抱く

mudaku (romanization)
むだく (hiragana)
抱か (irrealis stem)
むだか (irrealis stem)
mudaka (irrealis)
抱き (continuative stem)
むだき (continuative stem)
mudaki (continuative)
抱く (stem terminative)
むだく (stem terminative)
mudaku (terminative)
抱く (attributive stem)
むだく (attributive stem)
mudaku (attributive)
抱け (realis stem)
むだけ (realis stem)
mudake (realis)
抱け (imperative stem)
むだけ (imperative stem)
mudake (imperative)
抱かず (negative)
むだかず (negative)
mudakazu (negative)
抱けど (contrastive)
むだけど (contrastive)
mudakedo (contrastive)
抱けば (causative)
むだけば (causative)
mudakeba (causative)
抱かば (conditional)
むだかば (conditional)
mudakaba (conditional)
抱きき (past)
むだきき (past)
mudakiki (past)
抱きけり (past)
むだきけり (past)
mudakikeri (past)
抱きつ (perfect)
むだきつ (perfect)
mudakitu (perfect)
抱きぬ (perfect)
むだきぬ (perfect)
mudakinu (perfect)
抱けり (continuative perfect)
抱きたり (continuative perfect)
むだけり (continuative perfect)
むだきたり (continuative perfect)
mudakeri (continuative perfect)
mudakitari (continuative perfect)
抱かむ (volitional)
むだかむ (volitional)
mudakamu (volitional)

Japanese: 抱く (udaku → idaku → daku)

Probably a compound of 身 (mu, combining form of mi₂, “body”) + 綰く (taku, “to do an action using one's hands”).
First cited in the Man'yōshū of roughly 759 CE. Not attested past the early Heian period.
The Nihon Ryōiki also attests udaki (宇于伎) and udakasi■ (有太加之■).

compound

腋挾 兒乃泣毎 雄自毛能 負見抱見

I caress under those arms; every time he crys, it is like a boy; I bear with it and hug it.

WAKI₁BASAMU KO₁ no₂ NAKU GO₂TO₂ NI WOTO₂KO₁zimono₂ OPI₁ MI₁ MUDAKI₁ MI₁

可美都気努 安蘇能麻素武良 可伎武太伎 奴礼杼安加奴乎 安杼加安我世牟

I embrace those hemps at Kamitukeno Aso; although I sleep, it's not satisfactory; what should I do?

kami₁tuke₂no₁ aso₁ no₂ maso₁mura kaki₁mudaki₁ nuredo₂ akanu wo ado₂ ka a ga semu

抱持、上取也、牟太久

Daijisen
Heian period
Man'yōshū
Nihon Ryōiki
ja:松村明


均す

narasu (romanization)
ならす (hiragana)
均さ (irrealis stem)
ならさ (irrealis stem)
narasa (irrealis)
均し (continuative stem)
ならし (continuative stem)
narasi (continuative)
均す (stem terminative)
ならす (stem terminative)
narasu (terminative)
均す (attributive stem)
ならす (attributive stem)
narasu (attributive)
均せ (realis stem)
ならせ (realis stem)
narase (realis)
均せ (imperative stem)
ならせ (imperative stem)
narase (imperative)
均さず (negative)
ならさず (negative)
narasazu (negative)
均せど (contrastive)
ならせど (contrastive)
narasedo (contrastive)
均せば (causative)
ならせば (causative)
naraseba (causative)
均さば (conditional)
ならさば (conditional)
narasaba (conditional)
均しき (past)
ならしき (past)
narasiki (past)
均しけり (past)
ならしけり (past)
narasikeri (past)
均しつ (perfect)
ならしつ (perfect)
narasitu (perfect)
均しぬ (perfect)
ならしぬ (perfect)
narasinu (perfect)
均せり (continuative perfect)
均したり (continuative perfect)
ならせり (continuative perfect)
ならしたり (continuative perfect)
naraseri (continuative perfect)
narasitari (continuative perfect)
均さむ (volitional)
ならさむ (volitional)
narasamu (volitional)
平す (alternative)

Japanese: 均す, 平す (narasu)

安乎楊木能波良路可波刀爾奈乎麻都等西美度波久末受多知度奈良須母

awoyagi₂ no₂ pararo₁ kapato₁ ni na wo matu to₂ semi₁do₁ pa kumazu tatido₁ narasu mo

於保吉宇美能美奈曾己布可久於毛比都都毛婢伎奈良之思須我波良能佐刀

opoki₁umi₁ no₂ mi₁naso₂ko₂ pukaku omopi₁tutu mobi₁ki₁ narasisi sugapara no₂ sato₁


大城

Japanese: 大城 (konisashi), in modern Japanese dictionaries

Appears to be derived from a Baekje compound; if so, possibly 鞬 (*k(j)ə-n, “big, great”) + 城 (*sasi, “fortress”).

com

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Yūryaku (twentieth year of reign [c. 476 CE] in winter; Zushoryō-bon glosses):

When Gaero was king on the Wood Rabbit year [475 CE] in winter, an army from Köma (Goryeo) came and attacked the great fortress [or capital] for seven days and seven nights.


いかだ

Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

Appears to be a compound. One proposed derivation might be from 厳し (ikashi, stem of Old Japanese adjective ikashi, “grand, large”) + 板 (ita, “board”), with ikashi ita shifting to ika ita and then ikada.


藤原

Japanese: 藤原 (ふじわら, Fujiwara)

Compound of 藤 (pudi, “Wisteria floribunda”) + 原 (para, “(uncultivated) field”).

com

a powerful clan descended from Nakatomi no Kamatari

藤原古郷之秋芽子者開而落去寸君待不得而

Pudipara no₂ purinisi sato₁ no₂ aki₁ pagi₂ pa saki₁te tiriniki₁ ki₁mi₁ mati kanete

a placename, especially 藤原京 (Fujiwara-kyō) in present-day Kashihara, Nara Prefecture


吉野

Japanese: 吉野 (Yoshino)


吉野

Attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).
Possibly the Eastern Old Japanese variant.


若菜

Japanese: 若菜 (wakana)

From 若 (waka, “young”) + 菜 (na, “greens”).

河上爾洗若菜之流來而妹之當乃瀨社因目

kapakami₁ ni arapu wakana no₂ nagareki₁te imo ga atari no₂ se ni ko₂so₂ yo₂rame₂

young greens or shoots that can be mixed to 羹 (atsumono, “fish and vegetable broth”) or 餅粥 (mochigayu, “rice gruel with mochi”)


明日香

Japanese: 明日香 (Asuka)

a placename on which is now the village of Asuka in Takaichi District, Nara Prefecture


篠原

Japanese: 篠原 (しのはら, shinohara)

Compound of 篠 (sino₁, “dwarf bamboo; bamboo grass”) + 原 (para, “(uncultivated) field”).

妹等所我通路細竹為酢寸我通靡細竹原

imora-gari waga kayo₁pi₁diyuku mi₁ti no₂ sino₁susuki₁ ware kayo₁paba nabi₁ke₂ sino₁para


時雨

desc

Japanese: 時雨 (shigure), 時雨れる (shigureru)

The 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 時雨る (siguru, “to rain a shower”).

夕去者鴈之越徃龍田山四具礼尓競色付尓家里

yupu sareba kari no₂ koyeyuku Tatuta-yama sigure ni ki₁popi₁ iro₂duki₁nike₁ri

a rainshower in late autumn or early winter


よし

Combination of よ (yo, phrase-ending interjectory particle marking emphasis) + し (shi, phrase-ending interjectory particle marking admiration or exclamation).

compound

青丹余之 奈良能美夜古波 布里奴礼登 毛等保登等藝須 不鳴安良奈久尓

毛等保登等藝須 もとほととぎす

青(あを)丹(に)よし　奈良(なら)の都(みやこ)は　古(ふ)りぬれど　本(もと)杜鵑(ほととぎす)　鳴(な)かず有(あ)らなくに
awoni yosi // nara no miyako pa // purinuredo // moto pototogisu // nakazu aranaku ni

Ah, the green-black earth // the capital of Nara // though it may be old // lo, the cuckoo birds of old // simply would not fail to sing


ほととぎす

Japanese: ほととぎす (hototogisu)

From ほととぎ (poto₂to₂gi₁, onomatopoeic imitation of the bird's cry) + す (-su, suffix representing birds).

suffix

保登等芸須 今之来鳴者 餘呂豆代爾 可多理都具倍久 所念可母

If the cuckoo came and cried right now, I think it needs to go down throughout generations!

poto₂to₂gi₁su IMAsi KI₁NAKABA yo₂ro₂duyo₂ ni kataritugube₂ku OMOPOYUkamo

Cuculus poliocephalus
Cuculus poliocephalus#Translingual

霍公鳥飛幡之浦爾敷浪乃屢君乎將見因毛鴨

poto₂to₂gi₁su To₁bata-no₂-ura ni siku nami₁ no₂ sikusiku ki₁mi₁ wo mi₁mu yo₂si moga mo

(poetic) allusion to 飛幡 (To₁bata, a placename)


下方

Japanese: 下方 (shitahe), in modern Japanese dictionaries

From 下 (sita, “below, down, under”) + 邊 (-pe₁, “location, direction”).

和可家禮婆道行之良士末比波世武之多敞乃使於比弖登保良世

wakake₁reba mi₁tiyuki₁ sirazi mapi₁ pa semu sitape₁ no₂ tukapi₁ opi₁te to₂porase


難波

desc

難波, 浪速, 浪花, 浪華

Japanese: 難波, 浪速, 浪花, 浪華 (Naniwa)

Corruption of 浪速 (Nami₁paya, literally “swift waves”) or 浪花 (Nami₁pana, literally “wave flowers”).

皇師遂東、舳艫相接、方到難波之碕。因以名為浪速國、亦曰浪花、今謂難波訛也。

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Jimmu, entry 4: [671 BCE], second month:

an old placename for the region that is now known as 大阪 (Ōsaka, “Osaka”)


行方

Japanese: 行方 (yukue)

From 行く (yuku, “to go”) + 邊 (-pe₁, “direction, location”).

suffix

物乃部能八十氏河乃阿白木爾不知代經浪乃去邊白不母

mono₂no₂pu no₂ yaso₁ Udigapa no₂ aziro₁ki₂ ni isayo₁pu nami₁ no₂ yukupe₁ sirazu mo

The waves that swirl in the fishing weirs on the Uji river of the eighty clans of warriors, know not where to go.

one's whereabouts, direction or destination

數多不有名乎霜惜三埋木之下從其戀去方不知而

amata aranu na wo si mo wosimi₁ umoregi₂ no₂ sitayu so₂ko₁puru yukupe₁ sirazute


鳴門

Japanese: 鳴門, 鳴戸 (naruto)

Compound of 鳴る (naru, “to ring, roar, sound”) + 門 (to₁, “gate, door”).

com

巨礼也己能名爾於布奈流門能宇頭之保爾多麻毛可流登布安麻乎等女杼毛

ko₂re ya ko₂no₂ na ni opu naruto₁ no₂ udusipo ni tamamo karu to₂pu ama woto₂me₁-do₂mo

a noisy strait or narrows where the rushing of the tides causes noisy whirlpools


重なる

kasanaru (romanization)
かさなる (hiragana)
重なら (irrealis stem)
かさなら (irrealis stem)
kasanara (irrealis)
重なり (continuative stem)
かさなり (continuative stem)
kasanari (continuative)
重なる (stem terminative)
かさなる (stem terminative)
kasanaru (terminative)
重なる (attributive stem)
かさなる (attributive stem)
kasanaru (attributive)
重なれ (realis stem)
かさなれ (realis stem)
kasanare (realis)
重なれ (imperative stem)
かさなれ (imperative stem)
kasanare (imperative)
重ならず (negative)
かさならず (negative)
kasanarazu (negative)
重なれど (contrastive)
かさなれど (contrastive)
kasanaredo (contrastive)
重なれば (causative)
かさなれば (causative)
kasanareba (causative)
重ならば (conditional)
かさならば (conditional)
kasanaraba (conditional)
重なりき (past)
かさなりき (past)
kasanariki (past)
重なりけり (past)
かさなりけり (past)
kasanarikeri (past)
重なりつ (perfect)
かさなりつ (perfect)
kasanaritu (perfect)
重なりぬ (perfect)
かさなりぬ (perfect)
kasanarinu (perfect)
重なれり (continuative perfect)
重なりたり (continuative perfect)
かさなれり (continuative perfect)
かさなりたり (continuative perfect)
kasanareri (continuative perfect)
kasanaritari (continuative perfect)
重ならむ (volitional)
かさならむ (volitional)
kasanaramu (volitional)

Japanese: 重なる (kasanaru)

Possibly the attributive -ari form of verb 重ぬ (kasanu).

to line up especially in an orderly fashion


三日月

Japanese: 三日月 (mikazuki)

Compound of 三日 (mi₁ka, “third day of a lunar month”) + 月 (tuki₂, “moon”).

振仰而若月見者一目見之人乃眉引所念可聞

Paula Doe, Yakamochi Ōtomo (1982) A Warbler's Song in the Dusk: The Life and Work of Ōtomo Yakamochi (718-785), illustrated edition, University of California Press, →ISBN, page 67

The crescent moon calls to mind the painted eyebrow of a maiden I once glimpsed.

purisake₂te mi₁kaduki₂ mi₁reba pi₁to₂me₂ mi₁si pi₁to₂ no₂ mayo₁bi₁ki₁ omopoyuru ka mo

a crescent moon on the third day of a lunar month

月立而眞三日月之眉根掻氣長戀之君尓相有鴨

Jin'ichi Konishi (2017) Nicholas Teele, transl., Earl Roy Miner, editor, A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1: The Archaic and Ancient Ages (Volume 4935 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 408

The moon comes up and just like the crescent moon, my eyebrows as they itch―and having yearned for you so long I find that at last I have you.

tuki₂ tatite tada mi₁kaduki₂ no mayo₁ne kaki₁ ke₂ nagaku ko₁pi₂si ki₁mi₁ ni ape₁ru ka mo

(by extension) a crescent moon in general


憚る

Japanese: 憚る (habakaru)

From a pab- stem cognate with modern Japanese 阻む (habamu, “to prevent, thwart”).

cog

...阿良志乎母多志夜波婆可流不破乃世伎久江弖和波由久...

...arasi wo mo tasi pabakaru Pupa-no₂-seki₁ kuyete wa pa yuku...

Will a wild man hesitate to stand? Across the barrier of Fuwa I go.

(intransitive) to hesitate, to be afraid to do

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Nintoku, fortieth year of reign [c. 353 CE], second month:

But [the Emperor] was wary of the Empress’s words; out of respect for the rules of brotherhood, he was patient and did not punish [his son].


黃泉

Japanese: 黄泉 (yomi)

From Proto-Japonic *yəməy.
The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 黃泉 (MC hwang dzjwen, literally “yellow springs”), incorporating the underworld from Chinese mythology.

ltc-l

(Shinto mythology) the land of the dead, afterworld, underworld


富士

Puzi (romanization)
ふじ (hiragana)
不盡 (alternative)

Japanese: 富士 (Fuji)

First attested in the Hitachi-no-kuni Fudoki (c. 717–724 CE).
Etymology continues to be debated, theories include:
* From Ainu フヂ (huji, “[[[goddess]] of] fire”), commonly associated with volcanoes by the Ainu people.
*: Consider also Ainu カムイフチ, カムイフヂ (kamuy huci, kamuy huji, “the goddess of fire”), including the element カムイ (kamuy, “god”).
* Alexander Vovin (2017) proposes a derivation from 火 (pu, “fire”, Eastern Old Japanese term and hapax legomenon encountered only once in any ancient source, inferred as equivalent to Western Old Japanese combining form po and standalone form pi) + 主 (nusi, “master”). He also abandons the Ainu etymology based on his Proto-Ainu reconstructions.
*: *⟨pu nusi⟩ → */punusi/ → */punsi/ → ⟨puzi⟩
This kanji spelling first appeared in a variant of the Suruga-no-kuni Fudoki and in the Shoku Nihongi (797 CE), possibly relating to a folk etymology of 富 (fu, “abundant”) + 士 (shi, “soldiers”) climbing the mountain. Multiple other folk etymologies exist, such as 不死 (fushi, “immortal”). All the folk etymologies rely on on'yomi readings, a trait that Vovin finds unsatisfactory due to the reliance on Chinese morphemes to spell an ancient Japanese placename.

cog

カムイフチ, カムイフヂ

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ain">kamuy huci, kamuy huji</i>

com

c. 717–724, Hitachi-no-kuni Fudoki (Tsukuba)
神祖尊、巡行諸神之処、到駿河國福慈岳...
The great highness went around the place of the gods and arrived at Mount Fuji in Suruga province...

吾妹子尓相縁乎無駿河有不盡乃高嶺之焼管香將有

wagi₁moko₁ ni apu yo₂si wo nami₁ Suruga naru Puzi no₂ takane no₂ moyetutu ka aramu

With no way now for me to meet my love, my heart is burning with the thought of love like the fire on the top of Mount Fuji in Suruga.

c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, first variant poem 3355, first variant:

安麻乃波良不自能之婆夜麻己能久礼能等伎由都利奈波阿波受可母安良牟

ama no₂ para Puzi no₂ sibayama ko₂no₂ kure no₂ to₂ki₁ yuturinaba apazu ka mo aramu

Under the shade of the trees, on the grassy mount^([sic]) Fuji, field of the heavens, if too much time passes, [I] may not be able to meet [you].

ellipsis of 富士の山 (Puzi-no₂-yama): Mount Fuji (the highest mountain in Japan)

富士の山

Ainu people
Alexander Vovin
John Batchelor (missionary)
Old_Japanese#Dialects
Shoku Nihongi
ja:常陸国風土記
ja:駿河国風土記


埼玉

Japanese: 埼玉 (Saitama)

Compound of 埼 (saki₁, “cape”) + 玉 (tama, “gem, jewel”), for its fame attested in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE).

(historical) Saitama (a former district in northeastern Musashi Province, facing the Tone River, in the Kantō Region, Japan)


有馬

Japanese: 有馬 (Arima)


愛で

Japanese: 愛で (mede)

The 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 愛づ (medu, “to love; to admire, appreciate”).

波那具波辞佐区羅能梅涅虛等梅涅麼波椰区波梅涅孺和我梅豆留古羅

panagupasi sakura no₂ me₂de ko₂to₂ me₂deba payaku pa me₂dezu waga me₂duru ko₁ra


月夜

Japanese: 月夜 (tsukiyo)

From 月 (tuku, apophonic and compounding form of tuki₂, “moon”) + 夜 (yo₁, “night”).


とと

和我由伎乃伊伎都久之可婆安之我良乃美禰波保久毛乎美等登志努波禰

waga yuki₁ no₂ iki₁tukusikaba Asigara no₂ mi₁ne papo kumo wo mi₁to₂to₂ sino₁pane

(regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) while, as... [verb]-ing


生ふ

opu (romanization)
おふ (hiragana)
生ひ (irrealis stem)
おひ (irrealis stem)
ofi (irrealis)
生ひ (continuative stem)
おひ (continuative stem)
ofi (continuative)
生ふ (stem terminative)
おふ (stem terminative)
ofu (terminative)
生ふる (attributive stem)
おふる (attributive stem)
ofuru (attributive)
生ふれ (realis stem)
おふれ (realis stem)
ofure (realis)
生ひよ (imperative stem)
おひよ (imperative stem)
ofiyo (imperative)
生ひず (negative)
おひず (negative)
ofizu (negative)
生ふれど (contrastive)
おふれど (contrastive)
ofuredo (contrastive)
生ふれば (causative)
おふれば (causative)
ofureba (causative)
生ひば (conditional)
おひば (conditional)
ofiba (conditional)
生ひき (past)
おひき (past)
ofiki (past)
生ひけり (past)
おひけり (past)
ofikeri (past)
生ひつ (perfect)
おひつ (perfect)
ofitu (perfect)
生ひぬ (perfect)
おひぬ (perfect)
ofinu (perfect)
生ひたり (continuative perfect)
おひたり (continuative perfect)
ofitari (continuative perfect)
生ひむ (volitional)
おひむ (volitional)
ofimu (volitional)

Japanese: 生ふ (ou)

Appears to be cognate with an op- stem that also derives the stem 大 (opo-, “big, large”) and possibly the verb 覆ふ (opu, “to cover”).

...母登爾波伊久美陀氣淤斐須恵幣爾波多斯美陀氣淤斐...

711–712, Kojiki, lower volume (Emperor Yūryaku; poem 91):

...mo₂to₂ ni pa ikumi₁dake₂ opi₂ suwepe₁ ni pa tasimi₁dake₂ opi₂...

烏玉之夜之深去者久木生留淸河原爾知鳥數鳴

nubatama no₂ yo₁ no₂ puke₂yuke₂ba pi₁sagi₂ opuru ki₁yo₁ki₁ kapara ni tido₂ri sibanaku

(of plants or trees) to grow large, spring up


河原

kapara (romanization)
かはら (hiragana)
川原 (alternative)

Japanese: 河原 (kawara)

Shift from a compound of 河 (kapa, “river”) + 原 (para, “plain”), with either one of the pa syllables lost due to haplology.


相模

Sagamu (romanization)
さがむ (hiragana)
相摸 (alternative)
相武 (alternative)

Japanese: 相模 (Sagami)

相模祢乃 乎美祢見可久思 和須礼久流 伊毛我名欲妣弖 吾乎祢之奈久奈

Sagamune no₂ wo-mi₁ne mi₂kakusi wasurekuru imo ga na yo₁bi₁te a wo ne si naku na

相模治乃 余呂伎能波麻乃 麻奈胡奈須 児良波可奈之久 於毛波流留可毛

Sagamudi no₂ Yo₂ro₂gi₁-no₂-pama no₂ manago₁ nasu ko₁ra pa kanasiku omoparuru ka mo

Short for 相模國 (Sagamu no₂ kuni): Sagamu Province, an old province of Japan, today part of Kanagawa Prefecture

さねさし

sanesasi, pillow word alluding to Sagamu


稻田

Japanese: 稲田 (inada)

From 稻 (ina, combining form of ine, “rice plant”) + 田 (ta, “cultivated field”).

...故、賜號於二神曰稻田宮主神。

720, Nihon Shoki, Age of the gods, part one:

And then, he gifted a name to the two gods, and they are called Inada no Miyanushi no Kami [gods of the master of shrine of the rice paddy].


生ゆ

Japanese: 生える (haeru)


あきやま

秋山: large hill, mountain, or peak in the autumn


月夜見

The use of 夜 (yo₁, literally “night”) is an example of ateji (当て字).

天橋文長雲鴨高山文高雲鴨月夜見乃持有越水伊取來而公奉而越得之旱物

amapasi mo nagaku moga mo takayama mo takaku moga mo tukuyo₁mi₁^([sic]) no₂ moteru wotimi₁du ito₂riki₁te ki₁mi₁ ni maturite wotiesimu mono₂

Alternative spelling of 月讀 (tukuyo₂mi₁): a moon god; the Moon


月夜見

次生月神〈一書云、月弓尊、月夜見尊、月讀尊〉。

Next, they bore the moon god (Records read either Tuku-yumi nö mikötö, Tuku-yomi nö mikötö, or Tuku-yömi nö mikötö).

Alternative spelling of 月讀 (Tukuyo₂mi₁): Tsukuyomi, the moon god in Shinto mythology


けり

けら (irrealis stem)
kera (irrealis stem)
けり (stem terminative)
keri (stem terminative)
ける (attributive stem)
keru (attributive stem)
けれ (realis stem)
kere (realis stem)
けらず (negative)
kerazu (negative)
けれど (contrastive)
keredo (contrastive)
ければ (causative)
kereba (causative)
けらば (conditional)
keraba (conditional)

Japanese: けり (-keri)

Contraction of 來 (ki₁, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 來 (ku), “to come”) + あり (ari, “to be”), or of き (-ki₁, verb auxiliary suffix indicating past recollection) + あり (ari, “to be”).
Although Japanese sources are consistent in listing past-recollective auxiliary suffix き (-ki₁) as a possible root, this auxiliary notably had no known 連用形 (ren'yōkei), the conjugation form required for an inflecting word (such as a verb or adjective) to compound with another inflecting word. Thus, the 來 (ki₁) derivation seems more likely.

許能美岐袁迦美祁牟比登波曾能都豆美宇須邇多弖弖宇多比都都迦美祁禮迦母麻比都都迦美祁禮加母許能美岐能美岐能阿夜邇宇多陀怒斯佐佐

Jin'ichi Konishi (2017) Nicholas Teele, transl., Earl Roy Miner, editor, A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1: The Archaic and Ancient Ages (Volume 4935 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 151

The man who brewed this fine sake surely used his great drum for a brewing vessel. Did he sing and sing while it brewed? Did he dance and dance while it brewed? For this fine sake, fine sake, makes us all quite merry! Good fortune!

ko₂no₂ mi₁-ki₁ wo kami₁ke₁mu pi₁to₂ pa so₂no₂ tudumi₁ usu ni tatete utapi₁tutu kami₁ke₁re ka mo₂ mapi₁tutu kami₁ke₁re ka mo₂ ko₂no₂ mi₁-ki₁ no₂ mi₁-ki₁ no₂ aya ni uta-dano₁si sasa

auxiliary verb indicating past tense: -ed

阿加陀麻波袁佐閇比迦禮杼斯良多麻能岐美何余曾比斯多布斗久阿理祁理

Clifton Wilson Royston (1974) The poetic and poetry criticism of Fujiwara Shunzei (1114-1204), University of Michigan, page 491

Red jewels impart their gleam even to the cord that binds them; but your adornment, radiant as white jewels, is truly awesome.

akadama pa wo sape₂ pi₁karedo₂ siratama no₂ ki₁mi₁ ga yo₂so₂pi₁si taputo₁ku arike₁ri

auxiliary verb indicating that the speaker has just realized something

嘆管大夫之戀禮許曾吾髮結乃漬而奴禮計禮

Gananath Obeyesekere (1998) Alf Hiltebeitel, Barbara D. Miller, editors, Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures, illustrated edition, SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 95

It is precisely because a distinguished man like you longs for me that my hair is drenched and come undone.

nage₂ki₁tutu masurawo no₂ ko₁ no₂ ko₁pure ko₂so₂ waga yupi₁kami₁ no₂ pi₁tite nureke₁re

auxiliary verb indicating that the speaker already realized something and points out a rationale: that's why it was...


けり

けら (irrealis stem)
kera (irrealis stem)
けり (continuative stem)
keri (continuative stem)
けり (stem terminative)
keri (stem terminative)
ける (attributive stem)
keru (attributive stem)
けれ (realis stem)
kere (realis stem)
けれ (imperative stem)
kere (imperative stem)
けらず (negative)
kerazu (negative)
けれど (contrastive)
keredo (contrastive)
ければ (causative)
kereba (causative)
けらば (conditional)
keraba (conditional)
けりき (past)
keriki (past)
けりけり (past)
kerikeri (past)
けりつ (perfect)
keritu (perfect)
けりぬ (perfect)
kerinu (perfect)
けりたり (continuative perfect)
keritari (continuative perfect)
けらむ (volitional)
keramu (volitional)


葦火

Japanese: 葦火 (ashibi)

Compound of 葦 (asi, “reed”) + 火 (pi₂, “fire”).

難波人葦火燎屋之酢四手雖有己妻許增常目頰次吉

Nanipa pi₁to₂ asipi₂ taku ya no₂ susite aredo₂ ono₂ga tuma ko₂so₂ tune me₂durasiki₁

Like Naniwa folk sooty from the smoke of reeds burned in the hearth―that's that woman of mine! But still she catches my eye.


葦火

Compound of 葦 (asi, “reed”) + 火 (pu, “fire”, Eastern Old Japanese form of pi₂ above).

伊波呂爾波安之布多氣騰母須美與氣乎都久之爾伊多里弖古布志氣毛波母

iparo₂ ni pa asipu take₂do₂mo sumi₁ yo₂ke₂ wo Tukusi ni itarite ko₁pusike₂ mo pa mo

I may be cooking over a reed fire in my house, but I live well. Still, since arriving in Tsukushi, I cannot help but have loving thoughts of home.

(regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) a bonfire of dried reeds


官家

territory in the Korean peninsula owned by the Yamato imperial court from the late-4th century to the mid-6th century


月日

Japanese: 月日 (tsukihi)

Compound of 月 (tuki₂, “moon, month”) + 日 (pi₁, “sun, day”).


月日

Compound of 月 (tuku, “month”, eastern dialect) + 日 (pi₁, “day”).

都久比夜波須具波由氣等毛阿母志志可多麻乃須我多波和須例西奈布母

Although the months and days have passed, I will never forget my mother and father’s jewel-like beauty.

tukupi₁ ya pa sugu pa yuke₂to₂mo amosisi ka tama no₂ sugata pa wasure-senapu mo

(regional, Northern Eastern Old Japanese) time, months, days


釋迦

Japanese: 釈迦 (Shaka)

From Middle Chinese 釋迦 (MC syek kja), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit शाक्य (Śākya)

舎加乃美阿止伊波爾宇都志於伎宇夜麻比弖乃知乃保止氣爾由豆利麻都良牟佐佐義麻宇佐牟

Śakya’s holy footprints which I inscribe copies on rock and revere, to the future Buddha I bequeath and dedicate, I humbly consecrate!

Shaka no₂ mi₁-ato₂ ipa ni utusi-oki₁ uyamapi₁te no₂ti no₂ poto₂ke₂ ni yuduri-maturamu sasage-mausamu


朝臣

Japanese: 朝臣 (あそみ, asomi, あそん, ason)

⟨asa omi₁⟩ → ⟨aso₂mi₁⟩
Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 朝臣 (MC drjew dzyin), equivalent to 朝 (asa, kun-reading of teu, “court”) + 臣 (omi₁, “attendant, retainer”).

com

(historical) the second-highest of the 八色の姓 (Yakusa no Kabane, “eight hereditary titles promulgated by Emperor Tenmu”)


朝臣

多麻岐波流宇知能阿曾那許曾波余能那賀比登蘇良美都夜麻登能久迩爾加里古牟登岐久夜

tama ki₁paru uti no₂ aso₂ na ko₂so₂ pa yo₂ no₂ nagapi₁to₂ so₁ra mi₁tu Yamato₂-no₂-kuni ni kari ko₁mu to₂ ki₁ku ya


百濟

Japanese: 百済 (Kudara)

From Old Korean 居陀羅 (*Kutara, name of an important place in Baekje territory).
The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 百濟 (MC paek tsejH).

bor

百濟野乃芽古枝爾待春跡居之鶯鳴爾鷄鵡鴨

Kudara-no₁ no₂ pagi₂ puruye ni paru matu to₂ worisi ugupi₁su naki₁nike₁mu ka mo

At the field of Baekje with the bush clover’s old branch, I have sat with a nightingale waiting for spring; I should have been crying!

Baekje (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 18 BCE to 660 C.E.; at its maximum covering most of modern western South Korea)


子等

Japanese: 子等 (kora)

From 子 (ko₁, “child”) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing suffix).

suffix

夜須能河波 許牟可比太知弖 等之乃古非 気奈我伎古良河 都麻度比能欲曽

yasu no₂ kapa ko₂mukapi₁-datite to₂si no₂ ko₁pi₂ ke₂ nagaki₁ ko₁ra ga tumado₂pi₁ no₂ yo₁ so₂

Facing each other across the Peaceful River [the Milky Way], lovers through the year; long-forbearing little one, oh tonight we meet at last

a child, little one (as a term of endearment and address for another person)


子等

From 子 (ko₁, “child”) + 等 (-ro₂, Eastern Old Japanese form of nominalizing suffix -ra).

筑波祢尓由伎可母布良留伊奈乎可母加奈思吉児呂我尓努保佐流可母

Tukuba-ne ni yuki₁ ka mo puraru ina wo ka mo kanasiki₁ ko₁ro₂ ga nino₁ posaru ka mo

阿之我利能刀比能可布知尓伊豆流湯能余尓母多欲良尓故呂河伊波奈久尓

Asigari no₂ To₁pi₁-no₂-kaputi ni iduru yu no₂ yo₂ ni mo tayo₁rani ko₁ro₂ ga ipanaku ni

之母都家野美可母乃夜麻能許奈良能須麻具波思児呂波多賀家可母多牟

Simotuke₁no₁ Mi₁kamo-no₂-yama no₂ ko₂nara no₂su ma-gupasi ko₁ro₂ pa ta ga ke₁ ka motamu

左努夜麻尓宇都也乎能登乃等抱可騰母祢毛等可児呂賀於母尓美要都留

Sano₁-yama ni utu ya wono₂to₂ no₂ to₂pokado₂mo nemo to₂ ka ko₁ro₂ ga omo ni miyeturu

佐左賀波乃佐也久志毛用尓奈々弁加流去呂毛尓麻世流古侶賀波太波毛

sasa ga pa no₂ sayagu simoyo₁ ni nanape₁ karu ko₂ro₂mo ni maseru ko₁ro₂ ga pada pa mo

(regional, Eastern Old Japanese) a child, especially a girl


子等

Possibly a misspelling of ⟨ko₁ro₂⟩ above.

阿之我利乃麻萬能古須氣乃須我麻久良安是加麻可左武許呂勢多麻久良

Asigari no₂ mama no₂ ko₁suge₂ no₂ sugamakura aze ka makasamu ko₂ro₂ se tamakura

(rare, regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) a child, especially a girl


高嶺

Japanese: 高嶺 (takane)

Compound of 高 (taka, stem of adjective 高し (takasi), “high, tall”) + 嶺 (ne, “peak”).

com

stem of adjective <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ojp">高し</i> (takasi), “high, tall”

田兒之浦從打出而見者眞白衣不盡能高嶺爾雪波零家留

Tago₁-no₂-ura yu utiidete mi₁reba ma-siro₁ ni so₂ Puzi no₂ takane ni yuki₁ pa purike₁ru

We went out, passing through the bay of Tago, and when we looked, it was pure white; the snow falling on the tall peak of Fuji.


富登

逆剥天斑馬剥而、所墮入時、天服織女見驚而、於梭衝陰上而死。訓陰上云富登


蕃登

因生此子、美蕃登此三字以音。見灸而病臥在。


保止

By extension, from 富登 (poto₂), 陰上, 蕃登 (boto₂, “female genitalia”)

陰 釋名云、陰、今案玉茎玉門等通稱也 [...] 原書無其字按神代紀、「陰訓保止、保是含包之言、即所謂在陰翳之義、止、處也」 [...]

938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 2, pages 44-45:


海原

Japanese: 海原 (unabara)

Originally a compound of 海 (u, compounding form of umi₁, “sea, ocean”) + な (na, possessive particle, apophonic form of の (no₂)) + 原 (para, “plain, field”).

possessive particle, apophonic form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ojp">の</i> (no₂)

大海爾嶋毛不在爾海原絶塔浪爾立有白雲

opoumi₁ ni sima mo aranaku ni unapara no tayutapu nami₁ ni tateru sirakumo

On the vast ocean not a single island in sight and yet, far beyond the rolling surface of the sea, white clouds rising high.


海原

Originally a compound of 海 (u, compounding form of umi₁, “sea, ocean”) + の (no₂, possessive particle) + 原 (para, “plain, field”).

於保吉美能美許等可之古美伊蘇爾布理宇乃波良和多流知知波波乎於伎弖

opoki₁mi₁ no₂ miko₂to₂ kasiko₁mi₁ iso₁ ni puri uno₂para wataru titipapa wo oki₁te

Respectfully accepting the order of the Emperor, I must leave my parents shortly and go, my ship brushing submerged rocks at sea.

(regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) a wide ocean


手弱女

Japanese: 手弱女 (taoyame)

Possibly from 撓や (tawaya-, stem of modern adjective たわやか (tawayaka, “bendy, supple”); and cognate with verb 撓む (tawamu), “to bend, lose heart”) + 女 (me₁, “woman”).

...我心淸明、故我所生子得手弱女...

711–712, Kojiki, First scroll, descendants of Susanoo no mikoto:

安波牟日能可多美尓世与等多和也女能於毛比美太礼弖奴敝流許呂母曾

apamu pi₁ no₂ katami₁ ni seyo₂ to₂ tawayame₁ no₂ omopi₁mi₁darete nupe₁ru ko₂ro₂mo zo₂


千早振る

tipayaburu (romanization)
ちはやぶる (hiragana)
千磐破る (alternative)

Japanese: 千早振る (chihayaburu)

First attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
The 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of verb 千早ぶ (tipayabu, “to move or act ferociously, with terrible godly power”).

from the sense of “ferocious, violent, raging” used in reference to a specific 氏 (udi, “family, clan”), then punning off the “clan” reading of udi

allusion to 宇治 (Udi, a placename, especially of a river crossing)

from the sense of “ferocious, impassionate, mighty” used in reference to various kami

allusion to various 神 (kami₂, “Shinto deities”)


君が代

ki₁mi₁ ga yo₂ (romanization)
きみがよ (hiragana)
君が世 (alternative)

Japanese: 君が代 (kimi ga yo)

Analyzable as a noun phrase composed of 君 (kimi, “lord, master”) + が (ga, ancient possessive particle) + 代 (yo, “life, lifespan; reign”).

compound

君之齒母 吾代毛所知哉 磐代乃 岡之草根乎 去来結手名

ki₁mi₁ ga yo₂ mo waga yo₂ mo siru ya ipasiro₁ no₂ woka no₂ kusane wo iza musubite na

The span of your life[,] and of my life too, is determined by the grass on Iwashiro Hill. Come, let us bind it together.


かへる

反る, 返る: to turn backwards, to flip or turn so the back side is facing forwards; to turn upside-down; to fall over on a side; to turn over

返る: to start again, to renew (generally in reference to the new year)

歸る: to arrive back home; to leave in order to go home


かはる

變はる: to change, become different; to renew (said of months and/or years)


かふ

kapu (romanization)
かは (irrealis stem)
kafa (irrealis stem)
かひ (continuative stem)
kafi (continuative stem)
かふ (stem terminative)
kafu (stem terminative)
かふ (attributive stem)
kafu (attributive stem)
かへ (realis stem)
kafe (realis stem)
かへ (imperative stem)
kafe (imperative stem)
かはず (negative)
kafazu (negative)
かへど (contrastive)
kafedo (contrastive)
かへば (causative)
kafeba (causative)
かはば (conditional)
kafaba (conditional)
かひき (past)
kafiki (past)
かひけり (past)
kafikeri (past)
かひつ (perfect)
kafitu (perfect)
かひぬ (perfect)
kafinu (perfect)
かへり (continuative perfect)
かひたり (continuative perfect)
kaferi (continuative perfect)
kafitari (continuative perfect)
かはむ (volitional)
kafamu (volitional)


かふ

kapu (romanization)
かへ (irrealis stem)
kafe (irrealis stem)
かへ (continuative stem)
kafe (continuative stem)
かふ (stem terminative)
kafu (stem terminative)
かふる (attributive stem)
kafuru (attributive stem)
かふれ (realis stem)
kafure (realis stem)
かへよ (imperative stem)
kafeyo (imperative stem)
かへず (negative)
kafezu (negative)
かふれど (contrastive)
kafuredo (contrastive)
かふれば (causative)
kafureba (causative)
かへば (conditional)
kafeba (conditional)
かへき (past)
kafeki (past)
かへけり (past)
kafekeri (past)
かへつ (perfect)
kafetu (perfect)
かへぬ (perfect)
kafenu (perfect)
かへたり (continuative perfect)
kafetari (continuative perfect)
かへむ (volitional)
kafemu (volitional)

Japanese: 変える (kaeru)

From Proto-Japonic *kapaCi, cognate with Etymology 1 senses above.

換ふ, 易ふ: to replace; to exchange, interchange


ちはやぶる

千早振る: allusion to 宇治 (Udi, a placename, especially of a river crossing), 神 (kami₂, “Shinto deities”), or words beginning with kami₂


やくもたつ

八雲立つ: many clouds rising, allusion to 出雲 (Idumo₁, a placename)


茜さす

akane sasu (romanization)
あかねさす (hiragana)

Japanese: 茜さす (akane sasu)

Derived from 茜 (akane, “madder (dye) → red”) + 差す (sasu, “to illuminate, shine”).
First cited in the Man'yōshū of roughly 759 CE.

com

shining brilliantly, allusion to 日 (pi₁, “sun, day”), 晝 (pi₁ru, “daytime”), or 照る (teru, “to shine”)

glowing madder red, allusion to 紫 (murasaki₁, “purple gromwell → purple”) or 紫野 (murasaki₁no₁, “murasaki field”)

reddish face, allusion to 君 (ki₁mi₁, “you; person of high respect”)


八雲立つ

ya kumo₁ tatu (romanization)
やくもたつ (hiragana)

Derived from 八 (ya, “eight → many”) + 雲 (kumo₁, “cloud”) + 立つ (tatu, “to rise, stand”).

many clouds rising, an allusion to 出雲 (Idumo₁, a placename, especially Izumo Province)


庭つ鳥

nipa tu to₂ri (romanization)
にはつとり (hiragana)

Japanese: 鶏 (niwatori)

First attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
From 庭 (nipa, “garden”) + つ (tu, attributive particle) + 鳥 (to₂ri, “bird”).

compound

...阿遠夜麻迩奴延波那伎奴佐怒都登理岐芸斯波登與牟爾波都登理迦祁波那久...

Helen Craig McCullough (1985) Brocade by Night: Kokin Wakashū and the Court Style in Japanese Classical Poetry, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 81

Then from the green hills a tiger thrush sang; there sounded the calls of pheasants, birds of the field; there came the crowing of cocks, birds of the garden.

...awoyama ni nuye pa nakinu sano₁ tu to₂ri ki₁gi₁si pa to₂yo₂mu nipa tu to₂ri kake₁ pa naku...

...爾播都等唎柯稽播儺倶儺梨奴都等利枳蟻矢播等余武...

Jin'ichi Konishi (2017) Aileen Gatten, Nicholas Teele, transl., Earl Roy Miner, editor, A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1: The Archaic and Ancient Ages (Volume 4935 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, pages 147-148

We hear the crow of a rooster, bird of the garden; the cry of the pheasant, bird of the fields.

...nipa tu to₂ri kake₁ pa naku nari no₁ tu to₂ri ki₁gi₁si pa to₂yo₂mu...

庭津鳥可鷄乃垂尾乃乱尾乃長心毛不所念鴨

nipa tu to₂ri kake₁ no₂ tari-wo no₂ mi₁dare-wo no₂ nagaki₁ ko₂ko₂ro₂ mo omopoyenu ka mo

a bird kept in a garden, allusion to 鷄 (kake₁, “chicken”)

物念常不宿起有旦開者和備弖鳴成鷄左倍

monomopu to₂ inezu oki₂taru asake₂ ni pa wabi₂te naku nari nipa tu to₂ri sape₂

(by extension of pillow word) a chicken (domestic fowl)


あしひきの

足引きの: pillow word of uncertain meaning, allusion to 山 (yama, “mountain”), 峰 (wo, “peak, hilltop”), 岩根 (ipane, “rock”), etc.


足引きの

head

足引きの (asipi₁ki₂ no₂ or asipi₁ki₁ no₂) (kana あしひきの)

asipi₁ki₂ no₂ (romanization)
asipi₁ki₁ no₂ (romanization)
あしひきの (hiragana)

desc

Japanese: 足引きの (ashihiki no, ashibiki no)

Unknown, theories include:
* The kanji spelling literally means “foot-dragging”, possibly implying a sense of “climbing while ‘pulling’ one's legs” → “foot-aching, foot-wearying” → “rugged”. However, analysis of Old Japanese vowels imply that about 80% of the Old Japanese poems use pi₁ki₂ more than pi₁ki₁ and 引き (pi₁ki₁, “pulling”), is not the original derivation but rather a later development in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE). Furthermore, the verb 引く (pi₁ku, “to pull”) was never attested as a 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”) verb expected of pi₁ki₂ as both a 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”).
* The alternative spelling 日木 (*pi₁ki₂) literally means “sun tree”, alluding to hinoki cypresses. However, this pi₁ki₂ is probably unattested, the expected word would have been pi₁no₂ki₂ (modern hinoki).

allusion to 山 (yama, “mountain”), words beginning with yama, 峰 (wo, “hilltop, peak”), etc.

allusion to 岩根 (ipane, “rock”), 木の間 (ko₂no₂ma, “in between trees”), etc.


白栲の

From 白栲 (siro₁tape₂, “white paper mulberry cloth”), coupled with genitive case marker の (no₂).

allusion to articles of clothing as white as paper mulberry such as 天領巾 (amapi₁re, “decorative shawl”), 帶 (obi₁, “sash”), 衣 (ko₂ro₂mo, “clothes, garments”), or 袖 (so₁de, “sleeve”)


白妙の

From 白妙 (siro₁tape₂, “white-colored”), extension of 白栲 (siro₁tape₂, “white paper mulberry cloth”), coupled with genitive case marker の (no₂).

allusion to articles of clothing as white as paper mulberry such as 衣 (ko₂ro₂mo, “clothes, garments”), 袖 (so₁de, “sleeve”), 袂 (tamoto₂, “sleeve pocket”), etc.

allusion to objects typically white in color such as 雲 (kumo, “clouds”)

allusion to placenames such as 藤江 (Pudiye, “Fujie”)


千早ぶ

tipayabu (romanization)
ちはやぶ (hiragana)
千早び (irrealis stem)
ちはやび (irrealis stem)
tifayabi (irrealis)
千早び (continuative stem)
ちはやび (continuative stem)
tifayabi (continuative)
千早ぶ (stem terminative)
ちはやぶ (stem terminative)
tifayabu (terminative)
千早ぶる (attributive stem)
ちはやぶる (attributive stem)
tifayaburu (attributive)
千早ぶれ (realis stem)
ちはやぶれ (realis stem)
tifayabure (realis)
千早びよ (imperative stem)
ちはやびよ (imperative stem)
tifayabiyo (imperative)
千早びず (negative)
ちはやびず (negative)
tifayabizu (negative)
千早ぶれど (contrastive)
ちはやぶれど (contrastive)
tifayaburedo (contrastive)
千早ぶれば (causative)
ちはやぶれば (causative)
tifayabureba (causative)
千早びば (conditional)
ちはやびば (conditional)
tifayabiba (conditional)
千早びき (past)
ちはやびき (past)
tifayabiki (past)
千早びけり (past)
ちはやびけり (past)
tifayabikeri (past)
千早びつ (perfect)
ちはやびつ (perfect)
tifayabitu (perfect)
千早びぬ (perfect)
ちはやびぬ (perfect)
tifayabinu (perfect)
千早びたり (continuative perfect)
ちはやびたり (continuative perfect)
tifayabitari (continuative perfect)
千早びむ (volitional)
ちはやびむ (volitional)
tifayabimu (volitional)

Japanese: 千早ぶ (chihayabu)

Shift from verb 逸早ぶ (itipayabu, “to move or act quickly and strongly”).

to move or act ferociously, with terrible godly power


千早人

com

stem of verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">逸早し</i> (itipayasi), “swift, harsh, fierce”

逸早 (itipaya, stem of verb 逸早し (itipayasi), “swift, harsh, fierce”) + 人 (pi₁to₂, “person”)

from the sense of “a ferocious man” used in reference to a specific 氏 (udi, “family, clan”), then punning off the “clan” reading of udi

allusion to 宇治 (Udi, “a placename, especially of river crossing”)


そらみつ

so₁ra mi₁tu (romanization)
虚空見 (alternative)
虚見津 (alternative)

First attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Original derivation likely unknown. Theories include:
* The Nihon Shoki (720 CE) derives this pillow word from 空 (so₁ra, “empty space → sky”) + 見 (mi₁, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 見る (mi₁ru), “to see”) + つ (tu, possessive particle or perfective verbal suffix).
* Mi₁tu is most likely 満つ (mi₁tu), basis of modern 満たす (mitasu, “to fill”, transitive) and 満ちる (michiru, “to be full”, intransitive). By this derivation, "sky-filling or -spreading", rather than "sky-seen", is a more likely interpretation for this pillow word.
* According to Vovin (2011), mi₁tu is borrowed from a Koreanic cognate of Middle Korean 밑 (mith, “under”), in analogy with the Classical Chinese 天下 (tiānxià), meaning “under heaven”.
* Mi₁tu is likely a pun on 御津 (mi₁-tu, “harbor, port”, honorific), referring to the port in Naniwa, present-day Osaka, where it was the main hub for government ships.

a pillow word of uncertain meaning, allusion to 大和 (Yamato₂, a placename, especially “Yamato Province”)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kojiki
Nihon Shoki
ja:松村明


黄葉つ

もみつ (hiragana)
黄葉た (irrealis stem)
もみた (irrealis stem)
momita (irrealis)
黄葉ち (continuative stem)
もみち (continuative stem)
momiti (continuative)
黄葉つ (stem terminative)
もみつ (stem terminative)
momitu (terminative)
黄葉つ (attributive stem)
もみつ (attributive stem)
momitu (attributive)
黄葉て (realis stem)
もみて (realis stem)
momite (realis)
黄葉て (imperative stem)
もみて (imperative stem)
momite (imperative)
黄葉たず (negative)
もみたず (negative)
momitazu (negative)
黄葉てど (contrastive)
もみてど (contrastive)
momitedo (contrastive)
黄葉てば (causative)
もみてば (causative)
momiteba (causative)
黄葉たば (conditional)
もみたば (conditional)
momitaba (conditional)
黄葉ちき (past)
もみちき (past)
momitiki (past)
黄葉ちけり (past)
もみちけり (past)
momitikeri (past)
黄葉ちつ (perfect)
もみちつ (perfect)
momititu (perfect)
黄葉ちぬ (perfect)
もみちぬ (perfect)
momitinu (perfect)
黄葉てり (continuative perfect)
黄葉ちたり (continuative perfect)
もみてり (continuative perfect)
もみちたり (continuative perfect)
momiteri (continuative perfect)
momititari (continuative perfect)
黄葉たむ (volitional)
もみたむ (volitional)
momitamu (volitional)
紅葉つ (alternative)

Japanese: 黄葉づ (momizu)

秋山尓黄反木葉乃移去者更哉秋乎欲見世武

akiyama ni momitsu konoha no utsurinaba sara ni ya aki o mimaku-horisemu

In the autumnhills, the leaves of the trees have taken on colour; if they have changed, once again, shall not I long to see autumn?

to turn (color) in autumn, said of leaves


浪速

From 浪 (nami₁, “wave”) + 速 (paya, stem of adjective 速し (payasi), “rapid, swift”).

stem of adjective <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ojp">速し</i> (payasi), “rapid, swift”

皇師遂東、舳艫相接、方到難波之碕。因以名為浪速國、亦曰浪花、今謂難波訛也。


𛀁

irrealis of ゆ (yu, spontaneous / passive / potential auxiliary)

continuative of ゆ (yu, spontaneous / passive / potential auxiliary)


御酒

From Proto-Japonic *mi-ki.
Compound of 神 (mi, honorific prefix used in spiritual contexts) + 酒 (ki, “wine, liquor, alcohol”, ancient root, not found in many words).

compound

許能美岐波和賀美岐那良受久志能加美登許余迩伊麻須伊波多多須須久那美迦微能加牟菩岐本岐玖流本斯登余本岐本岐母登本斯麻都理許斯美岐叙阿佐受袁勢佐佐

ko₂ no₂ mi₁ki₁ pa wa ga mi₁ki₁ narazu kusi no₂ kami₁ to₂ko₂yo ni imasu ipatatasu sukunami₁kami₂ no kamupo₁ki po₁ki₁kurupo₁si toyopo₁ki₁ po₁kimo₂to₂po₁si maturiko₂si mi₁ki₁ zo asazu wose sasa

韓國爾由伎多良波之氐可敝里許牟麻須良多家乎爾美伎多弖麻都流

The brave little man has served that sacred wine and he hath gone back to the land of Korea.

KARAKUNI ni yuki₁tarapasite kape₁riko₂mu masuratake₁wo ni mi₁ki₁ tatematuru


そらにみつ

空に満つ: sky-filling or spreading, allusion to 大和 (Yamato₂, a placename, especially Yamato Province)


空に満つ

so₁ra ni mi₁tu (romanization)
そらにみつ (hiragana)

Japanese: 空に満つ (sora ni mitsu)

Adapted by Kakinomoto no Hitomaro from そらみつ (so₁ra mi₁tu), adding a particle に for posterity.

...神之盡樛木乃弥継嗣爾天下所知食之乎天爾満倭乎置而青丹吉平山乎超何方御念食可...

...kami₂ no₂ ko₂to₂go₂to₂ tuga no₂ ki₂ no₂ iya tugi₁tugi₁ ni ame₂ no₂ sita sirasime₁sisi wo so₁ra ni mi₁tu Yamato₂ wo oki₁te awoni yo₂si Nara-yama wo ko₁ye ikasama ni omoposime₁se ka...

...all kami who have been born have ruled the realm under heaven, … each following each like generations of the spruce, in Yamato that spreads to the sky. What was in his mind that he would leave it and cross beyond the hills of Nara beautiful in blue earth?

sky-spreading, an allusion to 大和 (Yamato₂, a placename, especially Yamato Province)


やすみしし

八隅知し, 安見知し: “governing all corners of a country; peacefully seeing”: epithet alluding to 我が大君 (waga opoki₁mi₁), 我ご大君 (wago₂ opoki₁mi₁, literally “our lord/emperor”), etc.


大魚

Japanese: 大魚 (ouo)

/opo uwo/ → /opuwo/
Shift from a compound of 大 (opo-, “great, big”) + 魚 (uwo, “fish”).

prefix

時飛廉起風、陽侯擧浪、海中大魚悉浮扶船。

720, Nihon Shoki, Empress Jingū, entry 5: ninth year of the tenth lunar month in winter:

733, Izumo-no-kuni Fudoki (Ou)
詔而、童女离鉏所取而、大魚之支大衝別而、波多須々支穂振別而、三身之綱打挂而...
mi₁ko₂to₂no₂ri-tamapi₁te, woto₂me₁ no₂ munasuki₁ to₂rasite, opuwo no₂ ki₁da tuki₁wake₂te, patasusuki₁ po puriwake₂te, mi₁tumi₂ no₂ tuna utikake₂te...
So saying, he [Yatsukamizuomitsuno] took the wide spade shaped like a maiden's chest, thrust it into the land as though he had plunged it into the gill of a large fish, shook it about as if brandishing pampas grass and broke off a piece. Then he tied a three-ply rope around the land...


太政大臣

head

おほきまつりごとのおほまへつきみ

太政大臣 (opoki₁maturigo₂to₂ no₁ opomape₁tuki₁mi₁) (kana おほきまつりごとのおほまへつきみ)

opoki₁maturigo₂to₂ no₁ opomape₁tuki₁mi₁ (romanization)
おほきまつりごとのおほまへつきみ (hiragana)

desc

Japanese: 太政大臣 (ōimatsurigoto no ōmaetsugimi), in modern dictionaries

From 大き (opoki₁, the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of adjective 大し (oposi), “great”) + 政 (maturigo₂to₂, “government, rule”) + の (no₂, possessive particle) + 大臣 (opomape₁tuki₁mi₁, “government minister”).

com

(politics) the head of the 太政官 (Opoki₁maturigo₂to₂ no₂ Tukasa, “Great Council of State”, the highest government office under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system), equivalent to a “grand minister” or “chancellor of the realm”


聞こゆ

きこゆ (hiragana)
聞こえ (irrealis stem)
きこえ (irrealis stem)
kikoe (irrealis)
聞こえ (continuative stem)
きこえ (continuative stem)
kikoe (continuative)
聞こゆ (stem terminative)
きこゆ (stem terminative)
kikoyu (terminative)
聞こゆる (attributive stem)
きこゆる (attributive stem)
kikoyuru (attributive)
聞こゆれ (realis stem)
きこゆれ (realis stem)
kikoyure (realis)
聞こえよ (imperative stem)
きこえよ (imperative stem)
kikoeyo (imperative)
聞こえず (negative)
きこえず (negative)
kikoezu (negative)
聞こゆれど (contrastive)
きこゆれど (contrastive)
kikoyuredo (contrastive)
聞こゆれば (causative)
きこゆれば (causative)
kikoyureba (causative)
聞こえば (conditional)
きこえば (conditional)
kikoeba (conditional)
聞こえき (past)
きこえき (past)
kikoeki (past)
聞こえけり (past)
きこえけり (past)
kikoekeri (past)
聞こえつ (perfect)
きこえつ (perfect)
kikoetu (perfect)
聞こえぬ (perfect)
きこえぬ (perfect)
kikoenu (perfect)
聞こえたり (continuative perfect)
きこえたり (continuative perfect)
kikoetari (continuative perfect)
聞こえむ (volitional)
きこえむ (volitional)
kikoemu (volitional)

Japanese: 聞こゆ (kikoyu)

Derived from the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of 聞く (ki₁ku, “to hear, listen”) ki₁ka + ゆ (-yu, attributive suffix).

都武賀野尓須受我於等伎許由可牟思太能等能乃奈可知師登我里須良思母

Tumugano₁ ni suzu ga oto₂ ki₁ko₂yu Kamusida no₂ to₂no₂ no₂ nakati si to₂gari sura simo


蓬蔂

Japanese: 草苺 (kusaichigo)

The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 蓬虆 (buwng lwij).

obor

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Yūryaku, ninth year of reign [465 CE]: first day of the seventh month in autumn:

At the foot of the imperial tomb of Homuta in Rubus hirsutus Hill (“Rubus hirsutus” here is read as i-chi-bi-ko), he encountered a rider with a noble red steed.


けふ

Compound of 此 (ke₁, apophonic form of ko₂, “this”) + 日 (pu, apophonic form of pi₁, “day”).
Can also be analyzable as derived from Proto-Japonic *kepu.

com

毛毛志紀能淤富美夜比登波宇豆良登理比禮登理加氣弖麻那婆志良袁由岐阿閇爾波須受米宇受須麻理韋弖祁布母加母佐加美豆久良斯多加比加流比能美夜比登許登能加多理碁登母許袁婆

mo₁mo₁siki₂ no₂ opomi₁yapi₁to₂ pa udurato₂ri pi₁re to₂rikakete manabasira wo yuki₁ape₂ nipasuzume₂ uzusumariwite ke₁pu mo₂ ka mo₂ sakami₁dukurasi takapi₁karu pi₁ no mi₁yapito₂ ko₂to₂ no₂ katarigo₂to₂ mo₂ ko₂ wo ba

The palace-men of the hundred-stoned fortress, [are like] quails hanging their scarves, wagtails crossing tails, and like garden sparrows circling in a swirl. Today indeed they will be drenched in drink [as] high-shining palace-men. This is the words of their story.

美之麻野爾可須美多奈妣伎之可須我爾伎乃敷毛家布毛由伎波敷里都追

Mi₁sima-no₁ ni kasumi₁ tanabi₁ki₁ sikasuga ni ki₁no₂pu mo ke₁pu mo yuki₁ pa puritutu


けふ

Japanese: きょう (kyō)

(regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) today


漢女

Japanese: 菖蒲 (ayame, “iris”)

Compound of 漢 (Aya, one of the purported ancient clans who originated from China) + 女 (me₁, “woman”).

住吉波豆麻公之馬乘衣雜豆臈漢女乎座而縫衣叙

Sumi₁no₂ye no₂ Paduma no₂ ki₁mi₁ ga uma no₂ri ko₂ro₂mo sapi₁durapu ayame₁ wo suwete nupe₁ru ko₂ro₂mo zo₂

The horse-riding robes of Lord Hazuma of Suminoe is a garment sewn by the foreign girl, who chirps like a bird [i.e. speaking Chinese], that he made sit and sew.

women who came to ancient Japan skilled in the art of weaving textiles such as 綾錦 (ayanishiki)

囀らふ

sapi1durapu, pillow word alluding to ayame1


新たし

aratasi (romanization)
あらたし (hiragana)
新たしく (irrealis stem)
新たしから (irrealis stem)
あらたしく (irrealis stem)
あらたしから (irrealis stem)
aratasiku (irrealis)
aratasikara (irrealis)
新たしく (continuative stem)
新たしかり (continuative stem)
あらたしく (continuative stem)
あらたしかり (continuative stem)
aratasiku (continuative)
aratasikari (continuative)
新たし (stem terminative)
あらたし (stem terminative)
aratasi (terminative)
新たしき (attributive stem)
新たしかる (attributive stem)
あらたしき (attributive stem)
あらたしかる (attributive stem)
aratasiki (attributive)
aratasikaru (attributive)
新たしけれ (realis stem)
あらたしけれ (realis stem)
aratasikere (realis)
新たしかれ (imperative stem)
あらたしかれ (imperative stem)
aratasikare (imperative)
新たしからず (negative)
あらたしからず (negative)
aratasikarazu (negative)
新たしけれど (contrastive)
あらたしけれど (contrastive)
aratasikeredo (contrastive)
新たしければ (causative)
あらたしければ (causative)
aratasikereba (causative)
新たしくば (conditional)
あらたしくば (conditional)
aratasikuba (conditional)
新たしかりき (past)
あらたしかりき (past)
aratasikariki (past)
新たしかりけり (past)
あらたしかりけり (past)
aratasikarikeri (past)
新たしく (adverbial)
あらたしく (adverbial)
aratasiku (adverbial)

Japanese: 新し (atarashi), Early Middle Japanese form by metathesis with 可惜し (atarashi)

新しい (atarashii), modern form

From adjectival noun 新た (arata, “new”) + し (-si, adjectival suffix).


ちはやひと

千早人: allusion to 宇治 (Udi, “a placename, especially of a river crossing”)


もみつ

紅葉つ, 黄葉つ: to color in autumn, said of leaves


夷守

Japanese: 夷守 (hinamori)

First attested in the 魏志倭人伝 (Gishi Wajinden, “Chronicles of Cao Wei on the Account of the People of Wa”). The accuracy of the Japanese transcriptions is questionable.
Derivation uncertain, but the general thought is that it is a compound of 鄙 (pi₁na, “countryside”) + 守り (mo₁ri, “protection → protector”).
The kanji spelling is jukujikun (熟字訓), literally "barbarian + protector", first attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).

3rd century, 魏志倭人伝
其大官曰卑狗、副曰卑奴母離

(historical) a co-chieftain in ancient Japan who protected distant lands


秋つ葉

aki₁ tu pa (romanization)
あきつは (hiragana)

From 秋 (aki₁, “autumn”) + つ (tu, possessive particle) + 葉 (pa, “leaf”).

秋都葉尓々寶敝流衣吾者不服於君奉者夜毛著金

aki₁ tu pa ni nipope₂ru ko₂ro₂mo ware pa ki₁zi ki₁mi₁ ni maturaba yo₁ru mo ki₁ru gane


あぢさはふ

The initial adi is likely from the 䳑鴨 (ajigamo, “Baikal teal”), while the derivation of sapapu is unknown.
One theory states from 障ふ (sapu), basis for modern 障える (saeru, “to hinder, interrupt”, transtitive) and 障わる (sawaru, “to disturb, harm”, intransitive). This is problematic as sapu is a 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verb and not a 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) verb required for a 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) ending in -a.

...御食向木⿺瓦缶之宮乎常宮跡定賜味澤相目辞毛絶奴然有鴨...

...mi₁ke₂ mukapu Ki₂no₂pe₂-no₂-mi₁ya wo to₂ko₂mi₁ya to₂ sadame₂-tamapi₁ adi-sapapu me₂ko₂to₂ mo tayenu sikare ka mo...

...春鳥能啼耳鳴乍味澤相宵晝不知蜻蜒火之心所燎管悲悽別焉

...paruto₂ri no₂ ne-no₂-mi₂ naki₁tutu adi-sapapu yo₁ru-pi₁ru sirazu kagi₁ro₁pi₂ no₂ ko₂ko₂ro₂ moyetutu *nage₂ku wakare wo*kanasibi₂ wakaru

allusion to 夜昼 (yo₁ru-pi₁ru, “day and night”) or 夜昼知らず (yo₁ru-pi₁ru sirazu, “unthought in day or night”)


ことだまのさきはふくに

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ことだまのさきはふくに (ko₂to₂dama no₂ saki₁papu kuni)

ko₂to₂dama no₂ saki₁papu kuni (romanization)

言靈の幸ふ國: epithet for ancient Japan; literally "a country blessed with kotodama"


言靈の幸ふ國

言靈の幸ふ國 (ko₂to₂dama no₂ saki₁papu kuni) (kana ことだまのさきはふくに)

ko₂to₂dama no₂ saki₁papu kuni (romanization)
ことだまのさきはふくに (hiragana)

desc

Japanese: 言霊の幸う国 (kotodama no sakiwau kuni)

From a poem in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE), attributed to Yamanoue no Okura:
:
神代欲理云傳久良久虛見通倭國者皇神能伊都久志吉國言靈能佐吉播布國等加多利継伊比都賀比計理...
kami₂yo₂kamuyo₂ yo₁ri ipi₁tutekuraku so₁ra mi₁tu Yamato₂-no₂-kuni pa sume₂kami₂ no₂ itukusiki₁ kuni ko₂to₂dama no₂ saki₁papu kuni to₂ kataritugi₁ ipi₁tugapi₁ke₁ri...
Since the age of the gods, this has been passed down ever since: “Sky-spreading Yamato is the god's majestic country, the country blessed with kotodama.”


そほど

Japanese: そおず (sōzu)

故、顯白、其少名毘古那神、所謂久延毘古者於今者、山田之曾富騰者也。此神者、足雖不行、盡知天下之事神也。

Donald L. Philippi (2015) Kojiki (Volume 2255 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, pages 116-117

The Kuye-biko who revealed [the identity of] Sukuna-biko-na-nö-kamï is now called the scarecrow of the mountain paddies. This deity, although his feet do not walk, is a deity who knows all things under the heavens.


あをによし

靑丹よし: allusion to 奈良 (Nara, a placename); allusion to 國内 (kunuti, “within a country's borders”)


捔力

Alternative spelling of 相撲 (sumapi₁): a competition of power and skill, similar to modern-day sumo


愛での盛り

me₂de no₂ sakari (romanization)
めでのさかり (hiragana)

Japanese: 愛での盛り (mede no sakari)

神奈我良愛能盛爾天下奏多麻比志家子等撰多麻比天...

...with the utmost of love, as the goddess [Amaterasu] spoke under the heavens, and chose with her children...

...kamunagara me₂de no₂ sakari ni ame₂ no₂ sita mawositamapi₁ si ipe₁ no₂ ko₁ to₂ erabi₁-tamapi₁te...


戀し

こひし (hiragana)
戀しく (irrealis stem)
戀しから (irrealis stem)
こひしく (irrealis stem)
こひしから (irrealis stem)
kofisiku (irrealis)
kofisikara (irrealis)
戀しく (continuative stem)
戀しかり (continuative stem)
こひしく (continuative stem)
こひしかり (continuative stem)
kofisiku (continuative)
kofisikari (continuative)
戀し (stem terminative)
こひし (stem terminative)
kofisi (terminative)
戀しき (attributive stem)
戀しかる (attributive stem)
こひしき (attributive stem)
こひしかる (attributive stem)
kofisiki (attributive)
kofisikaru (attributive)
戀しけれ (realis stem)
こひしけれ (realis stem)
kofisikere (realis)
戀しかれ (imperative stem)
こひしかれ (imperative stem)
kofisikare (imperative)
戀しからず (negative)
こひしからず (negative)
kofisikarazu (negative)
戀しけれど (contrastive)
こひしけれど (contrastive)
kofisikeredo (contrastive)
戀しければ (causative)
こひしければ (causative)
kofisikereba (causative)
戀しくば (conditional)
こひしくば (conditional)
kofisikuba (conditional)
戀しかりき (past)
こひしかりき (past)
kofisikariki (past)
戀しかりけり (past)
こひしかりけり (past)
kofisikarikeri (past)
戀しく (adverbial)
こひしく (adverbial)
kofisiku (adverbial)

Japanese: 恋しい (こいしい, koishii)

From 戀ひ (kopi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 戀ふ (ko₁pu), “to love, long for”) + し (-shi, adjectival suffix).


戀し

こほし (hiragana)
戀しく (irrealis stem)
戀しから (irrealis stem)
こほしく (irrealis stem)
こほしから (irrealis stem)
kofosiku (irrealis)
kofosikara (irrealis)
戀しく (continuative stem)
戀しかり (continuative stem)
こほしく (continuative stem)
こほしかり (continuative stem)
kofosiku (continuative)
kofosikari (continuative)
戀し (stem terminative)
こほし (stem terminative)
kofosi (terminative)
戀しき (attributive stem)
戀しかる (attributive stem)
こほしき (attributive stem)
こほしかる (attributive stem)
kofosiki (attributive)
kofosikaru (attributive)
戀しけれ (realis stem)
こほしけれ (realis stem)
kofosikere (realis)
戀しかれ (imperative stem)
こほしかれ (imperative stem)
kofosikare (imperative)
戀しからず (negative)
こほしからず (negative)
kofosikarazu (negative)
戀しけれど (contrastive)
こほしけれど (contrastive)
kofosikeredo (contrastive)
戀しければ (causative)
こほしければ (causative)
kofosikereba (causative)
戀しくば (conditional)
こほしくば (conditional)
kofosikuba (conditional)
戀しかりき (past)
こほしかりき (past)
kofosikariki (past)
戀しかりけり (past)
こほしかりけり (past)
kofosikarikeri (past)
戀しく (adverbial)
こほしく (adverbial)
kofosiku (adverbial)


戀し

こふし (hiragana)
戀しく (irrealis stem)
戀しから (irrealis stem)
こふしく (irrealis stem)
こふしから (irrealis stem)
kofusiku (irrealis)
kofusikara (irrealis)
戀しく (continuative stem)
戀しかり (continuative stem)
こふしく (continuative stem)
こふしかり (continuative stem)
kofusiku (continuative)
kofusikari (continuative)
戀し (stem terminative)
こふし (stem terminative)
kofusi (terminative)
戀しき (attributive stem)
戀しかる (attributive stem)
こふしき (attributive stem)
こふしかる (attributive stem)
kofusiki (attributive)
kofusikaru (attributive)
戀しけれ (realis stem)
こふしけれ (realis stem)
kofusikere (realis)
戀しかれ (imperative stem)
こふしかれ (imperative stem)
kofusikare (imperative)
戀しからず (negative)
こふしからず (negative)
kofusikarazu (negative)
戀しけれど (contrastive)
こふしけれど (contrastive)
kofusikeredo (contrastive)
戀しければ (causative)
こふしければ (causative)
kofusikereba (causative)
戀しくば (conditional)
こふしくば (conditional)
kofusikuba (conditional)
戀しかりき (past)
こふしかりき (past)
kofusikariki (past)
戀しかりけり (past)
こふしかりけり (past)
kofusikarikeri (past)
戀しく (adverbial)
こふしく (adverbial)
kofusiku (adverbial)

枳瀰我梅能姑藩之枳舸羅儞娑底底威底舸矩野姑悲武謀枳瀰我梅弘報梨

ki₁mi₁ ga me₂ no₂ ko₁posiki₁ kara ni patete wite kaku ya ko₁pi₂mu mo ki₁mi₁ ga me₂ wo pori

(regional, Eastern Old Japanese) longed for, yearned for


戀し

kupusi (romanization)
くふし (hiragana)
戀しく (irrealis stem)
戀しから (irrealis stem)
くふしく (irrealis stem)
くふしから (irrealis stem)
kufusiku (irrealis)
kufusikara (irrealis)
戀しく (continuative stem)
戀しかり (continuative stem)
くふしく (continuative stem)
くふしかり (continuative stem)
kufusiku (continuative)
kufusikari (continuative)
戀し (stem terminative)
くふし (stem terminative)
kufusi (terminative)
戀しき (attributive stem)
戀しかる (attributive stem)
くふしき (attributive stem)
くふしかる (attributive stem)
kufusiki (attributive)
kufusikaru (attributive)
戀しけれ (realis stem)
くふしけれ (realis stem)
kufusikere (realis)
戀しかれ (imperative stem)
くふしかれ (imperative stem)
kufusikare (imperative)
戀しからず (negative)
くふしからず (negative)
kufusikarazu (negative)
戀しけれど (contrastive)
くふしけれど (contrastive)
kufusikeredo (contrastive)
戀しければ (causative)
くふしければ (causative)
kufusikereba (causative)
戀しくば (conditional)
くふしくば (conditional)
kufusikuba (conditional)
戀しかりき (past)
くふしかりき (past)
kufusikariki (past)
戀しかりけり (past)
くふしかりけり (past)
kufusikarikeri (past)
戀しく (adverbial)
くふしく (adverbial)
kufusiku (adverbial)

和伎米故等不多利和我見之宇知江須流須流河乃祢良波苦不志久米阿流可

wagi₁me₂ko₁ to₂ putari waga mi₁si utiyesuru Suruga-no₂-nera pa kupusiku me₂ aru ka

(regional, Southern Eastern Old Japanese) longed for, yearned for


かなるましづみ

From the 3361st poem of the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE):
:
安思我良能乎弖毛許乃母爾佐須和奈乃可奈流麻之豆美許呂安禮比毛等久
asigara no₂ wotemo-ko₂no₂mo ni sasu wana no₂ kanaru ma-sidumi₁ ko₂ro₂ are pi₁mo to₂ku
(please add an English translation of this usage example)

ux

安思我良能乎弖毛許乃母爾佐須和奈乃可奈流麻之豆美許呂安禮比毛等久

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: clamor or some other sounds dying down


あめのかぐやま

天香具山, 天香久山: a mountain in Kashihara, Nara Prefecture


時雨の雨

sigure no₂ ame₂ (romanization)
しぐれのあめ (hiragana)

九月乃鍾禮乃雨丹沾通春日之山者色付丹來

nagatuki₂ no₂ sigure no₂ ame₂ ni nuretopori Kasuga-no₂-yama pa iro₂duki₁nike₁ri

The long month―and the seasonal chill rains come drenching down: now in Kasuga the hills begin to tinge with color.

a rainshower in late autumn or early winter


まけばしら

眞木柱: Southern Eastern Old Japanese spelling of マキ^乙バシラ (maki₂basira): pillar made from the wood of cedar, hinoki cypress, etc.


木の花

Japanese: 木の花 (konohana)

Phrase consisting of 木 (ko₂, “tree”) + の (no₂, possessive particle) + 花 (pana, “flower”).
The 木 (ko₂) reading is the combining form (this is one such exception) and probably an older form of ⟨ki₂⟩.

亦使木花之佐久夜毘賣者、如木花之榮榮坐、宇氣比弖自【宇下四字以音】貢進。

711–712, Kojiki, upper volume (descent of Ninigi no mikoto from heaven, Konohanasakuya-hime):

flowers blooming on a tree, especially, an elegant label for 櫻の花 (sakura no₂ pana, “cherry blossoms”)


ほたるなす

螢なす: like the light of a firefly, allusion to 仄かに (pono₂ka ni, “dimly, faintly”)


しまつとり

島つ鳥: island bird, allusion to 鵜 (u, “cormorant”)


にはつとり

庭つ鳥: chicken; bird kept in a garden, allusion to 鷄 (kake₁, “chicken”)


鎌倉山

Kamakura-yama (romanization)
かまくらやま (hiragana)

From 鎌倉 (Kamakura) + 山 (-yama, “mountain”).

多伎木許流可麻久良夜麻能許太流木乎麻都等奈我伊波婆古非都追夜安奈牟

Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 3: Man’yōshū 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2002, →ISBN

taki₁gi₂ ko₂ru Kamakura-yama no₂ ko₂daru ki₂ wo matu to₂ naga ipaba ko₁pi₂tutu ya aramu

the mountains around present-day Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture; sometimes referring to the vicinity of the present Tsurugaoka Hachimangū Shrine


のつとり

野つ鳥: bird in the field, allusion to 雉 (ki₁gi₁si, “pheasant”)


いへつとり

家つ鳥: bird kept in a house, allusion to 鷄 (kake₁, “chicken”)


おきつとり

沖つ鳥: bird at sea, allusion to 鴨 (kamo, “duck”); from the cry of the 䳑鴨 (ajikamo, “Baikal teal”), allusion to 味經 (Adipu, a placename); allusion to 胸見る (munami₁ru, “look at one's chests”)


寢ぬ

inu (romanization)
いぬ (hiragana)
寢ね (irrealis stem)
いね (irrealis stem)
ine (irrealis)
寢ね (continuative stem)
いね (continuative stem)
ine (continuative)
寢ぬ (stem terminative)
いぬ (stem terminative)
inu (terminative)
寢ぬる (attributive stem)
いぬる (attributive stem)
inuru (attributive)
寢ぬれ (realis stem)
いぬれ (realis stem)
inure (realis)
寢ねよ (imperative stem)
いねよ (imperative stem)
ineyo (imperative)
寢ねず (negative)
いねず (negative)
inezu (negative)
寢ぬれど (contrastive)
いぬれど (contrastive)
inuredo (contrastive)
寢ぬれば (causative)
いぬれば (causative)
inureba (causative)
寢ねば (conditional)
いねば (conditional)
ineba (conditional)
寢ねき (past)
いねき (past)
ineki (past)
寢ねけり (past)
いねけり (past)
inekeri (past)
寢ねつ (perfect)
いねつ (perfect)
inetu (perfect)
寢ねぬ (perfect)
いねぬ (perfect)
inenu (perfect)
寢ねたり (continuative perfect)
いねたり (continuative perfect)
inetari (continuative perfect)
寢ねむ (volitional)
いねむ (volitional)
inemu (volitional)

Japanese: 寝ぬ (inu)

Derived from 寢 (i, “sleep”) + 寢 (nu, “to sleep”).

暮去者小倉乃山尓鳴鹿者今夜波不鳴寐宿家良思母

yupu sareba Wogura-no₂-yama ni naku sika pa ko₂yo₂pi₁ panakazu inenike₁rasi mo

The deer at Ogura Mountain, which cries when evening arrives, appears to have fallen asleep tonight without crying.


をさぎ

Japanese: 兎 (usagi)

From Proto-Japonic *wosanki.
Given this Eastern Old Japanese reflex, the Western pronunciation would have been *osanki.

等夜乃野爾乎佐藝禰良波里乎佐乎左毛禰奈敞古由惠爾波伴爾許呂波要

To₂ya-no₂-no₁ ni wosagi₁ nerapari wosawosa mo nenape₁ ko₁ yuwe ni papa ni ko₂ro₂paye

In the fields of Töya where I hardly aimed at a rabbit, my child never slept, and as a result, mother scolded me.

(regional, Eastern Old Japanese) a rabbit


なりけり

Japanese: なりけり (narikeri)

Derived from なり (nari, “to be”) + けり (-ke₁ri, auxiliary verb indicating a past event).

suffix

故敷等伊布波衣毛名豆氣多理伊布須敞能多豆伎母奈吉波安賀未奈里家利

“ko₁pu” to₂ ipu pa e monaduke₂tari ipu sube₁ no₂ taduki₁ mo naki₁ pa aga mi₂ narike₁ri

auxiliary verb indicating one's personal recollection about something heard before: it was, it is said


おふをよし

大魚よし: oh great fish, allusion to しび (sibi₁, “tuna”)


大魚よし

opuwo yo₂si (romanization)
おふをよし (hiragana)

The particle よ (yo₂) expresses exclamation, while the particle し (si) strengthens it.

意布袁余志斯毘都久阿麻余斯賀阿禮婆宇良胡本斯祁牟斯毘都久志毘

opuwo yo₂si sibi₁ tuku ama yo₂ si ga areba ura ko₁posike₁mu sibi₁ tuku Sibi₁

oh great fish, allusion to しび (sibi₁, “tuna”)


なも

Japanese: なむ (namu → nan)

何時奈毛不戀有登者雖不有得田直比来戀之繁母

itu pa namo ko₁pi₂zu ari to₂ pa aranedo₂ mo utate ko₂no₂ ko₂ro₂ ko₁pi₂ si sige₂si mo

三輪山乎然毛隠賀雲谷裳情有南畝可苦佐布倍思哉

Mi₁wa-yama wo sika mo kakusu ka kumo dani mo ko₂ko₂ro₂ aranamo kakusapube₂si ya

Hiding Miwa Mountain like that! I wish at least the clouds had hearts. Should the clouds continue hiding the mountain? (No, they shouldn't.)


なも

-namo (romanization)
なも (stem terminative)
namo (stem terminative)
なも (attributive stem)
namo (attributive stem)

c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, first variant poem 3476, first variant:

宇倍児奈波和奴爾故布奈毛多刀都久能努賀奈敞由家婆故布思可流奈母

ube₂ ko₁na pa wanu ni ko₁punamo tato₁ tuku no₂ no₁gape₁yuke₁ba ko₁pusikarunamo

比多我多能伊蘇乃和可米乃多知美太要和乎可麻都那毛伎曾毛己余必母

Pi₁tagata no₂ iso₁ no₂ wakame₂ no₂ tatimi₁daye wa wo ka matunamo ki₁so₂ mo ko₂yo₂pi₁ mo

(regional, Eastern Old Japanese) auxiliary verb indicating conjecture or speculation


靑丹よし

awoni yo₂si (romanization)
あをによし (hiragana)

Japanese: 青丹よし (aoni yoshi)

Literally “blue-green + (red) earth + [exclamatory particle] + [strengthening particle]”.
The first sense refers to 奈良坂, 平城坂 (Narasaka, hill-road north of the modern city of Nara) where its soil made for excellent paints and pigments were said to be extracted there.

allusion to 國内 (kunuti, “within a country's borders”)


道行き

Japanese: 道行き (michiyuki)

Compound of 道 (mi₁ti, “road”) + 行き (yuki₁, “going”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 行く (yuku), “to go”).

com

和可家礼婆道行之良士末比波世武之多敞乃使於比弖登保良世

wakake₁reba mi₁tiyuki₁ sirazi mapi₁ pa semu sitape₁ no₂ tukapi₁ opi₁te to₂porase

Since he is so young, he will not know the road to take: I will pay your fee―o courier from the realms below, bear him there upon your back!


あづさゆみ

Japanese cherry birch
Japanese cherry birch

Betula grossa
Betula grossa#Translingual

梓弓: bow made from the wood of the Japanese cherry birch (Betula grossa); allusion to い (i), いる (iru), はる (paru), ひく (pi₁ku), もと (moto₂), すゑ (suwe), つる (turu), よる (yo₁ru), おと (oto₂), や (ya), etc.


いづく

Japanese: いずく (izuku)

→ いずこ (izuko)

→ いどこ (idoko)

→ どこ (doko)

Possibly derived from indefinite interrogative stem 何 (idu-), with a suffix cognate with locative indicator 處 (-ko₂).

許能迦邇夜伊豆久能迦邇毛毛豆多布都奴賀能迦邇余許佐良布伊豆久邇伊多流...

This crab, where art here crab from? Crab sidestepping from hundred-relayed Tsunuga, whither doth it lead?

ko₂no₂ kani ya iduku no₂ kani mo₁mo₁dutapu Tunuga no₂ kani yo₂ko₂-sarapu iduku ni itaru...

宇利波米婆胡藤母意母保由久利波米婆麻斯提斯農波由伊豆久欲利枳多利斯物能曾麻奈迦比爾母等奈可可利提夜周伊斯奈佐農

When eating melons, I think of my children; chestnuts I reminsce more. From whence did they come to me? They remain before my eyes, and in peace can I sleep not.

uri pame₂ba ko₁do₂mo omopoyu kuri pame₂ba masite sino₁payu iduku yo₁ri ki₁tarisi mono₂ so₂ manakapi₁ ni moto₂na kakarite yasui si nasanu

interrogative pronoun
interrogative pronoun#English

indefinite interrogative pronoun: where, whence, whither, which

demonstrative pronoun
demonstrative pronoun#English

indefinite demonstrative pronoun: anywhere, everywhere, somewhere


漕ぎ出づ

こぎいづ (hiragana)
漕ぎ出で (irrealis stem)
こぎいで (irrealis stem)
kogiide (irrealis)
漕ぎ出で (continuative stem)
こぎいで (continuative stem)
kogiide (continuative)
漕ぎ出づ (stem terminative)
こぎいづ (stem terminative)
kogiidu (terminative)
漕ぎ出づる (attributive stem)
こぎいづる (attributive stem)
kogiiduru (attributive)
漕ぎ出づれ (realis stem)
こぎいづれ (realis stem)
kogiidure (realis)
漕ぎ出でよ (imperative stem)
こぎいでよ (imperative stem)
kogiideyo (imperative)
漕ぎ出でず (negative)
こぎいでず (negative)
kogiidezu (negative)
漕ぎ出づれど (contrastive)
こぎいづれど (contrastive)
kogiiduredo (contrastive)
漕ぎ出づれば (causative)
こぎいづれば (causative)
kogiidureba (causative)
漕ぎ出でば (conditional)
こぎいでば (conditional)
kogiideba (conditional)
漕ぎ出でき (past)
こぎいでき (past)
kogiideki (past)
漕ぎ出でけり (past)
こぎいでけり (past)
kogiidekeri (past)
漕ぎ出でつ (perfect)
こぎいでつ (perfect)
kogiidetu (perfect)
漕ぎ出でぬ (perfect)
こぎいでぬ (perfect)
kogiidenu (perfect)
漕ぎ出でたり (continuative perfect)
こぎいでたり (continuative perfect)
kogiidetari (continuative perfect)
漕ぎ出でむ (volitional)
こぎいでむ (volitional)
kogiidemu (volitional)

Japanese: 漕ぎ出づ (kogiizu)

Compound of 漕ぎ (ko₂gi₁, “paddling, rowing”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 漕ぐ (ko₂gu), “to paddle, row”) + 出づ (idu, “to depart, leave”).

熟田津爾船乘世武登月待者潮毛可奈比沼今者許藝乞菜

Niki₁ta-tu ni punano₂ri semu to₂ tuki₂ mateba sipo mo kanapi₁nu ima pa ko₂gi₁idena

We've waited for the moonrise before boarding ship in Nikitatsu harbor; now the tide is full―let us row out to sea!


ひのもとの

日の本の: rising sun, allusion to 大和 (Yamato₂, “ancient Japan”)


日の本の

Japanese: 日の本の (hi no moto no)

...日本之山跡國乃鎭十方座祇可間...

...pi₁ no₂ moto₂ no₂ Yamato₂-no₂-kuni no₂ sidume₂ to₂ mo imasu kami₂ ka mo...

the rising sun, allusion to 大和 (Yamato₂, “ancient Japan”)


ゆふなみちどり

夕浪千鳥: plover flying over the evening waves


月讀

Japanese: 月読 (tsukiyomi)

From 月 (tuku, combining form of tuki₂, “moon”) + 讀み (yo₂mi₁, “counting”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 讀む (yo₂mu), “to count”), and referred to telling the moonphases.

天橋文長雲鴨高山文高雲鴨月夜見乃持有越水伊取來而公奉而越得之旱物

amapasi mo nagaku moga mo takayama mo takaku moga mo tukuyo₁mi₁^([sic]) no₂ moteru wotimi₁du ito₂riki₁te ki₁mi₁ ni maturite wotiesimu mono₂

月讀之光二來益足疾乃山寸隔而不遠國

tukuyo₂mi₁ no₂ pi₁kari ni ki₁mase asi-pi₁ki₁ no₂ yama kipe₁narite to₂pokaranaku ni

Come into the moonlight! It is not so far away, even though we are separated by a rugged [ashi-hiki, pillow word of uncertain meaning] hill.


月讀

Japanese: 月読 (Tsukuyomi → Tsukiyomi)

→ English: Tsukuyomi

Short for 月讀尊, 月讀命 (Tukuyo₂mi₁ no₂ mi₁ko₂to₂): Tsukuyomi, the moon god in Shinto mythology


かまめ

Japanese: 鴎 (kamome)

Listed in references as an ancient form of modern 鴎 (kamome, “seagull”). However, the ultimate derivation is unknown. Possible derivations include:
* From an uncertain onomatopoeic term
* Related to 鴨 (kamo₁, “duck”)
* From some meaning of かま (kama)
* The latter -me element is probably the め (me) that appears as an ancient suffixing element in some bird and fish names, such as 雀 (suzume, “sparrow”), 燕 (tsubame, “swallow”), 鯣 (surume, “cuttlefish”), 鮃 (hirame, “flounder”), 鮫 (same, “shark”)

...國原波煙立龍海原波加萬目立多都...

...kunipara pa ke₂buri tatitatu unapara pa kamame₂ tatitatu...

On the plain of land, smoke from the hearths rises, rises. On the plain of waters, gulls rise one after another.

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: a seagull, gull; a white waterfowl


姬遊び

Japanese: 姫遊び (himenasobi)

Originally a compound of 姬 (pi₁me₁, “princess → woman, girl”) + の (no₂, possessive particle) + 遊び (aso₁bi₁, “play, playing”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 遊ぶ (aso₁bu), “to play, enjoy”).
Due to absence of vowel clusters in most Old Japanese terms, the の (no₂) and あ (a) of aso₁bi₁ fused into な (na).

瀰磨紀異利寐胡播椰飫廼餓烏塢志齊務苔農殊末句志羅珥比賣那素寐殊望

720, Nihon Shoki, poem 18, first variation:

Mi₁maki₂iribi₁ko₁ pa ya ono₂ ga wo wo sisemu to₂ nusumaku sirani pi₁me₁naso₁bi₁ su mo

於朋耆妬庸利于介伽卑低許呂佐務苔須羅句塢志羅珥比賣那素寐殊望

720, Nihon Shoki, poem 18, second variation:

opoki₁ to₁ yo₁ri ukakapi₁te ko₂ro₂samu to₂ suraku wo sirani pi₁me₁naso₁bi₁ su mo


御間城入彦

head

御間城入彦 (Mi₁maki₂iribi₁ko₁) (kana みまきいりびこ)

(poetic) Short for 御間城入彦五十瓊殖天皇 (Mi₁maki₂iribi₁ko₁iniwe no₂ sumerami₁ko₂to₂): Emperor Sujin


よごと

壽詞, 吉言: celebratory speech, congratulatory words


さかき

Japanese: 榊 (sakaki)

Possibly a compound of 咲か (saka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of verb 咲く (saku), “to bloom”) + 木 (ki₂, “tree”).
Alternatively, the initial saka is cognate with verb 榮ゆ (sakayu, “to flourish, thrive”).

com

any evergreen tree planted within precincts of a Shinto shrine


天香具山

Ame₂ no₂ Kaguyama (romanization)
あめのかぐやま (hiragana)
天香久山 (alternative)

Japanese: 天香具山 (Ama no Kaguyama)

a mountain located on Kashihara, Nara Prefecture; along with 畝傍山 (Unebi₂-yama) and 耳成山 (Mi₁mi₁nasi-yama) they are collectively called the 大和三山 (Yamato Sanzan, “Three Famous Mountains of Yamato Province”)

天降り付く

amori tuku, pillow word that can allude to Ame no Kaguyama


私田

watakusida (romanization)
わたくしだ (hiragana)

From 私 (watakusi, “private matter”) + 田 (ta, “rice paddy”).

住吉小田苅爲子賤鴨無奴雖在妹御爲私田苅

Sumi₁no₂ye no₂ Woda wo karasu ko₁ yatuko₁ ka mo naki₁ yatuko₁ aredo₂ imo ga mi₁-tame₂ to₂ watakusida karu

a privately-owned ricefield under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system


四つの蛇

yo₂tu no₂ pe₂mi₁ (romanization)
よつのへみ (hiragana)

Literally “the four serpents”. Originates from the Nirvana Sutra, which says, “Earth, water, fire and wind are like four great snakes”.

与都乃閇美伊都都乃毛乃乃阿都麻礼流伎多奈伎微乎婆伊止比須都閇志波奈礼須都倍志

A filthy body where that which is unclean(literally, “the four serpents(the four elements) and five demons(the chandalas”) gather must be despised and abandoned; they must be separated and abandoned.

yo₂tu no₂ pe₂mi₁ itutu no₂ mono₂ no₂ atumareru ki₁tanaki₁ mi₂ wo ba ito₂pi₁sutu be₂si panare sutu besi

The four elements that make up the world: earth, water, fire, and wind


齋庭

desc

Japanese: 斎庭 (yuniwa, in modern Japanese dictionaries)

From 齋 (yu-, “pure, sacred”) + 庭 (nipa, “ground; place where something is done”).


納言

Japanese: 納言 (monomōsu-tsukasa, nagon)

From 物申す (mo₂no₂mawosu, “to advise or complain to a superior”) + 司 (tukasa, “official”).
The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 納言 (MC nop ngjon).

obor

戊戌、納言兼宮内卿五位舍人王、病之臨死。

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Tenmu; ninth year in autumn, seventh month:

On the day of the Earth Dog, the official and nobleman of the Imperial Palace, fifth rank Töneri nö Opogimi, fell ill and was close to death.

an administrative official in the 太政官 (Opoki₁maturigo₂to₂ no₂ Tukasa) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system


大倭根子天皇

head

おほやまとねこのすめらみこと

おほやまとねこのすめらみこと

大倭根子天皇 (Opoyamato₂neko₁ no₂ Sumerami₁ko₂to₂) (kana おほやまとねこのすめらみこと)

Opoyamato₂neko₁ no₂ Sumerami₁ko₂to₂ (romanization)
おほやまとねこのすめらみこと (hiragana)

desc

Japanese: 大倭根子天皇 (Ōyamatoneko no Sumeramikoto)

Compound of 大倭 (Opoyamato₂) + 根子 (neko₁, “root → origin, source”) + の (no, possessive particle) + 天皇 (sumerami₁ko₂to₂, a term of address for an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan).

com

おほやまとねこのすめらみこと

707, Shoku Nihongi (Keiun 4, seventeenth day of the seventh month)
是者關_母威_岐近江大津宮御宇大倭根子天皇_乃、与天地共長与日月共遠不改常典_止立賜_比敷賜_(覇留)法_乎。
KO₂ PA KAKE₂ MAKU mo₂ KASIKO₁ki₁ APUMI₁ OPO tu MI₁YA NI AME₂ NO₂ SITA SIRASIME₁SI SI OPO YAMATO₂ NO₂ NEKO₁ NO₂ SUME₁RA MI₁KO₂TO₂ no₂ AME₂TUTI TO₂ TO₂MO₂ NI NAGAKU PI₁TUKI₂ TO TO₂MO₂ NI TO₂POKU ARATAMU MASIZIKI₁ TUNE NO₂ NO₂RI to₂ TATE TAMApi₁ SIKI₁ TAMAPE₁ wo
This hanging should also rule under the Heaven of the great palace. Together with Opo Yamato₂ no₂ Neko₁ no₂ Sume₁ra Miko₂to₂'s heaven and earth, and the long days and nights, it should not be renewed from afar, the eternal law must rule above all things.

(honorific) a more respectful term of address for an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan


奈良の都

Japanese: 奈良の都 (Nara no miyako)

多都乃麻乎安禮波毛等米牟阿遠爾與志奈良乃美夜古邇許牟比等乃多仁

I would find a dragon horse, for the sake of one coming to the blue-green soiled capital of Nara.

tatuno₂ma wo are pa moto₂me₂mu awoni yo₂si Nara no₂ mi₁yako₁ ni ko₂mu pi₁to₂ no₂ ta ni

the capital of ancient Japan during most of the Nara period


太政官

head

おほきまつりごとのつかさ

おほきまつりことのつかさ

太政官 (Opoki₁maturigo₂to₂ no₂ Tukasa) (kana おほきまつりごとのつかさ)

Opoki₁maturigo₂to₂ no₂ Tukasa (romanization)
おほきまつりごとのつかさ (hiragana)

desc

Japanese: 太政官 (Ōimatsurigoto no Tsukasa → Da(i)jō-kan)

From 大き (opoki₁, the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of adjective 大し (oposi), “great”) + 政 (maturigo₂to₂, “government, rule”) + の (no₂, possessive particle) + 官 (tukasa, “government office”).

com

おほきまつりことのつかさ

the highest governing body under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system during and after the Nara period


うまら

うま (uma-, “good”) + ら (-ra, nominalizer)


うまら

Japanese: 鏘, 槍 (ubara, hapax; obsolete)

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki
Shōgakukan
Tokyo
ja:小学館
ja:日本国語大辞典

Attested in the Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki of 794 with the spelling 宇末良; possibly derived from 茨 (umara, “briar”) for its shape.


靑海原

awounapara (romanization)
あをうなはら (hiragana)

Japanese: 青海原 (aounabara)

From 靑 (awo, “blue-green”) + 海原 (unapara, “wide ocean”).

阿乎宇奈波良加是奈美奈妣伎由久左久佐都都牟許等奈久布禰波波夜家無

awounapara kazenami₁ nabi₁ki₁ yuku sa kusa tutumu ko₂to₂ naku pune pa payake₂mu


奈良山

Nara-yama (romanization)
ならやま (hiragana)

Japanese: 奈良山 (Nara-yama)

From 奈良 (Nara, placename in Yamato Province) + 山 (-yama, “hill, mountain”).

suffix

the hills north of the ancient capital of 平城京 (Heijō-kyō) in present-day Nara


淺す

asu (romanization)
あす (hiragana)
淺せ (irrealis stem)
あせ (irrealis stem)
ase (irrealis)
淺せ (continuative stem)
あせ (continuative stem)
ase (continuative)
淺す (stem terminative)
あす (stem terminative)
asu (terminative)
淺する (attributive stem)
あする (attributive stem)
asuru (attributive)
淺すれ (realis stem)
あすれ (realis stem)
asure (realis)
淺せよ (imperative stem)
あせよ (imperative stem)
aseyo (imperative)
淺せず (negative)
あせず (negative)
asezu (negative)
淺すれど (contrastive)
あすれど (contrastive)
asuredo (contrastive)
淺すれば (causative)
あすれば (causative)
asureba (causative)
淺せば (conditional)
あせば (conditional)
aseba (conditional)
淺せき (past)
あせき (past)
aseki (past)
淺せけり (past)
あせけり (past)
asekeri (past)
淺せつ (perfect)
あせつ (perfect)
asetu (perfect)
淺せぬ (perfect)
あせぬ (perfect)
asenu (perfect)
淺せたり (continuative perfect)
あせたり (continuative perfect)
asetari (continuative perfect)
淺せむ (volitional)
あせむ (volitional)
asemu (volitional)

desc

Japanese: 浅せる (aseru, “to dry up”), 褪せる (aseru, “to fade, discolor”)

The as- stem likely refers to “morning, after the dawn”; by extension, “early”.

久方乃天之探女之石船乃泊師高津者淺爾家留香裳

pi₁sakata no₂ Ama no₂ Sagume₁ ga ipapune no₂ patesi Takatu pa asenike₁ru ka mo

The eternal Ama no Sagume [and her] rocky boat came to rest at Takatsu, drying it up.

(of a body of water) to dry up, become shallow


淺す

asu (romanization)
あす (hiragana)
淺さ (irrealis stem)
あさ (irrealis stem)
asa (irrealis)
淺し (continuative stem)
あし (continuative stem)
asi (continuative)
淺す (stem terminative)
あす (stem terminative)
asu (terminative)
淺す (attributive stem)
あす (attributive stem)
asu (attributive)
淺せ (realis stem)
あせ (realis stem)
ase (realis)
淺せ (imperative stem)
あせ (imperative stem)
ase (imperative)
淺さず (negative)
あさず (negative)
asazu (negative)
淺せど (contrastive)
あせど (contrastive)
asedo (contrastive)
淺せば (causative)
あせば (causative)
aseba (causative)
淺さば (conditional)
あさば (conditional)
asaba (conditional)
淺しき (past)
あしき (past)
asiki (past)
淺しけり (past)
あしけり (past)
asikeri (past)
淺しつ (perfect)
あしつ (perfect)
asitu (perfect)
淺しぬ (perfect)
あしぬ (perfect)
asinu (perfect)
淺せり (continuative perfect)
淺したり (continuative perfect)
あせり (continuative perfect)
あしたり (continuative perfect)
aseri (continuative perfect)
asitari (continuative perfect)
淺さむ (volitional)
あさむ (volitional)
asamu (volitional)

Japanese: 浅 (asa-)

等保都安布美伊奈佐保曾江乃水乎都久思安禮乎多能米弖安佐麻之物能乎

To₂po-tu-apumi₁ Inasa-poso₂ye no₂ mi₁wotukusi are wo tano₂me₂te asamasi mono₂ wo

O Tōtōmi’s narrow inlet Inasa with its channel-markers: I’d ask you to leave me dry!


御籠

From 御 (mi₁-, prefix of spiritual importance) + 籠 (ko₁, “basket”).

prefix

籠毛與美籠母乳布久思毛與美夫君志持此岳爾菜採須兒家吉閑名告紗根...

ko₁ mo yo₂ mi₁-ko₁ moti pukusi mo yo₂ mi₁-bukusi moti ko₂no₂ woka ni na tumasu ko₁ ipe₁ ki₁kana na no₂rasane...

O girl who picks greens on the hill with your pretty basket and shovel, ask me of your home and your name.


隠る

kakuru (romanization)
かくる (hiragana)
隠ら (irrealis stem)
かくら (irrealis stem)
kakura (irrealis)
隠り (continuative stem)
かくり (continuative stem)
kakuri (continuative)
隠る (stem terminative)
かくる (stem terminative)
kakuru (terminative)
隠る (attributive stem)
かくる (attributive stem)
kakuru (attributive)
隠れ (realis stem)
かくれ (realis stem)
kakure (realis)
隠れ (imperative stem)
かくれ (imperative stem)
kakure (imperative)
隠らず (negative)
かくらず (negative)
kakurazu (negative)
隠れど (contrastive)
かくれど (contrastive)
kakuredo (contrastive)
隠れば (causative)
かくれば (causative)
kakureba (causative)
隠らば (conditional)
かくらば (conditional)
kakuraba (conditional)
隠りき (past)
かくりき (past)
kakuriki (past)
隠りけり (past)
かくりけり (past)
kakurikeri (past)
隠りつ (perfect)
かくりつ (perfect)
kakuritu (perfect)
隠りぬ (perfect)
かくりぬ (perfect)
kakurinu (perfect)
隠れり (continuative perfect)
隠りたり (continuative perfect)
かくれり (continuative perfect)
かくりたり (continuative perfect)
kakureri (continuative perfect)
kakuritari (continuative perfect)
隠らむ (volitional)
かくらむ (volitional)
kakuramu (volitional)

Japanese: 隠れる (kakureru)


隠る

こもる (hiragana)
隠ら (irrealis stem)
こもら (irrealis stem)
komora (irrealis)
隠り (continuative stem)
こもり (continuative stem)
komori (continuative)
隠る (stem terminative)
こもる (stem terminative)
komoru (terminative)
隠る (attributive stem)
こもる (attributive stem)
komoru (attributive)
隠れ (realis stem)
こもれ (realis stem)
komore (realis)
隠れ (imperative stem)
こもれ (imperative stem)
komore (imperative)
隠らず (negative)
こもらず (negative)
komorazu (negative)
隠れど (contrastive)
こもれど (contrastive)
komoredo (contrastive)
隠れば (causative)
こもれば (causative)
komoreba (causative)
隠らば (conditional)
こもらば (conditional)
komoraba (conditional)
隠りき (past)
こもりき (past)
komoriki (past)
隠りけり (past)
こもりけり (past)
komorikeri (past)
隠りつ (perfect)
こもりつ (perfect)
komoritu (perfect)
隠りぬ (perfect)
こもりぬ (perfect)
komorinu (perfect)
隠れり (continuative perfect)
隠りたり (continuative perfect)
こもれり (continuative perfect)
こもりたり (continuative perfect)
komoreri (continuative perfect)
komoritari (continuative perfect)
隠らむ (volitional)
こもらむ (volitional)
komoramu (volitional)

Japanese: 籠もる (komoru)

The stem kom- relates to “fill” and “filling”, cognate with 込む (ko₂mu, “to conceal”) and possibly 米 (ko₂me₂, “husked rice”).


隠る

namaru (romanization)
なまる (hiragana)
隠ら (irrealis stem)
なまら (irrealis stem)
namara (irrealis)
隠り (continuative stem)
なまり (continuative stem)
namari (continuative)
隠る (stem terminative)
なまる (stem terminative)
namaru (terminative)
隠る (attributive stem)
なまる (attributive stem)
namaru (attributive)
隠れ (realis stem)
なまれ (realis stem)
namare (realis)
隠れ (imperative stem)
なまれ (imperative stem)
namare (imperative)
隠らず (negative)
なまらず (negative)
namarazu (negative)
隠れど (contrastive)
なまれど (contrastive)
namaredo (contrastive)
隠れば (causative)
なまれば (causative)
namareba (causative)
隠らば (conditional)
なまらば (conditional)
namaraba (conditional)
隠りき (past)
なまりき (past)
namariki (past)
隠りけり (past)
なまりけり (past)
namarikeri (past)
隠りつ (perfect)
なまりつ (perfect)
namaritu (perfect)
隠りぬ (perfect)
なまりぬ (perfect)
namarinu (perfect)
隠れり (continuative perfect)
隠りたり (continuative perfect)
なまれり (continuative perfect)
なまりたり (continuative perfect)
namareri (continuative perfect)
namaritari (continuative perfect)
隠らむ (volitional)
なまらむ (volitional)
namaramu (volitional)

Japanese: 隠る (nabaru)


いすくはし

From the ninth poem of the Kojiki (712 CE):
:
宇陀能多加紀爾志藝和那波留和賀麻都夜志藝波佐夜良受伊須久波斯久治良佐夜流...
Uda no₂ takaki₂ ni sigi₁wana paru waga matu ya sigi₁ pa sayarazu isukupasi kudira sayaru...
At Uda’s tall fortress, he had set up a trap for snipers. I can wait; the snipers will get caught. A whale, that is an edible one, gets caught...
The seventh poem of the Nihon Shoki also begins with Uda no₂ takaki₂ ni... and contains isukupasi, but the later verses are different and the ending is longer.

ux

宇陀能多加紀爾志藝和那波留和賀麻都夜志藝波佐夜良受伊須久波斯久治良佐夜流...

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

勇細し: vigorous and fine in beauty, allusion to くぢら (kudira, “whale”)

日本国語大辞典 w:ja:日本国語大辞典

磯細し: beautiful as rocky shores, also an allusion to くぢら (kudira, “whale”)

伊巣細し: beautiful as [emphatic particle] nest, allusion to くち (kuti, “hawk”) + 等 (-ra, pluralizing suffix), where the initial kuti is from a Baekje term for “hawk”

很はし: beautifully (urupasi) and emotionally twisted up or pierced (isukasi), also an allusion to くち (kuti, “hawk”) + 等 (-ra, pluralizing suffix)

Vovin (2021c, 278-280) asserts that the initial isu- is related to Amis 'iso (“whale”), while -kupasi represents 食はし (kupasi, “edible”).


くぢら

Japanese: 鯨 (kujira)

宇陀能多加紀爾志藝和那波留和賀麻都夜志藝波佐夜良受伊須久波斯久治良佐夜流...

At Uda’s tall fortress, he had set up a trap for snipers. I can wait; the snipers will get caught. A whale, that is an edible one, gets caught...

Uda no₂ takaki₂ ni sigi₁wana paru waga matu ya sigi₁ pa sayarazu isukupasi kudira sayaru...

于儾能多伽機珥辭藝和奈破蘆和餓末菟夜辭藝破佐夜羅孺伊殊區波辭區泥羅佐夜離...

At Uda’s tall fortress, he had set up a trap for snipers. I can wait; the snipers will get caught. A whale, that is an edible one, has gotten caught...

Uda no₂ takaki₂ ni sigi₁wana paru waga matu ya sigi₁ pa sayarazu isukupasi kudira sayari...


參る

mawiru (romanization)
まゐる (hiragana)
參 (irrealis stem)
まゐ (irrealis stem)
mawi (irrealis)
參 (continuative stem)
まゐ (continuative stem)
mawi (continuative)
參る (stem terminative)
まゐる (stem terminative)
mawiru (terminative)
參る (attributive stem)
まゐる (attributive stem)
mawiru (attributive)
參れ (realis stem)
まゐれ (realis stem)
mawire (realis)
參よ (imperative stem)
まゐよ (imperative stem)
mawiyo (imperative)
參ず (negative)
まゐず (negative)
mawizu (negative)
參れど (contrastive)
まゐれど (contrastive)
mawiredo (contrastive)
參れば (causative)
まゐれば (causative)
mawireba (causative)
參ば (conditional)
まゐば (conditional)
mawiba (conditional)
參き (past)
まゐき (past)
mawiki (past)
參けり (past)
まゐけり (past)
mawikeri (past)
參つ (perfect)
まゐつ (perfect)
mawitu (perfect)
參ぬ (perfect)
まゐぬ (perfect)
mawinu (perfect)
參たり (continuative perfect)
まゐたり (continuative perfect)
mawitari (continuative perfect)
參む (volitional)
まゐむ (volitional)
mawimu (volitional)

Possibly from a maw- stem cognate with 申す (mawosu, “to say, be called”).

己乃美阿止乎多豆禰毛止米弖与伎比止乃伊麻須久爾爾波和禮毛麻胃弖牟毛呂毛呂乎爲弖

ko₂no₂ mi₁-ato₂ wo tadunemoto₂me₂te yo₂ki₁ pi₁to₂ no₂ imasu kuni ni pa ware mo mawitemu moro₂moro₂ wo wite

...彌夜故敞爾末為之和我世乎安良多末乃等之由吉我弊理...

...mi₁yako₁pe₁ ni mawisi waga se wo aratama no₂ to₂si yuki₁gape₁ri...

於保伎美能美許等爾作例波知知波波乎以波比弊等於枳弖麻爲弖枳爾之乎

opoki₁mi₁ no₂ mi₁-ko₂to₂ ni sareba titipapa wo ipapi₁be₁ to₂ oki₁te mawite ki₁nisi wo


參る

mawiru (romanization)
まゐる (hiragana)
參ら (irrealis stem)
まゐら (irrealis stem)
mawira (irrealis)
參り (continuative stem)
まゐり (continuative stem)
mawiri (continuative)
參る (stem terminative)
まゐる (stem terminative)
mawiru (terminative)
參る (attributive stem)
まゐる (attributive stem)
mawiru (attributive)
參れ (realis stem)
まゐれ (realis stem)
mawire (realis)
參れ (imperative stem)
まゐれ (imperative stem)
mawire (imperative)
參らず (negative)
まゐらず (negative)
mawirazu (negative)
參れど (contrastive)
まゐれど (contrastive)
mawiredo (contrastive)
參れば (causative)
まゐれば (causative)
mawireba (causative)
參らば (conditional)
まゐらば (conditional)
mawiraba (conditional)
參りき (past)
まゐりき (past)
mawiriki (past)
參りけり (past)
まゐりけり (past)
mawirikeri (past)
參りつ (perfect)
まゐりつ (perfect)
mawiritu (perfect)
參りぬ (perfect)
まゐりぬ (perfect)
mawirinu (perfect)
參れり (continuative perfect)
參りたり (continuative perfect)
まゐれり (continuative perfect)
まゐりたり (continuative perfect)
mawireri (continuative perfect)
mawiritari (continuative perfect)
參らむ (volitional)
まゐらむ (volitional)
mawiramu (volitional)

Japanese: 参る (mairu)

Compound of 參 (mawi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verb 參る (mawiru), “to call on”, see above) + 入る (iru, “to enter”), the second i removed due to absence of vowel clusters.

com

一日者千遍參入之東乃大寸御門乎入不勝鴨

pi₁to₂pi₁ ni pa titabi₁ mawirisi *pi₁mukasi no₂ opoki₁ mi₁kado₁ wo irikatenu ka mo

(humble) to go, enter, visit especially a court


搖る

よる (hiragana)
搖ら (irrealis stem)
よ₂ら (irrealis stem)
搖り (continuative stem)
よ₂り (continuative stem)
搖る (stem terminative)
よ₂る (stem terminative)
搖る (attributive stem)
よ₂る (attributive stem)
搖れ (realis stem)
よ₂れ (realis stem)
搖れ (imperative stem)
よ₂れ (imperative stem)
搖らず (negative)
よ₂らず (negative)
搖れど (contrastive)
よ₂れど (contrastive)
搖れば (causative)
よ₂れば (causative)
搖らば (conditional)
よ₂らば (conditional)
搖りき (past)
よ₂りき (past)
搖りけり (past)
よ₂りけり (past)
搖りつ (perfect)
よ₂りつ (perfect)
搖りぬ (perfect)
よ₂りぬ (perfect)
搖れり (continuative perfect)
搖りたり (continuative perfect)
よ₂れり (continuative perfect)
よ₂りたり (continuative perfect)
搖らむ (volitional)
よ₂らむ (volitional)

Japanese: 揺る (yuru)

From Proto-Japonic *yəru. Cognate with Okinawan 搖ゆん (yuyun).

於彌能姑能耶賦能之魔柯枳始陀騰余瀰那爲我與釐拠魔耶黎夢之魔柯枳

720, Nihon Shoki, poem 91, first variant:

The eight-fold fastening fence / Of the Omi's child / Should an earthquake come, shaking, / Reverberating below, / 'Twill be a ruined fastening fence.

omi₁ no₂ ko₁ no₂ yapu no₂ sibakaki₁ sita to₂yo₂mi₁ nawi ga yo₂riko₂ba yaremu sibakaki₁


柔ら

Japanese: 柔ら (yawara)

From やは (yapa-, stem meaning “gentle, soft”) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).


海松

Japanese: 海松 (miru)

...錦毛奈伎布可多衣乃美留乃其等和和氣佐我禮流可可布能尾肩爾打懸...

...wata mo naki₁ nuno₂ katagi₁nu no₂ mi₁ru no₂ go₂to₂ wawake₂-sagareru kakapu no₂mi₂ kata ni utikake₂...

Codium fragile
Codium fragile#Translingual

the green sea or dead man's fingers, Codium fragile


俣海松

From 俣 (mata, “crotch, fork”) + 海松 (mi₁ru, “Codium fragile”), from the seaweed's many-branched structure.

com

神風之伊勢之海之朝奈伎爾來依深海松暮奈藝爾來因俣海松深海松乃深目師吾乎俣海松乃復去反都麻等不言登可聞思保世流君

kamukaze no₂ Ise no₂ umi₁ no₂ asanagi₁ ni ki₁yo₂ru pukami₁ru yupunagi₁ ni ki₁yo₂ru matami₁ru pukami₁ru no₂ pukame₂si ware wo matami₁ru no₂ mata yuki₁ kape₁ri tuma to₂ ipazi to₂ kamo₁ omoposeru ki₁mi₁

At the sea of Ise of the divine wind, fukamiru (deep seaweed) which being draft into the morning calm, matamiru (forked seaweed) and fukamiru which being draft into the evening calm; against me who deepened [the affection toward you] like them, perhaps don't you come and return again like matamiru and call me your wife, my darling?

Synonym of 海松 (mi₁ru): green sea or dead man's fingers (Codium fragile)


とりよろふ

とりよろは (irrealis stem)
toryorofa (irrealis stem)
とりよろひ (continuative stem)
toryorofi (continuative stem)
とりよろふ (stem terminative)
toryorofu (stem terminative)
とりよろふ (attributive stem)
toryorofu (attributive stem)
とりよろへ (realis stem)
toryorofe (realis stem)
とりよろへ (imperative stem)
toryorofe (imperative stem)
とりよろはず (negative)
toryorofazu (negative)
とりよろへど (contrastive)
toryorofedo (contrastive)
とりよろへば (causative)
toryorofeba (causative)
とりよろはば (conditional)
toryorofaba (conditional)
とりよろひき (past)
toryorofiki (past)
とりよろひけり (past)
toryorofikeri (past)
とりよろひつ (perfect)
toryorofitu (perfect)
とりよろひぬ (perfect)
toryorofinu (perfect)
とりよろへり (continuative perfect)
とりよろひたり (continuative perfect)
toryoroferi (continuative perfect)
toryorofitari (continuative perfect)
とりよろはむ (volitional)
toryorofamu (volitional)

Japanese: とりよろう (toriyorou)

Derivation possibly unknown. By surface analysis, 取り (to₂ri, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 取る (to₂ru), “to take”) + 鎧ふ (yo₂ro₂pu, “to arm, wear”).

surf

山常庭村山有等取與呂布天乃香具山...

Yamato₂ ni pa murayama aredo₂ to₂riyo₂ro₂pu Ame₂ no₂ Kaguyama...

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: to dress with greenery; to equip with the beauties of nature (peaks, rocks, trees, valleys, etc.); to go around and secure (land, mountain, etc.)


深海松

From 深 (puka-, “deep”) + 海松 (mi₁ru, “Codium fragile”).

prefix

角障經石見之海乃言佐敝久辛乃埼有伊久里爾曾深海松生流荒礒爾曾玉藻者生流...

tuno₁ sapapu Ipami₁ no₂ umi₁ no₂ ko₂to₂ sape₁ku Kara no₂ saki₁ naru ikuri ni so₂ pukami₁ru opuru ariso₁ ni so₂ tamamo pa opuru...

a seaweed (Codium fragile) growing deep on the seafloor


深海松の

pukami₁ru no₂ (romanization)
ふかみるの (hiragana)

From 深海松 (pukami₁ru, “Codium fragile, seaweed grown deep on the seafloor”).

...玉藻成靡寐之兒乎深海松乃深目手思騰...

...tamamo nasu nabi₁ki₁nesi ko₁ wo pukami₁ru no₂ pukame₂te omope₂do₂...

allusion to 深む (pukamu, “to deepen, intensify”)

...深見流乃見巻欲跡莫告藻之己名惜三...

...pukami₁ru no₂ mi₁maku posike₁do₂ nano₂riso₂ no₂ ono₂ga na wosimi₁...


日に日に

Japanese: 日に日に (hi ni hi ni)

Literally “on the day on the day” or “day by day”, with particle に (ni) indicating time or location.

蹔不見戀吾妹日日來事繁

When I didn’t see my love for a while, I then missed her; when I come to her every day, then rumors are frequent.

simasiku mo mi₁nuba ko₂posiki₁ wagi₁moko₁ wo pi₁ ni pi₁ ni kureba ko₂to₂ no₂ sige₂ke₁ku


あかねさす

茜さす: shining brilliantly, allusion to 日 (pi₁, “sun, day”), 晝 (pi₁ru, “noon”), or 照る (teru, “to shine”); glowing with red, allusion to 紫 (murasaki₁, “purple”); reddish face, allusion to 君 (ki₁mi₁, “you; person of high respect”)


射干玉

desc

Japanese: 射干玉 (nubatama, mubatama), 烏羽玉 (ubatama)

a blackberry lily seed or fruit, usually one that is jet-black and spherical


しむ

(after 未然形 (mizenkei) stem) forms causative forms of verbs: to make (someone do)


強ふ

sipu (romanization)
しふ (hiragana)
強ひ (irrealis stem)
しひ (irrealis stem)
sifi (irrealis)
強ひ (continuative stem)
しひ (continuative stem)
sifi (continuative)
強ふ (stem terminative)
しふ (stem terminative)
sifu (terminative)
強ふる (attributive stem)
しふる (attributive stem)
sifuru (attributive)
強ふれ (realis stem)
しふれ (realis stem)
sifure (realis)
強ひよ (imperative stem)
しひよ (imperative stem)
sifiyo (imperative)
強ひず (negative)
しひず (negative)
sifizu (negative)
強ふれど (contrastive)
しふれど (contrastive)
sifuredo (contrastive)
強ふれば (causative)
しふれば (causative)
sifureba (causative)
強ひば (conditional)
しひば (conditional)
sifiba (conditional)
強ひき (past)
しひき (past)
sifiki (past)
強ひけり (past)
しひけり (past)
sifikeri (past)
強ひつ (perfect)
しひつ (perfect)
sifitu (perfect)
強ひぬ (perfect)
しひぬ (perfect)
sifinu (perfect)
強ひたり (continuative perfect)
しひたり (continuative perfect)
sifitari (continuative perfect)
強ひむ (volitional)
しひむ (volitional)
sifimu (volitional)

Japanese: 強ふ (shiu) → 強いる (shiiru)

From a stem sip- possibly cognate with verb 癈ふ (sipu, “to lose function (said of body organs)”).


葦原の中つ國

Japanese: 葦原の中つ国 (ashihara no nakatsukuni)

Literally, “the middle land/country of reed beds”.

lit

「汝如_二助吾_一、於_二葦原中國_一所有宇都志伎【此四字以_レ音】青人草之落_二苦瀨_一而患惚時可_レ助。」

711–712, Kojiki, upper volume (Izanagi and Izanami):

the realm of mortals, i.e. Japan itself (as opposed to the realm of the gods and the realm of the dead)


回む

tamu (romanization)
たむ (hiragana)
回み (irrealis stem)
たみ (irrealis stem)
tami (irrealis)
回み (continuative stem)
たみ (continuative stem)
tami (continuative)
回む (stem terminative)
たむ (stem terminative)
tamu (terminative)
回むる (attributive stem)
たむる (attributive stem)
tamuru (attributive)
回むれ (realis stem)
たむれ (realis stem)
tamure (realis)
回みよ (imperative stem)
たみよ (imperative stem)
tamiyo (imperative)
回みず (negative)
たみず (negative)
tamizu (negative)
回むれど (contrastive)
たむれど (contrastive)
tamuredo (contrastive)
回むれば (causative)
たむれば (causative)
tamureba (causative)
回みば (conditional)
たみば (conditional)
tamiba (conditional)
回みき (past)
たみき (past)
tamiki (past)
回みけり (past)
たみけり (past)
tamikeri (past)
回みつ (perfect)
たみつ (perfect)
tamitu (perfect)
回みぬ (perfect)
たみぬ (perfect)
taminu (perfect)
回みたり (continuative perfect)
たみたり (continuative perfect)
tamitari (continuative perfect)
回みむ (volitional)
たみむ (volitional)
tamimu (volitional)

Early Middle Japanese
Late Middle Japanese
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shōgakukan
Tokyo
ja:小学館
ja:日本国語大辞典

Appears to be cognate with 玉 (tama, “ball, bead”) and modern Japanese 訛む (damu, “to speak hoarsely, or with an accent”).

cog

何所爾可船泊爲良武安禮乃埼榜多味行之棚無小舟

Where is it going to berth? A little dugout canoe which rowed and went around the cape of Are.

iduku ni ka punapate suramu Are-no₂-saki₁ ko₂gi₁tami₂ yuki₁si tana nasi wopune

岡前多未足道乎人莫通在乍毛公之來曲道爲

A bending road in front of the hill; don't pass through here by the others forever. I want to make it a secret path where you will come.

woka-saki₁ no tami₂taru mi₁ti wo pi₁to₂ na kayo₁pi₁ so₂ aritutu mo ki₁mi₁ ga ki₁ masamu yo₂ki₂mi₁ti ni semu


もこ

Possibly cognate with modern Japanese 婿 (muko, “groom, son-in-law”).

知波夜夫流宇遲能和多理邇佐袁斗理邇波夜祁牟比登斯和賀毛古邇許牟

Donald L. Philippi (2015) Kojiki (Volume 2255 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, pages 288-289

At the ford of the river Udi of the raging billows, someone quick to take the rudder―O come to my aid!

tipayaburu Udi no₂ watari ni sawo to₁ri ni payake₁mu pi₁to₂ si waga mo₁ko₁ ni ko₂mu

知破椰臂苔于旎能和多利珥佐烏刀利珥破椰鷄務臂苔辞和餓毛胡珥虛務

Jin'ichi Konishi, Nicholas Teele, translator (2017) Earl Roy Miner, editor, A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1: The Archaic and Ancient Ages (Volume 4935 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 120

Charmed and furious one, the ford of the Uji River―may a swift and skilled oarsman come here to my rescue.

tipaya-pi₁to₂ Udi no₂ watari ni sawo to₁ri ni payake₁mu pi₁to₂ si waga moko₁ ni ko₂mu


蹴う

kuu (romanization)
くう (hiragana)
蹴ゑ (irrealis stem)
くゑ (irrealis stem)
kuwe (irrealis)
蹴ゑ (continuative stem)
くゑ (continuative stem)
kuwe (continuative)
蹴う (stem terminative)
くう (stem terminative)
kuu (terminative)
蹴うる (attributive stem)
くうる (attributive stem)
kuuru (attributive)
蹴うれ (realis stem)
くうれ (realis stem)
kuure (realis)
蹴ゑよ (imperative stem)
くゑよ (imperative stem)
kuweyo (imperative)
蹴ゑず (negative)
くゑず (negative)
kuwezu (negative)
蹴うれど (contrastive)
くうれど (contrastive)
kuuredo (contrastive)
蹴うれば (causative)
くうれば (causative)
kuureba (causative)
蹴ゑば (conditional)
くゑば (conditional)
kuweba (conditional)
蹴ゑき (past)
くゑき (past)
kuweki (past)
蹴ゑけり (past)
くゑけり (past)
kuwekeri (past)
蹴ゑつ (perfect)
くゑつ (perfect)
kuwetu (perfect)
蹴ゑぬ (perfect)
くゑぬ (perfect)
kuwenu (perfect)
蹴ゑたり (continuative perfect)
くゑたり (continuative perfect)
kuwetari (continuative perfect)
蹴ゑむ (volitional)
くゑむ (volitional)
kuwemu (volitional)

Japanese: 蹴る (keru)


あしふ

葦火: (regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) a bonfire of dried reeds


あづき

Vigna angularis
Vigna angularis#Translingual


歲月日

Japanese: 年月日 (toshitsukihi), in modern dictionaries

Compound of 年 (to₂si, “year”) + 月 (tuki₂, “month”) + 日 (pi₁, “day”), or of 年 (to₂si, “year(s)”) + 月日 (tuki₂pi₁, “months and days → time”).

com

...何在歲月日香茵花香君之...

...what should it be? Years, months, and days? Freshly blooming likely tutuzi flowers, my lord...

...ika naramu to₂situki₂pi₁ ni ka tutuzi-pana nipope₁ru ki₁mi₁ ga...

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: a date (time, year, month, and day); years, months, and days; times


防人

Japanese: 防人 (sakimori)

Compound of 崎 (saki₁, “cape, (small) peninsula”) + 守り (mo₍₂₎ri, the 連用形 (ren’yōkei, “stem or continuative”) form of 守る (mo₍₂₎ru), “to stand watch, be on the lookout”).

under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, soldiers who were dispatched to key locations in northern Kyushu, Iki province, and Tsushima island to prevent invasion of the Japanese mainland


防人

By surface analysis, 崎 (saki₁, “cape, (small) peninsula”) + 守り (muri, the 連用形 (ren’yōkei, “stem or continuative”) form of 守る (muru), “to stand watch, be on the lookout”, eastern dialect).

surf

佐伎牟理爾多多牟佐和伎爾伊敞能伊牟何奈流弊伎己等乎伊波須伎奴可母

saki₁muri ni tatamu sawaki₁ ni ipe₁ no₂ imu ga naru be₁ki₁ ko₂to₂ wo ipazu-ki₁nu ka mo

(regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) Same as サキ^甲モリ (saki₁mori) above


姬子

Compound of 姬 (pi₁me₁, “princess”) + 子 (ko₁, “child”, or diminutive suffix).


坐す

masu (romanization)
ます (hiragana)
坐さ (irrealis stem)
まさ (irrealis stem)
masa (irrealis)
坐し (continuative stem)
まし (continuative stem)
masi (continuative)
坐す (stem terminative)
ます (stem terminative)
masu (terminative)
坐す (attributive stem)
ます (attributive stem)
masu (attributive)
坐せ (realis stem)
ませ (realis stem)
mase (realis)
坐せ (imperative stem)
ませ (imperative stem)
mase (imperative)
坐さず (negative)
まさず (negative)
masazu (negative)
坐せど (contrastive)
ませど (contrastive)
masedo (contrastive)
坐せば (causative)
ませば (causative)
maseba (causative)
坐さば (conditional)
まさば (conditional)
masaba (conditional)
坐しき (past)
ましき (past)
masiki (past)
坐しけり (past)
ましけり (past)
masikeri (past)
坐しつ (perfect)
ましつ (perfect)
masitu (perfect)
坐しぬ (perfect)
ましぬ (perfect)
masinu (perfect)
坐せり (continuative perfect)
坐したり (continuative perfect)
ませり (continuative perfect)
ましたり (continuative perfect)
maseri (continuative perfect)
masitari (continuative perfect)
坐さむ (volitional)
まさむ (volitional)
masamu (volitional)

(honorific, auxiliary) attaches to 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb as an honorific applying to the other party engaging in the action of the verb


まが

Cognate with 曲がる (magaru, “to bend”, intransitive).

所成坐神名、八十禍津日神_(訓禍云摩賀)、下效此。、次大禍津日神、

The names of the born gods were Yaso₁-maga-tu-pi₁-no₂-kami₂, then Opo₂-maga-tu-pi₁-no₂-kami₂.


悲し

kanasi (romanization)
かなし (hiragana)
悲しく (irrealis stem)
悲しから (irrealis stem)
かなしく (irrealis stem)
かなしから (irrealis stem)
kanasiku (irrealis)
kanasikara (irrealis)
悲しく (continuative stem)
悲しかり (continuative stem)
かなしく (continuative stem)
かなしかり (continuative stem)
kanasiku (continuative)
kanasikari (continuative)
悲し (stem terminative)
かなし (stem terminative)
kanasi (terminative)
悲しき (attributive stem)
悲しかる (attributive stem)
かなしき (attributive stem)
かなしかる (attributive stem)
kanasiki (attributive)
kanasikaru (attributive)
悲しけれ (realis stem)
かなしけれ (realis stem)
kanasikere (realis)
悲しかれ (imperative stem)
かなしかれ (imperative stem)
kanasikare (imperative)
悲しからず (negative)
かなしからず (negative)
kanasikarazu (negative)
悲しけれど (contrastive)
かなしけれど (contrastive)
kanasikeredo (contrastive)
悲しければ (causative)
かなしければ (causative)
kanasikereba (causative)
悲しくば (conditional)
かなしくば (conditional)
kanasikuba (conditional)
悲しかりき (past)
かなしかりき (past)
kanasikariki (past)
悲しかりけり (past)
かなしかりけり (past)
kanasikarikeri (past)
悲しく (adverbial)
かなしく (adverbial)
kanasiku (adverbial)

Japanese: 悲しい (kanashii, “sad”)

From Proto-Japonic *kanasi (“emotionally overwhelming”).


のじ

>? Japanese: 虹 (noji → niji)

From Proto-Japonic *nonsi.
Cognate with modern Okinawan ぬーじ (nuːdʑi) and Miyako ぬず (nudzɿ).

伊香保呂能夜左可能爲提爾多都努自能安良波路萬代母佐禰乎佐禰弖婆

Over Ikaho mountain with its eight-foot high weir; as if the rainbow appears, what if we slept our sleep?

Ikaporo₂-no₂-yasaka no₂ wide ni tatu no₁zi no₂ araparo₁ made mo sane wo saneteba

(regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) a rainbow


ぬじ

>? Japanese: 虹 (nuji → niji)

Compare modern Okinawan ぬーじ (nuːdʑi) and Miyako ぬず (nudzɿ).

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Tenmu part 2, eleventh year of reign [684 CE], fifth day of the eighth month in autumn:

On the day of the Fire Tiger, laws were drawn within the palace, and there was a large rainbow.

720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Tenmu part 2, eleventh year of reign [684 CE], seventeenth day of the eighth month in autumn:

On the day of the Earth Tiger, there was another earthquake. On dawn this day, there was a rainbow at the middle of the sky, opposite the sun.


うらぐ

uragu (romanization)
うらげ (irrealis stem)
urage (irrealis stem)
うらげ (continuative stem)
urage (continuative stem)
うらぐ (stem terminative)
uragu (stem terminative)
うらぐる (attributive stem)
uraguru (attributive stem)
うらぐれ (realis stem)
uragure (realis stem)
うらげよ (imperative stem)
urageyo (imperative stem)
うらげず (negative)
uragezu (negative)
うらぐれど (contrastive)
uraguredo (contrastive)
うらぐれば (causative)
uragureba (causative)
うらげば (conditional)
urageba (conditional)
うらげき (past)
urageki (past)
うらげけり (past)
uragekeri (past)
うらげつ (perfect)
uragetu (perfect)
うらげぬ (perfect)
uragenu (perfect)
うらげたり (continuative perfect)
uragetari (continuative perfect)
うらげむ (volitional)
uragemu (volitional)

The first two morae are ultimately from 心 (ura, “inner feelings”).

故是須須許理、釀大御酒以獻。於是天皇、宇羅宜是所獻之大御酒而_(宇羅下三字以音)御歌曰、[...]

So this Susukori brewed grand saké and made an offering of it to His Majesty. Now the heart of heaven’s sovereign was uplifted by the grand saké presented to him, and he made a mighty song that said: …

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten


玉の緖

玉の緒 (canonical)
tama no₂ wo (romanization)
たまのを (hiragana)

Japanese: 玉の緒 (tama no o)

Literally “thread of jewels” or “cord of beads”, likely in reference as jewellery.

始春乃波都禰乃家布能多麻婆波伎手爾等流可良爾由良久多麻能乎

patuparu no₂ patune no₂ ke₁pu no₂ tamabapaki₁ te ni to₂ru kara ni yuraku tama no₂ wo

On the first spring on the first day of the Rat, I take with my hands today’s broom decketh with its trembly-resounding strings of jewels.


蜘蛛の巢

kumo no₂ su (romanization)
くものす (hiragana)

Japanese: 蜘蛛の巣 (kumo no su)

...許之伎爾波久毛能須可伎弖飯炊事毛和須禮提...

...ko₂siki₁ ni pa kumo no₂ su kaki₁te ipi₁ kasiku ko₂to₂ mo wasurete...

In [our] pot, a web is spun; the way of cooking rice we have forgotten...