mi

(northern) Alternative form of mir, dative singular of ih


her

Middle High German: hër, he

Central Franconian:

Moselle Franconian: ä, en (from the accusative)

Eifelisch: hän, hen, en

Ripuarian:

Aachensch: he

Kölsch: hä, ä

East Central German:

Lusatian-New Marchian: hä

Thuringian:

North Thuringian: he, hä

Rhine Franconian:

Hessian:

Low Hessian: he, hä

South Hessian: he

Vilamovian: hār

From Proto-West Germanic *hiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hiz.

(northern dialects) Alternative form of er


er

ih (first-person nominative singular)
ihha, ihcha (first-person nominative singular)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
mir (dative first-person singular)
mih (accusative first-person singular)
dū (nominative second-person singular)
dīn (genitive second-person singular)
dir (dative second-person singular)
dih (accusative second-person singular)
er (masculine nominative singular third-person)
her (masculine nominative singular third-person)
sīn (genitive masculine singular third-person)
imu (dative masculine singular third-person)
imo (dative masculine singular third-person)
inan (accusative masculine singular third-person)
in (accusative masculine singular third-person)
siu (feminine nominative singular third-person)
sī (feminine nominative singular third-person)
si (feminine nominative singular third-person)
ira (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iru (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iro (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iru (dative feminine singular third-person)
iro (dative feminine singular third-person)
sia (accusative feminine singular third-person)
iz (neuter nominative singular third-person)
es (genitive neuter singular third-person)
is (genitive neuter singular third-person)
imu (dative neuter singular third-person)
imo (dative neuter singular third-person)
iz (accusative neuter singular third-person)
wir (first-person nominative plural)
unsēr (first-person genitive plural)
uns (dative first-person plural)
unsih (accusative first-person plural)
ir (nominative plural second-person)
iuwēr (genitive plural second-person)
iu (dative plural second-person)
iuwih (accusative plural second-person)
sie (masculine nominative plural third-person)
iro (genitive masculine plural third-person)
im (dative masculine plural third-person)
in (dative masculine plural third-person)
sie (accusative masculine plural third-person)
sio (feminine nominative plural third-person)
iro (feminine genitive plural third-person)
im (dative feminine plural third-person)
in (dative feminine plural third-person)
sio (accusative feminine plural third-person)
siu (neuter nominative plural third-person)
iro (genitive neuter plural third-person)
im (dative neuter plural third-person)
in (dative neuter plural third-person)
siu (accusative neuter plural third-person)
ir (nominative second-person)
iuwēr (genitive second-person)
iu (dative second-person)
iuwih (accusative second-person)

Middle High German: ër (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), akin to Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is, “he”), Latin is (“he”).

[…] Are you prophet? and he responded no […]

c. 825, Tatian, Diatessaron, translation, Chapter 13, verse 20. […] Bist thu wīzago? inti her antlingota nein […]


ir

Middle High German: ir

Alemannic German: ir

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: iar, iart (Luserna)

Mòcheno: ir

Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)

Hunsrik: deer

Luxembourgish: dir

German: ihr

Rhine Franconian:

Pennsylvania German: dihr

desc

Yiddish: איר (ir), איהר (ihr) — Daytshmerish

From Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Lékza ih therara búachi / iu sentu in suábo richi,
thaz ir irkíaset ubar ál, / oba siu frúma wesan scal;
Oba ir hiar fíndet iawiht thés / thaz wírdig ist thes lésannes:
I send to you in Swabia the selection of books,
so that you can decide above all if it will be useful;
[and] if you find here something that is worthy of being read.
(quoted in and tr. by Horst J. Simon in Taavitsainen & Jucker 2003:88)

late 9th century, Otfrid of Weissenburg, Letter to Bishop Salomo of Constance v. 5-7

(polite) you (second-person singular pronoun)


du

dū (canonical)
ih (first-person nominative singular)
ihha, ihcha (first-person nominative singular)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
mir (dative first-person singular)
mih (accusative first-person singular)
dū (nominative second-person singular)
dīn (genitive second-person singular)
dir (dative second-person singular)
dih (accusative second-person singular)
er (masculine nominative singular third-person)
her (masculine nominative singular third-person)
sīn (genitive masculine singular third-person)
imu (dative masculine singular third-person)
imo (dative masculine singular third-person)
inan (accusative masculine singular third-person)
in (accusative masculine singular third-person)
siu (feminine nominative singular third-person)
sī (feminine nominative singular third-person)
si (feminine nominative singular third-person)
ira (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iru (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iro (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iru (dative feminine singular third-person)
iro (dative feminine singular third-person)
sia (accusative feminine singular third-person)
iz (neuter nominative singular third-person)
es (genitive neuter singular third-person)
is (genitive neuter singular third-person)
imu (dative neuter singular third-person)
imo (dative neuter singular third-person)
iz (accusative neuter singular third-person)
wir (first-person nominative plural)
unsēr (first-person genitive plural)
uns (dative first-person plural)
unsih (accusative first-person plural)
ir (nominative plural second-person)
iuwēr (genitive plural second-person)
iu (dative plural second-person)
iuwih (accusative plural second-person)
sie (masculine nominative plural third-person)
iro (genitive masculine plural third-person)
im (dative masculine plural third-person)
in (dative masculine plural third-person)
sie (accusative masculine plural third-person)
sio (feminine nominative plural third-person)
iro (feminine genitive plural third-person)
im (dative feminine plural third-person)
in (dative feminine plural third-person)
sio (accusative feminine plural third-person)
siu (neuter nominative plural third-person)
iro (genitive neuter plural third-person)
im (dative neuter plural third-person)
in (dative neuter plural third-person)
siu (accusative neuter plural third-person)
ir (nominative second-person)
iuwēr (genitive second-person)
iu (dative second-person)
iuwih (accusative second-person)

Middle High German: du

Alemannic German: du

Swabian: dau, d

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: du

Mòcheno: du

Central Franconian: du, dou

Hunsrik: du

Kölsch: do

German: du

Luxembourgish: du

Rhine Franconian:

Palatine German: du

Pennsylvania German: du

Yiddish: דו (du)

From Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, whence also Old English þū, Old Norse þú, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Perhaps the earliest attestation of the pronoun is the inscription on the Bülach fibula, which may show ᛞᚢ (du) already differentiated from other Germanic languages’ þu.

ᚠᚱᛁᚠᚱᛁᛞᛁᛚ / ᛞᚢ / ...
frifridil / du / […]
frifridil / du / ...
frifridil / du / […]

6th-7th century, inscription on the Bülach fibula

thou, you (second-person singular pronoun)


wir

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: biar, bar (Sette Comuni)

Mòcheno: biar

German: wir

From Proto-West Germanic *wiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *wīz, *wiz.


der

desctree

Middle High German: dër
Alemannic German: der
German: der
Pennsylvania German: der
Yiddish: דער (der)

Derived from Proto-Germanic *sa, by analogy with the adjective inflection.


din

From Proto-West Germanic *þīn, whence also Old English þīn, Old Norse þínn.


wer

Middle High German: wër, wie, wē (northern)
Central Franconian: wä
Cimbrian: bèar, ber (Luserna)
German: wer
Yiddish: ווער (ver)

From Proto-West Germanic *hwaʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hwaz. Cognate with Old Norse hverr.

Wer war er?

hıltıbrant gımahalta herıbranteſ ſunu her uuaſ heroro man
feraheſ frotoro • her fragen gıſtuont
fohem uuortum • ƿer ſin fater ƿarı[…]

Hildebrand spoke, Heribrand's son—he was a hoarier man, wiser of life;—he posed his question with few words, who his [Hadubrand's] father might be […]


min

mīn (canonical)
ih (first-person nominative singular)
ihha, ihcha (first-person nominative singular)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
mir (dative first-person singular)
mih (accusative first-person singular)
dū (nominative second-person singular)
dīn (genitive second-person singular)
dir (dative second-person singular)
dih (accusative second-person singular)
er (masculine nominative singular third-person)
her (masculine nominative singular third-person)
sīn (genitive masculine singular third-person)
imu (dative masculine singular third-person)
imo (dative masculine singular third-person)
inan (accusative masculine singular third-person)
in (accusative masculine singular third-person)
siu (feminine nominative singular third-person)
sī (feminine nominative singular third-person)
si (feminine nominative singular third-person)
ira (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iru (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iro (feminine genitive singular third-person)
iru (dative feminine singular third-person)
iro (dative feminine singular third-person)
sia (accusative feminine singular third-person)
iz (neuter nominative singular third-person)
es (genitive neuter singular third-person)
is (genitive neuter singular third-person)
imu (dative neuter singular third-person)
imo (dative neuter singular third-person)
iz (accusative neuter singular third-person)
wir (first-person nominative plural)
unsēr (first-person genitive plural)
uns (dative first-person plural)
unsih (accusative first-person plural)
ir (nominative plural second-person)
iuwēr (genitive plural second-person)
iu (dative plural second-person)
iuwih (accusative plural second-person)
sie (masculine nominative plural third-person)
iro (genitive masculine plural third-person)
im (dative masculine plural third-person)
in (dative masculine plural third-person)
sie (accusative masculine plural third-person)
sio (feminine nominative plural third-person)
iro (feminine genitive plural third-person)
im (dative feminine plural third-person)
in (dative feminine plural third-person)
sio (accusative feminine plural third-person)
siu (neuter nominative plural third-person)
iro (genitive neuter plural third-person)
im (dative neuter plural third-person)
in (dative neuter plural third-person)
siu (accusative neuter plural third-person)
ir (nominative second-person)
iuwēr (genitive second-person)
iu (dative second-person)
iuwih (accusative second-person)

Middle High German: mīn
Alemannic German: miin, myn
Bavarian: mei
Cimbrian: main, moi (Luserna)
Hunsrik: mein
Luxembourgish: mäin
German: mein
Vilamovian: maj
Yiddish: מײַן (mayn)

From Proto-West Germanic *mīn, from Proto-Germanic *mīnaz, whence also Old English mīn, Old Norse mínn.


diz

nominative/accusative neuter singular of dese


dese

Middle High German:

German: dieser

Cimbrian: diiza, disa (Luserna)

From Proto-Germanic *þat, whence also Old English þes.


iuwar

desc

Middle High German: iuwer, iur, (Central German also) ūwer, ūr

Alemannic German: öie

Cimbrian: ôar

Central Franconian: ühr, ähr, eier, auer

Luxembourgish: är

German: euer

Yiddish: אײַער (ayer)

From Proto-West Germanic *iuwar, whence also Old Saxon iuwar, Old English ēower. Further cognate with Old Norse yðvarr, Gothic 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌰𐍂 (izwar).


mih

desctree

Middle High German: mich
Alemannic German: mich, mi
Central Franconian: mich
Cimbrian: mich
East Central German: mihch, mich, miech
German: mich
Hunsrik: mich
Luxembourgish: mech
Pennsylvania German: mich
Yiddish: מיך (mikh)

From Proto-Germanic *mek, from Proto-Indo-European *me (“me”), akin to Old English mē, Old Norse mik.


dih

Middle High German: dich

Alemannic German: dich

Cimbrian: dich

German: dich

Hunsrik: dich

Luxembourgish: dech

Yiddish: דיך (dikh)

From Proto-Germanic *þek, whence also Old English þec, Old Norse þik.


sih

Middle High German: sich

Bavarian: si, sich

Cimbrian: zich

Central Franconian: sich, sech

Hunsrik: sich

Luxembourgish: sech

East Central German: sich

Zipser German: ßich

German: sich

Yiddish: זיך (zikh)

→ Middle Dutch: sich

→ Dutch: zich

q

adapted to native <i class="Latn mention" lang="gml">mik, dik</i>

→ Middle Low German: sik, sek (adapted to native mik, dik)

desc

Low German: sik, sick (variant spelling), sük, sück (East Frisian, northern Emsland), sek, seck (Eastphalian, East Prussian), sich (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)

From Proto-West Germanic *sik, from Proto-Germanic *sek, whence also Old Saxon sik, Old Norse sik.


ih

desctree

Middle High German: ich, ig
Alemannic German: ich, ig, i
Sensler: [iː]
Swabian: i
Sathmar Swabian: i
Bavarian: i
Cimbrian: ich (Setti Comuni); i (Luserna)
Gottscheerish: iχ, ī, i (unstressed); iχχe (emphatic)
Mòcheno: i
Central Franconian: ich, eich, ech
Hunsrückisch: äijsch
Hunsrik: ich [ɪç]
Britten: [æɪ̯ʃ], [ɪʃ]
Kölsch: ich
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: iech
Silesian East Central German: iech
Upper Saxon German: isch, ische
East Franconian: i, iech
German: ich
Luxembourgish: ech
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: aisch
Pennsylvania German: ich [ɪç]
Vilamovian: ych
Yiddish: איך (ikh), ich

desc

→ Limburgish: ich, iech, ik, iich (Eupen), ech (Southeast Limburgish)

From Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ik, *ek, possibly from a preform *eką from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂om (“I”), or directly from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂ (“I”).
Cognates include Old Saxon ik, Old Dutch ik, Old English iċ, Old Norse ek, Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik).


daz

Middle High German: daz

Alemannic German: ds, s

Swabian: des

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: des, 's, z

Mòcheno: s

German: das, dass

Hessian: dès

Luxembourgish: dass

Silesian East Central German: doas

Yiddish: דאָס (dos)

From Proto-Germanic *þat, neuter of *sa (“the”). More at that.

neuter nominative/accusative singular of der: that, it


iz

desctree

Middle High German: ëz
Alemannic German: es
Bavarian: es
Cimbrian: es, 'z (Luserna), is, 's
Mòcheno: s
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: es
German: es
Luxembourgish: et
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: es
Yiddish: עס (es)


inan

Middle High German: in, inen

Alemannic German: in

Cimbrian: in, inn (Sette Comuni)

German: ihn

Hunsrik: ihn

From Proto-Germanic *inǭ, accusative singular masculine of *iz.


waz

Middle High German: waz, wat

desc

Alemannic German: waas, waa, was, wa (unstressed)

Central Franconian: wat

Cimbrian: bas, baz (Luserna)

Hunsrik: was

German: was

Luxembourgish: wat

Yiddish: וואָס (vos)

From Proto-Germanic *hwat, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷod. Cognate with Dutch wat, English what, Danish hvad. More at what.


iuwih

Middle High German: iuch

Alemannic German: üüch

Cimbrian: òich

German: euch

Luxembourgish: iech

Yiddish: אײַך (aykh)

From Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, a West Germanic variant of Proto-Germanic *izwiz.


unsih

(personal) accusative plural of ih (“us”)


welih

wëlīhēr (masculine nominative singular strong)

Middle High German: welich, welch

German: welch