月

a menstrual cycle, menstruation (believed to be caused by the moon)


月

(regional, Eastern Old Japanese) the moon

(regional, Eastern Old Japanese) a month


愛

mana (romanization)
まな (hiragana)
眞 (alternative)

Japanese: 愛 (mana-)

Originally a compound of 眞 (ma, “true, genuine”) + な (na, apophonic form of possessive particle の (no₂)).

com

apophonic form of possessive particle <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ojp">の</i> (no₂)

安志比奇乃夜末佐波妣登乃比登佐波爾麻奈登伊布児我安夜爾可奈思佐

asi-pi₁ki₂ no₂ yamasapabi₁to₂ no₂ pi₁to₂ sapa ni mana to₂ ipu ko₁ ga aya ni kanasisa


明日

Japanese: 明日 (asu)

Possibly from an as- root that is cognate with or from an apophonic form of 朝 (asa, “morning”).

意岐米母夜阿布美能於岐米阿須用理波美夜麻賀久理弖美延受加母阿良牟

711–712, Kojiki, lower volume (Emperor Kenzō; poem 112):

Oki₁me₂ mo₂ ya Apumi₁ no₂ Oki₁me₂ asu yo₁ri pa mi₁yama-gakurite mi₁yezu ka mo₂ aramu


朝

Japanese: 朝 (asa)

From Proto-Japonic *asa.
The as- stem refers to “the morning” or “after the dawn”, possibly cognate with or an apophonic form of 明日 (asu, “tomorrow”).


朝

Japanese: 朝, 明日 (ashita)

From Proto-Japonic *asita.
Possibly from 朝 (asa, “morning”, see above) + た (ta, “direction, side”).


水

From Proto-Japonic *mentu. Ryukyuan cognates support the existence of the first vowel having an initial mid vowel.
Possibly cognate with 瑞 (mi₁du, “freshness, youth”).

水城

a fortress to store water into a bank to protect against enemies

水茎

fresh stalk hanging from a hill or mi₁du-ki₂

水たまる

mi₁du-tamaru, allusion to 池 (ike₂, ); possibly meaning

水伝ふ

mi₁du-tutapu, allusion to 磯 (iso₁, ); possibly meaning

水鳥の

mi₁du-to₂ri no₂, allusion to the nature or representation of 水鳥 (mi₁du-to₂ri)


蛇

Japanese: 蛇 (hemi → hebi)

Derivation theories include:
* Possibly cognate with modern Korean 뱀 (baem, “snake”).
* Possibly related to or influenced by the verb 食む (pamu, “to bite”).

於是、其妻須勢理毘賣命、以蛇比禮_(二字以音)授其夫云「其蛇將咋以此比禮三擧打撥」。

Gustav Heldt, transl. (2014), The Kojiki: An Account of Ancient Matters (Translations from the Asian Classics), illustrated edition, Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page 31

Now the mighty one Lady Bold gave her husband a scarf for the snakes and spoke to him, saying: “When the snakes try to bite you, wave this scarf three times to drive them off.”


千

Japanese: 千 (chi)

百爾千爾人者雖言月草之移情吾將持八方

momo ni ti ni pi₁to₂ pa ipu to₂ mo tuki₂kusa no₂ uturo₂pu ko₂ko₂ro₂ ware motame₂ ya mo


村

Unknown. One theory suggests a contraction of 在処 (ari-ka, “whereabouts”), derived from 有り (ari, “to exist”). Might be related to 石村 (Ipare), possibly from 岩 (ipa, “rock”) + 村 (are).

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Jimmu, pre-accession, c. 670 BCE:


村

No phonographic attestations exist. This reading is glossed to 村邑 in the Atsuda manuscript of the Nihon Shoki.
According to one theory, possibly borrowed from some dialect of Old Korean. Compare Goguryeo 忽 (*xol, *kol, *kolo, *koro, “fortress”).

m+

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Keitai, eighth year of reign (c. 515 CE), third month in spring:

[Banpa] took [items] from the children, and stole from the village.


村

Japanese: 村主 (sukuri, suguri)

Possibly derived from Old Korean 須祇 (*suki).

百濟王父子及荒田別・木羅斤資等、共會_下意流村【今云_二州流須祇_一】_上、相見欣感、厚禮_二送遣之_一。

720, Nihon Shoki, Empress Jingū, forty-ninth year of reign (c. 250 CE), third month in spring:

The father-and-son kings of Baekje met both Aredawakë and Mongnakunja (Mokurakonsi) at Uiryu-sugi (Oru-suki) [now called Churyu-sugi (Turu-suki)]; [both sides were] glad to see each other, and exchanged heartfelt thanks as they were sent off.


神

Japanese: 神 (kami)

From Proto-Japonic *kamuy.
Can be parsed as a compound of bound apophonic 神 (kamu) + い (i, emphatic nominative particle).

com

a spirit or an essence present in all things

(by extension) an Emperor or Empress regnant of Japan

an evil spirit, such as a snake or wild beast


神

Japanese: 神, 霊 (mi)

Cognate with 御 (mi₁-), an honorific prefix originally used to refer to gods and other high-status objects.


四

Japanese: 四 (yo, yon)

From Proto-Japonic *yə.
Also used as 借訓 (shakkun) kana for ⟨yo₂⟩.


七

Japanese: 七 (nana)

夜麻登能多加佐士怒袁那那由久袁登賣杼母多禮袁志摩加牟

多加佐士怒袁 たかさじのを

多禮袁志摩加牟 たれをしまかむ

Yamato no Takasajino o nana yuku otome-domo tare o shi makamu


も

Japanese: も (mo)

Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
Kojiki
Man'yōgana
Nihon Shoki

From Proto-Japonic *mə.
Appears in common use in the Kojiki (712 CE), with the only attested distinction between ⟨mo₁⟩ and ⟨mo₂⟩. Compare Middle Chinese 母 (MC muwX).
Pronunciation was distinct from ⟨mo₁⟩ terms such as 雲 (kumo₁, “cloud”) and 下 (simo₁, “lower, end”); pronounced closely to Middle Chinese 毛 (MC maw|mawH). This was lost in a later ancient Japanese chronicle, the Nihon Shoki (720 CE), and ⟨mo₁⟩ and ⟨mo₂⟩ were merged to form one syllable mo. See the Man'yōgana and Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai articles for more detail on ancient spellings.


も

可美都氣努佐野田能奈倍能武良奈倍爾許登波佐太米都伊麻波伊可爾世母

Kami₁tuke₂no₁ Sano₁da-no₂-nape₂ no₂ muranape₂ ni ko₂to₂ ni sadame₂tu ima pa ika ni semo

和我可度乃可多夜麻都婆伎麻己等奈禮和我弖布禮奈奈都知爾於知母加毛

waga kado₁ no₂ katayama tubaki mako₂to₂ nare waga te purenana tuti ni otimo ka mo

(regional, Eastern Old Japanese) Used to form the conjectural form of verbs, equivalent to modern う (-u)/よう (-yō)


心

Japanese: 心 (kokoro)

麻可奈思美奴禮婆許登爾豆佐禰奈敝波己許呂乃緖呂爾能里弖可奈思母

Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 3: Man’yōshū 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2002, →ISBN

Sleeping with beautiful her, rumours spread; not sleeping [with her, my] heart-strings plucked in mine own sadness.

ma-kanasimi₁ nureba ko₂to₂ ni ’du sanenape₁ba ko₂ko₂ro₂ no₂ woro₂ ni no₂rite kanasi mo

牟浪他麻乃久留爾久枳作之加多米等之以母加去去里波阿用久奈米加母

“心”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months

muratama no₂ kuru ni kugi₁ sasi katame₂to₂si imo ka ko₂ko₂ro₂ pa ayo₁ku name₂ ka mo

磐代之野中爾立有結松情毛不解古所念

Ipasiro₂-no₂-no₁naka ni tateru musubi₁matu ko₂ko₂ro₂ mo to₂ke₂zu inisipe₁ omopoyu


心

Japanese: 心 (ura)

Cognate with 裏 (ura, “inside”) and 浦 (ura, “inlet”).


日

Japanese: 日, 陽 (hi)

From Proto-Japonic *pi.
Distinct from 火 (pi₂, “fire”). See Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai for details on Old Japanese readings.

a reference to the imperial family or lineage, thought to be descended from the sun goddess Amaterasu


日

Japanese: 日 (-ka)

Due to the irregularities in the derived terms, it has been speculated that the suffix was actually -uka.


日

Apophonic form of ka above, possibly by the fusion of ancient nominal particle い (i).

一日社人母待吉長氣乎如此耳待者有不得勝

One day, people still waiting are good; if the long days' wait just this way, then they should not exist.

pi₁to₁pi₁ ko₂so₂ pi₁to₂ mo mati yo₂ki₁ nagaki₁ ke₂ wo kaku nomi₂ mateba arikatu


南

Japanese: 南 (minami)

apophonic form of attributive particle <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ojp">の</i> (no₂)

み (mi₁, uncertain, possibly “sea” or “water”) + な (na, apophonic form of attributive particle の (no₂)) + 見 (mi₁, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of verb 見る (mi₁ru), “to look, see”)

Shosoin document, text here
和可夜之奈比乃、可波利爾波、於保末之末須、美奈美乃末知奈流奴乎、宇気与止
wa ga yasinapi₁ no₂, kapari ni pa, opo masimasu mi₁nami₁ no₂ mati naru nu wo, uke₂ yo₂ to₂

...南吹雪消益而射水河流水沫能余留弊奈美...

...mi₁nami₁ puki₁ yuki₁ke₂ *masarite Imi₁du-gapa nagaru mi₁nawa no₂ yo₂ru pe₁ nami₁...

a southerly (wind blowing from the south)


東

aduma (romanization)
あづま (hiragana)
吾妻 (alternative)

Japanese: 東 (azuma)

Ultimate derivation unknown.
A speculative origin might be a compound of 天 (ama, “sky, heavens”, combining form) + 端 (tuma, “edge, beginning”), but the elision of the ma in ama does not follow normal patterns.

the lands east of the 都 (mi₁yako₁, “imperial capital”)


東

Japanese: 東 (hingashi → higashi)

Found in one poem of the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE), but consistently spelled with this single kanji rather than in man'yōgana, thus leaving the reading unspecified.
Originally a compound of 日 (pi₁, “sun”) + 向か (muka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 向く (muku), “to face a direction”). The final -si is possibly either the 風 (si) affix meaning “wind”, or a suffix indicating direction as in 昔 (mukasi, “past”).


北

御陵在畝火山之北方白檮尾上也。

There was a ridge at the imperial tomb. North of Pi₂yama, a white taowu's tail is at the top.

今在海北道中 [...]

百岐年三野之國之高北之八十一隣之宮爾

The palace of Kukuri in the high north of Mino-no-kuni...

momoki₁ne mi₁no₁ NO₂ KUNI NO₂ TAKA KITA NO₂ kukuri NO₂ MI₂YA ni


酒

Japanese: 酒 (sake)

From Proto-Japonic *sakai. Standalone form of saka- below.
Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:
* Might be cognate with 榮𛀁 (sakaye), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 榮ゆ (sakayu, “to flourish”).
* Might be derived from 避く (saku, “to ward off, to shun”), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.
* The final -ke₂ may be the apophonic form of 酒 (ki₁).

any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake


酒

Likely the original form of sake₂ above. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.

Combining form of 酒 (sake₂, “any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake”)


酒

Japanese: 味酒 (umaki)

Japanese: お神酒 (o-miki)


酒

Cognate with 奇し (kusi, “strange, wondrous, miraculous”), which is also the root for modern 薬 (kusuri, “medicine”).

許能美岐波和賀美岐那良受久志能加美登許余邇伊麻須伊波多多須...

ko₂no₂ mi₁-ki₁ wo waga mi₁-ki₁ narazu kusi no₂ kami₁ to₂ko₂yo₂ ni imasu ipa tatasu...


火

Japanese: 火 (hi), 灯 (hi)

From Proto-Japonic *poy.
Apophonic form of po₁ (see below).
Compare the development of 木 (ki₂, ko₂-, “tree”).

葦火

fire using dried reed as kindling or fuel

佐泥佐斯佐賀牟能袁怒邇毛由流肥能本那迦邇多知弖斗比斯岐美波母

sanesasi Sagamu no₂ wono₁ ni mo₁yuru pi₂ no₂ po₁naka ni tatite to₁pi₁si ki₁mi₁ pa mo₂


火

Japanese: 火 (ho)

Combining form of pi₂ above, probably the older form.


火

Appears in only one poem in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE) as a compound, see derived term 葦火 (asipu).
According to Vovin (2011) p. 222, this is the vowel raising of the nucleus of Proto-Japonic *poy to *puy, followed by deletion of the *-y consonant.

(regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) a fire

富士

Mount Fuji; disputed; might be an Ainu loanword


雨

Japanese: 雨 (ame)

From Proto-Japonic *amay.
Cognate with 天 (ame₂, “sky”), as in the location of clouds where water precipitates from.


下

Japanese: 下 (shita)

...佐斯夫袁佐斯夫能紀斯賀斯多迩淤斐陀弖流波毘呂由都麻都婆岐...

...sasibu wo sasibu no₂ ki₂ si ga sita ni opi₂dateru pabi₁ro₂ yu tu ma-tubaki₁...

..多久夫須麻佐夜具賀斯多爾阿和由岐能和加夜流牟泥遠多久豆怒能斯路岐多陀牟岐...

...takubusuma sayagu ga sita ni wakayaru mune wo takuduno₁ no₂ siro₁ki₁ tadamuki...


下

Japanese: 下 (shimo)


串

Japanese: 串 (kushi)

From Proto-Japonic *kusi.
Cognate with 櫛 (kusi, “comb”).

tine, stake, skewer: any slender object that can pierce other objects


佛

Japanese: 仏 (hotoke)

Most likely from Proto-Koreanic *Pwutukye (“Buddha”).

佛造眞朱不足者水渟池田乃阿曾我鼻上乎穿禮

Jin'ichi Konishi (2017) Aileen Gatten, Nicholas Teele, transl., Earl Roy Miner, editor, A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1: The Archaic and Ancient Ages (Volume 4935 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 415

For the Buddha statue, you lack enough vermilion―so there is the puddle of Lord “Pond Field” Ikeda, dig in that big red nose.

poto₂ke₂ tukuru ma-so₂po tarazupa mi₁du tamaru Ike₂da no₂ aso₂ ga pana no₂ upe₂ wo pore

(Buddhism) a carving, image, statue, or other likeness of a buddha


來

ku (romanization)
く (hiragana)
來 (irrealis stem)
こ (irrealis stem)
ko (irrealis)
來 (continuative stem)
き (continuative stem)
ki (continuative)
來 (stem terminative)
く (stem terminative)
ku (terminative)
來る (attributive stem)
くる (attributive stem)
kuru (attributive)
來れ (realis stem)
くれ (realis stem)
kure (realis)
來 (imperative stem)
來よ (imperative stem)
こ (imperative stem)
こよ (imperative stem)
ko (imperative)
koyo (imperative)
來ず (negative)
こず (negative)
kozu (negative)
來れど (contrastive)
くれど (contrastive)
kuredo (contrastive)
來れば (causative)
くれば (causative)
kureba (causative)
來ば (conditional)
こば (conditional)
koba (conditional)
來し (past)
こし (past)
きし (past)
kosi (past)
kisi (past)
來けり (past)
きけり (past)
kikeri (past)
來つ (perfect)
きつ (perfect)
kitu (perfect)
來ぬ (perfect)
きぬ (perfect)
kinu (perfect)
來たり (continuative perfect)
きたり (continuative perfect)
kitari (continuative perfect)
來む (volitional)
こむ (volitional)
komu (volitional)

Japanese: 来る (kuru)

From Proto-Japonic *ku. First attested in the Kojiki of 712.

...伊良那祁久曾許爾淤母比傅加那志祁久許許爾淤母比傅伊岐良受曾久流阿豆佐由美麻由美

...iranake₁ku so₂ko₂ ni omo₂pi₁de kanasike₁ku ko₂ko₂ ni omo₂pi₁de iki₁razu so kuru adusayumi₁ mayumi₁

將來云毛不來時有乎不來云乎將來常者不待不來云物乎

ko₂mu to₂ ipu mo ko₂nu to₂ki₁ aru wo ko₂zi to₂ ipu wo ko₂mu to₂ pa matazi ko₂zi to₂ ipu mono₂ wo

由布佐禮婆比具良之伎奈久伊故麻山古延弖曾安我久流伊毛我目乎保里

yupu sareba pi₁gurasi ki₁naku Iko₂ma-yama ko₁yete so₂ a ga kuru imo ga me₂ wo pori

to go (to a direction or place far from the speaker but near the listener)

可是能等能登抱吉和伎母賀吉西斯伎奴多母登乃久太利麻欲比伎爾家利

kaze no₂ to₂ no₂ kaze no₂ to₂poki₁ wagi₁mo ga ki₁sesi ki₁nu tamoto₂ no₂ kudari mayo₁piki₁nike₁ri

(suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb) to gradually begin to [verb]


來

Eastern Old Japanese form of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 來 (ku) above.

美豆等利乃多知能已蘇岐爾父母爾毛能波須價爾弖已麻叙久夜志伎

miduto₂ri no₂ tati no₂ iso₁gi₁ ni titipapa ni mono₂pazu ke₁nite ima zo kuyasiki₁

stem or continuative conjugation of 來 (ku, “to come”) (regional, Southern Eastern Old Japanese)


光

Japanese: 光 (hikari)

Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 光る (pi₁karu, “to shine, to glitter, to gleam”).


出

Contraction of verb 出づ (idu), omitting the initial i-.


刃

Japanese: 刃 (ha, yaiba)

Cognate with 歯 (pa, “tooth”). Possibly also related to 葉 (pa, “leaf”). Compare English blade.

any sharp and thin cutting implement: a blade, edge


初

Japanese: 初 (hatsu-)

From Proto-Japonic *patu.
Possible cognates include 始め (pazime, “beginning”), 僅か (patuka, “faint”), and 端 (pa, “edge of something”).


剣

head

剣 (turugi₁ or turuki₁) (kana つるぎ or つるき)

The variation between turugi₁ or turuki₁ suggests a compound origin. Alternatively, it may possibly be a misspelling of turugi₁, as there was not a phonemic distinction of voiced and voiceless consonants in most Old Japanese texts. However, turuki₁ is attested in the Nihon Shoki.
A surface analysis suggests that this might be a compound of 釣る, 吊る (turu, “to hang, as at one's side”) + ki, but there is no clear etymon for the ki portion. One possibility would be 牙 (KI, “fang”), in spite that KI is not attested phonographically in Old Japanese. Such usage might parallel the combined tooth and blade meanings of the term ha, spelled more specifically as 歯 (“tooth”) and 刃 (“blade”), with these two senses listed as cognates in Japanese dictionaries.
More tentative suggestions have been connections to Austronesian, such as Tagalog suligi (“dart, short spear”) , but such possibilities seem only speculative at present.

袁登賣能登許能辨爾和賀淤岐斯都流岐能多知曾能多知波夜

wotome₁ no₂ to₂ko₂ no₂ be₁ ni wa ga oki₁si turuki₁ no₂ tati so₂ no₂ tati pa ya

On the girl's bed, I had put down a sword; the one that is a long sword!

波加勢流多知母登都流芸須恵布由

I put on a long sword; the stemed sword, and I swung the tip.

時、素戔鳴尊、乃拔所帶十握劒、寸斬其蛇。至尾劒刃少缺、故割裂其尾視之、中有一劒、此所謂草薙劒也。草薙劒、此云倶娑那伎能都留伎。

When he came to the tail, the edge of his sword was slightly notched, and he therefore split open the tail and examined it. In the inside there was a sword. This is the sword which is called Kusa-nagi no tsurugi [sic].

時五瀬命矢瘡痛甚、乃撫劒而雄誥之曰（撫劒、此云都盧耆能多伽彌屠利辭魔屢）[...]

Now Itsuse no Mikoto's arrow wound was extremely painful. He grasped his sword, and striking a martial attitude, said: (read 撫劒 as turugi₁ no₂ taka mi₁to₂ri) …


吾

Satsugū dialect: おい (oi)


味

Japanese: 味 (aji)

あぢさはふ

adisapapu, pillow word that contains this kanji


夜

Japanese: 夜 (yoru)

From Proto-Japonic *yoru.
Derived from yo₁ below, suffixed with an element ru of unclear meaning. Compare 日 (pi₁, “day”) → 晝 (pi₁ru, “daytime”), which seems to use this same ru element.
Used as a standalone noun but not in compounds.

宇豆都仁波安布余志勿奈子奴婆多麻能用流能伊昧仁越都伎提美延許曾

ututu ni pa apu yo₂si mo nasi nubatama no₂ yo₁ru no₂ ime₂ ni wo tugi₁te miye ko₂so₂

There is no way to see you in reality. Please continue to appear in dreams of the night!


夜

Japanese: 夜 (yo)

From Proto-Japonic *yo, first attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Used as both a standalone noun and in compounds.

...阿遠夜麻邇比賀迦久良婆奴婆多麻能用波伊傅那牟...

Donald L. Philippi (2015) Kojiki (Volume 2255 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, pages 106-7

As soon as the sun hides behind the verdant mountains, then jet-black night will come.

...awoyama ni pi₁ ga kakuraba nubatama no₂ yo₁ pa idenamu...


夜

Attested in the Hizen-no-kuni Fudoki (c. 739 CE) and in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as the Eastern Old Japanese variation of yo above.

c. 732-739, Hizen-no-kuni Fudoki (poem 1)
志努波羅能意登比賣能古袁佐比登由母爲禰弖牟志太夜伊幣爾久太佐牟
sino₁para no₂ oto₂pi₁me₁ no₂ ko₁ wo sa-pi₁to₂yu mo inetemu sida ya ipe₁ ni kudasamu
Once I've taken her, slept with her a single night―that little lady, the girl from the bamboo brakes―I'll send her down to her home.
[Note: Some later manuscripts erroneously replace the man'yōgana 袁 (wo) with 素 (⟨so₁⟩ → so).]

(regional, Eastern Old Japanese) the night, evening


夢

Japanese: 夢 (yume)

From Proto-Japonic *imay.
Compound of 寢 (i, “sleep, sleeping”) + 目 (me₂, “eye; sight, vision”).

com

真野之浦乃与騰乃継橋情由毛思哉妹之伊目尓之所見

Mano₁-no₂-ura no₂ yo₂do₂ no₂ tugi₁pasi ko₂ko₂ro₂ yu mo omope₂ ya imo ga ime₂ ni si mi₁yuru

inside Mano a faltered bridge and even through the heart the memories in the dream the sister was to be seen

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten


妹

Japanese: 妹 (imo)

Speculatively, may be related to terms such as 女 (me₁, womi₁na, “woman”), 嫗 (omi₁na, “elderly woman”), and 母 (omo₁, “mother”), wherein the medial /-m-/ appears to signify woman, female. However, the difference in vowel values presents a difficulty.

言不問木尚妹與兄有云乎直獨子尓有之苦者

ko₂to₂ to₁panu ki₂ sura imo to₂ se ari to₂ ipu wo tada pi₁to₂riko₁ ni aru ga kurusisa

one's sister regardless of age difference

秋去者見乍思跡妹之殖之屋前乃石竹開家流香聞

aki₁ saraba mi₁tutu sino₁pe₁ to₂ imo ga uwesi nipa no₂ nadesiko₁ saki₁nike₁ru ka mo

one's lover or sweetheart who is the subject of marriage or is already married

風高邊者雖吹為妹袖左倍所沾而苅流玉藻焉

kaze takaku pe₁ ni pa pukedo₂mo imo ga tame₂ so₁de sape₂ nurete kareru tamamo so₂

said from a female speaker:
a close female companion

...母登弊波岐美袁淤母比傅須恵幣波伊毛袁淤母比傅...

...mo₂to₂pe₁ pa ki₁mi₁ wo omo₂pi₁de suwepe₁ pa imo₁ wo omo₂pi₁de...


妹

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kōjien
Shinmura Izuru

Shortening of imo₁, due possibly to poetic reasons, haplology, or a reduction of vowel clusters to avoid hiatus, which was phonologically prohibited in Old Japanese. This hiatus avoidance is also seen in 吾妹 (wagi₁mo₁), which would otherwise have been wa ga imo₁.

多妣等弊等麻多妣爾奈理奴以弊乃母加枳世之己呂母爾阿加都枳爾迦理

tabi₁ to₂ pe₁do₂ ma-tabi₁ ni narinu ipe₁ no₂ mo ga ki₁sesi ko₂ro₂mo ni aka tuki₁nikari


妹

可之古伎夜美許等加我布理阿須由利也加曳我牟多祢牟伊牟奈之爾志弖

kasiko₁ki₁ ya mi₁-ko₂to₂ kagapuri asu yuri ya kaye ga muta nemu imu nasi ni site

(regional, Eastern Old Japanese) Same as いも (imo₁) above


宵

Japanese: 宵 (yoi)

Appears to be derived from a compound, the initial yo₂ is likely from a y- stem cognate with 夕 (yupu, “evening”), while the final pi₁ is likely from 日 (pi₁, “day”).

the hours after sunset until midnight, collectively: dusk, evening, and night


寸

Japanese: 寸 (-ki)

ancient measurement of length equivalent to the modern Japanese sun or approximately 3.03 centimeters


將

pata (romanization)
はた (hiragana)
當 (alternative)

Japanese: はた (hata)


山

Japanese: 山 (yama)

伊能知能麻多祁牟比登波多多美許母弊具理能夜麻能久麻加志賀波袁宇受爾佐勢曾能古

ino₂ti no₂ matake₁mu pi₁to₂ pa tatami₁ko₂mo₂ Pe₁guri-no₂-yama no₂ kumakasi no₂ pa wo uzu ni sase so₂no₂ ko₁

板盖之黑木乃屋根者山近之明日取而持將參來

Paula Doe, Yakamochi Ōtomo (1982) A Warbler's Song in the Dusk: The Life and Work of Ōtomo Yakamochi (718-785), illustrated edition, University of California Press, →ISBN, page 106

Since the mountains are close by, tomorrow I will cut down and bring you rough logs for your wooden roof.

itapuki₁ no₂ kuro₁ki₂ no₂ yane pa yama tikasi asu no₂ pi₁ to₂rite motimawiriko₂mu

a forested area of a mountain for harvesting, hunting, etc.


山

mure (romanization)
むれ (hiragana)
牟禮 (alternative)

Japanese: 山, 牟礼 (mure)

Borrowed from Old Korean.
Compare Middle Korean 묗 (mwoy), and the etymology at Korean 뫼 (moe).

唯千熊長彥與百濟王、至于百濟國、登辟支山盟之、復登古沙山、共居磐石上。

720, Nihon Shoki, Empress Jingū, entry 19: 49th year of the second month, spring:


島

Japanese: 島 (shima)


布

Japanese: 布 (nuno)

711–712, Kojiki, Second scroll, Emperor Ōjin:


布

The eastern variant, attested from an Azuma-uta poem in the Man’yōshū. Presumably from pre-form *neno.

筑波禰爾由伎可母布良留伊奈乎可母加奈思吉児呂我爾努保佐流可母

Tukupa-ne ni yuki₁ ka mo puraru ina wo ka mo kanasiki₁ ko₁ro₂ ga nino₁ posaru ka mo

(regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) cloth


御

Japanese: 御, 美, 深 (mi-)

Cognate with 霊, 神 (mi₁, “spirit, god”), as this prefix was originally used to refer to gods and other spiritually important things.

(honorific) added to gods and other spiritually important things

(honorific) added to nouns to indicate godlike respect

(honorific) added to placenames to emphasize beauty


懐

Derivation unknown. May be alteration of Old Japanese putukuro or putukuru.
Traditionally cited with this reading in the Nihon Shoki of 720.

心懐残忍 残謂多所殺戮也 今謂忍於殺戮 故云残忍也 心懐合云也 又下布都久呂 残害也 [...]

794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki, page 92:

a breast pocket, particularly the pocket-like space within the front of a kimono above the obi

a surrounded place, such as deep in the mountains


戀

Japanese: 恋 (こい, koi)

The 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 戀ふ (ko₁pu, “to love, yearn”).

八百日徃濱之沙毛吾戀二豈不益歟奥嶋守

yapoka yuku hama no₂ manago₁ no₂ aga ko₁pi₂ ni ani masarazi oki₁ tu simamori

On so vast a shore―that one could walk eight hundred days―would the grains of sand number greater than my love, o guardian of the outer isles?

明日香河川余藤不去立霧乃念應過孤悲尓不有國

Asuka-gapa kapayo₂do₂ sarazu tatu ki₁ri no₂ omopi₁ sugu beki ko₁pi₂ ni aranaku ni


戀

Appears in 東歌 (Azuma uta, literally “eastern songs”) in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE).
The distinction of ⟨-i₁⟩ and ⟨-i₂⟩ in some Eastern dialects has been lost.

比多知散思由可牟加里母我阿我古比乎志留志弖都祁弖伊母尓志良世牟

Pi₁tati sasi yukamu kari moga aga ko₁pi₁ wo sirusite tuge₁te imo ni sirasemu

(regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) Same as コ^甲ヒ^乙 (ko₁pi₂) above


我

wa (romanization)
わ (hiragana)
吾 (alternative)

Japanese: 我 (wa)

personal pronoun
personal pronoun#English


我

ware (romanization)
われ (hiragana)
吾 (alternative)

Japanese: 我 (ware)

From 我 (wa, see above) + れ (-re, “thing”, nominalizing suffix).

suffix

first-person personal pronoun: I, me, oneself


我

Likely a compound of 我 (wa, see above) + ろ (-ro, suffix indicating affection).

(regional, Southern Eastern Old Japanese) first person singular pronoun: I, me


我

wanu (romanization)
わぬ (hiragana)
吾 (alternative)

The eastern variant of 我 (ware). Appears to be 我 (wa) + ぬ (nu), appearing here not as the negative verb auxiliary but rather as a suffixing element of uncertain meaning. Appears in the Man'yōshū, volume 14 poem 3476.

(regional, Northern Eastern Old Japanese) first person personal pronoun: I, me, oneself


我

a (romanization)
あ (hiragana)
吾 (alternative)

Japanese: あ (a)


我

are (romanization)
あれ (hiragana)
吾 (alternative)

Japanese: あれ (are)

From 我 (a, see above) + れ (-re, nominalizing suffix).


斧

三幣帛取神之祝我鎮齊杉原燎木伐殆之國手斧所取奴

In the field of cedars, I take this offering; the god's priest worships. I almost cut the firewood holding the axe in my hand.

mi₁NUSA TORI KAMI₂ NO₂ PAPURI ga ITUKU SUGI₁PARA TAKI₁GI₂ KO₂RI POTOPOTOsikuni TE WONO₂ TORAYEnu


星

Japanese: 星 (hoshi)


春

Japanese: 春 (haru)


時

Japanese: 時 (toki)


時

Japanese: 時 (sada)

Sound shift from しだ (sida, “time, circumstance”).

Only used in 時過ぐ (sada sugu): to pass through the prime of life, grow old


晝

Japanese: 昼 (hiru)

Derived from 日 (pi₁, “day”), suffixed with an element ru of unclear meaning. Compare 夜 (yo₁) → 夜 (yo₁ru, “night, evening”), which seems to use this same ru element.

宇泥備夜麻比流波久毛登韋由布佐禮婆加是布加牟登曾許能波佐夜牙流

Unebi₂-yama pi₁ru pa kumo₁ to₂ wi yupu sareba kaza pukamu to₂ so₂ ko₂no₂pa sayage₁ru


曉

Japanese: 暁 (akatsuki)

From 明か (aka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 明く (aku), “to open”) + 時 (to₂ki₁, “time, moment, hour”).

com

安可登吉爾名能里奈久奈流保登等藝須伊夜米豆良之久於毛保由流香母

akato₂ki₁ ni nano₂ri nakunaru poto₂to₂gi₁su iya medurasiku omopoyuru ka mo


木

Japanese: 木 (ki)

From Proto-Japonic *kəy.
This term had then came to be used as 借訓 (shakkun) kanji for ki₂.


木

Japanese: 木 (ko)

Likely the original form of ⟨ki₂⟩ above. Never found in isolation.


木

May ultimately be from Proto-Japonic *kəy. Analysis in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE) shows that this variation of ⟨ki₂⟩ is not limited to Eastern dialects.

麻都能氣乃奈美多流美礼波伊波妣等乃和例乎美於久流等多多理之母己呂

matu no₂ ke₂ no₂ nami₁taru mi₁reba ipabi₁to₂ no₂ ware wo mi₁okuru to₂ tatari si moko₂ro₂

Looking at the pine trees all in a row, they were just like the people from the household standing to see me off

(regional, Northern Eastern Old Japanese, Southern Eastern Old Japanese) Same as キ^乙 (ki₂) above

Northern Eastern Old Japanese; Southern Eastern Old Japanese; Northern Eastern Old Japanese; Southern Eastern Old Japanese


梅

Japanese: 梅(うめ) (ume), 梅(むめ) (mume)

Possibly a shift from Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj).

the Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume


梓

Japanese: 梓 (azusa)

於伎弖伊可婆伊毛婆麻可奈之母知弖由久安都佐能由美乃由都可爾母我毛

oki₁te ikaba imo ba ma-kanasi motite yuku adusa no₂ yumi₁ no₂ yuduka ni mo ga mo

Japanese cherry birch
Japanese cherry birch

Betula grossa
Betula grossa#Translingual

the Japanese cherry birch, Betula grossa

Short for 梓弓 (adusa yumi₁): a bow made from the wood of the Japanese cherry birch


橘

Japanese: 橘 (tachibana)

Emperor Suinin
Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Tajimamori
ja:垂仁天皇
ja:田道間守

First cited in the Kojiki of 712.
According to the Nihon Shoki in a section describing the 90th year of the reign of the legendary 垂仁天皇 (Suinin Tennō, “Emperor Suinin”, traditionally regarded as living from 69 BCE – 70 CE and reigning from 29 BCE – 70 CE), a legendary figure named 田道間守 (Tajimamori) was tasked with bringing back from the heavens a 非時香菓 (tokijiku no kagu no konomi, literally, “timeless fragrant tree-fruit”; the same incident is also included in the Kojiki). This is often interpreted to be a reference to tachibana, but the text itself is not specific.
A surface analysis suggests that this is a compound of 立ち (tati, “standing”, from verb 立つ (tatu, “to stand”)) + 花 (pana, “flower”).

compound

from verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ojp">立つ</i> (tatu, “to stand”)

Citrus tachibana, a species of green citrus fruit


橘

Japanese: 橘 (Tachibana)

a powerful clan descended from Agata no Inukai no Michiyo and later Tachibana no Moroe


檜

Japanese: 檜 (hi, hinoki)

From Proto-Japonic *pi. Cognate with Okinawan 檜 (finuchi, < *pinoki).

...麻紀佐久比能美加度...

...this wooded palace of flourishing cypresses...

Chamaecyparis obtusa
Chamaecyparis obtusa#Translingual


櫻

Japanese: 桜 (sakura)

From 咲く (saku, “to bloom, burst open”) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).

com

波那具波辭佐區羅能梅涅虛等梅涅麼波椰區波梅涅孺和我梅豆留古羅

pana-gupasi sakura no₂ me₂de ko₂to₂ me₂deba payaku pa me₂dezu waga me₂duru ko₁ra

a cherry tree, especially the Japanese cherry, Prunus serrulata


死

Japanese: 死 (shi)

Appears to be a conflation of an s- root cognate with 去る (saru, “to go, go away”) and Middle Chinese 死 (MC sijX).


汝

Japanese: 汝 (na)

Originally a first person pronoun. Later became a second person pronoun, as is often seen in Japanese. Compare Old Korean 나 (na). Also found in some instances as a self-reference, one, oneself. This sense is more commonly spelled 己 when used in isolation.

劍太刀

turugi1-tati, pillow word that can allude to na

first-person singular
first-person singular

third-person reflexive pronoun: one, oneself, itself

second-person singular
second-person singular

second-person singular pronoun: you, thou


汝

Japanese: 汝 (nare)

From 汝 (na, second person singular pronoun, see Etymology 1 above) + れ (-re, nominalizing suffix).


汝

Japanese: 汝 (sha)

Cognate with 其 (si, third-person pronoun) and 己 (si, reflexive pronoun).


汝

Japanese: 汝 (imashi)

The nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of honorific verb 坐す (imasu, “to be”).
Alternatively, analyzable as a compound of 汝 (i, second person singular pronoun, see Etymology 6 below) + 坐し (masi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of honorific verb 坐す (masu), “to be”).

com

(honorific) second-person singular pronoun: you, thou


汝

The nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of honorific verb 坐す (masu, “to be”).
Alternatively, a shortening of imasi (see Etymology 3 above).


汝

Compound of 御 (mi₁-, honorific prefix) + 汝 (masi, second person singular pronoun, see Etymology 4 above).


汝

Possibly a borrowing from Old Korean, compare modern Korean 이 (i, “this person”).

(rare, possibly derogatory) second-person singular pronoun: you, thou


澪

Japanese: 澪, 水尾, 水脈 (mio)

Originally a compound of 水 (mi₁, ancient combining form of 水 (mi₁du), “water”) + 緒 (wo, “cord; something long and continuing”, likely cognate with 尾 (wo, “tail”) from the sense of “something long and continuing from the end of the main body”).

com

ancient combining form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ojp">水</i> (mi₁du), “water”

likely cognate with <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ojp">尾</i> (wo, “tail”) from the sense of “something long and continuing from the end of the main body”

神山之山下響逝水之水尾不絶者後毛吾妻

Miwa-yama no₂ yamasita to₂yo₂mi₁ yuku kapami₁du no₂ mi₁wo tayezu pa no₂ti mo waga tuma

a waterway, more specifically, a navigable channel


炎

Japanese: 炎 (honō)

Compound of 火 (po, combining form of pi₂, “fire”) + の (no₂, possessive particle) + 穗 (po, “ear, head”).

...螢成髣髴聞而大土乎火穗跡而...

...potaru nasu pono₂ka ni ki₁ki₁te opotuti wo pono₂po to₂ pumi₁te...


煤

Japanese: 煤 (susu)

...登陀流天之新巢之凝烟_(訓凝姻云州須)之八拳垂摩弖燒擧_(麻弖二字以音)

Donald L. Philippi (2015) Kojiki (Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 136

...in Takama-nö-para the soot (凝姻 is read as susu) hangs down eight hands long (the two characters 摩弖 are pronounced made).

soot (fine particles of amorphous carbon and tar)


父

Japanese: 父 (chichi, tete, toto)

Coordinate term: 母 (omo, papa)

...奥床仁母者睡有外床丹父者寐有...

...okuto₂ko₂ ni papa pa inetari to₁do₂ko₂ ni titi pa inetari...


父

(regional, Northern Eastern Old Japanese) one's own father


父

加志能布邇余久須袁都久理余久須邇迦美斯意富美岐宇麻良爾岐許志母知袁勢麻呂賀知

kasi no₂ pu ni yo₂kusu wo tukuri yo₂kusu ni kami₁si opomi₁ki₁ umara ni ki₁ko₂simo₂tiwose maro₂ ga ti


父

Japanese: 父 (kazo)

菱城邑人鹿父〈鹿父、人名也。俗、呼父為柯曾〉聞而向前曰「何哭之哀甚、若此乎」。

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Ninken, entry 11: sixth year, ninth month in autumn:

A man of Pisikï village, Kakasö (his name is Kakasö; it was customary to call one's father kasö) heard [the woman's] cries, turned to her, and asked, “Why these cries of grief, young one?”


爾

Japanese: 爾, 儞 (ore)

爾詔：「吾者坐纒向之日代宮所知大八嶋國。大帶日子淤斯呂和氣天皇之御子、名倭男具那王者也、意禮熊曾建二人不伏無禮聞看而、取殺意禮詔而遣。」

711–712, Kojiki, Second scroll, Yamato Takeru no mikoto:


王

Japanese: 王 (konikishi, kokishi), in modern Japanese dictionaries


瑕

Japanese: 傷 (kizu)

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki

Attested phonetically as 岐受 in the Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki of 794.
From Proto-Japonic *kensu; the mid-vowel is reconstructed on the basis of the Southern Ryukyuan cognates.

...世間能宇計久都良計久伊等能伎提痛伎瘡爾波鹹塩遠灌知布何其等久...

In this world of gloom and hardship like a painful wound being poured with salt...

yo₂no₂naka no₂ uke₁ku turake₁ku ito₂ no₂ ki₁te itaki₁ ki₁zu ni pa karasipo wo so₂so₂ku tipu ga go₂to₂ku...

any form of shallow wound: a blemish, injury, scar

720, Nihon Shoki, Age of the gods, part 1:

At this time, when the mirror was set in the rock-cave, it makes contact with the door with a slight crack. This damage remains to this day.

any kind of light damage: a crack, flaw, scratch


甁

Japanese: 瓶, 甕 (kame)

From Proto-Japonic *kanpaCi.
Alternatively, cognate with modern Japanese 釜 (kama, “cauldron, kettle, pot”).

cog

c. 715, Harima-no-kuni Fudoki (Inami)
...甁酒著_二於馬尻_一、求_二行家地_一、其甁落_二於此村_一。

a vessel made of earthenware, ceramic, or metal, such as a bottle or jar


石

Japanese: 石 (ishi)

Cognate with 磯 (iso₁, “pebble; gravel; rocky beach”).

多良志比賣可尾能美許等能奈都良須等美多多志世利斯伊志遠多礼美吉

tarasi pi₁me₁ kami₂ no₂ mi₁ko₂to₂ no₂ na turasu to₂ mi₁-tatasi serisi isi wo tare miki₁


禊

Japanese: 禊 (misogi)

Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 禊ぐ (MISOG-, “to perform ablutions (on someone)”).

君爾因言之繁乎古鄕之明日香乃河爾潔身爲爾去

c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 4, first variant poem 626; first variant:

Since thy speeches became more frequent, I’d go [back] to the old capital doing purification in the Asuka river.

ki₁mi₁ ni yo₂ri ko₂to₂ no₂ sige₂ki₁ wo purusato₁ no₂ Asuka-no₂-kapa ni misogi₁ si ni yuku

玉久世淸川原身秡爲齊命妹爲

In the jeweled shallows [as if] a clear riverbed, I do the water purification rites for a blessed life and for the sake of my beloved.

tamakuse no₂ ki₁yo₂ki₁ kapara ni misogi₁ site ipapu ino₂ti pa imo ga tame₂ ko₂so₂

a form of ritual purification performed with water; compare English ablution


私

Japanese: 私 (watakushi, watashi)


箏

Japanese: 箏, 琴 (koto)

Possibly a compound of 木 (ko₂, combining form of ki₂, “tree, wood”) + 音 (oto₂, “sound”), with the additional medial o dropped by haplology or absence of vowel clustering.

com

訶羅怒烏之褒珥椰枳之餓阿摩離虛等珥莵句離訶枳譬句椰由羅能斗能斗那訶能異句離珥敷例多莵那豆能紀能佐椰佐椰

Karano₁ wo sipo ni yaki₁ si ga amari ko₂to₂ ni tukuri kaki₁pi₁ku ya Yura-no₂-to₁ no₂ to₁naka no₂ ikuri ni puretatu nadu no₂ ki₂ no₂ sayasaya

a Japanese zither derived from the Chinese guzheng


節

Japanese: 節 (fushi)

From Proto-Japonic *pusi. Perhaps from pu below.

朝暮爾滿來潮之八隔浪爾靡珠藻乃節間毛惜命乎露霜之過麻之爾家礼

ASA YO₁PI₁ ni MI₁TIKURU SIPO NO₂ YApe₁NAMI₁ ni NABI₁KU TAMAMO no₂ PUSI NO₂ MA mo WOSIKI₁ INO₂TI wo TUYUSIMO NO₂ SUGI₂masinike₁re

In morning and evening, in the many waves of the full tide, the precious bowing seaweed's joint must also pass by the dew and frost's precious life!

文理 合文也 又理者云布之又天文地理也

Reasoning (lit. put in a reason or add to a reason), this process is called pusi, and also said of heaven and earth.


節

於彌能姑能耶賦能之魔柯枳始陀騰余瀰那爲我與釐拠魔耶黎夢之魔柯枳

720, Nihon Shoki, poem 91, first variant:

The eight-fold fastening fence Of the Omi's child Should an earthquake come, shaking, Reverberating below, 'Twill be a ruined fastening fence.

omi₁ no₂ ko₁ no₂ yapu no₂ sibakaki₁ sita to₂yo₂mi₁ nawi ga yo₂riko₂ba yaremu sibakaki₁


籠

Japanese: 籠 (こ, ko)

籠毛与美籠母乳布久思毛與美夫君志持...

ko₁ mo yo₂ mi₁-ko₁ moti pukusi mo yo₂ mi₁-bukusi moti...

Girl with your basket, with your pretty basket, with your shovel, with your pretty shovel...


紅

Japanese:紅(くれない) (kurenai)

Shift from 呉の藍 (Kure no₂ awi), itself a compound of 呉 (Kure, “China”) + の (no₂, possessive particle) + 藍 (awi, “indigo → dye”).

春苑紅尓保布桃花下照道尓出立𡢳嬬

paru no₂ so₂no₂ kurenawi nipopu momo no₂ pana sitaderu mi₁ti ni idetatu woto₂me₁

Carthamus tinctorius
Carthamus tinctorius#Translingual


紙

Japanese: 紙 (kami)

desc

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ain">kambi</i>

→ Ainu: カㇺビ (kambi) (< *kabi₁, see also Proto-Ryukyuan *kabi)

Shōsōin document, text here
卅巻未取犯、仍為一帙、〈加遲乃紙〉
MI₁SO₁ MAKI₁ PA WOKASI WO TO₂RAZU, ITI-TITU wo SI YO₁RU (kadi-no₂ KAMI₁)
Thirty folds are not taken as a crime; continue making one book case ([using] paper made from rudder)


紫

Japanese: 紫 (むらさき, murasaki)

Possibly a compound of 群 (mura, “gathering, group”) + 咲き (saki₁, “blooming”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 咲く (saku), “to bloom”).

茜さす

akane sasu, pillow word that can be an allusion to murasaki1

牟良佐伎波根乎可母乎布流比等乃兒能宇良我奈之家乎祢乎遠敝奈久尓

murasaki₁ pa ne wo ka mo wopuru pi₁to₂ no₂ ko₁ no₂ ura-ganasike₁ wo ne wo wope₁naku ni

the purple or red-root gromwell, Lithospermum erythrorhizon

紫我下紐乃色尓不出戀可毛将痩相因乎無見

murasaki₁ no₂ waga sitabi₁mo no₂ iro₂ ni idezu ko₁pi₂ ka mo yasemu apu yo₂si wo nami₁


絲

Japanese: 糸 (ito)

吾以在三相二搓流絲用而附手益物今曽悔寸

I am holding [it]! Three things spinning each other! If I put on that threads that, I'm holding right now, then I'll be regretting it!

WA GA MOTERU MI₁TU API₁ ni YO₂RERU ITO MOTITE TUKE₂temasi MONO₂ IMA so₂ KUYASIki₁

Kakyō Hyōshiki
Man'yōshū
Nihon Shoki
Records of the Three Kingdoms


繁

Japanese: 繁 (shige)


繁

Japanese: 繁根 (shijine)


羽

desc

Japanese: 羽 (は, ha, ば, -ba, ぱ, -pa, わ, -wa)

First attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Possibly cognate with 葉 (pa, “leaf”).

水鳥乃可毛羽能伊呂乃青馬乎家布美流比等波可芸利奈之等伊布

mi₁duto₂ri no₂ kamopa no₂ iro₂ no₂ awouma wo ke₁pu mi₁ru hi₁to₂ pa kagi₁ri nasi to₂ ipu

秋津羽之袖振妹乎珠匣奥尓念乎見賜吾君

akidupa no₂ so₁de puru imo wo tamakusige₂ oku ni omopu wo mi₁tamape₁ waga ki₁mi₁


翼

tubasa (romanization)
つばさ (hiragana)
翅 (alternative)

Japanese: 翼 (つばさ, tsubasa)

天飛也鴈之翅乃覆羽之何處漏香霜之零異牟

amato₂bu ya kari no₂ tubasa no₂ opopi₁ba no₂ iduku morite ka simo no₂ purike₁mu

Flying in the sky, a wild goose having wings; it's warming feather, that's leaking somewhere out there; a frost seems to have fallen.


腦

Japanese: 脳, 髄 (nazuki)

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 漬く (naduku, “to be immersed in water (or other liquid)”).

794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki, page 68:

髄腦　上須年、下奈豆技。

髄 and 腦: the former sune (“shin”), the latter naduki₁ (“brain”).


菅

Japanese: 菅 (suge)

夜多能比登母登須宜波古母多受多知迦阿那牟阿多良須賀波良許登袁許曾須宜波良登伊波米阿多良須賀志賣

Yata no₂ pi₁to₂mo₂to₂ suge₂ pa ko₁ mo₂tazu tati ka arenamu atara sugapara ko₂to₂ wo ko₂so₂ suge₂para to₂ ipame₂ atara sugasime₁


葛

Japanese: 葛, 蔓 (kazura)


葛

Japanese: 葛 (kuzu)

Pueraria montana
Pueraria montana#Translingual


葛

Japanese: 葛 (tsuzura)

any climbing plant or vine, such as Chinese moonseed (Sinomenium acutum)


藤

Japanese: 藤 (fuji)

伊佐左可爾念而來之乎多祜乃浦爾開流藤見而一夜可經

A little thought came from seeing those blooming wisterias at the bay of Tako... I'll pass by here for one night.

isasaka ni omopi₁te ko₂si wo Tako₁-no₂-ura ni sake₁ru pudi mi₁te pi₁to₂yo₁ pe₂nu be₂si

a wisteria, especially the Japanese wisteria, Wisteria floribunda


虎

Japanese: 虎 (tora)

From Proto-Japonic *tora.
Pellard (2013, 92) includes to₁ra among words with o₁ excepted from the /-o-/ to /-u-/ vowel-raising rule and not originating from earlier diphthongs. According to Vovin (2021, 111), West Old Japanese *to₁ra, instead of expected *tura, is "anomalous" and possibly "a case of a sporadic analogical development".
Vovin (2013) asserts that this word is same as a Silla place name 刀良 (/*tora/), which matches the Old Japanese phonographic spelling.

吹響流小角乃音母敵見有虎可吼登諸人之恊流麻低爾

I blow with the tube to sing, and the tiger howls at the enemy, to where everyone got scared.

PUKI₁NASEru KUDA no₂ OTO₂ mo ATA MI₁TARU TO₁RA ka POYURU to₂ MORO₂P1₁TO₂ NO₂ OBI₁YUru madeni

Shōsōin document, text here
[...] 次刀良〈年廿五二目盲、癈疾〉[...] 次刀良売〈年十二小女〉
TUGI₁ to₁ra (TO₂SI PA NIPU-GO₁-NI ME₂ NO₂ MI₁YAWU, POZITI) … TUGI₁ to₁ra-me₂ (TO₂SI PA ZIYUNI WOME₁)
… next, tora (Year 252; blind with chronical disease) … next, tora-me, (Year 12; young woman).


虹

Japanese: 虹 (niji)

“虹・霓”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

In the vicinity of the pond, the vulgar woman slept during the day, then on this day, like a shining rainbow, she fingered the upper vagina.


日本

The kanji spelling is influenced by 日の本 (pi₁ no₂ mo₍₂₎to₂).

Alternative spelling of 大和 (Yamato₂): Yamato, ancient name of Japan


軍

Japanese: 軍, 戦 (ikusa)

The iku part is possibly derived from either 射くふ (ikupu, “to shoot (an arrow)”), 的 (ikupa, “target”), or verb 生く (iku, “to exist, live; bring to life”). The iku- in the first and second etyma appear to be cognate.
The final sa is likely from 矢 (sa, “arrow”) or さ (-sa, suffix attached to verbs to refer to the time that the activity is done, or to nouns indicating direction).

丙寅、詔左右京職及諸國司、築習射所。

720, Nihon Shoki, Empress Jitō, entry 36: third year, seventh month in autumn:

On the fifteenth day (hinoetora), by decree [of the Empress] the political sector of the imperial government and all provincial governors were to build archery ranges.

高麗王即發軍兵、屯聚筑足流城〈或本云、都久斯岐城〉。

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Yūryaku, entry 19: eighth year, second month in spring:

The King of Gorguryeo dispatched his army, assembling at Tukusököru nö Sasi (another record reads Tukïsiki nö Sasi).

千萬乃軍奈利友言擧不為取而可來男常曾念

tiyo₂ro₂du no₂ ikusa narito₂mo ko₂to₂age sezu to₂rite ki₁nubeki₁ ono₂ko₁ to₂ so₂ omopu

Though ten million warriors threaten, he will not utter kotoage, but go off to subjugate the horde―this man for whom I yearn.


都

みやこ (hiragana)
京 (alternative)
京都 (alternative)

Japanese: 都 (miyako)

Originally a compound of 宮 (mi₁ya, “palace”) and an uncertain こ (ko₁) referring to a place.
* The ko is possibly 処 (ko₂, affix indicating location), according to most dictionaries. However, poems in the Man'yōshū attest overwhelming phonetic usage of ⟨ko₁⟩ instead of ⟨ko₂⟩. There has likely been a vowel assimilation; it accounts for a form of this affix く (ku, place) (e.g. いづく (iduku, “where”)) .
* Alternatively, the ko might be from 子 (-ko₁, diminutive suffix), as some Man'yōshū poems use the 宮子 reading.

the place of residence of the emperor, especially a temporary lodging in which the emperor stays during an imperial visit


里

Japanese: 里 (さと, sato)

From Proto-Japonic *sato.
Unknown. Theories include a compound of either 小 (sa-, “short”) or 狭 (sa-, “narrow”) + 所 (to₁ or to₂, “place”) or 戸 (to₁, “door”). Other theories have been suggested but are unlikely.

於是、圓野比賣慚言「同兄弟之中、以姿醜被還之事、聞於隣里、是甚慚。」而、到山代國之相樂時、取懸樹枝而欲死、故號其地謂懸木、今云相樂。

711–712, Kojiki, Second scroll, Emperor Suinin:

安麻其毛理毛能母布等伎爾保等登芸須和我須武佐刀爾伎那伎等余母須

amago₂mori mo₂no₂'mopu to₂ki₁ ni poto₂to₂gi₁su waga sumu sato₁ ni ki₁naki₁to₂yo₂mosu

a unit of area for regional administration, defined as equal to 50 戸 (ko, “houses”)

a unit of distance, defined as equal to 300 歩 (bu) or 1500 尺 (shaku)

百礒城乃大宮人者今日毛鴨暇无跡里爾不出將有

momosiki no₂ opomi₁yapi₁to₂ pa ke₁pu mo ka mo ito₂ma wo nami₁to₂ sato₁ ni idezu aramu

里離遠有莫國草枕旅登之思者尚戀來

sato₁ panare to₂poku aranaku ni kusamakura tabi₁ to₂ si omopeba napo ko₁pi₂nike₁ri


野

Japanese: 野 (no)

From Proto-Japonic *no.
Pronunciation appears to be distinct from の (no₂, possessive and case-marker particle).


野

The second sense is based on 国学 (kokugaku) scholars' reading of man'yōgana 努, 怒, 弩, etc. as ⟨nu⟩ instead of ⟨no₁⟩ before regional differences in Old Japanese terms of were discovered.

知波乃奴乃古乃弖加之波能保保麻例等阿夜爾加奈之美於枳弖他加枳奴

Tiba-no₂-nu no₂ ko₁no₂te-gasipa no₂ popomaredo₂ aya ni kanasimi₁ oki₁te ta ga ki₁nu

(regional, Eastern Old Japanese) an area, field

misspelling of 野 (no₁), from the view of an Edo-period scholar of the Man'yōshū and other Old Japanese literature


金

> Japanese: 金 (kane) (inherited)

From Proto-Japonic *kanai.
Possibly derived from unbound prefix kana- stemmed with nominal particle い (i).


金

Japanese: 黄金 (kogane)

From 黃 (ku, “yellow”) + 金 (kane, “metal”).

Alternative spelling of 黃金 (kugane): gold as a metal


針

Japanese: 針, 鍼 (hari)

針者有杼妹之無者將著哉跡吾乎令煩絕紐之緖

pari pa aredo₂ imo si nake₁reba tuke₂me₂ ya to₂ ware wo nayamasi tayuru pi₁mo no₂ wo

久佐麻久良多比乃於伎奈等於母保之天波里曾多麻敞流奴波牟物能毛賀

kusamakura tabi₁ no oki₁na to₂ omoposite pari so₂ tamape₁ru nupamu mono₂ moga


針

久佐麻久良多妣乃麻流禰乃比毛多要婆安我弖等都氣呂許禮乃波流母志

kusamakura tabi₁ no₂ marune no₂ pi₁mo tayeba aga te to₂ tuke₂ro₂ ko₂re no₂ paru mosi

(regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) a needle used in embroidery


銀

Japanese: 銀 (shirokane → shirogane)

Compound of 白 (siro₁, “white”) + 金 (kane, “metal”).

於是大后歸_レ神、言教覺詔者：「西方有_レ國、金銀爲_レ本、目之炎耀種種珍寶多在_レ其₋國。吾今歸_二賜_レ其₋國_一。」

Michael I. Como (2008) Shōtoku: Ethnicity, Ritual, and Violence in the Japanese Buddhist Tradition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57

At this the Queen Consort was possessed by the gods who revealed to them the following command: “In the west there is a land of many rare and dazzling treasures beginning with gold and silver. I will now bestow it upon you.”

銀母金母玉母奈爾世武爾麻佐禮留多可良古爾斯迦米夜母

siro₁kane mo kugane mo tama mo nani semu ni masareru takara ko₁ ni shikame₂ ya mo

silver (lustrous, white, metallic element)


鍛

Japanese: 鍛冶 (kaji)

⟨kana uti⟩ → ⟨kanuti⟩
Originally a compound of 金 (kana, combining form of kane, “metal”) + 打ち (uti, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 打つ (utu), “to strike”).

com

the forging of metal; also such a person who forges metal: a metalsmith, smith


鏡

Japanese: 鏡 (kagami)

Originally a compound of 影 (kaga, combining form of 影 (kage₂), “shadow; outline; figure; image”) + 見 (mi₁, “seeing”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 見る (mi₁ru), “to see, to look at”).

combining form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ojp">影</i> (kage₂), “shadow; outline; figure; image”

...伊久比爾波加賀美袁加氣麻久比爾波麻多麻袁加氣...

Helen Craig McCullough (1985) Brocade by Night: Kokin Wakashū and the Court Style in Japanese Classical Poetry, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 80

On the sacred stake a mirror is suspended; on the splendid stake splendid jewels are suspended.

...ikupi₁ ni pa kagami₁ wo kake₂ ma-kupi₁ ni pa ma-tama wo kake₂...

夜麻杼里乃乎呂能波都乎爾可賀美可家刀奈布倍美許曾奈爾与曾利鷄米

yamado₂ri no₂ woro₂ no₂ patuwo ni kagami₁ kake₁ to₁nau be₂mi₁ ko₂so₂ na ni yo₂serike₁me₂


鑑

Japanese: 鑑 (kagami)

Extension of 鏡 (kagami₁, “mirror”), as such objects are usually seen as reflected like a mirror.

...美流比等乃可多里都芸弖低伎久比等能可我見爾世武乎...

...mi₁ru pi₁to₂ no₂ kataritugi₁tete ki₁ku pi₁to₂ no₂ kagami₁ ni semu wo...

All who see will pass it down, all who hear will make it as a mirror.


門

Japanese: 門 (kado)

The final -do is cognate with 戸 (to₁, “door”).


門

和加加都乃以都母等夜奈枳以都母以都母於母加古比須須奈理麻之都都母

waga katu no₂ itumoto₂ yanagi₂ itu mo itu mo omo ka ko₁pi₁susu narimasitutu mo

(regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) Same as カド^甲 (kado₁) above


陶

Japanese: 陶 (sue)

The nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 据う (suu, “to set, lay”), from the way they are formed and/or crafted by the hands.


隣

Japanese: 隣 (tonari)

From Proto-Japonic *tonari.
Analyzable as a compound of 外 (to₁, “outside, other”) + nari, possibly the nominalization of verb なる (naru, “to become”), or a contraction of に (ni, locative particle) + あり (ari, copular "to be" verb, predicative and nominal form).

天皇聞、即數難波罪曰：「欺誑朝庭、一也。溺殺隣使、二也。以茲大罪、不合放還。」以斷其罪。

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Bidatsu, entry 11: second year of the seventh month in autumn:

...玉桙乃道徃人者己行道者不去而不召爾門至奴指並隣之君者預己妻離而不乞爾鎰左倍奉...

...tamapoko₂ no₂ mi₁ti yuku pi₁to₂ pa ono₂ ga yuku mi₁ti pa yukazute yo₁banaku ni kado₁ ni itarinu sasinarabu to₁nari no₂ ki₁mi₁ pa arakazime₂ ono₂duma karete ko₂panaku ni kagi₁ sape₂ maturu...

比登豆麻等安是可曾乎伊波牟志可良婆加刀奈里乃伎奴乎可里弖伎奈波毛

pi₁to₂duma to₂ aze ka so₂ wo ipamu sikaraba ka to₁nari no₂ ki₁nu wo karite ki₁napamo


雌

Japanese: 雌 (め, me)


雪

Japanese: 雪 (yuki)

Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Reconstructed by some as deriving from Proto-Japonic *yoki.

和何則能尓 宇米能波奈知流 比佐可多能 阿米欲里由吉能 那何列久流加母

wa ga so₂no₂ ni ume₂ no₂ pana tiru pi₁sakata no₂ ame₂ yo₁ri yuki₁ no₂ nagarekuru ka mo

In my garden, the plum blossoms fall, as if snow were streaming down from the [eternal?] heavens.

白栲の

siro1tape2 no2, pillow word that can allude to yuki1


雪

Found once in the Man'yōshū in a so-called 東歌 (Azuma uta, literally “eastern song”) in the eastern dialect of Old Japanese.
Probably a misspelling of original ⟨yo₁ki₁⟩, given the Western and modern reflexes. Compare 夜 (yo₁ → yu, “night”).

可美都氣努 伊可抱乃祢呂尓 布路与伎能 遊吉須宜可提奴 伊毛賀伊敝乃安多里

Kami₁tuke₂no₁ Ikapo no₂ nero₂ ni puro₁ yo₂ki₁ no₂ yuki₁sugi₂katenu imo ga ipe₁ no₂ atari

Like in Kamitsukeno, on the peak of Ikaho, the falling snow: impassible, near my girl's house


雲

Japanese: 雲 (kumo)

a cloud (visible mass of water droplets or other related material suspended in the air)

(by extension) the smoke during cremation that is thought to be the soul of the deceased person ascending into the heavens


雲

(regional, Southern Eastern Old Japanese) a cloud


雷

Japanese: 雷 (ikazuchi)

Originally a compound of 嚴 (ika, “sternness, terribleness, imposingness”) + つ (tu, possessive particle) + 靈 (ti, “spirit, force, essence”).

c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 3, first variant poem 235, first variant:

皇者神二四座者天雲之雷之上尓廬為流鴨

opoki₁mi₁ pa kami₂ ni si maseba amakumo no₂ ikaduti no₂ upe₂ ni iporaseru ka mo

Since our sovereign is a god, she builds a temporary palace above the thunder in the heavenly clouds.


露

Japanese: 露 (tsuyu)

安伎能野爾都由於弊流波疑乎多乎良受弖安多良佐可里乎須具之弖牟登香

aki₁ no₂ no₁ ni tuyu ope₁ru pagi₂ wo taworazute atara sakawi wo sugusitemu₂ to ka


露

Japanese: 露, 顕 (arawa)

Cognate with prefix 粗 (ara-, “crude, raw”).

顯露、此云阿羅播弐。齋庭、此云踰弐波。

720, Nihon Shoki, Age of the gods, part 2:

Bare, read as arapa ni (modern arawa ni); holy ground, read as yunipa (modern yuniwa)

現ろ

araparo1, Eastern Old Japanese form of araparu


飄

Japanese: 旋風 (tsumuji)

c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 2, first variant poem 199, first variant:

...三雪落冬乃林爾飃可毛伊巻渡等...

...mi₁-yuki₁ puru puyu no₂ payasi ni tumuzi ka mo i-maki₁wataru to₂...


魚

Japanese: 魚 (uo, io)


魚

Japanese: 魚 (sakana)

Cognate with 肴 (na, “side dish”), by extension that can refer to any kind of meat.

c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, first variant poem 869, first variant:

多良志比賣可尾能美許等能奈都良須等美多多志世利斯 伊志遠多礼美吉

tarasi pi₁me₁ kami₂ no₂ mi-ko₂to₂ no₂ na turasu to₂ mi₁-tatasi serisi isi wo tare mi₁ki₁

Who saw the rock that rose up against us as we tried to catch the fish [or “catching sweetfishes”] belonging to the empress?


鰯

Seemingly connected to 弱し (yo₁wasi, “weak”), from the way that the fish quickly dies. However, the pitch accents mismatch; the Heian period accent for iwashi is {{#tag:syntaxhighlight||inline="True"|lang="text"|style="white-space:pre-wrap;"}}, contradicting to the accent of yowashi, which has {{#tag:syntaxhighlight||inline="True"|lang="text"|style="white-space:pre-wrap;"}} in the Heian period.

Mokkan #2283 from Heijo Palace; text here
青郷御贄伊和志腊五升
AWOSATO₁ NO₂ MI₁-NIPE₂ NO₂ iwasi NO₂ KI₁TAPI₁ PA ITU-MASU
The dried meat of a pilchard offered from Awosato [weighs] five masu.

a pilchard (especially a Japanese pilchard (Sardinops melanostictus))


鶴

Japanese: 鶴 (tazu)

Possibly a compound of 田 (ta, “rice paddy”, where cranes are known to hunt) + つ (*tu, uncertain, possibly “a large bird”).

阿麻登夫登理母都加比曾多豆賀泥能岐許延牟登岐波和賀那斗波佐泥

711–712, Kojiki, lower volume (Emperor Ingyō; poem 85):

ama-to₂bu to₂ri mo₂ tukapi₁ so₂ tadu ga ne no₂ ki₁ko₂yemu to₂ki₁ pa waga na to₁pasane

藻苅舟奧榜來良之妹之嶋形見之浦爾鶴翔所見

Rowing the seaweed-gathering boat out to sea and back again, I saw the cranes soaring by Katami inlet on Imogashima.

mokari-bune oki₁ ko₂gi₁kurasi Imogasima Katami₁-no₂-ura ni tadu kake₂ru mi₁yu

a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)


黍

Japanese: 黍 (kimi → kibi)

From Proto-Japonic *kimi.
The proso millet was introduced to Japan in the Yayoi period.

成棗寸三二粟嗣延田葛乃後毛將相跡葵花咲

nasi natume₂ ki₁mi₁ ni apa tugi₁ papu kuzu no₂ no₂ti mo apamu to₂ apupi₁ pana saku

Like pears, jujubes, and millet coming after the foxtail millet and creeping arrowroots, [we] meet later when the mallow-flowers bloom.

Panicum miliaceum
Panicum miliaceum#Translingual

the common or proso millet, Panicum miliaceum


龍

Japanese: 竜, 龍 (tatsu)

Possibly from the verb 立つ (tatu, “to rise, stand”).


龜

Japanese: 亀 (kame)

711–712, Kojiki, middle volume (Yamasachihiko and Umisachihiko):

難波癬龜（倶毗柯梅）

...千磐破神爾毛莫負卜部座龜毛莫燒曾戀之久爾...

...mighty gods that carry not the burden, do divination with the unburnt tortoise shell with longing...

...tipayaburu kami₂ ni mo na opose urape₂ mase kame₂ mo na yaki₁ so₂ ko₁pi₂siku ni...

a tortoise shell used in 亀卜 (kiboku, “tortoise-shell divination”)


かめ

From Proto-Japonic *kanpaCi.
Alternatively, cognate with modern Japanese 釜 (kama, “cauldron, kettle, pot”).

甁: bottle, jar, or any other vessel made of earthenware, ceramic, or metal


す

su (romanization)
せ (irrealis stem)
se (irrealis stem)
し (continuative stem)
si (continuative stem)
す (stem terminative)
su (stem terminative)
する (attributive stem)
suru (attributive stem)
すれ (realis stem)
sure (realis stem)
せよ (imperative stem)
seyo (imperative stem)
せず (negative)
sezu (negative)
すれど (contrastive)
suredo (contrastive)
すれば (causative)
sureba (causative)
せば (conditional)
seba (conditional)
しき (past)
siki (past)
しけり (past)
sikeri (past)
しつ (perfect)
situ (perfect)
しぬ (perfect)
sinu (perfect)
せり (continuative perfect)
したり (continuative perfect)
seri (continuative perfect)
sitari (continuative perfect)
せむ (volitional)
semu (volitional)

Japanese: す (su) → する (suru)

Kagoshima dialect: すっ (su')

和礼乃未夜欲布祢波許具登於毛敞礼婆於伎敝能可多爾可治能於等須奈里

ware no₂mi₂ ya yo₁pune pa ko₂gu to₂ omope₁reba oki₁pe₁ no₂ kata ni kadi no₂ oto₂ su nari


す

-su (romanization)
さ (irrealis stem)
sa (irrealis stem)
し (continuative stem)
si (continuative stem)
す (stem terminative)
su (stem terminative)
す (attributive stem)
su (attributive stem)
せ (realis stem)
se (realis stem)
せ (imperative stem)
se (imperative stem)
さず (negative)
sazu (negative)
せど (contrastive)
sedo (contrastive)
せば (causative)
seba (causative)
さば (conditional)
saba (conditional)
しき (past)
siki (past)
しけり (past)
sikeri (past)
しつ (perfect)
situ (perfect)
しぬ (perfect)
sinu (perfect)
せり (continuative perfect)
したり (continuative perfect)
seri (continuative perfect)
sitari (continuative perfect)
さむ (volitional)
samu (volitional)

Attaches to 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) and サ行変格活用 (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “s-irregular conjugation”) verbs.

...佐加志賣遠阿理登岐加志弖久波志賣遠阿理登伎許志弖佐用婆比爾阿理多多斯用婆比阿理加用婆勢...

...sakasi me₁ wo ari to₂ ki₁kasite kupasi me₁ wo ari to₂ ki₁ko₂site sa-yo₁bapi₁ ni ari tatasi yo₁bapi₁ ni ari kayo₁pase

...此岳尓菜採須兒家吉閑名告紗根...

...ko₂no₂ woka ni na tumasu ko₁ ipe₁ ki₁kana no₂rasane...

indicates light respect and slight affection


す

Possibly cognate with modern Korean 새 (sae, “bird”).


た

Japanese: た (ta)

美母呂爾都久夜多麻加岐都岐阿麻斯多爾加母余良牟加微能美夜比登

At Mimoro, / Built is a fine fence; / To leave behind; / Who should be approached? / Gods of the palace.

mi₁-mo₂ro₂ ni tuku ya tamakaki₁ tuki₁amasi ta ni ka mo₂ yo₂ramu kami₂ no₂ mi₁yapi₁to₂


た

Very likely from Proto-Japonic *ta; compare *tamay (whence Old Japanese 為 (tame₂) and Okinawan 為 (tami)).

749, Shoku Nihongi (Tenpyō-shōhō 1, first day of the fourth lunar month)
此_遠所念_波種種法中_(爾波)佛大御言_之國家護_我多仁_波勝在_止聞召。
KO₂ wo OMOPOSE ba KUSAGUSA NO₂ NO₂RI NO₂ NAKA nipa POTO₂KE₂ NO₂ OPOMI₁KO₂TO₂ si MI₁KADO₁ MAMORU ga ta nipa SUGARERU TARI to₂ KI₁KO₂SIME₁SU
If you think about this, there are various customs that have inner traits under the Buddhas great words for the sake of the emperor's view that will be heard of.

多都乃麻乎安礼波毛等米牟阿遠爾与志奈良乃美夜古邇許牟比等乃多仁

tatu no₂ ma wo are pa moto₂me₂mu awoni yo₂si Nara no₂ mi₁yako₁ ni ko₂mu pi₁to₂ no₂ ta ni

I would like to find a dragon horse for a person who will come to the capital of Nara where green earth is good.


た

阿波旎辭摩異椰敷多那羅弭阿豆枳辭摩異椰敷多那羅弭豫呂辭枳辭摩之魔儾伽多佐例阿羅智之吉備那流伊慕塢阿比瀰菟流慕能

Thou Island of Ahaji / With thy double ranges; / Thou Island of Adzuki / With thy double ranges / Ye good islands / Ye have seen face to face / My spouse of Kibi. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nihongi:_Chronicles_of_Japan_from_the_Earliest_Times_to_A.D._697/Book_X

Apadi-sima iya putanarabi Aduki₁-sima iya putanarabi yo₂ro₂siki₁ simasima ta ka ta-sarearatisi Ki₁bi₂ naru imo wo api₁mi₁turu mono₂

prefixed to a verb, adjective, or adverb to indicate an adjusting tone


な

Japanese: 刀 (katana)

Japanese: 鉈 (nata) (possibly)

Possibly cognate with modern Korean 날 (nal, “blade”).
Listed in various sources as the na portion in the term 刀 (katana), with the na described as meaning 刃 (“blade, edge”). However, there is no historical attestation for any na reading for this character.

劔大刀名惜雲吾者無君爾不相而年之經去禮者

turugi₁-tati na no₂ wosike₁ku mo ware pa nasi ki₁mi₁ ni apazute to₂si no₂ pe₂nureba

I do not even miss precious you, given the years that have passed without meeting with you.

any sharp and thin cutting implement: a blade, edge


な

三國坂中井_(中、此云那)

天渟中渟_(中此云農難)原瀛眞人天皇

The Emperor Ama-no₂-nunahara oki₁ no₂ mabi₁to₂ (read 中 as nuna)

譯語田渟中倉太珠敷尊

WOSADA NO₂ NUna KURA NO₂ PUTO₁ TAMASIKI₁ NO₂ MI₁KO₂TO₂


な

Possibly an apophonic form of の (no₂), from assimilation with adjacency to vowels such as a or u. Usage is mostly restricted to fixed expressions like 掌 (tanagokoro, “palm of the hand”, parsed as ta “hand” + na [possessive] + kokoro “heart, center”, changing to gokoro due to rendaku), due to such assimilation.
Vovin (2020, pp. 119-123) suggests that this may instead be a plural marker, which is supported by some terms changing due to rendaku, typically a contraction of -no₂- or -ni-.


な

Originally, そ (so₂) was only added to emphasize the sincerity of the request to the listener, however the structure of な (na) + continuative stem of verb + そ (so₂) quickly became lexicalized and the form only prepended by な (na) fell out of use.

サ行変格活用 サ行変格活用#Japanese

カ行変格活用 カ行変格活用#Japanese

(before the irrealis stem of a サ行変格活用 or カ行変格活用 verb and before the continuative stem of other verbs) indirectly indicates prohibition: don't

那杼理爾阿良牟遠 伊能知波 那志勢多麻比曾

nado₂ri ni aramu wo ino₂ti pa na-sisetamapi₁-so₂

(before the continuative stem of a verb followed by そ) entreats the listener and indirectly expresses prohibition: please don't


な

肴, 魚, 菜: side dish, especially fish, greens, etc.


な

first-person singular
first-person singular#English

second-person singular
second-person singular#English

汝: first-person singular pronoun: I, me; second-person singular pronoun: you, thou

reflexive pronoun
reflexive pronoun#English

己, 汝: third-person reflexive pronoun: one, oneself, itself


ぬ

-nu (romanization)
な (irrealis stem)
に (continuative stem)
ni (continuative stem)
ぬ (attributive stem)
nu (attributive stem)
ね (realis stem)
ne (realis stem)
ねど (contrastive)
nedo (contrastive)
ねば (causative)
neba (causative)
に (adverbial)
ni (adverbial)

ず (zu)

The conjugation of this auxiliary verb appears to follow that of a defective n-row 四段活用(よだんかつよう) (yodan katsuyō) paradigm rather than a ナ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) (na-gyō henkaku katsuyō) paradigm, despite the fact that there was never an n-row 四段活用(よだんかつよう) (yodan katsuyō) paradigm.
Notably, this verb has no attested 終止形(しゅうしけい) (shūshikei); uses and conjugations off of にす (nisu) are seen instead. This verb also has no attested 命令形(めいれいけい) (meireikei).

ja-r

ナ-ぎょう へんかく かつよう

(following the irrealis stem of verbs)
expresses negation; not


の

From Proto-Japonic *nə.
Pronunciation appears to be distinct from 野 (no₁, “plain, field”).

genitive case marker
indicates possession: of, -'s

genitive case marker
indicates identity or apposition

genitive case marker
a noun, adverb, or phrase modifier


ゆ

-yu (romanization)
𛀁 (irrealis stem)
-ye (irrealis)
𛀁 (continuative stem)
-ye (continuative)
ゆ (stem terminative)
-yu (terminative)
ゆる (attributive stem)
-yuru (attributive)
ゆれ (realis stem)
-yure (realis)
𛀁よ (imperative stem)
-yeyo (imperative)
𛀁ず (negative)
-yezu (negative)
ゆれど (contrastive)
-yuredo (contrastive)
ゆれば (causative)
-yureba (causative)
𛀁ば (conditional)
-yeba (conditional)
𛀁き (past)
-yeki (past)
𛀁けり (past)
-yekeri (past)
𛀁つ (perfect)
-yetu (perfect)
𛀁ぬ (perfect)
-yenu (perfect)
𛀁たり (continuative perfect)
-yetari (continuative perfect)
𛀁む (volitional)
-yemu (volitional)

Japanese: ゆ (-yu) → える (-eru)

attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of verbs

expresses natural, spontaneous occurrence


ゆ

Japanese: より (yori)

田兒之浦從打出而見者眞白衣不盡能高嶺爾雪波零家留

Tago₁-no₂-ura yu utiidete mi₁reba ma-siro₁ ni so₂ Puzi no₂ takane ni yuki₁ pa purike₁ru

We passed through Tago Bay while looking at the truly-white peak of Fuji from the falling snow.


れ

nominalizing suffix used to form pronouns, often from demonstratives: one, thing


いとこ

Japanese:

愛子 (itoko, “beloved”), in modern Japanese dictionaries

いとこ (itoko, “cousin”)

Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *itoko.
From stem ito- cognate with modern 愛しい (itoshii, “dear, precious”) + 子 (ko₁, “child”).

com

a person close, familial, or otherwise beloved (to the speaker, etc.)


一月

Japanese: 一月 (hitotsuki)

From 一 (pi₁to₂, “one”) + 月 (tuki₂, “month”).

於_レ是二國、圖_レ度_二便地_一、淹畱弦晦、築_レ城而還、號曰_二久禮牟羅城_一。

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Keitai, twenty-fourth year of reign [c. 530 CE], ninth month in autumn:

Thus the two countries [Baekje and Silla] measured out a piece of ground, settling for a month. They built a castle, named it Kuremura-nö-Sasi, and returned home.


相撲

Japanese: 相撲 (sumai → sumō)

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 爭ふ (sumapu, “to contend, resist”), likely derived in turn from verb 濟む (sumu, “to settle, finish”, intransitive) as the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) suma + auxiliary verb ふ (pu, indicating repetitive or ongoing action).
The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 相撲 (MC sjang phuwk, literally “mutually striking”).

ltc-l

卽日、遣倭直祖長尾市、喚野見宿禰。於是、野見宿禰、自出雲至。則當摩蹶速與野見宿禰令捔力。

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Suinin; seventh year of the seventh lunar month:

乃喚集采女、使脱衣裙而著犢鼻、露所相撲。

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Yūryaku; thirteenth year of the ninth lunar month:

a competition of power and skill, similar to modern-day sumo


光る

ひかる (hiragana)
光ら (irrealis stem)
ひから (irrealis stem)
fikara (irrealis)
光り (continuative stem)
ひかり (continuative stem)
fikari (continuative)
光る (stem terminative)
ひかる (stem terminative)
fikaru (terminative)
光る (attributive stem)
ひかる (attributive stem)
fikaru (attributive)
光れ (realis stem)
ひかれ (realis stem)
fikare (realis)
光れ (imperative stem)
ひかれ (imperative stem)
fikare (imperative)
光らず (negative)
ひからず (negative)
fikarazu (negative)
光れど (contrastive)
ひかれど (contrastive)
fikaredo (contrastive)
光れば (causative)
ひかれば (causative)
fikareba (causative)
光らば (conditional)
ひからば (conditional)
fikaraba (conditional)
光りき (past)
ひかりき (past)
fikariki (past)
光りけり (past)
ひかりけり (past)
fikarikeri (past)
光りつ (perfect)
ひかりつ (perfect)
fikaritu (perfect)
光りぬ (perfect)
ひかりぬ (perfect)
fikarinu (perfect)
光れり (continuative perfect)
光りたり (continuative perfect)
ひかれり (continuative perfect)
ひかりたり (continuative perfect)
fikareri (continuative perfect)
fikaritari (continuative perfect)
光らむ (volitional)
ひからむ (volitional)
fikaramu (volitional)

Japanese: 光る (hikaru)

From Proto-Japonic *pikaru.
From stem ひか (pi₁ka-, cognate with modern ぴかぴか (pikapika), “glitteringly, sparklingly”) + る (-ru, verb suffix).
Most likely cognate with 日 (pi₁, “sun”).

suffix

cognate with modern <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">ぴかぴか</i> (pikapika), “glitteringly, sparklingly”


曰く

Japanese: 曰く (iwaku)

The く (ku)-nominalization of verb 言ふ (ipu, “to say”).

...幼婦常 言雲知久 手小童之 哭耳泣管 俳徊 君之使乎 待八兼手六

...as the type of (weak) woman spoken of as a tawayame (手弱女), I cry all the time like a child, wandering around and waiting for an envoy with a message from you.

...tawayame₁ to₂ ipaku mo siruku tawarapa no₂ ne no₂mi₂ naki₁tutu tamoto₂pori ki₁mi₁ ga tukapi₁ wo mati ya kanetemu

(used adverbially) what a person or source says


いかり

Japanese: 錨, 碇, 矴 (ikari)

c. 715, Gazetteer of Harima Province (Shikama)
沈石落処者即號_二沈石丘_一。

大船乃絶多經海爾重石下何如爲鴨吾戀將止

opobune no₂ tayutapu umi₁ ni ikari orosi ika ni seba ka mo waga ko₁pi₂ yamamu

Like a large boat casting its anchor at the swaying sea, how can I stop my longing?


一昨日

Japanese: 一昨日 (ototsui, ototoi)

Compound of 遠 (woto₂, “distant past”) + つ (tu, case-marker particle) + 日 (pi₁, “day”).

com

山乃可比曾許登母見延受乎登都日毛昨日毛今日毛由吉能布禮禮婆

yama no₂ kapi₁ so₂ko₂ to₂ mo mi₁yezu woto₂tupi₁ mo ki₁no₂pu mo ke₁pu mo yuki₁ no₂ purereba

day before yesterday
day before yesterday


左手

Japanese: 左手 (hidarite)

From 左 (*pi₁dari, “left”) + 手 (te, “hand”).

吾妹兒者久志呂爾有奈武左手乃吾奧手二纒而去麻師乎

Peter H. Lee (1979) Celebration of Continuity: Themes in Classic East Asian Poetry, Harvard University Press; original from the University of Virginia, →ISBN, page 139

Would that my love were a bracelet! Trying her to my left arm, I would start my journey.

wagi₁moko₁ pa kusiro₂ ni aranamu *pi₁darite no₂ waga oku no₂ te ni maki₁te inamasi wo


こち

Japanese: こち (kochi)

Derived from 此 (ko₂, “this”, referring to object(s) near the speaker) + ち (-ti, suffix indicating direction).

suffix

久佐加辨能許知能夜麻登多多美許母弊具理能夜麻能...

711–712, Kojiki, lower volume (Emperor Yūryaku; poem 91):

Kusakabe₁ no₂ ko₂ti no₂ yama to₂ tatami₁ko₂mo₂ Pe₁guri-no₂-yama no₂...


きず

Japanese: 傷 (kizu)

From Proto-Japonic *kensu. Not related to きる (ki₁r-, “to cut”).

呰辱 上音之、訓岐受

Bad injury; the upper character reads ki₁zu

伊等能伎提 / 痛伎瘡爾波


からす

From Proto-Japonic *karasu.
Likely of onomatopoeic origin.


のど

のどなら (irrealis stem)
nodo nara (irrealis)
のどに (continuative stem)
のどなり (continuative stem)
nodo ni (continuative)
nodo nari (continuative)
のどなり (stem terminative)
nodo nari (terminative)
のどなる (attributive stem)
nodo naru (attributive)
のどなれ (realis stem)
nodo nare (realis)
のどなれ (imperative stem)
nodo nare (imperative)
のどならず (negative)
nodo narazu (negative)
のどなれど (contrastive)
nodo naredo (contrastive)
のどなれば (causative)
nodo nareba (causative)
のどならば (conditional)
nodo naraba (conditional)
のどなりき (past)
nodo nariki (past)
のどなりけり (past)
nodo narikeri (past)
のどに (adverbial)
nodo ni (adverbial)

Japanese: のどか (nodoka)

明日香川四我良美渡之塞益者進留水母能杼爾賀有萬思

c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 2, first variant poem 197, first variant:

Asuka-gapa sigarami₁ watasi sekamaseba nagaruru mi₁du mo no₂do₂ ni ka aramasi

...惶八神之渡者吹風母和者不吹立浪母...

...kasiko₁ki₁ ya kami₂ no₂ watari pa puku kaze mo no₂do₂ ni pa pukazu...

...鯨名取海路丹出而吹風裳箟跡丹者不吹立浪裳箟跡丹者不起...

...isana to₂ri umi₁di ni idete puku kaze mo no₂do₂ ni pa pukazu tatu nami₁ mo no₂do₂ ni pa tatanu...

749, Shoku Nihongi (Tenpyō-shōhō 1, first day of the fourth month in summer)
海行波美豆久屍山行波草牟須屍王乃幣爾去曾死米能杼'爾'波不死
umi₁ yukaba mi₁duku kabane yama yukaba kusa musu kabane opoki₁mi₁ no₂ pe₁ ni ko₂so₂ siname₂ no₂do₂ ni pa sinazi


日向

Japanese: 日向 (Hyūga)

From the Nihon Shoki (720 CE):
:
幸子湯縣、遊于丹裳小野。時東望之謂左右曰「是國也直向於日出方。」故號其國曰日向也。
The Emperor [Keikō] visited Ko₁yu and enjoyed himself at Nimono₂wono₁. At this time, he looked east and proclaimed left and right, “This province exactly faces the sun at its rising.” Therefore, this province was named Pi₁muka.
Compound of 日 (pi₁, “sun”) + 向か (muka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of verb 向く (muku), “to face (a direction)”).

ux

The Emperor 􂀿􂀽Keikō􂁀 visited Ko₁yu and enjoyed himself at Nimono₂wono₁. At this time, he looked east and proclaimed left and right, “This province exactly faces the sun at its rising.” Therefore, this province was named Pi₁muka.

幸子湯縣、遊于丹裳小野。時東望之謂左右曰「是國也直向於日出方。」故號其國曰日向也。
The Emperor [[[w:Emperor Keikō|Keikō]]] visited Ko₁yu and enjoyed himself at Nimono₂wono₁. At this time, he looked east and proclaimed left and right, “This province exactly faces the sun at its rising.” Therefore, this province was named Pi₁muka.

com

摩蘇餓豫蘇餓能古羅破宇摩奈羅麼譬武伽能古摩多智奈羅麼勾禮能摩差比宇倍之訶茂蘇餓能古羅烏於朋枳瀰能菟伽破須羅志枳

Torquil Duthie (2014) Man'yōshū and the Imperial Imagination in Early Japan (Brill's Japanese Studies Library), reprint edition, BRILL, →ISBN, pages 227-228

Oh true Soga! The sons of Soga, if they were horses, would be steeds of Himuka, if they were swords, would be blades of Kure! Thus it is fitting, that the sons of Soga should be in service of the great lord.

ma-So₁ga yo₂ So₁ga no₂ ko₁ra pa uma naraba Pi₁muka no₂ ko₁ma tati naraba Kure no₂ ma-sapi₁ ubesi ka mo So₁ga no₂ ko₁ra wo opoki₁mi₁ no₂ tukapasurasiki₁

Short for 日向國 (Pi₁muka-no₂-kuni): a province in ancient Japan, corresponding to modern Miyazaki Prefecture on the eastern coast of Kyushu


ふるさと

Japanese: ふるさと (furusato)

Compound of ふる (puru, “something ancient, old, in the past”) + 里 (sato₁, “village; home”).

従情毛我者不念寸又更吾故郷爾將還來者

ko₂ko₂ro₂ yu mo a pa omopazuki₁ mata sara ni waga purusato₁ ni kape₁riko₂mu to₂ pa

a homeland, hometown (place one was born and/or raised)

c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 4, first variant poem 626, first variant:

君爾因言之繁乎古郷之明日香乃河爾潔身為爾去

ki₁mi₁ ni yo₂ri ko₂to₂ no₂ sige₂ki₁ wo purusato₁ no₂ Asuka-no₂-kapa ni *mi₁so₂gi₁ si ni yuku

an ancient city, usually crumbling or already in ruins, that once prospered


こそ

Japanese: こそ (koso)

Possibly derived from 此 (ko₂, “this”) + そ (so₂, empathic particle).

sentence-ending particle expressing humility

sentence-ending particle expressing hope for others


水無月

Japanese: 水無月 (minazuki)

Compound of 水 (mi₁, “water”) + な (na, apophonic form of possessive particle の (no₂)) + 月 (tuki₂, “month”).

六月之地副割而照日尓毛吾袖将乾哉於君不相四手

mi₁naduki₂ no₂ tuti sape₂ sake₂te terupi₁ ni mo waga so₁de pi₂me₂ ya ki₁mi₁ ni apazusite


神無月

head

かみなづき, かむなづき

神無月 (kami₂naduki₂, kamunaduki₂) (kana かみなづき, かむなづき)

かみなづき (hiragana)
かむなづき (hiragana)
十月 (alternative)

Japanese: 神無月 (かんなづき, kannazuki)

Compound of 神 (kami₂/kamu-, “Shinto god, deity”) + な (na, apophonic form of possessive particle の (no₂)) + 月 (tuki₂, “month”). The tsuki changes to zuki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
In one folk etymology, kami were said to assemble at Izumo Grand Shrine in this month, leaving no gods in the rest of Japan.

com

...孟冬作陰之月...

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Yūryaku, entry 2: third year of the tenth month of Emperor Ankō:

十月鍾礼尓相有黄葉乃吹者将落風之随

kami₁naduki₂'kamunaduki₂' sigure ni ape₁ru momi₁tiba no₂ pukaba tirinamu kaze no₂ manimani


龍の馬

Japanese: 竜の馬 (tatsu no (u)ma), in modern dictionaries

Calque from Middle Chinese 龍馬 (MC ljowng maeX).
Equivalent to a compound of 龍 (tatu, “dragon”) + の (no₂, possessive particle) + 馬 (uma, “horse”).
Due to either haplology or vowel clustering, the initial u of uma was lost.

多都能馬母伊麻勿愛弖之可阿遠爾與志奈良乃美夜古爾由吉帝己牟丹米

A dragon (or majestic) horse now I’d love to have, for the sake of coming to visit thee at the green-soiled capital of Nara [with it].

tatuno₂ma mo ima mo etesi ka awoni yo₂si Nara no₂ mi₁yako₁ ni yuki₁te ko₂mu tame₂

多都乃麻乎安禮波毛等米牟阿遠爾與志奈良乃美夜古邇許牟比等乃多仁

That dragon (or majestic) horse I’d want to find, if thou wert coming to the green-soiled capital of Nara for a visit.

tatuno₂ma wo are pa moto₂me₂mu awoni yo₂si Nara no₂ mi₁yako₁ ni ko₂mu pi₁to₂ no₂ ta ni

広辞苑 w:ja:広辞苑

(idiomatic) an excellent or very fast horse


霞む

kasumu (romanization)
かすむ (hiragana)
霞ま (irrealis stem)
かすま (irrealis stem)
kasuma (irrealis)
霞み (continuative stem)
かすみ (continuative stem)
kasumi (continuative)
霞む (stem terminative)
かすむ (stem terminative)
kasumu (terminative)
霞む (attributive stem)
かすむ (attributive stem)
kasumu (attributive)
霞め (realis stem)
かすめ (realis stem)
kasume (realis)
霞め (imperative stem)
かすめ (imperative stem)
kasume (imperative)
霞まず (negative)
かすまず (negative)
kasumazu (negative)
霞めど (contrastive)
かすめど (contrastive)
kasumedo (contrastive)
霞めば (causative)
かすめば (causative)
kasumeba (causative)
霞まば (conditional)
かすまば (conditional)
kasumaba (conditional)
霞みき (past)
かすみき (past)
kasumiki (past)
霞みけり (past)
かすみけり (past)
kasumikeri (past)
霞みつ (perfect)
かすみつ (perfect)
kasumitu (perfect)
霞みぬ (perfect)
かすみぬ (perfect)
kasuminu (perfect)
霞めり (continuative perfect)
霞みたり (continuative perfect)
かすめり (continuative perfect)
かすみたり (continuative perfect)
kasumeri (continuative perfect)
kasumitari (continuative perfect)
霞まむ (volitional)
かすまむ (volitional)
kasumamu (volitional)

desc

Japanese: 霞む, 翳む (kasumu, intransitive and archaic transitive)

霞める, 翳める (kasumeru, modern transitive)

From stem kasu-, cognate with adjective 幽し (kaso₁ke₂si, “faint”).


奈良

Nara (romanization)
なら (hiragana)
寧樂 (alternative)
平城 (alternative)

Japanese: 奈良 (Nara)

From the Nihon Shoki (720 CE):
:
則率_二精兵_一、進登_二那羅山_一而軍之。時官軍屯聚、而蹢_二跙草木_一。因以號_二其山_一曰_二那羅山_一。〈蹢跙、此云_二：布瀰那羅須_一〉
The selected soldiers went forward, climbed Nara-yama, and put them in order. Now the imperial forces gathered and flattened trees and plants. Therefore, the mountain is called Nara-yama (“Flattened” is read as fuminarasu).
However, analysis of phonetic spellings reveals that the placename was often spelled with a final -ku or -ki₂ element.

ux

a placename in 大和 (Yamato₂, “Yamato Province”), the seat of power of the ancient Yamato court


天皇

Japanese: 天皇 (sumeragi, suberagi)

Possibly from 皇 (sume₁ro₂-, apophonic form of sume₁ra-, prefix of praise and respect) + 君 (ki₁mi₁, “lord, master → sovereign”), with the final mi₁ dropping due to poetic reasons.
The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 天皇 (MC then hwang).

obor

(honorific) a sovereign who governs a region

(by extension, honorific) a term of address for an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan

(by extension) the imperial lineage or family line


天皇

Japanese: 天皇, 皇尊 (sumeramikoto)

From 皇 (sume₁ra-, prefix of praise and respect) + 尊 (mi₁ko₂to₂, “Highness”).
The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 天皇 (MC then hwang).

prefix

(honorific) a term of address for an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan

神日本磐余彦天皇

Kamuyamato2 Iparepi1ko1 no Sume1rami1ko2to2


たら

Japanese: たら (tara, obsolete)

Possibly borrowed from an ancestor of Korean 달 (dal, “reed”).


大臣

Japanese: 大臣 (ōmaetsugimi)

From 大 (opo-, “big, great”) + 公卿 (mape₁tuki₁mi₁, “senior court official”).

a court official who serves near the emperor


大臣

Japanese: 大臣 (ōmachigimi), in modern dictionaries

From 大 (opo-, “big, great”) + 公卿 (matiki₁mi₁, “senior court official”).
Alternatively, a shift from opomape₁tuki₁mi₁ above.

(politics) a chief consul in the ancient Yamato court, equivalent to and replaced by 左大臣 (sadaijin) and 右大臣 (udaijin) during the Taika Reforms


大臣

From 大 (opo-, “big, great”) + 臣 (omi₁, a kabane title).
The final -o of opo- was lost due to haplology.

a pre-Taika Reform 姓 (kabane, “hereditary title”) given to a member of a powerful clan, ranked higher than an 臣 (omi₁)


申す

mawosu (romanization)
まをす (hiragana)
申さ (irrealis stem)
まをさ (irrealis stem)
mawosa (irrealis)
申し (continuative stem)
まをし (continuative stem)
mawosi (continuative)
申す (stem terminative)
まをす (stem terminative)
mawosu (terminative)
申す (attributive stem)
まをす (attributive stem)
mawosu (attributive)
申せ (realis stem)
まをせ (realis stem)
mawose (realis)
申せ (imperative stem)
まをせ (imperative stem)
mawose (imperative)
申さず (negative)
まをさず (negative)
mawosazu (negative)
申せど (contrastive)
まをせど (contrastive)
mawosedo (contrastive)
申せば (causative)
まをせば (causative)
mawoseba (causative)
申さば (conditional)
まをさば (conditional)
mawosaba (conditional)
申しき (past)
まをしき (past)
mawosiki (past)
申しけり (past)
まをしけり (past)
mawosikeri (past)
申しつ (perfect)
まをしつ (perfect)
mawositu (perfect)
申しぬ (perfect)
まをしぬ (perfect)
mawosinu (perfect)
申せり (continuative perfect)
申したり (continuative perfect)
まをせり (continuative perfect)
まをしたり (continuative perfect)
mawoseri (continuative perfect)
mawositari (continuative perfect)
申さむ (volitional)
まをさむ (volitional)
mawosamu (volitional)

to ask, request, or give thanks (to a kami or buddha)

to serve, perform an action for a superior

(auxiliary) attaches to 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb: to formally or otherwise ceremonially do [verb]


申す

mausu (romanization)
まうす (hiragana)
申さ (irrealis stem)
まうさ (irrealis stem)
mausa (irrealis)
申し (continuative stem)
まうし (continuative stem)
mausi (continuative)
申す (stem terminative)
まうす (stem terminative)
mausu (terminative)
申す (attributive stem)
まうす (attributive stem)
mausu (attributive)
申せ (realis stem)
まうせ (realis stem)
mause (realis)
申せ (imperative stem)
まうせ (imperative stem)
mause (imperative)
申さず (negative)
まうさず (negative)
mausazu (negative)
申せど (contrastive)
まうせど (contrastive)
mausedo (contrastive)
申せば (causative)
まうせば (causative)
mauseba (causative)
申さば (conditional)
まうさば (conditional)
mausaba (conditional)
申しき (past)
まうしき (past)
mausiki (past)
申しけり (past)
まうしけり (past)
mausikeri (past)
申しつ (perfect)
まうしつ (perfect)
mausitu (perfect)
申しぬ (perfect)
まうしぬ (perfect)
mausinu (perfect)
申せり (continuative perfect)
申したり (continuative perfect)
まうせり (continuative perfect)
まうしたり (continuative perfect)
mauseri (continuative perfect)
mausitari (continuative perfect)
申さむ (volitional)
まうさむ (volitional)
mausamu (volitional)

Japanese: 申す (mōsu)

⟨mawosu⟩ → */mawusu/ → /mausu/
Shift from mawosu above, attested in a few later poems of the Man'yōshū.
Since later poems also attest the use of earlier mawosu, a free variation of both pronunciations appears likely.


一人

Japanese: 一人, 独り (hitori)

From 一 (pi₁to₂, “one, 1”) + 人 (-ri, counter for persons).

suffix

波流佐禮婆麻豆佐久耶登能烏梅能波奈比等利美都都夜波流比久良佐武

paru sareba madu saku yado₁ no₂ ume₂ no₂ pana pi₁to₂ri mi₁tutu ya parupi₁ kurasamu

When spring comes and the first plums bloom in your garden, could you spend the long spring days looking on them by yourself?

夜多能比登母登須宜波比登理袁理登母意富岐彌斯與斯登岐許佐婆比登理袁理登母

Jin'ichi Konishi (2017) Nicholas Teele, transl., Earl Roy Miner, editor, A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1: The Archaic and Ancient Ages (Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 145

Though like the single stalk of Yata sedge, I remain alone, if Your Majesty agrees, It will not matter that I remain alone.

Yata no₂ pi₁to₂mo₂to₂ suge₂ pa pi₁to₂ri wori to₂ mo₂ opoki₁mi₁ si yo₂si to₂ ki₁ko₂saba pi₁to₂ri wori to₂ mo₂


一人

Two possible derivations:
* From 一 (pi₁-, short form of pi₁to₂, “one, 1”) + 人 (-tari, counter for persons). However, pi₁- was never attested as a short form of pi₁to₂ until the Middle Japanese stage.
* Alternatively, a shift from 一 (pi₁to₂, “one, 1”) + 人 (-tari, counter for persons):
*: ⟨pi₁to₂ tari⟩ → */pʲit̚tari/ → ⟨pi₁dari⟩
Given the shift of -ta to -da due to rendaku (連濁), the second derivation seems likely.

愛瀰詩烏毗儾利毛毛那比苔比苔破易陪廼毛多牟伽毗毛勢儒

A single Emishi is worth a hundred men, so they say, yet they did not resist.

Emi₁si wo pi₁dari momo na pi₁to₂ pi₁to₂ pa ipe₂do₂ mo tamukapi₁ mo sezu

(rare, possibly regional, Eastern Old Japanese) one person


梓弓

adusa yumi₁ (romanization)
あづさゆみ (hiragana)

Japanese: 梓弓 (azusayumi)

From 梓 (adusa, “Japanese cherry birch (Betula grossa)”) + 弓 (yumi₁, “bow”).

槻弓

bow made from the wood of the Japanese zelkova, Zelkova serrata

檀弓

bow made from the wood of the Japanese spindle tree, Euonymus hamiltonianus

知波夜比登宇遅能和多理邇和多理是邇多弖流阿豆佐由美麻由美伊岐良牟登許許呂波母閇杼伊斗良牟登許許呂波母閇杼母登弊波岐美袁淤母比傅須恵幣波伊毛袁淤母比傅伊良那祁久曾許爾淤母比傅加那志祁久許許爾淤母比傅伊岐良受曾久流阿豆佐由美麻由美

tipaya-pi₁to₂ Udi no₂ watari ni watarize ni tateru adusa yumi₁ mayumi₁ i-ki₁ramu to₂ ko₂ko₂ro₂ pa mo₂pe₂do₂ i-to₂ramu to₂ ko₂ko₂ro₂ pa mo₂pe₂do₂ mo₂to₂pe₁ pa ki₁mi₁ wo omo₂pi₁de suwepe₁ pa imo₁ wo omo₂pi₁de iranake₁ku so₂ko₂ ni omo₂pi₁de kanasike₁ku ko₂ko₂ ni omo₂pi₁de i-ki₁razu so₂ kuru adusa yumi₁ mayumi₁

a bow made from the wood of the Japanese cherry birch (Betula grossa)

from the pulling of an azusa yumi bowstring, punning the verbs 射る (iru, “to shoot”), 張る (paru, “to stretch”), or 引く (pi₁ku, “to pull”)

allusion to い (i), いる (iru), はる (paru), or ひく (pi₁ku)

from the names of parts of an azusa yumi bow, punning 元 (moto₂, “origin, base”), 末 (suwe, “end, tip”), or 弦 (turu, “bowstring”)

allusion to もと (moto₂), すゑ (suwe), or つる (turu)

from the point between the origin and end when pulling an azusa yumi bowstring, punning the verb 寄る (yo₁ru, “to approach, draw near”)

from the sound of releasing the bowstring when shooting an arrow, punning 音 (oto₂, “sound”) or 矢 (ya, “arrow”)


さし

Probably borrowed from Old Korean 城叱 (*CAs). Appears in ancient texts in apparent reference to the Gaya confederacy. Possibly also related to Ainu チャシ (casi, “fortress”).

720: Nihon Shoki
東韓者、甘羅城・高難城・爾林城是也。

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

720: Nihon Shoki
逮乎朕之王天下、投身對馬之外、竄跡匝羅之表、阻高麗之貢、呑百濟之城。


ひなもり

夷守: co-chieftain in ancient Japan who protected distant lands


太后

Japanese: 太后 (ōkisaki → ōkisai)

Extension of 大后 (opoki₁saki₁, “empress”).

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Suizei (first year [581 BCE] and month of reign; Atsuda-bon glosses):

[He] honoured the Empress by granting her [the title] of empress dowager.


公卿

まへつきみ (hiragana)
卿 (alternative)
大夫 (alternative)

desc

Japanese: 公卿 (maetsukimi → maetsugimi → mōchigimi, in modern Japanese dictionaries)

大臣 (ōmaetsugimi, “Daijō-kan senior official”)

Originally a compound of 前 (mape₁, “head, in front”) + つ (tu, possessive particle) + 君 (ki₁mi₁, “emperor”).
Refers to noblemen who serve before the Emperor.


公卿

まちきみ (hiragana)
卿 (alternative)
大夫 (alternative)

Japanese: 公卿 (machigimi)

Possibly a shift from mape₁tuki₁mi₁ above.

(honorific, rare) a senior court official


黃金

> Japanese: 黄金 (kogane) (inherited)

From 黃 (ku, combining form of ki₂, “yellow”) + 金 (kane, “metal”).
The kane changes to gane as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


小豆

Japanese: 小豆 (azuki)

*/antuki/ → ⟨aduki₁⟩
Derivation unknown. Appears to be identical to Ainu antuki (“azuki bean”), which may be a borrowing. However, the direction of borrowing is uncertain.
The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun. The characters literally mean “small bean”.

阿波旎辭摩異椰敷多那羅弭阿豆枳辭摩異椰敷多那羅弭予呂辭枳辭摩之魔儾伽多佐例阿羅智之吉備那流伊慕塢阿比瀰莵流慕能

Apadi-sima iya putanarabi₁ Aduki₁-sima iya putanarabi₁ yo₂ro₂siki₁ simasima ta ka tasarearatisi Ki₁bi₂ naru imo wo api₁mi₁turu mono₂

Vigna angularis
Vigna angularis#Translingual


春日

Japanese: 春日 (haruhi, harubi)

From 春 (paru, “spring, springtime”) + 日 (pi₁, “sun, sunlight, daylight, day”).

可須美多都那我岐波流卑乎可謝勢例杼伊野那都可子岐烏梅能波那可毛

kasumi₁ tatu nagaki₁ parupi₁ wo kazaseredo₂ iya natukasiki₁ ume₂ no₂ pana ka mo

Through the long spring day, hazy with its rising mist, we keep our brows decked with blossoms of the plum, but only grow the fonder.

宇良宇良爾照流春日爾比婆理安我里情悲毛比登里志於母倍婆

uraura ni tereru parupi₁ ni pi₁bari agari ko₂ko₂ro₂ kanasi mo pi₁to₂ri si omope₂ba

Into the soft light of a tranquil day in spring a lark rises high―leaving my heart saddened as I muse on all alone.

謂須能箇瀰賦屡鳴須擬底擧慕摩矩羅柁箇播志須擬慕能娑播爾於褒野該須擬播屡比箇須我鳴須擬逗摩御慕屡鳴佐褒鳴須擬...

Isuno₂kami₁^([sic]) Puru wo sugi₂te ko₂momakura Takapasi sugi₂ mono₂sapa ni Opoyake₂ sugi₂ parupi₁ Kasuga wo sugi₂ tuma-go₂moru Wosapo wo sugi₂...

a misty day (or sun) in spring, allusion to 春日 (Kasuga, a placename, see below)


春日

Japanese: 春日 (Kasuga)

Compare 明日香 (Asuka), from pillow word 飛ぶ鳥の (to₂bu to₂ri no₂).

千磐破神之社四無有世伐春日之野邊粟種益乎

tipayaburu kami₂ no₂ yasiro₂ si nakariseba Kasuga-no₂-no₁pe₁ ni apa makamasi wo

Thousand-rock-smashing, a fierce deity abides in the godly shrine: but for her I'd be well pleased to sow our millet in Kasuga fields.

a placename in the vicinity that is today part of the city of Nara in Nara Prefecture

春霞

parukasumi1, pillow word that can allude to Kasuga


しだ

a (particular) time, circumstance, occasion


初春

Japanese: 初春 (hatsuharu)

From 初 (patu-, “beginning, start”) + 春 (paru, “spring”).

prefix

新年乃始乃波都波流能家布敷流由伎能伊夜之家餘其騰

aratasiki₁ to₂si no₂ pazime₂ no₂ patuparu no₂ ke₁pu puru yuki₁ no₂ iya sike₁ yo₂go₂to₂

Today in early spring of the new year brings more and more blessings by the falling snow.


不盡

Alternative spelling of 富士 (Puzi): Mount Fuji


同じ

onazi (romanization)
おなじ (hiragana)
同じく (irrealis stem)
同じから (irrealis stem)
おなじく (irrealis stem)
おなじから (irrealis stem)
onaziku (irrealis)
onazikara (irrealis)
同じく (continuative stem)
同じかり (continuative stem)
おなじく (continuative stem)
おなじかり (continuative stem)
onaziku (continuative)
onazikari (continuative)
同じ (stem terminative)
おなじ (stem terminative)
onazi (terminative)
同じき (attributive stem)
同じかる (attributive stem)
おなじき (attributive stem)
おなじかる (attributive stem)
onaziki (attributive)
onazikaru (attributive)
同じけれ (realis stem)
おなじけれ (realis stem)
onazikere (realis)
同じかれ (imperative stem)
おなじかれ (imperative stem)
onazikare (imperative)
同じからず (negative)
おなじからず (negative)
onazikarazu (negative)
同じけれど (contrastive)
おなじけれど (contrastive)
onazikeredo (contrastive)
同じければ (causative)
おなじければ (causative)
onazikereba (causative)
同じくば (conditional)
おなじくば (conditional)
onazikuba (conditional)
同じかりき (past)
おなじかりき (past)
onazikariki (past)
同じかりけり (past)
おなじかりけり (past)
onazikarikeri (past)
同じく (adverbial)
おなじく (adverbial)
onaziku (adverbial)

Japanese: 同じ (onaji)

Possibly derived from pronoun 己 (ono₂, “I, oneself”) + adjectival suffix し (-si).
* *⟨ono₂ zi⟩ (unattested) → ⟨onazi⟩ → /onaʑi/


同じ

oyazi (romanization)
おやじ (hiragana)
同じく (irrealis stem)
同じから (irrealis stem)
おやじく (irrealis stem)
おやじから (irrealis stem)
oyaziku (irrealis)
oyazikara (irrealis)
同じく (continuative stem)
同じかり (continuative stem)
おやじく (continuative stem)
おやじかり (continuative stem)
oyaziku (continuative)
oyazikari (continuative)
同じ (stem terminative)
おやじ (stem terminative)
oyazi (terminative)
同じき (attributive stem)
同じかる (attributive stem)
おやじき (attributive stem)
おやじかる (attributive stem)
oyaziki (attributive)
oyazikaru (attributive)
同じけれ (realis stem)
おやじけれ (realis stem)
oyazikere (realis)
同じかれ (imperative stem)
おやじかれ (imperative stem)
oyazikare (imperative)
同じからず (negative)
おやじからず (negative)
oyazikarazu (negative)
同じけれど (contrastive)
おやじけれど (contrastive)
oyazikeredo (contrastive)
同じければ (causative)
おやじければ (causative)
oyazikereba (causative)
同じくば (conditional)
おやじくば (conditional)
oyazikuba (conditional)
同じかりき (past)
おやじかりき (past)
oyazikariki (past)
同じかりけり (past)
おやじかりけり (past)
oyazikarikeri (past)
同じく (adverbial)
おやじく (adverbial)
oyaziku (adverbial)

Derived from 祖 (oya, “parent, ancestor”) + adjectival suffix し (-si).


ほとけ

佛: carving, image, statue, or other likeness of a buddha


紅葉

Japanese: 紅葉 (momiji)

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 紅葉つ (momi₁tu, “to turn in autumn, said of leaves”).
Possibly cognate with verb 燃ゆ (mo₁yu, “to burn”).

妹許跡馬鞍置而射駒山撃越來者紅葉散筒

imogari to₂ uma ni kura oki₁te Iko₁ma-yama utiko₁yekureba momi₁ti tiritutu

Saddling my horse, I cross Ikoma's hill, where already the autumn leaves lie ruddy on the ground.

Acer palmatum
Acer palmatum#Translingual


紅葉

Japanese: 紅葉 (momijiba)

Compound of 紅葉ち (momi₁ti, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 紅葉つ (momi₁tu), “to turn in autumn, said of leaves”) + 葉 (pa, “leaf”).
The pa changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

the leaves of the Japanese maple (Acer palmatum)


麻生

wopu (romanization)
をふ (hiragana)
苧生 (alternative)

Japanese: 麻生, 苧生 (ou), in Japanese dictionaries

From 麻 (wo, “hemp or ramie plant”) + 生 (pu, “place where vegetation grows”).

櫻麻乃苧原之下草露有者令明而射去母者雖知

sakurawo no₂ wopu no sitakusa tuyu si areba akasite iyuke₁ papa pa siru to₂ mo


鎌倉

Japanese: 鎌倉 (Kamakura)

Originally a compound of 竈 (kama, “oven”) + 鞍 (kura, “saddle”), from the way that the landscape as viewed from the sea looks like a saddle inside an oven, that is, a flat area in the mountains, surrounded by hills in the shape of an old traditional oven.

足鏡別王者、【鎌倉之別、小津、石代之別、漁田之別祖也。】次息長田別王之子、杙俣長田子王。

Kurano, Kenji with Yūkichi Takeda (712) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 1: Kojiki, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1958, →ISBN, page 224

可麻久良乃美胡之能佐吉能伊波久叡乃伎美我久由倍伎己許呂波母多自

Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 3: Man’yōshū 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2002, →ISBN

Kamakura no₂ Mi₁go₁si-no₂-saki₁ no₂ ipakuye no₂ ki₁mi₁ ga kuyube₂ki₁ ko₂ko₂ro₂ pa motazi

奈爾波都爾余曾比余比弖氣布能比夜伊田弖麻可良武美流波波奈之爾 右一首、鎌倉郡上丁丸子連多麻呂。

Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 4: Man’yōshū 4 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2003, →ISBN

Today in Naniwa Bay, adorned [with flags], I depart without a mother seeing me off (by the leader Maroko no Ōmaro from the district of Kamakura).

Nanipa-tu ni yo₂so₂pi₁ yo₂so₂pi₁te ke₂pu no₂ pi₁ ya idete-makaramu mi₁ru papa nasi ni (Hidari isshu, Kamakura-gun jōtei Maroko no Muraji Ōmaro)

a placename on the southeastern part of modern Kanagawa Prefecture


掘串

Japanese: 掘串 (fugushi), in modern dictionaries

ふぐせ (fuguse)

ほぐせ (hoguse)

A surface analysis suggests a derivation from a root p- cognate with 掘る (poru, “to dig”) + 串 (kusi, “tine, stake, skewer”).

籠毛與美籠母乳布久思毛與美夫君志持此岳爾菜採須兒家吉閑名告紗根...

ko₁ mo yo₂ mi₁-ko₁ moti pukusi mo yo₂ mi₁-bukusi moti ko₂no₂ woka ni na tumasu ko₁ ipe₁ ki₁kana na no₂rasane...

O girl who picks greens on the hill with your pretty basket and shovel, ask me of your home and your name.


復つ

wotu (romanization)
をつ (hiragana)
復ち (irrealis stem)
をち (irrealis stem)
woti (irrealis)
復ち (continuative stem)
をち (continuative stem)
woti (continuative)
復つ (stem terminative)
をつ (stem terminative)
wotu (terminative)
復つる (attributive stem)
をつる (attributive stem)
woturu (attributive)
復つれ (realis stem)
をつれ (realis stem)
woture (realis)
復ちよ (imperative stem)
をちよ (imperative stem)
wotiyo (imperative)
復ちず (negative)
をちず (negative)
wotizu (negative)
復つれど (contrastive)
をつれど (contrastive)
woturedo (contrastive)
復つれば (causative)
をつれば (causative)
wotureba (causative)
復ちば (conditional)
をちば (conditional)
wotiba (conditional)
復ちき (past)
をちき (past)
wotiki (past)
復ちけり (past)
をちけり (past)
wotikeri (past)
復ちつ (perfect)
をちつ (perfect)
wotitu (perfect)
復ちぬ (perfect)
をちぬ (perfect)
wotinu (perfect)
復ちたり (continuative perfect)
をちたり (continuative perfect)
wotitari (continuative perfect)
復ちむ (volitional)
をちむ (volitional)
wotimu (volitional)

Japanese: 変若つ, 復つ (otsu)

The root wot- refers to “youth, original state”, with traces found in 男 (woto₂ko₁) and 乙女 (woto₂me₁).
Possibly also cognate with 遠 (woti, “distant time”).

和我佐可理伊多久久多知奴久毛爾得夫久須利波武等母麻多遠知米也母

waga sakari itaku kutatinu kumo ni to₂bu kusuri pamu to₂ mo mata wotime₂ ya mo

從古人之言來流老人之變若云水曾名爾負瀧之瀨

inisipe₁ yu pi₁to₂ no₂ ipi₁ke₁ru oipi₁to₂ no₂ wotu to₂ ipu mi₁du so₂ na ni opu taki₁ no₂ se

to return to an origin or original state, to become young again, to be rejuvenated, to be restored to a youthful state

吾妹兒者常世國爾住家良思昔見從變若益爾家利

wagi₁moko₁ pa to₂ko₂yo₂ no₂ kuni ni sumi₁ke₁rasi mukasi mi₁si yo₁ri wotimasinike₁ri


神戸

Japanese: 神戸 (kanbe, Kōbe)

Compound of 神 (kamu, combining form of kami₂, “(Shinto) god, deity”) + 戸 (pe₁, “house”). The pe₁ changes to be₁ as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

然後卜祭_二他社_一、吉_レ焉。便別祭_二八十萬群神_一。仍定_二天社、國社、及神地、神戸_一。

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Sujin, seventh year of reign [c. 90 BCE], thirteenth day of the eleventh month:

Then after was the divination and veneration to the other gods, thereupon [it was] good. Then the other eighty and ten thousand gods were venerated separately. A shrine was dedicated to the ama tsu yashiro [heavenly deities], kuni tsu yashiro [national deities], as well as the godly places and the shrine households.

under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, a shrine in the 封戸 (fuko) household of taxation


大坂

Japanese: 大阪, 大坂 (Ōsaka)

Attested in the Kojiki (720 CE).
From 大 (opo, “large”) + 坂 (saka, “hill”).

Oposaka (a hill downsloping from Yamato to Kawachi provinces, in modern Japan)


蝦夷

desc

Japanese: 蝦夷 (Emishi, Emisu, Ebisu, Ezo)

Borrowed from Ainu, either from エンジュ (*enzyu) or エㇺチウ (*emchiu), both meaning “man, person”.
According to the Kojiki-den, the kanji spelling 蝦 (“shrimp”) + 夷 (“barbarian”) is in reference to their hairiness and savagery.

720, Nihon Shoki (poem 11)
愛瀰詩烏毗儾利毛毛那比苔比苔破易陪廼毛多牟伽毗毛勢儒
Emi₁si wo pi₁dari momo na pi₁to₂ pi₁to₂ pa ipe₂do₂ mo tamukapi₁ mo sezu
A single Emishi is worth a hundred men, so they say, yet they did not resist.

an ancient ethnic group that once lived on eastern and northeastern Japan and was possibly related to the Ainu people

Daijirin
Kojiki-den
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

熟蝦夷

gentle Emishi allied with the Yamato court


紅葉つ

もみつ (hiragana)
紅葉た (irrealis stem)
もみた (irrealis stem)
momita (irrealis)
紅葉ち (continuative stem)
もみち (continuative stem)
momiti (continuative)
紅葉つ (stem terminative)
もみつ (stem terminative)
momitu (terminative)
紅葉つ (attributive stem)
もみつ (attributive stem)
momitu (attributive)
紅葉て (realis stem)
もみて (realis stem)
momite (realis)
紅葉て (imperative stem)
もみて (imperative stem)
momite (imperative)
紅葉たず (negative)
もみたず (negative)
momitazu (negative)
紅葉てど (contrastive)
もみてど (contrastive)
momitedo (contrastive)
紅葉てば (causative)
もみてば (causative)
momiteba (causative)
紅葉たば (conditional)
もみたば (conditional)
momitaba (conditional)
紅葉ちき (past)
もみちき (past)
momitiki (past)
紅葉ちけり (past)
もみちけり (past)
momitikeri (past)
紅葉ちつ (perfect)
もみちつ (perfect)
momititu (perfect)
紅葉ちぬ (perfect)
もみちぬ (perfect)
momitinu (perfect)
紅葉てり (continuative perfect)
紅葉ちたり (continuative perfect)
もみてり (continuative perfect)
もみちたり (continuative perfect)
momiteri (continuative perfect)
momititari (continuative perfect)
紅葉たむ (volitional)
もみたむ (volitional)
momitamu (volitional)
黄葉つ (alternative)

Japanese: 紅葉づ (momizu)

吾屋前之芽子乃下葉者秋風毛未吹者如此曽毛美照

waga yado no hagi no shitaba wa akikaze mo imada fukaneba kaku zo momiteru

The underleaves of bush clover from my garden have turned this bright even though the autumn wind has not yet begun to blow.

to turn (color) in autumn, said of leaves


東風

Japanese: あいの風 (ai no kaze), あえの風 (ae no kaze)

an easterly (wind blowing from the east)


東風

Japanese: 東風 (kochi)

The final ti is likely cognate with classical Japanese 疾風 (hayachi), modern 疾風 (hayate, “gale”).


笑酒

wegusi (romanization)
ゑぐし (hiragana)
咲酒 (alternative)

Japanese: 笑酒, 咲酒 (egushi, in modern Japanese dictionaries)

From 笑 (we-, stem of verb 笑む (wemu), “to laugh”) + 酒 (kusi, “alcoholic drink, especially sake”).
The kusi changes to gusi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

com

stem of verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ojp">笑む</i> (wemu), “to laugh”

須須許理賀迦美斯美岐邇和禮恵比邇祁理許登那具志恵具志爾和禮恵比邇祁理

Susuko₂ri ga kami₁si mi₁-ki₁ ni ware wepinike₁ri ko₂to₂nagusi wegusi ni ware wepinike₁ri

a liquor that, if drunk, makes one laugh and have fun


力士舞

Derived from Middle Chinese 力士 (MC lik dzriX) + 舞ひ (mapi₁, “dance”).

池神力土儛可母白鷺乃桙啄持而飛渡良武

The pond deity's strong dance! [She] holds a spear of a white heron in her mouth, and keeps on flying around through.

IKEGAMI₂ NO₂ RIKI₁ZIMAPI₁ kamo SIRASAGI₁ no₂ POKO₂ KUPI₁ MOTITE TO₂BI₁ WATARU ramu

a type of masked performance; the performer plays the role of a Buddhist guardian deity, carries an axe, and dances


新羅

Japanese: 新羅 (Shiragi)

Shiratori (1896) derived this word from Old Korean 徐羅城 (*Syera-KUY), reconstructed from 徐羅 (syera) as in 徐羅伐 (Syerapel, “Seorabeol”, its capital city, present day Gyeongju) or 斯羅 (MC sje la), an older name of Silla; and Old Japanese 城 (ki₂, “fortress, castle”) considered as borrowed from Baekje 己 (kuy), from Goguryeo 忽 (kol(o)) and older form 溝婁 /沟娄 (kwurwu, OC *koː ɡ·roː/ɡ·ro, MC kəu lɨo|ləu), equated with Old Korean 伐 (pel, “village”).
Aisin-Gioro (2009) proposed that there are also similar exonyms for Korea, made from the same configuration, Old Turkic 𐰲𐰇𐰞𐰍𐰞 (čölüg el, “Silla”), Jurchen solgor (“Goryeo”, whence cognate with Manchu ᠰᠣᠯᡥᠣ (solho), “Korea”), and borrowed as Mongolian Солго (Solgo, “Korea”) and Middle Mongol 莎郎合思 (Solangqas, “Goryeo”, whence cognate with Mongolian Солонгос (Solongos), “Korea”), as being related to *Syera-kuy, and Khitan 𘬥𘲀𘭲𘮒 (*ś ul ó úr, “Silla, Goryeo”) as a descendant of 徐羅伐 (Syera-pel).

cog

whence cognate with Manchu <i class="Mong mnc-Mong mention" lang="mnc">ᠰᠣᠯᡥᠣ</i> (solho), “Korea”

whence cognate with Mongolian <i class="Cyrl mention" lang="mn">Солонгос</i> (Solongos), “Korea”

新羅奇敞可伊敞爾可加反流由吉能之麻由加牟多登伎毛於毛比可禰都母

Returning to my house in Silla, I still have no clue about whether I should depart from the island of Yuki.

Siraki₂-pe₁ ka ipe₁ ni ka kape₁ru Yuki₁-no₂-sima yukamu tado₂ki₁ mo omopi₁kanetu mo

Silla (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 57 BCE to 935 C.E.; at its maximum covering all of modern South Korea and most of modern North Korea)


千萬

Japanese: 千万 (chiyorozu)

From 千 (ti, “one thousand”) + 萬 (yo₂ro₂du, “ten thousand, myriad”).
Literally “ten million”.

com

千萬乃軍奈利友言擧不爲取而可來男常曾念

tiyo₂ro₂du no₂ ikusa nari to₂mo ko₂to₂age sezu to₂rite ki₁nube₂ki₁ ono₂ko₁ to₂ so₂ omopu

Though you faced a foe a thousand myriads in strength, you are such a man as without lifting up words could bring them captive back.


出づ

idu (romanization)
いづ (hiragana)
出で (irrealis stem)
いで (irrealis stem)
ide (irrealis)
出で (continuative stem)
いで (continuative stem)
ide (continuative)
出づ (stem terminative)
いづ (stem terminative)
idu (terminative)
出づる (attributive stem)
いづる (attributive stem)
iduru (attributive)
出づれ (realis stem)
いづれ (realis stem)
idure (realis)
出でよ (imperative stem)
いでよ (imperative stem)
ideyo (imperative)
出でず (negative)
いでず (negative)
idezu (negative)
出づれど (contrastive)
いづれど (contrastive)
iduredo (contrastive)
出づれば (causative)
いづれば (causative)
idureba (causative)
出でば (conditional)
いでば (conditional)
ideba (conditional)
出でき (past)
いでき (past)
ideki (past)
出でけり (past)
いでけり (past)
idekeri (past)
出でつ (perfect)
いでつ (perfect)
idetu (perfect)
出でぬ (perfect)
いでぬ (perfect)
idenu (perfect)
出でたり (continuative perfect)
いでたり (continuative perfect)
idetari (continuative perfect)
出でむ (volitional)
いでむ (volitional)
idemu (volitional)

Japanese: 出づ (izu)

出だす (idasu) → 出す (dasu)

出る (deru)

...阿遠夜麻邇比賀迦久良婆奴婆多麻能用波伊傅那牟...

711–712, Kojiki, upper volume (Ōkuninushi no mikoto; poem 3):

When the sun hides in the green mountain, the pitch-black night is about to fall.

...awoyama ni pi₁ ga kakuraba nubatama no₂ yo₁ pa idenamu...

宇磨佐開瀰和能等能能阿佐妬珥毛伊弟低由介那瀰和能等能渡塢

Jin'ichi Konishi (2017) Nicholas Teele, transl., Earl Roy Miner, editor, A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1: The Archaic and Ancient Ages (Volume 4935 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 142

Morning dawns at Miwa, famous for delicious sake: let us open the shrine portals and go out into the day, opening the shrine portals of Miwa.

umasake₂ Mi₁wa no₂ to₂no₂ no₂ asato₁ ni mo idete yukana Mi₁wa no₂ to₂no₂to₁ wo

阿之我利能刀比能可布知爾伊豆流湯能余爾母多欲良爾故呂河伊波奈久爾

Like Ashigari’s riverside Tohi where the hot spring is able to be seen, never in this time she says anything bad [to me].

Asigari no₂ To₁pi₁-no₂-kaputi ni iduru yu no₂ yo₂ ni mo tayo₁rani ko₁ro₂ ga ipanaku ni

言出云忌忌山川之當都心塞耐在

Herbert E. Plutschow (1990) Chaos and Cosmos: Ritual in Early and Medieval Japanese Literature (Volume 1 of Brill's Japanese Studies Library), BRILL, →ISBN, page 83

If I said out loud what moves my heart like the swift current of a mountain river, I would break a taboo.

ko₂to₂ ni idete ipaba yuyusimi₁ yamagapa no₂ tagi₁tu ko₂ko₂ro₂ wo sekiape₂te ari

(transitive) to produce, pull out, to make apparent


出づ

言ひいづ、取りいづ

(suffixed to the stem or continuative form of a verb) to make something apparent through the action of the preceding verb


いまし

汝: (honorific) second-person singular pronoun: you, thou


みまし

汝: second-person singular personal pronoun: you, thou

御座: emperor's or other nobleman's coming; emperor's seat or throne; nobleman's position or office