de

De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”

Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.


in

Alternative form of i (“in”) (often before cach, cech (“each, every”) and for (“your pl”))


i

indium (first-person singular)
indiumm (first-person singular)
indiumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
indiut (second-person singular)
indiutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
indiutsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
and (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
andsom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
ind (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
indsom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
indi (dative feminine singular third-person)
inte (accusative feminine singular third-person)
intesi (accusative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
indiunn (first-person plural)
indiunni (emphatic first-person plural)
indib (plural second-person)
indibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
indib (dative plural third-person)
indibsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
indibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)
intiu (accusative plural third-person)

Irish: i

Scottish Gaelic: an

Manx: ayns

From Proto-Celtic *en (compare Welsh yn), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (compare English in, Latin in, Ancient Greek ἐν (en)).
The third-person singular masculine and neuter inflected dative form and is not derived from a contraction with a pronoun. Instead, it was originally an adverb with an independent etymology. See its page for its etymology.


for

form (first-person singular)
formsa (emphatic first-person singular)
forumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
fort (second-person singular)
fortsu (emphatic second-person singular)
for (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
foir (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
fair (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
foirsom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
foirsem (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
furi (dative feminine singular third-person)
fuiri (dative feminine singular third-person)
forrae (accusative feminine singular third-person)
fornn (first-person plural)
furnn (first-person plural)
fornni (emphatic first-person plural)
forunni (emphatic first-person plural)
furib (plural second-person)
fuirib (plural second-person)
forib (plural second-person)
foirib (plural second-person)
furibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
fuiribsi (emphatic plural second-person)
forib (dative plural third-person)
foraib (dative plural third-person)
foribsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
foraibsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
forru (accusative plural third-person)
forrusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: for
Irish: ar (partially)
Manx: er (partially)
Scottish Gaelic: air (partially)

From Proto-Celtic *uɸor-, from Proto-Indo-European *upér.


do

head

do (with dative; triggers lenition of a following consonant-initial noun.)

of a following consonant-initial noun. (triggers-lenition)
dom (first-person singular)
dam (first-person singular)
domsa (emphatic first-person singular)
damsa (emphatic first-person singular)
duit (second-person singular)
dait (second-person singular)
dit (second-person singular)
deit (second-person singular)
duitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
detsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
deitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
duitso (emphatic second-person singular)
détso (emphatic second-person singular)
dó (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dóu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dáu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dosom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
dossom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
dí (dative feminine singular third-person)
disi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
dissi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
dún (first-person plural)
dúnn (first-person plural)
duún (first-person plural)
dúun (first-person plural)
dúin (first-person plural)
dúnni (emphatic first-person plural)
dúnnai (emphatic first-person plural)
dúib (plural second-person)
dúibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
doib (dative plural third-person)
doaib (dative plural third-person)
duaib (dative plural third-person)
dóib (dative plural third-person)
doïbsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
doaibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)
dóibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)

From Proto-Celtic *dū (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de. Unrelated to the prefix to-.

Is peccad díabul lesom .i. fodord doïb di dommatu, ⁊ du·fúairthed ní leu fora sáith din main, ⁊ todlugud inna féulæ ɔ amairis nánda·tibérad Día doïb, ⁊ nach coimnacuir ⁊ issi dano insin ind frescissiu co fochaid.

It is a double sin in his opinion, i.e. the murmuring by them of want, although there remained some of the manna with them upon their satiety, and demanding the meat with faithlessness that Good would not give it to them, and [even] that he could not; therefore that is the expectation with testing.


du

du (mutation mutation-radical)
du (mutation mutation-nasal)
ndu (mutation)


fri

frimm (first-person singular)
frium (first-person singular)
friumm (first-person singular)
frimsa (emphatic first-person singular)
friumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
frit (second-person singular)
fritt (second-person singular)
friut (second-person singular)
friutt (second-person singular)
fritso (emphatic second-person singular)
fritsu (emphatic second-person singular)
fris (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
friss (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
frissom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
frissium (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
frie (accusative feminine singular third-person)
frinn (first-person plural)
frinni (emphatic first-person plural)
frinnai (emphatic first-person plural)
frib (plural second-person)
fribsi (emphatic plural second-person)
friu (accusative plural third-person)
friusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: fri
Irish: ré, re (“against, towards, with”)
⇒ Irish: fa ré, fara, frae (“along with, beside”)
Manx: rish
Scottish Gaelic: ri

From Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).

from (with scaraid (“to separate”) and its compounds and synonyms)


tre

tre (mutation mutation-radical)
thre (mutation mutation-nasal)
tre (mutation)


co

head

co (takes the dative, triggers nasalization)

ɔ (abbreviation)
cono (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)

Middle Irish: co

From Proto-Celtic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”). Cognate with German ge- (“with”) (collective prefix) and gegen (“toward, against”), English gain-, Spanish con (“with”).


co

head

co (takes the accusative; triggers h-prothesis before vowels)

cucum (first-person singular)
cuccum (first-person singular)
cucumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
cuccumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
cucut (second-person singular)
cuccut (second-person singular)
cucutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
cuccutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
cuci (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucci (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucai (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuccai (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucisom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuccisom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuice (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cuicce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cuce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cucce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cucunn (first-person plural)
cuccunn (first-person plural)
cucuib (plural second-person)
cuccuib (plural second-person)
cucuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
cuccuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
cucu (accusative plural third-person)
cuccu (accusative plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: co, go
Irish: chuig, chun, go
Scottish Gaelic: gu

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Celtic *kʷuts (“to, towards”), cognate with Middle Welsh py (“to”). This may be from Proto-Italo-Celtic *kuts ‘some (of the) way’, whence Latin us-quam (“somewhere”), us-que (“all of the way”), and Oscan 𐌐𐌖𐌆 (puz, “as, that”, conjunction). See Proto-Indo-European *ku (“where”).
The inflected forms on the other hand are from Proto-Celtic *kʷunkʷe ← *kʷum + *-kʷe, for which compare Proto-Slavic *kъ(n) (“to, towards”).

cog

Olc líth do·lluid ind nathir cosin n-athir dia chathir!

[It was] a bad day when the Serpent came to the father [Adam], to the city [in Paradise]!

"Gairid damsa Findabair!", ol sé. Do·tháet Findabair cucai, ⁊ coíca ingen impe.

c. 775, “Táin Bó Fraích”, in Book of Leinster; republished as Ernst Windisch, editor, Táin bó Fraích, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1974, line 262:

"Call Findabair over to me!" [Ailill] said. Findabair came to him, with fifty maidens around her.

cid écen aisndís do neuch as doruid co léir, ní sechmalfaider cuimre and dano

though it is necessary to explain carefully anything that is difficult, however brevity will not be passed by

used with the neuter accusative singular of an adjective to form an adverb: -ly


tri

head

tri (with the accusative; triggers lenition)

trium (first-person singular)
triut (second-person singular)
triutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
triit (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
triitsom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
trítsom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
tree (accusative feminine singular third-person)
triunn (first-person plural)
triunni (emphatic first-person plural)
triib (plural second-person)
treu (accusative plural third-person)
treo (accusative plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: tre, tré, tri, trí
Irish: trí, tré, tré- (combining), fríd (Ulster), ⇒ fríd
Scottish Gaelic: tre
⇒ Manx: trooid

From Proto-Celtic *trei (compare Welsh trwy), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to pass through”); compare Sanskrit तिरस् (tiras), Latin trāns and Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 (þairh).


tar

thorom (first-person singular)
thorum (first-person singular)
thoromsa (emphatic first-person singular)
thorumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
torut (second-person singular)
torutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
tarais (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
tairse (accusative feminine singular third-person)
torunn+ (first-person plural)
torunni (emphatic first-person plural)
toraib (plural second-person)
tairsiu (accusative plural third-person)

Irish: thar

Manx: har, harrish

Scottish Gaelic: thar

From Proto-Celtic *taras, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂és, from the root *terh₂- (“to cross”).
The voiced variant dar is the original one, since *t in proclitics regularly became d in Old Irish. Tar with a voiceless initial consonant is analogical after its conjugated forms.


ar

sga-prep-infl

airiund, erunn, erund, erond, eronn, airriun, airund

air(r)iu, err(i)u, erro, erthu, airthiu, airtho

airium (first-person singular)
erum (first-person singular)
erumm (first-person singular)
erom (first-person singular)
erumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
airiut (second-person singular)
aurut (second-person singular)
erut (second-person singular)
ærut (second-person singular)
airut (second-person singular)
erutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
airiu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
airi (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
airri (accusative feminine singular third-person)
airre (accusative feminine singular third-person)
airiund (first-person plural)
erunn (first-person plural)
erund (first-person plural)
erond (first-person plural)
eronn (first-person plural)
airriun (first-person plural)
airund (first-person plural)
airib (plural second-person)
airibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
airiubsi (emphatic plural second-person)
airiuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
eruibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
airib (dative plural third-person)
airaib (dative plural third-person)
airiu (accusative plural third-person)
airriu (accusative plural third-person)
erru (accusative plural third-person)
erriu (accusative plural third-person)
erro (accusative plural third-person)
erthu (accusative plural third-person)
airthiu (accusative plural third-person)
airtho (accusative plural third-person)
airiusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)
airriusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)
errusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)
erriusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

Irish: ar (conflated with for and íar)

From Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂í. Cognates include Ancient Greek παραί (paraí, “beside”) and Old English fore (modern English for and fore).


la

lem (first-person singular)
lemm (first-person singular)
lim (first-person singular)
limm (first-person singular)
leim (first-person singular)
lium (first-person singular)
liumm (first-person singular)
lemsa (emphatic first-person singular)
limsa (emphatic first-person singular)
liumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
lat (second-person singular)
latt (second-person singular)
latso (emphatic second-person singular)
latsu (emphatic second-person singular)
leiss (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
les (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
less (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
lais (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
laiss (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
letha (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
lesom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
leisom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
lessom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
lessem (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
leissem (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
laisem (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
lee (accusative feminine singular third-person)
laee (accusative feminine singular third-person)
lǽ (accusative feminine singular third-person)
lési (accusative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
linn (first-person plural)
liunn (first-person plural)
lenn (first-person plural)
leinn (first-person plural)
linni (emphatic first-person plural)
linnai (emphatic first-person plural)
lib (plural second-person)
libsi (emphatic plural second-person)
leu (accusative plural third-person)
léu (accusative plural third-person)
leo (accusative plural third-person)
lethu (accusative plural third-person)
leusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)
leosom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

Irish: le

Manx: lesh

Scottish Gaelic: le

From a form of Proto-Celtic *letos (“side”), from which leth, which could be related to *ɸletos (“side”). However, compare Latin latus. The sense “in the language of” is a semantic loan from Latin apud and is perhaps encountered only in glosses of the Latin construction.

by (indicating the agent of a passive verb)


fo

foum (first-person singular)
fout (second-person singular)
fó (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
fóu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
foí (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
foæ (dative feminine singular third-person)
founn (first-person plural)
foïb (dative plural third-person)

Irish: faoi

Manx: fo

Scottish Gaelic: fo

From Proto-Celtic *uɸo, from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“under, up from under”).

inh

Ní taít Día fo tairṅgere conid·chumscaiged.

God does not come under a promise that he should alter it.

Ba bés leusom do·bertis dá boc leu dochum tempuil, ⁊ no·léicthe indala n‑aí fon díthrub co pecad in popuil, ⁊ do·bertis maldachta foir, ⁊ n⟨o⟩·oircthe didiu and ó popul tar cenn a pecthae ind aile.

It was a custom with them that two he-goats were brought by them to the temple, and one of the two of them was let go to the wilderness with the sin of the people, and curses were put upon him, and thereupon the other was slain there by the people for their sins.

Ní fú indidit a·tá irascemini sunt .i. irascemini fercaigthe-si, acht is fo imchomarc a·tá.

It is not in affirmation that irascemini is here, i.e. irascemini you pl are angry, but it is in interrogation. [In other words, irascemini is here a question, not a statement. The Latin verb is actually in the future tense, but the Old Irish gloss of it is in the present tense.]

Ní hé apstal cita·rogab in testimin so. Aliter: Ní fóu da·uc int apstal fon chéill fuand·rogab in fáith.

It is not (the) apostle who first uttered this text. Otherwise: The apostle did not apply it in the sense in which the prophet uttered it.


di

dím (first-person singular)
díim (first-person singular)
dímsa (emphatic first-person singular)
díimsa (emphatic first-person singular)
dít (second-person singular)
de (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dé (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
desom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
dí (dative feminine singular third-person)
dín (first-person plural)
dínn (first-person plural)
dínni (emphatic first-person plural)
díb (plural second-person)
díbsi (emphatic plural second-person)
diib (dative plural third-person)
díb (dative plural third-person)
díib (dative plural third-person)
diibsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
díbsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)

Irish: de

Manx: jeh

Scottish Gaelic: de

From Proto-Celtic *dī, from Proto-Indo-European *de; cognate with Latin dē.


ís

íssum (first-person singular)
íssa (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)

⇒ Irish: aníos, síos, thíos

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: nìos, shìos, sìos

From Proto-Celtic *ɸīssu, from Proto-Indo-European *pedsú, locative plural of *pṓds (“foot”).

Patrick's Hymn, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, p. 350, line 17

Let there be a bridge of life beneath me, [and] the blessing of God the Father above me.

Drochet bethad bīd íssum bennacht Dé athar úasum.

Patrick's Hymn, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, p. 357, line 15

Christ in me, Christ below me, Christ above me

Fom·glúaissi mór ndubai sund ís riched rindmas...

c. 808, Félire Oengusso, Epilogue, line 377; republished as Whitley Stokes, transl., Félire Óengusso Céli Dé: The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee, Harrison & Sons, 1905:

Much sorrow disquiets me here, below star-beautiful heaven...

hís bronnait

under a small belly (glossing Latin infra ventriculum)


a

head

a (combined with plural article asnaib, combined with 1st singular possessive determiner asmo, combined with 3rd person possessive determiner assa)

asum (first-person singular)
essiut (second-person singular)
as (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
ass (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
es (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
essi (dative feminine singular third-person)
eissi (dative feminine singular third-person)
esse (dative feminine singular third-person)
essisi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
esib (dative plural third-person)
essib (dative plural third-person)
eissib (dative plural third-person)

Irish: as

Manx: ass

Scottish Gaelic: à

From Proto-Celtic *exs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs.


ó

úaim (first-person singular)
húaim (first-person singular)
úaimm (first-person singular)
húaimm (first-person singular)
úaimse (emphatic first-person singular)
húaimse (emphatic first-person singular)
úait (second-person singular)
húait (second-person singular)
úaitsu (emphatic second-person singular)
húaitsu (emphatic second-person singular)
úaitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
húaitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
úad (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
húad (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
úaid (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
húaid (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
úadi (dative feminine singular third-person)
húade (dative feminine singular third-person)
úadisi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
úainn (first-person plural)
húainn (first-person plural)
úain (first-person plural)
húain (first-person plural)
úan (first-person plural)
húan (first-person plural)
úann (first-person plural)
húann (first-person plural)
úanni (emphatic first-person plural)
húanni (emphatic first-person plural)
úaib (plural second-person)
húaib (plural second-person)
úaibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
húaibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
úadib (dative plural third-person)
húadib (dative plural third-person)
úaidib (dative plural third-person)
húaidib (dative plural third-person)
úaidibsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
húadibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: ó
Irish: ó
Scottish Gaelic: o, bho
Manx: veih, voish

Contested.
* From Proto-Celtic *au (“away”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away, down”). Cognate with Latin au-, Sanskrit अव (ava, “down”), Old Church Slavonic оу- (u-).
* From Proto-Celtic *aɸu (“away”), from *apó/*h₂epó (“away”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó), Sanskrit अप (ápa, “away, off”), Latin ab (“from”), Old Church Slavonic по (po), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af).

inh

ó thurcbáil co fuinud


cen

head

cen (governs the accusative; triggers lenition)

cenutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
cene (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cenae (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cenuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
cenaib (accusative plural third-person)
cen (mutation mutation-radical)
chen (mutation mutation-nasal)
cen (mutation)

Irish: gan

Manx: gyn

Scottish Gaelic: gun

From Proto-Celtic *kina (“on this side of”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe (“this, here”); compare Breton ken (“otherwise”).

Cía ru·bé cen ní diib, ní·rubai cenaib huli.

Though he might be without some of them, he could not be without all of them.

cid atob·aich cen dílgud cech ancridi do·gnethe frib, et ní bethe fria acre

what impels you pl not to forgive every injury that may have been done to you, and that you should not be about to sue [because of] it?


dég

From di (“from”) + fíach (“debt”), literally "from the debt of".

in sechtugud .i. tabairt almsan son ⁊ denum maith amal dund·gniid-si huare ad·ciat-som do·n-indnagar cech maith duibsi deg innanani-sin [leg. inna n-í-sin].

The deception, i.e. giving alms and doing good, as you do it, because they see that every good thing is given to you because of those things.

.i. deg i[n]d ainmnedo hó cho[m]s[uidigud].

i.e. because of the nominative by composition.


sech

sechum (first-person singular)
sechut (second-person singular)
seche (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
sechae (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
sechæ (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
secce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
sechund (first-person plural)
seccu (accusative plural third-person)

Irish: seach

Manx: shagh

Scottish Gaelic: seach

Probably from Proto-Celtic *sekʷos (“besides, without”) (compare Welsh heb (“without”)), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ-o-s (“following”) (compare Latin secus (“along”) and Sanskrit सचा (sácā, “without”)), from *sekʷ- (“to follow”). Alternatively, from *sek- (“to cut”).

inh

.i. air ní derb linnai etarcnae inna lloc sech-a·retham

i.e. for the knowledge of places past which we run is not certain to us.

.i. ceit leu precept domsa seccu

i.e. they are jealous that I preach rather than they.

in preference to, rather than, instead of

Ná eiplet húan bás coitchen húa n‑epil cách, acht foircniter húa sain-bás sech cách.

Let them not die by the common death by which everyone dies, but let them be ended by a special death different from everyone.

tria degmaini dom·beir do doinib 7 do iudeib sech [c]ach

through His benefits which He confers on men, and on the Jews above all.


oc

ocum (first-person singular)
ocom (first-person singular)
ocut (second-person singular)
oco (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
occo (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
oca (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
occa (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
occi (dative feminine singular third-person)
occai (dative feminine singular third-person)
ocae (dative feminine singular third-person)
occae (dative feminine singular third-person)
ocunn (first-person plural)
occaib (plural second-person)
occaib (dative plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: oc
Irish: ag
Manx: ec
Scottish Gaelic: aig

From Proto-Celtic *onkos (“near”), probably ultimately related to the root of the verbal suffix icc. Compare Old Irish ocus.

at, beside, by (also used with a form of the substantive verb at·tá to express “have”)


ré

rium (first-person singular)
riumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
riut (second-person singular)
rïam (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
ríam (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
remi (dative feminine singular third-person)
remisi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
riun (first-person plural)
reuib (plural second-person)
remib (dative plural third-person)

desc

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">rïam</i> (third-person singular masculine)

⇒ Irish: roimh (from rïam (third-person singular masculine))

From Proto-Celtic *ɸrīs (compare Gaulish ris), from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognate with English first and Latin prīscus (“former”). The eclipsis trigger is analogical to íar (“after”). The inflected forms in -m, as well as the cognate prefix rem-, are from the superlative *ɸrīsamos (compare Latin prīmus (“first”)).

Is hé ru·fiastar cumachtae inna díglae do·mbi{u}r-siu húa londas, intí du·écigi{gi} is ar trócairi ⁊ censi du·bir-siu forunni siu innahí fo·daimem ré techt innúnn.

He who will know the power of the punishment which you sg inflict by means of wrath, it is he who will see that it is for the sake of mercy and gentleness that you inflict on us here the things that we suffer before going there.


trí

trí (mutation mutation-radical)
thrí (mutation mutation-nasal)
trí (mutation)


eter

etrom (first-person singular)
etrum (first-person singular)
etrut (second-person singular)
etir (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
itir (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
etron (first-person plural)
etronn (first-person plural)
etrunn (first-person plural)
etrunni (emphatic first-person plural)
etruib (plural second-person)
etarru (accusative plural third-person)
etarro (accusative plural third-person)

Irish: idir

Manx: eddyr

Scottish Gaelic: eadar

From Proto-Celtic *enter (whence Welsh ythr), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁enter (“between”). Cognate with Latin inter (“between”) and Sanskrit अन्तर् (antár, “between, within, into”).

cog

Do·adbadar sund trá causa pro qua scripta est æpistola .i. irbága ro·bátar leosom eter desciplu et debe; óentu immurgu eter a magistru. Mógi sidi uili do Día; acht do·rigénsat in descipuil dechor etarru et déu diib: is hed on ɔsecha-som hic.

Here, then is shown the reason for which the epistle was written, i.e. they had had contentions and disagreements between the disciples; unity, however, among their masters. They are all servants to God; but the disciples had made a distinction between them and (made) gods of them; that is what he corrects here.


imb

immum (first-person singular)
immut (second-person singular)
imbi (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
immi (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
impe (accusative feminine singular third-person)
immunn (first-person plural)
immib (plural second-person)
impu (accusative plural third-person)
impo (accusative plural third-person)
imb (mutation mutation-radical)
n-imb (mutation)

Irish: um

Scottish Gaelic: mu

Manx: mysh

From Proto-Celtic *ambi (compare Welsh am), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”). Cognate with Latin ambi-, Sanskrit अभि (abhí, “towards, over, upon”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 (a-b-i-y /abiy/, “towards, against, upon”), Old High German umbi, Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “about, around”) and the first part of Old Armenian ամբ-ողջ (amb-ołǰ, “whole”).

cog

Gaibid immib a n‑étach macc coím-sa, amal nondad maicc coím-a, .i. uiscera is hé in dechellt as·beir.

Put on this raiment of servants, as you all are servants, i.e. viscera is the garment that he mentions.

Hó goistiu .i. do·bert goiste imma brágait fadesin ɔid·marb, húare nád ndigni Abisolón a chomairli.

By a noose, i.e. he put a noose around his own neck so that it killed him, because Absalom did not follow his advice.


úa

From Proto-Celtic *aw (“away”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away, down”).


úas

Irish: os

Scottish Gaelic: os

úas (mutation mutation-radical)
n-úas (mutation)

From Proto-Celtic *ouxsos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewps-. Cognate with Welsh uwch, Ancient Greek ὕψι (húpsi) and Proto-Slavic *vysь.

.i. aesca bís co mmatain os talam

i.e. the moon that continues over the earth till morning

c. 9th century, Int én bec, in The Blackbird by Belfast Loch in Early Irish lyrics, eighth to twelfth century (1956; Oxford University Press) edited by Gerard Murphy, with translation by David Stifter
Fo·ceird faíd ós Loch Laíg, lon do chraíb charnbuidi.
He casts a cry over Loch Laíg, the blackbird from the yellow-heaped branch.


fíad

head

fíad (governs the dative, triggers lenition)

fíadam (first-person singular)
fíadutsa (emphatic second-person singular)
fíado (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
fíada (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
fíadib (plural second-person)
fíadaib (plural second-person)
fíadibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
fíadib (dative plural third-person)
fíadaib (dative plural third-person)
fíad (mutation mutation-radical)
ḟíad (mutation mutation-nasal)
fíad (mutation)

From Proto-Celtic *wēdūi, dative singular of *weidos (“sight, presence”), from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“perceive, see”).

der

Ro·pridchad dúib céssad Críst amal ad·cethe ꝉ fo·rócrad dúib amal bid fíadib no·crochthe.

Christ’s Passion has been preached to you as though it were seen; or it has been announced to you as if he had been crucified before you.


tar cenn

tarm chenn (first-person singular)
tara chenn (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dara chenn (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
tara cenn (accusative feminine singular third-person)
tra cenn (accusative feminine singular third-person)
dar far cenn (plural second-person)
dar far cenn-si (emphatic plural second-person)
tara cenn (accusative plural third-person)
tra cenn (accusative plural third-person)
tara cenn-som (accusative emphatic plural third-person)
tra cenn-som (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

Bíuu-sa oc irbáig dar far cenn-si fri Maccidóndu.

I am boasting about you to the Macedonians.

As·ririu-sa mo chumang dar far cenn.

I will expend my power on your pl behalf.

dum·em-se ⁊ deich tarm chenn

Ɔna tíssed etir in dígal; níba samlid insin, acht du·fïastar tra cenn-som.

So that the punishment should not come at all; that will not be so, but punishment will be inflicted because of them.

Ba bés leusom do·bertis dá boc leu dochum tempuil, ⁊ no·léicthe indala n‑ái fon díthrub co pecad in popuil, ⁊ do·bertis maldachta foir, ⁊ n⟨o⟩·oircthe didiu and ó popul tar cenn a pecthae ind aile.

It was a custom with them that two he-goats were brought by them to the temple, and one of the two of them was let go to the wilderness with the sin of the people, and curses were put upon him, and thereupon the other was slain there by the people for their sins.


samail

samail (mutation mutation-radical)
ṡamail (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Proto-Celtic *samalis (“similitude, description”), cognate with Welsh hafal (“equal”), from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂el-ó- (“having the same upbringing”), a compound of Proto-Indo-European *sm̥- (“with, together”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”) which also gave rise to Latin similis (“similar”) and Ancient Greek ὁμαλός (homalós, “same, smooth”)


amal

samlum (first-person singular)
samlumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
samlut (second-person singular)
samlid (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
samlaid (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
samlith (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
samlaib (accusative plural third-person)
samlaibsom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

Irish: amhail


i n-aicci

head

i n-aicci (with the genitive or possessive determiner)

hóre is na n-aicci ataí


íar

íarmut (second-person singular)
íarum (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
íarmaib (dative plural third-person)

Irish: ar (partly)

From Proto-Celtic *eɸirom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi-rom.

Ní du ṡémigud pectha at·ber-som inso .i. combad dó fa·cherred: “ní sní cetid·deirgni ⁊ ní sní dud·rigni nammá”; acht is do chuingid dílguda dosom, amal du·rolged dïa aithrib íar n-immarmus.

It is not to palliate sin that he says this, i.e. so that he might put it for this: “we have not done it first and we have not done it only”; but it is to seek forgiveness for himself, as his fathers had been forgiven after sinning.

in tan ṁberes claind, is fáilid íar sin

when she bears children, she is joyous after that

Foillsigthir as n‑ísel in doínacht íar n‑aicniud húare as in deacht foda·raithmine⟨dar⟩ ⁊ noda·fortachtaigedar.

It is shown that the humanity is lowly according to nature because it is the Godhead that remembers it and helps it


fo chosmailius

a n-imbed són ind slóig do·lega na ní téte, fo chosmailius dílenn

the abundance of the army which destroys whatever it comes to, like a deluge


fo réir

Irish: faoi réir

Is bés trá dosom anísiu cosc inna mban i tossug et a tabairt fo chumacte a feir, armbat irlamu de ind ḟir fo chumacte Dǽi, co·mbí íarum coscitir ind ḟir et do·airbertar fo réir Dǽ.

This, then, is a custom of his, to correct the wives at first and to bring them under the power of their husbands, so that the husbands may be the readier under God’s power, so that afterwards the husbands are corrected and bowed down in subjection to God.

under the domination of, at the service of, obedient to, in subjection to


dar éisi

dara n-ési (accusative plural third-person)

Irish: tar éis

Mad ar lóg pridcha-sa, .i. ar m’étiuth et mo thoschith, ním·bia fochricc dar hési mo precepte.

If I preach for pay, that is, for my clothing and my sustenance, I shall not have a reward for my teaching.

As·riri Día dígail dar⟨a n-⟩ési.

Nach torbatu coitchenn ro·boí indib fri dénum n-uilc, at·rubalt tar hǽsi á pectha.

Any common advantage that had been in them for doing evil, it has perished for their sin.

Cía for·comam-ni ríagoil sen-Gréc hi scríbunt in dá caractar isnaib ɔsonaib ucut, ro·cruthaigsemmar camaiph immurgu óen charactar – ·f· tar hési ·p· co tinfeth – i n‑epertaib Latinṅdaib.

Although we preserve the rule of the ancient Greeks in writing the two characters in those consonants, we have, however, formed one character – f instead of p with lenition – in Latin words.


i n-arrad

Irish: i bhfarradh

Ní·guid dígail du thabairt foraib, acht corru·anat inna arrad.

He prays not that punishment should be inflicted on them, but that they may remain in his company.


co rricci

From coᴺ (“until”) + ·ricci, the prototonic second-person singular present form of ro·icc (“to reach”), literally "until you sg reach".

co rricci se .i. con·ricci in n-aimsir hi·taam

Until this, i.e. until the time in which we are.

Is in deniu aibritid tres·ngata na huile dúile súas co ricci riched.

c. 815-840, “The Monastery of Tallaght”, in Edward J. Gwynn, Walter J. Purton, transl., Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume 29, Royal Irish Academy, published 1911-1912, paragraph 85, pages 115-179:

Faster than the blink of an eye, [the sign of the Cross] traverses all the elements up to heaven.


co ndicci

From coᴺ (“until”) + ·ticci, the prototonic second-person singular present form of do·icc (“to come”), literally "until you sg come to".

[...]ro·lluicc in talam inna dí arracht déacc aili co n-icci a cinnu,

The earth swallowed the twelve other idols up to their heads...


dochum

Irish: chun

Scottish Gaelic: chun

Apparently a pretonic variant of what would become Middle Irish tochim, the verbal noun of do·cing.

.i. iar cosmilius a báis-som. Arin corp marbde frissa·roscar-som in passione, ní·fil taidchur dó dochum in choirp-sin acht is i corp spirtáldae ind eséirgi cen frescsin báis na hirchri.

i.e. according to the likeness of his death. For the mortal body from which He has parted in passione, there is no return for him to that body, but it is into the spiritual body of the Resurrection without expectation of death or decay.


i ndegaid

Irish: i ndiaidh

Scottish Gaelic: an dèidh

De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”

Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.


fo bíthin

[ɸoˈβʲiːθʲinʲ]

Alternative form of fo bíth (“because of”)


fo bíth

From fo (“under”) + bíth (obsolete verbal noun of benaid (“to strike”)), literally “under the stroke of”.

compound

obsolete verbal noun of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">benaid</i> (“to strike”)


comair

Middle Irish: comair

Irish: comhair

Scottish Gaelic: comhair

comair (mutation mutation-radical)
chomair (mutation mutation-nasal)
comair (mutation)

Uncertain. Perhaps a Welsh loanword. Cognate with Welsh ar gyfair (“opposite”), Breton e-keñver (“opposite”).

c. 850, glosses on the Second Epistle of Peter, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, p. 713, line 28https://archive.org/details/thesauruspalaeoh01stokuoft/page/712/mode/2up, 93b12

†Nond babair† níbar toirsich
hi comair for móethloingsich,
coimdiu gréine gile glé,
oirdnidiu in fócarthae

(?) ye were not sorrowful
in the company of your tender exile,
the lord of the clear bright sun,
most eminent the outlaw.