wili

second/third-person singular present indicative of wellen


Arin

Arin (nominative singular)
Arinnā (nominative plural)
Arinna (accusative singular)
Arinne (accusative singular)
Arinnā (accusative plural)
Arinna (genitive singular)
Arinnōno (genitive plural)
Arinnu (dative singular)
Arinnōn (dative plural)
Arinnōm (dative plural)


touwen

touwen (infinitive)
touwu (first-person present singular)
tawita (first-person past singular)
touwis (present second-person singular)
touwist (present second-person singular)
tawitōs (past second-person singular)
touwtōst (past second-person singular)
touwit (present singular third-person)
tawita (past singular third-person)
touwem (first-person plural present)
touwemēs (first-person plural present)
tawitum (first-person past plural)
tawitumēs (first-person past plural)
touwet (plural present second-person)
tawitut (past plural second-person)
touwent (plural present third-person)
tawitun (past plural third-person)
touwe (first-person present singular)
tawiti (first-person past singular)
touwēs (present second-person singular)
touwēst (present second-person singular)
tawitīs (past second-person singular)
tawitīst (past second-person singular)
touwe (present singular third-person)
tawiti (past singular third-person)
touwēm (first-person plural present)
touwēn (first-person plural present)
tawitīm (first-person past plural)
tawitīn (first-person past plural)
tawitīmēs (first-person past plural)
touwēt (plural present second-person)
tawitīt (past plural second-person)
touwēn (plural present third-person)
tawitīn (past plural third-person)
touwi (present singular)
touwet (plural present)
touwenti (present)
gitawit (past)
towan (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *dauwjan, cognate with Old Norse deyja.


gruzzi

→ Italian: gruzzolo


brah

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of brëhhan


skaz

skaz (nominative singular)
skazā (nominative plural)
skaza (nominative plural)
skaz (accusative singular)
skazā (accusative plural)
skaza (accusative plural)
skazes (genitive singular)
skazo (genitive plural)
skaze (dative singular)
skazum (dative plural)
skazu (instrumental singular)
scaz (alternative)

Middle High German: schaz, schatz

German: Schatz (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: Schatz


-unga

German: -ung

Yiddish: ־ונג (-ung)

From Proto-West Germanic *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.

manōn (“to reprove, beg, urge”) + -unga → manunga (“reproof, admonition”)

korōn (“to test, try, temptate”) + -unga → korunga (“temptation”)

-ing, suffix used to form action nouns from verbs


hogen

hogēn (canonical)
hogēn (infinitive)
hogēm (first-person present singular)
hogēn (first-person present singular)
hogēta (first-person past singular)
hogēs (present second-person singular)
hogēst (present second-person singular)
hogētōs (past second-person singular)
hogētōst (past second-person singular)
hogēt (present singular third-person)
hogēta (past singular third-person)
hogēm (first-person plural present)
hogēmēs (first-person plural present)
hogētum (first-person past plural)
hogētumēs (first-person past plural)
hogēt (plural present second-person)
hogētut (past plural second-person)
hogēnt (plural present third-person)
hogētun (past plural third-person)
hoge (first-person present singular)
hogēti (first-person past singular)
hogētīs (past second-person singular)
hogētīst (past second-person singular)
hoge (present singular third-person)
hogēti (past singular third-person)
hogētīm (first-person past plural)
hogētīmēs (first-person past plural)
hogētīt (past plural second-person)
hogēn (plural present third-person)
hogētīn (past plural third-person)
hoge (present singular)
hogēt (plural present)
hogēnti (present)
gihogēt (past)

Middle High German: hogen


danko

first/third-person singular present subjunctive of dankōn

second-person singular present imperative of dankōn


zinna

Middle High German: zinne

German: Zinne

→ Italian: zinna

From Proto-West Germanic *tinnu, of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *tindnō or alternatively from *tindijǭ; both suffixed derivatives of Proto-Germanic *tindaz (“peg, prong, peak”). Cognate with Old English tinn (“rafter, beam”).


ritim

first-person plural preterite subjunctive of rītan


Wodan

Wōdan (canonical masculine)
ᚹᛟᛞᚨᚾ (alternative)
Uuodan (alternative)
Wuotan (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *Wōdanaz. Cognate with Old English Wōden, Lombardic Godan, Old Norse Óðinn.

ᛚᛟᚷᚨᚦᛟᚱᛖ
ᚹᛟᛞᚨᚾ
ᚹᛁᚷᛁᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ
logaþore
wodan
wigiþonar
Sorcerers (?)
Wodan
Battle-Donar (?)

phol ende uuodan / uuorun zi holza.

9th century, Second Merseburg charm, line 5

Phol and Wodan were riding to the woods.

The supreme deity of the Germanic pantheon, coresponding to the Scandinavian god Odin


ellan

ellan (nominative singular)
ellan (nominative plural)
ellan (accusative singular)
ellan (accusative plural)
ellanes (genitive singular)
ellano (genitive plural)
ellane (dative singular)
ellanum (dative plural)
ellanu (instrumental singular)
ellen (alternative)
ellian (alternative)
eillan (alternative)


miskan

Middle High German: mischen

German: mischen

From Proto-West Germanic *miskijan, from Proto-Germanic *miskijaną (“to mix”), from Proto-Indo-European *meyḱ- (“to knead, mix”). Cognate with Old English miscian, *mixian (“to mix”). More at mix.

misken (alternative)
miskian (alternative)
misgen (alternative)


neme

first/third-person singular present subjunctive of nëman


flugis

flugīs (canonical)
flugīst (alternative)

first-person singular preterite subjunctive of fliogan


flugis

first-person singular preterite subjunctive of fliohan


dankos

dankōs (canonical)
dankōst (alternative)

second-person singular present indicative/subjunctive of dankōn


dankota

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of dankōn


engil

desctree

Middle High German: engel
Alemannic German: Ängel, Ängu
Swabian: Engele
Bavarian: Engl
Cimbrian: énghel
German: Engel
→? Yiddish: ענגעל (engel)
Luxembourgish: Engel
→ Latvian: eņģelis

ca. 825,Tatian, Diatessaron translation, Chapter 3,
Quad thō Maria zi themo engile...


zemes

second-person singular present subjunctive of zëman


bizis

second-person singular present indicative of bīȥan


azis

second-person singular preterite subjunctive of ëȥȥan


wanen

wānen (canonical)
wānen (infinitive)
wānu (first-person present singular)
wānita (first-person past singular)
wānis (present second-person singular)
wānist (present second-person singular)
wānitōs (past second-person singular)
wāntōst (past second-person singular)
wānit (present singular third-person)
wānita (past singular third-person)
wānem (first-person plural present)
wānemēs (first-person plural present)
wānitum (first-person past plural)
wānitumēs (first-person past plural)
wānet (plural present second-person)
wānitut (past plural second-person)
wānent (plural present third-person)
wānitun (past plural third-person)
wāne (first-person present singular)
wāniti (first-person past singular)
wānēs (present second-person singular)
wānēst (present second-person singular)
wānitīs (past second-person singular)
wānitīst (past second-person singular)
wāne (present singular third-person)
wāniti (past singular third-person)
wānēm (first-person plural present)
wānēn (first-person plural present)
wānitīm (first-person past plural)
wānitīn (first-person past plural)
wānitīmēs (first-person past plural)
wānēt (plural present second-person)
wānitīt (past plural second-person)
wānēn (plural present third-person)
wānitīn (past plural third-person)
wāni (present singular)
wānet (plural present)
wānenti (present)
giwānit (past)


forst

Middle High German: forst, vorst, (foreht)

German: Forst

→ Swedish: forst-


slunt

slunt (nominative singular)
sluntā (nominative plural)
slunta (nominative plural)
slunt (accusative singular)
sluntā (accusative plural)
slunta (accusative plural)
sluntes (genitive singular)
slunto (genitive plural)
slunte (dative singular)
sluntum (dative plural)
sluntu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: slunt

German: Schlund


inan

Middle High German: in, inen

Alemannic German: in

Cimbrian: in, inn (Sette Comuni)

German: ihn

Hunsrik: ihn

From Proto-Germanic *inǭ, accusative singular masculine of *iz.


-ur

From Proto-Germanic *-az, when stressed.

Suffix variant found on masculine a-stem nouns


nebel

nebula — nebel]

[, Codex Vindobonensis 804, p. 173a; Codex Wirziburgensis Mp. th. 4⁰ 60, p. 104b


flehte

first/third-person singular present subjunctive of flëhtan


flehten

third-person plural present subjunctive of flëhtan


flehtet

second-person plural present indicative/imperative of flëhtan


flehtet

second-person plural present subjunctive of flëhtan


gunt

gunt (nominative singular)
guntā (nominative plural)
gunta (nominative plural)
gunt (accusative singular)
guntā (accusative plural)
gunta (accusative plural)
guntes (genitive singular)
gunto (genitive plural)
gunte (dative singular)
guntum (dative plural)
guntu (instrumental singular)
gund (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *gund, from Proto-Germanic *gundaz.


helfe

first/third-person singular present subjunctive of hëlfan


helfet

second-person plural present indicative/imperative of hëlfan


helfet

second-person plural present subjunctive of hëlfan


hilf

second-person singular present imperative of hëlfan


cunta

Middle High German: kunt

From Proto-Germanic *kuntǭ. Cognate with Old English *cunte (compare English cunt), Middle Dutch conte, and Swedish kunta.


griffi

second-person singular past indicative of grīfan

first/third-person singular past subjunctive of grīfan


bruodher

German: Bruder


atam

ātam (canonical masculine)
ātam (nominative singular)
ātamā (nominative plural)
ātama (nominative plural)
ātam (accusative singular)
ātamā (accusative plural)
ātama (accusative plural)
ātames (genitive singular)
ātamo (genitive plural)
ātame (dative singular)
ātamum (dative plural)
ātamu (instrumental singular)


baris

second-person singular preterite subjunctive of bëran


greif

first/third-person singular past indicative of grīfan


demar

Middle High German: demere

German: Dämmer, Dämmerung

From Proto-West Germanic *þimr, related to *þimstr.


sprehhan

sprëhhan (canonical)
sprëhhan (infinitive)
sprihhu (first-person present singular)
sprihho (first-person present singular)
sprah (first-person past singular)
sprihhis (present second-person singular)
sprihhist (present second-person singular)
sprāhhi (past second-person singular)
sprihhit (present singular third-person)
sprah (past singular third-person)
sprëhhem (first-person plural present)
sprëhhemēs (first-person plural present)
sprāhhum (first-person past plural)
sprāhhumēs (first-person past plural)
sprëhhet (plural present second-person)
sprāhhut (past plural second-person)
sprëhhant (plural present third-person)
sprāhhun (past plural third-person)
sprëhhe (first-person present singular)
sprāhhi (first-person past singular)
sprëhhēs (present second-person singular)
sprëhhēst (present second-person singular)
sprāhhīs (past second-person singular)
sprāhhīst (past second-person singular)
sprëhhe (present singular third-person)
sprāhhi (past singular third-person)
sprëhhēm (first-person plural present)
sprāhhīm (first-person past plural)
sprāhhīmēs (first-person past plural)
sprëhhēt (plural present second-person)
sprāhhīt (past plural second-person)
sprëhhēn (plural present third-person)
sprāhhīn (past plural third-person)
sprih (present singular)
sprëhhet (plural present)
sprëhhanti (present)
gisprohhan (past)
sprëchan (alternative)

Middle High German: sprëchen
Central Franconian: sjprèche
German: sprechen
→ Czech: šprechtit
→ Polish: szprechać
→ Serbo-Croatian: šprȅhati /шпре̏хати
→ Ukrainian: шпрехати (šprexaty)
Hunsrik: spreche
Luxembourgish: spriechen

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *sprekan. Compare Old Saxon sprekan, Old Dutch sprekan, Old English sprecan.


skinko

→ Italian: stinco

From Proto-West Germanic *skinkō, from Proto-Germanic *skinō (“shank, shinbone, tibia”). Cognate with Old High German scinco.


-ari

-āri (canonical)
-ari (alternative)
-eri (alternative)

Middle High German: -ære, -er

Alemannic German: -er

Bavarian: -er

Cimbrian: -ar

German: -er

Luxembourgish: -er

Yiddish: ־ער (-er)

from nouns: buoch (“book”) + -āri → buochāri (“scholar”)

from verbs: hëlfan (“to help”) + -āri → hëlfāri (“helper”)


-ari

German: -er

Baiāri (“Bavarian”)

Romāri (“Roman”)


desero

inflection of dese:
feminine dative singular


namis

second-person singular preterite subjunctive of nëman


ostar

Middle High German: ōster

[…] dat hiltibrant hætti min fater • ih heittu hadubrant •

[…] that Hildibrand was called my father — I am called Hadubrand. Long ago he headed east; he fled Odoaker’s wrath.

forn her ostar gihueit floh her otachres nid


ostar

Middle High German: ōster


ritum

first-person plural preterite indicative of rītan


ritu

first-person singular present indicative of rītan


sinu

strong masculine/neuter instrumental singular of sīn


jamar

jāmar (canonical masculine neuter)
āmar (alternative)

(Middle High German: jāmer, āmer)

(German: Jammer)

From Proto-West Germanic *jāmar, from Proto-Germanic *jēmaraz.


ackar

ackar (nominative singular)
ackrā (nominative plural)
ackra (nominative plural)
ackar (accusative singular)
ackrā (accusative plural)
ackra (accusative plural)
ackres (genitive singular)
ackro (genitive plural)
ackre (dative singular)
ackrum (dative plural)
ackru (instrumental singular)
akkar (alternative)

desctree

Middle High German: acker
Cimbrian: akhar
German: Acker
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Acker
Luxembourgish: Aker
Yiddish: אַקער (aker)

From Proto-West Germanic *akr, from Proto-Germanic *akraz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵros, possibly from *h₂eǵ-.


dinem

strong masculine/neuter/feminine dative plural of dīn


heremo

strong masculine/neuter dative singular of hēr


minem

strong masculine/neuter/feminine dative plural of mīn


flugit

second-person plural preterite subjunctive of fliogan


flugit

second-person plural preterite subjunctive of fliohan


mugan

desc

Middle High German: mugen, mogen, magen, megen, mügen, mögen

Alemannic German: möge

Bavarian: megn

Central Franconian: mugge

Cimbrian: mögan, möng (Luserna)

desctree

German: mögen
→ Central Franconian: müjje

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: meege

Yiddish: מעגן (megn)

From Proto-West Germanic *magan. Cognate with Old English magan, Old Frisian muga, Old Saxon mugan, Old Dutch mugan, Old Norse mega.

(auxiliary) can, be able, must, shall, may


thenken

Middle High German: denken

Alemannic German: tenke

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: dénkhan

Mòcheno: denken

German: denken

Yiddish: דענקען (denken)

From Proto-West Germanic *þankijan, from Proto-Germanic *þankijaną, akin to Old Saxon thenkian, Old Dutch thenken, Old English þencan, Old Norse þekkja, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þagkjan).


stuol

Middle High German: stuol

German: Stuhl

Hunsrik: Stuhl

Luxembourgish: Stull

Vilamovian: śtül

Yiddish: שטול (shtul)

From Proto-West Germanic *stōl, see also Old English stōl and Old Norse stóll.


himil

himila (plural)
himil (nominative singular)
himilā (nominative plural)
himila (nominative plural)
himil (accusative singular)
himilā (accusative plural)
himila (accusative plural)
himiles (genitive singular)
himilo (genitive plural)
himile (dative singular)
himilum (dative plural)
himilu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: himel, hemel
Swabian: Hemmel, Hemml, Himml
Bavarian: Himmi, Himml
Cimbrian: hümmel, hümbl (Luserna)
Central Franconian: Himmel, Hemmel
Hunsrik: Himmel
Luxembourgish: Himmel
Transylvanian Saxon: Hemmel
German: Himmel
Rhine Franconian: Himmel
Pennsylvania German: Himmel
Yiddish: הימל (himl)


erdbibunga

erdbibunga (nominative singular)
erdbibungā (nominative plural)
erdbibunga (accusative singular)
erdbibungā (accusative plural)
erdbibunga (genitive singular)
erdbibungōno (genitive plural)
erdbibungu (dative singular)
erdbibungōm (dative plural)

German: Erdbeben

From Proto-West Germanic *erþubibungu. Cognate with Dutch aardbeving, Old Frisian erthbivinge, and Old English eorþbeofung. Equivalent to erda + bibēn + -unga.


gangan

gangan (infinitive)
gangu (first-person present singular)
gango (first-person present singular)
giang (first-person past singular)
gangis (present second-person singular)
gangist (present second-person singular)
giangi (past second-person singular)
gangit (present singular third-person)
giang (past singular third-person)
gangem (first-person plural present)
gangemēs (first-person plural present)
giangum (first-person past plural)
giangumēs (first-person past plural)
ganget (plural present second-person)
giangut (past plural second-person)
gangant (plural present third-person)
giangun (past plural third-person)
gange (first-person present singular)
giangi (first-person past singular)
gangēs (present second-person singular)
gangēst (present second-person singular)
giangīs (past second-person singular)
giangīst (past second-person singular)
gange (present singular third-person)
giangi (past singular third-person)
gangēm (first-person plural present)
giangīm (first-person past plural)
giangīmēs (first-person past plural)
gangēt (plural present second-person)
giangīt (past plural second-person)
gangēn (plural present third-person)
giangīn (past plural third-person)
gang (present singular)
ganget (plural present)
ganganti (present)
gigangan (past)

Middle High German: gangen

Swabian: ganga

q

suppletive past forms and imperative of <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">john</i>

⇒ Central Franconian: jeng, jejange; jank (suppletive past forms and imperative of john)

suppletive past forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">gehen</i>

⇒ German: ging, gegangen (suppletive past forms of gehen)


gi-

Middle High German: ge-

Alemannic German: g- or ge- (euphonic)

Bavarian: g-

German: ge-, g-

Luxembourgish: ge-

Vilamovian: gy-

Yiddish: גע־ (ge-)

From Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm.

ga- (alternative)
ki- (alternative)
ka- (alternative)

Forms perfective verbs from other verbs with a sense of completeness, or simply as an intensifier.


ouh

desctree

Middle High German: ouch
Alemannic German: au
Cimbrian: òch
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: aach
Luxembourgish: och
German: auch
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: aa
Yiddish: אויך (oykh)

From Proto-West Germanic *auk, from Proto-Germanic *auk.


losen

lōsen (infinitive)
lōsu (first-person present singular)
lōsta (first-person past singular)
lōsis (present second-person singular)
lōsist (present second-person singular)
lōstōs (past second-person singular)
lōstōst (past second-person singular)
lōsit (present singular third-person)
lōsta (past singular third-person)
lōsem (first-person plural present)
lōsemēs (first-person plural present)
lōstum (first-person past plural)
lōstumēs (first-person past plural)
lōset (plural present second-person)
lōstut (past plural second-person)
lōsent (plural present third-person)
lōstun (past plural third-person)
lōse (first-person present singular)
lōsti (first-person past singular)
lōsēs (present second-person singular)
lōsēst (present second-person singular)
lōstīs (past second-person singular)
lōstīst (past second-person singular)
lōse (present singular third-person)
lōsti (past singular third-person)
lōsēm (first-person plural present)
lōsēn (first-person plural present)
lōstīm (first-person past plural)
lōstīn (first-person past plural)
lōstīmēs (first-person past plural)
lōsēt (plural present second-person)
lōstīt (past plural second-person)
lōsēn (plural present third-person)
lōstīn (past plural third-person)
lōsi (present singular)
lōset (plural present)
lōsenti (present)
gilōst (past)
lossan (alternative)

Middle High German: losen

German: lösen

Luxembourgish: léisen

Yiddish: לייזן (leyzn)


pist

alternative form of bist, second-person singular present indicative of wesan


chunni

Greek-style (Christianised) spelling of the /k/ sound used instead of the Germanic spelling with ⟨k⟩. Compare Middle Dutch Kerst, Danish, Faroese, and Swedish Kristus, versus Dutch Christus, English Christ, and German Christus (which was Krist in Middle High German), for a parallel.


loh

lōh (canonical masculine)
lōh (nominative singular)
lōhā (nominative plural)
lōha (nominative plural)
lōh (accusative singular)
lōhā (accusative plural)
lōha (accusative plural)
lōhes (genitive singular)
lōho (genitive plural)
lōhe (dative singular)
lōhum (dative plural)
lōhu (instrumental singular)
lō (alternative)

Middle High German: lōh, lōch, lō

German: Loh, Lah, Lage (mostly in place names)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *lauh, from Proto-Germanic *lauhaz.


loh

loh (nominative singular)
loh (nominative plural)
loh (accusative singular)
loh (accusative plural)
lohes (genitive singular)
loho (genitive plural)
lohe (dative singular)
lohum (dative plural)
lohu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: loch

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: loch, lòch (Sette Comuni)

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Loch

Luxembourgish: Lach

East Central German:

Upper Saxon German:

Vilamovian: łöch

East Franconian:

desctree

German: Loch
→ Czech: loch
→ Dutch: loch
→ Polish: loch

Rhine Franconian:

Frankfurterisch: Loch

Pennsylvania German: Loch

Yiddish: לאָך (lokh)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *lok, from Proto-Germanic *luką.


darba

darba (nominative singular)
darbā (nominative plural)
darba (accusative singular)
darbā (accusative plural)
darba (genitive singular)
darbōno (genitive plural)
darbu (dative singular)
darbōm (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *þarbu, from Proto-Germanic *þarbō. Cognate with Old Saxon tharf, Old English þearf, Old Norse þǫrf.


giban

giban (nominative singular)
gibanā (nominative plural)
gibana (nominative plural)
giban (accusative singular)
gibanā (accusative plural)
gibana (accusative plural)
gibanes (genitive singular)
gibano (genitive plural)
gibane (dative singular)
gibanum (dative plural)
gibanu (instrumental singular)


skalk

skalk (nominative singular)
skalkā (nominative plural)
skalka (nominative plural)
skalk (accusative singular)
skalkā (accusative plural)
skalka (accusative plural)
skalkes (genitive singular)
skalko (genitive plural)
skalke (dative singular)
skalkum (dative plural)
skalku (instrumental singular)
scalc (alternative)
scalk (alternative)

Middle High German: schalc

German: Schalk

Luxembourgish: Schallek

→ Italian: scalco (from Lombardic)

From Proto-West Germanic *skalk, from Proto-Germanic *skalkaz.


wamba

wamba (nominative singular)
wambā (nominative plural)
wamba (accusative singular)
wambā (accusative plural)
wamba (genitive singular)
wambōno (genitive plural)
wambu (dative singular)
wambōm (dative plural)

Middle High German: wambe, wampe, wamme

German: Wamme, Wampe

→ Saterland Frisian: Wampe

Bavarian: Wampn


ahsa

Middle High German: ahse

German: Achse

→ Norwegian Bokmål: akse


skura

skūra (canonical feminine)
skiura (alternative)

Italian: scuro

From Proto-Germanic *skūrō (“shelter, shack”).


skokka

Italian: scocca


lesan

lësan (canonical)
lësan (infinitive)
lisu (first-person present singular)
liso (first-person present singular)
las (first-person past singular)
lisis (present second-person singular)
lisist (present second-person singular)
lāri (past second-person singular)
lisit (present singular third-person)
las (past singular third-person)
lësem (first-person plural present)
lësemēs (first-person plural present)
lārum (first-person past plural)
lārumēs (first-person past plural)
lëset (plural present second-person)
lārut (past plural second-person)
lësant (plural present third-person)
lārun (past plural third-person)
lëse (first-person present singular)
lāri (first-person past singular)
lësēs (present second-person singular)
lësēst (present second-person singular)
lārīs (past second-person singular)
lārīst (past second-person singular)
lëse (present singular third-person)
lāri (past singular third-person)
lësēm (first-person plural present)
lārīm (first-person past plural)
lārīmēs (first-person past plural)
lësēt (plural present second-person)
lārīt (past plural second-person)
lësēn (plural present third-person)
lārīn (past plural third-person)
lis (present singular)
lëset (plural present)
lësanti (present)
gilesan (past)

Middle High German: lësen

Alemannic German: läse, lääse

Bavarian: lesn

Cimbrian: lesan, lèzan (Sette Comuni)

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: lese

German: lesen

Luxembourgish: liesen

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: lese

Vilamovian: łaoza

From Proto-West Germanic *lesan, from Proto-Germanic *lesaną (“to collect”). The sense “to read”, found throughout North and West Germanic except English, is a semantic loan from Latin legō.


selah

selah (nominative singular)
selahā (nominative plural)
selaha (nominative plural)
selah (accusative singular)
selahā (accusative plural)
selaha (accusative plural)
selahes (genitive singular)
selaho (genitive plural)
selahe (dative singular)
selahum (dative plural)
selahu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: sëleh

German: Seel (obsolete)

⇒ German: Seelhund ⇒ Seehund


gurt

gurt (nominative singular)
gurtā (nominative plural)
gurta (nominative plural)
gurt (accusative singular)
gurtā (accusative plural)
gurta (accusative plural)
gurtes (genitive singular)
gurto (genitive plural)
gurte (dative singular)
gurtum (dative plural)
gurtu (instrumental singular)


wize

strong masculine nominative/accusative plural of wīz


rouba

rouba (nominative singular)
roubā (nominative plural)
rouba (accusative singular)
roubā (accusative plural)
rouba (genitive singular)
roubōno (genitive plural)
roubu (dative singular)
roubōm (dative plural)
rauba (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *raubu, from Proto-Germanic *raubō. Cognate with Old English rēaf n, Old Norse rauf f (“war-bounty”).


afur

From Proto-Germanic *afar, *abar, *abur (“after, following”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epér, from *h₂epó (“away, from”). Akin to Old English eafora (“offspring, successor, descendant”), Old High German after (“after, behind”), Old English æfter (“after, following”). More at after.

cog

afur (alternative)
avar (alternative)
avar (alternative)


bizet

second-person plural present indicative/imperative of bīȥan


bizet

second-person plural present subjunctive of bīȥan


trinkan

trinkan (infinitive)
trinku (first-person present singular)
trinko (first-person present singular)
trank (first-person past singular)
trinkis (present second-person singular)
trinkist (present second-person singular)
trunki (past second-person singular)
trinkit (present singular third-person)
trank (past singular third-person)
trinkem (first-person plural present)
trinkemēs (first-person plural present)
trunkum (first-person past plural)
trunkumēs (first-person past plural)
trinket (plural present second-person)
trunkut (past plural second-person)
trinkant (plural present third-person)
trunkun (past plural third-person)
trinke (first-person present singular)
trunki (first-person past singular)
trinkēs (present second-person singular)
trinkēst (present second-person singular)
trunkīs (past second-person singular)
trunkīst (past second-person singular)
trinke (present singular third-person)
trunki (past singular third-person)
trinkēm (first-person plural present)
trunkīm (first-person past plural)
trunkīmēs (first-person past plural)
trinkēt (plural present second-person)
trunkīt (past plural second-person)
trinkēn (plural present third-person)
trunkīn (past plural third-person)
trink (present singular)
trinket (plural present)
trinkanti (present)
gitrunkan (past)

desctree

Middle High German: trinken
Alemannic German: trinke
Italian Walser: trenhu, trénge, tringhien, trinche
Bavarian: trinkn, dringa
Cimbrian: trinkhan, trinkan (Tredici Comuni)
Mòcheno: trinken
Udinese: trinkn, trinkhn, trinckn
Central Franconian: drenke, dronke, drönke (Eifel), drinke (Kölsch), drinke
Hunsrik: drinke
German: trinken
Luxembourgish: drénken
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: drinke
Vilamovian: trynkja
Yiddish: טרינקען (trinken)
→ Middle French: trinquer
French: trinquer
→ Galician: trincar
→ Italian: trincare
→ Sicilian: ntrincari
→ Spanish: trincar
→ Venetan: trincar, trincàr

From Proto-West Germanic *drinkan. Akin to Old Saxon drinkan, Old English drincan, Old Norse drekka.


lebara

Middle High German: lebere, leber

German: Leber

From Proto-West Germanic *libru, related to Middle Low German levere, lēver, Old English lifer, Old Norse lifr.


friosan

friosan (infinitive)
friusu (first-person present singular)
friuso (first-person present singular)
frōs (first-person past singular)
friusis (present second-person singular)
friusist (present second-person singular)
fruri (past second-person singular)
friusit (present singular third-person)
frōs (past singular third-person)
friosem (first-person plural present)
friosemēs (first-person plural present)
frurum (first-person past plural)
frurumēs (first-person past plural)
frioset (plural present second-person)
frurut (past plural second-person)
friosant (plural present third-person)
frurun (past plural third-person)
friose (first-person present singular)
fruri (first-person past singular)
friosēs (present second-person singular)
friosēst (present second-person singular)
frurīs (past second-person singular)
frurīst (past second-person singular)
friose (present singular third-person)
fruri (past singular third-person)
friosēm (first-person plural present)
frurīm (first-person past plural)
frurīmēs (first-person past plural)
friosēt (plural present second-person)
frurīt (past plural second-person)
friosēn (plural present third-person)
frurīn (past plural third-person)
frius (present singular)
frioset (plural present)
friosanti (present)
gifroran (past)

Middle High German: vriesen, vrieren

Bavarian: frian

Cimbrian: vriizan, briizan (Mezzaselva)

desc

Central Franconian: freese, früüse, friere

Luxembourgish: fréieren

German: frieren

Yiddish: פֿרירן (frirn)

From Proto-West Germanic *freusan, from Proto-Germanic *freusaną, whence also Old Saxon friosan, Old English frēosan, Old Norse frjósa. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *prews-.


sterban

sterban strong class III (canonical)
sterban (infinitive)
stirbu (first-person present singular)
stirbo (first-person present singular)
starb (first-person past singular)
stirbis (present second-person singular)
stirbist (present second-person singular)
sturbi (past second-person singular)
stirbit (present singular third-person)
starb (past singular third-person)
sterbem (first-person plural present)
sterbemēs (first-person plural present)
sturbum (first-person past plural)
sturbumēs (first-person past plural)
sterbet (plural present second-person)
sturbut (past plural second-person)
sterbant (plural present third-person)
sturbun (past plural third-person)
sterbe (first-person present singular)
sturbi (first-person past singular)
sterbēs (present second-person singular)
sterbēst (present second-person singular)
sturbīs (past second-person singular)
sturbīst (past second-person singular)
sterbe (present singular third-person)
sturbi (past singular third-person)
sterbēm (first-person plural present)
sturbīm (first-person past plural)
sturbīmēs (first-person past plural)
sterbēt (plural present second-person)
sturbīt (past plural second-person)
sterbēn (plural present third-person)
sturbīn (past plural third-person)
stirb (present singular)
sterbet (plural present)
sterbanti (present)
gistorban (past)

Middle High German: sterben

Alemannic German: steerbe, sterbe

Bavarian: sterbn

German: sterben

Hunsrik: sterrve

Luxembourgish: stierwen

Yiddish: שטאַרבן (shtarbn)

From Proto-Germanic *sterbaną, itself either from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terp- (“to lose force; lose sensibility, become numb; be dead, be motionless”) or from *sterbʰ- (“to be stiff, become stiff”). Cognate with Old Saxon stervan, Old English steorfan, Dutch sterven, Old Frisian sterva.


ouga

ouga (nominative singular)
ougun (nominative plural)
ouga (accusative singular)
ougun (accusative plural)
ougen (genitive singular)
ougin (genitive singular)
ougōno (genitive plural)
ougen (dative singular)
ougin (dative singular)
ougōm (dative plural)
ougōn (dative plural)
ouca (alternative)
auca (alternative)

Middle High German: ouge

Alemannic German: Aug

Swabian: Aug

Bavarian: Aug

Cimbrian: óoge

Mòcheno: ag

Central Franconian: Ooch, Auch, Au

Hunsrik: Au

Kölsch: Ouch

Luxembourgish: A

East Central German:

Upper Saxon German: Ooche

Vilamovian: aojg

East Franconian:

German: Auge

Rhine Franconian:

Palatine German: Aag

Pennsylvania German: Aag

Yiddish: אויג (oyg)

From Proto-West Germanic *augā, from Proto-Germanic *augô, whence also Old English ēage, Old Saxon/Old Dutch ōga, Old Norse auga, Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 (augō). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”).


sinkan

sinkan (infinitive)
sinku (first-person present singular)
sinko (first-person present singular)
sank (first-person past singular)
sinkis (present second-person singular)
sinkist (present second-person singular)
sunki (past second-person singular)
sinkit (present singular third-person)
sank (past singular third-person)
sinkem (first-person plural present)
sinkemēs (first-person plural present)
sunkum (first-person past plural)
sunkumēs (first-person past plural)
sinket (plural present second-person)
sunkut (past plural second-person)
sinkant (plural present third-person)
sunkun (past plural third-person)
sinke (first-person present singular)
sunki (first-person past singular)
sinkēs (present second-person singular)
sinkēst (present second-person singular)
sunkīs (past second-person singular)
sunkīst (past second-person singular)
sinke (present singular third-person)
sunki (past singular third-person)
sinkēm (first-person plural present)
sunkīm (first-person past plural)
sunkīmēs (first-person past plural)
sinkēt (plural present second-person)
sunkīt (past plural second-person)
sinkēn (plural present third-person)
sunkīn (past plural third-person)
sink (present singular)
sinket (plural present)
sinkanti (present)
gisunkan (past)

Middle High German: sinken

German: sinken

From Proto-West Germanic *sinkwan, akin to Old Saxon sinkan, Old English sincan, Old Norse sökkva, Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌰𐌽 (sigqan).


wurz

Middle High German: wurz

Cimbrian: burtz, buurtza (Sette Comuni)

German: Wurz

Vilamovian: wiyc

⇒ Old High German: giwurz f

Middle High German: *gewürze (attested 15th c.)

German: Gewürz n

→ German Low German: Gewürz

Luxembourgish: Gewierz


murberi

mūrberi (canonical neuter)
mūrber (alternative)
mūrperi (alternative)
mūlber (alternative)
mūlbere (alternative)
mūlperi (alternative)
mōraberi (alternative)
mōrberi (alternative)
mōrper (alternative)
mōrperi (alternative)

desctree

Middle High German: mūlber, mūlbere; mōrber, mōrbere
German: Maulbeere
Hunsrik: Maulbeer

From Proto-West Germanic *mūrubaʀi ~ mōrubaʀi, from Latin mōrus.


mespila

desctree

Middle High German: mispel, mëspel, nëspel, mëstel, mistel
German: Mispel, Mißpel, Mespel, Meßpel (till later 18th century often), Espel, Hespel, Haspel, Nespel, Nispel, Wispel (regional)
→ Old Czech: mišpile, mišpule, nyšpule
Czech: mišpule, older often nyšpule
→ Hungarian: naspolya, formerly by region náspolya, naszpolya, nászpolya, noszpolya. lasponya, lásponya, miszpulya, nespolya
→ Polish: nieszpułka, nieszpułk, nieszpuła, niesplik, myszpuła
→ Slovak: mišpuľa, dialectally nyšpuľa, nešpuľa
→ Lower Sorbian: hušpula, rušpula
→ Upper Sorbian: nyšpula, nyšpla, nyspla, myšpla

desc

→ Serbo-Croatian: nȅšpula, nȅšpola, mešpula, nespula, nespola, nješpula

→ Slovene: nẹ̑šplja

mespil (alternative)
nespila (alternative)
nespil (alternative)
mispila (alternative)


sehan

sëhan (canonical)
sëhan (infinitive)
sihu (first-person present singular)
siho (first-person present singular)
sah (first-person past singular)
sihis (present second-person singular)
sihist (present second-person singular)
sāhi (past second-person singular)
sihit (present singular third-person)
sah (past singular third-person)
sëhem (first-person plural present)
sëhemēs (first-person plural present)
sāhum (first-person past plural)
sāhumēs (first-person past plural)
sëhet (plural present second-person)
sāhut (past plural second-person)
sëhant (plural present third-person)
sāhun (past plural third-person)
sëhe (first-person present singular)
sāhi (first-person past singular)
sëhēs (present second-person singular)
sëhēst (present second-person singular)
sāhīs (past second-person singular)
sāhīst (past second-person singular)
sëhe (present singular third-person)
sāhi (past singular third-person)
sëhēm (first-person plural present)
sāhīm (first-person past plural)
sāhīmēs (first-person past plural)
sëhēt (plural present second-person)
sāhīt (past plural second-person)
sëhēn (plural present third-person)
sāhīn (past plural third-person)
sih (present singular)
sëhet (plural present)
sëhanti (present)
gisëwan (past)
gisëhan (past)

Middle High German: sëhen; sēn (chiefly East Central); sien (West Central)

Bavarian: segn

Central Franconian: sehn, senn, siehn, sinn

Hunsrik: sihn

German: sehen

Mòcheno: sechen

Pennsylvania German: sehne

Vilamovian: zaon

Yiddish: זען (zen)


erchan

German: Erchtag (“Tuesday”) (archaic, Bavarian)

Apparently from Proto-Germanic *erknaz, thus cognate with 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌽𐍃 (airkns, “holy, pure (of faith)”) and Old English eorcnanstan (“precious stone, gem”) (see eorcnan, erce). An archaic Germanic word from the sacral sphere, its original meaning is difficult to reconstruct as it belonged to the pagan religious vocabulary obscured after Christianization.
Pokorny (1959) tentatively groups the word with Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ- (“glittering, white”) (compare Ancient Greek ἀργός (argós), Latin argentum).

der

der erchano sangheri (=egregius psaltes, Isaiah 4:2)

ercna euua (=certa lege Isaiah 2:1)

allero specierum erchenosta (=speciem specialissimam)

Also ih tes mennisken boteh einen toten mennisken heizo, nals nicht erchenen mennisken (Notker trans. Boethius 5http://archive.org/stream/denkmahledesmitt03hattuoft#page/170/mode/2up = Nam uti cadauer hominem mortuum dixeris, simpliciter uero hominem appellare non possis "For though you might call a cadaver 'a dead man', you cannot just simply call it 'a man' [viz. it is not genuinely a man].")

sublime, chief, special, egregious, genuine, true (?)


afterling

afterling (nominative singular)
afterlingā (nominative plural)
afterlinga (nominative plural)
afterling (accusative singular)
afterlingā (accusative plural)
afterlinga (accusative plural)
afterlinges (genitive singular)
afterlingo (genitive plural)
afterlinge (dative singular)
afterlingum (dative plural)
afterlingu (instrumental singular)


truhtin

9th century, Psalm 130 (KJV translation)

Out of the depths have I cried unto thee, O Lord.


thankon

thankōn (canonical)
thankōn (infinitive)
thankōm (first-person present singular)
thankōn (first-person present singular)
thankōta (first-person past singular)
thankōs (present second-person singular)
thankōst (present second-person singular)
thankōtōs (past second-person singular)
thankōtōst (past second-person singular)
thankōt (present singular third-person)
thankōta (past singular third-person)
thankōm (first-person plural present)
thankōmēs (first-person plural present)
thankōtum (first-person past plural)
thankōtumēs (first-person past plural)
thankōt (plural present second-person)
thankōtut (past plural second-person)
thankōnt (plural present third-person)
thankōtun (past plural third-person)
thanko (first-person present singular)
thankōti (first-person past singular)
thankōtīs (past second-person singular)
thanko (present singular third-person)
thankōti (past singular third-person)
thankōtīm (first-person past plural)
thankōtīmēs (first-person past plural)
thankōtīt (past plural second-person)
thankōn (plural present third-person)
thankōtīn (past plural third-person)
thanko (present singular)
thankōt (plural present)
thankōnti (present)
githankōt (past)


faldan

faldan (infinitive)
faldu (first-person present singular)
faldo (first-person present singular)
fiald (first-person past singular)
faldis (present second-person singular)
faldist (present second-person singular)
fialdi (past second-person singular)
faldit (present singular third-person)
fiald (past singular third-person)
faldem (first-person plural present)
faldemēs (first-person plural present)
fialdum (first-person past plural)
fialdumēs (first-person past plural)
faldet (plural present second-person)
fialdut (past plural second-person)
faldant (plural present third-person)
fialdun (past plural third-person)
falde (first-person present singular)
fialdi (first-person past singular)
faldēs (present second-person singular)
faldēst (present second-person singular)
fialdīs (past second-person singular)
fialdīst (past second-person singular)
falde (present singular third-person)
fialdi (past singular third-person)
faldēm (first-person plural present)
fialdīm (first-person past plural)
fialdīmēs (first-person past plural)
faldēt (plural present second-person)
fialdīt (past plural second-person)
faldēn (plural present third-person)
fialdīn (past plural third-person)
fald (present singular)
faldet (plural present)
faldanti (present)
gifaldan (past)
faltan (alternative uncommon)

gl

merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*faldōn</i>

Middle High German: valden, valten (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)

German: falten

Luxembourgish: falen

From Proto-West Germanic *falþan. The verb originally showed Grammatischer Wechsel with Germanic þ (OHG d) in the present and Germanic d (OHG t) in the past forms. However, this variation had already been levelled by Old High German times, yielding faldan alongside rarer faltan, each with normalised paradigms.


anafang

anafang (nominative singular)
anafangi (nominative plural)
anafang (accusative singular)
anafangi (accusative plural)
anafanges (genitive singular)
anafango (genitive plural)
anafange (dative singular)
anafangim (dative plural)
anafangen (dative plural)
anafangu (instrumental singular)
anafanc (alternative)
anefang (alternative)
anavanch (alternative)
anavang (alternative)

Middle High German: anevanc, anvanc

Alemannic German: Afang

Central Franconian: Afank

desctree

German: Anfang, Anf. (abbreviation)
→ Finnish: anfangi
→ Hunsrik: aanfank
→ Silesian: anfang
→ Swedish: anfang

Luxembourgish: Ufank

Rhine Franconian:

Palatine German: Aafang

Pennsylvania German: Aafang

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *anafangi; by surface analysis, ana- + fang.


giwinnan

giwinnan (infinitive)
giwinnu (first-person present singular)
giwinno (first-person present singular)
giwann (first-person past singular)
giwinnis (present second-person singular)
giwinnist (present second-person singular)
giwunni (past second-person singular)
giwinnit (present singular third-person)
giwann (past singular third-person)
giwinnem (first-person plural present)
giwinnemēs (first-person plural present)
giwunnum (first-person past plural)
giwunnumēs (first-person past plural)
giwinnet (plural present second-person)
giwunnut (past plural second-person)
giwinnant (plural present third-person)
giwunnun (past plural third-person)
giwinne (first-person present singular)
giwunni (first-person past singular)
giwinnēs (present second-person singular)
giwinnēst (present second-person singular)
giwunnīs (past second-person singular)
giwunnīst (past second-person singular)
giwinne (present singular third-person)
giwunni (past singular third-person)
giwinnēm (first-person plural present)
giwunnīm (first-person past plural)
giwunnīmēs (first-person past plural)
giwinnēt (plural present second-person)
giwunnīt (past plural second-person)
giwinnēn (plural present third-person)
giwunnīn (past plural third-person)
giwinn (present singular)
giwinnet (plural present)
giwinnanti (present)
giwunnan (past)
giƿinnan (alternative)

Middle High German: gewinnen

Cimbrian: gabènnan

German: gewinnen

From Proto-West Germanic *gawinnan, from Proto-Germanic *gawinnaną; equivalent to gi- + winnan.


kiosan

kiosan (infinitive)
kiusu (first-person present singular)
kiuso (first-person present singular)
kōs (first-person past singular)
kiusis (present second-person singular)
kiusist (present second-person singular)
kuri (past second-person singular)
kiusit (present singular third-person)
kōs (past singular third-person)
kiosem (first-person plural present)
kiosemēs (first-person plural present)
kurum (first-person past plural)
kurumēs (first-person past plural)
kioset (plural present second-person)
kurut (past plural second-person)
kiosant (plural present third-person)
kurun (past plural third-person)
kiose (first-person present singular)
kuri (first-person past singular)
kiosēs (present second-person singular)
kiosēst (present second-person singular)
kurīs (past second-person singular)
kurīst (past second-person singular)
kiose (present singular third-person)
kuri (past singular third-person)
kiosēm (first-person plural present)
kurīm (first-person past plural)
kurīmēs (first-person past plural)
kiosēt (plural present second-person)
kurīt (past plural second-person)
kiosēn (plural present third-person)
kurīn (past plural third-person)
kius (present singular)
kioset (plural present)
kiosanti (present)
gikoran (past)

Middle High German: kiesen

German: kiesen


kunni

kunni (nominative singular)
kunni (nominative plural)
kunni (accusative singular)
kunni (accusative plural)
kunnes (genitive singular)
kunno (genitive plural)
kunne (dative singular)
kunnim (dative plural)
kunnu (instrumental singular)
chunni (alternative)

Middle High German: künne, konne, kunne

German: Künne, Kunne (both obsolete)


wintar

wintar (nominative singular)
wintarā (nominative plural)
wintara (nominative plural)
wintar (accusative singular)
wintarā (accusative plural)
wintara (accusative plural)
wintares (genitive singular)
wintaro (genitive plural)
wintare (dative singular)
wintarum (dative plural)
wintaru (instrumental singular)

desctree

Middle High German: winter, winder
Alemannic German: Winter
Italian Walser: wénter, winter, wenter
Swabian: Wender
Bavarian: Winta
Cimbrian: bintar
Mòcheno: binter
Udinese: binter, bintar
Central Franconian: Wenter, Wengter (Ripuarian, now chiefly western dialects), Wonter, Wönter (Eifel)
Hunsrik: Winter
Luxembourgish: Wanter
German: Winter
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Winter
Vilamovian: wynter
Yiddish: ווינטער (vinter)

From Proto-West Germanic *wintru, from Proto-Germanic *wintruz.


ratan

rātan (canonical)
rātan (infinitive)
rātu (first-person present singular)
rāto (first-person present singular)
riat (first-person past singular)
rātis (present second-person singular)
rātist (present second-person singular)
riati (past second-person singular)
rātit (present singular third-person)
riat (past singular third-person)
rātem (first-person plural present)
rātemēs (first-person plural present)
riatum (first-person past plural)
riatumēs (first-person past plural)
rātet (plural present second-person)
riatut (past plural second-person)
rātant (plural present third-person)
riatun (past plural third-person)
rāte (first-person present singular)
riati (first-person past singular)
rātēs (present second-person singular)
rātēst (present second-person singular)
riatīs (past second-person singular)
riatīst (past second-person singular)
rāte (present singular third-person)
riati (past singular third-person)
rātēm (first-person plural present)
riatīm (first-person past plural)
riatīmēs (first-person past plural)
rātēt (plural present second-person)
riatīt (past plural second-person)
rātēn (plural present third-person)
riatīn (past plural third-person)
rāt (present singular)
rātet (plural present)
rātanti (present)
girātan (past)

Middle High German: rāten

German: raten

From Proto-West Germanic *rādan. Compare Old Saxon rādan, Old English rǣdan.


isarn

īsarn (canonical neuter)
īsarn (nominative singular)
īsarn (nominative plural)
īsarn (accusative singular)
īsarn (accusative plural)
īsarnes (genitive singular)
īsarno (genitive plural)
īsarne (dative singular)
īsarnum (dative plural)
īsarnu (instrumental singular)

desctree

Middle High German: īsern, īser, īsen
Alemannic German: Iise
Vorarlbergerisch: Iisa, Oasa
Bavarian: Eisn
Cimbrian: aizarn
Mòcheno: aisn
Central Franconian: Ieser, Iese, Eise
Hunsrik: Eise
Luxembourgish: Eisen
German: Eisen, Eiser
Vilamovian: ȧjza
Yiddish: אײַזן (ayzn)

From Proto-West Germanic *īsarn, from Proto-Germanic *īsarną.


flehtan

flëhtan (canonical)
flëhtan (infinitive)
flihtu (first-person present singular)
flihto (first-person present singular)
flaht (first-person past singular)
flihtis (present second-person singular)
flihtist (present second-person singular)
fluhti (past second-person singular)
flihtit (present singular third-person)
flaht (past singular third-person)
flëhtem (first-person plural present)
flëhtemēs (first-person plural present)
fluhtum (first-person past plural)
fluhtumēs (first-person past plural)
flëhtet (plural present second-person)
fluhtut (past plural second-person)
flëhtant (plural present third-person)
fluhtun (past plural third-person)
flëhte (first-person present singular)
fluhti (first-person past singular)
flëhtēs (present second-person singular)
flëhtēst (present second-person singular)
fluhtīs (past second-person singular)
fluhtīst (past second-person singular)
flëhte (present singular third-person)
fluhti (past singular third-person)
flëhtēm (first-person plural present)
fluhtīm (first-person past plural)
fluhtīmēs (first-person past plural)
flëhtēt (plural present second-person)
fluhtīt (past plural second-person)
flëhtēn (plural present third-person)
fluhtīn (past plural third-person)
fliht (present singular)
flëhtet (plural present)
flëhtanti (present)
giflohtan (past)

Middle High German: vlëhten

German: flechten


wahsan

wahsan (infinitive)
wahsu (first-person present singular)
wahso (first-person present singular)
wuohs (first-person past singular)
wahsis (present second-person singular)
wahsist (present second-person singular)
wuohsi (past second-person singular)
wahsit (present singular third-person)
wuohs (past singular third-person)
wahsem (first-person plural present)
wahsemēs (first-person plural present)
wuohsum (first-person past plural)
wuohsumēs (first-person past plural)
wahset (plural present second-person)
wuohsut (past plural second-person)
wahsant (plural present third-person)
wuohsun (past plural third-person)
wahse (first-person present singular)
wuohsi (first-person past singular)
wahsēs (present second-person singular)
wahsēst (present second-person singular)
wuohsīs (past second-person singular)
wuohsīst (past second-person singular)
wahse (present singular third-person)
wuohsi (past singular third-person)
wahsēm (first-person plural present)
wuohsīm (first-person past plural)
wuohsīmēs (first-person past plural)
wahsēt (plural present second-person)
wuohsīt (past plural second-person)
wahsēn (plural present third-person)
wuohsīn (past plural third-person)
wahs (present singular)
wahset (plural present)
wahsanti (present)
giwahsan (past)

Middle High German: wahsen
Central Franconian: wahße, wahsse, waße, waaße (alternative spellings), wase (Dutch-based spelling), wohße (some dialects of Moselle Franconian), wohße, wohsse, woße
Hunsrik: wachse
Cimbrian: baksan
German: wachsen
Luxembourgish: wuessen
Yiddish: וואַקסן (vaksn)

From Proto-West Germanic *wahsan, from Proto-Germanic *wahsijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weg-.


-ida

Middle High German: -ede

German: -de (rare, not productive)

Luxembourgish: -t

From Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Cognate with Dutch -te, -de, English -th, Gothic -𐌹𐌸𐌰 (-iþa), -𐌹𐌳𐌰 (-ida).

reinida, hreinida (“cleanness”) from reini, hreini (“clean”)

hertida (“hardness”) from hart (“hard”)

used to form abstract nouns from adjectives


-lih

Middle High German: -lich

German: -lich

Luxembourgish: -lech

Yiddish: ־לעך (-lekh)


-ohti

bartohti (“bearded”) from bart (“beard”)

steinahti (“stony”) from stein (“stone”)


irmin-

desc

>? East Central German: Emmis (Erzgebirgisch)

From Proto-West Germanic *ermun, from Proto-Germanic *ermunaz. Cognate with Old Saxon irmin- and Old Norse jǫrmun-.

ermin- (alternative)
ermen- (alternative)

a prefix denoting a sense of greatness, whole, strong


hranca

Middle High German: ranke

German: Ranke

From Proto-West Germanic [Term?]. Related to *renken (“to twist”), itself from Proto-West Germanic *wrankijan. Cognate with Dutch rank (“tendril”).


wafan

desctree

Middle High German: wāfen, wapen
Alemannic German: Waaffe
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Waff
Luxembourgish: Waff
German: Waffe
→ German Low German: Waffe
Yiddish: וואָפֿן (vofn)

From Proto-West Germanic *wāpn, from Proto-Germanic *wēpną, whence also Old Dutch and Old Saxon wāpan, Old English wǣpn, Old Norse vápn, Gothic 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽 (wēpn).


grif

second-person singular present imperative of grīfan


tiof

Middle High German: tiuf, tief

Alemannic German: tüüf

German: tief

Mòcheno: tiaf

Yiddish: טיף (tif)

From Proto-West Germanic *deup. Cognate with Old Saxon diop, Old Dutch diop, diep, Old English dēop, Old Norse djúpr, Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐍃 (diups).


eih

Middle High German: eich

Bavarian: Oach

Cimbrian: aicha

Central Franconian: Ääch, Eech, Eich

Hunsrik: Eich

Luxembourgish: Eech

East Central German:

Upper Saxon German:

Vilamovian: aach

East Franconian:

German: Eiche

Rhine Franconian: Ääch, Eech

Frankfurterisch: Aasch [aːʃ]

From Proto-West Germanic *aik, from Proto-Germanic *aiks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“oak”). Cognate with Old Saxon ēk, Old English āc, Old Frisian ēk, and Old Norse eik.


nagal

nagal (nominative singular)
nagalā (nominative plural)
nagala (nominative plural)
nagal (accusative singular)
nagalā (accusative plural)
nagala (accusative plural)
nagales (genitive singular)
nagalo (genitive plural)
nagale (dative singular)
nagalum (dative plural)
nagalu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: nagel, nail, nāl, negel, neil
Bavarian: Någl
Cimbrian: naaghel
Mòcheno: nagel
Central Franconian: Nohl, Nähl, Näl, Nääl, Nahl, Nagel
Hunsrik: Naaghel
Luxembourgish: Nol
German: Nagel
→ Russian: нагель (nagelʹ)
→ French: nagelle
Alemannic German: Nagel
Yiddish: נאָגל (nogl), נאגיל (nogil) (Middle Yiddish, attested in Shemot Devarim)

From Proto-West Germanic *nagl, whence also Old English næġl, Old Norse nagl.

A nail, pin (metal spike used for fastening) [from 8th c.]


nabager

Middle High German: nabeger, nebeger

German: Näber

Vilamovian: nȧgwer

From Proto-West Germanic *nabugaiʀ.
Cognate with Old Saxon navugēr, Old English nafugār (English auger), Old Norse nafarr.


kiol

kiol (nominative singular)
kiolā (nominative plural)
kiola (nominative plural)
kiol (accusative singular)
kiolā (accusative plural)
kiola (accusative plural)
kioles (genitive singular)
kiolo (genitive plural)
kiole (dative singular)
kiolum (dative plural)
kiolu (instrumental singular)
kil (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *keul, from Proto-Germanic *keulaz.


mahhon

mahhōn (canonical)
mahhōn (infinitive)
mahhōm (first-person present singular)
mahhōn (first-person present singular)
mahhōta (first-person past singular)
mahhōs (present second-person singular)
mahhōst (present second-person singular)
mahhōtōs (past second-person singular)
mahhōtōst (past second-person singular)
mahhōt (present singular third-person)
mahhōta (past singular third-person)
mahhōm (first-person plural present)
mahhōmēs (first-person plural present)
mahhōtum (first-person past plural)
mahhōtumēs (first-person past plural)
mahhōt (plural present second-person)
mahhōtut (past plural second-person)
mahhōnt (plural present third-person)
mahhōtun (past plural third-person)
mahho (first-person present singular)
mahhōti (first-person past singular)
mahhōtīs (past second-person singular)
mahho (present singular third-person)
mahhōti (past singular third-person)
mahhōtīm (first-person past plural)
mahhōtīmēs (first-person past plural)
mahhōtīt (past plural second-person)
mahhōn (plural present third-person)
mahhōtīn (past plural third-person)
mahho (present singular)
mahhōt (plural present)
mahhōnti (present)
gimahhōt (past)
machōn (alternative)

Middle High German: machen

Alemannic German: mache

Alsatian: màche (north), màcha (south)

Swabian: macha

Bavarian: macha

Cimbrian: machan

Mòcheno: mòchen

Central Franconian: maache

Hunsrik: mache

Luxembourgish: maachen

East Central German:

Lusatian: machn

Upper Saxon German: machn

Vilamovian: maha

German: machen

Rhine Franconian: mache, machng (?)

Pennsylvania German: mache

Yiddish: מאַכן (makhn)


buohha

q

Middle High German: buoche (possibly conflated with descendant from *bōkō)

Alemannic German: Buech

German: Buche, Büche

Luxembourgish: Bich

Vilamovian: bih́łiḱ

*buohhia (alternative)
buocha (alternative)


wurt

wurt (nominative singular)
wurti (nominative plural)
wurt (accusative singular)
wurti (accusative plural)
wurti (genitive singular)
wurto (genitive plural)
wurti (dative singular)
wurtim (dative plural)
wurten (dative plural)

Middle High German: wurt

From Proto-West Germanic *wurdi, from Proto-Germanic *wurdiz. Cognate with Old English wyrd, Old Norse urðr, yrðr.


nesan

nësan (canonical)
nësan (infinitive)
nisu (first-person present singular)
niso (first-person present singular)
nas (first-person past singular)
nisis (present second-person singular)
nisist (present second-person singular)
nāsi (past second-person singular)
nisit (present singular third-person)
nas (past singular third-person)
nësem (first-person plural present)
nësemēs (first-person plural present)
nāsum (first-person past plural)
nāsumēs (first-person past plural)
nëset (plural present second-person)
nāsut (past plural second-person)
nësant (plural present third-person)
nāsun (past plural third-person)
nëse (first-person present singular)
nāsi (first-person past singular)
nësēs (present second-person singular)
nësēst (present second-person singular)
nāsīs (past second-person singular)
nāsīst (past second-person singular)
nëse (present singular third-person)
nāsi (past singular third-person)
nësēm (first-person plural present)
nāsīm (first-person past plural)
nāsīmēs (first-person past plural)
nësēt (plural present second-person)
nāsīt (past plural second-person)
nësēn (plural present third-person)
nāsīn (past plural third-person)
nis (present singular)
nëset (plural present)
nësanti (present)
ginësan (past)

Middle High German: nësen

to survive, to recover, to heal, to get away, to be saved


stirna

Middle High German: stirne

German: Stirn

Luxembourgish: Stier

Yiddish: שטערן (shtern)


grifu

first-person singular present indicative of grīfan


geist

geista (plural)
geist (nominative singular)
geistā (nominative plural)
geista (nominative plural)
geist (accusative singular)
geistā (accusative plural)
geista (accusative plural)
geistes (genitive singular)
geisto (genitive plural)
geiste (dative singular)
geistum (dative plural)
geistu (instrumental singular)
gheist (alternative)
keist (alternative)

Middle High German: geist

German: Geist

→ English: geist

→ Danish: gejst

→ Swedish: gejst

→ Norwegian Bokmål: geist

Hunsrik: Geest, Geist

Luxembourgish: Geescht

Yiddish: גײַסט (gayst)

From Proto-West Germanic *gaist, from Proto-Germanic *gaistaz.


triogan

triogan (infinitive)
triugu (first-person present singular)
triugo (first-person present singular)
troug (first-person past singular)
triugis (present second-person singular)
triugist (present second-person singular)
trugi (past second-person singular)
triugit (present singular third-person)
troug (past singular third-person)
triogem (first-person plural present)
triogemēs (first-person plural present)
trugum (first-person past plural)
trugumēs (first-person past plural)
trioget (plural present second-person)
trugut (past plural second-person)
triogant (plural present third-person)
trugun (past plural third-person)
trioge (first-person present singular)
trugi (first-person past singular)
triogēs (present second-person singular)
triogēst (present second-person singular)
trugīs (past second-person singular)
trugīst (past second-person singular)
trioge (present singular third-person)
trugi (past singular third-person)
triogēm (first-person plural present)
trugīm (first-person past plural)
trugīmēs (first-person past plural)
triogēt (plural present second-person)
trugīt (past plural second-person)
triogēn (plural present third-person)
trugīn (past plural third-person)
triug (present singular)
trioget (plural present)
trioganti (present)
gitrogan (past)
triugan (alternative)

Middle High German: triegen

German: trügen


skado

skado (nominative singular)
skadon (nominative plural)
skadun (nominative plural)
skadon (accusative singular)
skadun (accusative singular)
skadon (accusative plural)
skadun (accusative plural)
skaden (genitive singular)
skadin (genitive singular)
skadōno (genitive plural)
skaden (dative singular)
skadin (dative singular)
skadōm (dative plural)
skadōn (dative plural)
scado (alternative)

Middle High German: schāde

Central Franconian: Schade

German: Schaden

Hunsrik: Schaade

Luxembourgish: Schued

Yiddish: שאָד (shod)

→ Czech: škoda

desctree

→ Old Polish: szkoda
Polish: szkoda
→ Old East Slavic: шкода (škoda)
Belarusian: шко́да (škóda)
Russian: шко́да (škóda)
Ukrainian: шко́да (škóda)

→ Serbo-Croatian: škȍda, шко̏да

→ Old Slovak: škoda, *čkoda

Pannonian Rusyn: чкода (čkoda)

Slovak: škoda


gibirgi

From gi- + birg + -i. Cognate with Old English gebeorh, Middle High German gebirge.


gibur

gibūr (canonical masculine)
gibūr (nominative singular)
gibūrā (nominative plural)
gibūra (nominative plural)
gibūr (accusative singular)
gibūrā (accusative plural)
gibūra (accusative plural)
gibūres (genitive singular)
gibūro (genitive plural)
gibūre (dative singular)
gibūrum (dative plural)
gibūru (instrumental singular)

From Proto-West Germanic *gabūr. Equivalent to gi- + būr. Compare Old English ġebūr, Old Saxon gibūr.


riten

third-person plural present subjunctive of rītan


sniden

third-person plural present subjunctive of snīdan


scaf

Middle High German: schāf

Alemannic German: Schooff

Swabian: Schoaf

Bavarian: Schåf

Carinthian: Hap

East Central German:

Upper Saxon German: Schåf

German: Schaf
→ Alemannic German: Schaf

Hunsrik: Schof

Luxembourgish: Schof

Rhine Franconian: Schoof

Palatine German: Schoof

Pennsylvania German: Schof

Vilamovian: siöf

Yiddish: שאָף (shof)

From Proto-West Germanic *skāp, whence also Old Saxon scāp and Old English scēap.


waz

waȥ (canonical)
waȥ (nominative)
wes (genitive)
wemu (dative)
wemo (dative)
waȥ (accusative)
wiu (instrumental)
whaz (alternative)
hwaz (alternative)
hwat (alternative)

Middle High German: waȥ, was, wat

desc

Alemannic German: waas, waa, was, wa (unstressed)

Central Franconian: wat

Cimbrian: bas, baz (Luserna)

Hunsrik: was, wat

German: was

Luxembourgish: wat

Yiddish: וואָס (vos)

From Proto-West Germanic *hwat. Cognate with Dutch wat, English what, Danish hvad. More at what.


nigan

nīgan (canonical)
nīgan (infinitive)
nīgu (first-person present singular)
nīgo (first-person present singular)
neig (first-person past singular)
nīgis (present second-person singular)
nīgist (present second-person singular)
nigi (past second-person singular)
nīgit (present singular third-person)
neig (past singular third-person)
nīgem (first-person plural present)
nīgemēs (first-person plural present)
nigum (first-person past plural)
nigumēs (first-person past plural)
nīget (plural present second-person)
nigut (past plural second-person)
nīgant (plural present third-person)
nigun (past plural third-person)
nīge (first-person present singular)
nigi (first-person past singular)
nīgēs (present second-person singular)
nīgēst (present second-person singular)
nigīs (past second-person singular)
nigīst (past second-person singular)
nīge (present singular third-person)
nigi (past singular third-person)
nīgēm (first-person plural present)
nigīm (first-person past plural)
nigīmēs (first-person past plural)
nīgēt (plural present second-person)
nigīt (past plural second-person)
nīgēn (plural present third-person)
nigīn (past plural third-person)
nīg (present singular)
nīget (plural present)
nīganti (present)
ginigan (past)

Middle High German: nîgen

German: neigen

From Proto-West Germanic *hnīgan, from Proto-Germanic *hnīwaną. Cognate with Old Saxon hnīgan, Old Dutch *nīgan, Old English hnīgan.


lobon

lobōn (canonical)
lobōn (infinitive)
lobōm (first-person present singular)
lobōn (first-person present singular)
lobōta (first-person past singular)
lobōs (present second-person singular)
lobōst (present second-person singular)
lobōtōs (past second-person singular)
lobōtōst (past second-person singular)
lobōt (present singular third-person)
lobōta (past singular third-person)
lobōm (first-person plural present)
lobōmēs (first-person plural present)
lobōtum (first-person past plural)
lobōtumēs (first-person past plural)
lobōt (plural present second-person)
lobōtut (past plural second-person)
lobōnt (plural present third-person)
lobōtun (past plural third-person)
lobo (first-person present singular)
lobōti (first-person past singular)
lobōtīs (past second-person singular)
lobo (present singular third-person)
lobōti (past singular third-person)
lobōtīm (first-person past plural)
lobōtīmēs (first-person past plural)
lobōtīt (past plural second-person)
lobōn (plural present third-person)
lobōtīn (past plural third-person)
lobo (present singular)
lobōt (plural present)
lobōnti (present)
gilobōt (past)
lopōn (alternative)

Middle High German: loben

German: loben

Hunsrik: love

Luxembourgish: luewen

Vilamovian: łöwa

Yiddish: לויבן (loybn)

From Proto-West Germanic *lobōn (“to praise”), from Proto-Germanic *lubōną (“to praise”).


teic

Wolfgang Pfeifer
w:Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)

Online Etymology Dictionary
w:Online Etymology Dictionary


kalb

kalb (nominative singular)
kelbir (nominative plural)
kalb (accusative singular)
kelbir (accusative plural)
kalbes (genitive singular)
kelbiro (genitive plural)
kalbe (dative singular)
kelbirum (dative plural)
kelbirom (dative plural)
kalbu (instrumental singular)
kalbo (instrumental singular)
kelbirum (instrumental plural)
kelbirom (instrumental plural)
chalb (alternative)
chalp (alternative)

Middle High German: kalp

Alemannic German: Chalp

Central Franconian: Kallev

Cimbrian: khalp, khalbe (Luserna)

German: Kalb

Luxembourgish: Kallef

Vilamovian: kołp

Yiddish: קאַלב (kalb)


armil

armil (nominative singular)
armilā (nominative plural)
armila (nominative plural)
armil (accusative singular)
armilā (accusative plural)
armila (accusative plural)
armiles (genitive singular)
armilo (genitive plural)
armile (dative singular)
armilum (dative plural)
armilu (instrumental singular)
ermel (alternative)


ahorn

Middle High German: ahorn

German: Ahorn

→ Proto-Slavic: *àvorъ (see there for further descendants)


teig

Middle High German: teic

German: Teig

Hunsrik: Deich

Luxembourgish: Deeg

desc

Rhine Franconian: Dääch, Daag, Dääg, Daaig, Deeg, Deich, Deig

Frankfurterisch: [d̥aːʃ]

Pennsylvania German: Deeg

Yiddish: טייג (teyg)

From Proto-Germanic *daigaz, whence also Old English dāg, Old Norse deig and Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍃 (daigs). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, to mold, to form”).

der

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


tugan

Middle High German: tugen, tugen, tügen

German: taugen

→ Esperanto: taŭgi

Luxembourgish: daachen

Yiddish: טויגן (toygn)

From Proto-Germanic *duganą, whence also Old Saxon dugan, Old English dugan, Old Norse duga and Gothic 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (dugan). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce, to give milk”).


louca

tlb

(Upper German, Alemannic, Bavarian, rare)


atum

ātum (canonical masculine)
ātum (nominative singular)
ātumā (nominative plural)
ātuma (nominative plural)
ātum (accusative singular)
ātumā (accusative plural)
ātuma (accusative plural)
ātumes (genitive singular)
ātumo (genitive plural)
ātume (dative singular)
ātumum (dative plural)
ātumu (instrumental singular)
ātam (alternative)
ātem (alternative)
ātim (alternative)
ādum (alternative)
ādom (alternative)
ādem (alternative)
hātam (alternative)

Middle High German: ātem, ādem, āten

Bavarian: Åtem

Cimbrian: aatom

German: Atem, Odem (influenced by Low German)

Hunsrik: Ochtem

Yiddish: אָטעם (otem)

From Proto-West Germanic *āþm, from Proto-Germanic *ēþmaz.


luttilo

alternative form of luzzilo, inflection of luzzil:

strong feminine nominative/accusative plural


felhan

Middle High German: felhen, velhen

German: befehlen; empfehlen


thionon

thionōn (canonical)
thionōn (infinitive)
thionōm (first-person present singular)
thionōn (first-person present singular)
thionōta (first-person past singular)
thionōs (present second-person singular)
thionōst (present second-person singular)
thionōtōs (past second-person singular)
thionōtōst (past second-person singular)
thionōt (present singular third-person)
thionōta (past singular third-person)
thionōm (first-person plural present)
thionōmēs (first-person plural present)
thionōtum (first-person past plural)
thionōtumēs (first-person past plural)
thionōt (plural present second-person)
thionōtut (past plural second-person)
thionōnt (plural present third-person)
thionōtun (past plural third-person)
thiono (first-person present singular)
thionōti (first-person past singular)
thionōtīs (past second-person singular)
thiono (present singular third-person)
thionōti (past singular third-person)
thionōtīm (first-person past plural)
thionōtīmēs (first-person past plural)
thionōtīt (past plural second-person)
thionōn (plural present third-person)
thionōtīn (past plural third-person)
thiono (present singular)
thionōt (plural present)
thionōnti (present)
githionōt (past)


Ostara

Ôstara (canonical feminine)
Ôstara (nominative singular)
Ôstarûn (nominative plural)
Ôstarûn (accusative singular)
Ôstarûn (accusative plural)
Ôstarûn (genitive singular)
Ôstarôno (genitive plural)
Ôstarûn (dative singular)
Ôstarôm (dative plural)
Ôstarôn (dative plural)

*Ôstra
Reconstruction:Old High German/Ostra

alternative form of *Ôstra (“name of the goddess Easter”)


abar

Middle High German: āber

Alemannic German: aaber, oober, ääber

Cimbrian: aapar

German: aper

Of obscure formation. Likely from an unrecorded verb *ābarēn (“to be uncovered, be bare”) or *ābarōn (“to uncover, lay bare, expose”), from ā- (“from, away, lacking, absent, reversal”) + bar (“bare”); or from a verb *āberan (“to not bear, not carry”). Probably influenced in meaning by Latin aprīcus.

unk

obscure


zeman

zëman (canonical)
zëman (infinitive)
zimu (first-person present singular)
zimo (first-person present singular)
zam (first-person past singular)
zimis (present second-person singular)
zimist (present second-person singular)
zāmi (past second-person singular)
zimit (present singular third-person)
zam (past singular third-person)
zëmem (first-person plural present)
zëmemēs (first-person plural present)
zāmum (first-person past plural)
zāmumēs (first-person past plural)
zëmet (plural present second-person)
zāmut (past plural second-person)
zëmant (plural present third-person)
zāmun (past plural third-person)
zëme (first-person present singular)
zāmi (first-person past singular)
zëmēs (present second-person singular)
zëmēst (present second-person singular)
zāmīs (past second-person singular)
zāmīst (past second-person singular)
zëme (present singular third-person)
zāmi (past singular third-person)
zëmēm (first-person plural present)
zāmīm (first-person past plural)
zāmīmēs (first-person past plural)
zëmēt (plural present second-person)
zāmīt (past plural second-person)
zëmēn (plural present third-person)
zāmīn (past plural third-person)
zim (present singular)
zëmet (plural present)
zëmanti (present)
gizoman (past)
gizëman (alternative)

Middle High German: zëmen; gezëmen

German: ziemen; geziemen; ziemlich


marcgravo

marcgrāvo (canonical masculine)
marcgravo (nominative singular)
marcgravon (nominative plural)
marcgravun (nominative plural)
marcgravon (accusative singular)
marcgravun (accusative singular)
marcgravon (accusative plural)
marcgravun (accusative plural)
marcgraven (genitive singular)
marcgravin (genitive singular)
marcgravōno (genitive plural)
marcgraven (dative singular)
marcgravin (dative singular)
marcgravōm (dative plural)
marcgravōn (dative plural)
markgrāfo (alternative)
markgrāfio (alternative)
marcgrāvio (alternative)
markgrāvio (alternative)

desc

Middle High German: marcgrāve, margrāve, marcgrāf, marcrāve, marcrāf, margrāfe, marcgrāfe

German: Markgraf

From Proto-West Germanic [Term?]; compare Middle Dutch marcgrāve. By surface analysis, marka + grāfo.


untaz

From unz + daz. Compare Old Saxon untat, Old English oþþæt.


mazzaltra

The form of the Proto-Germanic root is difficult to reconstruct. Related to Old English and Old Saxon mapulder.


gimanagfalton

From gi- + manag- + falton. From the same Germanic root as Old Saxon gimanagfaldon, Old English gemanigfealdian, Old Dutch gimanagfalden, Dutch (ver)menigvuldigen.


managfalton

From manag- + falton. From the same Germanic root as Old Saxon managfaldon, Old English gemanigfealdian, Old Dutch gimanagfalden, Dutch (ver)menigvuldigen.


milzi

Middle High German: milze

German: Milz

Hunsrik: Mils

Luxembourgish: Mëlz

Vilamovian: myłc


floh

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of fliohan


furz

furz (nominative singular)
furzi (nominative plural)
furz (accusative singular)
furzi (accusative plural)
furzes (genitive singular)
furzo (genitive plural)
furze (dative singular)
furzim (dative plural)
furzen (dative plural)
furzu (instrumental singular)

desctree

Middle High German: vurz, vurtz, vorz, furz, furtz, forz
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Forz
Ripuarian: Fotz
German: Furz
Yiddish: פֿאָרץ (forts)

From Proto-West Germanic *furtu, from Proto-Germanic *furtuz, from Proto-Indo-European *perd-.


angul

angul (nominative singular)
angulā (nominative plural)
angula (nominative plural)
angul (accusative singular)
angulā (accusative plural)
angula (accusative plural)
angules (genitive singular)
angulo (genitive plural)
angule (dative singular)
angulum (dative plural)
angulu (instrumental singular)

desctree

Middle High German: angel, ange
Central Franconian:
Luxembourgish: Aangel
Hunsrik: Angel
German: Angel

From Proto-Germanic *angulaz and *angulō.


minu

strong masculine/neuter instrumental singular of mīn


Balder

du uuart demo Balderes uuolon sin uuoz birenkit

c. 9th-10th c, Unknown author, Second Merseburg Charm:

and the foot of Balder's foal was sprained


eiganhaft

Middle High German: eigenhaft


sami-

From Proto-Germanic *sēmi-, from Proto-Indo-European *sēmi-, from *sem- (“one”). Cognate with Old English sām-, Old Saxon sām-, Latin sēmi-, Ancient Greek ἡμι- (hēmi-).


melm

Middle High German: mëlm

Italian: melma


marah

Italian: Maremma (via Lombardic)


fluhti

second-person singular past indicative of flëhtan

first/third-person singular past subjunctive of flëhtan


heidan

From Proto-Germanic *haiþinaz, probably a specifically Christian use of the base of *haiþī (“uncultivated land”).

heidin (alternative)
heiden (alternative)

ca. 825 ,Tatian, Diatessaron, John xii.20-26

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Uuārun heidane sume fon thēn thie dār stigun thaȥ sie betōtīn in them itmālen tage.


kruska

i

Middle High German: grüsch (perhaps through confluence with grütze)

German: Grüsch n

Luxembourgish: Krësch m

>? Cimbrian: grüssen pl

→ Italian: crusca

Unknown. Perhaps a byform of Old High German *grusko (“bran”), from Proto-Germanic *grutskô, from Proto-Germanic *greutaną (“to grind, crush”); or a similar word derived from Proto-Germanic *kreustaną (“to grind”).

der

*crusca (alternative)
*grusko (alternative)


bize

first/third-person singular present subjunctive of bīȥan


hiutu

Middle High German: hiute

Alemannic German: hüt, hütt, hüüd, hit

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: häut, hòite (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: hait

desc

Central Franconian: höck, hück, heit, hout

German: heute, Heute

Hunsrik: heit

Luxembourgish: haut (probably; irregular vocalism)

A contraction of earlier hiu tagu (“on this day”), from Proto-West Germanic *hiu dagu.

hiu tagu (alternative)
hiuto (alternative)


suohhen

suohhen (infinitive)
suohhu (first-person present singular)
suohta (first-person past singular)
suohhis (present second-person singular)
suohhist (present second-person singular)
suohtōs (past second-person singular)
suohhtōst (past second-person singular)
suohhit (present singular third-person)
suohta (past singular third-person)
suohhem (first-person plural present)
suohhemēs (first-person plural present)
suohtum (first-person past plural)
suohtumēs (first-person past plural)
suohhet (plural present second-person)
suohtut (past plural second-person)
suohhent (plural present third-person)
suohtun (past plural third-person)
suohhe (first-person present singular)
suohti (first-person past singular)
suohhēs (present second-person singular)
suohhēst (present second-person singular)
suohtīs (past second-person singular)
suohtīst (past second-person singular)
suohhe (present singular third-person)
suohti (past singular third-person)
suohhēm (first-person plural present)
suohhēn (first-person plural present)
suohtīm (first-person past plural)
suohtīn (first-person past plural)
suohtīmēs (first-person past plural)
suohhēt (plural present second-person)
suohtīt (past plural second-person)
suohhēn (plural present third-person)
suohtīn (past plural third-person)
suohhi (present singular)
suohhet (plural present)
suohhenti (present)
gisuoht (past)
suochen (alternative)

Middle High German: suochen, süechen

Alemannic German: sueche, süeche (Uri)

Alsatian: süacha

Bavarian: suacha, suachn

Cimbrian: züuchan

Central Franconian: seeche, sieche, suche (Moselle Franconian); söke (Ripuarian, a Low Franconian relict)

Hunsrik: suche

Luxembourgish: sichen

East Central German:

Upper Saxon German:

East Franconian:

German: suchen

Rhine Franconian: suche

Frankfurterisch: [suɣ̥ə]

Yiddish: זוכן (zukhn)

From Proto-West Germanic *sōkijan, from Proto-Germanic *sōkijaną (“to seek”).


snides

snīdēs (canonical)
snīdēst (alternative)

second-person singular present subjunctive of snīdan


weiz

first/third-person singular present indicative of wiȥȥan


swelgen

third-person plural present subjunctive of swëlgan


nimu

first-person singular present indicative of nëman


nemet

second-person plural present indicative/imperative of nëman


nemet

second-person plural present subjunctive of nëman


bizen

third-person plural present subjunctive of bīȥan


pretil

→ Italian: predella

Likely from Proto-Germanic *brezda-, related to Proto-Germanic *burdą.


anaquim

second-person singular imperative of anaquëman


drato

From the same root as drāen (“to turn”); cognate with Dutch dra.


izzit

third-person singular present indicative of ëȥȥan


sturm

Middle High German: sturm

German: Sturm

Yiddish: שטורעם (shturem)

→ Polish: szturm

→ Russian: штурм (šturm)

Luxembourgish: Stuerm

Hunsrik: Storrem

Lombardic: *sturm

→ Italian: stormo


madal

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

alternative form of mahal (in proper nouns)


giuz

second-person singular present imperative of gioȥan


stunta

stunta (nominative singular)
stuntā (nominative plural)
stunta (accusative singular)
stuntā (accusative plural)
stunta (genitive singular)
stuntōno (genitive plural)
stuntu (dative singular)
stuntōm (dative plural)
stunt (alternative)

Middle High German: stunde, stunt

desc

Alemannic German: Schtund, Stund (Alsatian)

Bavarian: Stund

Hunsrik: Stunn

desctree

German: Stunde
→ Kashubian: sztënia
→ Lower Sorbian: štunda
→ Yiddish: שטונדע (shtunde)
→ Latvian: stunda
→ Slovincian: sztënja

Yiddish: שטונד (shtund)

From Proto-West Germanic *stundu, from Proto-Germanic *stundō.


Donar

Donar (nominative singular)
Donarā (nominative plural)
Donara (nominative plural)
Donar (accusative singular)
Donarā (accusative plural)
Donara (accusative plural)
Donares (genitive singular)
Donaro (genitive plural)
Donare (dative singular)
Donarum (dative plural)
Donaru (instrumental singular)

→ German: Donar (learned)

→ Dutch: Donar (learned)

From Proto-Germanic *Þunraz, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂-. Cognate with Old English Þunor, Old Norse Þórr.


flugum

first-person plural preterite indicative of fliogan


flugum

first-person plural preterite indicative of fliohan


fater

fater (nominative singular)
faterā (nominative plural)
fatera (nominative plural)
fater (accusative singular)
faterā (accusative plural)
fatera (accusative plural)
fater (genitive singular)
fateres (genitive singular)
fatero (genitive plural)
fater (dative singular)
fatere (dative singular)
faterum (dative plural)
faterun (dative plural)
fateron (dative plural)
fater (instrumental singular)
fateru (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: vater

Alemannic German: Vatter, Vater, Fatter

Italian Walser: fater, vàtter

Swabian:

Bavarian:

desc

Cimbrian: vatar, vaatar, baatar (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno:

Udinese: votar, voter

Central Franconian: Vader

Hunsrik: Fatter

Transylvanian Saxon: Foater

East Central German: Voater

Vilamovian: foter, fōter

East Franconian:

German: Vater, Vatter

→ Central Franconian: Vatter

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German:

Yiddish: פֿאָטער (foter)

From Proto-West Germanic *fader, from Proto-Germanic *fadēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.


sweran

swëran (canonical)
swëran (infinitive)
swiru (first-person present singular)
swiro (first-person present singular)
swar (first-person past singular)
swiris (present second-person singular)
swirist (present second-person singular)
swāri (past second-person singular)
swirit (present singular third-person)
swar (past singular third-person)
swërem (first-person plural present)
swëremēs (first-person plural present)
swārum (first-person past plural)
swārumēs (first-person past plural)
swëret (plural present second-person)
swārut (past plural second-person)
swërant (plural present third-person)
swārun (past plural third-person)
swëre (first-person present singular)
swāri (first-person past singular)
swërēs (present second-person singular)
swërēst (present second-person singular)
swārīs (past second-person singular)
swārīst (past second-person singular)
swëre (present singular third-person)
swāri (past singular third-person)
swërēm (first-person plural present)
swārīm (first-person past plural)
swārīmēs (first-person past plural)
swërēt (plural present second-person)
swārīt (past plural second-person)
swërēn (plural present third-person)
swārīn (past plural third-person)
swir (present singular)
swëret (plural present)
swëranti (present)
gisworan (past)

Middle High German: swërn

German: schwären


ubargang

ubargang (nominative singular)
ubargangā (nominative plural)
ubarganga (nominative plural)
ubargang (accusative singular)
ubargangā (accusative plural)
ubarganga (accusative plural)
ubarganges (genitive singular)
ubargango (genitive plural)
ubargange (dative singular)
ubargangum (dative plural)
ubargangu (instrumental singular)
ubarkanc (alternative)
uparkanc (alternative)
uperganch (alternative)

Middle High German: überganc

German: Übergang

ubar (“over, opposite of, upon, apart from”) + gang (“step”)


smalz

smalz (plural)
smalz (nominative singular)
smalz (nominative plural)
smalz (accusative singular)
smalz (accusative plural)
smalzes (genitive singular)
smalzo (genitive plural)
smalze (dative singular)
smalzum (dative plural)
smalzu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: smalz

Cimbrian: smaltz

German: Schmalz

Hunsrik: Schmals

Luxembourgish: Schmalz

desctree

Yiddish: שמאַלץ (shmalts)
→ Dutch: schmalz, sjmalts
→ English: schmaltz

→ Ladin: smauz

→ Old Polish: smalec

Polish: smalec, szmalec

→ Belarusian: шма́лец (šmáljec)

→ Old Ruthenian: сма́лецъ (smálecʹ)
Belarusian: сма́лец (smáljec), сма́ляц (smáljac), сма́лець (smáljecʹ)
Ukrainian: сма́лець (smálecʹ)
→ Russian: сма́лец (smálec)

From Proto-West Germanic *smalt (“(molten) fat, lard”), and ablaut derivative of *smeltaną.


kuohho

kuohhil (diminutive)
kuohho (nominative singular)
kuohhon (nominative plural)
kuohhun (nominative plural)
kuohhon (accusative singular)
kuohhun (accusative singular)
kuohhon (accusative plural)
kuohhun (accusative plural)
kuohhen (genitive singular)
kuohhin (genitive singular)
kuohhōno (genitive plural)
kuohhen (dative singular)
kuohhin (dative singular)
kuohhōm (dative plural)
kuohhōn (dative plural)
kuocho (alternative)
chuohho (alternative Alemannic Bavarian Upper-German)
chuocho (alternative Alemannic Bavarian Upper-German)
khuohho (alternative Alemannic Bavarian Upper-German)
khuocho (alternative Alemannic Bavarian Upper-German)

Middle High German: kuoche

Alemannic German: Chueche

Bavarian: Kuacha, Kuachn

Central Franconian:

Eiflerisch: Kooche

Hunsrik: Kughe

Luxembourgish: Kuch

East Central German:

Erzgebirgisch: Kugn

Meißnisch: Kuchn

Osterländisch: Guchn

Vilamovian: kücha

East Franconian:

Lower East Franconian: Kuache, Kuachn

Southern East Franconian: Kuacha

Upper East Franconian: Kuchn, Kougn

desctree

German: Kuchen
→ English: kuchen
→ Esperanto: kuko
Ido: kuko
→ Japanese: クーヘン (kūhen)
→ Kashubian: kùch
→ Portuguese: cuca, cuque
→ Spanish: kuchen

Rhine Franconian: Kuche

Frankfurterisch: [kʰuxə]

Lorraine Franconian: Küeche

→ French: quiche
→ Danish: quiche
→ Dutch: quiche
→ English: quiche
→ Japanese: キッシュ (kisshu)
→ Korean: 키슈 (kisyu)
→ Esperanto: kiŝo
→ German: Quiche
→ Greek: κις (kis)
→ Polish: quiche, kisz
→ Portuguese: quiche
→ Russian: киш (kiš)
→ Spanish: quiche
→ Swedish: quiche
→ Thai: กิช (gìch)

Pennsylvania German: Kuche

Yiddish: קוכן (kukhn)


spahhan

Italian: spaccare

Sicilian: spaccari


stainberga

Italian: stamberga

From Proto-Germanic *stainaz (“stone”) + *burgz (“house”).


klazz(j)an

→ Italian: chiazzare


balko

balko (nominative singular)
balkon (nominative plural)
balkun (nominative plural)
balkon (accusative singular)
balkun (accusative singular)
balkon (accusative plural)
balkun (accusative plural)
balken (genitive singular)
balkin (genitive singular)
balkōno (genitive plural)
balken (dative singular)
balkin (dative singular)
balkōm (dative plural)
balkōn (dative plural)
balcho (alternative)
palcho (alternative)
balco (alternative)

Middle High German: balke
German: Balken
→ Kashubian: balka
→ Slovincian: balka
→ Old Polish: balka, balk
Polish: belka, bałk, belk, bełk, bełka (Middle Polish), balk, balka, bałek, bałka, belek (obsolete)
Silesian: bŏlka, balek, balk, belek, bŏlek

From Proto-West Germanic *balkō (“beam”).


rannja

→ Italian: ranno

→? Sicilian: rannu

From Proto-West Germanic *rannijan (“to cause to run”).


hraffon

hraffōn (canonical)
*raffōn (alternative)

Middle High German: raffen

German: raffen

Luxembourgish: rafen

→ Vulgar Latin: *raffō

Galician: rafar

Italian: arraffare

→ Old French: raffer, rafer

Middle English: *raffen

→ English: raff

From Proto-West Germanic *hrapōn, from Proto-Germanic *hrapōną (“scratch; snatch”).


biroufen

Middle High German: beroufen, beröufen

German: beraufen

From Proto-West Germanic *biraupijan, equivalent to bi- + roufen.


bihroffen

German: beraufen

→ Italian: baruffare


biskizan

German: bescheißen

→ Old Italian bischizzare

Italian: bisticciare


furh

→ Italian: forra

Middle High German: vurch

German: Furche

From Proto-West Germanic *furh, from Proto-Germanic *furhs.


krimmjan

Italian: ghermire


grollo

grollo (nominative singular)
grollon (nominative plural)
grollun (nominative plural)
grollon (accusative singular)
grollun (accusative singular)
grollon (accusative plural)
grollun (accusative plural)
grollen (genitive singular)
grollin (genitive singular)
grollōno (genitive plural)
grollen (dative singular)
grollin (dative singular)
grollōm (dative plural)
grollōn (dative plural)

Middle High German: grolle

German: Groll

→ Italian: grullo (dialectal)

From Proto-West Germanic *grulljō, from *grulljan (“to growl; to anger”) + *-ō.


wankja

→ Vulgar Latin: *guancia

Emilian: zgwanza

Italian: guancia, gargia

Lombard: zguandza, zguanza, zgwand

Neapolitan: gardza (Apulia)

Sicilian: gargia

Romagnol: guankia (Spoleto)

Venetan: zguandza, zguanza, zgwand

From Proto-West Germanic *wangā, from Proto-Germanic *wangô.


strunz

German: Strunz (in surnames)

→ Italian: stronzo

⇒ Italian: stronzolo

→ Sicilian: strunzu

From Proto-West Germanic *strunt. Cognate with Old Frisian strunt (“dirt, filth”).


krimman

Italian: gremire

From Proto-West Germanic *krimman, from Proto-Germanic *krimmaną (“to stuff”).


grimmiza

→ Italian: grinza


krukkja

→ Italian: gruccia


wahten

Middle High German: wachten

German: wachten (dialectal)


lunz

Italian: lonzo


pfeit

Middle High German: pfeit

German: Pfeid, Pfeit

Bavarian: Pfaid, Pfoat

Cimbrian: foat, fòat

⇒ Middle High German: badepfeit

⇒ Middle High German: brustpfeit

⇒ Middle High German: lîppfeit

⇒ Middle High German: krisempfeit

⇒ Middle High German: pfeittuoch


hruf

German: Rufe (dialectal)

→ Italian: roffia

From Proto-Germanic *hreubaz, *hreufaz (“rough, scabby”).


hrousta

→ Italian: rosta


hruzzan

→ Italian: russare


skirmen

Middle High German: schirmen

German: schirmen

→ Esperanto: ŝirmi

→⇒ Czech: šermovat


skirnjan

Italian: schernire

Old Spanish: escarnir

From Proto-Germanic *skarnjan, which could be from *skeraną (“to shear”), or possibly related to *skarną (“dung, filth”).


skerzan

Middle High German: schërzen

Cimbrian: schèrtzan

German: scherzen

→ Italian: scherzare


skranna

Middle High German: schranne

German: Schranne

→ Italian: scranno


skarrjo

→ Italian: sgherro


wahtari

wahtāri (canonical masculine)
wahtāri (nominative singular)
wahtāre (nominative plural)
wahtārā (nominative plural)
wahtāra (nominative plural)
wahtāri (accusative singular)
wahtāre (accusative plural)
wahtārā (accusative plural)
wahtāra (accusative plural)
wahtāres (genitive singular)
wahtāro (genitive plural)
wahtāre (dative singular)
wahtārim (dative plural)
wahtāru (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: wahtære

German: Wächter

Luxembourgish: Wiechter

→ Italian: sguattero

wahta (from Proto-Germanic *wahtwō) + -āri

suf

from Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*wahtwō</i>


stapho

German: Stapf, Stapfe, Stapfen

→ Italian: staffa


stadjan

Italian: staggire


sterz

Middle High German: stërz

Central Franconian: Statz, Stätz, Stääz

Luxembourgish: Stäerz

German: Sterz

→ Italian: sterzo

From Proto-Germanic *stertaz (“tail (of an animal)”).


tahala

desc

Middle High German: tāhele, tāle, talle, tāhel

German: Dahle, Dohle (from dialectal Central German forms)

→ Saterland Frisian: Dole

→ Italian: taccola


tumpf

Italian: tonfo


damph

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Damp

German: Dampf

→ Italian: tanfo


toufen

German: taufen

→ Italian: tuffare

Luxembourgish: deefen


wihsila

German: Weichsel

→ Italian: visciola

From Proto-Germanic *wīhsilō, from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱs- (“mistletoe”). Cognate with Russian ви́шня (víšnja, “sour cherry”), Ancient Greek ἰξός (ixós, “mistletoe, birdline”), and Latin viscum (“birdlime”).


zeina

Middle High German: zeine

Alemannic German: Zeine

German: Zaine, Zeine

→ Italian: zaino

⇒ Lombardic: *zainjā

→ Italian: zana

From Proto-West Germanic *tainijā, from Proto-Germanic *tainijǭ.


zazera

Italian: zazzera

Akin to Old High German zaturra ‘mane’, German Zotte ‘matted hair, tuft’.


zippil

Middle High German: zipf

German: Zipfel

→ Italian: zipolo

From Proto-Germanic *tuppijô, *tuppijǭ, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“top”).


zoph

Middle Low German: zopf

Cimbrian: sòpf

German: Zopf

Hunsrik: Zopp

Luxembourgish: Zapp

Vilamovian: cöp

Yiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)

→ Italian: zuffa

From Proto-West Germanic *topp (“braid, plait, pigtail”).


knohha

Middle High German: knoche

Alemannic German: Chnoche

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Knoche

Kölsch: Knoche

Luxembourgish: Knachen

German: Knochen

→ Emilian: gnôc, gnòc

→ Italian: nocca

→ Venetan: gnoco

→ Italian: gnocco

From Proto-West Germanic *knokō (“bone, joint”).


stucki

desctree

Middle High German: stucke, stück, stuck
Alemannic German: Stuck, Stucke, Stucki, Stück, Stücke, Stücki
Bavarian: Stuck, Stick (latter influenced by diminutive and/or Standard German)
Central Franconian: Stöck, Steck
Luxembourgish: Stéck
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Stigg, Stigge
German: Stück
Yiddish: שטיק (shtik)
→ English: shtick
→ Old Polish: sztuka
Polish: sztuka, śtuka (Near Masovian, Lasovia)
→ Russian: шту́ка (štúka)
Silesian: sztuka

→ Italian: stucco
→ English: stucco
→ Spanish: estuco
→ French: stuc
→ Dutch: stuc
→ Portuguese: estuque
→ German: Stuck

stukki (alternative)
stucchi (alternative)
stuhhi (alternative)


hewispranga

From hewi (“hay”) + *spranga (“jumper”).


hewi

Middle High German: höuwe, houwe, höu

Alemannic German: Heuw

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: höobe

Mòcheno: hei

German: Heu

Hunsrik: Hei

Luxembourgish: Hee

Yiddish: היי (hey)

⇒ Middle High German: höuwet

Bavarian: Heiet

desc

Cimbrian: höbiat (“July”), hubiot (Sette Comuni)

German: Heuet


gibu

first-person singular present indicative of geban


gnagan

Middle High German: nagen

German: nagen


zala

zala (nominative singular)
zalā (nominative plural)
zala (accusative singular)
zalā (accusative plural)
zala (genitive singular)
zalōno (genitive plural)
zalu (dative singular)
zalōm (dative plural)

Middle High German: zāle

German: Zahl, Zale, Zal (dialectal), Zahle (archaic)

Hunsrik: Zaal

Luxembourgish: Zuel

Vilamovian: caoł

Yiddish: צאָל (tsol)

From Proto-West Germanic *talu, from Proto-Germanic *talō.


Ostra

Ôstra (canonical feminine)
Ôstra (nominative singular)
Ôstrûn (nominative plural)
Ôstrûn (accusative singular)
Ôstrûn (accusative plural)
Ôstrûn (genitive singular)
Ôstrôno (genitive plural)
Ôstrûn (dative singular)
Ôstrôm (dative plural)
Ôstrôn (dative plural)
*Ôstara (alternative)
*Ôstora (alternative)
*Aostar (alternative Bavarian)
*Aostr- (alternative Bavarian)

Middle High German: ōstre, ōstere, ōster

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: Oastarn

Mòcheno: Oastern

Central Franconian: Uustere

East Central German: Ustern

German: Ostern

Hunsrik: Oostre

Luxembourgish: Ouschteren


Waltheri

Middle High German:

German: Walther, Walter

→ Latin: Waltharius

From Proto-West Germanic *Waldahari, from Proto-Germanic *Waldaharjaz, from *waldą (“might, power, authority”) + *harjaz (“army leader, commander, warrior”). Cognate to Old Northern French Waltier and Old English Waldhere.
During the Middle Ages, the name may sometimes have been erroneously or punningly linked to wald (“forest”), for example in the Latin epic Waltharius.


helliruna

hellirūna (canonical feminine)
hellirūna (nominative singular)
hellirūnā (nominative plural)
hellirūna (accusative singular)
hellirūnā (accusative plural)
hellirūna (genitive singular)
hellirūnōno (genitive plural)
hellirūnu (dative singular)
hellirūnōm (dative plural)

From hella, hellia (“hell, afterlife”) + rūna (“secret, mystery”), perhaps inherited from Proto-Germanic *haljōrūnō. Occurs as a gloss to Latin necromantia. Related to Old English helrūna (“necromancer, one adept in the mysteries of hell”), hellrūn (“sorceress”), and possibly a Gothic *𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌾𐍉𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (*haljōrūna, “witch”), mentioned and Latinized by Jordanes in his Getica as haliurunnas (“witches”, accusative plural).


thaz

alternative form of daȥ (Upper Franconian)


reba

rëba (canonical feminine)
rëba (nominative singular)
rëbūn (nominative plural)
rëbūn (accusative singular)
rëbūn (accusative plural)
rëbūn (genitive singular)
rëbōno (genitive plural)
rëbūn (dative singular)
rëbōm (dative plural)
rëbōn (dative plural)
rëba (nominative singular)
rëbā (nominative plural)
rëba (accusative singular)
rëbā (accusative plural)
rëba (genitive singular)
rëbōno (genitive plural)
rëbu (dative singular)
rëbōm (dative plural)

desctree

Middle High German: rëbe f or m
German: Rebe
→ Old Czech: réva, rév
Czech: réva


degan

dëgan (canonical masculine)
dëgan (nominative singular)
dëganā (nominative plural)
dëgana (nominative plural)
dëgan (accusative singular)
dëganā (accusative plural)
dëgana (accusative plural)
dëganes (genitive singular)
dëgano (genitive plural)
dëgane (dative singular)
dëganum (dative plural)
dëganu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: dëgen

German: Degen

From Proto-West Germanic *þegn, from Proto-Germanic *þegnaz.

[…] he was to Odoacer greatly hostile / of thanes, to Theodoric the most loyal […]

830s, Hildebrandslied […]her was otachre ummet tirri / degano dechisto unti deotrichhe[…]


Franko

Franko (nominative singular)
Frankon (nominative plural)
Frankun (nominative plural)
Frankon (accusative singular)
Frankun (accusative singular)
Frankon (accusative plural)
Frankun (accusative plural)
Franken (genitive singular)
Frankin (genitive singular)
Frankōno (genitive plural)
Franken (dative singular)
Frankin (dative singular)
Frankōm (dative plural)
Frankōn (dative plural)
Franco (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *frankō, from Proto-Germanic *frankô.


stoffon

stoffōn (canonical)
stoffōn (infinitive)
stoffōm (first-person present singular)
stoffōn (first-person present singular)
stoffōta (first-person past singular)
stoffōs (present second-person singular)
stoffōst (present second-person singular)
stoffōtōs (past second-person singular)
stoffōtōst (past second-person singular)
stoffōt (present singular third-person)
stoffōta (past singular third-person)
stoffōm (first-person plural present)
stoffōmēs (first-person plural present)
stoffōtum (first-person past plural)
stoffōtumēs (first-person past plural)
stoffōt (plural present second-person)
stoffōtut (past plural second-person)
stoffōnt (plural present third-person)
stoffōtun (past plural third-person)
stoffo (first-person present singular)
stoffōti (first-person past singular)
stoffōtīs (past second-person singular)
stoffo (present singular third-person)
stoffōti (past singular third-person)
stoffōtīm (first-person past plural)
stoffōtīmēs (first-person past plural)
stoffōtīt (past plural second-person)
stoffōn (plural present third-person)
stoffōtīn (past plural third-person)
stoffo (present singular)
stoffōt (plural present)
stoffōnti (present)
gistoffōt (past)
stoppōn (alternative)
stophōn (alternative)

Middle High German: stopfen, stophen

German: stopfen

Hunsrik: stoppe

Luxembourgish: stoppen

→ Old French: estoffer, estofer
Middle French: estoffer
French: étoffer
→ Middle Dutch: stoffēren
Dutch: stofferen
→ Middle Low German: staffēren
→ German: staffieren
→ Middle English: stuffen
English: stuff
→ French: stoff
Scots: stuff


Pero

An alternative form of bero (“bear, Cimbrian per”)


fleisk

Middle High German: vleisch, fleis, fleisch, flēsch, vleis, vlēsch
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Floisch
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vlòas, blòas, vlaisch
Central Franconian: Fleesch, Fleisch, Flääsch
Hunsrik: Fleisch
Luxembourgish: Fleesch
German: Fleisch
Rhine Franconian: Flaasch, Flaisch, Fleesch
Pennsylvania German: Fleesch
Vilamovian: fłaś
Yiddish: פֿלייש (fleysh)