ab

German: ab

Norwegian Bokmål: ab


aband

āband (canonical masculine)
āband (nominative singular)
ābandā (nominative plural)
ābanda (nominative plural)
āband (accusative singular)
ābandā (accusative plural)
ābanda (accusative plural)
ābandes (genitive singular)
ābando (genitive plural)
ābande (dative singular)
ābandum (dative plural)
ābandu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: ābent

Alemannic German: Obad, Obid

Swabian: Obad

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: aabend

Central Franconian: Oovend

Hunsrik: Ovend

Kölsch: Ovend

Luxembourgish: Owend

East Central German: Ohmd, Oomd

German: Abend

Rhine Franconian: Owed, Owend

Pennsylvania German: Owed

Vilamovian: ȫwyt

Yiddish: אָוונט (ovnt)

→ North Frisian: Oabend

From Proto-West Germanic *ābanþ, from Proto-Germanic *ēbanþs.


dat

Middle High German: dat

German: dat

Central Franconian: dat, datt

Luxembourgish: dat, datt

From Proto-Germanic *þat, neuter of *sa (“the”). More at that.

that (alternative)
daʒ (alternative)
thaʒ (alternative)


in

Middle High German: in

Bavarian: i

Cimbrian: inn, in (preposition)

Central Franconian: en, ön, on

German: in

Luxembourgish: an

Rhine Franconian: in, en

Pennsylvania German: in

Yiddish: אין (in)

From Proto-West Germanic *in, from Proto-Germanic *in.


wolf

wolfa (plural)
wolf (nominative singular)
wolfā (nominative plural)
wolfa (nominative plural)
wolf (accusative singular)
wolfā (accusative plural)
wolfa (accusative plural)
wolfes (genitive singular)
wolfo (genitive plural)
wolfe (dative singular)
wolfum (dative plural)
wolfu (instrumental singular)

desctree

Middle High German: wolf
Alemannic German: wolf (Italian Walser)
Bavarian: Woif, Wolf
Cimbrian: bolf
Mòcheno: bolf
Udinese: bolf, bölf
German: Wolf
Hunsrik: Wollef
Luxembourgish: Wollef
Pennsylvania German: Wolf
Vilamovian: wūf
Yiddish: וואָלף (volf)

From Proto-West Germanic *wulf, from Proto-Germanic *wulfaz.

(countable) wolf (Canis lupus; the largest wild member of the canine subfamily)


man

man (nominative singular)
mannā (nominative plural)
manna (nominative plural)
man (accusative singular)
mannā (accusative plural)
manna (accusative plural)
mannes (genitive singular)
manno (genitive plural)
manne (dative singular)
mannum (dative plural)
mannu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: man

desc

Alemannic German: ma, mà, Maa, Mann, Mànn, mo, ma'

Swabian: Ma, Mâ, Mô, Mâo, Mâu

Bavarian: mon, mònn, moon, ma'

Cimbrian: man, mann, månn

Mòcheno: mònn

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Mann

East Central German:

Silesian East Central German: Moan

German: Mann, man

Luxembourgish: Mann

Transylvanian Saxon: Mouen, Mäun

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Mann

Yiddish: מאַן (man)

From Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann-.


is

Middle High German: īs

Alemannic German: Iis, Is, Isch

Alsatian: Iis; Eis (northern)

Italian Walser: isch, éisch

Bavarian: ais

Cimbrian: ais

Mòcheno: ais

Central Franconian: Eis, Ies

Hunsrik: Eis

Luxembourgish: Äis

Transylvanian Saxon: Ais

German: Eis

Rhine Franconian:

Frankfurt: [ais]

Pennsylvania German: Eis

Vilamovian: ajs

Yiddish: אײַז (ayz)

From Proto-West Germanic *īs. Compare Old Saxon īs, Old English īs, Old Norse íss.


fart

German: Fahrt

From Proto-West Germanic *fardi, from Proto-Germanic *fardiz, whence also Old English fierd, Old Norse ferð.


most

German: Most


war

Middle High German: wār

Cimbrian: baar

German: wahr

Hunsrik: woher

Luxembourgish: wouer

Yiddish: וואָר (vor)

From Proto-West Germanic *wār, from Proto-Germanic *wēraz, whence also Old English wǣr, Old Norse værr.


bank

Middle High German: banc, bank

Bavarian: Bånk

desctree

German: Bank
→ Danish: bank
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bank

Luxembourgish: Bänk

Pennsylvania German: Bank

→ Old French: banc

French: banc (see there for further descendants)

Norman: banc

→ Middle English: bank, banke

English: bank (see there for further descendants)

→ Galician: banco

→ Spanish: banco (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Italian: banco, banca

Italian: banco, banca (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Italian: banchetto (see there for further descendants)

→ Byzantine Greek: πάγκος (pánkos)

Greek: πάγκος (págkos)

→ Middle French: banque (see there for further descendants)

→ German: Bank (see there for further descendants)

→ Medieval Latin: bancus, banca


mi

(northern) alternative form of mir, dative singular of ih


eo

From Proto-Germanic *aiwaz, whence also Old Norse æ.


stand

From Proto-Germanic *standaz, related to the verb *stāną (“to stand”), whence also Old English stand.


after

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *aftar, from Proto-Germanic *after, whence also Old English æfter, Old Norse aptr. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epóteros (“further behind, further away”), comparative form of *h₂epó (“off, behind”).

inh

after zweim tagon

after antreitu


after

Middle High German: after; *ahter, *achter

German: after; After

Luxembourgish: uechter (“throughout”)


dar

German: da, dar-

Yiddish: דאָ (do)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *þār, from Proto-Germanic *þar, whence also Old English þær, Old Norse þar.


henna

Middle High German: henne

Cimbrian: hénna, henn (Luserna)

German: Henne

From Proto-West Germanic *hannju (“hen”). Compare Old English henn, hænn, also Old Norse hœna. See also huon.


hunt

hunt (nominative singular)
huntā (nominative plural)
hunta (nominative plural)
hunt (accusative singular)
huntā (accusative plural)
hunta (accusative plural)
huntes (genitive singular)
hunto (genitive plural)
hunte (dative singular)
huntum (dative plural)
huntu (instrumental singular)

desctree

Middle High German: hunt
Alemannic German: Hund
Alsatian: Hund
Swabian: Hond
Walser: hun, hund, hunn, hònn
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hunt
Mòcheno: hunt
Udinese: hunt
Central Franconian: Hond, Honk (most dialects of Ripuarian), Hongk (Aachen), Hunk (Kölsch)
Hunsrik: Hund
Kölsch: Hunk, Hungk
Luxembourgish: Hond
German: Hund
→ Esperanto: hundo
→ Ido: hundo
Mòcheno: hunt
Vilamovian: hund
Yiddish: הונט (hunt)

From Proto-West Germanic *hund, from Proto-Germanic *hundaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ.


her

hēr (canonical)
hērro (comparative)
hērōro (comparative)

Middle High German: hēr

German: hehr


her

Middle High German: hër, hë

Central Franconian:

Moselle Franconian: ä, en (from the accusative)

Eifelisch: hän, hen, en

Ripuarian:

Aachensch: he

Kölsch: hä, ä

East Central German:

Lusatian-New Marchian: hä

Thuringian:

North Thuringian: he, hä

Rhine Franconian:

Hessian:

Low Hessian: he, hä

South Hessian: he

Vilamovian: hār

From Proto-West Germanic *hiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hiz.

(northern dialects) alternative form of ër


arm

arm (nominative singular)
armā (nominative plural)
arma (nominative plural)
arm (accusative singular)
armā (accusative plural)
arma (accusative plural)
armes (genitive singular)
armo (genitive plural)
arme (dative singular)
armum (dative plural)
armu (instrumental singular)
aram (alternative)
arma (alternative)

Middle High German: arm, arn

Alemannic German: Aare, Arm, Are, Arme

Bavarian: Oarm

Cimbrian: arm

desc

Central Franconian: Ärm, Arm, Orm (Moselle Franconian)

Hunsrik: Aarem

German: Arm

Luxembourgish: Aarm

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Aarm

Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)

From Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ermos, *h₂ŕ̥mos, whence also Old English arm, Old Norse armr.


arm

Middle High German: arm

Cimbrian: arm

German: arm

Luxembourgish: aarm

Plautdietsch: aarem

Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)

From Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz, whence also Old English earm, Old Norse armr.


was

first/third-person singular past indicative of wesan


rite

first/third-person singular present subjunctive of rītan


warm

Middle High German: warm

Alemannic German: warm

Italian Walser: warm, woare, woarm, wore, wérme

Bavarian: borm

Cimbrian: barm

Mòcheno: bòrm

Udinese: borm, borbm, boarm

Viennese: wårm

Central Franconian: wärm, warm

Hunsrik: waarem

German: warm

Luxembourgish: waarm

Yiddish: וואַרעם (varem)


rat

rāt (canonical masculine)
rāt (nominative singular)
rātā (nominative plural)
rāta (nominative plural)
rāt (accusative singular)
rātā (accusative plural)
rāta (accusative plural)
rātes (genitive singular)
rāto (genitive plural)
rāte (dative singular)
rātum (dative plural)
rātu (instrumental singular)
rād (alternative Rhine-Franconian)

Middle High German: rāt
German: Rat

Frrom Proto-West Germanic *rād, from Proto-Germanic *rēdaz.


lob

German: Lob


hut

hūt (canonical feminine)
hūt (nominative singular)
hūti (nominative plural)
hūt (accusative singular)
hūti (accusative plural)
hūti (genitive singular)
hūto (genitive plural)
hūti (dative singular)
hūtim (dative plural)
hūten (dative plural)

Middle High German: hūt

Alemannic German: Hutt

Walser: Huut

Cimbrian: haut

Central Franconian: Hock, Hout (Moselle Franconian), Huut (western Ripuarian), Huck (Kölsch)

Hunsrik: Haut, haut

German: Haut

Luxembourgish: Haut

Yiddish: הויט (hoyt)

From Proto-West Germanic *hūdi, from Proto-Germanic *hūdiz, whence also Old English hyd, Old Norse húð.


amber

Middle High German: amper, amber, eimber, eimer

German: Eimer, Amper

Luxembourgish: Eemer

ampri (alternative)
eimbar (alternative)
einber (alternative)
eimmer (alternative)


al

Middle High German: al

Alemannic German: älli

German: all

Luxembourgish: all

Yiddish: אַלע (ale)

From Proto-West Germanic *all, from Proto-Germanic *allaz.


al

āl (canonical masculine)
āl (nominative singular)
ālā (nominative plural)
āla (nominative plural)
āl (accusative singular)
ālā (accusative plural)
āla (accusative plural)
āles (genitive singular)
ālo (genitive plural)
āle (dative singular)
ālum (dative plural)
ālu (instrumental singular)
all (alternative)

Middle High German: āl

German: Aal

Hunsrik: Ool

Luxembourgish: Éil

From Proto-West Germanic *āl, whence also Old English ǣl, Old Norse áll.


ans

From Proto-West Germanic *ansu, from Proto-Germanic *ansuz.


pizza

offa

[, Codex Vindobonensis 804, p. 173a; Codex Wirziburgensis Mp. th. 4⁰ 60, p. 104b

(Lombardic) alternative form of bizza (“morsel, chunk”)


kara

kara (nominative singular)
karā (nominative plural)
kara (accusative singular)
karā (accusative plural)
kara (genitive singular)
karōno (genitive plural)
karu (dative singular)
karōm (dative plural)
chara (alternative Alemannic Bavarian Upper-German)
khara (alternative Alemannic Bavarian Upper-German)

From Proto-West Germanic *karu, from Proto-Germanic *karō. See Karfreitag.


rato

rato (nominative singular)
raton (nominative plural)
ratun (nominative plural)
raton (accusative singular)
ratun (accusative singular)
raton (accusative plural)
ratun (accusative plural)
raten (genitive singular)
ratin (genitive singular)
ratōno (genitive plural)
raten (dative singular)
ratin (dative singular)
ratōm (dative plural)
ratōn (dative plural)

Middle High German: ratte, rate

German: Ratte

Luxembourgish: Rat

From Proto-West Germanic *ratō, from Proto-Germanic *raþô, *ruttô, *rattaz (“rat”). See German Ratte.


rato

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


nada

nāda (canonical feminine)
nāda (nominative singular)
nādā (nominative plural)
nāda (accusative singular)
nādā (accusative plural)
nāda (genitive singular)
nādōno (genitive plural)
nādu (dative singular)
nādōm (dative plural)
ginada (alternative)


palm

palm (nominative singular)
palmā (nominative plural)
palma (nominative plural)
palm (accusative singular)
palmā (accusative plural)
palma (accusative plural)
palmes (genitive singular)
palmo (genitive plural)
palme (dative singular)
palmum (dative plural)
palmu (instrumental singular)
palma (alternative)

desctree

Middle High German: palme, balme
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Palme, Pallem
German: Palme

Borrowed from Latin palma, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂-. Doublet of folma.


lam

Middle High German: lam

Alemannic German: lamm

German: lahm

Hunsrik: laam

From Proto-West Germanic *lam, from Proto-Germanic *lamaz, whence also Old English lama, Old Norse lami.


er

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz, whence also Old English ær.


er

Middle High German: er

Alemannic German: Eer

⇒ Alemannic German: eerig

⇒ Old High German: ērīn

Middle High German: ērīn

German: ehern

From Proto-Germanic *aiz, akin to Old English ār, Old Norse eir.


er

ër (canonical)
ih (first-person nominative singular)
ihha, ihcha (first-person nominative singular)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
mir (dative first-person singular)
mih (accusative first-person singular)
dū (nominative second-person singular)
dīn (genitive second-person singular)
dir (dative second-person singular)
dih (accusative second-person singular)
er (masculine nominative singular third-person)
her (masculine nominative singular third-person)
sīn (genitive masculine singular third-person)
imu (dative masculine singular third-person)
imo (dative masculine singular third-person)
inan (accusative masculine singular third-person)
in (accusative masculine singular third-person)
siu (feminine nominative singular third-person)
sī (feminine nominative singular third-person)
si (feminine nominative singular third-person)
ira (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iru (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iro (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iru (dative feminine singular third-person)
iro (dative feminine singular third-person)
sia (accusative feminine singular third-person)
iz (neuter nominative singular third-person)
es (genitive neuter singular third-person)
is (genitive neuter singular third-person)
imu (dative neuter singular third-person)
imo (dative neuter singular third-person)
iz (accusative neuter singular third-person)
wir (first-person nominative plural)
unsēr (first-person genitive plural)
uns (dative first-person plural)
unsih (accusative first-person plural)
ir (also nominative plural polite second-person singular)
iuwēr (also genitive plural polite second-person singular)
iu (also dative plural polite second-person singular)
iuwih (accusative also plural polite second-person singular)
sie (neuter nominative plural third-person)
iro (genitive neuter plural third-person)
im (dative neuter plural third-person)
in (dative neuter plural third-person)
sie (accusative neuter plural third-person)
sio (feminine nominative plural third-person)
iro (feminine genitive plural third-person)
im (dative feminine plural third-person)
in (dative feminine plural third-person)
sio (accusative feminine plural third-person)
siu (neuter nominative plural third-person)
siu (accusative neuter plural third-person)
hër (alternative)

Middle High German: ër (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), akin to Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is, “he”), Latin is (“he”).

[…] Are you prophet? and he responded no […]

c. 825, Tatian, Diatessaron, translation, Chapter 13, verse 20. […] Bist thu wīzago? inti hër antlingota nein […]


bitten

bittan (infinitive)
bittu (first-person present singular)
bitto (first-person present singular)
bat (first-person past singular)
bittis (present second-person singular)
bittist (present second-person singular)
bāti (past second-person singular)
bittit (present singular third-person)
bat (past singular third-person)
bittem (first-person plural present)
bittemēs (first-person plural present)
bātum (first-person past plural)
bātumēs (first-person past plural)
bittet (plural present second-person)
bātut (past plural second-person)
bittant (plural present third-person)
bātun (past plural third-person)
bitte (first-person present singular)
bāti (first-person past singular)
bittēs (present second-person singular)
bittēst (present second-person singular)
bātīs (past second-person singular)
bātīst (past second-person singular)
bitte (present singular third-person)
bāti (past singular third-person)
bittēm (first-person plural present)
bātīm (first-person past plural)
bātīmēs (first-person past plural)
bittēt (plural present second-person)
bātīt (past plural second-person)
bittēn (plural present third-person)
bātīn (past plural third-person)
bitti (present singular)
bittet (plural present)
bittanti (present)
gibëtan (past)

Middle High German: bitten

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: pittan

Mòcheno: pitten

German: bitten

Yiddish: ביטן (bitn)

From Proto-West Germanic *biddjan, whence also Old Saxon biddian, Old English biddan, Old Norse biðja, Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bidjan).


burst

desc

Middle High German: burst, borst, burste, borste

Bavarian: Biaschtn

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Berst

Luxembourgish: Buuscht, Biischt

East Central German:

Erzgebirgisch: bèrschd

German: Borste, Bürste

From Proto-West Germanic *bursti, from Proto-Germanic *burstiz.


got

got (nominative singular)
gotā (nominative plural)
gota (nominative plural)
got (accusative singular)
gotā (accusative plural)
gota (accusative plural)
gotes (genitive singular)
goto (genitive plural)
gote (dative singular)
gotum (dative plural)
gotu (instrumental singular)
cot (alternative)

desctree

Middle High German: got
Alemannic German: Gott
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: Gott
Mòcheno: Gott
Central Franconian: Jott
Hunsrik: Gott
Luxembourgish: Gott
German: Gott
Low German:
German Low German:
Plautdietsch: Gott
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Gott
Yiddish: גאָט (got)

From Proto-West Germanic *god, from Proto-Germanic *gudą.
Compare Old Saxon, Old Frisian, and Old English god, Old Dutch got, Old Norse guð, Gothic 𐌲𐌿𐌸 (guþ).


hold

Middle High German: holt

German: hold

Yiddish: האָלט האָבן (holt hobn)

From Proto-West Germanic *holþ. Cognate with Old English hold (“gracious, loyal, kind”), Old Norse hollr.


sin

sin (nominative singular)
sinā (nominative plural)
sina (nominative plural)
sin (accusative singular)
sinā (accusative plural)
sina (accusative plural)
sines (genitive singular)
sino (genitive plural)
sine (dative singular)
sinum (dative plural)
sinu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: sin

German: Sinn

Luxembourgish: Sënn

Yiddish: זין (zin)


thing

thing (nominative singular)
thing (nominative plural)
thing (accusative singular)
thing (accusative plural)
thinges (genitive singular)
thingo (genitive plural)
thinge (dative singular)
thingum (dative plural)
thingu (instrumental singular)


ring

ring (nominative singular)
ringā (nominative plural)
ringa (nominative plural)
ring (accusative singular)
ringā (accusative plural)
ringa (accusative plural)
ringes (genitive singular)
ringo (genitive plural)
ringe (dative singular)
ringum (dative plural)
ringu (instrumental singular)
hring (alternative)

Middle High German: rinc, ring

German: Ring

Luxembourgish: Rank

Yiddish: רינג (ring)


sat

Middle High German: sat

German: satt

Luxembourgish: sat

Yiddish: זאַט (zat)

From Proto-Germanic *sadaz, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-. Compare Old Saxon sad, Dutch zat, Old English sæd, Old Norse saðr, Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌸𐍃 (saþs).


sprung

sprung (nominative singular)
sprungā (nominative plural)
sprunga (nominative plural)
sprung (accusative singular)
sprungā (accusative plural)
sprunga (accusative plural)
sprunges (genitive singular)
sprungo (genitive plural)
sprunge (dative singular)
sprungum (dative plural)
sprungu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: sprung

German: Sprung

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *sprungi, from Proto-Germanic *sprungiz, related to *springaną. Compare Dutch sprong.


stank

From Proto-Germanic *stankwaz, whence also Old English stenċ.


era

ēra (canonical feminine)
ēra (nominative singular)
ērā (nominative plural)
ēra (accusative singular)
ērā (accusative plural)
ēra (genitive singular)
ērōno (genitive plural)
ēru (dative singular)
ērōm (dative plural)

Middle High German: ēre

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Eher

Luxembourgish: Éier

German: Ehre

Rhine Franconian: Ehr, Ihr

Vilamovian: ere

From Proto-West Germanic *aiʀu, from Proto-Germanic *aizō, whence also Old English ār, Old Norse eir.


bi

Alemannic German:

Alsatian: bii

German: bei

Vilamovian: by

Yiddish: בײַ (bay)

From Proto-West Germanic *bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi, whence also Old English bi.


vel

German: Fell

From Proto-West Germanic *fell, whence also Old English fell.


bir

second-person singular imperative of bëran


ir

ih (first-person nominative singular)
ihha, ihcha (first-person nominative singular)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
mir (dative first-person singular)
mih (accusative first-person singular)
dū (nominative second-person singular)
dīn (genitive second-person singular)
dir (dative second-person singular)
dih (accusative second-person singular)
er (masculine nominative singular third-person)
her (masculine nominative singular third-person)
sīn (genitive masculine singular third-person)
imu (dative masculine singular third-person)
imo (dative masculine singular third-person)
inan (accusative masculine singular third-person)
in (accusative masculine singular third-person)
siu (feminine nominative singular third-person)
sī (feminine nominative singular third-person)
si (feminine nominative singular third-person)
ira (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iru (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iro (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iru (dative feminine singular third-person)
iro (dative feminine singular third-person)
sia (accusative feminine singular third-person)
iz (neuter nominative singular third-person)
es (genitive neuter singular third-person)
is (genitive neuter singular third-person)
imu (dative neuter singular third-person)
imo (dative neuter singular third-person)
iz (accusative neuter singular third-person)
wir (first-person nominative plural)
unsēr (first-person genitive plural)
uns (dative first-person plural)
unsih (accusative first-person plural)
ir (also nominative plural polite second-person singular)
iuwēr (also genitive plural polite second-person singular)
iu (also dative plural polite second-person singular)
iuwih (accusative also plural polite second-person singular)
sie (neuter nominative plural third-person)
iro (genitive neuter plural third-person)
im (dative neuter plural third-person)
in (dative neuter plural third-person)
sie (accusative neuter plural third-person)
sio (feminine nominative plural third-person)
iro (feminine genitive plural third-person)
im (dative feminine plural third-person)
in (dative feminine plural third-person)
sio (accusative feminine plural third-person)
siu (neuter nominative plural third-person)
siu (accusative neuter plural third-person)
ier (alternative)
er (alternative)
aer (alternative)
gi (alternative)

Middle High German: ir

Alemannic German: ir

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: iar, iart (Luserna)

Mòcheno: ir

Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)

Hunsrik: deer

Luxembourgish: dir

German: ihr

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: dihr

desc

Yiddish: איר (ir), איהר (ihr) — Daytshmerish

From Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs.

Lékza ih therara búachi / iu sentu in suábo richi,
thaz ir irkíaset ubar ál, / oba siu frúma wesan scal;
Oba ir hiar fíndet iawiht thés / thaz wírdig ist thes lésannes:
I send to you in Swabia the selection of books,
so that you can decide above all if it will be useful;
[and] if you find here something that is worthy of being read.
(quoted in and tr. by Horst J. Simon in Taavitsainen & Jucker 2003:88)

late 9th century, Otfrid of Weissenburg, Letter to Bishop Salomo of Constance v. 5-7

(polite) you (second-person singular pronoun)


du

dū (canonical)
ih (first-person nominative singular)
ihha, ihcha (first-person nominative singular)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
mir (dative first-person singular)
mih (accusative first-person singular)
dū (nominative second-person singular)
dīn (genitive second-person singular)
dir (dative second-person singular)
dih (accusative second-person singular)
er (masculine nominative singular third-person)
her (masculine nominative singular third-person)
sīn (genitive masculine singular third-person)
imu (dative masculine singular third-person)
imo (dative masculine singular third-person)
inan (accusative masculine singular third-person)
in (accusative masculine singular third-person)
siu (feminine nominative singular third-person)
sī (feminine nominative singular third-person)
si (feminine nominative singular third-person)
ira (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iru (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iro (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iru (dative feminine singular third-person)
iro (dative feminine singular third-person)
sia (accusative feminine singular third-person)
iz (neuter nominative singular third-person)
es (genitive neuter singular third-person)
is (genitive neuter singular third-person)
imu (dative neuter singular third-person)
imo (dative neuter singular third-person)
iz (accusative neuter singular third-person)
wir (first-person nominative plural)
unsēr (first-person genitive plural)
uns (dative first-person plural)
unsih (accusative first-person plural)
ir (also nominative plural polite second-person singular)
iuwēr (also genitive plural polite second-person singular)
iu (also dative plural polite second-person singular)
iuwih (accusative also plural polite second-person singular)
sie (neuter nominative plural third-person)
iro (genitive neuter plural third-person)
im (dative neuter plural third-person)
in (dative neuter plural third-person)
sie (accusative neuter plural third-person)
sio (feminine nominative plural third-person)
iro (feminine genitive plural third-person)
im (dative feminine plural third-person)
in (dative feminine plural third-person)
sio (accusative feminine plural third-person)
siu (neuter nominative plural third-person)
siu (accusative neuter plural third-person)
thū (alternative)
ᛞᚢ (alternative)

Middle High German: du

Alemannic German: du

Swabian: dau, d

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: du

Mòcheno: du

Central Franconian: du, dou

Hunsrik: du

Kölsch: do

German: du

Luxembourgish: du

Rhine Franconian:

Palatine German: du

Pennsylvania German: du

Yiddish: דו (du)

From Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, whence also Old English þū, Old Norse þú, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Perhaps the earliest attestation of the pronoun is the inscription on the Bülach fibula, which may show ᛞᚢ (du) already differentiated from other Germanic languages’ þu.

ᚠᚱᛁᚠᚱᛁᛞᛁᛚ / ᛞᚢ / ...
frifridil / du / […]
frifridil / du / ...
frifridil / du / […]

6th-7th century, inscription on the Bülach fibula

thou, you (second-person singular pronoun)


ano

ano (nominative singular)
anon (nominative plural)
anun (nominative plural)
anon (accusative singular)
anun (accusative singular)
anon (accusative plural)
anun (accusative plural)
anen (genitive singular)
anin (genitive singular)
anōno (genitive plural)
anen (dative singular)
anin (dative singular)
anōm (dative plural)
anōn (dative plural)


ano

āno (canonical)
ānu (alternative)
āna (alternative)
āne (alternative)

Middle High German: âne, ân

Alemannic German: ooni, ohni, ouni

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: ane

Central Franconian: ohne, ohni, ohnt

Luxembourgish: ouni

East Central German: ohne

Vilamovian: ona

German: ohne

Yiddish: אָן (on)


wal

wal (nominative singular)
walā (nominative plural)
wala (nominative plural)
wal (accusative singular)
walā (accusative plural)
wala (accusative plural)
wales (genitive singular)
walo (genitive plural)
wale (dative singular)
walum (dative plural)
walu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: wal

desctree

German: Wal
→ Estonian: vaal
→ Luxembourgish: Wal

From Proto-West Germanic *hwal, from Proto-Germanic *hwalaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷálos (“sheatfish”). Cognate with Old English hwæl, Old Norse hvalr, Old Saxon hwal.


want

Middle High German: want

desc

Central Franconian: Wand, Wank (Ripuarian, now chiefly western dialects)

Cimbrian: bant

German: Wand

Hunsrik: Wand

Luxembourgish: Wand

Pennsylvania German: Wand

Vilamovian: waond

Yiddish: וואַנט (vant)

From Proto-Germanic *wanduz (“stick, rod; barrier made of sticks, fence”), whence also Old Norse vǫndr, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (wandus).


want

first/third-person singular past indicative of wintan


fri

Middle High German: vrī

German: frei

Luxembourgish: fräi

Vilamovian: frȧj

Yiddish: פֿרײַ (fray)


hart

Middle High German: hart, herte

Alemannic German: hert

Swabian: hirrt

Bavarian: hoat

Central Franconian: haat

German: hart

Luxembourgish: haart

Yiddish: האַרט (hart)

From Proto-West Germanic *hard(ī), from Proto-Germanic *harduz, whence also Old Saxon hard, Old Dutch hart, Old English heard, Old Norse harðr, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kert-, *kret- (“strong; powerful”).


than

thanne (alternative)
thanna (alternative)
dhanne (alternative)
danne (alternative)
danna (alternative)


than

from there, therefore, if, because, after


hun

manuscript spelling of Hūn, nominative singular of Hūni


link

Middle High German: linc

German: link


nazi

nazī (canonical feminine)
nazī (nominative singular)
nazī (accusative singular)
nazī (genitive singular)
nazī (dative singular)
nazzī (alternative)
nece (alternative)
nezī (alternative)

Middle High German: neʒʒe

Alemannic German: Nässi

German: Nässe

Vilamovian: ness, nessa


wir

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: biar, bar (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: biar

German: wir

From Proto-West Germanic *wiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *wīz, *wiz.


ni

Middle High German: ne

German: nee (dialectal)


geben

third-person plural present subjunctive of gëban


rot

Middle High German: rōt

desc

Alemannic German: rot, rout, ruat, ròt, röts (Italian Walser)

Central Franconian: rut, rot

Kirchröadsj Ripuarian: roeëd

German: rot

Hunsrik: rod

Luxembourgish: rout

Mòcheno: roat

Pennsylvania German: rot

Vilamovian: rut

Yiddish: רויט (royt)

From Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós, from *h₁rewdʰ-.


boc

German: Bock

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *bukk, from Proto-Germanic *bukkaz, whence also Old English buc, Old Norse bukkr; from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ- (“ram”).


stein

stein (nominative singular)
steinā (nominative plural)
steina (nominative plural)
stein (accusative singular)
steinā (accusative plural)
steina (accusative plural)
steines (genitive singular)
steino (genitive plural)
steine (dative singular)
steinum (dative plural)
steinu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: stein

Alemannic German: Steei

Swabian: Schdoi, Schdoa

desc

Bavarian: Staa, Stan, Stoa, Stoan, Stuan

Central Franconian: Stään, Steen, Stein

Hunsrik: Steen, xtayn

Transylvanian Saxon: Stien

German: Stein

Luxembourgish: Steen

Vilamovian: śtan

Yiddish: שטיין (shteyn)

From Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.


un-

Middle High German: un-

Alemannic German: o-, u-

German: un-

Luxembourgish: un-

Yiddish: אומ־ (um-)

From Proto-West Germanic *un-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, a prefix use of the particle *né (“not”). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-), Latin in-, and Old Irish in-.

un-; prefix of negation, absence or contrariness


boron

borōn (canonical)
borōn (infinitive)
borōm (first-person present singular)
borōn (first-person present singular)
borōta (first-person past singular)
borōs (present second-person singular)
borōst (present second-person singular)
borōtōs (past second-person singular)
borōtōst (past second-person singular)
borōt (present singular third-person)
borōta (past singular third-person)
borōm (first-person plural present)
borōmēs (first-person plural present)
borōtum (first-person past plural)
borōtumēs (first-person past plural)
borōt (plural present second-person)
borōtut (past plural second-person)
borōnt (plural present third-person)
borōtun (past plural third-person)
boro (first-person present singular)
borōti (first-person past singular)
borōtīs (past second-person singular)
boro (present singular third-person)
borōti (past singular third-person)
borōtīm (first-person past plural)
borōtīmēs (first-person past plural)
borōtīt (past plural second-person)
borōn (plural present third-person)
borōtīn (past plural third-person)
boro (present singular)
borōt (plural present)
borōnti (present)
giborōt (past)

German: bohren

From Proto-West Germanic *borōn, from Proto-Germanic *burōną, whence also Old English borian, Old Norse bora.


si

first/third-person singular present subjunctive of wesan


nah

Middle High German: nāch

Alemannic German: naach, nooch

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: nå

Mòcheno: no

Central Franconian: noh

German: nah

Luxembourgish: no

via the adverb <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmh">nāhunt</i>

Yiddish: (via the adverb nāhunt) נאָענט (noent)

From Proto-West Germanic *nāhw, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw. Cognates include Old English nēh, nēah and Old Norse ná.


nah

Middle High German: nāh

German: nach

Luxembourgish: no

Yiddish: נאָך (nokh)


meri

meri (nominative singular)
mere (nominative plural)
merā (nominative plural)
mera (nominative plural)
meri (accusative singular)
mere (accusative plural)
merā (accusative plural)
mera (accusative plural)
meres (genitive singular)
mero (genitive plural)
mere (dative singular)
merim (dative plural)
meru (instrumental singular)
meri (nominative singular)
meri (nominative plural)
meri (accusative singular)
meri (accusative plural)
meres (genitive singular)
mero (genitive plural)
mere (dative singular)
merim (dative plural)
meru (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: mer

German: Meer

From Proto-West Germanic *mari, from Proto-Germanic *mari, from Proto-Indo-European *móri, possibly from *mer-.


half

first/third-person singular past indicative of hëlfan


mus

mūs (canonical feminine)
mūs (nominative singular)
mūsi (nominative plural)
mūs (accusative singular)
mūsi (accusative plural)
mūsi (genitive singular)
mūso (genitive plural)
mūsi (dative singular)
mūsim (dative plural)
mūsen (dative plural)

desctree

Middle High German: mūs
Alemannic German: Muus, Müss (Uri)
Central Franconian: Muus, Mus (variant spelling), Maus, Mous (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Maus
Luxembourgish: Maus
Cimbrian: maus
German: Maus
Vilamovian: maojs
Yiddish: מויז (moyz)

From Proto-West Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *múHs.


der

dër (canonical)
dër (masculine nominative singular)
diu (feminine nominative singular)
daȥ (neuter nominative singular)
dës (genitive masculine singular)
dëra (feminine genitive singular)
dëru (feminine genitive singular)
dëro (feminine genitive singular)
dës (genitive neuter singular)
dëmu (dative masculine singular)
dëmo (dative masculine singular)
dëru (dative feminine singular)
dëro (dative feminine singular)
dëmu (dative neuter singular)
dëmo (dative neuter singular)
dën (accusative masculine singular)
dea (accusative feminine singular)
dia (die) (accusative feminine singular)
daȥ (accusative neuter singular)
diu (instrumental masculine singular)
diu (instrumental)
dê (masculine nominative plural)
dea (masculine nominative plural)
dia (masculine nominative plural)
die (masculine nominative plural)
deo (feminine nominative plural)
dio (feminine nominative plural)
diu (dei) (neuter nominative plural)
dëro (genitive plural)
dêm (dative plural)
dê (accusative masculine plural)
dea (accusative masculine plural)
dia (accusative masculine plural)
die (accusative masculine plural)
deo (accusative feminine plural)
dio (accusative feminine plural)
diu (dei) (accusative neuter plural)
thër (alternative)

Middle High German: dër

German: der

Derived from Proto-Germanic *sa, by analogy with the adjective inflection.


alter

strong masculine nominative singular of alt


ei

Middle High German: ei

Alemannic German:

Swabian: Oi

Bavarian: Oa

Mòcheno: oi

Central Franconian: Ei, Ää, Aai

Hunsrik: Eu

Luxembourgish: Ee

German: Ei

Vilamovian: e

Yiddish: איי (ey)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *aij, from Proto-Germanic *ajją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm. Akin to Old English ǣġ, Old Norse egg.
Further Indo-European cognates include Latin ōvum and Ancient Greek ᾠόν (ōión)


bar

Middle High German: bar

German: bar, baar

Yiddish: פּאַרעוו (parev)

→ English: parev, pareve

From Proto-West Germanic *baʀ, from Proto-Germanic *bazaz.


bar

first/third-person singular past indicative of bëran


bald

Middle High German: balt

German: (obsolete) bald

Bavarian: bald

From Proto-West Germanic *balþ, from Proto-Germanic *balþaz, whence also Old English beald, Old Norse ballr.


bari

second-person singular past indicative of bëran

first/third-person singular past subjunctive of bëran


wat

wat (nominative singular)
wat (nominative plural)
wat (accusative singular)
wat (accusative plural)
wates (genitive singular)
wato (genitive plural)
wate (dative singular)
watum (dative plural)
watu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: *wat, *wate (perhaps)

German: Wate f (dialectal; may also be deverbal)

From Proto-Germanic *wadą, whence also Old English wæd, Old Norse vað (Icelandic vað).


turn

turn (nominative singular)
turnā (nominative plural)
turna (nominative plural)
turn (accusative singular)
turnā (accusative plural)
turna (accusative plural)
turnes (genitive singular)
turno (genitive plural)
turne (dative singular)
turnum (dative plural)
turnu (instrumental singular)
turn (nominative singular)
turni (nominative plural)
turn (accusative singular)
turni (accusative plural)
turnes (genitive singular)
turno (genitive plural)
turne (dative singular)
turnim (dative plural)
turnen (dative plural)
turnu (instrumental singular)

desctree

Middle High German: turn, turm, tuorn, torn, torm
Alemannic German: Durm, Tuure
Bavarian: Tuam
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Torrem
Luxembourgish: Tur
German: Turm (see there for further descendants)
Yiddish: טורעם (turem)
→ Polish: turma

Borrowed from Old French tor, from Latin turris, borrowed from Ancient Greek τύρσις (túrsis).


breit

Lombardic: braida

Italian: braida

Middle High German: breit

Bavarian: brad, broad

Central Franconian: breet

German: breit

Hunsrik: breid

Luxembourgish: breet

Vilamovian: braat

Yiddish: ברייט (breyt)


altar

Middle High German: alter

Alemannic German: Altar

Bavarian: Ålter, Oiter

desctree

German: Alter, Alda, Alla
→ Luxembourgish: Alter

Yiddish: אַלטער (alter)

From Proto-Germanic *aldrą, whence also Old English ealdor, Old Norse aldr.


los

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *laus, see also Old English lēas, Old Norse lauss.


mit

Middle High German: mite, mit

Bavarian: mit

Cimbrian: met

German: mit

Hunsrik: mit

Luxembourgish: mat

Vilamovian: myt

Yiddish: מיט (mit)

From Proto-West Germanic *midi. Akin to Old English mid, Old Saxon mid, Old Norse með.


horn

Middle High German: horn

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Horn

Luxembourgish: Har

Cimbrian: hòrn

German: Horn

Rhine Franconian:

Frankfurterisch: [hɔɐ̯n]

Yiddish: האָרן (horn)

From Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-.
Cognates include also Old Saxon horn, Old English horn, Old Norse horn, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (haurn).


beret

second-person plural present indicative/imperative of bëran


beret

second-person plural present subjunctive of bëran


rind

Middle High German: rint

Alemannic German: Rind

desc

Central Franconian: Rend, Renk (native in most of Ripuarian, now chiefly western dialects), Rond, Rönd (Eifel)

German: Rind

Hunsrik: Rind

Luxembourgish: Rand

Vilamovian: rynd

From Proto-West Germanic *hrinþ, whence also Old English hrīþer.


riga

Middle High German: rīhe

German: Reihe

From Proto-Germanic *rīgǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyk- (“to scratch, cut”).


wort

wort (nominative singular)
wort (nominative plural)
wort (accusative singular)
wort (accusative plural)
wortes (genitive singular)
worto (genitive plural)
worte (dative singular)
wortum (dative plural)
wortu (instrumental singular)

desctree

Middle High German: wort
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Wort
Italian Walser: wort, wourd, wuart, wòrt, wört
Swabian: Wort
Bavarian: Wort, Wurt
Cimbrian: bóart, bort (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Mòcheno: bourt
Udinese: boart, bort, bört
Central Franconian: Woot, Wort (Moselle Franconian; some dialects of Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: Wort
German: Wort
Luxembourgish: Wuert
Vilamovian: wiüt
Yiddish: וואָרט (vort)

From Proto-West Germanic *word, whence also Old Dutch wort, Old Saxon and Old English word, Old Norse orð, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 (waurd).
 The sense verb is a literal translation of Latin verbum.


tod

tōd (canonical masculine)
dot (alternative)
doth (alternative)

Middle High German: tōt

Alemannic German:

Swabian: Daod, Dod

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Dod

German: Tod

Luxembourgish: Doud

Yiddish: טויט (toyt)

From Proto-West Germanic *dauþu, akin to Old Saxon dōth, Old Dutch dōth, dōt, Old English dēaþ, Old Norse dauði, Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 (dauþus).


ars

ars (nominative singular)
arsā (nominative plural)
arsa (nominative plural)
ars (accusative singular)
arsā (accusative plural)
arsa (accusative plural)
arses (genitive singular)
arso (genitive plural)
arse (dative singular)
arsum (dative plural)
arsu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: ars

Bavarian: Oasch

Cimbrian: aars

German: Arsch

Hunsrik: Aarsch

Luxembourgish: Aasch

Pennsylvania German: Aarsch


ebano

Middle High German: ebene

Alemannic German: ëben

German: eben


gast

gesti (plural)
gast (nominative singular)
gesti (nominative plural)
gast (accusative singular)
gesti (accusative plural)
gastes (genitive singular)
gesto (genitive plural)
gaste (dative singular)
gestim (dative plural)
gesten (dative plural)
gastu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: gast

Bavarian: Gåst

German: Gast

→ Esperanto: gasto

Luxembourgish: Gaascht

Yiddish: גאַסט (gast)

From Proto-West Germanic *gasti, see also Old Norse gestr, Latin hostis (“enemy”).


gab

first/third-person singular past indicative of gëban


kalt

Middle High German: kalt

Alemannic German: chalt

Walser: chalt, choalt, cholt, chélte

desc

Bavarian: ckolt, kholt, kòlt, koid, kålt (Southern Bavarian, Carinthia, Tyrol), ckolt (Timau), kholt (Sauris), kòlt (Sappada)

Cimbrian: kalt, khalt (Luserna, Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: khòlt, kòlt

Central Franconian: kalt

German: kalt

Luxembourgish: kal

Pennsylvania German: kalt

Vilamovian: kāłt

Yiddish: קאַלט (kalt)

From Proto-West Germanic *kald, whence also Old Saxon kald, Old English cald, Old Norse kaldr, Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 (kalds).


berg

berga (plural)
berg (nominative singular)
bergā (nominative plural)
berga (nominative plural)
berg (accusative singular)
bergā (accusative plural)
berga (accusative plural)
berges (genitive singular)
bergo (genitive plural)
berge (dative singular)
bergum (dative plural)
bergu (instrumental singular)
perc (alternative)

Middle High German: bërc

Alemannic German: Bäärg, Bärg, Bèèrg, Bërg

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: pèrge

Mòcheno: pèrg

Central Franconian: Berch

Eifel: Bersch

Hunsrik: Berrich

East Central German: Barg (Erzgebirgisch)

German: Berg

Luxembourgish: Bierg

Pennsylvania German: Barig

Yiddish: באַרג (barg)


mano

māno (canonical masculine)
māno (nominative singular)
mānon (nominative plural)
mānun (nominative plural)
mānon (accusative singular)
mānun (accusative singular)
mānon (accusative plural)
mānun (accusative plural)
mānen (genitive singular)
mānin (genitive singular)
mānōno (genitive plural)
mānen (dative singular)
mānin (dative singular)
mānōm (dative plural)
mānōn (dative plural)

Middle High German: māne, mān, mōne, mōn

Alemannic German: Maan, manä, meini, moanu, Mond, manòd, mànund

Swabian: Moo, Mao

Bavarian: Mou, mone

Cimbrian: maano, ma, må

Mòcheno: mu'

Central Franconian: Mond, Muund (rare variant in Moselle Franconian)

German: Mond

Luxembourgish: Mound

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Muhn

Vilamovian: mönd

Yiddish: מאָנט (mont)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *mānō, whence also Old English mōna, Old Norse máni.


nein

Middle High German: nein

German: nein

Yiddish: ניין (neyn)

A contraction of ni + ein. Compare Old English nān.

[…] Are you prophet? and he responded no […]

c. 825, Tatian, Diatessaron, translation, Chapter 13, verse 20. […] Bist thu wīzago? inti her antlingota nein […]


nord

Middle High German: nort

German: Nord

Luxembourgish: Nord

From Proto-West Germanic *norþr, akin to Old English norþ, Old Norse norðr.


rad

From Proto-West Germanic *hrad, wheseence also Old English hræþ, Old Norse hraðr.


rad

German: Rad

Yiddish: ראָד (rod)

From Proto-West Germanic *raþ, from Proto-Germanic *raþą, akin to Latin rota.


doh

From Proto-West Germanic *þauh, from Proto-Germanic *þauh, whence also Old English þēah, Old Norse þó.


fah

Middle High German: vach

desctree

German: Fach
→ English: Fach
→ Esperanto: fako
→ Kashubian: fach
→ Luxembourgish: Fach
→ Polish: fach

Yiddish: פֿאַך (fakh)

From Proto-West Germanic *fak, from Proto-Germanic *faką, whence also Old English fæc.


griffin

third-person plural preterite subjunctive of grīfan


lid

Middle High German: lit

Alemannic German: Lid

German: Lied

From Proto-Germanic *liþuz, whence also Old English liþ and Old Norse liðr.


wit

Middle High German: wīt

desc

Central Franconian: weck, wick, wiet, weit

Luxembourgish: wäit (“far”), weit (“wide”)

German: weit

Yiddish: ווײַט (vayt)

From Proto-Germanic *wīdaz, whence also Old Saxon wīt, Old English wīd and Old Norse víðr.


lamb

lamb (nominative singular)
lembir (nominative plural)
lamb (accusative singular)
lembir (accusative plural)
lambes (genitive singular)
lembiro (genitive plural)
lambe (dative singular)
lembirum (dative plural)
lembirom (dative plural)
lambu (instrumental singular)
lambo (instrumental singular)
lembirum (instrumental plural)
lembirom (instrumental plural)

Middle High German: lamp, lam

Cimbrian: lamp

German: Lamm

Luxembourgish: Lamm

Vilamovian: łamm

Yiddish: לאַם (lam)

From Proto-West Germanic *lamb, see also Old Saxon lamb, Old English lamb, Old Norse lamb, Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱 (lamb).


frost

frost (nominative singular)
frostā (nominative plural)
frosta (nominative plural)
frost (accusative singular)
frostā (accusative plural)
frosta (accusative plural)
frostes (genitive singular)
frosto (genitive plural)
froste (dative singular)
frostum (dative plural)
frostu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: vrost

Cimbrian: vròst, bròst, vrost

German: Frost

Luxembourgish: Frascht

Vilamovian: fröst

From Proto-Germanic *frustą, *frustaz, akin to Old English frost, Old Norse frost.


odi

Middle High German: öde

German: öde, öd

From Proto-West Germanic *auþī, from Proto-Germanic *auþijaz.


odi

From Proto-West Germanic *auþī, from Proto-Germanic *auþuz.


mos

Middle High German: mos

German: Moos

Hunsrik: Moos

Luxembourgish: Moos

From Proto-West Germanic *mos, from Proto-Germanic *musą, whence also Old English mos.


weg

wëg (canonical masculine)
wëga (plural)
wëg (nominative singular)
wëgā (nominative plural)
wëga (nominative plural)
wëg (accusative singular)
wëgā (accusative plural)
wëga (accusative plural)
wëges (genitive singular)
wëgo (genitive plural)
wëge (dative singular)
wëgum (dative plural)
wëgu (instrumental singular)
wëc (alternative)

Middle High German: wëc

Alemannic German: Wäg

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: bèg, bege (Luserna)

Mòcheno: be

Central Franconian: Wääch

Luxembourgish: Wee (from dative and plural)

Hunsrik: Wegh

German: Weg

Pennsylvania German: Weg

Yiddish: וועג (veg)

From Proto-West Germanic *weg. Cognate with Old Saxon weg, Old Dutch weg, Old English weġ, Old Norse vegr, Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (wigs).


zit

Middle High German: zīt, zeit

Alemannic German: Ziit, Zit, Zyt

Bavarian: Zeid

Cimbrian: zait

Mòcheno: zait

Central Franconian: Zeck, Zick (Kölsch), Ziet (western and northernmost Ripuarian), Zitt (Siegerland, otherwise scattered compromise form), Zeit (most of Moselle Franconian)

East Central German:

Vilamovian: cajt

East Franconian:

German: Zeit

Hunsrik: Zeid

Luxembourgish: Zäit

Pennsylvania German: Zeit, Zeid

Yiddish: צײַט (tsayt)

From Proto-West Germanic *tīdi, from Proto-Germanic *tīdiz, from Proto-Indo-European *dīti- (“time, period”), from *dī- (“time”).


hus

hūs (canonical neuter)
hūs (nominative singular)
hūs (nominative plural)
hūs (accusative singular)
hūs (accusative plural)
hūses (genitive singular)
hūso (genitive plural)
hūse (dative singular)
hūsum (dative plural)
hūsu (instrumental singular)

desctree

Middle High German: hūs, hous
Alemannic German: Hus, Huus
Alsatian: Hüs
Walser: hus, hüs, husch, hüüsch, hous
Bavarian: Haus
Cimbrian: haus
Mòcheno: haus
Udinese: haus
Central Franconian: Haus (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Haus
Luxembourgish: Haus
Britten: [haʊ̯s]
Central Franconian: Huus (Ripuarian)
Kölsch: Huus [huːs]
German: Haus
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Haus
Vilamovian: haojs
Yiddish: הויז (hoyz)

From Proto-West Germanic *hūs, from Proto-Germanic *hūsą, whence also Old Saxon hūs, Old Dutch hūs, Old Frisian hūs, Old English hūs, and Old Norse hús.


barn

barn (nominative singular)
barn (nominative plural)
barn (accusative singular)
barn (accusative plural)
barnes (genitive singular)
barno (genitive plural)
barne (dative singular)
barnum (dative plural)
barnu (instrumental singular)

From Proto-West Germanic *barn, from Proto-Germanic *barną, whence also Old Saxon barn, Old English bearn, Old Norse barn.


spot

spot (nominative singular)
spotā (nominative plural)
spota (nominative plural)
spot (accusative singular)
spotā (accusative plural)
spota (accusative plural)
spotes (genitive singular)
spoto (genitive plural)
spote (dative singular)
spotum (dative plural)
spotu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: spot

German: Spott


grunt

grunt (nominative singular)
gruntā (nominative plural)
grunta (nominative plural)
grunt (accusative singular)
gruntā (accusative plural)
grunta (accusative plural)
gruntes (genitive singular)
grunto (genitive plural)
grunte (dative singular)
gruntum (dative plural)
gruntu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: grunt

Cimbrian: grund, grumf (< with epenthetic -f- *grumfþuz)

German: Grund

Luxembourgish: Grond

→ Old Polish: grunt
Polish: grunt, gront, grąt (Middle Polish), gruńt (Southern Greater Poland), grońt (Kuyavia, Ciechocinek)
→ Kashubian: gruńt, grëńt
Silesian: grōnt

→ Russian: грунт (grunt)

→ Serbo-Croatian: грунт

Yiddish: גרונט (grunt)

From Proto-West Germanic *grundu, from Proto-Germanic *grunduz.


atto

atto (nominative singular)
atton (nominative plural)
attun (nominative plural)
atton (accusative singular)
attun (accusative singular)
atton (accusative plural)
attun (accusative plural)
atten (genitive singular)
attin (genitive singular)
attōno (genitive plural)
atten (dative singular)
attin (dative singular)
attōm (dative plural)
attōn (dative plural)

Middle High German: atte

Alemannic German: Ätti, Ätte

Italian Walser: attu, àttu, attò

Bavarian: Ätt

⇒? Cimbrian: tatta

From Proto-West Germanic *attō.
Cognate with Old Dutch *atto, *etto, Old Frisian *atta, Old Norse Atti (possibly), Gothic 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 (atta), also Latin atta.


grab

Middle High German: grap
Central Franconian: Grav, Jrav
Hunsrik: Graab
Luxembourgish: Graf
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: grap
East Central German:
Vilamovian: graob, grob
East Franconian:
German: Grab
Rhine Franconian: Grab
Frankfurterisch: [krɑːp], (plural) [kʀεːvæ̆]
Yiddish: גרוב (grub)

From Proto-West Germanic *grab, from Proto-Germanic *grabą, *grabō (“grave, trench, ditch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrābʰ- (“to dig, scratch, scrape”).
Compare Old Saxon graf (Low German Graf, Graff), Dutch graf, Old English græf (English grave), Old Frisian gref (West Frisian grêf), Old Norse grǫf (Danish grav, Icelandic gröf), Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰 (graba).


mahal

Middle High German: mahel, māl

German: Mahl

From Proto-West Germanic *mahl, *maþl, from Proto-Germanic *mahlą, *maþlą (“assembly, council”).


andar

desctree

Middle High German: ander, andere
Cimbrian: andar
German: anderer, ander
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: anner
Luxembourgish: aner
Mòcheno: ònder
Yiddish: אַנדער (ander)

From Proto-West Germanic *anþar, from Proto-Germanic *anþeraz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énteros. See also Old English ōþer, Old Norse annarr.


odo

Possibly from an earlier edo, a cognate of Old Norse eða and Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 (aiþþau), from Proto-Germanic *efþau or Proto-Germanic *ehþau.


ward

first/third-person singular past indicative of werdan


wanna

Middle High German: wanne

German: Wanne (see there for further descendants)

Vilamovian: wonn

Yiddish: וואַנע (vane)


stern

stern (nominative singular)
sternā (nominative plural)
sterna (nominative plural)
stern (accusative singular)
sternā (accusative plural)
sterna (accusative plural)
sternes (genitive singular)
sterno (genitive plural)
sterne (dative singular)
sternum (dative plural)
sternu (instrumental singular)


ala

German: Ahle

From Proto-West Germanic *ālu. Cognates include Old English æl and Old Norse alr.


hol

From Proto-West Germanic *hol, whence also Old English hol, Old Norse holr.


hol

Middle High German: hol

Alemannic German: hol

German: hohl

Luxembourgish: huel


alba

From Proto-West Germanic *albijā, from Proto-Celtic *albiyū (“(upper) world; high mountain; alpine pasture”), from Proto-Indo-European *albʰós (“white”).


stan

Middle High German: stān, stēn

Alemannic German: staa, schtaa

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: stean

Mòcheno: stean

Northern Bavarian: [ʒ̊d̥ɛi]

desc

Central Franconian: stohn, stonn, stiehn

Hunsrik: stehn

Luxembourgish: stoen

German: stehen

Rhine Franconian: stehn

Pennsylvania German:

Vilamovian: śtejn

Yiddish: שטיין (shteyn)


bere

first/third-person singular present subjunctive of bëran


io

Middle High German: ie

German: je

From Proto-West Germanic *aiw, whence also Old English ā, Old Saxon eo, Old Norse ei, Old Dutch ēwa, io.


din

From Proto-West Germanic *þīn, whence also Old English þīn, Old Norse þínn.


din

dīn (canonical)
dīnēr (masculine nominative singular)
dīn (masculine nominative singular)
dīniu (feminine nominative singular)
dīn (feminine nominative singular)
dīnaȥ (neuter nominative singular)
dīn (neuter nominative singular)
dīnan (accusative masculine singular)
dīna (accusative feminine singular)
dīnaȥ (accusative neuter singular)
dīn (accusative neuter singular)
dīnes (genitive masculine singular)
dīnera (feminine genitive singular)
dīnes (genitive neuter singular)
dīnemu (dative masculine singular)
dīneru (dative feminine singular)
dīnemu (dative neuter singular)
dīnu (instrumental masculine singular)
dīnu (instrumental neuter singular)
dīne (masculine nominative plural)
dīn (masculine nominative plural)
dīno (feminine nominative plural)
dīn (feminine nominative plural)
dīniu (neuter nominative plural)
dīn (neuter nominative plural)
dīne (accusative masculine plural)
dīno (accusative feminine plural)
dīniu (accusative neuter plural)
dīn (accusative neuter plural)
dīnero (genitive masculine plural)
dīnero (feminine genitive plural)
dīnero (genitive neuter plural)
dīnēm (dative masculine plural)
dīnēm (dative feminine plural)
dīnēm (dative neuter plural)
thin (alternative)

Middle High German: dīn

Alemannic German: diin, dyn

Bavarian: dei

Cimbrian: dain, doi (Luserna)

German: dein

Hunsrik: dein

Luxembourgish: däin

Yiddish: דײַן (dayn)


ein

From Proto-West Germanic *ain, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos, possibly from *éy.
Cognate with Old English ān, Old Norse einn.


ein

desctree

Middle High German: ein
Alemannic German: ain, äin, a, an, en
Bavarian: a
Cimbrian: a, an (“a, an”); òan, umm (“one”)
Mòcheno: a (“a, an”); oa' (“one”)
Central Franconian: een, ein (Kölsch, Westerwald), ään (eastern Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: een
Luxembourgish: een
East Central German: ä, e
German: ein
Rhine Franconian: e (Hessian)
Yiddish: איין (eyn), אַ (a), אַן (an)


fer

From West Proto-Germanic *ferrai, whence also Old English feorr.


hring

hring (nominative singular)
hringā (nominative plural)
hringa (nominative plural)
hring (accusative singular)
hringā (accusative plural)
hringa (accusative plural)
hringes (genitive singular)
hringo (genitive plural)
hringe (dative singular)
hringum (dative plural)
hringu (instrumental singular)
ring (alternative)

Middle High German: rinc, ring

German: Ring


val

Middle High German: val

German: Fall

From Proto-West Germanic *fall, from Proto-Germanic *fallaz.


saga

Middle High German: sage

German: Sage

Luxembourgish: So

From Proto-West Germanic *sagā, from Proto-Germanic *sagǭ. Cognate with Old English sagu, Old Norse saga.


herd

Middle High German: hert

Cimbrian: hèart

German: Herd

Luxembourgish: Häerd


az

first/third-person singular past indicative of ëȥȥan


tot

Middle High German: tōt

Alemannic German:

Swabian: daod, dod

Bavarian: doud

Cimbrian: tòat

Central Franconian: dut, dot

Hunsrik: dot

Luxembourgish: dout

East Central German:

Erzgebirgisch: duud

Upper Saxon German:

East Franconian:

German: tot

Rhine Franconian: dut, dot

Yiddish: טויט (toyt)

From Proto-West Germanic *daud, from Proto-Germanic *daudaz.


tag

taga (plural)
tag (nominative singular)
tagā (nominative plural)
taga (nominative plural)
tag (accusative singular)
tagā (accusative plural)
taga (accusative plural)
tages (genitive singular)
tago (genitive plural)
tage (dative singular)
tagum (dative plural)
tagu (instrumental singular)
tac (alternative Northern)
tak (alternative Northern)
dac (alternative Northern)
*dag (alternative Northern)

Middle High German: tac, tag, dach
Alemannic German: Tag
Alsatian: Dàà (north), Dàj (center), Dàg (south)
Italian Walser: tag, tog, tàg
Swabian: Dag
Bavarian: Da, Dåg, Doch
Cimbrian: tak, ta, tag, tage
Mòcheno: ta
Udinese: tach, ti
Central Franconian: Daach
Hunsrik: Daagh, taach (Wiesemann spelling system), Tóch, Tooch (Altenhofen spelling)
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Dag
German: Tag
Esperanto: tago
Luxembourgish: Dag, Do
Rhine Franconian: Tach
Pennsylvania German: Daag
Transylvanian Saxon: Dåch
Vilamovian: taog
Yiddish: טאָג (tog)

From Proto-West Germanic *dag, from Proto-Germanic *dagaz, whence also Old English dæġ, Old Norse dagr, Old Dutch and Old Saxon dag, Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (dags). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”).

der

tag after tage


scarf

Middle High German: scharpf

Alemannic German: scharpf

Bavarian: scharf

desc

Central Franconian: schärp, scharp (eastern Ripuarian), scharf (Moselle Franconian; now alternatively in Ripuarian via German)

German: scharf

Hunsrik: schaaref

Luxembourgish: schaarf

Yiddish: שאַרף (sharf)

From Proto-West Germanic *skarp, see also Old Saxon skarp, Old English scearp, Old Norse skarpr.


jar

Middle High German: jār

Alemannic German: Jòòr, Jààr

Bavarian: Jåhr, Joar, Joa

Cimbrian: jaar, djar (Luserna)

Mòcheno: jor

Central Franconian: Johr

Hunsrik: Joher

Luxembourgish: Joer

German: Jahr

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Johr, Yaahr

Swabian: Joar, Johr

Sathmar Swabian: Johr

Vilamovian: jür

Yiddish: יאָר (yor)

From Proto-West Germanic *jār, from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁-.


falt

Middle High German: valt, valte

Cimbrian: falda

German: Falte

From Proto-Germanic *falþō, related to the verb *falþaną (“to fold”), whence also Old English feald, Old Norse faldr.


alar

alar (nominative singular)
alarā (nominative plural)
alara (nominative plural)
alar (accusative singular)
alarā (accusative plural)
alara (accusative plural)
alares (genitive singular)
alaro (genitive plural)
alare (dative singular)
alarum (dative plural)
alaru (instrumental singular)


busk

Middle High German: busch, bosch

German: Busch

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *busk, from Proto-Germanic *buskaz.


-in

German: -en

stein (“stone”) + -īn → steinīn (“made of stone”)

gold (“gold”) + -īn → guldīn (“golden”)


joh

Middle High German: joch

Cimbrian: jòch

German: Joch

Hunsrik: Joch

Luxembourgish: Jach

From Proto-West Germanic *juk, from Proto-Germanic *juką, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm. Cognate with Old Saxon juk, Old English ġeoc, Old Norse ok, Gothic 𐌾𐌿𐌺 (juk).


bira

desctree

Middle High German: bir, bire, pir
Alemannic German: Biire
Bavarian: Birn
German: Birne
→ Estonian: pirn
→ Kashubian: birna
Hunsrik: Bern
Luxembourgish: Bir
Vilamovian: biyn
Yiddish: באַר (bar)

Monastic borrowing from Medieval Latin pira. The earlier Proto-West Germanic *peru would have yielded Old High German *phera.


hals

hals (nominative singular)
halsā (nominative plural)
halsa (nominative plural)
hals (accusative singular)
halsā (accusative plural)
halsa (accusative plural)
halses (genitive singular)
halso (genitive plural)
halse (dative singular)
halsum (dative plural)
halsu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: hals

Cimbrian: hals, haltz (Sette Comuni)

German: Hals

Luxembourgish: Hals

Yiddish: האַלדז (haldz)

From Proto-West Germanic *hals, from Proto-Germanic *halsaz. Cognate with Old English healh, Old Norse hals, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (hals).


-o

Middle High German: -e


-o

Middle High German: -e

German: -e

From Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Old Norse -i, Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”).
In some cases, the root appears in the zero-grade as in boto (from biotan).

geban (“to give”) + -o → gëbo (“giver”)

sprehhan (“to speak”) + -o → sprëhho (“speaker”)

biotan (“to offer, send, command”) + -o → boto (“messenger”)

ziohan (“to pull, lead”) + -o → herizogo (“army leader”)

sagēn (“to say”) + -o → fora-sago (“prophet”)

used to form masculine agents from verbs

perht (“bright”) + -o → Perhto (given name)

snel (“quick”) + -o → Snello (given name)

used to form attributive nouns from adjectives

haim (“home”) + -o → Haimo (given name)

liuti (“people”) + -o → Liutto (given name)

walt (“authority”) + -o → Uualto (given name)


wari

inflection of wesan:
second-person singular past indicative

first/third-person singular past subjunctive


figa

Middle High German: vīge
Cimbrian: faiga
German: Feige
Yiddish: פֿײַג (fayg)
→ Polish: figa (see there for further descendants)


ana

Middle High German: ane

German: Ahne

Swabian: Ahna

Equivalent to a feminine form of ano (“grandfather”), related to Proto-Germanic *anô, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-. Akin to Latin anus (“old woman”), Old Prussian ane (“grandmother”), etc.


ana

From Proto-West Germanic *an, from Proto-Germanic *ana, whence also Old English on, Old Norse á.


ana

Middle High German: ane, an

Cimbrian: å

German: an

Hunsrik: aan

Luxembourgish: un

Pennsylvania German: aa

Yiddish: אָן (on)


blat

Middle High German: blat
Alemannic German: Blatt
Central Franconian: Blatt
Hunsrik: Blaat
Luxembourgish: Blat
East Central German:
Vilamovian: błot
German: Blatt
Rhine Franconian: Blaat, Blatt
Pennsylvania German: Blatt
Yiddish: בלאַט (blat)

From Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, whence also Old Saxon blad, Old English blæd, Old Norse blað. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃oto-, from *bʰleh₃-.


fro

frō (canonical)
frawes (inflected)
frao (alternative)
frāo (alternative)

Middle High German: vrō

Bavarian: froh

Cimbrian: fròo

Central Franconian: fruh, froh

Luxembourgish: frou

German: froh

Silesian East Central German: fruh

From Proto-West Germanic *frau, from Proto-Germanic *frawaz, whence also Old Norse frár (“swift”).


muff

→ Italian: muffa

From Proto-Germanic *muff (“grimace, frown; mold”), from the imitative Proto-Indo-European *mū-, see also Latin mugio (“to moo”), English muzzle, mutter.

onomatopoeic

imitative


sib

Middle High German: sib, sip; (West Central German) sif

German: Sieb, Sip

Luxembourgish: Siff

From Proto-West Germanic *sibi. Cognate with Old English sife.


gang

ganga (plural)
gang (nominative singular)
gangā (nominative plural)
ganga (nominative plural)
gang (accusative singular)
gangā (accusative plural)
ganga (accusative plural)
ganges (genitive singular)
gango (genitive plural)
gange (dative singular)
gangum (dative plural)
gangu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: ganc

Bavarian: Gång

German: Gang

Polish: ganek

Yiddish: גאַניק (ganik) (probably borrowed from Polish)

Luxembourgish: Gang, Gank

→ Middle French: gangue

French: gangue

→ English: gangue


gap

manuscript spelling of gab, first/third-person singular past indicative of gëban


snide

first/third-person singular present subjunctive of snīdan


stark

German: stark

Yiddish: שטאַרק (shtark)

From Proto-Germanic *starkuz, whence also Old English stearc, Old Norse sterkr.


ist

third-person singular present indicative of wësan


quim

second-person singular imperative of quëman


leren

Middle High German: lēren

Alemannic German:

Italian Walser: lére, leire, lerä

German: lehren

Luxembourgish: léieren

From Proto-West Germanic *laiʀijan, from Proto-Germanic *laizijaną, from *laizō (“lore”).
Akin to Old Saxon lērian, Old Dutch lēren, Old English lǣran, Old Norse læra, Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (laisjan).


horen

hōren (canonical)
hōren (infinitive)
hōru (first-person present singular)
hōrita (first-person past singular)
hōris (present second-person singular)
hōrist (present second-person singular)
hōritōs (past second-person singular)
hōrtōst (past second-person singular)
hōrit (present singular third-person)
hōrita (past singular third-person)
hōrem (first-person plural present)
hōremēs (first-person plural present)
hōritum (first-person past plural)
hōritumēs (first-person past plural)
hōret (plural present second-person)
hōritut (past plural second-person)
hōrent (plural present third-person)
hōritun (past plural third-person)
hōre (first-person present singular)
hōriti (first-person past singular)
hōrēs (present second-person singular)
hōrēst (present second-person singular)
hōritīs (past second-person singular)
hōritīst (past second-person singular)
hōre (present singular third-person)
hōriti (past singular third-person)
hōrēm (first-person plural present)
hōrēn (first-person plural present)
hōritīm (first-person past plural)
hōritīn (first-person past plural)
hōritīmēs (first-person past plural)
hōrēt (plural present second-person)
hōritīt (past plural second-person)
hōrēn (plural present third-person)
hōritīn (past plural third-person)
hōri (present singular)
hōret (plural present)
hōrenti (present)
gihōrit (past)

Middle High German: hœren

Bavarian: hearn

Cimbrian: hòrran, höarn (Luserna)

desc

Central Franconian: hüre, hiere (Moselle Franconian)

Hunsrik: heere

Luxembourgish: héieren

German: hören

Vilamovian: hüchia

Yiddish: הערן (hern)

From Proto-West Germanic *hauʀijan, from Proto-Germanic *hauzijaną, whence also Old English hīeran, Old Norse heyra.


tutto

Perhaps from Proto-Germanic *duttaz, but the unshifted -tt- is unexpected; the consonants do correspond to Dutch dodde, however.


helm

Middle High German: helm

German: Helm

Polish: hełm

Luxembourgish: Helm

From Proto-West Germanic *helm, from Proto-Germanic *helmaz. Compare Old Saxon helm, Old English helm, Old Norse hjalmr, Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃 (hilms).


fist

fist (nominative singular)
fistā (nominative plural)
fista (nominative plural)
fist (accusative singular)
fistā (accusative plural)
fista (accusative plural)
fistes (genitive singular)
fisto (genitive plural)
fiste (dative singular)
fistum (dative plural)
fistu (instrumental singular)


fasten

fastēn (canonical)
fastēn (infinitive)
fastēm (first-person present singular)
fastēn (first-person present singular)
fastēta (first-person past singular)
fastēs (present second-person singular)
fastēst (present second-person singular)
fastētōs (past second-person singular)
fastētōst (past second-person singular)
fastēt (present singular third-person)
fastēta (past singular third-person)
fastēm (first-person plural present)
fastēmēs (first-person plural present)
fastētum (first-person past plural)
fastētumēs (first-person past plural)
fastēt (plural present second-person)
fastētut (past plural second-person)
fastēnt (plural present third-person)
fastētun (past plural third-person)
faste (first-person present singular)
fastēti (first-person past singular)
fastētīs (past second-person singular)
fastētīst (past second-person singular)
faste (present singular third-person)
fastēti (past singular third-person)
fastētīm (first-person past plural)
fastētīmēs (first-person past plural)
fastētīt (past plural second-person)
fastēn (plural present third-person)
fastētīn (past plural third-person)
faste (present singular)
fastēt (plural present)
fastēnti (present)
gifastēt (past)

Middle High German: vasten

Cimbrian: bastan

German: fasten

Luxembourgish: faaschten

Yiddish: פֿאַסטן (fastn)


fara

German: Gefahr

From Proto-Germanic *fērō, whence Old English fær, Old Norse fár.


ora

ōra (canonical neuter)
ōra (nominative singular)
ōrun (nominative plural)
ōra (accusative singular)
ōrun (accusative plural)
ōren (genitive singular)
ōrin (genitive singular)
ōrōno (genitive plural)
ōren (dative singular)
ōrin (dative singular)
ōrōm (dative plural)
ōrōn (dative plural)

desctree

Middle High German: ore
Alemannic German: Oor
Bavarian: Oar
Central Franconian: Uhr, Ohr
Hunsrik: Oher
Luxembourgish: Ouer
German: Ohr
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Ohr
Vilamovian: ür
Yiddish: אויער (oyer)

From the voiced Verner alternant of Proto-Germanic *ausô, whence also Old English ēare and English ear, Old Norse eyra (“ear”), Old Dutch ōra (“ear”), Old Saxon ōra (“ear”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ows-.


ital

From Proto-Germanic *īdal-. Akin to Old English īdel.


tal

Middle High German: tal

Alemannic German: Tall

German: Tal

Hunsrik: Daal

Luxembourgish: Dall

Mòcheno: tol

Pennsylvania German: Daal

Yiddish: טאָל (tol)

From Proto-Germanic *dalą, whence also Old English dæl, Old Norse dalr.


ferro

Middle High German: verre

Cimbrian: vèrre, bèrre (Mezzaselva)

Mòcheno: vèrr

From Proto-West Germanic *ferrō, from Proto-Germanic *ferrai.


ferro

ferro (nominative singular)
ferron (nominative plural)
ferrun (nominative plural)
ferron (accusative singular)
ferrun (accusative singular)
ferron (accusative plural)
ferrun (accusative plural)
ferren (genitive singular)
ferrin (genitive singular)
ferrōno (genitive plural)
ferren (dative singular)
ferrin (dative singular)
ferrōm (dative plural)
ferrōn (dative plural)


folk

folk (nominative singular)
folk (nominative plural)
folk (accusative singular)
folk (accusative plural)
folkes (genitive singular)
folko (genitive plural)
folke (dative singular)
folkum (dative plural)
folku (instrumental singular)
folc (alternative)
folch (alternative)

Middle High German: volk

Cimbrian: vòlk, bòlk (Mezzaselva)

German: Volk

Hunsrik: Follek

Luxembourgish: Vollek

Vilamovian: fulk

Yiddish: פֿאָלק (folk)


reit

first/third-person singular past indicative of rītan


helfen

third-person plural present subjunctive of hëlfan


mandala

German: Mandel
→ Faroese: mandla
→ Icelandic: mandla
→ Kashubian: mandla
→ Romansch: mandel
→ Swedish: mandel

Yiddish: מאַנדל (mandl)


-i

-ī (canonical)
-ī (nominative singular)
-ī (accusative singular)
-ī (genitive singular)
-ī (dative singular)

Middle High German: -e

German: -e

From Proto-West Germanic *-ī, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

manag (“many”) + -i → menigī, managī (“crowd, amount”)

tiuf (“deep”) + -i → tiufī (“depth”)

finstar (“dark”) + -i → finstrī, finstarī (“darkness”)

hōh (“high”) + -i → hōhī (“height”)

lang (“long”) + -i → lengī (“length”)

breit (“broad”) + -i → breitī (“breadth”)

productive suffix used to form abstract nouns from adjectives


-i

From Proto-Germanic *-īniz. Cognate to Gothic -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins).

toufen (“to baptise”) + -i → toufī (“baptism”)

wellen (“to choose”) + -i → welī (“choice”)

non-productive suffix used to form action nouns from weak verbs


bero

bero (nominative singular)
beron (nominative plural)
berun (nominative plural)
beron (accusative singular)
berun (accusative singular)
beron (accusative plural)
berun (accusative plural)
beren (genitive singular)
berin (genitive singular)
berōno (genitive plural)
beren (dative singular)
berin (dative singular)
berōm (dative plural)
berōn (dative plural)
pero (alternative)

Middle High German: bër, bere, per
Alemannic German: Bärr
Cimbrian: per
German: Bär
Rhine Franconian:
Hunsrik: Bäer
Luxembourgish: Bier
Vilamovian: baor
Yiddish: בער (ber)

From Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô. See also Old English bera, Old Norse bjǫrn.


tung

Middle High German: tunc

German: Tunk

From Proto-West Germanic *dung (“cellar”).


sten

Middle High German: stēn

German: stehen, stehn

The development of the form stēn is analogous to that of gēn (“to go”). See there for further information.


bona

bōna (canonical feminine)
bōna (nominative singular)
bōnā (nominative plural)
bōna (accusative singular)
bōnā (accusative plural)
bōna (genitive singular)
bōnōno (genitive plural)
bōnu (dative singular)
bōnōm (dative plural)
bōna (nominative singular)
bōnūn (nominative plural)
bōnūn (accusative singular)
bōnūn (accusative plural)
bōnūn (genitive singular)
bōnōno (genitive plural)
bōnūn (dative singular)
bōnōm (dative plural)
bōnōn (dative plural)

desctree

Middle High German: bōne, pōn
Alemannic German: Bone
Central Franconian: Bunn
Hunsrik: Bohn
Luxembourgish: Boun
East Central German: Bunn
German: Bohne
Rhine Franconian: Bohn
Frankfurterisch: [b̥õːn]
Pennsylvania German: Bohn, Buhn

From Proto-West Germanic *baunu, from Proto-Germanic *baunō, whence also Old Saxon bōna, Old English bēan, Old Norse baun.


boto

boto (nominative singular)
boton (nominative plural)
botun (nominative plural)
boton (accusative singular)
botun (accusative singular)
boton (accusative plural)
botun (accusative plural)
boten (genitive singular)
botin (genitive singular)
botōno (genitive plural)
boten (dative singular)
botin (dative singular)
botōm (dative plural)
botōn (dative plural)

Middle High German: bote

German: Bote

From Proto-Germanic *budô. Cognate to Old High German biotan (“to offer, send, command”).


anti

ande (alternative)
ende (alternative)
endi (alternative)
enti (alternative)
inti (alternative)
indi (alternative)
int (alternative)
inte (alternative)
unta (alternative)
unte (alternative)
unti (alternative)


sur

desctree

Middle High German: sūr
Central Franconian: suur, souer (Moselle Franconian)
German: sauer
Luxembourgish: sauer
Vilamovian: zaojwer
Yiddish: זויער (zoyer)
→ Polish: żur

From Proto-West Germanic *sūr, from Proto-West Germanic *sūr, from Proto-Germanic *sūraz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHrós.


brio

brīo (canonical masculine)
brī (alternative)
brīwo (alternative)

Middle High German: brîe, brî

German: Brei

Luxembourgish: Bräi

Yiddish: ברײַ (bray)

From Proto-West Germanic *brīw (“mash, porridge”).


wisheit

desctree

Middle High German: wīsheit
German: Weisheit

Middle High German: wīsheit

German: Weisheit


alt

Middle High German: alt

desc

Alemannic German: altu, oalt, oalt, olt, àltà (Italian Walser)

Bavarian: old

Apeltonerisch: old

Central Bavarian: oid /ɔed̥/

Cimbrian: alt

Mòcheno: òlt

Northern Bavarian: old /ɔːld̥/

Southern Bavarian: ålt /ɔltʰ/

Udinese: olt, òlt

Central Franconian: alt

Hunsrik: alt

Kirchröadsj: aod, auw

Luxembourgish: al

German: alt

Rhine Franconian: alt, all

Frankfurterisch: [ɑːl], [aːl]

Pennsylvania German: alt

Vilamovian: aołd

Yiddish: אַלט (alt)

From Proto-West Germanic *ald, from Proto-Germanic *aldaz, whence also Old English ald. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *altós, *h₂eltós, from *h₂el- (“grow, nourish”). Compare Old Frisian and Old Saxon ald, Old English eald, ald and Old Dutch alt.

miti thên altôn


nid

nīd (canonical masculine)
nīd (nominative singular)
nīdā (nominative plural)
nīda (nominative plural)
nīd (accusative singular)
nīdā (accusative plural)
nīda (accusative plural)
nīdes (genitive singular)
nīdo (genitive plural)
nīde (dative singular)
nīdum (dative plural)
nīdu (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: nīt

German: Neid

Luxembourgish: Näid

From Proto-Germanic *nīþą. Cognate with Old English nīþ, Old Norse níð.


min

mīn (canonical)
ih (first-person nominative singular)
ihha, ihcha (first-person nominative singular)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
mir (dative first-person singular)
mih (accusative first-person singular)
dū (nominative second-person singular)
dīn (genitive second-person singular)
dir (dative second-person singular)
dih (accusative second-person singular)
er (masculine nominative singular third-person)
her (masculine nominative singular third-person)
sīn (genitive masculine singular third-person)
imu (dative masculine singular third-person)
imo (dative masculine singular third-person)
inan (accusative masculine singular third-person)
in (accusative masculine singular third-person)
siu (feminine nominative singular third-person)
sī (feminine nominative singular third-person)
si (feminine nominative singular third-person)
ira (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iru (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iro (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iru (dative feminine singular third-person)
iro (dative feminine singular third-person)
sia (accusative feminine singular third-person)
iz (neuter nominative singular third-person)
es (genitive neuter singular third-person)
is (genitive neuter singular third-person)
imu (dative neuter singular third-person)
imo (dative neuter singular third-person)
iz (accusative neuter singular third-person)
wir (first-person nominative plural)
unsēr (first-person genitive plural)
uns (dative first-person plural)
unsih (accusative first-person plural)
ir (also nominative plural polite second-person singular)
iuwēr (also genitive plural polite second-person singular)
iu (also dative plural polite second-person singular)
iuwih (accusative also plural polite second-person singular)
sie (neuter nominative plural third-person)
iro (genitive neuter plural third-person)
im (dative neuter plural third-person)
in (dative neuter plural third-person)
sie (accusative neuter plural third-person)
sio (feminine nominative plural third-person)
iro (feminine genitive plural third-person)
im (dative feminine plural third-person)
in (dative feminine plural third-person)
sio (accusative feminine plural third-person)
siu (neuter nominative plural third-person)
siu (accusative neuter plural third-person)

desctree

Middle High German: mīn
Alemannic German: miin, myn
Bavarian: mei
Cimbrian: main, moi (Luserna)
Hunsrik: mein
Luxembourgish: mäin
German: mein
Vilamovian: maj
Yiddish: מײַן (mayn)

From Proto-West Germanic *mīn, from Proto-Germanic *mīnaz, whence also Old English mīn, Old Norse mínn.


nasa

nasa (nominative singular)
nasā (nominative plural)
nasa (accusative singular)
nasā (accusative plural)
nasa (genitive singular)
nasōno (genitive plural)
nasu (dative singular)
nasōm (dative plural)
nasa (nominative singular)
nasūn (nominative plural)
nasūn (accusative singular)
nasūn (accusative plural)
nasūn (genitive singular)
nasōno (genitive plural)
nasūn (dative singular)
nasōm (dative plural)
nasōn (dative plural)

Middle High German: nase
Alemannic German: Nase, Naase (Basel, Aargau, Lucerne, Zug, Schwyz, Uri)
Swabian: Nas
Bavarian: Nosn
Central Franconian: Nas, Noas, Nos (western Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Naas
Luxembourgish: Nues
East Franconian: Nous
German: Nase
Rhine Franconian: Noos
Pennsylvania German: Naas
Vilamovian: nōs, nōz
Yiddish: נאָז (noz)

From Proto-Germanic *nasō, whence also Old English nosu, Old Norse nǫs (Icelandic nös), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s-.


quad

first/third-person singular past indicative of quedan


sind

sind (nominative singular)
sindā (nominative plural)
sinda (nominative plural)
sind (accusative singular)
sindā (accusative plural)
sinda (accusative plural)
sindes (genitive singular)
sindo (genitive plural)
sinde (dative singular)
sindum (dative plural)
sindu (instrumental singular)
sinth (alternative)


wer

wër (canonical masculine)
ƿër (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *wer, from Proto-Germanic *weraz, from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós. Cognate with Old English wer and Old Norse verr.


wer

German: Wehr

Italian: gora

From Proto-Germanic *warją, likely related to the verb *warjaną (“to defend”), as in a fortification against water.


wer

wër (canonical)
wër (nominative)
wës (genitive)
wëmu (dative)
wëmo (dative)
wënan (accusative)
wën (accusative)
ƿër (alternative)

Middle High German: wër, wie, wē (northern)
Central Franconian: wä
Cimbrian: bèar, ber (Luserna)
German: wer
Yiddish: ווער (ver)

From Proto-West Germanic *hwaʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hwaz. Cognate with Old Norse hverr.

Wër was ër?

hıltıbrant gımahalta herıbranteſ ſunu her uuaſ heroro man
feraheſ frotoro • her fragen gıſtuont
fohem uuortum • ƿër ſin fater ƿarı[…]

Hildebrand spoke, Heribrand's son—he was a hoarier man, wiser of life;—he posed his question with few words, who his [Hadubrand's] father might be […]


heri

Middle High German: here, her

German: Heer

From Proto-West Germanic *hari, see also Old English here, Old Norse herr.


donar

donar (nominative singular)
donarā (nominative plural)
donara (nominative plural)
donar (accusative singular)
donarā (accusative plural)
donara (accusative plural)
donares (genitive singular)
donaro (genitive plural)
donare (dative singular)
donarum (dative plural)
donaru (instrumental singular)
thonar (alternative)

Middle High German: toner, doner

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Dunner

Luxembourgish: Donner

German: Donner

Rhine Franconian: Dunner

Frankfurterisch: IPA [d̥onæ̆], (possible pre-1825 pronunciation) [d̥unæ̆]

Vilamovian: dunyn (likely a plural form of *duner)

Yiddish: דונער (duner)

From Proto-West Germanic *þunr, whence also Old Saxon thunar, Old Frisian thuner, Old English þunor.


uzar

Middle High German: ūȥer

German: außer


fora

Middle High German: vor, vore

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: vóar, bóar (Mezzaselva)

Mòcheno: vour

Central Franconian: vür

German: vor

From Proto-West Germanic *forē, whence also Old English fore.


jener

Middle High German: jener, ener

Alemannic German: ääne

desc

Central Franconian: jen (post-prepositional definite article in western dialects)

German: jener

Yiddish: יענער (yener)

From Proto-West Germanic *jain, from Proto-Germanic *jainaz, whence also Old English ġeon, Old Norse enn.


lang

Middle High German: lanc

Alemannic German: lang

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: lång

Mòcheno: lònk

German: lang

Hunsrik: lang

Luxembourgish: laang

Pennsylvania German: lang

Vilamovian: łaong

Yiddish: לאַנג (lang)

From Proto-West Germanic *lang, related to Old English lang, Old Norse langr.


kurz

Middle High German: kurz, korz, kurt

Central Franconian: kurt, kurz, korz (Moselle Franconian), koot (Kölsch)

Hunsrik: korz

Luxembourgish: kuerz

German: kurz

Yiddish: קורץ (kurts)

From Proto-West Germanic *kurt, a very late borrowing from Latin curtus, therefore forms with and without shift of -t-. Compare a similar situation in German Pforte.

churt (alternative)
churz (alternative)
kurt (alternative)


sola

Middle High German: sole, sol

German: Sohle


ro

rō (canonical)
hrō (alternative)
rao (alternative)
rāo (alternative)

Middle High German: rō, rōch, rou, rā

Central Franconian: rüh, rieh, reh

Luxembourgish: réi

German: roh

Yiddish: רוי (roy)

From Proto-West Germanic *hrau, from Proto-Germanic *hrawaz, from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-. Cognates include Old English hrēaw, Old Norse hrár.


knabo

knabo (nominative singular)
knabon (nominative plural)
knabun (nominative plural)
knabon (accusative singular)
knabun (accusative singular)
knabon (accusative plural)
knabun (accusative plural)
knaben (genitive singular)
knabin (genitive singular)
knabōno (genitive plural)
knaben (dative singular)
knabin (dative singular)
knabōm (dative plural)
knabōn (dative plural)
chnabo (alternative)

Middle High German: knabe

desctree

German: Knabe
→ Esperanto: knabo
→ Kashubian: knôp


raza

rāȥa (canonical feminine)
rāȥa (nominative singular)
rāȥūn (nominative plural)
rāȥūn (accusative singular)
rāȥūn (accusative plural)
rāȥūn (genitive singular)
rāȥōno (genitive plural)
rāȥūn (dative singular)
rāȥōm (dative plural)
rāȥōn (dative plural)

Middle High German: rāȥe f

From Proto-West Germanic *hrātu, from Proto-Germanic *hrētō.


riso

German: Riese


untar

Middle High German: under

German: unter

Hunsrik: unne

Luxembourgish: ënner

Yiddish: אונטער (unter)

From Proto-West Germanic *undar (compare Old English under, Old Norse undir).


scuola

scuola (nominative singular)
scuolā (nominative plural)
scuola (accusative singular)
scuolā (accusative plural)
scuola (genitive singular)
scuolōno (genitive plural)
scuolu (dative singular)
scuolōm (dative plural)
skuola (alternative)

Middle High German: schuole, schuol, schūle, schœle
Alemannic German: Schuel, Schuäl, Schuël
Italian Walser: schiöl, schul, schuel, schuol, schööl
Swabian: Schual
Bavarian: schual, schuele, schuile, Schui, Schul (Southern Bavarian)
Cimbrian: schual
Mòcheno: schual
Central Franconian: Schull, Schol (southernmost Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Schul
Luxembourgish: Schoul
German: Schule
→ Lower Sorbian: šula
→ Silesian: szula
→ Slovene: šola
→ Swahili: shule
→ Yiddish: שולע (shule)
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Schul
Yiddish: שול (shul)
→ English: shul
→ Spanish: shul
→ Latvian: skola
→ Old Polish: szkoła
Polish: szkoła, szkała (Przemyśl)
→ Kashubian: szkòła
→ Slovincian: szkôla
Silesian: szkoła
→ Old East Slavic: школа (škola)
Old Ruthenian: шко́ла (škóla)
Belarusian: шко́ла (škóla)
Carpathian Rusyn: шко́ла (škóla)
Ukrainian: шко́ла (škóla)
Russian: шко́ла (škóla)
→ Bezhta: ишкола (iškola)
→ Ingrian: škoulu
→ Kildin Sami: шко̄ла (škōla)
→ Komi-Zyrian: школа (škola)
→ Northern Mansi: искола (iskola)
→ Skolt Sami: škooul
→ Yakut: оскуола (oskuola)


morgan

Middle High German: morgen, morn

desc

Alemannic German: moorn, moore (Glarus, Uri, Unterwalden), mooru (Valais), moore

Alsatian: Müggen

Swabian: Morga, Moriga

Walser: morge

Bavarian: Morgen, Muagn, Muang

Cimbrian: mòrng, morgan, mòrgont

Mòcheno: morng

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Meuend

Luxembourgish: Mueren, Moien

desctree

German: Morgen
→ English: morgen
→ Polish: morga, mórg

Hessian: Mojje

Vilamovian: miügia

Yiddish: מאָרגן (morgn)

From Proto-West Germanic *morgin. Cognate with Old English morgen.


ande

From Proto-West Germanic *and, *andi, from Proto-Germanic *anda, andi. See also unti.


vart

German: Fahrt

From Proto-West Germanic *fardi, whence also Old English fierd, Old Norse ferð.


tol

From Proto-West Germanic *dol, from Proto-Germanic *dulaz, whence also Old English dol.


quena

quena (nominative singular)
quenā (nominative plural)
quena (accusative singular)
quenā (accusative plural)
quena (genitive singular)
quenōno (genitive plural)
quenu (dative singular)
quenōm (dative plural)
quena (nominative singular)
quenūn (nominative plural)
quenūn (accusative singular)
quenūn (accusative plural)
quenūn (genitive singular)
quenōno (genitive plural)
quenūn (dative singular)
quenōm (dative plural)
quenōn (dative plural)

desc

Middle High German: kone, kan, kun, quëne

German: Kon


missa

missa (nominative singular)
missā (nominative plural)
missa (accusative singular)
missā (accusative plural)
missa (genitive singular)
missōno (genitive plural)
missu (dative singular)
missōm (dative plural)
messa (alternative)

desctree

Middle High German: messe, misse
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Mess
German: Messe

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin missa, from Latin missiō, from mittō + -tiō.


kela

Middle High German: kële, kël

Cimbrian: khéela

German: Kehle

From Proto-West Germanic *kelā, from Proto-Germanic *kelǭ. Cognate with Old Saxon kela, Old English ċeole, and perhaps Latin gula.


hafta

From Proto-Germanic *haftō, whence also Old English hæft, Old Norse hapt. Related to Proto-Germanic *haftiją (“haft, handle”); see there for more.


stat

Middle High German: stat

Bavarian: Stådt, Stättn

German: Stadt, Statt, Stätte

Luxembourgish: Stad

Yiddish: שטאָט (shtot)

From Proto-West Germanic *stadi, from Proto-Germanic *stadiz.
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis, an extension of *steh₂- and, thus, related to stehen and Stuhl.

place, settlement (but yet without any restriction to “town, city”, for which burg)


meist

German: meist

From Proto-Germanic *maist, *maistaz, whence also Old Saxon mēst, Old English māst, mǣst, Dutch meest, Old Norse mestr, Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄 (maist), 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (maists).


Heldin

Heldin (nominative singular)
Heldinnā (nominative plural)
Heldinna (accusative singular)
Heldinne (accusative singular)
Heldinnā (accusative plural)
Heldinna (genitive singular)
Heldinnōno (genitive plural)
Heldinnu (dative singular)
Heldinnōn (dative plural)
Heldinnōm (dative plural)


felis

German: Fels


hera

From Proto-West Germanic *hēr (“here, hither”).


breton

brëtōn (canonical)
bretōn (infinitive)
bretōm (first-person present singular)
bretōn (first-person present singular)
bretōta (first-person past singular)
bretōs (present second-person singular)
bretōst (present second-person singular)
bretōtōs (past second-person singular)
bretōtōst (past second-person singular)
bretōt (present singular third-person)
bretōta (past singular third-person)
bretōm (first-person plural present)
bretōmēs (first-person plural present)
bretōtum (first-person past plural)
bretōtumēs (first-person past plural)
bretōt (plural present second-person)
bretōtut (past plural second-person)
bretōnt (plural present third-person)
bretōtun (past plural third-person)
breto (first-person present singular)
bretōti (first-person past singular)
bretōtīs (past second-person singular)
breto (present singular third-person)
bretōti (past singular third-person)
bretōtīm (first-person past plural)
bretōtīmēs (first-person past plural)
bretōtīt (past plural second-person)
bretōn (plural present third-person)
bretōtīn (past plural third-person)
breto (present singular)
bretōt (plural present)
bretōnti (present)
gibretōt (past)

Possibly from a Proto-West Germanic *bredōn, a variant of *breutan (“to beat”). Compare Old English breotan (“to break, destroy”).

cog

breton mit sinu billiu


wacko

Probably related to wegan (“to move, carry, bear”)


ahto

Middle High German: ahte

Alemannic German: acht, ocht, àcht

Swabian: achd

Bavarian: achde

Cimbrian: achte

Mòcheno: òcht

desc

Central Franconian: aach, aacht (Moselle Franconian), ach (Limburgan Ripuarian)

Hunsrik: acht

Luxembourgish: aacht

East Central German: achte

Vilamovian: aocht

East Franconian:

German: acht

Rhine Franconian: acht

Frankfurterisch: [ɑxt], [ɔxt], [axt]

Pennsylvania German: acht, achde

Yiddish: אַכט (akht)

Zipser German: åcht, acht

From Proto-West Germanic *ahtō, from Proto-Germanic *ahtōu (whence also Old English eahta, Old Norse átta), from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw.


wald

Middle High German: walt

Alemannic German: Wald

Swabian: Wald

Bavarian: Woid, Woold

Cimbrian: balt

Mòcheno: bòlt

Central Franconian: Wald (widely obsolete)

Hunsrik: Wald

Luxembourgish: Wal

German: Wald

Rhine Franconian: Wald, Wall

Frankfurterisch: [valt]

Yiddish: וואַלד (vald)

From Proto-West Germanic *walþu, from Proto-Germanic *walþuz, whence also Old English weald, Old Norse vǫllr.


haz

German: Hass, Haß

Yiddish: האַס (has)

From Proto-West Germanic *hati, see also Old Saxon heti, Old English hete, Old Frisian hat, Old Norse hatr, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍃 (hatis).


eid

Middle High German: eit

German: Eid

Luxembourgish: Eed

Rhine Franconian:

Frankfurterisch: IPA [ait]

gl

attested as aidos <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr> (“oath-helpers”)

⇒ Lombardic: *aido (“oath-helper”) (attested as aidos pl (“oath-helpers”))

From Proto-West Germanic *aiþ, from Proto-Germanic *aiþaz, whence also Old Saxon ēth, Old English āþ, Old Norse eiðr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (aiþs). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *oyt-.


soc

Middle High German: soc, socke

desc

Alemannic German: Sock, Socke, Sockä, Socka

Central Franconian: Sock

German: Socke (see there for further descendants)

Vilamovian: zok


haben

habēn (canonical)
habēn (infinitive)
habēm (first-person present singular)
habēn (first-person present singular)
habēta (first-person past singular)
habēs (present second-person singular)
habēst (present second-person singular)
habētōs (past second-person singular)
habētōst (past second-person singular)
habēt (present singular third-person)
habēta (past singular third-person)
habēm (first-person plural present)
habēmēs (first-person plural present)
habētum (first-person past plural)
habētumēs (first-person past plural)
habēt (plural present second-person)
habētut (past plural second-person)
habēnt (plural present third-person)
habētun (past plural third-person)
habe (first-person present singular)
habēti (first-person past singular)
habētīs (past second-person singular)
habētīst (past second-person singular)
habe (present singular third-person)
habēti (past singular third-person)
habētīm (first-person past plural)
habētīmēs (first-person past plural)
habētīt (past plural second-person)
habēn (plural present third-person)
habētīn (past plural third-person)
habe (present singular)
habēt (plural present)
habēnti (present)
gihabēt (past)

desctree

Middle High German: hān, haben
Alemannic German: haa, ha, heen, hoh, hä, häbä, hè
Swabian: hau
Bavarian: hoom, hobm, hobn, hom, ho, hob
Cimbrian: haban, hen, håm
Mòcheno: hom
Northern Bavarian: [hɔm]
Central Franconian: han, hann (most dialects)
Hunsrik: hon
Kölsch: han
Luxembourgish: hunn
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: hamm
Upper Saxon German: ham, hom
Vilamovian: hon
East Franconian:
German: haben
Berlinerisch: ham
Ruhrpöttisch: habn
Rhine Franconian: hann, hawwe (Vorderpfälzisch), hunn (northern Palatine)
Frankfurterisch: [havə]; [hɑvə], [hɔvə] (older)
Palatine German: hann, hawwe, hunn
Pennsylvania German: hawwe
Upper Hessian: hu, hunn
Yiddish: האָבן (hobn)

From Proto-West Germanic *habbjan, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną, whence also Old Saxon hebbian, Old English habban, Old Norse hafa, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (haban). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“to grasp”), whence also Latin capiō.


habe

first/third-person singular present subjunctive

inflection of habēn:
second-person singular imperative


lib

līb (canonical masculine neuter)
līb (nominative singular)
lībā (nominative plural)
lība (nominative plural)
līb (accusative singular)
lībā (accusative plural)
lība (accusative plural)
lībes (genitive singular)
lībo (genitive plural)
lībe (dative singular)
lībum (dative plural)
lību (instrumental singular)
līb (nominative singular)
līb (nominative plural)
līb (accusative singular)
līb (accusative plural)
lībes (genitive singular)
lībo (genitive plural)
lībe (dative singular)
lībum (dative plural)
lību (instrumental singular)

Middle High German: līp, līph, līf, līb

Alemannic German: Liib

Central Franconian: Liev, Leiv

Hunsrik: Leib

Luxembourgish: Läif, Leif

Cimbrian: laip

German: Leib

Vilamovian: łaowa

Yiddish: לײַב (layb)

From Proto-West Germanic *līb, from Proto-Germanic *lībą.


aro

aro (nominative singular)
aron (nominative plural)
arun (nominative plural)
aron (accusative singular)
arun (accusative singular)
aron (accusative plural)
arun (accusative plural)
aren (genitive singular)
arin (genitive singular)
arōno (genitive plural)
aren (dative singular)
arin (dative singular)
arōm (dative plural)
arōn (dative plural)
arn (alternative)
arin (alternative)

Middle High German: are, ar

German: Aar (poetic)

From Proto-West Germanic *arō, from Proto-Germanic *arô.

Adelaar

Middle High German: adelare, adelar; older


bim

Middle High German: bin

German: bin

From Proto-West Germanic *biumi, from Proto-Germanic *biumi.

first-person singular present indicative of sīn


har

Middle High German: hār

Alemannic German: Härre

Swabian: Hoar

Walser: haar, hoar, hoor, hàre

Bavarian: hoor

Cimbrian: har, haar (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: hor

Central Franconian: Hoor

German: Haar

Luxembourgish: Hoer

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: Haar

Yiddish: האָר (hor)

From Proto-West Germanic *hār, from Proto-Germanic *hērą, from Proto-Indo-European *keres- (“rough hair, bristle”).
Compare Old Saxon hār, Old English her, hǣr, Old Norse hár.


karst

karst (nominative singular)
karstā (nominative plural)
karsta (nominative plural)
karst (accusative singular)
karstā (accusative plural)
karsta (accusative plural)
karstes (genitive singular)
karsto (genitive plural)
karste (dative singular)
karstum (dative plural)
karstu (instrumental singular)
carsc (alternative)
kars (alternative)

Middle High German: karst

Alemannic German: Charst

Central Franconian: Kaasch, Kaascht

Hunsrik: Kaarscht

Moselle Franconian: Koascht

German: Karst

Luxembourgish: Kaascht

Rhine Franconian: Kaarsch, Kaarscht

Palatine German: Kaarsch, Kaarscht

East Franconian: Koascht, Koaschd

Unknown; perhaps from a Proto-West Germanic *karsk, *karst related to keren (“to sweep”), from Proto-Germanic *karjaną.


sitzen

Middle High German: sitzen

Alemannic German:

Swabian: sitza

Central Franconian: setze

Cimbrian: zètzan (suppletive; some conjugations)

German: sitzen

Luxembourgish: sëtzen

Yiddish: זיצן (zitsn)

From Proto-West Germanic *sittjan, Proto-Germanic *sitjaną. Cognate with Old Saxon sittian, Old Dutch sitten, Old English sittan, Old Norse sitja, Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (sitan).

sizzen (alternative)
sitten (alternative)


denken

denken (infinitive)
denku (first-person present singular)
dahta (first-person past singular)
denkis (present second-person singular)
denkist (present second-person singular)
dahtōs (past second-person singular)
denktōst (past second-person singular)
denkit (present singular third-person)
dahta (past singular third-person)
denkem (first-person plural present)
denkemēs (first-person plural present)
dahtum (first-person past plural)
dahtumēs (first-person past plural)
denket (plural present second-person)
dahtut (past plural second-person)
denkent (plural present third-person)
dahtun (past plural third-person)
denke (first-person present singular)
dahti (first-person past singular)
denkēs (present second-person singular)
denkēst (present second-person singular)
dahtīs (past second-person singular)
dahtīst (past second-person singular)
denke (present singular third-person)
dahti (past singular third-person)
denkēm (first-person plural present)
denkēn (first-person plural present)
dahtīm (first-person past plural)
dahtīn (first-person past plural)
dahtīmēs (first-person past plural)
denkēt (plural present second-person)
dahtīt (past plural second-person)
denkēn (plural present third-person)
dahtīn (past plural third-person)
denki (present singular)
denket (plural present)
denkenti (present)
gidaht (past)
thenken (alternative)

Middle High German: denken

Alemannic German: tenke

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: dénkhan

Mòcheno: denken

German: denken

Yiddish: דענקען (denken)

From Proto-West Germanic *þankijan, from Proto-Germanic *þankijaną, akin to Old Saxon thenkian, Old Dutch thenken, Old English þencan, Old Norse þekkja, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þagkjan).


kol

Middle High German: kol

Cimbrian: kholl

German: Kohle

Luxembourgish: Kuel

Yiddish: קויל (koyl)

From Proto-West Germanic *kol, whence also Old English col, Old Norse kol.


zim

second-person singular imperative of zëman


uz

From Proto-Germanic *ūt, whence also Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old Dutch, Old English ūt, Old Norse út, Gothic 𐌿𐍄 (ūt).


uz

Middle High German: ūȥ

Alemannic German: us

Cimbrian: aus, auz (Luserna)

German: aus

Luxembourgish: aus

Yiddish: אויס (oys)


nam

first/third-person singular past indicative of nëman


lari

From Proto-West Germanic *lāʀi, from Proto-Germanic *lēziz. Akin to Old English ġelære.