um

From Proto-Germanic *umbi (“around, about”). Cognate with Old English ymbe, Old Frisian umbe, ombe, Old Saxon umbi, Old High German umbi.

during, at a point in time [with accusative]


of

(archaic, poetic) over, above [with dative or accusative]


at

Icelandic: að

Faroese: at

Norwegian Nynorsk: åt

Old Swedish: at, āt

Swedish: åt

Old Danish: at

Danish: ad

Norwegian Bokmål: ad

From Proto-Germanic *at (“at, to”). Cognate with Old English æt, Old Frisian et, Old Saxon at, Old High German az, Gothic 𐌰𐍄 (at).

at heiðnum lǫgum

hann þá mjǫð at goðum

ek nam frǿði at Snorra

from, when acquiring something [with dative]


at

From earlier apt, from Proto-Norse ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ (after), ᛡᚠᚨᛏᛉ (ᴀfatʀ /afᵃtr/). Related to eptir, ept.

Hávamál

sjaldan bautarsteinar · standa brautu nær
nema reisi niðr at nið

menhirs [do] seldom stand near the road, unless a kinsman raise one in memory of a kinsman

Grágás
sonr á at taka arf at fǫður sinn

the son ought to take inheritance after his father

after, following, in memory of [with accusative]


á

Icelandic: á

Faroese: á

Norwegian Nynorsk: å (dialectal)

Elfdalian: ą̊

Old Swedish: ā

Swedish: å, a (dialectal)

Old Danish: ā

Danish: å (dialectal)

From Proto-Norse ᚨᚾ (an), from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, onto”). Cognate with Old English on, Old Frisian on, Old Saxon ana, an, Old Dutch ana, an, in, Old High German ana, an, Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ana).

ᛅ (alternative)
ᚭ (alternative)
ᚬ (alternative)
ᚨ (alternative)

Þeir eru á hólmi.

Ek bý á Islandi.


án

Icelandic: án

Faroese: ón

→ Middle English: *on, on-

English: on, ohn

Scots: on-, ohn-

From Proto-Norse *ᚨᚾᚢ (*anu), from Proto-Germanic *ēnu.

without [with genitive or dative or accusative]


frá

From Proto-Germanic *fram (“from”), from Proto-Indo-European *promo- (“forth, forward”). Cognate with Old English fram, Old Saxon fram, Old Dutch fram-, Old High German fram, Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 (fram).


fyrir

+obj

dat<qq:indicating location or advantage>/acc<qq:indicating movement>

dative (indicating location advantage) accusative (indicating movement)

[with dative (indicating location or advantage) or accusative (indicating movement)]

Icelandic: fyrir

Faroese: fyri

Norwegian Nynorsk: føre, for, fyre (dated)

Old Swedish: fyri(r), for

Swedish: före, för

Danish: for

From Proto-Germanic *furi (“before, for”). Cognate with Old English for, Old Saxon furi, Old High German furi, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 (faur).


hjá

Icelandic: hjá

Faroese: hjá

Norwegian Nynorsk: hjå

Old Swedish: hiā

Originally the dative of *hjá (“household”) (from Proto-Germanic *hīwô), thus literally "at home"; compare hjú, hjó, hjón.


í

Icelandic: í

Faroese: í, íggj

Norn: i

Norwegian Nynorsk: i

Norwegian Bokmål: i

Elfdalian: i

Old Swedish: ī

Swedish: i

Danish: i

From Proto-Germanic *in (“in, into”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

in motion towards a place [with accusative]


með

Icelandic: með

Faroese: með

Norwegian Nynorsk: med

Elfdalian: min

Old Swedish: mæþ, mz

Swedish: med

Danish: med

Norwegian Bokmål: med

with, along with [with dative or accusative]


síðan

Icelandic: síðan

Faroese: síðan, síðani

Norwegian Nynorsk: sidan, sia

Norwegian Bokmål: sia

Old Swedish: siþan, sedhan

Swedish: sedan

Old Danish: sithan, sithæn

Danish: siden

Norwegian Bokmål: siden

Old Gutnish: siþan

Contracted from Proto-Germanic *sīþuz (“late”) *þanō (instrumental form of *sa (“that”)), similar to Old English siþþan (“since”). See also Gothic 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (seiþus).

síðan laugardaginn


til

Icelandic: til

Faroese: til

Norwegian Bokmål: til

Norwegian Nynorsk: til

Runic Old East Norse: ᛏᛁᛚ (til)

Old Swedish: til, tel, te

Swedish: till

Old Danish: til

Danish: til

From Proto-Germanic *tilą (“goal”). Cognate with Old English til, Old Frisian til, German Ziel n (“goal”). The preposition has arisen from an adverbial use of the noun, lit. "(with) the goal of something"; this is also the reason it takes the genitive.

mæla til mart


undir

Icelandic: undir

Faroese: undir

Norn: onjder, onder

Norwegian Bokmål: under

Norwegian Nynorsk: under

Old Swedish: undir

Swedish: under

Danish: under

Gutnish: undar, unda, undur

under, underneath [with accusative or dative]


við

Icelandic: við, viður

Faroese: við

Norwegian: ved

Elfdalian: wið

Old Swedish: vīþ, viþer

Swedish: vid, veder-

Danish: ved

Old Gutnish: wiþr, wiþ

From Proto-Germanic *wiþi, a shortened form of Proto-Germanic *wiþrą (“against”), from Proto-Indo-European *wi-tero- (“more apart”), from *wí (“separation”).

der

horfa við e-m

[with dative]
(of direction) towards, against

(denoting barter, exchange) against, for

denoting barter; exchange; denoting barter; exchange

[with dative]
(denoting contest) against

við sólarsetr

[with accusative]
(about time) towards, at

(about a person) towards, respecting, regarding

[with accusative]
towards, respecting, regarding

falla við hǫgg

[with accusative]
as compared with, set off against

Vǫluspá in skamma 13.
Haf gengr hríðum / við himin sjalfan…


yfir

Icelandic: yfir

Faroese: yvir

Norwegian Nynorsk: yver, yvi; ivi, øve (dialectal)

Old Danish: ofær

Danish: over

Norwegian Bokmål: over

Norwegian Nynorsk: over

Old Swedish: yvir, ivir, over

Swedish: över; öv (dialectal)

Gutnish: yfvar, yfver

Dalian: yvyr

From Proto-Germanic *ubiri, from Proto-Indo-European *upéri, from *upér, from *upo.

over (moving across, going across) [with dative or accusative]


af

Icelandic: af

Faroese: av

Norwegian Nynorsk: av

Norwegian Bokmål: av

Norn: av

Elfdalian: åv

Old Swedish: af, āf, aff

q

Swedish: av, af (pre-1906 spelling; remains in surnames)

Danish: af

From Proto-Germanic *ab, whence also Old English æf, af, of (English of), Old Saxon ab, af, Old High German aba, abo (German ab), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af). Compare also au- in Icelandic auvirði.


sakar

on account of, for the sake of [with genitive]


nær

From Proto-Germanic *nēhwiz, comparative of *nēhw. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”).


innan

From Proto-Norse ᛁᚾᚨᚾᚨ (inana), from Proto-Germanic *innanē, akin to inn + -an.


upp

Icelandic: upp

Faroese: upp

Norwegian Nynorsk: upp

Old Swedish: up

Swedish: upp

Danish: op

Norwegian Bokmål: opp

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: opp

From Proto-Germanic *upp (“up”). Cognate with Old English upp, Old Frisian up, Old Saxon up, Old High German ūf, Gothic 𐌹𐌿𐍀 (iup).


ór

Icelandic: úr

Faroese: úr

Norwegian Nynorsk: or; ur (dialectal)

Old Swedish: ūr

Swedish: ur

Old Gutnish: yr (< *ýʀ)

Gutnish: ör, öir

From Proto-Germanic *uz (“out of”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌿𐍃 (us).

denoting absolute completeness, as in "utterly"


gegnum

Icelandic: gegnum

Faroese: gjøgnum

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjennom

Norwegian Bokmål: gjennom

Old Swedish: gēnom

Swedish: genom

Danish: gennem

Dative of the adjective gegn (“right, fitting”), derived from the preposition gegn (“against”), from Proto-Germanic *gagin (“towards”).


í gegnum

Icelandic: í gegnum

Faroese: ígjøgnum

Norwegian Nynorsk: igjennom

Norwegian Bokmål: igjennom

Swedish: igenom

Danish: igennem


ofan

Icelandic: ofan

Faroese: oman

Norwegian Nynorsk: ovan

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ova-

Old Swedish: ovan

Swedish: ovan

Danish: oven

Norwegian Bokmål: oven

From Proto-Germanic *ubanē. Akin to of + -an.


eptir

From Proto-Norse ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ (after), from Proto-Germanic *aftiri (“more aft, further behind”), *after, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epóteros (“further behind, further away”), comparative form of *h₂epó (“off, behind”). Compare also aptr.

inh

ept (alternative)
at (alternative)
ᛁᚠᛏᛁᛦ (alternative)
ᛁᚠᛏᛁᚱ (alternative)
ᛁᛒᛏᛁᛦ (alternative)
ᛅᚠᛏᛁᛦ (alternative)
ᚬᚠᛏᛁᛦ (alternative)
ᛅᛒᛏᛁᛦ (alternative)


umhverfis

settu þeir lið sitt umhverfis borgina


fyrir útan

Norwegian Nynorsk: utanfor

Norwegian Bokmål: utenfor, utafor


í milli

From earlier í miðli, originally dative of Proto-Germanic *midlą, related to meðal, English middle.

á milli (alternative)
á millu (alternative)
ímillum (alternative)
í millum (alternative)


útan

Faroese: uttan

Norwegian Nynorsk: utan

Norwegian Bokmål: uten

Old Swedish: ūtan

Swedish: utan

Danish: uden

From Proto-Germanic *ūtanē. Akin to út + -an.