abb

abb (nominative singular)
abbaith (dual nominative)
abb (dual nominative)
abbaith (nominative plural)
abb (singular vocative)
abbaith (dual vocative)
abb (dual vocative)
aptha (plural vocative)
abbaith (accusative singular)
abbaith (accusative dual)
abb (accusative dual)
aptha (accusative plural)
abbath (genitive singular)
abbath (dual genitive)
abbath (genitive plural)
abbaith (dative singular)
abb (dative singular)
apthaib (dative dual)
apthaib (dative plural)
abb (mutation mutation-radical)
n-abb (mutation)


mann

mainne (genitive)
mann (nominative singular)
mann (singular vocative)
mainn (accusative singular)
mainne (genitive singular)
mainn (dative singular)
mann (mutation mutation-radical)
also mmann after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
mann (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Late Latin manna, from Ancient Greek μάννα (mánna), from Biblical Hebrew מָן (mān, “manna”).

Is peccad díabul lesom .i. fodord doïb di dommatu, ⁊ du·fúairthed ní leu fora sáith din main, ⁊ todlugud inna féulæ ɔ amairis nánda·tibérad Día doïb, ⁊ nach coimnacuir ⁊ issi dano insin ind frescissiu co fochaid.

It is a double sin in his opinion, i.e. the murmuring by them of want, although there remained some of the manna with them upon their satiety, and demanding the meat with faithlessness that God would not give it to them, and [even] that he could not; therefore that is the expectation with testing.


estar

·estar (canonical)
·estar (mutation mutation-radical)
·n-estar (mutation)

third-person singular present subjunctive conjunct of ithid


fa

Apparently a derivative of some form of the copula is that is from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-.


cum

·cum (canonical)
·cum (mutation mutation-radical)
·chum (mutation mutation-nasal)
·cum (mutation)

Alternative form of ·cumai, third-person singular present subjunctive prototonic of con·icc


a-

L means this form triggers lenition.N means this form triggers nasalization(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.


os

Middle Irish: os

Hamp derives this from Proto-Celtic *sonts, plural *sontes (whence ot); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sónts. Copular origin explains the use of independent subject pronouns with this conjunction, which otherwise are usually used with the copula is.
A more traditional theory, assumed by Pedersen and Thurneysen among others, supposes that this is a contraction of ocus (“and”), with the apparent copular behaviour being analogical.


and

From Proto-Celtic *andom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dó. The adverbial sense of this term is the original one, and it has an etymology independent of i.

in bélrai .i. is and atá gním tengad isind huiliu labramar-ni

of speech, i.e. the action of the tongue is in it, in all that we say

third-person singular masculine/neuter dative of hi: in him, in it


and

Middle Irish: ann

Irish: ann

Manx: ayn

Scottish Gaelic: ann

Ba bés leusom do·bertis dá boc leu dochum tempuil, ⁊ no·léicthe indala n‑ái fon díthrub co pecad in popuil, ⁊ do·bertis maldachta foir, ⁊ n⟨o⟩·oircthe didiu and ó popul tar cenn a pecthae ind aile.

It was a custom with them that two he-goats were brought by them to the temple, and one of the two of them was let go to the wilderness with the sin of the people, and curses were put upon him, and thereupon the other was slain there by the people for their sins.

Is and didiu for·téit spiritus ar n-énirti-ni in tain bes n-inun accobor lenn .i. la corp et anim et la spirut.

So it is then that the spirit helps our weakness when we have the same desire, to wit, body and soul and spirit.


is

Irish: is

Manx: s’

Scottish Gaelic: is

The lemma is itself is from Proto-Celtic *esti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti; other forms are from either *h₁es- or *bʰuH-.


port

head

port m (genitive puirt, nominative plural puirt)

puirt (genitive)
puirt (nominative plural)
port (masculine nominative singular stem)
port (dual masculine nominative stem)
puirt (masculine nominative plural stem)
puirt (masculine singular stem vocative)
port (dual masculine stem vocative)
portu (masculine plural stem vocative)
port (accusative masculine singular stem)
port (accusative dual masculine stem)
portu (accusative masculine plural stem)
puirt (genitive masculine singular stem)
port (dual genitive masculine stem)
port (genitive masculine plural stem)
purt (dative masculine singular stem)
portaib (dative dual masculine stem)
portaib (dative masculine plural stem)
port (mutation mutation-radical)
phort (mutation mutation-nasal)
or unchanged (mutation mutation-nasal)
port (mutation)

Irish: port

Manx: purt

Scottish Gaelic: port


amar

amar (nominative singular)
amar (dual nominative)
amar (nominative plural)
amra (nominative plural)
amar (singular vocative)
amar (dual vocative)
amar (plural vocative)
amra (plural vocative)
amar (accusative singular)
amar (accusative dual)
amar (accusative plural)
amra (accusative plural)
amair (genitive singular)
amar (dual genitive)
amar (genitive plural)
amar (dative singular)
amraib (dative dual)
amraib (dative plural)
amar (mutation mutation-radical)
n-amar (mutation)

desctree

⇒ Middle Irish: amrán
Irish: amhrán
Manx: arrane
Scottish Gaelic: òran, amhran

From Proto-Celtic *amarom (“wailing, crying”); compare Welsh afar (“lamentation”).


de

De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”

Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.


de

third-person singular masculine/neuter of di (“of, from”)

lía de

Cía thés hí loc bes ardu, ní ardu de; ní samlid són dúnni, air ⟨im⟩mi ardu-ni de tri dul isna lucu arda.
Though he may go into a higher place, he is not the higher; this is not the case for us, for we are the higher through going into the high places.

(literally, “Though he may go into a place that is higher, he is not higher of it; this is not thus for us, for we are higher of it through going into the high places.”)

Used after the comparative degree of an adjective in the meaning of English “the” before a comparative


thee

Alternative spelling of thé: lenited form of tee (“hot”).


be

second-person singular present subjunctive of is

first/second-person singular future of is


in

in (masculine nominative)
int (before-vowel masculine nominative)
ind (feminine nominative)
int (before ṡ) (feminine nominative)
a (neuter nominative)
in dá (masculine nominative)
in dí (feminine nominative)
in dá (neuter nominative)
ind (masculine nominative)
inna (feminine neuter nominative)
in (accusative masculine)
in (accusative feminine)
a (accusative neuter)
in dá (accusative masculine)
in dí (accusative feminine)
in dá (accusative neuter)
inna (accusative masculine)
inna (accusative feminine neuter)
ind (genitive masculine)
int (before ṡ) (genitive masculine)
inna (feminine genitive)
ind (genitive neuter)
int (before ṡ) (genitive neuter)
in dá (genitive masculine)
in dá (feminine genitive neuter)
inna (genitive masculine)
inna (feminine genitive neuter)
dond (dative masculine)
dond (dative feminine neuter)
dont (before ṡ) (dative masculine)
dont (before ṡ) (dative feminine neuter)
cossind (dative masculine)
cossind (dative feminine neuter)
cossint (before ṡ) (dative masculine)
cossint (before ṡ) (dative feminine neuter)
etc. (dative masculine)
etc. (dative feminine neuter)
don dib (dative masculine)
don dib (dative feminine neuter)
cossin dib (dative masculine)
cossin dib (dative feminine neuter)
donaib (dative masculine)
donaib (dative feminine neuter)
cosnaib (dative masculine)
cosnaib (dative feminine neuter)

Irish: an

Scottish Gaelic: an

Manx: yn

table
From Proto-Celtic *sindos (“this”), from Proto-Indo-European *sḗm (“one”) or *só (“this”); weak doublet of sin (“this”).

Beóigidir in spirut in corp in ḟect so.

the (masculine singular nominative/accusative; feminine singular accusative; masculine/feminine/neuter dual nominative/accusative/genitive)

Beóigidir in spirut in corp in ḟect so.


in

table
Unknown. Probably related to Middle Welsh a (interrogative particle). The n may be from Proto-Celtic *ne (compare Latin -ne (interrogative particle) < nē (“not”)). Has been compared to Latin an (“or, whether”, interrogative particle).

m+

interrogative particle forming yes-no questions


in

third-person singular present indicative interrogative of is: is...?


in

Alternative form of i (“in”) (often before cach, cech (“each, every”) and for (“your pl”))


in

table
Probably originally the masculine/neuter dative singular of the definite article (see Etymology 1); compare Middle Welsh and Welsh yn.

Amal nád n-airigther ⁊ nád fintar a ndu·gníther hi suidi, sic ba in ḟortgidiu ⁊ ba hi temul du·gníth Saul cona muntair intleda ⁊ erelca fri Dauid.

As what is done in this is not perceived and discovered, so it was covertly and it was in darkness that Saul with his people was making snares and ambushes against David.

Used with the masculine/neuter dative singular of an adjective to form the corresponding adverb: -ly


o

o (mutation mutation-radical)
n-o (mutation)


coin

coin (mutation mutation-radical)
choin (mutation mutation-nasal)
coin (mutation)

inflection of cú:
accusative/dative singular

inflection of cú:
nominative/vocative/accusative dual


i

indium (first-person singular)
indiumm (first-person singular)
indiumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
indiut (second-person singular)
indiutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
indiutsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
and (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
andsom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
ind (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
indsom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
indi (dative feminine singular third-person)
inte (accusative feminine singular third-person)
intesi (accusative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
indiunn (first-person plural)
indiunni (emphatic first-person plural)
indib (plural second-person)
indibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
indib (dative plural third-person)
indibsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
indibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)
intiu (accusative plural third-person)

Irish: i

Scottish Gaelic: an

Manx: ayns

From Proto-Celtic *en (compare Welsh yn), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (compare English in, Latin in, Ancient Greek ἐν (en)).
The third-person singular masculine and neuter inflected dative form and is not derived from a contraction with a pronoun. Instead, it was originally an adverb with an independent etymology. See its page for its etymology.


it

second-person singular present indicative

inflection of is:
third-person plural present indicative


for

Irish: bhur

Scottish Gaelic: ur

From Proto-Celtic *sweseros, from *swīs (“you (pl.)”); compare Latin vester.

you (plural; as the object of a preposition that takes the genitive)


for

form (first-person singular)
formsa (emphatic first-person singular)
forumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
fort (second-person singular)
fortsu (emphatic second-person singular)
for (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
foir (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
fair (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
foirsom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
foirsem (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
furi (dative feminine singular third-person)
fuiri (dative feminine singular third-person)
forrae (accusative feminine singular third-person)
fornn (first-person plural)
furnn (first-person plural)
fornni (emphatic first-person plural)
forunni (emphatic first-person plural)
furib (plural second-person)
fuirib (plural second-person)
forib (plural second-person)
foirib (plural second-person)
furibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
fuiribsi (emphatic plural second-person)
forib (dative plural third-person)
foraib (dative plural third-person)
foribsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
foraibsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
forru (accusative plural third-person)
forrusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: for
Irish: ar (partially)
Manx: er (partially)
Scottish Gaelic: air (partially)

From Proto-Celtic *uɸor-, from Proto-Indo-European *upér.


mind

mind (nominative plural)
mind (nominative singular)
mind (dual nominative)
mind (nominative plural)
minda (nominative plural)
mind (singular vocative)
mind (dual vocative)
mind (plural vocative)
mind (accusative singular)
mind (accusative dual)
mind (accusative plural)
mindo (genitive singular)
minda (genitive singular)
mindo (dual genitive)
minda (dual genitive)
mind (genitive plural)
mind (dative singular)
mindaib (dative dual)
mindaib (dative plural)
mind (mutation mutation-radical)
also mmind after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
mind (mutation mutation-nasal)

Irish: mionn

Scottish Gaelic: mionn

From Proto-Celtic *mandu (“mark, sign, spot”), cognate to Welsh man (“spot”).

inh

A symbol indicating honour or rank; a crown, insignia, emblem


fall

head

fall f (genitive faille, nominative plural falla)

faille (genitive)
falla (nominative plural)
fall (nominative singular)
faill (dual nominative)
falla (nominative plural)
fall (singular vocative)
faill (dual vocative)
falla (plural vocative)
faill (accusative singular)
faill (accusative dual)
falla (accusative plural)
faille (genitive singular)
fall (dual genitive)
fall (genitive plural)
faill (dative singular)
fallaib (dative dual)
fallaib (dative plural)
fall (mutation mutation-radical)
ḟall (mutation mutation-nasal)
fall (mutation)

Middle Irish: faill

Irish: faill

From Proto-Celtic *walsā. Cognate to Welsh gwall and Breton gwall.


both

buithe (genitive)
both (nominative singular)
both (singular vocative)
buith (accusative singular)
buithe (genitive singular)
buith (dative singular)


ag

ag (neuter nominative singular)
ag (dual neuter nominative)
aige (neuter nominative plural)
ag (neuter singular vocative)
ag (dual neuter vocative)
aige (neuter plural vocative)
ag (accusative neuter singular)
ag (accusative dual neuter)
aige (accusative neuter plural)
aige (genitive neuter singular)
aige (dual genitive neuter)
aige (genitive neuter plural)
aig (dative neuter singular)
aigib (dative dual neuter)
aigib (dative neuter plural)
ag (mutation mutation-radical)
n-ag (mutation)

Irish: agh

Scottish Gaelic: agh ‘heifer’

From Proto-Celtic *agos (“cow”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵHos. Compare Old Armenian եզն (ezn), Sanskrit अही (ahī́).


air

From the same root as ar (“for”, preposition).


beit

beit (mutation mutation-radical)
beit (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbeit (mutation)

third-person plural present subjunctive absolute of at·tá


tan

tan (nominative singular)
tain (dual nominative)
tana (nominative plural)
tan (singular vocative)
tain (dual vocative)
tana (plural vocative)
tain (accusative singular)
tain (accusative dual)
tana (accusative plural)
taine (genitive singular)
tan (dual genitive)
tan (genitive plural)
tain (dative singular)
tanaib (dative dual)
tanaib (dative plural)

Middle Irish: tan
Irish: tan

From Proto-Celtic *tanā (“(point in) time”), from Proto-Indo-European *tn̥néh₂, from *ten- (“to stretch”).


art

art (masculine nominative singular stem)
art (dual masculine nominative stem)
airt (masculine nominative plural stem)
airt (masculine singular stem vocative)
art (dual masculine stem vocative)
artu (masculine plural stem vocative)
art (accusative masculine singular stem)
art (accusative dual masculine stem)
artu (accusative masculine plural stem)
airt (genitive masculine singular stem)
art (dual genitive masculine stem)
art (genitive masculine plural stem)
art (dative masculine singular stem)
artaib (dative dual masculine stem)
artaib (dative masculine plural stem)
art (mutation mutation-radical)
n-art (mutation)

From Proto-Celtic *artos (“bear”) (compare Cornish arth, Welsh arth), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”).


om

sga-decl-adj-table

*modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative
**modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative
† not when substantivized

om (masculine nominative singular)
om (feminine nominative singular)
om (neuter nominative singular)
oim (masculine singular vocative)
om (masculine singular vocative)
om (feminine singular vocative)
om (neuter singular vocative)
om (accusative masculine singular)
oim (accusative feminine singular)
om (accusative neuter singular)
oim (genitive masculine singular)
oime (feminine genitive singular)
oim (genitive neuter singular)
om (dative masculine singular)
oim (dative feminine singular)
om (dative neuter singular)
oim (masculine nominative plural)
oma (feminine neuter nominative plural)
omu (masculine plural vocative)
oma (masculine plural vocative)
oma (feminine neuter plural vocative)
omu (accusative masculine plural)
oma (accusative masculine plural)
oma (accusative feminine neuter plural)
om (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
omaib (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
om (mutation mutation-radical)
n-om (mutation)

Middle Irish: om

Irish: amh

Scottish Gaelic: amh

Manx: aw

From Proto-Celtic *omos (compare Welsh of), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₃mós.


dub

*not attested in Old Irish; same as nominative singular masculine in Middle Irish

dub (masculine nominative singular)
dub (feminine nominative singular)
dub (neuter nominative singular)
dub (masculine singular vocative)
dub (feminine singular vocative)
dub (neuter singular vocative)
dub (accusative masculine singular)
duib (accusative feminine singular)
dub (accusative neuter singular)
duib (genitive masculine singular)
dubae (feminine genitive singular)
duib (genitive neuter singular)
dub (dative masculine singular)
duib (dative feminine singular)
dub (dative neuter singular)
dubai (masculine nominative plural)
dubai (feminine neuter nominative plural)
dubai (masculine plural vocative)
dubai (feminine neuter plural vocative)
dubai (accusative masculine plural)
dubai (accusative feminine neuter plural)
dubaib (dative feminine masculine neuter)

Irish: dubh

Scottish Gaelic: dubh

Manx: doo

From Proto-Celtic *dubus (“black”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“black, deep”).


dub

dubo (genitive)
dub (nominative singular)
dub (singular vocative)
dub (accusative singular)
dubo (genitive singular)
duba (genitive singular)
dub (dative singular)
dub (mutation mutation-radical)
dub (mutation mutation-nasal)
ndub (mutation)

ó dub glosses atramento

in maith a n-dubso amne

Memmbrum naue, droch dub! Ó, ní epur na haill.

New parchment, bad ink! Oh, I say nothing more.


bran

head

bran m (genitive brain or broin, nominative plural brain or broin)

brain (genitive)
broin (genitive)
brain (nominative plural)
broin (nominative plural)
bran (masculine nominative singular stem)
bran (dual masculine nominative stem)
brain (masculine nominative plural stem)
brain (masculine singular stem vocative)
bran (dual masculine stem vocative)
branu (masculine plural stem vocative)
bran (accusative masculine singular stem)
bran (accusative dual masculine stem)
branu (accusative masculine plural stem)
brain (genitive masculine singular stem)
bran (dual genitive masculine stem)
bran (genitive masculine plural stem)
bran (dative masculine singular stem)
branaib (dative dual masculine stem)
branaib (dative masculine plural stem)
bran (mutation mutation-radical)
bran (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbran (mutation)

Irish: bran

From Primitive Irish ᚁᚏᚐᚅᚐ (brana), from Proto-Celtic *branos (“raven”), from Proto-Indo-European *werneh₂- (“crow”) (compare Tocharian B wrauña, Lithuanian várna).


at

third-person plural present indicative relative


son

son (masculine nominative singular stem)
son (dual masculine nominative stem)
suin (masculine nominative plural stem)
suin (masculine singular stem vocative)
son (dual masculine stem vocative)
sunu (masculine plural stem vocative)
son (accusative masculine singular stem)
son (accusative dual masculine stem)
sunu (accusative masculine plural stem)
suin (genitive masculine singular stem)
son (dual genitive masculine stem)
son (genitive masculine plural stem)
sun (dative masculine singular stem)
sonaib (dative dual masculine stem)
sonaib (dative masculine plural stem)


son

son (mutation mutation-radical)
ṡon (mutation mutation-nasal)


bee

second-person singular present subjunctive absolute of at·tá


moro

moro (mutation mutation-radical)
also mmoro after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
moro (mutation mutation-nasal)


acre

acre (mutation mutation-radical)
n-acre (mutation)


as

as (triggers lenition in a direct relative clause and eclipsis in an indirect relative clause)

third-person singular present indicative relative of is


as

third-person singular masculine of a (“out of”)


as

ais (genitive)
as (nominative singular)
as (dual nominative)
as (nominative plural)
asa (nominative plural)
as (singular vocative)
as (dual vocative)
as (plural vocative)
asa (plural vocative)
as (accusative singular)
as (accusative dual)
as (accusative plural)
asa (accusative plural)
ais (genitive singular)
as (dual genitive)
as (genitive plural)
as (dative singular)
asaib (dative dual)
asaib (dative plural)
as (mutation mutation-radical)
n-as (mutation)


día

día (nominative singular)
die (nominative singular)
dé (accusative singular)
dei (accusative singular)
día (genitive singular)
die (genitive singular)
dé (dative singular)
dei (dative singular)

From Proto-Celtic *dīyos (compare Welsh dydd), from Proto-Indo-European *dyew-. Cognate with Latin diēs.


día

día m (genitive dé, nominative plural dé)

dé (genitive)
dé (nominative plural)
día (masculine nominative singular stem)
día (dual masculine nominative stem)
dé (masculine nominative plural stem)
dé (masculine singular stem vocative)
día (dual masculine stem vocative)
déu (masculine plural stem vocative)
día (accusative masculine singular stem)
día (accusative dual masculine stem)
déu (accusative masculine plural stem)
dé (genitive masculine singular stem)
día (dual genitive masculine stem)
día (genitive masculine plural stem)
dea (genitive masculine plural stem)
día (dative masculine singular stem)
déib (dative dual masculine stem)
déib (dative masculine plural stem)
día (mutation mutation-radical)
día (mutation mutation-nasal)
ndía (mutation)

Irish: dia

Manx: jee

Scottish Gaelic: dia

From Proto-Celtic *dēwos (compare Welsh duw), from Proto-Indo-European *deywós (compare Sanskrit देव (devá), Latin deus, Old English Tīw (“Germanic god of heroic glory”)), from Proto-Indo-European *dyew- (“to shine”).

cog

Mógi sidi uili do Día; acht do·rigénsat in descipuil dechor etarru et déu diib: is hed on ɔsecha-som hic.

They are all servants to God; but the disciples had made a distinction between them and (made) gods of them; that is what he corrects here.

Níbu machdath do·rónta día dind lïac.

It was not a wonder that a god would be made of the stone.

In tan labratar ind ḟilid a persin inna ṅdea, do·gniat primam ⁊ secundam in illis.

When the poets speak in the person of the gods, they make a first and second [person] in them.


tree

Cain ro·noíbad Abracham tri hiris? In tree ǽm didiu fa nacc?

Hasn’t Abraham been sanctified through faith? Through it then indeed or not?

third-person singular feminine accusative of tri: through her/it sg


an

head

an (triggers eclipsis, takes a leniting relative clause)

Is demniu liunn a n-ad·chiam hua sulib ol·daas an ro·chluinemmar hua chluasaib.

What we see with the eyes is more certain for us than what we hear with the ears.


an

third-person singular preterite conjunct of anaid


an

an (mutation mutation-radical)
n-an (mutation)

second-person singular imperative of anaid


ail

ail f (genitive ailech, nominative plural ailich)

ailech (genitive)
ailich (nominative plural)
ail (nominative singular)
ail (dual nominative)
aili (nominative plural)
ail (singular vocative)
ail (dual vocative)
aili (plural vocative)
ail (accusative singular)
ail (accusative dual)
aili (accusative plural)
alo (genitive singular)
ala (genitive singular)
alo (dual genitive)
ala (dual genitive)
aile (genitive plural)
ail (dative singular)
ailib (dative dual)
ailib (dative plural)
ail (nominative singular)
ailich (dual nominative)
ailich (nominative plural)
ail (singular vocative)
ailich (dual vocative)
ailchea (plural vocative)
ailich (accusative singular)
ailich (accusative dual)
ailchea (accusative plural)
ailech (genitive singular)
ailech (dual genitive)
ailech (genitive plural)
ailich (dative singular)
ailchib (dative dual)
ailchib (dative plural)
ail (mutation mutation-radical)
n-ail (mutation)

Middle Irish: ail

Irish: ail

Possibly from Proto-Celtic *ɸalos, from Proto-Indo-European *pels-, *pelis- (“rock, cliff”), see also German Fels (“rock”).
The declension was not stable at the start of the Old Irish period, with a shift from an i-stem declension to a k-stem declension ongoing.


ail

·ail (canonical)
·ail (mutation mutation-radical)
·n-ail (mutation)

third-person singular present indicative conjunct of ailid


fled

fled (nominative singular)
flid (dual nominative)
fleda (nominative plural)
fled (singular vocative)
flid (dual vocative)
fleda (plural vocative)
flid (accusative singular)
flid (accusative dual)
fleda (accusative plural)
flide (genitive singular)
fled (dual genitive)
fled (genitive plural)
flid (dative singular)
fledaib (dative dual)
fledaib (dative plural)
fled (mutation mutation-radical)
ḟled (mutation mutation-nasal)
fled (mutation)

desctree

Irish: fleá, fleadh, fleidh
→ English: fleadh

Manx: fleah

Scottish Gaelic: fleadh

From Proto-Celtic *wlidā (compare Welsh gwledd).


ban

ban (mutation mutation-radical)
ban (mutation mutation-nasal)
mban (mutation)


maid

third-person singular present indicative conjunct of maidid


maid

maid (mutation mutation-radical)
also mmaid after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
maid (mutation mutation-nasal)


dia

head

dïa (‘his’ and ‘its’ trigger lenition, ‘her’ triggers /h/-prothesis, ‘their’ triggers eclipsis)

table
Univerbation of di (“of/from”) + a (“his/her/its/their”)

univ

Inna c{h}enél fo·rrorbris, fos·roammámigestar dïa molad ⁊ dïa adrad.

The peoples whom he has routed, he has subjugated them to his praise and to his worship.

Ɔ·riris-siu .i. ar·troídfe{a}-siu inna droch daíni, a Dǽ, dïa n‑anduch, air is fechtnach a n‑andach mani erthroítar húa Día.

You will bind, i.e. you will restrain the evil men, O God, from their iniquity, for their iniquity is prosperous if they are not restrained by God.


dia

table
di (“of/from”) + -a (relative pronoun)


dia

Middle Irish: dia

Irish: dá

Manx: dy

Scottish Gaelic: nan


dia

table
Univerbation of do (“to/for”) + a (“his/her/its/their”)


dia

table
do (“to/for”) + -a (relative pronoun)


bled

bled (nominative singular)
bleid (dual nominative)
bleda (nominative plural)
bled (singular vocative)
bleid (dual vocative)
bleda (plural vocative)
bleid (accusative singular)
bleid (accusative dual)
bleda (accusative plural)
bleide (genitive singular)
bled (dual genitive)
bled (genitive plural)
bleid (dative singular)
bledaib (dative dual)
bledaib (dative plural)
bled (mutation mutation-radical)
bled (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbled (mutation)


ben

head

ben f (genitive mná, nominative plural mná)

mná (genitive)
mná (nominative plural)
ben (nominative singular)
mnaí (dual nominative)
mná (nominative plural)
ben (singular vocative)
mnaí (dual vocative)
mná (plural vocative)
bein (accusative singular)
mnaí (accusative singular)
mnaí (accusative dual)
mná (accusative plural)
mná (genitive singular)
ban (dual genitive)
ban (genitive plural)
mnaí (dative singular)
mnáib (dative dual)
mnáib (dative plural)

Middle Irish: ben

Irish: bean

Manx: ben

Scottish Gaelic: bean

⇒ Middle Irish: benagán

From Proto-Celtic *benā, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn.

arna érbarthar, “Ó chretsit, nín·tá airli ar mban”

lest it be said, “Since they believed, we do not have management (?) of our women”

Is bés trá dosom aní-siu cosc inna mban i tossug et a tabairt fo chumacte a feir, armbat irlamu de ind ḟir fo chumacte Dǽi, co·mbí íarum coscitir ind ḟir et do·airbertar fo réir Dǽ.

This, then, is a custom of his, to correct the wives at first and to bring them under the power of their husbands, so that the husbands may be the readier under God’s power, so that afterwards the husbands are corrected and bowed down in subjection to God.


ben

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

third-person singular present indicative conjunct of benaid


ben

ben (mutation mutation-radical)
ben (mutation mutation-nasal)
mben (mutation)

second-person singular imperative of benaid


so

Irish: seo

Scottish Gaelic: seo

Manx: shoh

From Proto-Celtic *so (“this”), from Proto-Indo-European *só.

ind epistil so

this (used after the noun, which is preceded by the definite article)


bed

third-person singular past subjunctive of at·tá


bed

bed (mutation mutation-radical)
bed (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbed (mutation)

bad (3 sg. past subj.; 3 sg. and 2 pl. imperative)

inflection of is:
third-person singular past subjunctive

third-person singular/second-person plural imperative

third-person singular conditional relative


bid

inflection of is:
third-person singular future


bid

bid (mutation mutation-radical)
bid (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbid (mutation)

accusative/dative singular of buith (“being”)


ber

·ber (canonical)
ber (mutation mutation-radical)
ber (mutation mutation-nasal)
mber (mutation)

first-person singular present subjunctive conjunct of beirid


ba

first/second/third-person singular present subjunctive

inflection of is:
second-person singular imperative

third-person singular preterite/imperfect indicative nonrelative/relative


finn

Irish: fionn

Manx: fynn

Scottish Gaelic: fionn

finn (mutation mutation-radical)
ḟinn (mutation mutation-nasal)
finn (mutation)

From Proto-Celtic *windos (“white”) (compare Welsh gwyn, Gaulish *windos).


bind

head

bind (equative *bindithir, comparative bindiu, superlative *bindem)

*bindithir (equative)
bindiu (comparative)
*bindem (superlative)
bind (masculine nominative singular)
bind (feminine nominative singular)
bind (neuter nominative singular)
bind (masculine singular vocative)
bind (feminine singular vocative)
bind (neuter singular vocative)
bind (accusative masculine singular)
bind (accusative feminine singular)
bind (accusative neuter singular)
bind (genitive masculine singular)
binde (feminine genitive singular)
bind (genitive neuter singular)
bind (dative masculine singular)
bind (dative feminine singular)
bind (dative neuter singular)
bindi (masculine nominative plural)
bindi (feminine neuter nominative plural)
bindi (masculine plural vocative)
bindi (feminine neuter plural vocative)
bindi (accusative masculine plural)
bindi (accusative feminine neuter plural)
bind (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
binde (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
bindib (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)

Middle Irish: binn

Irish: binn

Scottish Gaelic: binn


bad

bad (mutation mutation-radical)
bad (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbad (mutation)


dig

dig (mutation mutation-radical)
dig (mutation mutation-nasal)
ndig (mutation)

inflection of deug:
accusative/dative singular

inflection of deug:
nominative/accusative/vocative dual


biad

·bïad (canonical)
bïad (mutation mutation-radical)
bïad (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbïad (mutation)

third-person singular conditional of at·tá

third-person singular conditional of benaid


bat

bat (mutation mutation-radical)
bat (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbat (mutation)

inflection of is:
third-person plural imperative

inflection of is:
third-person plural present subjunctive


cell

cell (nominative singular)
ceill (dual nominative)
cill (dual nominative)
cella (nominative plural)
cell (singular vocative)
ceill (dual vocative)
cill (dual vocative)
cella (plural vocative)
ceill (accusative singular)
cill (accusative singular)
ceill (accusative dual)
cill (accusative dual)
cella (accusative plural)
cille (genitive singular)
cell (dual genitive)
cell (genitive plural)
ceill (dative singular)
cill (dative singular)
cellaib (dative dual)
cellaib (dative plural)
cell (mutation mutation-radical)
chell (mutation mutation-nasal)
cell (mutation)

Irish: cill

Manx: keeill

Scottish Gaelic: cill


cloth

cloth n (genitive cluith, nominative plural clotha)

cluith (genitive)
clotha (nominative plural)
cloth (nominative singular)
cloth (dual nominative)
cloth (nominative plural)
clotha (nominative plural)
cloth (singular vocative)
cloth (dual vocative)
cloth (plural vocative)
clotha (plural vocative)
cloth (accusative singular)
cloth (accusative dual)
cloth (accusative plural)
clotha (accusative plural)
cluith (genitive singular)
cloth (dual genitive)
cloth (genitive plural)
cloth (dative singular)
clothaib (dative dual)
clothaib (dative plural)
cluith (mutation mutation-radical)
chluith (mutation mutation-nasal)
cluith (mutation)

Irish: cloth

From Proto-Celtic *klutom (compare Welsh clod), nominalization of Proto-Indo-European *ḱlutós (“famous”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to hear”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κλυτός (klutós, “famous”), Sanskrit श्रुत (śruta, “famous”), and English loud.


do

do (with dative; triggers lenition of a following consonant-initial noun.)

of a following consonant-initial noun. (triggers-lenition)
dom (first-person singular)
dam (first-person singular)
domsa (emphatic first-person singular)
damsa (emphatic first-person singular)
duit (second-person singular)
dait (second-person singular)
dit (second-person singular)
deit (second-person singular)
duitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
detsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
deitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
duitso (emphatic second-person singular)
détso (emphatic second-person singular)
dó (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dóu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dáu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dosom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
dossom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
dí (dative feminine singular third-person)
disi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
dissi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
dún (first-person plural)
dúnn (first-person plural)
duún (first-person plural)
dúun (first-person plural)
dúin (first-person plural)
dúnni (emphatic first-person plural)
dúnnai (emphatic first-person plural)
dúib (plural second-person)
dúibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
doib (dative plural third-person)
doaib (dative plural third-person)
duaib (dative plural third-person)
dóib (dative plural third-person)
doïbsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
doaibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)
dóibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)

From Proto-Celtic *dū (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de. Unrelated to the prefix to-.

Is peccad díabul lesom .i. fodord doïb di dommatu, ⁊ du·fúairthed ní leu fora sáith din main, ⁊ todlugud inna féulæ ɔ amairis nánda·tibérad Día doïb, ⁊ nach coimnacuir ⁊ issi dano insin ind frescissiu co fochaid.

It is a double sin in his opinion, i.e. the murmuring by them of want, although there remained some of the manna with them upon their satiety, and demanding the meat with faithlessness that Good would not give it to them, and [even] that he could not; therefore that is the expectation with testing.


do

Middle Irish: do

Irish: do

Scottish Gaelic: do

Manx: dty


filed

filed (mutation mutation-radical)
ḟiled (mutation mutation-nasal)
filed (mutation)


bir

bir n (genitive bero or bera, nominative plural beura)

bero (genitive)
bera (genitive)
beura (nominative plural)
bir (nominative singular)
biur (nominative singular)
bir (dual nominative)
biur (dual nominative)
beura (nominative plural)
bira (nominative plural)
bir (singular vocative)
biur (singular vocative)
bir (dual vocative)
biur (dual vocative)
beura (plural vocative)
bir (accusative singular)
biur (accusative singular)
bir (accusative dual)
biur (accusative dual)
beura (accusative plural)
bero (genitive singular)
bera (genitive singular)
bero (dual genitive)
bera (dual genitive)
berae (genitive plural)
biur (dative singular)
beraib (dative dual)
beraib (dative plural)

Irish: bior

Scottish Gaelic: bior

beura glosses sudes (“stake”)


bir

bir (gender unknown, genitive unattested, nominative plural beru)

From Proto-Celtic *beru, *beruro- (“spring, well”), said by Matasović to likely be related to *brutus (“fermentation, boiling heat”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-.

bir .i. uisce ... biror ⁊ inbir ⁊ tobur

spring i.e. water ... watercress and rivermouth and well


bir

·bir (canonical)
bir (mutation mutation-radical)
bir (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbir (mutation)

second-person singular present indicative conjunct of beirid


sin

Irish: sin

Scottish Gaelic: sin

Manx: shen

From Proto-Celtic *sindos (compare Welsh hyn), from Proto-Indo-European *sḗm (“one”) or *só (“that”); strong doublet of in (“the”).

co beid .i. co mbed a ndéde sin im labrad-sa .i. gáu et fír .i. combad sain a n‑as·berin ó bélib et aní imme·rádin ó chridiu

so that there may be, i.e. so that those two things might be in my speaking, namely false and true, i.e. so that what I might say with [my] lips and what I might think with [my] heart might be different

that, those (used after the noun, which is preceded by the definite article)


sin

Is i persin Crist da·gníu-sa sin.

It is in the person of Christ that I do that.

that (as a direct object, used together with a clitic pronoun)


lie

lïac (genitive)
lïacc (genitive)
lie (nominative singular)
liic (dual nominative)
liic (nominative plural)
lie (singular vocative)
liic (dual vocative)
lïaca (plural vocative)
liic (accusative singular)
lieic (accusative singular)
liic (accusative dual)
lïaca (accusative plural)
lïac (genitive singular)
lïacc (genitive singular)
lïac (dual genitive)
lïacc (dual genitive)
lïac (genitive plural)
lïacc (genitive plural)
liic (dative singular)
lieic (dative singular)
lïacaib (dative dual)
lïacaib (dative plural)
lie (mutation mutation-radical)
also llie after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
lie (mutation mutation-nasal)

→ Breton: liac'h

Middle Irish: lía

Irish: lia

From Proto-Celtic *līwanks (compare *līwos), from Proto-Indo-European *leh₁w- (“stone”) (compare Ancient Greek λᾶας (lâas, “stone”), Albanian lerë (“boulder”)).

In Belzefuth: is béss didu ind lïacc benir il-béim friss, et intí do·thuit foir ɔ·boing a chnámi, intí fora tuit-som immurgu at·bail-side.

The Beelzebub: it is the custom, then, of the stone that many blows are hit against it, and he who falls upon it breaks his bones; however, he whom it falls on perishes

Níbu machdath do·rónta día dind lïac.


tall

Irish: thall

Scottish Gaelic: thall

Is bec ndi dechur fil etarru siu ⁊ tall.

There is little difference between them here and there.

amal du·ratsat sacaird tall bendachta forsin popul

as the priests had blessed the people then


tall

a tadall tall

that (used after the noun, which is preceded by the definite article)


brain

brain (mutation mutation-radical)
brain (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbrain (mutation)

inflection of bran:
vocative/genitive singular


fil

·fil (canonical)
fil (mutation mutation-radical)
ḟil (mutation mutation-nasal)
fil (mutation)

Irish: bhfuil, níl

Manx: vel, nel

Scottish Gaelic: bheil, eil

Originally ·fil (“you see”) and ·feil (“one sees”). From Proto-Celtic *weleti (“to see”), from Proto-Indo-European *wél-e-ti (“see”), compare Welsh gweled (“to see”). For the semantic development from "see" to "there is" compare Welsh dyma (“there is”) shortened from Middle Welsh wely di yma? (“do you see?”) or French voici (“here is”) from vois ci (“see here”).

m+

Má nudub·feil i n‑ellug coirp Críst, adib cland Abrache amal ṡodin, et it sib ata chomarpi Abracham.

If you pl are in the union of the body of Christ, you are Abraham’s children in that case, and it is you who are Abraham’s heirs.

De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”

Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.

Is dúnn imchumurc fil isin chanóin fris·gair lessóm a n‑imchomarc n-ísiu .i. ne occideris .i. in ⸉n‑í⸊írr-siu .i. non. .i. nís·n‑ulemairbfe ci asid·roilliset.

It is to the interrogation that is in the canon that this interrogation answers with him, i.e. ne occideris i.e. will you sg slay i.e. non i.e. you will not slay them all although they have deserved it.

nád fil nech con·gné fris ón acht Día

that there is no one to help him but God

third-person singular present progressive relative of at·tá


cloud

cloüd (canonical masculine)
cloita (genitive)
cloud (nominative singular)
cloud (singular vocative)
cloud (accusative singular)
clótho (genitive singular)
cloita (genitive singular)
cloud (dative singular)
cloüd (mutation mutation-radical)
chloüd (mutation mutation-nasal)
cloüd (mutation)

Middle Irish: clód

Irish: cló

Scottish Gaelic: clòthadh

Do chloud tra in dligid-sin, ro·gabad in-salm-so.

To overthrow this view, then, this psalm was sung.


sal

saile (genitive)
sal (nominative singular)
sail (dual nominative)
sala (nominative plural)
sal (singular vocative)
sail (dual vocative)
sala (plural vocative)
sail (accusative singular)
sail (accusative dual)
sala (accusative plural)
saile (genitive singular)
sal (dual genitive)
sal (genitive plural)
sail (dative singular)
salaib (dative dual)
salaib (dative plural)
sal (mutation mutation-radical)
ṡal (mutation mutation-nasal)

Irish: sail

Scottish Gaelic: sal

.i. ní do is ainm du grés pullutum dun elled ass·lentar huanaib salaib corpt[h]aib acht is ainm cac[h] la cein du cach escmun as·lentar hua drochgnimaib.

It is not for that the term pollutum refers to pollution whereby one is defiled by bodily stains; other times, it is also a term for every impure one who is defiled by bad deeds.


long

head

long f (genitive lungae, nominative plural longa)

lungae (genitive)
longa (nominative plural)
long (nominative singular)
loing (dual nominative)
luing (dual nominative)
longa (nominative plural)
long (singular vocative)
loing (dual vocative)
luing (dual vocative)
longa (plural vocative)
loing (accusative singular)
luing (accusative singular)
loing (accusative dual)
luing (accusative dual)
longa (accusative plural)
lungae (genitive singular)
long (dual genitive)
long (genitive plural)
loing (dative singular)
luing (dative singular)
longaib (dative dual)
longaib (dative plural)
long (mutation mutation-radical)
also llong after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
long (mutation mutation-nasal)

Irish: long

Manx: lhong

Scottish Gaelic: long

Generally assumed to be a Latin loan, from (navis) longa, but Joseph Loth believed it to be from Proto-Celtic; either way, cognate to Welsh llong.


du

du (mutation mutation-radical)
du (mutation mutation-nasal)
ndu (mutation)


ball

ball (masculine nominative singular stem)
ball (dual masculine nominative stem)
baill (masculine nominative plural stem)
baill (masculine singular stem vocative)
ball (dual masculine stem vocative)
baullu (masculine plural stem vocative)
bullu (masculine plural stem vocative)
ball (accusative masculine singular stem)
ball (accusative dual masculine stem)
baullu (accusative masculine plural stem)
bullu (accusative masculine plural stem)
baill (genitive masculine singular stem)
ball (dual genitive masculine stem)
ball (genitive masculine plural stem)
baull (dative masculine singular stem)
ballaib (dative dual masculine stem)
ballaib (dative masculine plural stem)
baill (mutation mutation-radical)
baill (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbaill (mutation)

Irish: ball

Scottish Gaelic: ball

Mani ro{i}ma fora cenn, ní mema forsna bullu.

If their head is not defeated, the members will not be defeated.


dead

deïd (genitive)
dead (nominative singular)
dead (singular vocative)
dead (accusative singular)
deïd (genitive singular)
dïud (dative singular)
deüd (dative singular)
dead (mutation mutation-radical)
dead (mutation mutation-nasal)
ndead (mutation)

Irish: diaidh

desc

⇒ Middle Irish: co dead (“forever”, literally “to the end”)

Irish: go deo

Scottish Gaelic: dèidh

Manx: jei

From Proto-Celtic *dīwedom, verbal noun of *dīwedeti (“to stop”) (whence Welsh diwedd (“end, ending”)).


loch

locho (genitive)
loch (nominative singular)
loch (dual nominative)
loch (nominative plural)
locha (nominative plural)
loch (singular vocative)
loch (dual vocative)
loch (plural vocative)
loch (accusative singular)
loch (accusative dual)
loch (accusative plural)
locho (genitive singular)
locha (genitive singular)
locho (dual genitive)
locha (dual genitive)
loch (genitive plural)
loch (dative singular)
lochaib (dative dual)
lochaib (dative plural)

desctree

Irish: loch
→ English: lough
→ Yola: Lough

Manx: logh

Scottish Gaelic: loch
→ Middle English: lough, loch, louche; luh
English: lough, loch
Scots: loch

From Proto-Celtic *loku, from Proto-Indo-European *lókus. Welsh llwch, Breton loc'h, and Cornish logh might be borrowed from Old Irish.


loch

loch (masculine nominative singular)
loch (feminine nominative singular)
loch (neuter nominative singular)
loich (masculine singular vocative)
loch (masculine singular vocative)
loch (feminine singular vocative)
loch (neuter singular vocative)
loch (accusative masculine singular)
loich (accusative feminine singular)
loch (accusative neuter singular)
loich (genitive masculine singular)
loiche (feminine genitive singular)
loich (genitive neuter singular)
loch (dative masculine singular)
loich (dative feminine singular)
loch (dative neuter singular)
loich (masculine nominative plural)
locha (feminine neuter nominative plural)
lochu (masculine plural vocative)
locha (masculine plural vocative)
locha (feminine neuter plural vocative)
lochu (accusative masculine plural)
locha (accusative masculine plural)
locha (accusative feminine neuter plural)
loch (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
lochaib (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
loch (mutation mutation-radical)
also lloch after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
loch (mutation mutation-nasal)


fri

frimm (first-person singular)
frium (first-person singular)
friumm (first-person singular)
frimsa (emphatic first-person singular)
friumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
frit (second-person singular)
fritt (second-person singular)
friut (second-person singular)
friutt (second-person singular)
fritso (emphatic second-person singular)
fritsu (emphatic second-person singular)
fris (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
friss (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
frissom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
frissium (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
frie (accusative feminine singular third-person)
frinn (first-person plural)
frinni (emphatic first-person plural)
frinnai (emphatic first-person plural)
frib (plural second-person)
fribsi (emphatic plural second-person)
friu (accusative plural third-person)
friusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

Middle Irish: fri
Irish: ré, re (“against, towards, with”)
⇒ Irish: fa ré, fara, frae (“along with, beside”)
Manx: rish
Scottish Gaelic: ri

From Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).

from (with scaraid (“to separate”) and its compounds and syonyms)


ha

in the masculine and neuter singular (triggers-lenition)

c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, Wb. 6ᵃ13

It is reasonable to fear him [lit. "his fearing is reasonable"], for it is to inflict punishment that he bears that sword.

Is deidbir ha áigthiu, ar is do thabirt díglae berid in claideb sin.


tre

tre (mutation mutation-radical)
thre (mutation mutation-nasal)
tre (mutation)


boc

head

boc m (genitive buic, nominative plural buic)

buic (genitive)
buic (nominative plural)
boc (masculine nominative singular stem)
bocc (masculine nominative singular stem)
boc (dual masculine nominative stem)
bocc (dual masculine nominative stem)
buic (masculine nominative plural stem)
buicc (masculine nominative plural stem)
buic (masculine singular stem vocative)
buicc (masculine singular stem vocative)
boc (dual masculine stem vocative)
bocc (dual masculine stem vocative)
buccu (masculine plural stem vocative)
boc (accusative masculine singular stem)
bocc (accusative masculine singular stem)
boc (accusative dual masculine stem)
bocc (accusative dual masculine stem)
buccu (accusative masculine plural stem)
buic (genitive masculine singular stem)
buicc (genitive masculine singular stem)
boc (dual genitive masculine stem)
bocc (dual genitive masculine stem)
boc (genitive masculine plural stem)
bocc (genitive masculine plural stem)
buc (dative masculine singular stem)
bucc (dative masculine singular stem)
bocaib (dative dual masculine stem)
bocaib (dative masculine plural stem)
boc (mutation mutation-radical)
boc (mutation mutation-nasal)
mboc (mutation)

Irish: boc

Scottish Gaelic: boc

Ba bés leusom do·bertis dá boc leu dochum tempuil, ⁊ no·léicthe indala n‑ái fon díthrub co pecad in popuil, ⁊ do·bertis maldachta foir, ⁊ n⟨o⟩·oircthe didiu and ó popul tar cenn a pecthae ind aile.

It was a custom with them that two he-goats were brought by them to the temple, and one of the two of them was let go to the wilderness with the sin of the people, and curses were put upon him, and thereupon the other was slain there by the people for their sins.


arbor

arbor n (genitive arbae, nominative plural arbann)

arbae (genitive)
arbann (nominative plural)
arbor (nominative singular)
arban (nominative plural)
arbor (singular vocative)
arban (plural vocative)
arbor (accusative singular)
arban (accusative plural)
arbae (genitive singular)
arban (genitive plural)
arbaim (dative singular)
arbanaib (dative plural)
arbor (mutation mutation-radical)
n-arbor (mutation)

Irish: arbhar

Manx: arroo

Scottish Gaelic: arbhar

From Proto-Celtic *arwar, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃-.


moth

moth (masculine nominative singular stem)
muith (masculine singular stem vocative)
moth (accusative masculine singular stem)
muith (genitive masculine singular stem)
moth (dative masculine singular stem)
muth (dative masculine singular stem)
moth (mutation mutation-radical)
also mmoth after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
moth (mutation mutation-nasal)

The word also carried the original meaning of "male organ," from Proto-Celtic *muto-, from Proto-Indo-European *mHú-to- (“strong one”), perhaps later "penis," related to Hittite [script needed] (mūwa, “something awe-inspiring”) and Luwian [script needed] (mūwa-, “to overpower”), possibly also Latin muto (“penis”).

cog

cia beith ar n‑acathar nech inna rétu inducbaidi in betha so, arnach·corathar i mmoth ⁊ machthad dia seirc ⁊ dia n‑accubur

though it be that someone sees the glorious things of this world, that he may not be put in stupor and admiration by love for them and by desire for them


cor

cuir (genitive)
cor (masculine nominative singular stem)
cuir (masculine singular stem vocative)
cor (accusative masculine singular stem)
cuir (genitive masculine singular stem)
cor (dative masculine singular stem)
cor (mutation mutation-radical)
chor (mutation mutation-nasal)
cor (mutation)

Middle Irish: cor

Irish: cor, cur

Scottish Gaelic: cur

Manx: cur

Inherited from Proto-Celtic *koros (“casting, a throw”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn”).


con

con (mutation mutation-radical)
chon (mutation mutation-nasal)
con (mutation)

con festar cách


beta

Cit comṡuidigthi la Grécu ní écen dúnni beta comṡuidigthi linn.

Although they are compounds in Greek (lit. “with the Greeks”), it is not necessary for us that they be compounds in our language (lit. “with us”).

third-person plural present subjunctive relative of is


ol

Middle Irish: ol, ar, or, for, bar

Irish: ar (“said, says”)

table
Kortlandt believes this particle to be a contraction of a Proto-Celtic phrase beginning with *ol est. In particular, he derives the inflected form olsí from a contraction of a Proto-Celtic phrase *ol est ēgt, with *ēgt deriving from *h₁eǵ- (“to say”). Its ending was reinterpreted as the feminine singular pronoun sí, giving rise to the analogical masculine form olsé.

“A n-atamm·res-⟨s⟩a,” ol Día.


ol

because he is angry


ol

in bec máo .i. is bec as máo ol dáu-sa .i. is bec in derscugud

a little greater i.e. she is a little greater than I (am), i.e. the distinction is small


class

·class (canonical)
·class (mutation mutation-radical)
·chlass (mutation mutation-nasal)
·class (mutation)

passive singular preterite conjunct of claidid


dord

duird (genitive)
dord (masculine nominative singular stem)
duird (masculine singular stem vocative)
dord (accusative masculine singular stem)
duird (genitive masculine singular stem)
dord (dative masculine singular stem)
dord (mutation mutation-radical)
dord (mutation mutation-nasal)
ndord (mutation)

Irish: dord

From Proto-Celtic *dor-d-, from imitative Proto-Indo-European root *dʰer-, *dʰrēn- (“drone; to murmur”), see also English drone, dor and Ancient Greek θρῆνος (thrênos, “dirge, lament”).

onomatopoeic

imitative


atom

atom (masculine nominative singular stem)
atom (dual masculine nominative stem)
atoim (masculine nominative plural stem)
atoim (masculine singular stem vocative)
atom (dual masculine stem vocative)
atomu (masculine plural stem vocative)
atom (accusative masculine singular stem)
atom (accusative dual masculine stem)
atomu (accusative masculine plural stem)
atoim (genitive masculine singular stem)
atom (dual genitive masculine stem)
atom (genitive masculine plural stem)
atom (dative masculine singular stem)
atomaib (dative dual masculine stem)
atomaib (dative masculine plural stem)

Middle Irish: atam
Irish: adamh


dam

daim (genitive)
dam (masculine nominative singular stem)
dam (dual masculine nominative stem)
daim (masculine nominative plural stem)
doim (masculine nominative plural stem)
daim (masculine singular stem vocative)
doim (masculine singular stem vocative)
dam (dual masculine stem vocative)
daumu (masculine plural stem vocative)
dumu (masculine plural stem vocative)
damu (masculine plural stem vocative)
dam (accusative masculine singular stem)
dam (accusative dual masculine stem)
daumu (accusative masculine plural stem)
dumu (accusative masculine plural stem)
damu (accusative masculine plural stem)
daim (genitive masculine singular stem)
doim (genitive masculine singular stem)
dam (dual genitive masculine stem)
dam (genitive masculine plural stem)
daum (dative masculine singular stem)
dum (dative masculine singular stem)
dam (dative masculine singular stem)
damaib (dative dual masculine stem)
damaib (dative masculine plural stem)

desctree

Middle Irish: dam
Irish: damh
Manx: dow
Scottish Gaelic: damh

From Proto-Celtic *damos, from Proto-Indo-European *dm̥h₂-ó- (“bull”) (compare Albanian dem (“bullock”), Ancient Greek δάμαλος (dámalos, “calf”)), from *demh₂- (“to tame”) (compare Old Irish daimid (“to allow, give in”), Latin domō, English tame).

.i. do·fuáircc .i. ar is bés leosom in daim do thúarcuin ind arbe

Which tramples, i.e. for it is custom among them to have the oxen trample on the corn.


dam

hind, cow (old feminine form of previous)


dam

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

first-person singular present subjunctive conjunct

inflection of daimid:
second-person singular imperative

third-person singular present indicative conjunct of daimid


dam

dam (mutation mutation-radical)
dam (mutation mutation-nasal)
ndam (mutation)


co

head

co (takes the dative, triggers nasalization)

ɔ (abbreviation)
cono (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)

Middle Irish: co

table
From Proto-Celtic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”). Cognate with German ge- (“with”) (collective prefix) and gegen (“toward, against”), English gain-, Spanish con (“with”).

inh

Is peccad díabul lesom .i. fodord doïb di dommatu, ⁊ du·fúairthed ní leu fora sáith din main, ⁊ todlugud inna féulæ ɔ amairis nánda·tibérad Día doïb, ⁊ nach coimnacuir ⁊ issi dano insin ind frescissiu co fochaid.

It is a double sin in his opinion, i.e. the murmuring by them of want, although there remained some of the manna with them upon their satiety, and demanding the meat with faithlessness that Good would not give it to them, and [even] that he could not; therefore that is the expectation with testing.


co

Co·bbia mo ḟechtas?


co

head

co (takes the accusative; triggers h-prothesis before vowels)

cucum (first-person singular)
cuccum (first-person singular)
cucumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
cuccumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
cucut (second-person singular)
cuccut (second-person singular)
cucutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
cuccutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
cuci (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucci (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucai (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuccai (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucisom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuccisom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuice (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cuicce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cuce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cucce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cucunn (first-person plural)
cuccunn (first-person plural)
cucuib (plural second-person)
cuccuib (plural second-person)
cucuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
cuccuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
cucu (accusative plural third-person)
cuccu (accusative plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: co, go
Irish: chuig, chun, go
Scottish Gaelic: gu

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

table
From Proto-Celtic *kʷuts (“to, towards”), cognate with Middle Welsh py (“to”). This may be from Proto-Italo-Celtic *kuts ‘some (of the) way’, whence Latin us-quam (“somewhere”), us-que (“all of the way”), and Oscan 𐌐𐌖𐌆 (puz, “as, that”, conjunction). See Proto-Indo-European *ku (“where”).
The inflected forms on the other hand are from Proto-Celtic *kʷunkʷe ← *kʷum + *-kʷe, for which compare Proto-Slavic *kъ(n) (“to, towards”).

cog

Olc líth do·lluid ind nathir cosin n-athir dia chathir!

[It was] a bad day when the Serpent came to the father [Adam], to the city [in Paradise]!

cid écen aisndís do neuch as doruid co léir, ní sechmalfaider cuimre and dano

though it is necessary to explain carefully anything that is difficult, however brevity will not be passed by

used with the neuter accusative singular of an adjective to form an adverb: -ly


co

head

co (triggers nasalization, followed by the prototonic or conjunct form of a verb, may be followed by an infixed pronoun)

Irish: go

Scottish Gaelic: gu

Manx: dy

coní

so that…not; corresponding to the nasalizing conjunction

conna

so that…not; corresponding to the leniting conjunction

ní fitir cid muntar nime conidro·foilsigsetar apstil doib

not even heaven’s household knew it until the apostles had revealed it to them

co nos·berinn dochum hirisse


au

au (mutation mutation-radical)
n-au (mutation)


bia

first-person singular future absolute of at·tá


bia

third-person singular future conjunct of at·tá


bia

·bïa (canonical)
bia (mutation mutation-radical)
bia (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbia (mutation)

third-person singular future/present subjunctive conjunct of benaid


ce

Ba torad sa⟨í⟩thir dúun in chrud so ce du·melmis cech túari et ce du·gnemmis a ndu·gníat ar céli, act ní bad nertad na mbráithre et frescsiu fochricce as móo.

It would be a fruit of our labor in this way if we consumed every food and if we did what our fellows do, but it would not be a strengthening of the brothers and a hope of a greater reward.

Fomnid-si, a phopul núíednissi, ar ce dud·rónath ní di maith fri maccu Israhél…

Take heed, O people of the New Testament, for although some good has been done to the children of Israel…

ɔrabad cech bráthair post alium .i. is huisse ce ru·samaltar fri Críst

so that each brother should be after the other, i.e. it is right that he be compared to Christ


tri

tri (with the accusative; triggers lenition)

trium (first-person singular)
triut (second-person singular)
triutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
triit (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
triitsom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
trítsom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
tree (accusative feminine singular third-person)
triunn (first-person plural)
triunni (emphatic first-person plural)
triib (plural second-person)
treu (accusative plural third-person)
treo (accusative plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: tre, tré, tri, trí
Irish: trí, tré; tré- (combining); fríd (Ulster), ⇒ fríd
Scottish Gaelic: tre
⇒ Manx: trooid

From Proto-Celtic *trē (compare Welsh trwy), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to pass through”); compare Sanskrit तिरस् (tiras), Latin trāns and Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 (þairh).


acht

Irish: ach

Manx: agh

Scottish Gaelic: ach

From Proto-Celtic *extos (“except, but”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰsto- (“out”), from *h₁eǵʰs. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐκτός (ektós, “outside”).

Mógi sidi uili do Día; acht do·rigénsat in descipuil dechor etarru et déu diib: is hed on ɔsecha-som hic.

They are all servants to God; but the disciples had made a distinction between them and (made) gods of them; that is what he corrects here.

Ní imned lim act rop Críst pridches et imme·ráda cách.

It is not tribulation for me provided that it is Christ on whom everyone preaches and meditates.

provided (that) (followed by ro- and the subjunctive mood of the verb)

Fa·didmed aicned, acht dond·ecmaiṅg anísiu.

Nature would have allowed it, except that this happens.

(followed by a nasalizing relative clause) except that


acht

·acht (canonical)
·acht (mutation mutation-radical)
·n-acht (mutation)

third-person singular preterite conjunct

inflection of aigid:
passive singular preterite conjunct


am

From Proto-Celtic *emmi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁esmi, from *h₁es- (“to be”).

first-person singular present indicative of is


tar

thorom (first-person singular)
thorum (first-person singular)
thoromsa (emphatic first-person singular)
thorumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
torut (second-person singular)
torutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
tarais (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
tairse (accusative feminine singular third-person)
torunn+ (first-person plural)
torunni (emphatic first-person plural)
toraib (plural second-person)
tairsiu (accusative plural third-person)

Irish: thar

Manx: har, harrish

Scottish Gaelic: thar

From Proto-Celtic *taras, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂és, from the root *terh₂- (“to cross”).
The voiced variant dar is the original one, since *t in proclitics regularly became d in Old Irish. Tar with a voiceless initial consonant is analogical after its conjugated forms.


Christ

Alternative spelling of Chríst: lenited form of Crist.


es

es (mutation mutation-radical)
n-es (mutation)

Alternative spelling of as: third-person singular masculine of a


sine

sine (nominative singular)
sine (dual nominative)
sini (nominative plural)
sini (singular vocative)
sine (dual vocative)
siniu (plural vocative)
sine (accusative singular)
sine (accusative dual)
siniu (accusative plural)
sini (genitive singular)
sine (dual genitive)
sine (genitive plural)
siniu (dative singular)
sinib (dative dual)
sinib (dative plural)
sine (nominative singular)
sinid (dual nominative)
sine (dual nominative)
sinid (nominative plural)
sine (singular vocative)
sinid (dual vocative)
sine (dual vocative)
sineda (plural vocative)
sinid (accusative singular)
sinid (accusative dual)
sine (accusative dual)
sineda (accusative plural)
sined (genitive singular)
sined (dual genitive)
sined (genitive plural)
sinid (dative singular)
sinedaib (dative dual)
sinedaib (dative plural)
sine (mutation mutation-radical)
ṡine (mutation mutation-nasal)

Irish: sine

Manx: sheeiney

Scottish Gaelic: sine

From Proto-Celtic *sɸenyos, itself from Proto-Indo-European *pstḗn.


tu

tu (mutation mutation-radical)
thu (mutation mutation-nasal)
tu (mutation)


ar

sga-prep-infl

airiund, erunn, erund, erond, eronn, airriun, airund

air(r)iu, err(i)u, erro, erthu, airthiu, airtho

airium (first-person singular)
erum (first-person singular)
erumm (first-person singular)
erom (first-person singular)
erumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
airiut (second-person singular)
aurut (second-person singular)
erut (second-person singular)
ærut (second-person singular)
airut (second-person singular)
erutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
airiu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
airi (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
airri (accusative feminine singular third-person)
airre (accusative feminine singular third-person)
airiund (first-person plural)
erunn (first-person plural)
erund (first-person plural)
erond (first-person plural)
eronn (first-person plural)
airriun (first-person plural)
airund (first-person plural)
airib (plural second-person)
airibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
airiubsi (emphatic plural second-person)
airiuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
eruibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
airib (dative plural third-person)
airaib (dative plural third-person)
airiu (accusative plural third-person)
airriu (accusative plural third-person)
erru (accusative plural third-person)
erriu (accusative plural third-person)
erro (accusative plural third-person)
erthu (accusative plural third-person)
airthiu (accusative plural third-person)
airtho (accusative plural third-person)
airiusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)
airriusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)
errusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)
erriusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

Irish: ar (conflated with for and íar)

From Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂í. Cognates include Ancient Greek παραί (paraí, “beside”) and Old English fore (modern English for and fore).


ar

Alternative spelling of air (“for, since”)


ar

Irish: ár

Scottish Gaelic: ar

From Proto-Celtic *anserom, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥serōm, from *nos (“we, us”); compare German unser.


la

lem (first-person singular)
lemm (first-person singular)
lim (first-person singular)
limm (first-person singular)
leim (first-person singular)
lium (first-person singular)
liumm (first-person singular)
lemsa (emphatic first-person singular)
limsa (emphatic first-person singular)
liumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
lat (second-person singular)
latt (second-person singular)
latso (emphatic second-person singular)
latsu (emphatic second-person singular)
leiss (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
les (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
less (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
lais (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
laiss (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
letha (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
lesom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
leisom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
lessom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
lessem (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
leissem (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
laisem (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
lee (accusative feminine singular third-person)
laee (accusative feminine singular third-person)
lǽ (accusative feminine singular third-person)
lési (accusative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
linn (first-person plural)
liunn (first-person plural)
lenn (first-person plural)
leinn (first-person plural)
linni (emphatic first-person plural)
linnai (emphatic first-person plural)
lib (plural second-person)
libsi (emphatic plural second-person)
leu (accusative plural third-person)
léu (accusative plural third-person)
leo (accusative plural third-person)
lethu (accusative plural third-person)
leusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)
leosom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

Irish: le

Manx: lesh

Scottish Gaelic: le

From a form of Proto-Celtic *letos (“side”), from which leth, which could be related to *ɸletos (“side”). However, compare Latin latus. The sense “in the language of” is a semantic loan from Latin apud and is perhaps encountered only in glosses of the Latin construction.

by (indicating the agent of a passive verb)


nem

head

nem n (genitive nime, nominative plural nime)

nime (genitive)
nime (nominative plural)
nem (neuter nominative singular)
nem (dual neuter nominative)
nime (neuter nominative plural)
nem (neuter singular vocative)
nem (dual neuter vocative)
nime (neuter plural vocative)
nem (accusative neuter singular)
nem (accusative dual neuter)
nime (accusative neuter plural)
nime (genitive neuter singular)
nime (dual genitive neuter)
nime (genitive neuter plural)
nim (dative neuter singular)
nimib (dative dual neuter)
nimib (dative neuter plural)
nem (mutation mutation-radical)
also nnem after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
nem (mutation mutation-nasal)

Irish: neamh

Manx: niau

Scottish Gaelic: nèamh

From Proto-Celtic *nemos, from Proto-Indo-European *nébʰos.

Ní hed not·beir i nem, cía ba loingthech.

It is not this that brings you sg into heaven, that you may be gluttonous.

Ci as·bera nech ro·pïa nem cía du·gneid na rétu sa, nípa fír.

Even if anyone says you pl will have heaven although you do these things, it will not be true.


se

Alternative form of so used after palatalized consonants and front vowels


side

side (mutation mutation-radical)
ṡide (mutation mutation-nasal)

nominative/accusative singular masculine unstressed

inflection of suide:
genitive singular feminine unstressed


sí

Irish: sí

Manx: ee

Scottish Gaelic: i

From Proto-Celtic *sī (compare Welsh hi), from a blend of Proto-Indo-European *só (“this”) + *íh₂.

Sí fri gábud condon·fóir.

Is sí thol Dée.


in-

table
From conflated Proto-Celtic *en- and Proto-Celtic *eni-; these two are variants of the same prefix. Prefix form of i. Conflated with ind- quite early.


in-

in- + ad·gair (“to sue”) → inaccartha (“to be sued for”)

in- + mescaigid (“to intoxicate”) → inmescaigthe (“able to intoxicate”)

in- + bés (“custom”) → inbésa (“customary”)

in- + comlann (“fight”) → incomlainn (“able to fight”)

in- + galar (“sickness”) → ingalair (“sick”)

able to, -able, fit for, fit to be (+ noun, an o- and a-stems usually yields an i-stem adjective)


in-

table
From Proto-Celtic *an-. In is the regular outcome of *an before voiced stops unless lowered to an via a-affection.


té

Irish: te

Manx: çheh

Scottish Gaelic: teth

From Proto-Celtic *teɸents, from the present participle of Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“to be warm”) (compare Latin tepēns).

der

warm, comfortable, sheltered (of places)


té

·té (canonical)
té (mutation mutation-radical)
thé (mutation mutation-nasal)
té (mutation)

third-person singular present subjunctive conjunct of téit


riga

·riga (canonical)
·riga (mutation mutation-radical)
also ·rriga (mutation mutation-radical)
·riga (mutation mutation-nasal)

third-person singular future conjunct of téit


cos

head

cos f (genitive coise, nominative plural cossa)

coise (genitive)
cossa (nominative plural)
cos (nominative singular)
cois (dual nominative)
cosa (nominative plural)
cossa (nominative plural)
cos (singular vocative)
cois (dual vocative)
cosa (plural vocative)
cossa (plural vocative)
cois (accusative singular)
cois (accusative dual)
cosa (accusative plural)
cossa (accusative plural)
coise (genitive singular)
cos (dual genitive)
cos (genitive plural)
cois (dative singular)
cosaib (dative dual)
cosaib (dative plural)
cos (mutation mutation-radical)
chos (mutation mutation-nasal)
cos (mutation)

Irish: cos

Manx: cass

Scottish Gaelic: cas

From Proto-Celtic *koxsā (cf. Welsh coes), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *koḱs-. Cognate with Latin coxa (“hip”).


net

net m (genitive nit, nominative plural nit)

nit (genitive)
nit (nominative plural)
net (masculine nominative singular stem)
net (dual masculine nominative stem)
nit (masculine nominative plural stem)
nit (masculine singular stem vocative)
net (dual masculine stem vocative)
nitu (masculine plural stem vocative)
net (accusative masculine singular stem)
net (accusative dual masculine stem)
nitu (accusative masculine plural stem)
nit (genitive masculine singular stem)
net (dual genitive masculine stem)
net (genitive masculine plural stem)
net (dative masculine singular stem)
netaib (dative dual masculine stem)
netaib (dative masculine plural stem)

Irish: nead

Scottish Gaelic: nead

Manx: edd (“nest”)

From Proto-Celtic *nizdos, from Proto-Indo-European *nisdós.


fo

foum (first-person singular)
fout (second-person singular)
fó (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
fóu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
foí (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
foæ (dative feminine singular third-person)
founn (first-person plural)
foïb (dative plural third-person)

Irish: faoi

Manx: fo

Scottish Gaelic: fo

From Proto-Celtic *uɸo, from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“under, up from under”).

inh

Ní taít Día fo tairṅgere conid·chumscaiged.

God does not come under a promise that he should alter it.

Ba bés leusom do·bertis dá boc leu dochum tempuil, ⁊ no·léicthe indala n‑aí fon díthrub co pecad in popuil, ⁊ do·bertis maldachta foir, ⁊ n⟨o⟩·oircthe didiu and ó popul tar cenn a pecthae ind aile.

It was a custom with them that two he-goats were brought by them to the temple, and one of the two of them was let go to the wilderness with the sin of the people, and curses were put upon him, and thereupon the other was slain there by the people for their sins.

Ní fú indidit a·tá irascemini sunt .i. irascemini fercaigthe-si, acht is fo imchomarc a·tá.

It is not in affirmation that irascemini is here, i.e. irascemini you pl are angry, but it is in interrogation. [In other words, irascemini is here a question, not a statement. The Latin verb is actually in the future tense, but the Old Irish gloss of it is in the present tense.]

Ní hé apstal cita·rogab in testimin so. Aliter: Ní fóu da·uc int apstal fon chéill fuand·rogab in fáith.

It is not (the) apostle who first uttered this text. Otherwise: The apostle did not apply it in the sense in which the prophet uttered it.


bes

bes (mutation mutation-radical)
bes (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbes (mutation)

third-person singular present subjunctive relative of is


mug

mug (nominative singular)
mug (dual nominative)
mogæ (nominative plural)
moge (nominative plural)
moga (nominative plural)
mug (singular vocative)
mug (dual vocative)
mogu (plural vocative)
mug (accusative singular)
mug (accusative dual)
mogu (accusative plural)
mogo (genitive singular)
moga (genitive singular)
mogo (dual genitive)
moga (dual genitive)
mogæ (genitive plural)
moge (genitive plural)
mug (dative singular)
mogaib (dative dual)
mogaib (dative plural)
mug (mutation mutation-radical)
also mmug after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
mug (mutation mutation-nasal)

Irish: mogh

From Proto-Celtic *mogus, from Proto-Indo-European *mogʰus (“young person”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃 (magus, “boy”).


ed

Irish: ea

Scottish Gaelic: eadh

From Proto-Indo-European *id, cognate with Latin id.

Is ed as·berat ind heretic.


ed

ed (nominative singular)
ed (dual nominative)
ed (nominative plural)
eda (nominative plural)
ed (singular vocative)
ed (dual vocative)
ed (plural vocative)
eda (plural vocative)
ed (accusative singular)
ed (accusative dual)
ed (accusative plural)
eda (accusative plural)
eid (genitive singular)
ed (dual genitive)
ed (genitive plural)
ed (dative singular)
edaib (dative dual)
edaib (dative plural)

Middle Irish: fed

Irish: feadh, feá

Scottish Gaelic: feadh


in the genitive plural (triggers-eclipsis)

Aphetic form of inna (“the (various inflected forms)”)


head

na (‘his’ and ‘its’ trigger lenition, ‘her’ triggers /h/-prothesis, ‘their’ triggers eclipsis)

Aphetic form of inna (“in his/her/its/their”)


neuter nominative/accusative singular of nach (“any”)


main

main (mutation mutation-radical)
also mmain after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
main (mutation mutation-nasal)


don

Univerbation of di (“of/from”) + in (“the sg”)

univerbation

the <abbr title="singular number">sg</abbr>


don

Univerbation of do (“to/for”) + in (“the sg”)


don

Irish: don

don (mutation mutation-radical)
don (mutation mutation-nasal)
ndon (mutation)


eth

·eth (canonical)
eth (mutation mutation-radical)
n-eth (mutation)

passive singular preterite conjunct of téit


less

lesso (genitive)
less (nominative singular)
less (dual nominative)
lessae (nominative plural)
less (singular vocative)
less (dual vocative)
lessu (plural vocative)
less (accusative singular)
less (accusative dual)
lessu (accusative plural)
lesso (genitive singular)
lessa (genitive singular)
lesso (dual genitive)
lessa (dual genitive)
lessae (genitive plural)
less (dative singular)
lessaib (dative dual)
lessaib (dative plural)

Irish: leas

Manx: lhiass

Scottish Gaelic: leas

Derived by Irslinger from Proto-Celtic *lexstus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lek- (“to protect”).
An old etymology suggested by Stokes derives this from Proto-Celtic *lesso-, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”), similar to Proto-Slavic *plodъ (“fruit”). However, the advent of laryngeal theory makes this etymology impossible, and Irslinger criticizes this derivation for having an unclear suffixation process.


less

less (mutation mutation-radical)
also lless after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
less (mutation mutation-nasal)

Alternative spelling of les (third-person singular masculine of la)


nach

nach (masculine nominative)
nach (feminine nominative)
nacha (nominative plural)
nach (accusative masculine)
nach (accusative feminine)
nacha (accusative plural)
nach (genitive masculine)
naich (genitive masculine)
nacha (feminine genitive)
nach (genitive neuter)
nach (dative masculine)
nach (dative feminine neuter)
nach (dative plural)

table
From Proto-Celtic *nekʷos (“someone, something”); compare nech (“someone”). Cognate with Welsh neb.

inh

it essamnu de ar ro·fitetar is ar nach n-indocbáil móir fo·daimim-se inso

i.e. they are the more fearless, for they know that it is for some great glory that I endure this

In tan imme·romastar són nach noíb, ara cuintea dílgud Dé isind aimsir sin.

That is, when any saint sins, that he may seek the forgiveness of God at that time.

Nach torbatu coitchenn ro·boí indib fri dénum n-uilc, at·rubalt tar hǽsi á pectha.

Any common advantage that had been in them for doing evil, it has perished for their sin.


nach

Alternative spelling of nách (“that (it) is not”)


nach

Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns#Infixed pronouns

Alternative form of ná (negative particle used with the imperative) used before an infixed pronoun


recht

head

recht m (genitive rechto or rechta, nominative plural rechtae)

rechto (genitive)
rechta (genitive)
rechtae (nominative plural)
recht (nominative singular)
rect (nominative singular)
recht (dual nominative)
rect (dual nominative)
rechtae (nominative plural)
recte (nominative plural)
recht (singular vocative)
rect (singular vocative)
recht (dual vocative)
rect (dual vocative)
rechtu (plural vocative)
recht (accusative singular)
rect (accusative singular)
recht (accusative dual)
rect (accusative dual)
rechtu (accusative plural)
rechto (genitive singular)
recto (genitive singular)
rectto (genitive singular)
recta (genitive singular)
rechta (genitive singular)
rechto (dual genitive)
recto (dual genitive)
rectto (dual genitive)
recta (dual genitive)
rechta (dual genitive)
rechtae (genitive plural)
recht (dative singular)
rect (dative singular)
rechtaib (dative dual)
rechtaib (dative plural)

Irish: reacht

Scottish Gaelic: reachd

From Proto-Celtic *rextus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-tus. Cognate with Welsh rhaith (“a right, entitlement”) (from Proto-Brythonic *rreiθ (“rule, law”)) and indirectly German Recht (“law”) (from Proto-Germanic *rehtą (“a right, privilege”)).


recht

recht (nominative singular)
recht (dual nominative)
rechtae (nominative plural)
recht (singular vocative)
recht (dual vocative)
rechtu (plural vocative)
recht (accusative singular)
recht (accusative dual)
rechtu (accusative plural)
rechto (genitive singular)
rechta (genitive singular)
rechto (dual genitive)
rechta (dual genitive)
rechtae (genitive plural)
recht (dative singular)
rechtaib (dative dual)
rechtaib (dative plural)
recht (mutation mutation-radical)
also rrecht after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
recht (mutation mutation-nasal)

Irish: racht

Possibly related to Proto-Germanic *rōkijaną (“to care for, worry about”). If so, ultimately cognate to Etymology 1 above.

paroxysm, outburst (of anger, passion, etc.)


ros

head

ros m (genitive ruis, nominative plural ruis)

ruis (genitive)
ruis (nominative plural)
ros (masculine nominative singular stem)
ros (dual masculine nominative stem)
ruis (masculine nominative plural stem)
ruis (masculine singular stem vocative)
ros (dual masculine stem vocative)
rusu (masculine plural stem vocative)
ros (accusative masculine singular stem)
ros (accusative dual masculine stem)
rusu (accusative masculine plural stem)
ruis (genitive masculine singular stem)
ros (dual genitive masculine stem)
ros (genitive masculine plural stem)
rus (dative masculine singular stem)
rosaib (dative dual masculine stem)
rosaib (dative masculine plural stem)

Irish: ros (“wood”)

Scottish Gaelic: ros (“promontory”)

From Proto-Celtic *ɸrostos, from Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“before”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”). The same construction as Sanskrit प्रस्थ (prastha, “plateau”), but probably coined separately in the two languages.

wood, that is, a triad of meanings, that is, a wood of yellow trees, […]

ross .i. trēde fordingair .i. ros fidbuide, […]


ros

ruis (genitive)
ruis (nominative plural)
ros (masculine nominative singular stem)
ros (dual masculine nominative stem)
ruis (masculine nominative plural stem)
ruis (masculine singular stem vocative)
ros (dual masculine stem vocative)
rusu (masculine plural stem vocative)
ros (accusative masculine singular stem)
ros (accusative dual masculine stem)
rusu (accusative masculine plural stem)
ruis (genitive masculine singular stem)
ros (dual genitive masculine stem)
ros (genitive masculine plural stem)
rus (dative masculine singular stem)
rosaib (dative dual masculine stem)
rosaib (dative masculine plural stem)
ros (mutation mutation-radical)
also rros after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
ros (mutation mutation-nasal)

Irish: ros (“linseed”)

Scottish Gaelic: ros (“linseed”)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥so-, which is most likely a borrowing from a non-Indo-European language. See also Latin porrum (“leek”), English furze, and possibly Ancient Greek πράσον (práson, “leek”).

ros līn
linseed


fair

third-person singular masculine/neuter accusative of for


doe

döe f (genitive doat, nominative plural doit)

döe (canonical feminine)
doat (genitive)
doit (nominative plural)
doe (nominative singular)
doit (dual nominative)
doit (nominative plural)
doe (singular vocative)
doit (dual vocative)
doitea (plural vocative)
doit (accusative singular)
doit (accusative dual)
doitea (accusative plural)
doat (genitive singular)
doat (dual genitive)
doat (genitive plural)
doit (dative singular)
doitib (dative dual)
doitib (dative plural)
doe (mutation mutation-radical)
doe (mutation mutation-nasal)
ndoe (mutation)

Middle Irish: dóit

Irish: dóid


land

land (mutation mutation-radical)
also lland after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
land (mutation mutation-nasal)


ler

lir (genitive)
ler (masculine nominative singular stem)
ler (dual masculine nominative stem)
lir (masculine nominative plural stem)
lir (masculine singular stem vocative)
ler (dual masculine stem vocative)
liru (masculine plural stem vocative)
ler (accusative masculine singular stem)
ler (accusative dual masculine stem)
liru (accusative masculine plural stem)
lir (genitive masculine singular stem)
ler (dual genitive masculine stem)
ler (genitive masculine plural stem)
liur (dative masculine singular stem)
leraib (dative dual masculine stem)
leraib (dative masculine plural stem)
ler (nominative singular)
ler (dual nominative)
ler (nominative plural)
lera (nominative plural)
ler (singular vocative)
ler (dual vocative)
ler (plural vocative)
lera (plural vocative)
ler (accusative singular)
ler (accusative dual)
ler (accusative plural)
lera (accusative plural)
lir (genitive singular)
ler (dual genitive)
ler (genitive plural)
liur (dative singular)
leraib (dative dual)
leraib (dative plural)
ler (mutation mutation-radical)
also ller after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
ler (mutation mutation-nasal)

Irish: lear

Scottish Gaelic: lear

From Proto-Celtic *liros, either borrowed from an unknown substrate language or from Proto-Indo-European *leyH-. Cognate with Welsh llŷr.


dea

dea (mutation mutation-radical)
dea (mutation mutation-nasal)
ndea (mutation)


gel

gel (masculine nominative singular)
gel (feminine nominative singular)
gel (neuter nominative singular)
gil (masculine singular vocative)
gel (masculine singular vocative)
gel (feminine singular vocative)
gel (neuter singular vocative)
gel (accusative masculine singular)
gil (accusative feminine singular)
gel (accusative neuter singular)
gil (genitive masculine singular)
gile (feminine genitive singular)
gil (genitive neuter singular)
giul (dative masculine singular)
gil (dative feminine singular)
giul (dative neuter singular)
gil (masculine nominative plural)
gela (feminine neuter nominative plural)
gilu (masculine plural vocative)
gela (masculine plural vocative)
gela (feminine neuter plural vocative)
gilu (accusative masculine plural)
gela (accusative masculine plural)
gela (accusative feminine neuter plural)
gel (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
gelaib (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
gel (mutation mutation-radical)
gel (mutation mutation-nasal)
ngel (mutation)

Irish: geal

Manx: gial

Scottish Gaelic: geal

From Proto-Celtic *gelos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₂- (“to shine”).


da

da (mutation mutation-radical)
da (mutation mutation-nasal)
nda (mutation)


mos

head

mos (preverbal; followed by the dependent form of the verb)

mos (mutation mutation-radical)
also mmos after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
mos (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Proto-Celtic *moxs, from Proto-Indo-European *moḱs, whence also Sanskrit मक्षू (makṣū, “fast; early”), Avestan 𐬨𐬊𐬱𐬎 (mošu, “soon, quickly”), Latin mox (“soon”). Doublet of moch.

Fo·mentar mo rígtin-se; mos riccub-sa.

May you take heed of my arrival; I shall arrive soon.


biu

·biu (canonical)
biu (mutation mutation-radical)
biu (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbiu (mutation)

first-person singular future absolute of benaid

first-person singular future conjunct of benaid


duit

duit (mutation mutation-radical)
duit (mutation mutation-nasal)
nduit (mutation)

second-person singular of do: to/for you sg


dom

Irish: dom, domh

Manx: dou

Scottish Gaelic: dhomh, domh

Univerbation of do (“to, for”) + mé (“me”)


dom

Univerbation of do (“to, for”) + mo (“my”)


dom

dom (nominative singular)
dom (dual nominative)
domae (nominative plural)
dom (singular vocative)
dom (dual vocative)
domu (plural vocative)
dom (accusative singular)
dom (accusative dual)
domu (accusative plural)
domo (genitive singular)
doma (genitive singular)
domo (dual genitive)
doma (dual genitive)
domae (genitive plural)
doim (dative singular)
domaib (dative dual)
domaib (dative plural)

Scottish Gaelic: domh

From Proto-Indo-European *dṓm, from the root *dem- (“to build”).


rigid

·reig (conjunct)
·raig (conjunct)
rigid (absolute indicative present singular third-person)
regair (absolute indicative passive present singular)
·reig (conjunct indicative present singular third-person)
·raig (conjunct indicative present singular third-person)
riges (indicative present relative singular third-person)
reraig (absolute imperfect indicative preterite singular third-person)
ririss (absolute future perfect singular third-person)
·riastar (absolute conjunct present singular subjunctive third-person)
rige (absolute first-person imperative noun-from-verb singular)
rechtae (absolute first-person imperative participle past singular)

Middle Irish: rigid

Irish: righ (“to stretch”)

From Proto-Celtic *regeti (“to extend, stretch, straighten”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, stretch, rule”).

der

[ˈr͈ʲiɣʲiðʲ]

rechti .i. ro·recht ho methi ⁊ inmairi

distended, i.e. it has been distended by fat and obesity.


rigid

Middle Irish: rigid

From Proto-Celtic *rigeti (“bind”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hreyǵ- (“to bind, reach”).

[ˈr͈ʲiɣʲiðʲ]

Rí, cid ara n-eperr? Arindí riges cumachtu(i) chun[d]rig fora túatha(i).
The king, why do they call him that? Because he wields [exerts, MacNeill] the power of control [correction, MacNeill] over his people [in a túath].

c. 700, Críth Gablach, published in Críth Gablach (1941, Dublin: Stationery Office), edited by Daniel Anthony Binchy, §30

Reraig Herind ardrí Molt[...]

c. 800-840, Orthanach, A Chóicid chóem Chairpri chrúaid from the Book of Leinster, LL line 6094

The High King [Ailill] Molt ruled over Ireland...


cuci

Hóre is cuci rigmi, is ferr dún placere illi.

Since it is to him we will go, it is better for us to please him.

third-person singular masculine accusative of co (“to, until”)


guide

head

guide f (genitive guide, nominative plural guidi)

guide (genitive)
guidi (nominative plural)
guide (nominative singular)
guidi (dual nominative)
guidi (nominative plural)
guide (singular vocative)
guidi (dual vocative)
guidi (plural vocative)
guidi (accusative singular)
guidi (accusative dual)
guidi (accusative plural)
guide (genitive singular)
guide (dual genitive)
guide (genitive plural)
guidi (dative singular)
guidib (dative dual)
guidib (dative plural)
guide (mutation mutation-radical)
guide (mutation mutation-nasal)
nguide (mutation)

Irish: guí

Manx: gwee (“curse, imprecation”)

Scottish Gaelic: guidhe

From Proto-Celtic *gʷedyā, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰedʰ-yeh₂.

ci a{s}⟨r⟩id·roga⟨r⟩t dímsa do guidi-siu, a Dǽ

although he has forbidden me to pray to you, O God


demon

demon m (genitive demuin, nominative plural demna)

demuin (genitive)
demna (nominative plural)
demon (masculine nominative singular stem)
demun (masculine nominative singular stem)
demon (dual masculine nominative stem)
demun (dual masculine nominative stem)
demna (masculine nominative plural stem)
demuin (masculine singular stem vocative)
demon (dual masculine stem vocative)
demun (dual masculine stem vocative)
demnu (masculine plural stem vocative)
demon (accusative masculine singular stem)
demun (accusative masculine singular stem)
demon (accusative dual masculine stem)
demun (accusative dual masculine stem)
demnai (accusative masculine plural stem)
demuin (genitive masculine singular stem)
demon (dual genitive masculine stem)
demun (dual genitive masculine stem)
demon (genitive masculine plural stem)
demun (genitive masculine plural stem)
demne (genitive masculine plural stem)
demon (dative masculine singular stem)
demun (dative masculine singular stem)
demnaib (dative dual masculine stem)
demnib (dative dual masculine stem)
demnaib (dative masculine plural stem)
demnib (dative masculine plural stem)
demon (mutation mutation-radical)
demon (mutation mutation-nasal)
ndemon (mutation)

Irish: deamhan

Scottish Gaelic: deamhan

From Latin daemōn, from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn), though the plural seems to be from daemonia, the plural of the diminutive daemonium.

arna dich cách assa dligud i n-adaltras tri láthar demuin et tri bar nebcongabthetit-si

lest everyone go out of his duty into adultery through the Devil’s machination and through your incontinence


ló

ló (mutation mutation-radical)
also lló after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
ló (mutation mutation-nasal)


tee

teë (canonical)
teë (mutation mutation-radical)
theë (mutation mutation-nasal)
teë (mutation)


com-

con- (pretonic)
ɔ (abbreviation)
com- (mutation mutation-radical)
chom- (mutation mutation-nasal)
com- (mutation)

Irish: comh-

Manx: co-

Scottish Gaelic: co-

as·ren (“pays off”) + com- → as·comren (“has paid off”)

fris·ort (“he/she offended”) + com- → fris·comart (“he/she has offended”) (forms of fris·oirc (“to offend”))

augment used instead of ro- in compounds of orcaid and a few other verbs


anus

·anus (canonical)
·anus (mutation mutation-radical)
·n-anus (mutation)

first-person singular future/present subjunctive conjunct of aingid

first-person singular preterite conjunct of anaid


llegar

Alternative spelling of legar when unlenited


liter

liter (nominative singular)
litir (dual nominative)
litre (nominative plural)
litrae (nominative plural)
litri (nominative plural)
liter (singular vocative)
litir (dual vocative)
litre (plural vocative)
litrae (plural vocative)
litri (plural vocative)
litir (accusative singular)
litir (accusative dual)
litre (accusative plural)
litrae (accusative plural)
litri (accusative plural)
litre (genitive singular)
litrae (genitive singular)
liter (dual genitive)
liter (genitive plural)
litir (dative singular)
litrib (dative dual)
litrib (dative plural)
liter (mutation mutation-radical)
also lliter after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
liter (mutation mutation-nasal)

Irish: litir

Manx: lettyr

Scottish Gaelic: litir

(in the plural) act of writing, (Christianity) written law


tech

tech n (genitive tige or taige, nominative plural tige or taige)

tige (genitive)
taige (genitive)
tige (nominative plural)
taige (nominative plural)
tech (neuter nominative singular)
teg (neuter nominative singular)
tech (dual neuter nominative)
teg (dual neuter nominative)
tige (neuter nominative plural)
taige (neuter nominative plural)
tech (neuter singular vocative)
teg (neuter singular vocative)
tech (dual neuter vocative)
teg (dual neuter vocative)
tige (neuter plural vocative)
taige (neuter plural vocative)
tech (accusative neuter singular)
teg (accusative neuter singular)
tech (accusative dual neuter)
teg (accusative dual neuter)
tige (accusative neuter plural)
taige (accusative neuter plural)
tige (genitive neuter singular)
taige (genitive neuter singular)
tige (dual genitive neuter)
taige (dual genitive neuter)
tige (genitive neuter plural)
taige (genitive neuter plural)
tig (dative neuter singular)
taig (dative neuter singular)
tigib (dative dual neuter)
tigib (dative neuter plural)
tech (mutation mutation-radical)
thech (mutation mutation-nasal)
tech (mutation)

Irish: teach

Manx: çhagh, thie

Scottish Gaelic: taigh

⇒ Middle Irish: tech midchuarta

⇒ Middle Irish: tech n-óil

⇒ Middle Irish: tech talman

⇒ Classical Gaelic: teach othuir

From Proto-Celtic *tegos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tégos (“cover, roof”), from *(s)teg- (“to cover”); cognate with Ancient Greek τέγος (tégos).
The -ch is analogical to other nouns and adjectives where final non-palatal -ch alternates with palatal -ig.


an-

Irish: an-

Scottish Gaelic: an-

table
From Proto-Celtic *an-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.


an-

Irish: an-

Scottish Gaelic: an-

table
Uncertain. Maybe related to Welsh en- and Gaulish ande- in proper names Andecarus (literally “very dear”) and Anderoudus (literally “very red”). Considered the same word as an- (“un-”) by DIL (see Further reading).


an-

Irish: an-

Scottish Gaelic: an-

denoting a movement away from some reference point, used to form adverbs of place, for example anúas (“from above”)


for-

From Proto-Celtic *uɸor-. Prefix form of for.


di

dím (first-person singular)
díim (first-person singular)
dímsa (emphatic first-person singular)
díimsa (emphatic first-person singular)
dít (second-person singular)
de (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dé (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
desom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
dí (dative feminine singular third-person)
dín (first-person plural)
dínn (first-person plural)
dínni (emphatic first-person plural)
díb (plural second-person)
díbsi (emphatic plural second-person)
diib (dative plural third-person)
díb (dative plural third-person)
díib (dative plural third-person)
diibsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
díbsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)

Irish: de

Manx: jeh

Scottish Gaelic: de

From Proto-Celtic *dī, from Proto-Indo-European *de; cognate with Latin dē.


aer

head

aer m (genitive aeir, nominative plural aeir)

aeir (genitive)
aeir (nominative plural)
aer (masculine nominative singular stem)
aer (dual masculine nominative stem)
aeir (masculine nominative plural stem)
aeir (masculine singular stem vocative)
aer (dual masculine stem vocative)
aeru (masculine plural stem vocative)
aer (accusative masculine singular stem)
aer (accusative dual masculine stem)
aeru (accusative masculine plural stem)
aeir (genitive masculine singular stem)
aer (dual genitive masculine stem)
aer (genitive masculine plural stem)
aer (dative masculine singular stem)
aeraib (dative dual masculine stem)
aeraib (dative masculine plural stem)
aer (mutation mutation-radical)
n-aer (mutation)

Irish: aer, aidhéar

Manx: aer

Scottish Gaelic: adhar

Borrowed from Latin āēr, from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr).


toga

toga (mutation mutation-radical)
thoga (mutation mutation-nasal)
toga (mutation)

second-person singular imperative of do·goa


bias

bias (mutation mutation-radical)
bias (mutation mutation-nasal)
mbias (mutation)

third-person singular future relative of at·tá

third-person singular future relative of benaid


arse

Univerbation of airi (“for the sake of it; therefore”) + se (“this”)

univ

Ní nád ṁbed arse di chorp, act atá de.

Not that it might not be therefore of (the) body, but (rather) it is of it