hospital

fro-noun

hospital oblique singular, m (oblique plural hospitaus or hospitax or hospitals, nominative singular hospitaus or hospitax or hospitals, nominative plural hospital)

hospital oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
hospitaus (oblique plural)
hospitax (oblique plural)
hospitals (oblique plural)
hospitaus (nominative singular)
hospitax (nominative singular)
hospitals (nominative singular)
hospital (nominative plural)

Anglo-Norman: ospitel

→ Middle Irish: ospitél

Irish: ospidéal

Scottish Gaelic: ospadal

Middle French: hospital
French: hôpital

desctree

→ Dutch: hospitaal
Afrikaans: hospitaal
Malay: hospital
→ Caribbean Hindustani: aspatál

→ Middle English: hospital
English: hospital (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hospital

→ Russian: госпиталь (gospitalʹ)

Borrowed from Late Latin hospitālis, hospitāle (“hospice, shelter, guesthouse”), from Latin hospitālis (“hospitable”), from hospes (“host, guest”). Compare the inherited ostel.


hospital

head

hospital m (oblique and nominative feminine singular hospitale)

hospitale (feminine nominative oblique singular)
hospitals (masculine singular subjective)
hospitaus (masculine singular subjective)
hospitale (feminine singular subjective)
hospital (neuter singular subjective)
hospital (masculine oblique singular)
hospitale (feminine oblique singular)
hospital (neuter oblique singular)
hospitale (oblique singular)
hospital (oblique singular)
hospital (masculine plural subjective)
hospitales (feminine plural subjective)
hospital (neuter plural subjective)
hospital (plural subjective)
hospitals (masculine oblique plural)
hospitaus (masculine oblique plural)
hospitales (feminine oblique plural)
hospital (neuter oblique plural)
hospitales (oblique plural)
hospital (oblique plural)


metal

fro-noun

metal oblique singular, m (oblique plural metaus or metax or metals, nominative singular metaus or metax or metals, nominative plural metal)

metal oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
metaus (oblique plural)
metax (oblique plural)
metals (oblique plural)
metaus (nominative singular)
metax (nominative singular)
metals (nominative singular)
metal (nominative plural)


flame

flame oblique singular, f (oblique plural flames, nominative singular flame, nominative plural flames)

flame oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
flames (oblique plural)
flame (nominative singular)
flames (nominative plural)

→ English: flame

Middle French: flame

French: flame, flamme

Senz redouteir l'infernal flame

c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci encoumence la complainte d ou conte huede de nevers:


space

space oblique singular, m (oblique plural spaces, nominative singular spaces, nominative plural space)

space oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
spaces (oblique plural)
spaces (nominative singular)
space (nominative plural)


volume

→ English: volume

French: volume

Borrowed from Latin volūmen (“a book, roll”).

volume, specifically a collection of written works


none oblique singular, f (oblique plural nones, nominative singular none, nominative plural nones)

none oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
nones (oblique plural)
nones (nominative plural)

(originally) noon; the ninth hour of the day, equivalent to about 3pm by modern standards


fil

fil oblique singular, m (oblique plural fiz or filz, nominative singular fiz or filz, nominative plural fil)

fil oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fiz (oblique plural)
filz (oblique plural)
fiz (nominative singular)
filz (nominative singular)
fil (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: fi

Walloon: fi

From Latin fīlium, accusative singular of fīlius. The nominative form fiz, fils (whence modern French fils), derives from the Latin nominative.


fil

fil oblique singular, m (oblique plural fis, nominative singular fis, nominative plural fil)

fil oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fis (oblique plural)
fis (nominative singular)
fil (nominative plural)

French: fil

A fil d'or ovree et tissue.

c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:

It was made and woven from fine threads of gold


covenant

From Latin conveniēns, conveniēntem (“agreeing, agreeable, suitable, convenient”), present participle of conveniō (“to agree”).


covenant

fro-noun

covenant oblique singular, m (oblique plural covenanz or covenantz, nominative singular covenanz or covenantz, nominative plural covenant)

covenant oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
covenanz (oblique plural)
covenantz (oblique plural)
covenanz (nominative singular)
covenantz (nominative singular)
covenant (nominative plural)

English: covenant

French: convenant

Del convenant vus deit membrer

c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 220, line 2895:


prince

prince oblique singular, m (oblique plural princes, nominative singular princes, nominative plural prince)

prince oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
princes (oblique plural)
princes (nominative singular)
prince (nominative plural)

→ English: prince

→ Manx: prinse

→ Japanese: プリンス (purinsu)

→ Dutch: prins

→ Danish: prins

→ Swedish: prins

→ Finnish: prinssi

→ Middle High German: prinze

German: Prinz

→ Russian: принц (princ)

→ Serbo-Croatian: princ

→ Esperanto: princo

→ Icelandic: prins

→ Faroese: prinsur

→ Luxembourgish: Prënz

→ Irish: prionsa

→ Romanian: prinț

→ Latvian: princis

Semi-learned borrowing from Latin prīnceps.


empire

fro-noun

empire oblique singular, m (oblique plural empires, nominative singular empires, nominative plural empire)

empire oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
empires (oblique plural)
empires (nominative singular)
empire (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: empire

English: empire

French: empire

From Latin imperium, inperium (“command, control, dominion, sovereignty, a dominion, empire”), from imperare, inperare (“to command, order”), from in (“in, on”) + parare (“to make ready, order”).


baron

baron oblique singular, m (oblique plural barons, nominative singular ber, nominative plural baron)

baron oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
barons (oblique plural)
ber (nominative singular)
baron (nominative plural)

Middle French: baron (see there for further descendants)

Norman: bâron

Picard: barôn

Walloon: baron

→ Italian: barone

→ Middle Armenian: պարոն (paron)

Armenian: պարոն (paron)

→ Middle Dutch: baroen

Dutch: baron (readjusted per French)

desctree

→ Middle English: baroun, baron, barone, baroon, barown, barowne, barun, beron
English: baron
Scots: baron

→ Middle Irish: barún

Irish: barún

→ Middle Low German: barōn

→ Middle High German: barūn, barōne

German: Baron (see there for further descendants)

→? Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: barón

Portuguese: barão

→ Old Norse: barún

Icelandic: barón

Norwegian: baron

Swedish: baron

Danish: baron

→ Old Spanish: baron (partially)

Spanish: barón

→ Sicilian: baruni

Inherited from Latin barōnem.
The nominative singular ber is a regular outcome of the Latin nominative barō.


digestion

fro-noun

digestion oblique singular, f (oblique plural digestions, nominative singular digestion, nominative plural digestions)

digestion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
digestions (oblique plural)
digestion (nominative singular)
digestions (nominative plural)


people

people oblique singular, m (oblique plural peoples, nominative singular peoples, nominative plural people)

people oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
peoples (oblique plural)
peoples (nominative singular)
people (nominative plural)

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of pueple


san

san oblique singular, m (oblique plural sans, nominative singular sans, nominative plural san)

san oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sans (oblique plural)
sans (nominative singular)
san (nominative plural)


u

Middle French: ou

French: où

Dez ke Richart le sout, un espie enveia
Saveir u Thiebaut ert, e combien gent il a.

As soon as Richard knew about it, he sent a spy
to know where Thibalt was, and how many people he had with him.


mare

head

mare m (oblique and nominative feminine singular mare)

mare (feminine nominative oblique singular)

From Middle Dutch mare (“phantom, spirit”).


impersonal

impersonal m (oblique and nominative feminine singular impersonale)

impersonale (feminine nominative oblique singular)


ewe

fro-noun

ewe oblique singular, f (oblique plural ewes, nominative singular ewe, nominative plural ewes)

ewe oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
ewes (oblique plural)
ewe (nominative singular)
ewes (nominative plural)

E caunt ele estoyt de tut chargé
La ewe vint curant a grant plenté.

And when it [the Ark] was fully loaded
 the waters ran high and fast.

L'ewe est bele e parfond qui en la cité cort

The water which runs through the city is beautiful and deep

En bacins d'or ewe aporterent

They brought water in basins made of gold


femme

femme oblique singular, f (oblique plural femmes, nominative singular femme, nominative plural femmes)

femme oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
femmes (oblique plural)
femme (nominative singular)
femmes (nominative plural)


potable

head

potable m (oblique and nominative feminine singular potable)

potable (feminine nominative oblique singular)
potables (masculine singular subjective)
potable (feminine singular subjective)
potable (neuter singular subjective)
potable (masculine oblique singular)
potable (feminine oblique singular)
potable (neuter oblique singular)
potable (oblique singular)
potable (masculine plural subjective)
potables (feminine plural subjective)
potable (neuter plural subjective)
potable (plural subjective)
potables (masculine oblique plural)
potables (feminine oblique plural)
potable (neuter oblique plural)
potables (oblique plural)
potable (oblique plural)

→ Middle English: potable

English: potable

French: potable

Norman: potabl'ye (Jersey)


cheval

fro-noun

cheval oblique singular, m (oblique plural chevaus or chevax or chevals, nominative singular chevaus or chevax or chevals, nominative plural cheval)

cheval oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chevaus (oblique plural)
chevax (oblique plural)
chevals (oblique plural)
chevaus (nominative singular)
chevax (nominative singular)
chevals (nominative singular)
cheval (nominative plural)

desc

Bourguignon: chevau, ch'vau, g'vau, z'vau

Champenois: cheveau

Middle French: cheval (see there for further descendants)

Lorrain: tchevâ

Norman: queval

Picard: cval, cvau

Walloon: tchivå, tchvå

→ Gascon: chivau

circa 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:

-Erec got down from his horse.

Maint bon cheval i unt tué


home

fro-noun

home oblique singular, m (oblique plural homes, nominative singular hom, nominative plural home)

home oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
homes (oblique plural)
hom (nominative singular)
home (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: homme
French: homme, Homme (Man, genus Homo)
Haitian Creole: lòm
Karipúna Creole French: uóm
Louisiana Creole: n'homme
Saint Dominican Creole French: n'homme
Haitian Creole: nonm
→⇒ English: en homme
French: on, l’on (formal)
→ Esperanto: oni
→ Ido: onu

Norman: houme (France), haomme (Guernsey), houmme (Jersey)

Picard: onme

Walloon: ome

From Vulgar Latin *(h)omne, Latin hominem, accusative singular of homō. The nominative form hom, om, on, hon derives from the Latin nominative homō.

hom for alternative nominative singular forms

O HOM de sancte vie, entent que signefie

c. 1120, Philippe de Taon, Bestiaire, line 476:

O MAN of sacred life, listen to what this means


ore

French: or (archaic)

For earlier *aore, from Latin hāc hōrā (“(in) this hour”).


ore

fro-noun

ore oblique singular, f (oblique plural ores, nominative singular ore, nominative plural ores)

ore oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
ores (oblique plural)
ore (nominative singular)
ores (nominative plural)

English: hour

French: heure

Norman: heure, houre (continental Norman), heuthe (Jersey), haeure (Guernsey)

From Latin hōra, from Ancient Greek ὥρα (hṓra).

quel haste avez,
Qui a tel ore vos levez?

What haste do you have
That wakes up at this time of day?

hour; time, period of the day (period of time)


poor

poor oblique singular, f (oblique plural poors, nominative singular poor, nominative plural poors)

poor oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
poors (oblique plural)
poor (nominative singular)
poors (nominative plural)


orient

orient oblique singular, m (nominative singular orienz or orientz)

orient oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
orienz (nominative singular)
orientz (nominative singular)


menu

head

menu m (oblique and nominative feminine singular menue or menude)

menue (feminine nominative oblique singular)
menude (feminine nominative oblique singular)
menus (masculine singular subjective)
menuz (masculine singular subjective)
menue (feminine singular subjective)
menude (feminine singular subjective)
menu (neuter singular subjective)
menu (masculine oblique singular)
menue (feminine oblique singular)
menude (feminine oblique singular)
menu (neuter oblique singular)
menue (oblique singular)
menude (oblique singular)
menu (oblique singular)
menu (masculine plural subjective)
menues (feminine plural subjective)
menudes (feminine plural subjective)
menu (neuter plural subjective)
menu (plural subjective)
menus (masculine oblique plural)
menuz (masculine oblique plural)
menues (feminine oblique plural)
menudes (feminine oblique plural)
menu (neuter oblique plural)
menues (oblique plural)
menudes (oblique plural)
menu (oblique plural)

desctree

Middle French: menu
French: menu (see there for further descendants)

Trenche la coife de son hauberc menu

12ᵗʰ Century, Unknown, Raoul de Cambrai:

He cut off the head of his small coat of armor


franc

head

franc m (oblique and nominative feminine singular franche)

franche (feminine nominative oblique singular)
frans (masculine singular subjective)
franche (feminine singular subjective)
less common france (feminine singular subjective)
franc (neuter singular subjective)
franc (masculine oblique singular)
franche (feminine oblique singular)
less common france (feminine oblique singular)
franc (neuter oblique singular)
franche (oblique singular)
less common france (oblique singular)
franc (oblique singular)
franc (masculine plural subjective)
franches (feminine plural subjective)
less common frances (feminine plural subjective)
franc (neuter plural subjective)
franc (plural subjective)
frans (masculine oblique plural)
franches (feminine oblique plural)
less common frances (feminine oblique plural)
franc (neuter oblique plural)
franches (oblique plural)
less common frances (oblique plural)
franc (oblique plural)

→ English: frank

French: franc

→ Middle High German: franc

Norman: franc (Jersey)

Persian: فرنگ (farang)

From Latin Francus, thought to be from Frankish.


hanap

fro-noun

hanap oblique singular, m (oblique plural hanas, nominative singular hanas, nominative plural hanap)

hanap oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
hanas (oblique plural)
hanas (nominative singular)
hanap (nominative plural)

desc

Middle French: hanap, hennap, hannap, henap

French: hanap (historical)

→ English: hanap

⇒ Old French: haneper, hanaper, hanapier (“maker or seller of hanaps”)

Middle French: hanapier

→ Middle English: hanaper, haneper, henyper

From Medieval Latin hanappus (“cup, goblet”), from Frankish *hnapp (“cup, bowl”).


acater

acater (infinitive)
avoir acaté (infinitive multiword-construction)
en acatant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
acatant (participle present)
acaté (participle past)
acat (first-person indicative present singular)
acates (indicative present second-person singular)
acate (indicative present singular third-person)
acatons (first-person indicative plural present)
acatez (indicative plural present second-person)
acatent (indicative plural present third-person)
acatoie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
acateie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
acatoe (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
acateve (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
acatoies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
acateies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
acatoes (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
acateves (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
acatoit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
acateit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
acatot (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
acateve (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
acatiiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
acatiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
acatiiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
acatiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
acatoient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
acateient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
acatoent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
acatevent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
acatai (first-person indicative preterite singular)
acatas (indicative preterite second-person singular)
acata (indicative preterite singular third-person)
acatames (first-person indicative plural preterite)
acatastes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
acaterent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
acaterai (first-person future indicative singular)
acateras (future indicative second-person singular)
acatera (future indicative singular third-person)
acaterons (first-person future indicative plural)
acateroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
acatereiz (future indicative plural second-person)
acaterez (future indicative plural second-person)
acateront (future indicative plural third-person)
acateroie (conditional first-person singular)
acatereie (conditional first-person singular)
acateroies (conditional second-person singular)
acatereies (conditional second-person singular)
acateroit (conditional singular third-person)
acatereit (conditional singular third-person)
acateriiens (conditional first-person plural)
acateriens (conditional first-person plural)
acateriiez (conditional plural second-person)
acateriez (conditional plural second-person)
acateroient (conditional plural third-person)
acatereient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
acat (first-person present singular subjunctive)
acaz (present second-person singular subjunctive)
acat (present singular subjunctive third-person)
acatons (first-person plural present subjunctive)
acatez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
acatent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
acatasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
acatasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
acatast (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
acatissons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
acatissiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
acatissoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
acatissez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
acatissiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
acatassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
acate (imperative second-person singular)
acatons (first-person imperative plural)
acatez (imperative plural second-person)

(Old Northern French) Alternative form of acheter


nuit

fro-noun

nuit oblique singular, f (oblique plural nuiz or nuitz, nominative singular nuit, nominative plural nuiz or nuitz)

nuit oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
nuiz (oblique plural)
nuitz (oblique plural)
nuit (nominative singular)
nuiz (nominative plural)
nuitz (nominative plural)


pomme

pomme oblique singular, f (oblique plural pommes, nominative singular pomme, nominative plural pommes)

pomme oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pommes (oblique plural)
pomme (nominative singular)
pommes (nominative plural)


nocturnal

head

nocturnal m (oblique and nominative feminine singular nocturnale)

nocturnale (feminine nominative oblique singular)


precedent

precedent m (oblique and nominative feminine singular precedent or precedente)

precedent (feminine nominative oblique singular)
precedente (feminine nominative oblique singular)

Borrowed from Latin praecēdēns. Compare Middle French preceder.

Fievre ethique vient sans fievre precedente

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine):

Ethical[?] fever comes without a preceding fever


kernel

fro-noun

kernel oblique singular, m (oblique plural kerneaus or kerneax or kerniaus or kerniax or kernels, nominative singular kerneaus or kerneax or kerniaus or kerniax or kernels, nominative plural kernel)

kernel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
kerneaus (oblique plural)
kerneax (oblique plural)
kerniaus (oblique plural)
kerniax (oblique plural)
kernels (oblique plural)
kerneaus (nominative singular)
kerneax (nominative singular)
kerniaus (nominative singular)
kerniax (nominative singular)
kernels (nominative singular)
kernel (nominative plural)

→ English: crenel

French: créneau

crenel (space in a battlement from which weapons may be used on an incoming enemy)


paper

paper oblique singular, m (oblique plural papers, nominative singular papers, nominative plural paper)

paper oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
papers (oblique plural)
papers (nominative singular)
paper (nominative plural)


image

image oblique singular, f (oblique plural images, nominative singular image, nominative plural images)

image oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
images (oblique plural)
image (nominative singular)
images (nominative plural)

→ English: image

French: image

imagine

La Vie de Saint Alexis, 11th century manuscripts

ymagene

Chanson de Roland, 12th century manuscripts

image (mental or imagined representation)


labour

labour oblique singular, m (oblique plural labours, nominative singular labours, nominative plural labour)

labour oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
labours (oblique plural)
labours (nominative singular)
labour (nominative plural)

(late Anglo-Norman) Alternative spelling of labur


passage

passage oblique singular, m (oblique plural passages, nominative singular passages, nominative plural passage)

passage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
passages (oblique plural)
passages (nominative singular)
passage (nominative plural)

Middle French: passage

→ Middle Dutch: passage

Dutch: passage
→ Indonesian: pasasê

desctree

French: passage
→ Czech: pasáž
→ German: Passage
→ Polish: pasaż
→ Portuguese: passagem
→ Romanian: pasaj
→ Russian: пасса́ж (passáž)
→ Turkish: pasaj
→ Persian: پاساژ (pâsâž)

→ Middle Armenian: բասաճ (basač)

→ Middle English: passage

English: passage

→ Irish: pasáiste

→ Swedish: passage

Volez que je vos die gierres
Del passage com il est max ?

c. 1180, Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot ou le Chevalier de la charrette:

Do you want me to tell you
Of the passage, how bad it is?


famine

fro-noun

famine oblique singular, f (oblique plural famines, nominative singular famine, nominative plural famines)

famine oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
famines (oblique plural)
famine (nominative singular)
famines (nominative plural)

Middle French: famine

→ English: famine

French: famine

Formed from the root of Latin famēs (“hunger”), with the suffix -ine.


avoir

avoir (infinitive)
avoir eü (infinitive multiword-construction)
eüṭ (infinitive multiword-construction)
oü (infinitive multiword-construction)
oüṭ (infinitive multiword-construction)
en aiant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
aiant (participle present)
eü (participle past)
eüṭ (participle past)
oü (participle past)
oüṭ (participle past)
ai (first-person indicative present singular)
as (indicative present second-person singular)
a (indicative present singular third-person)
aṭ (indicative present singular third-person)
avons (first-person indicative plural present)
avez (indicative plural present second-person)
ont (indicative plural present third-person)
avoie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
aveie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
avoies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
aveies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
avoit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
aveit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
aviiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
aviens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
aviiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
aviez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
avoient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
aveient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
oi (first-person indicative preterite singular)
eüs (indicative preterite second-person singular)
oüs (indicative preterite second-person singular)
ot (indicative preterite singular third-person)
out (indicative preterite singular third-person)
eümes (first-person indicative plural preterite)
oümes (first-person indicative plural preterite)
eüstes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
oüstes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
orent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
avrai (first-person future indicative singular)
arai (first-person future indicative singular)
avras (future indicative second-person singular)
aras (future indicative second-person singular)
avra (future indicative singular third-person)
ara (future indicative singular third-person)
avrons (first-person future indicative plural)
arons (first-person future indicative plural)
avroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
avreiz (future indicative plural second-person)
avrez (future indicative plural second-person)
aroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
areiz (future indicative plural second-person)
arez (future indicative plural second-person)
avront (future indicative plural third-person)
aront (future indicative plural third-person)
avroie (conditional first-person singular)
avreie (conditional first-person singular)
aroie (conditional first-person singular)
areie (conditional first-person singular)
avroies (conditional second-person singular)
avreies (conditional second-person singular)
aroies (conditional second-person singular)
areies (conditional second-person singular)
avroit (conditional singular third-person)
avreit (conditional singular third-person)
aroit (conditional singular third-person)
areit (conditional singular third-person)
avriiens (conditional first-person plural)
avriens (conditional first-person plural)
ariiens (conditional first-person plural)
ariens (conditional first-person plural)
avriiez (conditional plural second-person)
avriez (conditional plural second-person)
ariiez (conditional plural second-person)
ariez (conditional plural second-person)
avroient (conditional plural third-person)
avreient (conditional plural third-person)
aroient (conditional plural third-person)
areient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
aie (first-person present singular subjunctive)
aies (present second-person singular subjunctive)
aie (present singular subjunctive third-person)
aieṭ (present singular subjunctive third-person)
ait (present singular subjunctive third-person)
aiiens (first-person plural present subjunctive)
aions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
aiiez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
aient (plural present subjunctive third-person)
eüsse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
oüsse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
eüsses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
oüsses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
eüst (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
oüst (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
eüssons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
eüssiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
oüssons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
oüssiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
eüssoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
eüssez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
eüssiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
oüssoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
oüssez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
oüssiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
eüssent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
oüssent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
aies (imperative second-person singular)
aiiens (first-person imperative plural)
aions (first-person imperative plural)
aiiez (imperative plural second-person)

From Latin habēre. Cognate with Old Occitan aver, haver, Old Spanish aver.

(auxiliary) to have (verb used to form the perfect tense)

Un vilain ot en Normendie

c. 1200, Author unknown, Les quatres sohais Saint Martin:


avoir

avoir oblique singular, m (oblique plural avoirs, nominative singular avoirs, nominative plural avoir)

avoir oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
avoirs (oblique plural)
avoirs (nominative singular)
avoir (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: aivoi

Gallo: aveir

Middle French: avoir

French: avoir

Norman: aveir, aver

Picard: avoèr

Walloon: aveur

→ Middle English: aver

English: aver

C'est mes avoirs, c'est mes tresorz.

Robes, deniers ne autre avoir
Ne voloit de l'autrui avoir.

c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci encoumence la vie de Sainte Marie l'Egypcienne:

Not clothing, nor money, nor other possessions
Did she want to have from others.


rein

rein oblique singular, m (oblique plural reinz, nominative singular reinz, nominative plural rein)

rein oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
reinz (oblique plural)
reinz (nominative singular)
rein (nominative plural)

Middle French: rein
French: rein

Norman: rein

Walloon: rino, rno, rin

→ English: rein

First attested in the plural as reins, from Latin rēnes, plural of the almost unused rēn.

(in the plural, reins) small of the back, lower back


rein

rein oblique singular, f (oblique plural reinz, nominative singular rein, nominative plural reinz)

rein oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
reinz (oblique plural)
rein (nominative singular)
reinz (nominative plural)


fier

fier (infinitive)
avoir fïé (infinitive multiword-construction)
en fiant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
fiant (participle present)
fïé (participle past)
fi (first-person indicative present singular)
fïes (indicative present second-person singular)
fïe (indicative present singular third-person)
fions (first-person indicative plural present)
fïez (indicative plural present second-person)
fïent (indicative plural present third-person)
fioie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
fïeie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
fioe (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
fïeve (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
fioies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
fïeies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
fioes (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
fïeves (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
fioit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
fïeit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
fiot (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
fïeve (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
fiiiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
fiiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
fiiiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
fiiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
fioient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
fïeient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
fioent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
fïevent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
fiai (first-person indicative preterite singular)
fias (indicative preterite second-person singular)
fia (indicative preterite singular third-person)
fiames (first-person indicative plural preterite)
fiastes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
fïerent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
fïerai (first-person future indicative singular)
fïeras (future indicative second-person singular)
fïera (future indicative singular third-person)
fïerons (first-person future indicative plural)
fïeroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
fïereiz (future indicative plural second-person)
fïerez (future indicative plural second-person)
fïeront (future indicative plural third-person)
fïeroie (conditional first-person singular)
fïereie (conditional first-person singular)
fïeroies (conditional second-person singular)
fïereies (conditional second-person singular)
fïeroit (conditional singular third-person)
fïereit (conditional singular third-person)
fïeriiens (conditional first-person plural)
fïeriens (conditional first-person plural)
fïeriiez (conditional plural second-person)
fïeriez (conditional plural second-person)
fïeroient (conditional plural third-person)
fïereient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
fi (first-person present singular subjunctive)
fis (present second-person singular subjunctive)
fit (present singular subjunctive third-person)
fions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
fïez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
fïent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
fiasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
fiasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
fiast (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
fiissons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
fiissiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
fiissoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
fiissez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
fiissiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
fiassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
fïe (imperative second-person singular)
fions (first-person imperative plural)
fïez (imperative plural second-person)

French: (se) fier

Trestuit por lor seignor prioient,
Qu’an Deu et an lui se fioient

They all prayed for their master
In him, and in God they put their trust

(reflexive, se fier) to trust (someone, something)

fïer

diaereses not universally used by scholars of Old French


fier

head

fier m (oblique and nominative feminine singular fiere)

fiere (feminine nominative oblique singular)
fiers (masculine singular subjective)
fiere (feminine singular subjective)
fier (neuter singular subjective)
fier (masculine oblique singular)
fiere (feminine oblique singular)
fier (neuter oblique singular)
fiere (oblique singular)
fier (oblique singular)
fier (masculine plural subjective)
fieres (feminine plural subjective)
fier (neuter plural subjective)
fier (plural subjective)
fiers (masculine oblique plural)
fieres (feminine oblique plural)
fier (neuter oblique plural)
fieres (oblique plural)
fier (oblique plural)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Alternative form of fer (“cruel; fierce”)


ham

fro-noun

ham oblique singular, m (oblique plural hans, nominative singular hans, nominative plural ham)

ham oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
hans (oblique plural)
hans (nominative singular)
ham (nominative plural)

Walloon: hamea, amia, hamia

Walloon: hamtea, hametê, hamtia, amtia

⇒ Old French: hamel

Middle French: hamel

French: hameau

Walloon: hamô

→ Middle English: hamel

desctree

⇒ Old French: hamelet, hamlet
Middle French: hamelet
→ Middle English: hamelet, hamlet
Early Scots: hamillet, hamlet, hamelat, hamelet
English: hamlet

Borrowed from Frankish *haim (“home, village”).


un

uns (masculine singular subjective)
une (feminine singular subjective)
un (masculine oblique singular)
une (feminine oblique singular)
un (masculine plural subjective)
unes (feminine plural subjective)
uns (masculine oblique plural)
unes (feminine oblique plural)

From Latin ūnum, accusative singular of ūnus (“one”).

a, an (masculine oblique singular indefinite article)

a, an (masculine nominative plural indefinite article)


un

Middle French: un, ung
French: un

Norman: un, iun (Guernsey)

Walloon: un


trois

desctree

Middle French: troys
French: trois
Haitian Creole: twa
Louisiana Creole: trò, trwa

Norman: trais

Walloon: troes

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *tréyes
Proto-Italic *trēs
Latin trēs
Old French trois
From Latin trēs.

etymon

troi

used with nomin. plurals that do not end in -s


quatre

Champenois: caitre, quaitre

Franc-Comtois: quaitre

desctree

Middle French: quatre
French: quatre (see there for further descendants)

Norman: quate (continental), quatre (Guernsey), quat' (Jersey)

Picard: quate

Walloon: cwate

From Latin quattuor, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres.


onze

French: onze

Norman: onze


quatorze

French: quatorze

Norman: quatorze

Walloon: catoize


cop

fro-noun

cop oblique singular, m (oblique plural cos, nominative singular cos, nominative plural cop)

cop oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cos (oblique plural)
cos (nominative singular)
cop (nominative plural)


dame

dame oblique singular, f (oblique plural dames, nominative singular dame, nominative plural dames)

dame oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
dames (oblique plural)
dame (nominative singular)
dames (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: daime

Franc-Comtois: daime

→ Italian: dama

Lorrain: daime

desctree

→ Middle English: dame, damme, dam
English: dame; dam
Scots: dame, deem; dam

Middle French: dame

French: dame
→ Catalan: dama
→ Danish: dame
→ Friulian: dame
→ Galician: dama
→ German: Dame
→ Persian: دام (dâm)
→ Italian: dama
→ Ottoman Turkish: دامه (dama)
Turkish: dama
→ Armenian: տամա (tama)
→ Polish: dama
→ Portuguese: dama
→ Romanian: damă
→ Spanish: dama

→ Middle Dutch: dame

Dutch: dame
Afrikaans: dame

Norman: dame

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dame

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dame

Picard: danme

From Late Latin domna, shortened variant of Latin domina.


eve

fro-noun

eve oblique singular, f (oblique plural eves, nominative singular eve, nominative plural eves)

eve oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
eves (oblique plural)
eve (nominative singular)
eves (nominative plural)


ta

French: ta

your (second-person singular possessive)


eclipse

eclipse oblique singular, m (oblique plural eclipses, nominative singular eclipses, nominative plural eclipse)

eclipse oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
eclipses (oblique plural)
eclipses (nominative singular)
eclipse (nominative plural)


mot

mot oblique singular, m (oblique plural moz or motz, nominative singular moz or motz, nominative plural mot)

mot oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
moz (oblique plural)
motz (oblique plural)
moz (nominative singular)
motz (nominative singular)
mot (nominative plural)

French: mot


mot

head

mot m (oblique and nominative feminine singular mote)

mote (feminine nominative oblique singular)


quarante

Middle French: quarante

French: quarante (see there for further descendants)

Norman: tcherànte (Guernsey), quarante (Jersey)

Walloon: cwarante, karantt

From Late Latin quarranta, from Latin quadrāgintā.


soleil

fro-noun

soleil oblique singular, m (oblique plural soleuz or soleilz, nominative singular soleuz or soleilz, nominative plural soleil)

soleil oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
soleuz (oblique plural)
soleilz (oblique plural)
soleuz (nominative singular)
soleilz (nominative singular)
soleil (nominative plural)

Gallo: soulai

Franc-Comtois: soroiye

Middle French: soleil

French: soleil

Norman: solé

Walloon: solea

From Vulgar Latin *sōliculus, diminutive of Latin sōl (“sun”), from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥. Compare Old Occitan solelh.


arbre

arbre oblique singular, m (oblique plural arbres, nominative singular arbres, nominative plural arbre)

arbre oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
arbres (oblique plural)
arbres (nominative singular)
arbre (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: âbre

Champenois: âbre

Franc-Comtois: aîbre

French: arbre

Lorrain: âbre

Norman: arbre

Picard: abe

Walloon: åbe


flor

flor oblique singular, f (oblique plural flors, nominative singular flor, nominative plural flors)

flor oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
flors (oblique plural)
flor (nominative singular)
flors (nominative plural)

French: fleur
Haitian Creole: flè

Insular Celtic:

→ Cornish: flour, flowr

→ Irish: plúr

→ Scottish Gaelic: flùr

desctree

→ Middle English: flour, fflour, fflowr, fleur, flor, floure, flower, flowr, flowre, flowyr, flur
English: flower, flour
Scots: flouer, flour, floor
→ Middle Welsh: fflwr
Welsh: fflŵr

Norman: flieur (Jersey), flleur (Guernsey)

→ Old Norse: flúr

Walloon: fleur

From Latin flōrem, accusative singular of flōs, from Proto-Italic *flōs, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“flower, blossom”).


musique

fro-noun

musique oblique singular, f (oblique plural musiques, nominative singular musique, nominative plural musiques)

musique oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
musiques (oblique plural)
musique (nominative singular)
musiques (nominative plural)

French: musique (see there for further descendants)

Norman: musique, mûsique (Jersey)

Picard: musique

Walloon: muzike

desctree

→ Middle English: musike, music, musice, musik, musique, musyk, musyke
English: music (see there for further descendants)
Scots: muisic

Borrowed from Latin mūsica, borrowed from Ancient Greek μουσική (mousikḗ, “art of the Muses”), derived from Μοῦσα (Moûsa, “Muse”).

der

La tierce oevre fu de musique


cor

fro-noun

cor oblique singular, m (oblique plural cors, nominative singular cors, nominative plural cor)

cor oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cors (oblique plural)
cors (nominative singular)
cor (nominative plural)

French: cor

musical instrument
musical instrument#English

horn (musical instrument used to produce sound)


miel

miel oblique singular, m (oblique plural mieus or miex or miels, nominative singular mieus or miex or miels, nominative plural miel)

miel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
mieus (oblique plural)
miex (oblique plural)
miels (oblique plural)
mieus (nominative singular)
miex (nominative singular)
miels (nominative singular)
miel (nominative plural)

French: miel

Norman: myi

From Vulgar Latin *melem m or f, from Latin mel n.


con

con oblique singular, m (oblique plural cons, nominative singular cons, nominative plural con)

con oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cons (oblique plural)
cons (nominative singular)
con (nominative plural)

French: con


test

test oblique singular, m (oblique plural tez or tetz, nominative singular tez or tetz, nominative plural test)

test oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tez (oblique plural)
tetz (oblique plural)
tez (nominative singular)
tetz (nominative singular)
test (nominative plural)

French: têt, test

→ Middle English: test

English: test (see there for further descendants)

Scots: test

→ Middle High German: test

German: Test

(countable) a pot, usually made out of clay


natural

head

natural m (oblique and nominative feminine singular naturale)

naturale (feminine nominative oblique singular)

desctree

→ Middle English: natural, naturel, naturalle, naturelle, naturell, naturall, naturill
English: natural
Scots: naitural

French: naturel

→ Breton: naturel

si sanbla natural color.

c. 1180, Chrétien de Troyes, Perceval ou le conte du Graal:


lune

Bourguignon: leugne

Middle French: lune
French: lune
Haitian Creole: lalin
Mauritian Creole: lalin
Seychellois Creole: lalin

Norman: leune

Walloon: lune

From Latin lūna, from Proto-Italic *louksnā, from Proto-Indo-European *lówksneh₂.


dancer

dancer (infinitive)
avoir dancé (infinitive multiword-construction)
en dançant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
dançant (participle present)
dancé (participle past)
danz (first-person indicative present singular)
dances (indicative present second-person singular)
dance (indicative present singular third-person)
dançons (first-person indicative plural present)
dancez (indicative plural present second-person)
dancent (indicative plural present third-person)
dançoie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
danceie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
dançoe (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
danceve (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
dançoies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
danceies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
dançoes (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
danceves (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
dançoit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
danceit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
dançot (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
danceve (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
danciiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
danciens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
danciiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
danciez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
dançoient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
danceient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
dançoent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
dancevent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
dançai (first-person indicative preterite singular)
danças (indicative preterite second-person singular)
dança (indicative preterite singular third-person)
dançames (first-person indicative plural preterite)
dançastes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
dancerent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
dancerai (first-person future indicative singular)
danceras (future indicative second-person singular)
dancera (future indicative singular third-person)
dancerons (first-person future indicative plural)
danceroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
dancereiz (future indicative plural second-person)
dancerez (future indicative plural second-person)
danceront (future indicative plural third-person)
danceroie (conditional first-person singular)
dancereie (conditional first-person singular)
danceroies (conditional second-person singular)
dancereies (conditional second-person singular)
danceroit (conditional singular third-person)
dancereit (conditional singular third-person)
danceriiens (conditional first-person plural)
danceriens (conditional first-person plural)
danceriiez (conditional plural second-person)
danceriez (conditional plural second-person)
danceroient (conditional plural third-person)
dancereient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
danz (first-person present singular subjunctive)
danz (present second-person singular subjunctive)
danzt (present singular subjunctive third-person)
dançons (first-person plural present subjunctive)
dancez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
dancent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
dançasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
dançasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dançast (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dancissons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
dancissiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
dancissoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dancissez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dancissiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dançassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dance (imperative second-person singular)
dançons (first-person imperative plural)
dancez (imperative plural second-person)


Paris

Paris (the capital and largest city of modern France)


munt

fro-noun

munt oblique singular, m (oblique plural munz or muntz, nominative singular munz or muntz, nominative plural munt)

munt oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
munz (oblique plural)
muntz (oblique plural)
munz (nominative singular)
muntz (nominative singular)
munt (nominative plural)

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of mont (“mountain”)


munt

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of monde (“world”)


sphere

sphere oblique singular, f (oblique plural spheres, nominative singular sphere, nominative plural spheres)

sphere oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
spheres (oblique plural)
sphere (nominative singular)
spheres (nominative plural)

English: sphere

French: sphère


beverage

beverage oblique singular, m (oblique plural beverages, nominative singular beverages, nominative plural beverage)

beverage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
beverages (oblique plural)
beverages (nominative singular)
beverage (nominative plural)


poisson

poisson oblique singular, m (oblique plural poissons, nominative singular poissons, nominative plural poisson)

poisson oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
poissons (oblique plural)
poissons (nominative singular)
poisson (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: poisson

desctree

French: poisson
Haitian Creole: pwason
Louisiana Creole: pwason
Mauritian Creole: pwason
Seychellois Creole: pwason

desc

Norman: païssaon, paîsson (Jersey), peissoun (continental Normandy), peissoun, païssaon (Guernsey), paîsson (Jersey)

Picard: pichon
→ French: pichon

Walloon: pexhon

First attested as pescion in 980, from peis + -on, peis (“fish”) being from Latin piscis. Alternatively, but less likely, it came through a Vulgar Latin *pisciō, pisciōnem. Peis probably evolved into pescion within Old French to avoid confusion with its homonym peis (“peace”).


mer

fro-noun

mer oblique singular, f (oblique plural mers, nominative singular mer, nominative plural mers)

mer oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
mers (oblique plural)
mer (nominative singular)
mers (nominative plural)

desctree

French: mer
Antillean Creole: lanmè
Haitian Creole: lanmè
→ Volapük: mel

Norman: mé (Jersey)

Walloon: mer

From Latin mare, from Proto-Indo-European *móri.


tort

fro-noun

tort oblique singular, m (oblique plural torz or tortz, nominative singular torz or tortz, nominative plural tort)

tort oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
torz (oblique plural)
tortz (oblique plural)
torz (nominative singular)
tortz (nominative singular)
tort (nominative plural)

French: tort

→ Middle English: tort

English: tort

Scots: tort

From Latin tortum, substantive use of tortus, the past participle of torqueō (“twist, turn”).

Sovent regrete le roi Marc
Son oncle, qui a fait tel tort

King Mark often regretted
That his uncle had done such a bad thing

wrong; misdeed (something considered wrong)


prune

prune oblique singular, f (oblique plural prunes, nominative singular prune, nominative plural prunes)

prune oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
prunes (oblique plural)
prune (nominative singular)
prunes (nominative plural)

French: prune

Norman: preune

Walloon: pronne

desctree

→ Middle English: prune, pruna
English: prune

From Vulgar Latin *prūna, feminine singular formed from the neutral plural of Latin prūnum.


metre

metre (infinitive)
avoir mis (infinitive multiword-construction)
en metant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
metant (participle present)
mis (participle past)
met (first-person indicative present singular)
mez (indicative present second-person singular)
met (indicative present singular third-person)
metons (first-person indicative plural present)
metez (indicative plural present second-person)
metent (indicative plural present third-person)
metoie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
meteie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
metoies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
meteies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
metoit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
meteit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
metiiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
metiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
metiiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
metiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
metoient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
meteient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
mis (first-person indicative preterite singular)
meṣis (indicative preterite second-person singular)
mist (indicative preterite singular third-person)
meṣimes (first-person indicative plural preterite)
meṣistes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
misdrent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
metrai (first-person future indicative singular)
metras (future indicative second-person singular)
metra (future indicative singular third-person)
metrons (first-person future indicative plural)
metroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
metreiz (future indicative plural second-person)
metrez (future indicative plural second-person)
metront (future indicative plural third-person)
metroie (conditional first-person singular)
metreie (conditional first-person singular)
metroies (conditional second-person singular)
metreies (conditional second-person singular)
metroit (conditional singular third-person)
metreit (conditional singular third-person)
metriiens (conditional first-person plural)
metriens (conditional first-person plural)
metriiez (conditional plural second-person)
metriez (conditional plural second-person)
metroient (conditional plural third-person)
metreient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
mete (first-person present singular subjunctive)
metes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
mete (present singular subjunctive third-person)
metons (first-person plural present subjunctive)
metez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
metent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
meṣisse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
meṣisses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
meṣist (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
meṣissons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
meṣissiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
meṣissoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
meṣissez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
meṣissiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
meṣissent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
met (imperative second-person singular)
metons (first-person imperative plural)
metez (imperative plural second-person)

Middle French: mettre, mectre, metre
French: mettre

Norman: maette (Guernsey), mettre (Jersey)

si come li sires qui vuet en petit leu amasser choses de grandisme vaillance […] por acroistre son pooir […] i met il les plus chieres choses et les plus precieux joiaus que il puet, selonc sa bone entencion, tout autressi est li cors de cest livre compilez de sapience

1260–1267, Brunetto Latini, “Cist premiers livres parole de la naissance de toutes choses [This first book talks about the birth of all things]” (chapter 1), Livre I - Premiere partie, in Livres dou Tresor [Book of Treasures]; republished as Polycarpe Chabaille, compiler, Li livres dou tresor par Brunetto Latini, Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1863, page 1:

Just like the lord, who wishes to accumulate very valuable things in a tiny place […] in order to increase his power, […] puts there—according to his good intention—the dearest things and the most precious jewels he can, so the body of this book is filled with knowledge


premier

head

premier m (oblique and nominative feminine singular premiere)

premiere (feminine nominative oblique singular)
premiers (masculine singular subjective)
premiere (feminine singular subjective)
premier (neuter singular subjective)
premier (masculine oblique singular)
premiere (feminine oblique singular)
premier (neuter oblique singular)
premiere (oblique singular)
premier (oblique singular)
premier (masculine plural subjective)
premieres (feminine plural subjective)
premier (neuter plural subjective)
premier (plural subjective)
premiers (masculine oblique plural)
premieres (feminine oblique plural)
premier (neuter oblique plural)
premieres (oblique plural)
premier (oblique plural)


premier

fro-noun

premier oblique singular, m (oblique plural premiers, nominative singular premiers, nominative plural premier)

premier oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
premiers (oblique plural)
premiers (nominative singular)
premier (nominative plural)

Middle French: premier

French: premier

→ English: premier

Norman: preunmyi

saver ke le tenant fut le primer ke entra

to know that the tenant was the first who entered


pressure

pressure oblique singular, f (oblique plural pressures, nominative singular pressure, nominative plural pressures)

pressure oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pressures (oblique plural)
pressure (nominative singular)
pressures (nominative plural)

→ English: pressure


mile

Middle French: mille, mil, mile

French: mille (see there for further descendants)

Norman: mille (Jersey)


li

li (masculine singular subjective)
la (feminine singular subjective)
le (feminine singular subjective)
le (masculine oblique singular)
la (feminine oblique singular)
li (masculine plural subjective)
les (feminine plural subjective)
les (masculine oblique plural)
les (feminine oblique plural)

From Latin illī (“those”). The use for the nominative singular is due to a Vulgar Latin alteration of ille under the influence of the pronoun quī (“who, which”). The same influence (through the dative cui) also explains the Vulgar Latin forms mentioned in etymology 2 below. Doublet of il (“he”).

Li rois respont: "N'est pas mançonge"

the (masculine nominative singular and plural definite article)


li

Either directly from Latin illī, dative singular of ille (“that one”), or from reduction of Old French lui, lei, themselves from Vulgar Latin *illui, *illei. This depends on whether the innovative forms had replaced illī entirely in Gaul or whether they existed side by side with it. Compare Italian gli, Spanish le, Portuguese lhe.

Si li ancomancent a dire

third-person singular indirect object pronoun; to him, to her, to it, chiefly atonic form of lui and lei


ne

French: ne

not; used to form negative constructions


ne

French: ni

A lor seignor gaires n’antendent
Ne les serors ne li cinc frere

They didn't listen to their father
Neither the sisters nor the five brothers


influence

influence oblique singular, f (oblique plural influences, nominative singular influence, nominative plural influences)

influence oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
influences (oblique plural)
influence (nominative singular)
influences (nominative plural)

→ English: influence

French: influence

Borrowed from Medieval Latin īnfluentia, from Latin īnfluēns (“flowing in”), present active participle of īnfluō (“flow into”).

Par l'influance des estoiles

influence, especially viewed as a mystical force affecting one's fate


si

French: si

Norman: si

Si li a dit eneslepas


ti

your (second-person singular possessive pronoun)


se

French: se

himself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)

herself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)

itself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)

oneself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)

themselves (reflexive direct and indirect third-person plural pronoun)


se

French: si


pot

pot oblique singular, m (oblique plural poz or potz, nominative singular poz or potz, nominative plural pot)

pot oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
poz (oblique plural)
potz (oblique plural)
poz (nominative singular)
potz (nominative singular)
pot (nominative plural)

→ English: pot

French: pot

Norman: pot

Asturian: pota

Galician: pota

From Vulgar Latin pottum, pottus (“pot, jar”), from Frankish *pott, from Proto-Germanic *puttaz (“pot, jar, tub”), from Proto-Indo-European *budn- (“a kind of vessel”). More at pot.


pot

French: peut

third-person singular present indicative of poeir


universal

head

universal m (oblique and nominative feminine singular universale)

universale (feminine nominative oblique singular)

French: universel

desctree

→ Middle English: universal, universall, unyversal, universalle, universell, uniyversale, universele, universel
English: universal


la

the (feminine singular oblique definite article)

Trop avons fet grant reposee,
Recomançomes la meslee!

We have rested too much
Let's restart the battle! (literally, the mix)

the (feminine singular nominative definite article)


la

Middle French: la
French: la
→ Norwegian Bokmål: la


lu

fro-noun

lu oblique singular, m (oblique plural lus, nominative singular lus, nominative plural lu)

lu oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
lus (oblique plural)
lus (nominative singular)
lu (nominative plural)


sole

oblique/nominative feminine singular of sol


es

French: ès (archaic except in fixed expressions)

l'autre partie va es muscules

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), page 186 of this essay:


maire

head

maire m (oblique and nominative feminine singular maire)

maire (feminine nominative oblique singular)


maire

fro-noun

maire oblique singular, m (oblique plural maires, nominative singular maires, nominative plural maire)

maire oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
maires (oblique plural)
maires (nominative singular)
maire (nominative plural)

Middle French: maire m

French: maire m

Norman: maire m

→ Middle English: maire

English: mayor


parlement

parlement oblique singular, m (oblique plural parlemenz or parlementz, nominative singular parlemenz or parlementz, nominative plural parlement)

parlement oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
parlemenz (oblique plural)
parlementz (oblique plural)
parlemenz (nominative singular)
parlementz (nominative singular)
parlement (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: parlement
French: parlement

→ Arabic: بَرْلَمَان (barlamān)

→ German: Parlament

Medieval Latin: parlamentum

→ Middle English: parlement, paralament, parlament, parlamente, parlemente, parliament, parliment, parllement, parlyment
English: parliament, Parliament
Scots: parliament
→ Old French: parlement (“legislative assembly, legislative body”) (semantic loan)

→ Middle Dutch: parlement

Dutch: parlement
Afrikaans: parlement
→ Indonesian: parlemen
→ West Frisian: parlemint

French: parlement

* parler (“to speak”) + -ment.
* (legislative body): Semantic loan from Middle English parlement (“parliament”) in the 14th century following the example of the Parliament of England; itself a borrowing from Old French.

semantic loan

parliament (curia regis in judicial session; sovereign court of justice) (13th century)

parliament (legislative assembly or body) (14th century)


tien

French: tien


vache

fro-noun

vache oblique singular, f (oblique plural vaches, nominative singular vache, nominative plural vaches)

vache oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
vaches (oblique plural)
vache (nominative singular)
vaches (nominative plural)

Angevin: vache

Bourguignon: vaiche

desc

Champenois: vaiche (Troyen), vate (Rémois)

Franc-Comtois: vaitche

desctree

Middle French: vache
French: vache
Haitian Creole: vach

Lorrain: vèche

Norman: vaque

Picard: vake

Poitevin-Saintongeais: vache

Walloon: vatche


jet

Anglo-Norman: jet

French: jet
→ English: jet


Breton

fro-noun

Breton oblique singular, m (oblique plural Bretons, nominative singular Bretons, nominative plural Breton)

Breton oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
Bretons (oblique plural)
Bretons (nominative singular)
Breton (nominative plural)

French: Breton


real

head

real m (oblique and nominative feminine singular real or reale)

real (feminine nominative oblique singular)
reale (feminine nominative oblique singular)
reals (masculine singular subjective)
real (feminine singular subjective)
real (neuter singular subjective)
real (masculine oblique singular)
real (feminine oblique singular)
real (neuter oblique singular)
real (oblique singular)
real (masculine plural subjective)
reaxs (feminine plural subjective)
real (neuter plural subjective)
real (plural subjective)
reals (masculine oblique plural)
reaxs (feminine oblique plural)
real (neuter oblique plural)
reaxs (oblique plural)
real (oblique plural)

Middle French: real

El palés real venu sont


lever

lever (infinitive)
avoir levé (infinitive multiword-construction)
en levant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
levant (participle present)
levé (participle past)
lief (first-person indicative present singular)
lieves (indicative present second-person singular)
lieve (indicative present singular third-person)
levons (first-person indicative plural present)
levez (indicative plural present second-person)
lievent (indicative plural present third-person)
levoie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
leveie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
levoe (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
leveve (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
levoies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
leveies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
levoes (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
leveves (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
levoit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
leveit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
levot (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
leveve (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
leviiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
leviens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
leviiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
leviez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
levoient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
leveient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
levoent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
levevent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
levai (first-person indicative preterite singular)
levas (indicative preterite second-person singular)
leva (indicative preterite singular third-person)
levames (first-person indicative plural preterite)
levastes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
leverent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
leverai (first-person future indicative singular)
leveras (future indicative second-person singular)
levera (future indicative singular third-person)
leverons (first-person future indicative plural)
leveroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
levereiz (future indicative plural second-person)
leverez (future indicative plural second-person)
leveront (future indicative plural third-person)
leveroie (conditional first-person singular)
levereie (conditional first-person singular)
leveroies (conditional second-person singular)
levereies (conditional second-person singular)
leveroit (conditional singular third-person)
levereit (conditional singular third-person)
leveriiens (conditional first-person plural)
leveriens (conditional first-person plural)
leveriiez (conditional plural second-person)
leveriez (conditional plural second-person)
leveroient (conditional plural third-person)
levereient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
lief (first-person present singular subjunctive)
lies (present second-person singular subjunctive)
liet (present singular subjunctive third-person)
levons (first-person plural present subjunctive)
levez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
lievent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
levasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
levasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
levast (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
levissons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
levissiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
levissoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
levissez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
levissiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
levassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
lieve (imperative second-person singular)
levons (first-person imperative plural)
levez (imperative plural second-person)

Middle French: lever

French: lever

(reflexive, se lever) to get up (get out of bed)


langage

fro-noun

langage oblique singular, m (oblique plural langages, nominative singular langages, nominative plural langage)

langage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
langages (oblique plural)
langages (nominative singular)
langage (nominative plural)

Si savoit parler mains langages


mission

mission oblique singular, f (oblique plural missions, nominative singular mission, nominative plural missions)

mission oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
missions (oblique plural)
mission (nominative singular)
missions (nominative plural)

French: mission

Norman: mission


forest

forest oblique singular, m or f (oblique plural forez or foretz, nominative singular forez or foretz, nominative plural forest)

forest oblique singular or (canonical feminine masculine)
forez (oblique plural)
foretz (oblique plural)
forez (nominative singular)
foretz (nominative singular)
forest (nominative plural)

Franc-Comtois: fouré (Poisoux)

desctree

Middle French: forest, fourest
French: forêt

Gallo: forée (Nantais), forést

desc

Lorrain: [Term?] (/forɛ/) (St-Maurice-sur-Moselle)

Norman: forêt (Cotentinais, Jersiais), foiret (Brayon), fouorêt (Guernesiais)

Picard: foreû (Athois)

Poitevin-Saintongeais: fouras (Châtellerault), fourêt (Saintongeais)

desctree

→ Middle English: forest, fforest, foreste
English: forest
Scots: forest
→ Welsh: fforest

→ Middle Irish: foraís

Irish: foraois

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin forestis/-a.


ele

French: elle

From Latin illa (nominative), illam (accusative), feminine of ille.


ele

fro-noun

ele oblique singular, f (oblique plural eles, nominative singular ele, nominative plural eles)

ele oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
eles (oblique plural)
ele (nominative singular)
eles (nominative plural)

French: aile


college

college oblique singular, m (oblique plural colleges, nominative singular colleges, nominative plural college)

college oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
colleges (oblique plural)
colleges (nominative singular)
college (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: college, colege, collège, colliege
French: collège
→ Turkish: kolej
→ Middle English: college, colage, colege, colegg, colegie, collage
English: college (see there for further descendants)
Scots: college
→ Dutch: college
→ Indonesian: kolese

Norman: collège

→ Middle Irish: coláisde

Irish: coláiste

college des Cardinaux

institution; organization (an organised establishment of people)


net

head

net m (oblique and nominative feminine singular nete)

nete (feminine nominative oblique singular)
nez (masculine singular subjective)
nes (masculine singular subjective)
nete (feminine singular subjective)
net (neuter singular subjective)
net (masculine oblique singular)
nete (feminine oblique singular)
net (neuter oblique singular)
nete (oblique singular)
net (oblique singular)
net (masculine plural subjective)
netes (feminine plural subjective)
net (neuter plural subjective)
net (plural subjective)
nez (masculine oblique plural)
nes (masculine oblique plural)
netes (feminine oblique plural)
net (neuter oblique plural)
netes (oblique plural)
net (oblique plural)

Anglo-Norman: neit

→ Middle English: *nete

English: neat

Scots: neat

French: net (see there for further descendants)

→ Breton: néat

→ Middle Dutch: net

Dutch: net

→ Middle High German: nett (Lower Rhenish)

Alemannic German: nett

German: nett

→ Danish: net

→ Middle English: net, nette

English: net (obsolete)

→ Spanish: neto (if not from Catalan)

From Vulgar Latin *nittus, syncopated from Latin nitidus (“shining, polished”).


mast

fro-noun

mast oblique singular, m (oblique plural maz or matz, nominative singular maz or matz, nominative plural mast)

mast oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
maz (oblique plural)
matz (oblique plural)
maz (nominative singular)
matz (nominative singular)
mast (nominative plural)

Middle French: mast
French: mât

Norman: mât

→ Spanish: maste

⇒ Spanish: mástel (spelling influenced by árbol)

⇒ Spanish: mástil

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: masto, maste

Portuguese: mastro, (archaic) masto

⇒ Portuguese: mastaréu


Charles

English: Charles

French: Charles


janvier

janvier oblique singular, m (oblique plural janviers, nominative singular janviers, nominative plural janvier)

janvier oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
janviers (oblique plural)
janviers (nominative singular)
janvier (nominative plural)

Middle French: janvier

desctree

French: janvier
Haitian Creole: janvye
→ Iranian Persian: ژانویه (žânviye)
→ Ladino: janviye
→ South Azerbaijani: ژانویه (janviyə)
→ Tunisian Arabic: جانفي (jānvi)

Norman: janvyi, jaunvyi, djãvi

Walloon: djanvî

⇒ Anglo-Norman: janever

→ Middle English: Janevere


jambe

fro-noun

jambe oblique singular, f (oblique plural jambes, nominative singular jambe, nominative plural jambes)

jambe oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
jambes (oblique plural)
jambe (nominative singular)
jambes (nominative plural)

Middle French: jambe, gambe

French: jambe

→ Middle English: gambe

English: gamb

→ Middle English: jambe

English: jamb

Norman: gambe

Picard: gambe

Walloon: djambe

From Late Latin gamba, from Ancient Greek κάμπη (kámpē).


cosine

cosine oblique singular, f (oblique plural cosines, nominative singular cosine, nominative plural cosines)

cosine oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
cosines (oblique plural)
cosine (nominative singular)
cosines (nominative plural)

French: cousine


sine

sine oblique singular, m (oblique plural sines, nominative singular sines, nominative plural sine)

sine oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sines (oblique plural)
sines (nominative singular)
sine (nominative plural)


union

union oblique singular, f (oblique plural unions, nominative singular union, nominative plural unions)

union oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
unions (oblique plural)
union (nominative singular)
unions (nominative plural)

French: union

→ Middle English: unyoun

English: union


union

union oblique singular, m (oblique plural unions, nominative singular unions, nominative plural union)

union oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
unions (oblique plural)
unions (nominative singular)
union (nominative plural)


province

province oblique singular, f (oblique plural provinces, nominative singular province, nominative plural provinces)

province oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
provinces (oblique plural)
province (nominative singular)
provinces (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: province
French: province
→ Middle English: provynce, provynse, province, provyns
English: province
Tok Pisin: provins
Scots: province

desc

Norman: provînche, provinche (continental Norman)


damage

fro-noun

damage oblique singular, m (oblique plural damages, nominative singular damages, nominative plural damage)

damage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
damages (oblique plural)
damages (nominative singular)
damage (nominative plural)

French: dommage

Norman: dommage

→ Friulian: daneç

→ Irish: damáiste

→ Middle English: damage (see there for further descendants)

→ Piedmontese: darmage, darmagi

→ Sicilian: damaggiu

From Vulgar Latin *damnāticum from Classical Latin damnum.


user

user (infinitive)
avoir usé (infinitive multiword-construction)
en usant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
usant (participle present)
usé (participle past)
us (first-person indicative present singular)
uses (indicative present second-person singular)
use (indicative present singular third-person)
usons (first-person indicative plural present)
usez (indicative plural present second-person)
usent (indicative plural present third-person)
usoie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
useie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
usoe (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
useve (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
usoies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
useies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
usoes (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
useves (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
usoit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
useit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
usot (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
useve (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
usiiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
usiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
usiiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
usiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
usoient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
useient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
usoent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
usevent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
usai (first-person indicative preterite singular)
usas (indicative preterite second-person singular)
usa (indicative preterite singular third-person)
usames (first-person indicative plural preterite)
usastes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
userent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
userai (first-person future indicative singular)
useras (future indicative second-person singular)
usera (future indicative singular third-person)
userons (first-person future indicative plural)
useroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
usereiz (future indicative plural second-person)
userez (future indicative plural second-person)
useront (future indicative plural third-person)
useroie (conditional first-person singular)
usereie (conditional first-person singular)
useroies (conditional second-person singular)
usereies (conditional second-person singular)
useroit (conditional singular third-person)
usereit (conditional singular third-person)
useriiens (conditional first-person plural)
useriens (conditional first-person plural)
useriiez (conditional plural second-person)
useriez (conditional plural second-person)
useroient (conditional plural third-person)
usereient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
us (first-person present singular subjunctive)
us (present second-person singular subjunctive)
ust (present singular subjunctive third-person)
usons (first-person plural present subjunctive)
usez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
usent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
usasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
usasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
usast (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
usissons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
usissiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
usissoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
usissez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
usissiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
usassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
use (imperative second-person singular)
usons (first-person imperative plural)
usez (imperative plural second-person)

French: user
→ Romanian: uza

Gallo: user

→ Middle English: usen
English: use

From Early Medieval Latin ūsāre, frequentative from Latin ūtī.


temple

temple oblique singular, m (oblique plural temples, nominative singular temples, nominative plural temple)

temple oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
temples (oblique plural)
temples (nominative singular)
temple (nominative plural)

French: tempe

→ Middle English: temple

English: temple

From Vulgar Latin *temp(u)la, from Latin tempora, plural of tempus.


temple

French: temple
→ Romanian: templu

→ Old Spanish: temple

temple (building where religious services take place)


solstice

solstice oblique singular, m (oblique plural solstices, nominative singular solstices, nominative plural solstice)

solstice oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
solstices (oblique plural)
solstices (nominative singular)
solstice (nominative plural)

French: solstice

→ Middle English: solstice

English: solstice

Learned borrowing from Latin sōlstitium.


Rome

desctree

French: Rome
→ Guianese Creole: Ròm
→ Haitian Creole: Wòm
→ Persian: رم (rom)
→ Lao: ໂຣມ (rōm)

Norman: Rome

Picard: Rome

Walloon: Rome

Rome (a city, the capital of the Papacy; ancient capital of the Roman Empire)


noise

fro-noun

noise oblique singular, f (oblique plural noises, nominative singular noise, nominative plural noises)

noise oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
noises (oblique plural)
noise (nominative singular)
noises (nominative plural)

Middle French: noise
French: noise

desctree

→ Middle English: noyse, neoyse, noice, noise, noyce, noyes, noys
English: noise
Scots: noise

Uncertain; according to some, from Latin nausia, nausea (“disgust, nausea”), compare Old Occitan nauza (“noise, quarrel”); according to others, from Latin noxia (“hurt, harm, damage, injury”); but neither explanation is satisfactory in regard to either form or sense.


vent

fro-noun

vent oblique singular, m (oblique plural venz or ventz, nominative singular venz or ventz, nominative plural vent)

vent oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
venz (oblique plural)
ventz (oblique plural)
venz (nominative singular)
ventz (nominative singular)
vent (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: vant

→ English: vent

Middle French: vent
French: vent

Norman: vent

Walloon: vint

→ Galician: vendaval

→ Portuguese: vendaval

→ Spanish: vendaval

Un meis sanz vent nagerent tut plein

c. 1110, Benedeit, Le Voyage de saint Brandan:

They sailed for a whole month without wind


papier

papier oblique singular, m (oblique plural papiers, nominative singular papiers, nominative plural papier)

papier oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
papiers (oblique plural)
papiers (nominative singular)
papier (nominative plural)

desctree

French: papier
Mauritian Creole: papye
Seychellois Creole: papye
→ Franco-Provençal: papiér

Norman: papier, papi (Jersey)

Walloon: papî

→ Franco-Provençal: papiér

→ Middle Dutch: papier

Dutch: papier
Afrikaans: papier
→ Kwanyama: ombapila
Jersey Dutch: pampîr
Skepi Creole Dutch: paper
→ Aukan: pampila
→ Indonesian: papir
→ Munsee: pámpiil
→ West Frisian: papier
→ Saramaccan: pampía
→ Sranan Tongo: papira
→ Caribbean Javanese: papirah
→ Wayana: pampira
→ Trió: panpira
→ Unami: pampil

→ Middle High German: papier

German: Papier
→ Hungarian: papír
→ Romanian: papir
→ Romansch: palpiri
→ Serbo-Croatian: papir
→ Silesian: papiōr
→ Ukrainian: папір (papir)

Yiddish: פּאַפּיר (papir)

→ Middle Irish: páipér

Irish: páipéar

→? Old Swedish: paper

→ Finnish: paperi
→ Ingrian: paperi

→ Polish: papier (learned)
→? Belarusian: папе́ра (papjéra)
→ Kashubian: papiór
→ Lithuanian: popierius
→ Latvian: papīrs

→ Middle Low German: pappir

→ Old Norse: pappir

Danish: papir
→ Faroese: pappír

Norwegian: papir

→ Old Occitan: papier

Occitan: papièr

→ Middle English: paper
English: paper
Tok Pisin: pepa
→ Rotokas: pepa
→ Dutch: paper
→ Eastern Arrernte: pipe
→ Esperanto: papero
Ido: papero
→ Hawaiian: pepa
→ Japanese: ペーパー (pēpā)
→ Malayalam: പേപ്പർ (pēppaṟ)
→ Maori: pepa
→ Marshallese: peba
→ Mokilese: peipa
→ Niuean: pepa
→ Scottish Gaelic: pàipear
→ Southern Ndebele: iphepha
→ Spanish: paper
→ Swazi: líphepha
→ Xhosa: iphepha
→ Yoruba: bébà, pépà
→ Zulu: iphepha
Scots: paper
→ Welsh: papur

Borrowed from Old Catalan paper. Attested from 1308.


serpent

fro-noun

serpent oblique singular, m (oblique plural serpenz or serpentz, nominative singular serpenz or serpentz, nominative plural serpent)

serpent oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
serpenz (oblique plural)
serpentz (oblique plural)
serpenz (nominative singular)
serpentz (nominative singular)
serpent (nominative plural)

Middle French: serpent
French: serpent

Walloon: sierpint

→ Middle English: serpent

English: serpent

→ Dutch: serpent


sel

sel oblique singular, m (oblique plural seaus or seax or siaus or siax or sels, nominative singular seaus or seax or siaus or siax or sels, nominative plural sel)

sel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
seaus (oblique plural)
seax (oblique plural)
siaus (oblique plural)
siax (oblique plural)
sels (oblique plural)
seaus (nominative singular)
seax (nominative singular)
siaus (nominative singular)
siax (nominative singular)
sels (nominative singular)
sel (nominative plural)

Middle French: sel
French: sel

Franc-Comtois: sâ

Norman: sé, saïl

Walloon: sé

Inherited from Latin salem. Cognate with Old Spanish sal f and Old Galician-Portuguese sal m.


trente

French: trente

Norman: trente

Walloon: trinte


Nicholas

Middle English: Nicholas

From Latin Nīcolāus, from Ancient Greek Νικόλαος (Nikólaos).


volt

volt oblique singular, m (oblique plural volz or voltz, nominative singular volz or voltz, nominative plural volt)

volt oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
volz (oblique plural)
voltz (oblique plural)
volz (nominative singular)
voltz (nominative singular)
volt (nominative plural)


grain

grain oblique singular, m (oblique plural grainz, nominative singular grainz, nominative plural grain)

grain oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
grainz (oblique plural)
grainz (nominative singular)
grain (nominative plural)

Middle French: grain

French: grain

→ Irish: gráinne

desctree

→ Middle English: greyn, grayn, grayne, grein, greyne, grone
English: grain
Scots: grain
Yola: gryne

E quant grain ad truved de tuz maneres de bled

c. 1120, Philippe de Taon, Bestiaire, line 421:

When it [the ant] found grain of all manners of wheat


violence

fro-noun

violence oblique singular, f (oblique plural violences, nominative singular violence, nominative plural violences)

violence oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
violences (oblique plural)
violence (nominative singular)
violences (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: violence, violens, vyolence, vyolens, vyalens, wiolence, violense
English: violence

Franc-Comtois: vyoleince

French: violence


flux

fro-noun

flux oblique singular, m (oblique plural flux, nominative singular flux, nominative plural flux)

flux oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
flux (oblique plural)
flux (nominative singular)
flux (nominative plural)

diarrhea (rapid passage of fecal matter through the bowels)


trial

trial oblique singular, m (oblique plural triaus or triax or trials, nominative singular triaus or triax or trials, nominative plural trial)

trial oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
triaus (oblique plural)
triax (oblique plural)
trials (oblique plural)
triaus (nominative singular)
triax (nominative singular)
trials (nominative singular)
trial (nominative plural)

→ English: trial

trier (“to try such as in a court of law”) + -al.


invisible

head

invisible m (oblique and nominative feminine singular invisible)

invisible (feminine nominative oblique singular)

First recorded in the 13th century. Borrowed from Late Latin invīsibilis.


visible

visible m (oblique and nominative feminine singular visible)

visible (feminine nominative oblique singular)

Late 12th century, borrowed from Latin visibilis.


los

fro-noun

los oblique singular, m (oblique plural los, nominative singular los, nominative plural los)

los oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
los (oblique plural)
los (nominative singular)
los (nominative plural)

French: los


ruse

ruse oblique singular, f (oblique plural ruses, nominative singular ruse, nominative plural ruses)

ruse oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
ruses (oblique plural)
ruse (nominative singular)
ruses (nominative plural)

→ English: ruse

French: ruse

Probably based on Latin rursus (“backwards”)


foible

head

foible m (oblique and nominative feminine singular foible)

foible (feminine nominative oblique singular)


mien

French: mien


humour

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of humor


arc

fro-noun

arc oblique singular, m (oblique plural ars, nominative singular ars, nominative plural arc)

arc oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ars (oblique plural)
ars (nominative singular)
arc (nominative plural)

French: arc

desctree

→ Middle English: ark, arke
English: arc
→ Irish: arc
→ Maltese: ark
→ Welsh: arc

bow (a weapon made of a curved piece of wood or other flexible material whose ends are connected by a string)


cent

fro-noun

cent oblique singular, m (oblique plural cenz or centz, nominative singular cenz or centz, nominative plural cent)

cent oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cenz (oblique plural)
centz (oblique plural)
cenz (nominative singular)
centz (nominative singular)
cent (nominative plural)

Middle French: cent

French: cent (see there for further descendants)

Walloon: cint

→ Dutch: cent (see there for further descendants)

→ English: cent (see there for further descendants)


labia

labia oblique singular, f (oblique plural labias, nominative singular labia, nominative plural labias)

labia oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
labias (oblique plural)
labia (nominative singular)
labias (nominative plural)

circa 980, La Vie de Saint Léger

La labia li ad restaurat
He [=God] restored his lip to him


lion

lion oblique singular, m (oblique plural lions, nominative singular lions, nominative plural lion)

lion oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
lions (oblique plural)
lions (nominative singular)
lion (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: lyon
French: lion
Haitian Creole: lyon
Mauritian Creole: lyon
Seychellois Creole: lyon

Norman: lioun, lion, lliaon, lyõ

Picard: lion

→ Breton: leon

→ Middle English: lyoun, lion, leon, lioun, lyon, liun, lyoone, leun, lyoon, lyown, lyun, leoun, lyone
English: lion (see there for further descendants)
Scots: lion
Yola: leeoon, leioon

Semi-learned borrowing from Latin leō, leōnem, derived from Ancient Greek λέων (léōn).


proper

head

proper m (oblique and nominative feminine singular proper)

proper (feminine nominative oblique singular)

Or a mai entendez Ki proper volunté amez, Set Pechez 70


front

fro-noun

front oblique singular, m (oblique plural fronz or frontz, nominative singular fronz or frontz, nominative plural front)

front oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fronz (oblique plural)
frontz (oblique plural)
fronz (nominative singular)
frontz (nominative singular)
front (nominative plural)

French: front m (see there for further descendants)

Norman: front m

→ Dutch: front

desctree

→ Middle English: frount, ffront, ffrount, front, fronte, frounte, frountte, frownt, frownte, frunt, frunte
English: front (see there for further descendants)
Scots: front


code

fro-noun

code oblique singular, m (oblique plural codes, nominative singular codes, nominative plural code)

code oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
codes (oblique plural)
codes (nominative singular)
code (nominative plural)


vision

vision oblique singular, f (oblique plural visions, nominative singular vision, nominative plural visions)

vision oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
visions (oblique plural)
vision (nominative singular)
visions (nominative plural)

Middle French: vision
French: vision

desctree

→ Middle English: visioun, vision, viseoun, vysion, vysyon, vysion, visione, visiun, visiowne, wision
English: vision
Scots: veesion

vision (supernatural sensory experience)


melon

fro-noun

melon oblique singular, m (oblique plural melons, nominative singular melons, nominative plural melon)

melon oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
melons (oblique plural)
melons (nominative singular)
melon (nominative plural)

→ Middle Dutch: melone

Afrikaans: meloen

Dutch: meloen

→ Middle English: mē̆loun, melon, milon

desctree

→ English: melon, mellon
→ Japanese: メロン
→ Korean: 멜론 (mellon)
→ Welsh: melon

French: melon

From Late Latin mēlō, mēlōnem, shortening of Latin mēlopepō, from Ancient Greek μηλοπέπων (mēlopépōn, “melon”).

der

1256, Aldebrandin de Sienne, Rég. du corps
fera une decoction de violetes, de poumes de semence de cahoides, de melons, de citroles, d'ierbes froides

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


don

fro-noun

don oblique singular, m (oblique plural dons, nominative singular dons, nominative plural don)

don oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
dons (oblique plural)
dons (nominative singular)
don (nominative plural)

French: don

→ Middle English: done


dis

French: dix

desc

Norman: dgix, dix (Guernsey), dyis (France)

Walloon: dijh


dis

first/second-person singular present indicative

second-person singular present imperative


pale

head

pale m (oblique and nominative feminine singular pale)

pale (feminine nominative oblique singular)

English: pale

French: pâle

Norman: pale (Jersey)


cant

fro-noun

cant oblique singular, m (oblique plural canz or cantz, nominative singular canz or cantz, nominative plural cant)

cant oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
canz (oblique plural)
cantz (oblique plural)
canz (nominative singular)
cantz (nominative singular)
cant (nominative plural)


main

main oblique singular, f (oblique plural mainz, nominative singular main, nominative plural mainz)

main oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
mainz (oblique plural)
main (nominative singular)
mainz (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: moin

desctree

Middle French: main
French: main
→? English: main
→⇒ German: Lamäng
Haitian Creole: men
Louisiana Creole: men
⇒ Mauritian Creole: lame

Gallo: maen

Norman: main

Walloon: mwin


je

Angevin: je

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: je

Bourguignon: i, je

Champenois: ju, je, jou

Franc-Comtois: i

Middle French: ie, je, i', j' (elided)
French: je, j’
Norman: jeo, je

Gallo: je

Lorrain: i, idj, jge, dje, jé

Orléanais: je

Picard: ej, jou

Poitevin-Saintongeais: jhe

Walloon: dji

Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

qant je vos voi de tel meniere


service

fro-noun

service oblique singular, m (oblique plural services, nominative singular services, nominative plural service)

service oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
services (oblique plural)
services (nominative singular)
service (nominative plural)


aimer

aimer (infinitive)
avoir aimé (infinitive multiword-construction)
en aimant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
aimant (participle present)
aimé (participle past)
aim (first-person indicative present singular)
aimes (indicative present second-person singular)
aime (indicative present singular third-person)
aimons (first-person indicative plural present)
aimez (indicative plural present second-person)
aiment (indicative plural present third-person)
aimoie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
aimeie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
aimoe (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
aimeve (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
aimoies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
aimeies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
aimoes (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
aimeves (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
aimoit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
aimeit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
aimot (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
aimeve (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
aimiiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
aimiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
aimiiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
aimiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
aimoient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
aimeient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
aimoent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
aimevent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
aimai (first-person indicative preterite singular)
aimas (indicative preterite second-person singular)
aima (indicative preterite singular third-person)
aimames (first-person indicative plural preterite)
aimastes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
aimerent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
aimerai (first-person future indicative singular)
aimeras (future indicative second-person singular)
aimera (future indicative singular third-person)
aimerons (first-person future indicative plural)
aimeroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
aimereiz (future indicative plural second-person)
aimerez (future indicative plural second-person)
aimeront (future indicative plural third-person)
aimeroie (conditional first-person singular)
aimereie (conditional first-person singular)
aimeroies (conditional second-person singular)
aimereies (conditional second-person singular)
aimeroit (conditional singular third-person)
aimereit (conditional singular third-person)
aimeriiens (conditional first-person plural)
aimeriens (conditional first-person plural)
aimeriiez (conditional plural second-person)
aimeriez (conditional plural second-person)
aimeroient (conditional plural third-person)
aimereient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
aim (first-person present singular subjunctive)
ains (present second-person singular subjunctive)
aint (present singular subjunctive third-person)
aimons (first-person plural present subjunctive)
aimez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
aiment (plural present subjunctive third-person)
aimasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
aimasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
aimast (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
aimissons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
aimissiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
aimissoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
aimissez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
aimissiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
aimassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
aime (imperative second-person singular)
aimons (first-person imperative plural)
aimez (imperative plural second-person)