine plural)
sjǫlf (accusative neuter plural)
sjǫlfum (dative masculine plural)
sjǫlfum (dative feminine plural)
sjǫlfum (dative neuter plural)
sjalfra (genitive masculine plural)
sjalfra (feminine genitive plural)
sjalfra (genitive neuter plural)
*sealfʀ (alternative)
sjálfr (alternative)

Icelandic: sjálfur

Faroese: sjálvur

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: sjølv; (dialectal) sjølv'u, sjålv, sjav'e, sjåv, sjelv

Norwegian Bokmål: sjøl

Elfdalian: siuov

Old Swedish: sialver, siælver, sialfr, siælfr

Swedish: själv, (dialectal, Finland) sjölv

Old Danish: sialfær, sialf, siælf, sælf

Scanian: sælver

Danish: selv

Norwegian Bokmål: selv

Jutish: sjæl

From Proto-Germanic *selbaz, whence also Old English self, seolf, Old Frisian self, Old Saxon self, Old High German selb, Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *selbʰ- (“one's own”), from *s(w)e- (“separate, apart”).


sumr

sumr (masculine nominative singular)
sum (feminine nominative singular)
sumt (neuter nominative singular)
suman (accusative masculine singular)
suma (accusative feminine singular)
sumt (accusative neuter singular)
sumum (dative masculine singular)
sumri (dative feminine singular)
sumu (dative neuter singular)
sums (genitive masculine singular)
sumrar (feminine genitive singular)
sums (genitive neuter singular)
sumir (masculine nominative plural)
sumar (feminine nominative plural)
sum (neuter nominative plural)
suma (accusative masculine plural)
sumar (accusative feminine plural)
sum (accusative neuter plural)
sumum (dative masculine plural)
sumum (dative feminine plural)
sumum (dative neuter plural)
sumra (genitive masculine plural)
sumra (feminine genitive plural)
sumra (genitive neuter plural)

Icelandic: sumur

Faroese: summur

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: sum, som; (dialectal) sum’e, søm

Old Swedish: sumber

Swedish: somme, somma, somt, (dialectal) sômmer, sômma

Danish: somme

Norwegian Bokmål: somme

From Proto-Germanic *sumaz, whence also Old English sum, Old High German sum, Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍃 (sums). See also English some.


engi

ekki (neuter)
einngi (alternative)
eingi (alternative)
øngvi (alternative)
enginn (alternative)

From einn (“one”) + -gi (“not”), literally “not one”. Compare Old Norse ekki.


sá

sú (feminine)
þat (neuter)
sá (masculine nominative singular)
sú (feminine nominative singular)
þat (neuter nominative singular)
þann (accusative masculine singular)
þá (accusative feminine singular)
þat (accusative neuter singular)
þeim (dative masculine singular)
þeirri (dative feminine singular)
því (dative neuter singular)
þí (dative neuter singular)
þess (genitive masculine singular)
þeirrar (feminine genitive singular)
þess (genitive neuter singular)
þeir (masculine nominative plural)
þær (feminine nominative plural)
þau (neuter nominative plural)
þá (accusative masculine plural)
þær (accusative feminine plural)
þau (accusative neuter plural)
þeim (dative masculine plural)
þeim (dative feminine plural)
þeim (dative neuter plural)
þeira (genitive masculine plural)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural)
þeira (feminine genitive plural)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural)
þeira (genitive neuter plural)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural)

Icelandic: sá

Faroese: sá

Old Swedish: sa

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *sa, from Proto-Indo-European *só. Related to Old Norse sjá.


suma

inflection of sumr:
feminine accusative singular

inflection of sumr:
masculine accusative plural


sú

sá (masculine)
þat (neuter)
sá (masculine nominative singular)
sú (feminine nominative singular)
þat (neuter nominative singular)
þann (accusative masculine singular)
þá (accusative feminine singular)
þat (accusative neuter singular)
þeim (dative masculine singular)
þeirri (dative feminine singular)
því (dative neuter singular)
þí (dative neuter singular)
þess (genitive masculine singular)
þeirrar (feminine genitive singular)
þess (genitive neuter singular)
þeir (masculine nominative plural)
þær (feminine nominative plural)
þau (neuter nominative plural)
þá (accusative masculine plural)
þær (accusative feminine plural)
þau (accusative neuter plural)
þeim (dative masculine plural)
þeim (dative feminine plural)
þeim (dative neuter plural)
þeira (genitive masculine plural)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural)
þeira (feminine genitive plural)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural)
þeira (genitive neuter plural)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural)

From Proto-Germanic *sō (feminine of *sa (“that”)), from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ (feminine of *só (“that”)). Cognate with Old English sēo and þēo, German die.

that, this (nominative and accusative singular feminine demonstrative pronoun)

she (third-person nominative and accusative singular feminine personal pronoun)


hvat

hver (masculine nominative singular)
hvar (masculine nominative singular)
hvat (neuter nominative singular)
hven (accusative masculine singular)
hvat (accusative neuter singular)
hveim (dative masculine singular)
hví (dative neuter singular)
hves (genitive masculine singular)
hves (genitive neuter singular)

Icelandic: hvað

Faroese: hvat

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: kva, kvat; (dialectal) k(v)att, kåt, ka, ke, ko, kø, hot, høt, hø, ho

Jamtish: hut, hvuð

Old Swedish: hvat, hvadh

Swedish: vad, hvad (pre-1906 spelling)

Old Danish: hwat

Danish: hvad

Norwegian Bokmål: hva

From Proto-Germanic *hwat (“what”), neuter nominative of *hwaz (“who, what”). Cognate with Old English hwæt, Old Frisian hwet, Old Saxon hwat, Old Dutch wat, Old High German waz, Gothic 𐍈𐌰 (ƕa).

what (nominative and accusative singular neuter interrogative pronoun)

what (nominative and accusative singular neuter relative pronoun)

c. 850, Þjóðólfr ór Hvíni, Haustlǫng
hvat kvað hapta snytrir · hjalmfaldinn því valda
the helmet-capped instructor of the gods [= Óðinn] said something was causing this


henni

Danish: hende

Faroese: henni

Icelandic: henni

Swedish: henne


mítt

neuter nominative/accusative singular of mínn


mína

inflection of mínn:
feminine accusative singular

inflection of mínn:
masculine accusative plural


mínum

inflection of mínn:
masculine dative singular

inflection of mínn:
masculine/feminine/neuter dative plural


míns

masculine/neuter genitive singular of mínn


mínar

feminine nominative/accusative plural of mínn


þér

Icelandic: þér

Faroese: tær

Old Swedish: þær, þæ

From Proto-Norse *ᚦᛖᛉ (*þeʀ), Proto-Germanic *þiz, dative of *þū.


þér

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)
ér (alternative)
íʀ (alternative)

Icelandic: þér

Faroese: tær

Norwegian Nynorsk: de (also from þit)

From earlier ér, from Proto-Germanic *jīz, Northwest Germanic form of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs. The initial þ comes from a pervasive sandhi effect, triggered by word-final ð in the second person plural verb endings (e.g. hafið ér → reinterpreted as hafið þér).


hennar

Icelandic: hennar

Faroese: hennar

Norwegian Nynorsk: hennar

Jamtish: hennar

Old Swedish: hænnar, hænna

Old Danish: hænna


þess

Icelandic: þess

Faroese: tess

Norwegian Bokmål: dess

Old Swedish: þæs, þäs

Swedish: dess

From Proto-Germanic *þas, genitive of *sa. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tósyo, genitive of *só.

masculine/neuter genitive singular of sá


hánum

Icelandic: honum

Faroese: honum

Norwegian Nynorsk: honom, ‘nom (dialectal) hono, hannom, hom

Swedish: honom

Danish: hannem

Danish: ham

Norwegian Bokmål: ham

En er sendimenn komu til Auðbjarnar konungs, ok báru hánum þessa orðsending, þá réðsk hann um við vini sína, ok réðu hánum þat allir, at safna liði,..

3. chapter of Egils Saga; Upphaf ríkis Haralds hárfagra. (The beginning of the rule of Harold Fairhair.)

But when the messenger came to king Auðbjörn, and delivered him this notice, then he discussed with his friends and they all advised him to gather men.


þeim

Icelandic: þeim

Faroese: teimum

Norwegian Nynorsk: deim

Old Swedish: þem, them

Swedish: dem

Old Danish: þæm, thæm

Danish: dem

Norwegian Bokmål: dem

desctree

→ Middle English: þem
English: them, thame
Scots: thaim, them

From Proto-Germanic *þaimaz, dative plural of *sa (“that”). Cognate with Old English þǣm, þām, Old Saxon them, Old High German dem, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 (þaim).


þeirra

Icelandic: þeirra

Faroese: teirra


þik

Icelandic: þig

Faroese: teg

Norwegian: deg

Jamtish: deg

Old Swedish: þik

Swedish: dig

Danish: dig

late 12th c., Fjölsvinnsmál:
Segðu mér þat, er ek þik fregna num ok ek vilja vita.
Tell me that, which I want to know of news from you and what I want to know.


þat

Icelandic: það

Faroese: tað, hað

Norn: da

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: det

Norwegian Nynorsk: det, dat

Jamtish: deð, heð

Old Swedish: þæt, þet, thæt, thet, thz

Swedish: det, (obsolete) thet, dhet

Old Danish: thet

Danish: det

From Proto-Germanic *þat (neuter of *sa (“that”)), from Proto-Indo-European *tód (neuter of *só (“that”)). Cognate with Old English þæt, Old Saxon that, Old High German daz, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 (þata).

Þat var einn dag, er konungr talaði við Tóka ok spurði, hversu gamall maðr Tóki væri.

It was one day, that the king spoke with Took and asked, how old [of a] man Took might be.

it (third-person nominative and accusative singular neuter personal pronoun)

that (nominative and accusative singular neuter demonstrative pronoun)

rekkar þat þóttusk · es ript hǫfðu
nęiss es nøkkviðr halr

champions they seemed when clothes they had; shameful is the naked man.

Þat eru tveir úlfar, ok heitir sá, er eftir henni ferr, Skoll.

It is (literally 'are') the two wolves, and he who goes after her is called Skoll.

(exophoric) they, that, those (regardless of gender and number; compare Old English þæt)


hinar

feminine plural nominative/accusative of hinn


sér

Icelandic: sér

Faroese: sær

Old Danish: sæ, ᛋᛅ

Old Swedish: sær, sæ

Swedish: sär

⇒ Old Norse: í sér

Norwegian Nynorsk: især

Norwegian Bokmål: især

Danish: især

Swedish: isär

From Proto-Germanic *siz, dative of *se-.


hón

Icelandic: hún

Faroese: hon

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: ho; (dialectal) hon, hõ, hu

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ho (obsolete)

Elfdalian: ą̊

Old Swedish: hōn

Swedish: hon

Danish: hun

Norwegian Bokmål: hun

Old Gutnish: han

From older hǫ́n, from Proto-Norse *ᚺᚨᚾᚢ (*hanu /*hānu/), from a prefixed form of Proto-Germanic *ainaz (“one”).

she (third-person nominative singular feminine personal pronoun)


hverr

hver (feminine)
hvert (neuter)
hverr (masculine nominative singular)
hver (feminine nominative singular)
hvert (neuter nominative singular)
hvern (accusative masculine singular)
hverjan (accusative masculine singular)
hverja (accusative feminine singular)
hvert (accusative neuter singular)
hverjum (dative masculine singular)
hverri (dative feminine singular)
hverju (dative neuter singular)
hvers (genitive masculine singular)
hverrar (feminine genitive singular)
hvers (genitive neuter singular)
hverir (masculine nominative plural)
hverjar (feminine nominative plural)
hver (neuter nominative plural)
hverja (accusative masculine plural)
hverjar (accusative feminine plural)
hver (accusative neuter plural)
hverjum (dative masculine plural)
hverjum (dative feminine plural)
hverjum (dative neuter plural)
hverra (genitive masculine plural)
hverra (feminine genitive plural)
hverra (genitive neuter plural)

Icelandic: hver

Faroese: hvør

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvar, kven; (dialectal) kver

Old Swedish: hvar (acc. fem. hvaria)

Swedish: var, varje, (pre-1906 spelling) hvar, hvarje

Danish: hver

Norwegian Bokmål: hver

Old Gutnish: hwer

From Proto-Germanic *hwarjaz (“which, what (of many)”), *hwarjazuh (“each”), cognate with Gothic 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (ƕarjis, “which”), 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷 (ƕarjizuh, “each”). The meaning "who", "which", rather comes from Proto-Germanic *hwaz; see *hver.

inh

Ek veit einn, · at aldrigi deyr:

I know one which never dies:
the fame of every dead man.


-k

hafða + -k → hafðak

em + -k → emk

Þat veitk bezt / und bláum himni
kenninafn, / svát konungr eigi[…]

9th c., Þjóðólfr of Hvinir, Ynglingatal, verse 27

I know that the best / nickname
under the blue sky / that a king might have […]


sumt

neuter nominative/accusative singular of sumr


ꝥ

Ⱥⱥ Ƀƀ Ȼȼ Đđ Ɇɇ Ǥǥ Ħħ Ɨɨ Ɉɉ Ꝁꝁ Łł Øø Ᵽᵽ Ɍɍ Ŧŧ Ʉʉ Ɏɏ Ƶƶ Ꝥꝥ


vættki

vættki (accusative)
vættugi (dative)
vættugis (genitive)


-tu

þú (alternative)
-du (alternative)
-ðu (alternative)

Haralds saga hins hárfagra 41.
Nú tóktu svá við sem várr konungr vildi.

Lokasenna 24.
En þik síða kóðu / Samseyju í / ok draptu á vétt sem vǫlur / vitka líki / fórtu verþjóð yfir / ok hugða ek þat args aðal

skalt (“shalt”) + þú → skaltu (“shalt thou”)

lát (“let (impr.)”) + þú → láttu (“let (impr.)”)


hins

masculine/neuter singular genitive of hinn


-du

þú (alternative)
-tu (alternative)
-ðu (alternative)

kenn + þú → kenndu


nǫkkurr

nǫkkurr (masculine nominative singular)
nǫkkur (feminine nominative singular)
nǫkkurt (neuter nominative singular)
nǫkkut (neuter nominative singular)
nǫkkvat (neuter nominative singular)
nǫkkurn (accusative masculine singular)
nǫkkura (accusative feminine singular)
nǫkkurt (accusative neuter singular)
nǫkkut (accusative neuter singular)
nǫkkvat (accusative neuter singular)
nǫkkurum (dative masculine singular)
nǫkkurri (dative feminine singular)
nǫkkuru (dative neuter singular)
nǫkkvi (dative neuter singular)
nǫkkurs (genitive masculine singular)
nǫkkurrar (feminine genitive singular)
nǫkkurs (genitive neuter singular)
nǫkkurir (masculine nominative plural)
nǫkkurar (feminine nominative plural)
nǫkkur (neuter nominative plural)
nǫkkura (accusative masculine plural)
nǫkkurar (accusative feminine plural)
nǫkkur (accusative neuter plural)
nǫkkurum (dative masculine plural)
nǫkkurum (dative feminine plural)
nǫkkurum (dative neuter plural)
nǫkkurra (genitive masculine plural)
nǫkkurra (feminine genitive plural)
nǫkkurra (genitive neuter plural)
nakkvarr (alternative)
nakkverr (alternative)
nekkvarr (alternative)
nekkverr (alternative)
nǫkkvarr (alternative)
nǫkkverr (alternative)
nøkkurr (alternative)
nakkurr (alternative)
nǫkkr (alternative)

Icelandic: nokkur

Faroese: nakar

Norwegian Nynorsk: nokon

Russenorsk: nokka

Jamtish: nukun

Elfdalian: nogär

desctree

Old Swedish: nokor
Swedish: någon, någor

Old Danish: nokær

Danish: nogen, (obsolete) nogher; noghen; noghel

Norwegian Bokmål: noen

Scanian: nóğen

Old Gutnish: nequar

Gutnish: nokon

From earlier nakkvarr, from Proto-Norse *ᚾᛁ ᚹᚨᛁᛏ ᛖᚲ ᚺᚹᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*ni wait ek hwarjaʀ, literally “not-know-I-who”), equivalent to né + veit + ek + hverr. Compare Latin nescio quis (“I don't know who”), i.e., "somebody". Development should have included intermediary stage *ᚾᚨᛁᛏᚲᚹᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*naitkwarjaʀ).

inh

*ᚾᛁ ᚹᚨᛁᛏ ᛖᚲ ᚺᚹᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ

the plur. added to a numeral; about, some


hvatki

hvatki (accusative)
hvígi (dative)
hveskis (genitive)


ᚦᛅᚢ

ᛋᚴᛅᚾᛘᛅᛚᛋ ᛅᚢᚴ × ᚬᛚᛅᚢᚠ × ᚦᛅᚢ × ᛚᛁᛏᚢ × ᚴᛁᛅᚱᛅ × ᛘᛂᚱᚴᛁ × ᚦᛅᚢᛋᛁ × ᛂᚠᛏᛁᛦ × ᛋᚢᛅᛁᚾ × ᚠᛅᚦᚢᚱ × ᛋᛁᚾ × ᚴᚢᚦ × ᚼᛁᛅᛚᛒᛁ ᛋᛅᛚᚢ ᚼᛅᚾᛋ
skanmals auk × olauf × þau × litu × kiara × merki × þausi × eftiʀ × suain × faþur × sin × kuþ × hialbi salu hans

10th c., inscription on the Skåäng Runestone

Skammhals and Ólôf, they had these landmarks made in memory of Sveinn, their father. May God help his soul.

Runic spelling of þau: they, them; those


þit

Icelandic: þið

Faroese: tit

Norwegian Nynorsk: de, did

From earlier it, from Proto-Germanic *jit, Northwest Germanic form of Proto-Germanic *jut. For the þ- compare þér.


hvatvetna

hvatvetna (nominative)
hvatvetna (accusative)
hvívetna (dative)
hversvetna (genitive)
hvetvetna (alternative)
hvatvitna (alternative)
hvetvitna (alternative)
hotvetna (alternative)

desc

Icelandic: hvaðvetna, hvatvetna, hvetvetna


-ðu

þú (alternative)
-du (alternative)
-tu (alternative)

far + þú → farðu


einnhverr

einnhverr (masculine nominative singular)
einhver (feminine nominative singular)
eitthvert (neuter nominative singular)
einhvern (accusative masculine singular)
einhverja (accusative feminine singular)
eitthvert (accusative neuter singular)
einhverjum (dative masculine singular)
einhverri (dative feminine singular)
einhverju (dative neuter singular)
einhvers (genitive masculine singular)
einhverrar (feminine genitive singular)
einhvers (genitive neuter singular)
einhverir (masculine nominative plural)
einhverjar (feminine nominative plural)
einhver (neuter nominative plural)
einhverja (accusative masculine plural)
einhverjar (accusative feminine plural)
einhver (accusative neuter plural)
einhverjum (dative masculine plural)
einhverjum (dative feminine plural)
einhverjum (dative neuter plural)
einhverra (genitive masculine plural)
einhverra (feminine genitive plural)
einhverra (genitive neuter plural)

Icelandic: einhver

Faroese: onkur

Norwegian Nynorsk: einkvan

Old Swedish: ēnhvar

Swedish: envar

ágætastr maðr einnhverr

(with a superlative) functions as an intensive


hvárrtveggi

hvárrtveggi (masculine nominative singular)
hvártveggi (feminine nominative singular)
hvárttveggi (neuter nominative singular)
hvárntveggi (accusative masculine singular)
hváratveggi (accusative feminine singular)
hvárttveggi (accusative neuter singular)
hvárumtveggi (dative masculine singular)
hvárritveggi (dative feminine singular)
hvártveggi (dative neuter singular)
hvárstveggi (genitive masculine singular)
hvárrartveggi (feminine genitive singular)
hvárstveggi (genitive neuter singular)
hvárirtveggi (masculine nominative plural)
hvárartveggi (feminine nominative plural)
hváratveggi (neuter nominative plural)
hváratveggi (accusative masculine plural)
hvárartveggi (accusative feminine plural)
hvártveggi (accusative neuter plural)
hvárumtveggi (dative masculine plural)
hvárumtveggi (dative feminine plural)
hvárumtveggi (dative neuter plural)
hvárratveggi (genitive masculine plural)
hvárratveggi (feminine genitive plural)
hvárratveggi (genitive neuter plural)
hvárrtveggi (masculine nominative singular)
hvártveggja (feminine nominative singular)
hvárttveggja (neuter nominative singular)
hvárntveggja (accusative masculine singular)
hváratveggju (accusative feminine singular)
hvárttveggja (accusative neuter singular)
hvárumtveggja (dative masculine singular)
hvárritveggju (dative feminine singular)
hvárutveggja (dative neuter singular)
hvárstveggja (genitive masculine singular)
hvárrartveggju (feminine genitive singular)
hvárstveggja (genitive neuter singular)
hvárirtveggju (masculine nominative plural)
hvárartveggju (feminine nominative plural)
hváratveggju (neuter nominative plural)
hváratveggju (accusative masculine plural)
hvárartveggju (accusative feminine plural)
hvártveggju (accusative neuter plural)
hvárumtveggjum (dative masculine plural)
hvárumtveggjum (dative feminine plural)
hvárumtveggjum (dative neuter plural)
hvárratveggju (genitive masculine plural)
hvárratveggju (feminine genitive plural)
hvárratveggju (genitive neuter plural)
hvárrtveggja (alternative)

From hvárr (“each”) + tveggja, the last part being the genitive of tveir (“two”).


hvárrtveggja

hvárrtveggja (masculine nominative singular)
hvártveggja (feminine nominative singular)
hvárttveggja (neuter nominative singular)
hvárntveggja (accusative masculine singular)
hváratveggja (accusative feminine singular)
hvárttveggja (accusative neuter singular)
hvárumtveggja (dative masculine singular)
hvárritveggja (dative feminine singular)
hvárutveggja (dative neuter singular)
hvárstveggja (genitive masculine singular)
hvárrartveggja (feminine genitive singular)
hvárstveggja (genitive neuter singular)
hvárirtveggja (masculine nominative plural)
hvárartveggja (feminine nominative plural)
hváratveggja (neuter nominative plural)
hváratveggja (accusative masculine plural)
hvárartveggja (accusative feminine plural)
hvártveggja (accusative neuter plural)
hvárumtveggja (dative masculine plural)
hvárumtveggja (dative feminine plural)
hvárumtveggja (dative neuter plural)
hvárratveggja (genitive masculine plural)
hvárratveggja (feminine genitive plural)
hvárratveggja (genitive neuter plural)
hvárrtveggi (alternative)


manngi

...á þeim meiði er manngi veit...

...from that gallows-tree that no one knows...


okkr

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)

Icelandic: okkur

Faroese: okkum

Norwegian Nynorsk: okker, (dialectal) okke (Jæren, Dalane, Agder), okko (Setesdal, Åserål), okkon, ‘kon (Inner Telemark), ‘kan (East Telemark, Numedal), aoko (Inner Hardanger)


nǫkkut

head

nǫkkut n (genitive nǫkkurs, dative nǫkkuru)


nǫkkurn

masculine accusative singular of nǫkkurr


þann

sá (masculine nominative singular)
sú (feminine nominative singular)
þat (neuter nominative singular)
þann (accusative masculine singular)
þá (accusative feminine singular)
þat (accusative neuter singular)
þeim (dative masculine singular)
þeirri (dative feminine singular)
því (dative neuter singular)
þí (dative neuter singular)
þess (genitive masculine singular)
þeirrar (feminine genitive singular)
þess (genitive neuter singular)
þeir (masculine nominative plural)
þær (feminine nominative plural)
þau (neuter nominative plural)
þá (accusative masculine plural)
þær (accusative feminine plural)
þau (accusative neuter plural)
þeim (dative masculine plural)
þeim (dative feminine plural)
þeim (dative neuter plural)
þeira (genitive masculine plural)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural)
þeira (feminine genitive plural)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural)
þeira (genitive neuter plural)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural)

Icelandic: þann

Faroese: tann

Norwegian Nynorsk: dan, den

Russenorsk: den, dein, денъ (den)

desctree

Old Swedish: þæn, ᚦᛅᚿ
Swedish: den; then, dhen (obsolete)

Danish: den, æ

Norwegian Bokmål: den

From Proto-Germanic *þanǭ, masculine accusative singular of *sa (“that”). Cognate with Old English þone, Old Saxon thana, Old High German den, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 (þana).


yðr

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)
iðʀ (alternative)

Icelandic: yður

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: øder, (dialectal) ør, dør, døre


einhvern

masculine accusative singular of einnhverr


e-n

Abbreviation of einhvern; masculine accusative singular of einnhverr


iðʀ

iak (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þú (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
hánn (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
hann (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
hánn (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hann (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
méʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þéʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
séʀ (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
hǫ́num (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hęnni (dative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
því (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
mínn (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
þínn (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sínn (genitive personal pronoun reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hęnnaʀ (feminine genitive personal pronoun singular third-person)
þęss (genitive neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
vit (dual nominative personal pronoun)
it (dual nominative personal pronoun)
okkʀ (accusative dual personal pronoun)
ykkʀ (accusative dual personal pronoun)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun)
okkʀ (dative dual personal pronoun)
ykkʀ (dative dual personal pronoun)
séʀ (dative dual personal pronoun)
okkarr (dual genitive personal pronoun)
ykkarr (dual genitive personal pronoun)
sínn (dual genitive personal pronoun)
víʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun)
íʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun)
þęiʀ (masculine nominative personal plural pronoun)
þáʀ (feminine nominative personal plural pronoun)
þaun (neuter nominative personal plural pronoun)
oss (accusative personal plural pronoun)
iðʀ (accusative personal plural pronoun)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun)
þá (accusative masculine personal plural pronoun)
þáʀ (accusative feminine personal plural pronoun)
þaun (accusative neuter personal plural pronoun)
oss (dative personal plural pronoun)
iðʀ (dative personal plural pronoun)
séʀ (dative personal plural pronoun)
þęim (dative masculine personal plural pronoun)
þęim (dative feminine personal plural pronoun)
þęim (dative neuter personal plural pronoun)
várr (genitive personal plural pronoun)
iðvarr (genitive personal plural pronoun)
sínn (genitive personal plural pronoun)
þęiʀa (genitive masculine personal plural pronoun)
þęiʀa (feminine genitive personal plural pronoun)
þęiʀa (genitive neuter personal plural pronoun)
yðr (alternative)

Old Swedish: iþer, idher

Swedish: eder, er

Danish: eder, jer

Norwegian Bokmål: eder

→ Norwegian: (dialectal) der, dere

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dere


īʀ

iak (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þú (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
hánn (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
hann (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
hánn (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hann (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
méʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þéʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
séʀ (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
hǫ́num (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hęnni (dative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
því (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
mínn (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
þínn (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sínn (genitive personal pronoun reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hęnnaʀ (feminine genitive personal pronoun singular third-person)
þęss (genitive neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
vit (dual nominative personal pronoun)
it (dual nominative personal pronoun)
okkʀ (accusative dual personal pronoun)
ykkʀ (accusative dual personal pronoun)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun)
okkʀ (dative dual personal pronoun)
ykkʀ (dative dual personal pronoun)
séʀ (dative dual personal pronoun)
okkarr (dual genitive personal pronoun)
ykkarr (dual genitive personal pronoun)
sínn (dual genitive personal pronoun)
víʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun)
íʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun)
þęiʀ (masculine nominative personal plural pronoun)
þáʀ (feminine nominative personal plural pronoun)
þaun (neuter nominative personal plural pronoun)
oss (accusative personal plural pronoun)
iðʀ (accusative personal plural pronoun)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun)
þá (accusative masculine personal plural pronoun)
þáʀ (accusative feminine personal plural pronoun)
þaun (accusative neuter personal plural pronoun)
oss (dative personal plural pronoun)
iðʀ (dative personal plural pronoun)
séʀ (dative personal plural pronoun)
þęim (dative masculine personal plural pronoun)
þęim (dative feminine personal plural pronoun)
þęim (dative neuter personal plural pronoun)
várr (genitive personal plural pronoun)
iðvarr (genitive personal plural pronoun)
sínn (genitive personal plural pronoun)
þęiʀa (genitive masculine personal plural pronoun)
þęiʀa (feminine genitive personal plural pronoun)
þęiʀa (genitive neuter personal plural pronoun)
ér (alternative)
þér (alternative)
ᛁᛦ (alternative)

desctree

Old Swedish: īr, ī, ᛁᚱ
Swedish: I, ni (← hafven I)

Danish: I
Norwegian Bokmål: I

From Proto-Germanic *jīz, Northwest Germanic form of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs.


wīʀ

iak (singular)
wit (dual)
iak (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þú (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
hánn (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
hann (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
hánn (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hann (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
méʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þéʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
séʀ (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
hǫ́num (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hęnni (dative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
því (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
mínn (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
þínn (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sínn (genitive personal pronoun reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hęnnaʀ (feminine genitive personal pronoun singular third-person)
þęss (genitive neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
vit (dual nominative personal pronoun)
it (dual nominative personal pronoun)
okkʀ (accusative dual personal pronoun)
ykkʀ (accusative dual personal pronoun)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun)
okkʀ (dative dual personal pronoun)
ykkʀ (dative dual personal pronoun)
séʀ (dative dual personal pronoun)
okkarr (dual genitive personal pronoun)
ykkarr (dual genitive personal pronoun)
sínn (dual genitive personal pronoun)
víʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun)
íʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun)
þęiʀ (masculine nominative personal plural pronoun)
þáʀ (feminine nominative personal plural pronoun)
þaun (neuter nominative personal plural pronoun)
oss (accusative personal plural pronoun)
iðʀ (accusative personal plural pronoun)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun)
þá (accusative masculine personal plural pronoun)
þáʀ (accusative feminine personal plural pronoun)
þaun (accusative neuter personal plural pronoun)
oss (dative personal plural pronoun)
iðʀ (dative personal plural pronoun)
séʀ (dative personal plural pronoun)
þęim (dative masculine personal plural pronoun)
þęim (dative feminine personal plural pronoun)
þęim (dative neuter personal plural pronoun)
várr (genitive personal plural pronoun)
iðvarr (genitive personal plural pronoun)
sínn (genitive personal plural pronoun)
þęiʀa (genitive masculine personal plural pronoun)
þęiʀa (feminine genitive personal plural pronoun)
þęiʀa (genitive neuter personal plural pronoun)
vér (alternative)
ᚢᛁᛦ (alternative)

Elfdalian: wįr

Old Swedish: vīr, vī, ᚠᛁᚱ
Swedish: vi

→ Norwegian: vi

Old Danish: wii, wi

Danish: vi

Norwegian Bokmål: vi

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: vi

From Proto-Germanic *wīz, from Proto-Indo-European *wéy, plural of *éǵh₂. Cognate with Old English wē ( > English we), Old Frisian wī ( > West Frisian wy), Old Saxon wī ( > Low German wi), Old Dutch wī ( > Dutch wij), Old High German wir ( > German wir), Gothic 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 (weis).


hvers

masculine/neuter genitive singular of hverr


hverjum

inflection of hverr:
masculine dative singular

inflection of hverr:
masculine/feminine/neuter dative plural


mínna

masculine/feminine/neuter genitive plural of mínn


sjǫlfum

inflection of sjalfr:
masculine dative singular

inflection of sjalfr:
masculine/feminine/neuter dative plural


sjalfs

masculine/neuter genitive singular of sjalfr


sjalfa

inflection of sjalfr:
feminine accusative singular

inflection of sjalfr:
masculine accusative plural


sjǫlf

inflection of sjalfr:
feminine nominative singular

inflection of sjalfr:
neuter nominative/accusative plural


sjalfar

feminine nominative/accusative plural of sjalfr


sjalft

neuter nominative/accusative singular of sjalfr


sjalfra

masculine/feminine/neuter genitive plural of sjalfr


hverjar

feminine nominative/accusative plural of hverr


sumum

inflection of sumr:
masculine dative singular

inflection of sumr:
masculine/feminine/neuter dative plural


ꝧ

(siglum) Scribal abbreviation of þeim, þeir


þeira

ek (first-person nominative singular)
þú (nominative second-person singular)
hann (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hón (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hǫ́n (feminine nominative singular third-person)
þat (neuter nominative singular third-person)
mik (accusative first-person singular)
þik (accusative second-person singular)
sik (accusative reflexive singular)
hann (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hana (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hána (accusative feminine singular third-person)
þat (accusative neuter singular third-person)
mér (dative first-person singular)
þér (dative second-person singular)
sér (dative reflexive singular)
hánum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hónum (dative masculine singular third-person)
hǫ́num (dative masculine singular third-person)
henni (dative feminine singular third-person)
því (dative neuter singular third-person)
mín (first-person genitive singular)
þín (genitive second-person singular)
sín (genitive reflexive singular)
hans (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hennar (feminine genitive singular third-person)
þess (genitive neuter singular third-person)
vit (dual first-person nominative)
it (dual nominative second-person)
þit (dual nominative second-person)
okkr (accusative dual first-person)
ykkr (accusative dual second-person)
sik (accusative dual reflexive)
okkr (dative dual first-person)
ykkr (dative dual second-person)
sér (dative dual reflexive)
okkar (dual first-person genitive)
ykkar (dual genitive second-person)
sín (dual genitive reflexive)
vér (first-person nominative plural)
ér (nominative plural second-person)
þér (nominative plural second-person)
þeir (masculine nominative plural third-person)
þær (feminine nominative plural third-person)
þau (neuter nominative plural third-person)
oss (accusative first-person plural)
yðr (accusative plural second-person)
sik (accusative plural reflexive)
þá (accusative masculine plural third-person)
þær (accusative feminine plural third-person)
þau (accusative neuter plural third-person)
oss (dative first-person plural)
yðr (dative plural second-person)
sér (dative plural reflexive)
þeim (dative masculine plural third-person)
þeim (dative feminine plural third-person)
þeim (dative neuter plural third-person)
vár (first-person genitive plural)
yðar (genitive plural second-person)
yðvar (genitive plural second-person)
sín (genitive plural reflexive)
þeira (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural third-person)
þeira (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural third-person)
þeira (genitive neuter plural third-person)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural third-person)
sá (masculine nominative singular)
sú (feminine nominative singular)
þat (neuter nominative singular)
þann (accusative masculine singular)
þá (accusative feminine singular)
þat (accusative neuter singular)
þeim (dative masculine singular)
þeirri (dative feminine singular)
því (dative neuter singular)
þí (dative neuter singular)
þess (genitive masculine singular)
þeirrar (feminine genitive singular)
þess (genitive neuter singular)
þeir (masculine nominative plural)
þær (feminine nominative plural)
þau (neuter nominative plural)
þá (accusative masculine plural)
þær (accusative feminine plural)
þau (accusative neuter plural)
þeim (dative masculine plural)
þeim (dative feminine plural)
þeim (dative neuter plural)
þeira (genitive masculine plural)
þeirra (genitive masculine plural)
þeira (feminine genitive plural)
þeirra (feminine genitive plural)
þeira (genitive neuter plural)
þeirra (genitive neuter plural)
þeirra (alternative)

Icelandic: þeirra

Faroese: teirra

Norwegian Nynorsk: deira

Old Swedish: þēra

Swedish: deras

Old Danish: theræ(s)

Danish: deres

→ Middle English: þeir
English: their
Scots: thair

From Proto-Norse ᚦᚨᛁᛉᛟ (þaiʀo /þaizō/), from Proto-Germanic *þaizǭ, genitive plural of *sa (“that”). Cognate with Old English þāra, Old Saxon thero, Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 (þizē).