cat

fro-noun

cat oblique singular, m (oblique plural caz or catz, nominative singular caz or catz, nominative plural cat)

cat oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
caz (oblique plural)
catz (oblique plural)
caz (nominative singular)
catz (nominative singular)
cat (nominative plural)

(Picardy, Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of chat


livre

livre oblique singular, m (oblique plural livres, nominative singular livres, nominative plural livre)

livre oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
livres (oblique plural)
livres (nominative singular)
livre (nominative plural)

Middle French: livre

French: livre

Norman: livre

Semi-learned borrowing from Latin liber, librum.

slbor

si come li sires qui vuet en petit leu amasser choses de grandisme vaillance […] por acroistre son pooir […] i met il les plus chieres choses et les plus precieux joiaus que il puet, selonc sa bone entencion, tout autressi est li cors de cest livre compilez de sapience

1260–1267, Brunetto Latini, “Cist premiers livres parole de la naissance de toutes choses [This first book talks about the birth of all things]” (chapter 1), Livre I - Premiere partie [First book - First part], in Livres dou Tresor [Book of the treasure]; republished as Polycarpe Chabaille, compiler, Li livres dou tresor par Brunetto Latini, Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1863, page 1:

Just like the lord, who wishes to accumulate very valuable things in a tiny place […] in order to increase his power, […] puts there—according to his good intention—the dearest things and the most precious jewels he can, so the body of this book is filled with knowledge

book (collection of sheets of paper in a specific order)


livre

fro-noun

livre oblique singular, f (oblique plural livres, nominative singular livre, nominative plural livres)

livre oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
livres (oblique plural)
livre (nominative singular)
livres (nominative plural)

→ English: livre

Middle French: livre

French: livre

livre (medieval French equivalent of a monetary pound)


livre

head

livre m (oblique and nominative feminine singular livre)

livre (feminine nominative oblique singular)

Middle French: livre

Semi-learned borrowing from Latin līber.


chien

fro-noun

chien oblique singular, m (oblique plural chiens, nominative singular chiens, nominative plural chien)

chien oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chiens (oblique plural)
chiens (nominative singular)
chien (nominative plural)

Middle French: chien

French: chien

Angevin: chin

Bourguignon: chein

Champenois: chin

Franc-Comtois: tchïn

Norman: quien

Picard: tchien, kien, quien

Walloon: tchén


pie

pie oblique singular, f (oblique plural pies, nominative singular pie, nominative plural pies)

pie oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pies (oblique plural)
pie (nominative singular)
pies (nominative plural)

Champenois: pie

French: pie

Jersey Norman: pie ⇒ piêté

desctree

→ Middle English: pye
English: pie ⇒ magpie, piebald, pied
Scots: pie ⇒ pyat
→ Scottish Gaelic: pitheid
Yola: pee
→ Welsh: pi, pia ⇒ piod


noun

fro-noun

noun oblique singular, m (oblique plural nouns, nominative singular nouns, nominative plural noun)

noun oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
nouns (oblique plural)
nouns (nominative singular)
noun (nominative plural)


minute

minute oblique singular, f (oblique plural minutes, nominative singular minute, nominative plural minutes)

minute oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
minutes (oblique plural)
minute (nominative singular)
minutes (nominative plural)

Middle French: minute

desctree

French: minute
→ Farefare: miniti
Haitian Creole: minit
→ Romanian: minut

→ Dutch: minuut
Afrikaans: minuut
→ Caribbean Javanese: menit
→ Papiamentu: minit, minüt, minuut
→ Trió: minut

Norman: minnute

Walloon: munute

→ Central Franconian: Menutt, Minutt

→ German: Minute, Minut
→ Czech: minuta
→ Estonian: minut

→ Lower Sorbian: minuta

→ Luxembourgish: Minutt

→ Middle English: mynute, minute, mynut, mynet, minut
English: minute
Tok Pisin: minit
Scots: meenit


fable

fro-noun

fable oblique singular, f (oblique plural fables, nominative singular fable, nominative plural fables)

fable oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
fables (oblique plural)
fable (nominative singular)
fables (nominative plural)

Middle French: fable

French: fable

→ Middle Dutch: fabele

desctree

Dutch: fabel
Afrikaans: fabel
→ Indonesian: fabel
→ Papiamentu: fabel (dated)
→ West Frisian: fabel

→ Middle English: fable

English: fable

→ Middle High German: fabele

German: Fabel

Ne vos wel faire longue fable

c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci encoumence la lections d'ypocrisie et d'umilité:


a-

From Latin ad, which was often reduced to a- in compounds.

(by extension) indicating a change of state


ab

avoec

used throughout Old French into the Middle and modern French periods


abandoner

abandoner (infinitive)
avoir abandoné (infinitive multiword-construction)
en abandonant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
abandonant (participle present)
abandoné (participle past)
abandon (first-person indicative present singular)
abandones (indicative present second-person singular)
abandone (indicative present singular third-person)
abandonons (first-person indicative plural present)
abandonez (indicative plural present second-person)
abandonent (indicative plural present third-person)
abandonoie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
abandoneie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
abandonoe (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
abandoneve (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
abandonoies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
abandoneies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
abandonoes (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
abandoneves (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
abandonoit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
abandoneit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
abandonot (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
abandoneve (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
abandoniiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
abandoniens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
abandoniiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
abandoniez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
abandonoient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
abandoneient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
abandonoent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
abandonevent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
abandonai (first-person indicative preterite singular)
abandonas (indicative preterite second-person singular)
abandona (indicative preterite singular third-person)
abandonames (first-person indicative plural preterite)
abandonastes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
abandonerent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
abandonerai (first-person future indicative singular)
abandoneras (future indicative second-person singular)
abandonera (future indicative singular third-person)
abandonerons (first-person future indicative plural)
abandoneroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
abandonereiz (future indicative plural second-person)
abandonerez (future indicative plural second-person)
abandoneront (future indicative plural third-person)
abandoneroie (conditional first-person singular)
abandonereie (conditional first-person singular)
abandoneroies (conditional second-person singular)
abandonereies (conditional second-person singular)
abandoneroit (conditional singular third-person)
abandonereit (conditional singular third-person)
abandoneriiens (conditional first-person plural)
abandoneriens (conditional first-person plural)
abandoneriiez (conditional plural second-person)
abandoneriez (conditional plural second-person)
abandoneroient (conditional plural third-person)
abandonereient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
abandon (first-person present singular subjunctive)
abandons (present second-person singular subjunctive)
abandont (present singular subjunctive third-person)
abandonons (first-person plural present subjunctive)
abandonez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
abandonent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
abandonasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
abandonasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abandonast (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abandonissons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
abandonissiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
abandonissoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abandonissez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abandonissiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abandonassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abandone (imperative second-person singular)
abandonons (first-person imperative plural)
abandonez (imperative plural second-person)

Middle French: abandonner

French: abandonner

→ Norwegian Bokmål: abandonere

→ Middle English: abandounen

English: abandon

Italian: abbandonare, abandonare (obsolete)
→? Neapolitan: abbannonare

From abandon, abandun; or from à ban doner, from Frankish *bann, from Proto-Germanic *bannaną.


abit

fro-noun

abit oblique singular, m (oblique plural abiz or abitz, nominative singular abiz or abitz, nominative plural abit)

abit oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
abiz (oblique plural)
abitz (oblique plural)
abiz (nominative singular)
abitz (nominative singular)
abit (nominative plural)

French: habit
→ German: Habit

→ Middle Dutch: habijt

desctree

Dutch: habijt
Afrikaans: habyt
→ Papiamentu: habeit

→ Middle English: abit, habit

English: habit

Scots: haibit


able

head

able m (oblique and nominative feminine singular able)

able (feminine nominative oblique singular)
ables (masculine singular subjective)
able (feminine singular subjective)
able (neuter singular subjective)
able (masculine oblique singular)
able (feminine oblique singular)
able (neuter oblique singular)
able (oblique singular)
able (masculine plural subjective)
ables (feminine plural subjective)
able (neuter plural subjective)
able (plural subjective)
ables (masculine oblique plural)
ables (feminine oblique plural)
able (neuter oblique plural)
ables (oblique plural)
able (oblique plural)

French: habile

→ Romanian: abil

→ Middle Dutch: abel

Dutch: abel

→ Middle English: able, habil

English: able, habile

→ Welsh: abl


on

French: on

one (gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun)


nu

nu m (oblique and nominative feminine singular nue)

nue (feminine nominative oblique singular)


nu

Middle French: nu, nud

French: nu


servant

servant m (oblique and nominative feminine singular servant or servante)

servant (feminine nominative oblique singular)
servante (feminine nominative oblique singular)


servant

fro-noun

servant oblique singular, m (oblique plural servanz or servantz, nominative singular servanz or servantz, nominative plural servant)

servant oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
servanz (oblique plural)
servantz (oblique plural)
servanz (nominative singular)
servantz (nominative singular)
servant (nominative plural)

French: servant

desctree

→ Middle English: servaunt
English: servant (dialectal sarvant)
Scots: servant, sairvant, servan


abstinent

head

abstinent m (oblique and nominative feminine singular abstinent or abstinente)

abstinent (feminine nominative oblique singular)
abstinente (feminine nominative oblique singular)
abstinens (masculine singular subjective)
abstinente (feminine singular subjective)
abstinent (neuter singular subjective)
abstinent (masculine oblique singular)
abstinente (feminine oblique singular)
abstinent (neuter oblique singular)
abstinente (oblique singular)
abstinent (oblique singular)
abstinent (masculine plural subjective)
abstinentes (feminine plural subjective)
abstinent (neuter plural subjective)
abstinent (plural subjective)
abstinents (masculine oblique plural)
abstinentes (feminine oblique plural)
abstinent (neuter oblique plural)
abstinentes (oblique plural)
abstinent (oblique plural)

→ Middle English: abstinent

English: abstinent

Middle French: abstinent

French: abstinent

Borrowed from Latin abstinens, abstinentem.


abusion

fro-noun

abusion oblique singular, f (oblique plural abusions, nominative singular abusion, nominative plural abusions)

abusion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
abusions (oblique plural)
abusion (nominative singular)
abusions (nominative plural)

Tu dis si grant abusion
Que nus ne la porroit descrire[.]

c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci encoumence la desputizons dou croisie et dou descroisie.:

You say such lies
That no-one could describe them


accepter

accepter (infinitive)
avoir accepté (infinitive multiword-construction)
en acceptant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
acceptant (participle present)
accepté (participle past)
accepte (first-person indicative present singular)
acceptes (indicative present second-person singular)
accepte (indicative present singular third-person)
acceptons (first-person indicative plural present)
acceptez (indicative plural present second-person)
acceptent (indicative plural present third-person)
acceptoie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
accepteie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
acceptoe (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
accepteve (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
acceptoies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
accepteies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
acceptoes (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
accepteves (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
acceptoit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
accepteit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
acceptot (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
accepteve (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
acceptiiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
acceptiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
acceptiiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
acceptiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
acceptoient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
accepteient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
acceptoent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
acceptevent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
acceptai (first-person indicative preterite singular)
acceptas (indicative preterite second-person singular)
accepta (indicative preterite singular third-person)
acceptames (first-person indicative plural preterite)
acceptastes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
accepterent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
accepterai (first-person future indicative singular)
accepteras (future indicative second-person singular)
acceptera (future indicative singular third-person)
accepterons (first-person future indicative plural)
accepteroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
acceptereiz (future indicative plural second-person)
accepterez (future indicative plural second-person)
accepteront (future indicative plural third-person)
accepteroie (conditional first-person singular)
acceptereie (conditional first-person singular)
accepteroies (conditional second-person singular)
acceptereies (conditional second-person singular)
accepteroit (conditional singular third-person)
acceptereit (conditional singular third-person)
accepteriiens (conditional first-person plural)
accepteriens (conditional first-person plural)
accepteriiez (conditional plural second-person)
accepteriez (conditional plural second-person)
accepteroient (conditional plural third-person)
acceptereient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
accepte (first-person present singular subjunctive)
acceptes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
accepte (present singular subjunctive third-person)
acceptons (first-person plural present subjunctive)
acceptez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
acceptent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
acceptasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
acceptasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
acceptast (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
acceptissons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
acceptissiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
acceptissoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
acceptissez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
acceptissiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
acceptassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
accepte (imperative second-person singular)
acceptons (first-person imperative plural)
acceptez (imperative plural second-person)

desctree

Middle French: accepter
French: accepter
→ Franco-Provençal: accèptar
→ Middle Dutch: accepteren
Dutch: accepteren

French: accepter

→ Middle English: accepten
English: accept
Scots: accep


alien

head

alien m (oblique and nominative feminine singular aliene)

aliene (feminine nominative oblique singular)
aliens (masculine singular subjective)
aliene (feminine singular subjective)
alien (neuter singular subjective)
alien (masculine oblique singular)
aliene (feminine oblique singular)
alien (neuter oblique singular)
aliene (oblique singular)
alien (oblique singular)
alien (masculine plural subjective)
alienes (feminine plural subjective)
alien (neuter plural subjective)
alien (plural subjective)
aliens (masculine oblique plural)
alienes (feminine oblique plural)
alien (neuter oblique plural)
alienes (oblique plural)
alien (oblique plural)

11th century, La Vie de Saint Alexis, BNF manuscript 19525


alien

fro-noun

alien oblique singular, m (oblique plural aliens, nominative singular aliens, nominative plural alien)

alien oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
aliens (oblique plural)
aliens (nominative singular)
alien (nominative plural)
aliens (masculine singular subjective)
aliene (feminine singular subjective)
alien (masculine oblique singular)
aliene (feminine oblique singular)
alien (masculine plural subjective)
alienes (feminine plural subjective)
aliens (masculine oblique plural)
alienes (feminine oblique plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: alien, alyon, alean, alyen, aliand, aliaund, aliant, alyant
English: alien
Scots: alien, awlien


summer

fro-noun

summer oblique singular, m (oblique plural summers, nominative singular summers, nominative plural summer)

summer oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
summers (oblique plural)
summers (nominative singular)
summer (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: sumer

desc

English: summer (“pack horse; horizontal beam”)

From Late Latin saumarius, sagmarius, from Latin sagma.


libre

head

libre m (oblique and nominative feminine singular libre)

libre (feminine nominative oblique singular)

Middle French: libre
French: libre


jeudi

fro-noun

jeudi oblique singular, m (oblique plural jeudis, nominative singular jeudis, nominative plural jeudi)

jeudi oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
jeudis (oblique plural)
jeudis (nominative singular)
jeudi (nominative plural)

French: jeudi

Norman: jeudi

Walloon: djudi

From Latin Jovis diēs or Iovis diēs, variant of diēs Iovis.


de

desctree

Middle French: de
French: de
→ English: de

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *dē
Latin dē
Old French de
Inherited from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē.


color

fro-noun

color oblique singular, f (oblique plural colors, nominative singular color, nominative plural colors)

color oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
colors (oblique plural)
color (nominative singular)
colors (nominative plural)

→ Danish: kulør

→ Dutch: kleur

Afrikaans: kleur

→ English: color, colour

French: couleur

Norman: couleu (Jersey), couleur (Guernsey), couoleu (continental Normandy)

→ Swedish: kulör

Inherited from Latin color, colōrem (“color or colour”).


en

Middle French: en

French: en

Norman: en

Et pour ce qu’il se complaint moult de froit et horipilacion, pour ce au commencement on luy doit mettre les piés et les mains en eaue chaulde

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine):

And if he complains about cold and shivers, to start with one must put his feet and is hands in hot water

qi en la crois fu mis

12th Century, Unknown, Raoul de Cambrai:

en paine

in (experiencing an emotion, a feeling, etc.)

en latin


te

you (second-person singular direct object pronoun)

to you (second-person singular indirect object pronoun)

yourself (second-person singular direct object reflexive pronoun)

to yourself (second-person singular indirect object reflexive pronoun)


orange

fro-noun

orange oblique singular, f (oblique plural oranges, nominative singular orange, nominative plural oranges)

orange oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
oranges (oblique plural)
orange (nominative singular)
oranges (nominative plural)


quarter

quarter oblique singular, m (oblique plural quarters, nominative singular quarters, nominative plural quarter)

quarter oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
quarters (oblique plural)
quarters (nominative singular)
quarter (nominative plural)

(chiefly Anglo-Norman) quarter (one fourth)


parole

parole oblique singular, f (oblique plural paroles, nominative singular parole, nominative plural paroles)

parole oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
paroles (oblique plural)
parole (nominative singular)
paroles (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: parole
French: parole
→ Haitian Creole: pawòl
→ Romanian: parolă
→ Russian: пароль (parolʹ)
→ Eastern Mari: пароль (paroĺ)
→ English: parole

Walloon: parole

From Vulgar Latin *paraula, from Late Latin, from Latin parabola (“comparison; later, speech”), from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ).

inh

A ceste parole a grant bruit

(by extension, figuratively) the right to speak


i

French: y

Et grant compagnie i a d'omes


second

head

second m (oblique and nominative feminine singular seconde)

seconde (feminine nominative oblique singular)
seconds (masculine singular subjective)
seconde (feminine singular subjective)
second (neuter singular subjective)
second (masculine oblique singular)
seconde (feminine oblique singular)
second (neuter oblique singular)
seconde (oblique singular)
second (oblique singular)
second (masculine plural subjective)
secondes (feminine plural subjective)
second (neuter plural subjective)
second (plural subjective)
seconds (masculine oblique plural)
secondes (feminine oblique plural)
second (neuter oblique plural)
secondes (oblique plural)
second (oblique plural)

Middle English: secunde

English: second

Scots: second

French: second


beer

beer (infinitive)
avoir beé (infinitive multiword-construction)
en beant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
beant (participle present)
beé (participle past)
be (first-person indicative present singular)
bees (indicative present second-person singular)
bee (indicative present singular third-person)
beons (first-person indicative plural present)
beez (indicative plural present second-person)
beent (indicative plural present third-person)
beoie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
beeie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
beoe (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
beeve (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
beoies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
beeies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
beoes (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
beeves (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
beoit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
beeit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
beot (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
beeve (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
beïiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
beïens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
beïiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
beïez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
beoient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
beeient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
beoent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
beevent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
beai (first-person indicative preterite singular)
beas (indicative preterite second-person singular)
bea (indicative preterite singular third-person)
beames (first-person indicative plural preterite)
beastes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
beerent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
beerai (first-person future indicative singular)
beeras (future indicative second-person singular)
beera (future indicative singular third-person)
beerons (first-person future indicative plural)
beeroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
beereiz (future indicative plural second-person)
beerez (future indicative plural second-person)
beeront (future indicative plural third-person)
beeroie (conditional first-person singular)
beereie (conditional first-person singular)
beeroies (conditional second-person singular)
beereies (conditional second-person singular)
beeroit (conditional singular third-person)
beereit (conditional singular third-person)
beeriiens (conditional first-person plural)
beeriens (conditional first-person plural)
beeriiez (conditional plural second-person)
beeriez (conditional plural second-person)
beeroient (conditional plural third-person)
beereient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
be (first-person present singular subjunctive)
bez (present second-person singular subjunctive)
bet (present singular subjunctive third-person)
beons (first-person plural present subjunctive)
beez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
beent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
beasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
beasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
beast (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
beïssons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
beïssiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
beïssoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
beïssez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
beïssiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
beassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
bee (imperative second-person singular)
beons (first-person imperative plural)
beez (imperative plural second-person)

Middle French: beer

French: bayer

Norman: béguer

Picard: beyer

Walloon: bawî

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin badāre.


livrer

livrer (infinitive)
avoir livré (infinitive multiword-construction)
en livrant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
livrant (participle present)
livré (participle past)
livre (first-person indicative present singular)
livres (indicative present second-person singular)
livre (indicative present singular third-person)
livrons (first-person indicative plural present)
livrez (indicative plural present second-person)
livrent (indicative plural present third-person)
livroie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
livreie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
livroe (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
livreve (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
livroies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
livreies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
livroes (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
livreves (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
livroit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
livreit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
livrot (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
livreve (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
livriiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
livriens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
livriiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
livriez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
livroient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
livreient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
livroent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
livrevent (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
livrai (first-person indicative preterite singular)
livras (indicative preterite second-person singular)
livra (indicative preterite singular third-person)
livrames (first-person indicative plural preterite)
livrastes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
livrerent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
livrerai (first-person future indicative singular)
livreras (future indicative second-person singular)
livrera (future indicative singular third-person)
livrerons (first-person future indicative plural)
livreroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
livrereiz (future indicative plural second-person)
livrerez (future indicative plural second-person)
livreront (future indicative plural third-person)
livreroie (conditional first-person singular)
livrereie (conditional first-person singular)
livreroies (conditional second-person singular)
livrereies (conditional second-person singular)
livreroit (conditional singular third-person)
livrereit (conditional singular third-person)
livreriiens (conditional first-person plural)
livreriens (conditional first-person plural)
livreriiez (conditional plural second-person)
livreriez (conditional plural second-person)
livreroient (conditional plural third-person)
livrereient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
livre (first-person present singular subjunctive)
livres (present second-person singular subjunctive)
livre (present singular subjunctive third-person)
livrons (first-person plural present subjunctive)
livrez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
livrent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
livrasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
livrasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
livrast (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
livrissons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
livrissiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
livrissoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
livrissez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
livrissiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
livrassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
livre (imperative second-person singular)
livrons (first-person imperative plural)
livrez (imperative plural second-person)

French: livrer

→ Middle English: lyveren


point

fro-noun

point oblique singular, m (oblique plural poinz or pointz, nominative singular poinz or pointz, nominative plural point)

point oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
poinz (oblique plural)
pointz (oblique plural)
poinz (nominative singular)
pointz (nominative singular)
point (nominative plural)


point

Middle French: poinct

French: point

→ Middle English: poynt

English: point


point

Dutch: pointeren

English: point

Middle French: poinct

French: point

Norwegian Bokmål: poeng


port

port oblique singular, m (oblique plural porz or portz, nominative singular porz or portz, nominative plural port)

port oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
porz (oblique plural)
portz (oblique plural)
porz (nominative singular)
portz (nominative singular)
port (nominative plural)

French: port
→ Romanian: port

Norman: port

→ Middle High German: port

German: Port
→ Russian: порт (port)

As porz d'Espaigne en est passet Rollant

c. 1150, Turoldus, La Chanson de Roland:


os

os oblique singular, m (oblique plural os, nominative singular os, nominative plural os)

os oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
os (oblique plural)
os (nominative singular)
os (nominative plural)

Middle French: os
French: os

From Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.


date

date oblique singular, f (oblique plural dates, nominative singular date, nominative plural dates)

date oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
dates (oblique plural)
date (nominative singular)
dates (nominative plural)

→ English: date

French: date

Borrowed from Late Latin data, from the feminine of Latin datus (“given”).


date

→ English: date

French: datte

Borrowed from Old Provençal datil, from Latin dactylus.


language

language oblique singular, f (oblique plural languages, nominative singular language, nominative plural languages)

language oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
languages (oblique plural)
language (nominative singular)
languages (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: langaige

desctree

Middle French: language, langage, langaige, languaige
French: langage, language (archaic or misspelling)
Haitian Creole: langaj
→ English: langaj
Mauritian Creole: langaz
Louisiana Creole: langaj
→ Romanian: limbaj (partial calque)

→ Middle English: langage, language, langag, langwache
English: language

→ Friulian: lengaç

→ Ladin: lingaz

→ Medieval Latin: linguāgium

desc

→ Romansch: linguatg, lungatg (Sursilvan, Surmiran), lungaitg (Sutsilvan), linguach (Puter, Vallader)

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *linguāticum. Attested in the Passion. Derivable from langue + -age.


bot

fro-noun

bot oblique singular, f (oblique plural boz or botz, nominative singular bot, nominative plural boz or botz)

bot oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
boz (oblique plural)
botz (oblique plural)
bot (nominative singular)
boz (nominative plural)
botz (nominative plural)

From Vulgar Latin *padda, probably a Germanic loan from Frankish *paddā (“toad”). Compare Italian botta (“toad”), Old English padde (“toad”), Old Norse padda (“toad”). More at paddock.


bot

bot oblique singular, m (oblique plural boz or botz, nominative singular boz or botz, nominative plural bot)

bot oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
boz (oblique plural)
botz (oblique plural)
boz (nominative singular)
botz (nominative singular)
bot (nominative plural)

From boter (“to strike”), from Frankish *buttan, from *bautan (“to hit, strike”).


fere

fere (infinitive)
avoir fet (infinitive multiword-construction)
en fesant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
fesant (participle present)
fet (participle past)
faz (first-person indicative present singular)
fe (first-person indicative present singular)
fes (indicative present second-person singular)
fet (indicative present singular third-person)
femes (first-person indicative plural present)
fesons (first-person indicative plural present)
fetes (indicative plural present second-person)
font (indicative plural present third-person)
fesoie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
feseie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
fesoies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
feseies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
fesoit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
feseit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
fesiiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
fesiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
fesiiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
fesiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
fesoient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
feseient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
fis (first-person indicative preterite singular)
feṣis (indicative preterite second-person singular)
fist (indicative preterite singular third-person)
feṣimes (first-person indicative plural preterite)
feṣistes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
firent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
ferai (first-person future indicative singular)
feras (future indicative second-person singular)
fera (future indicative singular third-person)
ferons (first-person future indicative plural)
feroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
fereiz (future indicative plural second-person)
ferez (future indicative plural second-person)
feront (future indicative plural third-person)
feroie (conditional first-person singular)
fereie (conditional first-person singular)
feroies (conditional second-person singular)
fereies (conditional second-person singular)
feroit (conditional singular third-person)
fereit (conditional singular third-person)
feriiens (conditional first-person plural)
feriens (conditional first-person plural)
feriiez (conditional plural second-person)
feriez (conditional plural second-person)
feroient (conditional plural third-person)
fereient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
face (first-person present singular subjunctive)
faces (present second-person singular subjunctive)
face (present singular subjunctive third-person)
faciens (first-person plural present subjunctive)
façons (first-person plural present subjunctive)
faciez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
facent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
feṣisse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
feṣisses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
feṣist (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
feṣissons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
feṣissiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
feṣissoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
feṣissez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
feṣissiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
feṣissent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
fa (imperative second-person singular)
femes (first-person imperative plural)
fesons (first-person imperative plural)
fetes (imperative plural second-person)

Sire, vostre prisoniers sui
por fere ce que vos voldroiz

c. 1180, Chrétien de Troyes, Perceval ou le conte du Graal:

Sire, I am your prisoner
To do what you desire


langue

langue oblique singular, f (oblique plural langues, nominative singular langue, nominative plural langues)

langue oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
langues (oblique plural)
langue (nominative singular)
langues (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: langue
French: langue (see there for further descendants)

Champenois: laingue

Franc-Comtois: landye

Norman: laungue

Picard: lingue

Poitevin-Saintongeais: lengue

Walloon: linwe


France

Middle French: France
French: France (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle English: Fraunce, France
English: France (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Fraunce
→ Breton: Frañs

desc

Norman: France, Fraunce (continental Normandy)

Picard: France

Walloon: France


inflation

fro-noun

inflation oblique singular, f (oblique plural inflations, nominative singular inflation, nominative plural inflations)

inflation oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
inflations (oblique plural)
inflation (nominative singular)
inflations (nominative plural)

→ English: inflation

French: inflation


wage

wage oblique singular, f (oblique plural wages, nominative singular wage, nominative plural wages)

wage oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
wages (oblique plural)
wage (nominative singular)
wages (nominative plural)


wage

wage oblique singular, m (oblique plural wages, nominative singular wages, nominative plural wage)

wage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
wages (oblique plural)
wages (nominative singular)
wage (nominative plural)

(Old Northern French) Alternative form of gage


fruit

fruit oblique singular, m (oblique plural fruiz or fruitz, nominative singular fruiz or fruitz, nominative plural fruit)

fruit oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fruiz (oblique plural)
fruitz (oblique plural)
fruiz (nominative singular)
fruitz (nominative singular)
fruit (nominative plural)

Champenois: frut

Gallo: frut

desctree

Middle French: fruict
French: fruit
Haitian Creole: fwi

Norman: frit

Picard: frut

Walloon: frut

→ Middle Dutch: fruut, froyt

Dutch: fruit

→ Middle English: fruyt, freut, fruct, fruit, frut, frute
English: fruit
Bislama: frut
Jamaican Creole: fruut
Tok Pisin: frut
→ Japanese: フルーツ (furūtsu)
Scots: fruit, frute
→ Cornish: frut

Oisiaus et veneison et fruit

c. 1170, Christian of Troyes, Érec et Énide:


religion

fro-noun

religion oblique singular, f (oblique plural religions, nominative singular religion, nominative plural religions)

religion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
religions (oblique plural)
religion (nominative singular)
religions (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: religion
French: religion

Norman: r'ligion

→ Middle Dutch: religie

Dutch: religie
→ Indonesian: religi

→ Middle English: religioun
English: religion
Scots: releegion

→ Irish: reiligiún


market

fro-noun

market oblique singular, m (oblique plural markés, nominative singular markés, nominative plural market)

market oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
markés (oblique plural)
markés (nominative singular)
market (nominative plural)

(Old Northern French) market; venue where goods are bought and sold


ci

French: ici, ci

Va t'en de ci ! Lai me aveir pes.

Go, leave this place! Let me have peace.


mars

mars oblique singular, m (oblique plural mars, nominative singular mars, nominative plural mars)

mars oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
mars (oblique plural)
mars (nominative singular)
mars (nominative plural)

Anglo-Norman: marche

desctree

→ Middle English: March, Marche, Mersh, Mearch, Marz, Mars, Marce
English: March (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Mairch

Middle French: mars

French: mars
Haitian Creole: mas
→ Iranian Persian: مارس (mârs)
→ South Azerbaijani: مارس (mars)
→ Tunisian Arabic: مارس (mārs)

Norman: mar, mâr

Walloon: måss


ami

fro-noun

ami oblique singular, m (oblique plural amis, nominative singular amis, nominative plural ami)

ami oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
amis (oblique plural)
amis (nominative singular)
ami (nominative plural)

Champenois: amin, anmin (Possesse)

desctree

Middle French: amy, ami
French: ami
Haitian Creole: zanmi
→⇒ Polish: amikoszoneria

Norman: amin

amic

La Vie de Saint Alexis, 11th century manuscripts


abstinence

fro-noun

abstinence oblique singular, f (oblique plural abstinences, nominative singular abstinence, nominative plural abstinences)

abstinence oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
abstinences (oblique plural)
abstinence (nominative singular)
abstinences (nominative plural)

Middle English: abstinence

English: abstinence

Middle French: abstinence

French: abstinence

Borrowed from Latin abstinentia, at least in this form (some of the variants may only be semi-learned); later modified to bring it in line with the Latin etymon.

abstinence (act or practice of abstaining)


abundant

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of abondant


poison

poison oblique singular, f (oblique plural poisons, nominative singular poison, nominative plural poisons)

poison oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
poisons (oblique plural)
poison (nominative singular)
poisons (nominative plural)

Middle French: poison ?

French: poison m
→ Walloon: pwezon m

→ Dutch: poisoen

desctree

→ Middle English: poisoun, poison, puison, poisen, puyson, poysone, puisun
English: poison
Scots: pushion

From Latin pōtiōnem, accusative singular of pōtio f.

Thessala tranpre sa poison


poison

fro-noun

poison oblique singular, m (oblique plural poisons, nominative singular poisons, nominative plural poison)

poison oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
poisons (oblique plural)
poisons (nominative singular)
poison (nominative plural)


general

general oblique singular, m (oblique plural generaus or generax or generals, nominative singular generaus or generax or generals, nominative plural general)

general oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
generaus (oblique plural)
generax (oblique plural)
generals (oblique plural)
generaus (nominative singular)
generax (nominative singular)
generals (nominative singular)
general (nominative plural)


general

head

general m (oblique and nominative feminine singular generale)

generale (feminine nominative oblique singular)
generals (masculine singular subjective)
generaus (masculine singular subjective)
generax (masculine singular subjective)
generale (feminine singular subjective)
general (neuter singular subjective)
general (masculine oblique singular)
generale (feminine oblique singular)
general (neuter oblique singular)
generale (oblique singular)
general (oblique singular)
general (masculine plural subjective)
generales (feminine plural subjective)
general (neuter plural subjective)
general (plural subjective)
generals (masculine oblique plural)
generaus (masculine oblique plural)
generax (masculine oblique plural)
generales (feminine oblique plural)
general (neuter oblique plural)
generales (oblique plural)
general (oblique plural)

→ English: general

French: général

general (not limited in use or application; applicable to the whole or every member of a class or category)


ad

Alternative form of a; third-person singular present indicative of avoir


tigre

fro-noun

tigre oblique singular, m (oblique plural tigres, nominative singular tigres, nominative plural tigre)

tigre oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tigres (oblique plural)
tigres (nominative singular)
tigre (nominative plural)


tigre

tigre oblique singular, f (oblique plural tigres, nominative singular tigre, nominative plural tigres)

tigre oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
tigres (oblique plural)
tigre (nominative singular)
tigres (nominative plural)


cane

cane oblique singular, f (oblique plural canes, nominative singular cane, nominative plural canes)

cane oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
canes (oblique plural)
cane (nominative singular)
canes (nominative plural)

French: canne

Norman: tchêne (Jersey), kyeen (Sark)

desctree

→ Middle English: cane, canne, kane, kanne
English: cane
Scots: cane


duel

fro-noun

duel oblique singular, m (oblique plural dueus or duex or duels, nominative singular dueus or duex or duels, nominative plural duel)

duel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
dueus (oblique plural)
duex (oblique plural)
duels (oblique plural)
dueus (nominative singular)
duex (nominative singular)
duels (nominative singular)
duel (nominative plural)

French: deuil

Norman: deu

Probably from Late Latin dolus, from Latin dolor (“pain”), or from Vulgar Latin *dolium, from Latin cordolium (“sorrow of the heart”), from dolor.

Son plor et son duel demenant

c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:


nature

nature oblique singular, f (oblique plural natures, nominative singular nature, nominative plural natures)

nature oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
natures (oblique plural)
nature (nominative singular)
natures (nominative plural)

Middle French: nature
French: nature

→ Middle Dutch: nature (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle English: nature (see there for further descendants)

English: nature

De cesti tesmoingne Nature,
Qu'onques si bele creature
Ne fu veüe an tot le monde.

Nature can testify
That never such a beautiful creature
Was seen in the whole world


latin

latin oblique singular, m (nominative singular latins)

latin oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
latins (nominative singular)

Middle French: latin

French: latin

S'en sui plus dolenz, Salatin,
Quar en françois ne en latin
Ne finai onques de proier

c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci commence le miracle de Théophile:

I am very sad about it, Saladin
For neither in French nor in Latin
Have I stopped praying


or

or oblique singular, m (oblique plural ors, nominative singular ors, nominative plural or)

or oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ors (oblique plural)
ors (nominative singular)
or (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: or, aur (alternate Latinized spelling)
French: or
Haitian Creole: lò
→ English: or

Walloon: ôr

En bacins d'or ewe aporterent

They brought water in basins made of gold


sol

head

sol m (oblique and nominative feminine singular sole)

sole (feminine nominative oblique singular)

French: seul

→ English: sole


sol

fro-noun

sol oblique singular, m (oblique plural sous or sox or sols, nominative singular sous or sox or sols, nominative plural sol)

sol oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sous (oblique plural)
sox (oblique plural)
sols (oblique plural)
sous (nominative singular)
sox (nominative singular)
sols (nominative singular)
sol (nominative plural)

French: sou

→ English: sol


humor

French: humeur (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Dutch: humuere

Dutch: humeur (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Middle English: humour, humore, umour, humor, humur, humer
English: humour (see there for further descendants)
Scots: humour

humor (one of four fluids that were believed to control the health and mood of the human body)


el

m'est une anguisse el quer ferue, ki tut le cors me fet trembler

Such a pain has pierced my heart, that it makes my whole body quiver


el

ne puet en sun cuer el penser
fors ço sul: Tristran amer.

c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 94, lines 857–8:

she cannot in her heart think of anything else
apart from one thing: to love Tristan.


an

fro-noun

an oblique singular, m (oblique plural anz, nominative singular anz, nominative plural an)

an oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
anz (oblique plural)
anz (nominative singular)
an (nominative plural)

French: an, année

Antillean Creole: lanné

Gallo: anné

Norman: aun, an, annaée, année, onnaïe

Walloon: anêye


article

article oblique singular, m (oblique plural articles, nominative singular articles, nominative plural article)

article oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
articles (oblique plural)
articles (nominative singular)
article (nominative plural)

French: article

article (clause in a legal document or treaty)


case

case oblique singular, m (oblique plural cases, nominative singular cases, nominative plural case)

case oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cases (oblique plural)
cases (nominative singular)
case (nominative plural)


future

future oblique singular, m (oblique plural futures, nominative singular futures, nominative plural future)

future oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
futures (oblique plural)
futures (nominative singular)
future (nominative plural)


interjection

interjection oblique singular, f (oblique plural interjections, nominative singular interjection, nominative plural interjections)

interjection oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
interjections (oblique plural)
interjection (nominative singular)
interjections (nominative plural)

→ English: interjection

French: interjection

Borrowed from Latin interiectiō, interiectiōnem.


air

air oblique singular, m (oblique plural airs, nominative singular airs, nominative plural air)

air oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
airs (oblique plural)
airs (nominative singular)
air (nominative plural)

French: air

Norman: air

desctree

→ Middle English: aire, ayre, eire, eyre, aere
English: air
Scots: air
Yola: aare

air (mixture of gases that make up the earth's atmosphere)


angle

fro-noun

angle oblique singular, m (oblique plural angles, nominative singular angles, nominative plural angle)

angle oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
angles (oblique plural)
angles (nominative singular)
angle (nominative plural)

desc

Middle French: ange, angele, aingle, engle, angle, angre

French: ange
Haitian Creole: zanj

Norman: aunge

Picard: anche

Walloon: andje

desctree

→ Middle English: aungel, engel, angel, ængel, aungil, aungell, angell, angyl, angyll, angylle, awngel, enngell
English: angel (see there for further descendants)
Scots: angel, aungel

From Late Latin angelus, from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos).


art

fro-noun

art oblique singular, m or f (oblique plural arz or artz, nominative singular arz or artz, nominative plural art)

art oblique singular or (canonical feminine masculine)
arz (oblique plural)
artz (oblique plural)
arz (nominative singular)
artz (nominative singular)
art (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: art
French: art
Haitian Creole: la (< l'art)
Icelandic: art (f)

Norman: art

Walloon: årt

→ Middle English: art

English: art
Jamaican Creole: aat
Tok Pisin: at
→ Japanese: アート (āto)

Scots: airt

ore serroit a saver de l’art a bresser & brasyr

Walter of Bibbesworth: Le Tretiz, ed. W. Rothwell, ANTS Plain Texts Series 6, 1990. Date of cited text: circa 1250

Now would be the time to know the art of brewing


as

fro-noun

as oblique singular, m (oblique plural as, nominative singular as, nominative plural as)

as oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
as (oblique plural)
as (nominative singular)
as (nominative plural)

Middle French: as

French: as (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Dutch: aes

Dutch: aas

Afrikaans: aas

→ Middle English: as

English: ace (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ace


as

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

second-person singular present indicative of avoir


accident

fro-noun

accident oblique singular, m (oblique plural accidenz or accidentz, nominative singular accidenz or accidentz, nominative plural accident)

accident oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
accidenz (oblique plural)
accidentz (oblique plural)
accidenz (nominative singular)
accidentz (nominative singular)
accident (nominative plural)

English: accident

French: accident


adamant

adamant oblique singular, ? (oblique plural adamanz or adamantz, nominative singular adamant, nominative plural adamanz or adamantz)

adamant oblique singular (canonical)
adamanz (oblique plural)
adamantz (oblique plural)
adamant (nominative singular)
adamanz (nominative plural)
adamantz (nominative plural)


west

desctree

French: ouest
→ Catalan: oest
→ Galician: oeste
→ Italian: ovest
→ Portuguese: oeste
→ Spanish: oeste


parent

fro-noun

parent oblique singular, m (oblique plural parenz or parentz, nominative singular parenz or parentz, nominative plural parent)

parent oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
parenz (oblique plural)
parentz (oblique plural)
parenz (nominative singular)
parentz (nominative singular)
parent (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: parent

English: parent

Middle French: parent

French: parent

Norman: parent (Guernsey), pathent (Jersey)


son

Middle French: son

French: son

From Vulgar Latin sum, a reduced/atonic variant of Latin suum.

his/hers/its (third-person singular possessive)


uncle

uncle oblique singular, m (oblique plural uncles, nominative singular uncles, nominative plural uncle)

uncle oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
uncles (oblique plural)
uncles (nominative singular)
uncle (nominative plural)

From Vulgar Latin *aunclum, from Latin avunculus (“maternal uncle”, literally “little grandfather”).

der

D'ambes parz out filz e peres,
uncles, nevos, cosins e freres

On both sides there were sons and fathers,
Uncles, nephews, cousins and brothers

Tristram en Wales se rala, tant que sis uncles le manda

c. 1250, Marie de France, Chevrefeuille:

Tristan returned to Wales, while he waited for his uncle to call on him

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of oncle


niece

fro-noun

niece oblique singular, f (oblique plural nieces, nominative singular niece, nominative plural nieces)

niece oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
nieces (oblique plural)
niece (nominative singular)
nieces (nominative plural)

French: nièce

Norman: nièche

desctree

→ Middle English: nece, nese, neece, neis, neysse
English: niece
Scots: niece

From Late Latin neptia, from Latin neptis.


non

Les uns barbez, les autres non

c. 1190, Chrétien de Troyes, Le Roman de Percival:


non

fro-noun

non oblique singular, m (oblique plural nons, nominative singular nons, nominative plural non)

non oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
nons (oblique plural)
nons (nominative singular)
non (nominative plural)


car

car oblique singular, m (oblique plural cars, nominative singular cars, nominative plural car)

car oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cars (oblique plural)
cars (nominative singular)
car (nominative plural)


male

male oblique singular, f (oblique plural males, nominative singular male, nominative plural males)

male oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
males (oblique plural)
male (nominative singular)
males (nominative plural)

Anglo-Norman: male

desctree

→ Middle English: male
English: mail
Scots: mail

→? Irish: mála (or perhaps via English)

Middle French: malle

→ Catalan: mala

French: malle

→ Portuguese: mala

→ Spanish: mala

Gallo: mol

Walloon: male (Forrières)

From Medieval Latin mala, from Frankish *malha (“leather bag”).


rue

fro-noun

rue oblique singular, f (oblique plural rues, nominative singular rue, nominative plural rues)

rue oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
rues (oblique plural)
rue (nominative singular)
rues (nominative plural)

French: rue

→ Irish: rú

desctree

→ Middle English: rue, ruwe, rwe, rewe, reuwe, rew
English: rue
Scots: rew

→ Welsh: ruw

From Latin rūta, from Ancient Greek ῥυτή (rhutḗ).


habit

fro-noun

habit oblique singular, m (oblique plural habiz or habitz, nominative singular habiz or habitz, nominative plural habit)

habit oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
habiz (oblique plural)
habitz (oblique plural)
habiz (nominative singular)
habitz (nominative singular)
habit (nominative plural)


rat

rat oblique singular, m (oblique plural raz or ratz, nominative singular raz or ratz, nominative plural rat)

rat oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
raz (oblique plural)
ratz (oblique plural)
raz (nominative singular)
ratz (nominative singular)
rat (nominative plural)

Middle French: rat

French: rat

Norman: rat

Of Germanic origin, from Old High German rato (“rat”) or Frankish *rato (“rat”).


tan

tan oblique singular, m (oblique plural tans, nominative singular tans, nominative plural tan)

tan oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tans (oblique plural)
tans (nominative singular)
tan (nominative plural)

From Gaulish *tannos (attested in the place names Tannetum and Tannogilum), from Proto-Celtic *tannos (“green oak”).

pulped oak bark used in the tanning process (i.e. of tanning leather)


olive

olive oblique singular, f (oblique plural olives, nominative singular olive, nominative plural olives)

olive oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
olives (oblique plural)
olive (nominative singular)
olives (nominative plural)

→ English: olive

French: olive
Romanian: olivă


rose

rose oblique singular, f (oblique plural roses, nominative singular rose, nominative plural roses)

rose oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
roses (oblique plural)
rose (nominative singular)
roses (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: rose
French: rose (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Dutch: rose
Dutch: rose

Norman: rose

Picard: rose

Walloon: rôze


rose

head

rose m (oblique and nominative feminine singular rosee)

rosee (feminine nominative oblique singular)


taupe

fro-noun

taupe oblique singular, f (oblique plural taupes, nominative singular taupe, nominative plural taupes)

taupe oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
taupes (oblique plural)
taupe (nominative singular)
taupes (nominative plural)

French: taupe

Norman: taupe (Jersey)


rice

head

rice m (oblique and nominative feminine singular rice)

rice (feminine nominative oblique singular)


colour

fro-noun

colour oblique singular, f (oblique plural colours, nominative singular colour, nominative plural colours)

colour oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
colours (oblique plural)
colour (nominative singular)
colours (nominative plural)

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of color


bat

bat oblique singular, m (oblique plural batz, nominative singular batz, nominative plural bat)

bat oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
batz (oblique plural)
batz (nominative singular)
bat (nominative plural)

Borrowed from Old English bāt and Middle English bot.


bel

head

bel m (oblique and nominative feminine singular bele)

bele (feminine nominative oblique singular)
biax (masculine singular subjective)
biaus (masculine singular subjective)
bele (feminine singular subjective)
bel (neuter singular subjective)
bel (masculine oblique singular)
bele (feminine oblique singular)
bel (neuter oblique singular)
bele (oblique singular)
bel (oblique singular)
bel (masculine plural subjective)
beles (feminine plural subjective)
bel (neuter plural subjective)
bel (plural subjective)
biax (masculine oblique plural)
biaus (masculine oblique plural)
beles (feminine oblique plural)
bel (neuter oblique plural)
beles (oblique plural)
bel (oblique plural)

Angevin: biau

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: biau

Bourguignon: bea

Champenois: bé, biau

Franc-Comtois: bia

Middle French: beau, bel

French: beau

→ English: beau

Norman: bel, biau

Picard: biau, bieu (Amiens)

Poitevin-Saintongeais: bia

Paydret: béou

Walloon: bea

→ Middle English: beau; bel

late 12th century, Aucassin et Nicolette, page 6 of the Mario Roques edition
Biax sire, fait li quens, car laisciés ester. Nicolete est une caitive que j’amenai d’estrange tere

Good sir, said the count, let her be. Nicolette is a captive that I've brought here from a foreign land

(as a term of address) good, as in, my good sir, my good lady


bran

fro-noun

bran oblique singular, m (oblique plural brans, nominative singular brans, nominative plural bran)

bran oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
brans (oblique plural)
brans (nominative singular)
bran (nominative plural)


-able

Middle French: -able
French: -able

desctree

→ Middle English: -able
English: -able
Scots: -able

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-
Proto-Italic *haβēō
Latin habeō
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlis
Proto-Italic *-ðlis
Latin -bilis
Latin -ibilis
Latin -ābilis
Old French -able
Inherited from Latin -ābilis.

etymon

honorer (“to honor”) + -able → honnorable (“honorable”)

forsener (“to become insane or enraged”) + -able → forsenable (“maddening”)


vers

fro-noun

vers oblique singular, m (oblique plural vers, nominative singular vers, nominative plural vers)

vers oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
vers (oblique plural)
vers (nominative singular)
vers (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: vers, ferrs, werse, veerce, wers, verse, verce
English: verse
Scots: varse (obsolete)

Middle French: vers

French: vers

Latin versus (“verse; line (of poetry)”).

der

Seignurs, cest cunte est mult divers,
e pur ço l'uni par mes vers

c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 182, lines 2257–8:

Good sirs, this story is very diverse,
and for this, I try to bring it together with my verses


vers

Middle French: vers

French: vers

Latin versus (“turned, changed, having been turned”).


vert

fro-noun

vert oblique singular, m (oblique plural verz or vertz, nominative singular verz or vertz, nominative plural vert)

vert oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
verz (oblique plural)
vertz (oblique plural)
verz (nominative singular)
vertz (nominative singular)
vert (nominative plural)

From Vulgar Latin virdis, syncopated from Classical Latin viridis. Compare Italian verde and Spanish verde.


vert

head

vert m (oblique and nominative feminine singular vert)

vert (feminine nominative oblique singular)
verz (masculine singular subjective)
vert (later verte) (feminine singular subjective)
vert (neuter singular subjective)
vert (masculine oblique singular)
vert (later verte) (feminine oblique singular)
vert (neuter oblique singular)
vert (later verte) (oblique singular)
vert (oblique singular)
vert (masculine plural subjective)
verz (later vertes) (feminine plural subjective)
vert (neuter plural subjective)
vert (plural subjective)
verz (masculine oblique plural)
verz (later vertes) (feminine oblique plural)
vert (neuter oblique plural)
verz (later vertes) (oblique plural)
vert (oblique plural)

Bourguignon: vord

desctree

Middle French: verd, vert
French: vert
Haitian Creole: vèt, vè
Louisiana Creole: vè, vèr, vær
→ Wolof: wert

Picard: verd

Norman: vaert, vèrt

Walloon: vert

→ Middle English: vert

English: vert


piece

fro-noun

piece oblique singular, f (oblique plural pieces, nominative singular piece, nominative plural pieces)

piece oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pieces (oblique plural)
piece (nominative singular)
pieces (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: piece
French: pièce (see there for further descendants)
Norman: pièche (Jersey)

Walloon: pîce

→ Middle English: pece
English: piece, peece (obsolete)
Belizean Creole: pees
Sranan Tongo: pisi
→ Finnish: biisi
→ Irish: píosa
→ Japanese: ピース (pīsu)
→ Scottish Gaelic: pìos
Yola: peece
→ Middle Irish: pissa
Irish: píosa
→ Scottish Gaelic: pìos

From Late Latin pettia, from Gaulish *pettyā, from Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis (“piece, portion”).

der

Que del hiaume une piece tranche.


jargon

fro-noun

jargon oblique singular, m (oblique plural jargons, nominative singular jargons, nominative plural jargon)

jargon oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
jargons (oblique plural)
jargons (nominative singular)
jargon (nominative plural)

desctree

French: jargon
→ Czech: žargon
→ Dutch: jargon
→ English: jargon
→ Esperanto: ĵargono
→ German: Jargon
→ Hungarian: zsargon
→ Macedonian: жаргон (žargon)
→ Polish: żargon
→ Portuguese: jargão
→ Romanian: jargon n
→ Russian: жарго́н m (žargón)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: жа̀рго̄н
Latin script: žàrgōn
→ Spanish: jerga
→ Swedish: jargong
→ Turkish: jargon

Probably of imitative origin, similar to Latin garrio (“I chatter”).

onomatopoeic

imitative


us

fro-noun

us oblique singular, m (oblique plural us, nominative singular us, nominative plural us)

us oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
us (oblique plural)
us (nominative singular)
us (nominative plural)

French: us


bruit

bruit oblique singular, m (oblique plural bruiz or bruitz, nominative singular bruiz or bruitz, nominative plural bruit)

bruit oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
bruiz (oblique plural)
bruitz (oblique plural)
bruiz (nominative singular)
bruitz (nominative singular)
bruit (nominative plural)

→ English: bruit

French: bruit

From the past participle of bruire (“to roar”), or from Vulgar Latin *brūgitus, from Latin *brūgere, an alteration of Latin rugītus (“brayed; bellowed, roared; rumbled”), from rugīre, the present active infinitive of rugiō (“to bray; to bellow, roar; to rumble”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg- (“to belch; to roar”).


me

Middle French: me

French: me

From Latin mē, accusative of ego. As an indirect object pronoun, possibly in part from Latin mihi, dative singular of ego, through a Vulgar Latin *mi (compare the form mi in particular, found in early Old French in the Oaths of Strasbourg).

myself (first-person singular reflexive pronoun)

me (first-person singular direct object pronoun)

to me (first-person singular indirect object pronoun)


talent

fro-noun

talent oblique singular, m (oblique plural talenz or talentz, nominative singular talenz or talentz, nominative plural talent)

talent oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
talenz (oblique plural)
talentz (oblique plural)
talenz (nominative singular)
talentz (nominative singular)
talent (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle English: talent, taland, talande, talant, talente (in part)
English: talent
Scots: talent

Borrowed from Latin talentum (“a Grecian weight; a talent of money”), from Ancient Greek τάλαντον (tálanton, “balance; a particular weight, especially of gold; sum of money; a talent”).


hair

fro-conj-iii

First person singular present <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">hez</i> and present subjunctives are inherited from Frankish with regular sound changes of *-ttj- > -z/c-.

hair (infinitive)
avoir haï (infinitive multiword-construction)
en haant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
haant (participle present)
haï (participle past)
haz (first-person indicative present singular)
hé (first-person indicative present singular)
hez (indicative present second-person singular)
het (indicative present singular third-person)
haons (first-person indicative plural present)
haez (indicative plural present second-person)
héent (indicative plural present third-person)
haoie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
haeie (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
haoies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
haeies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
haoit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
haeit (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
haïiens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
haïens (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
haïiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
haïez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
haoient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
haeient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
haï (first-person indicative preterite singular)
haïs (indicative preterite second-person singular)
haï (indicative preterite singular third-person)
haïmes (first-person indicative plural preterite)
haïstes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
haïrent (indicative plural preterite third-person)
harrai (first-person future indicative singular)
harai (first-person future indicative singular)
harras (future indicative second-person singular)
haras (future indicative second-person singular)
harra (future indicative singular third-person)
hara (future indicative singular third-person)
harrons (first-person future indicative plural)
harons (first-person future indicative plural)
harroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
harreiz (future indicative plural second-person)
harrez (future indicative plural second-person)
haroiz (future indicative plural second-person)
hareiz (future indicative plural second-person)
harez (future indicative plural second-person)
harront (future indicative plural third-person)
haront (future indicative plural third-person)
harroie (conditional first-person singular)
harreie (conditional first-person singular)
haroie (conditional first-person singular)
hareie (conditional first-person singular)
harroies (conditional second-person singular)
harreies (conditional second-person singular)
haroies (conditional second-person singular)
hareies (conditional second-person singular)
harroit (conditional singular third-person)
harreit (conditional singular third-person)
haroit (conditional singular third-person)
hareit (conditional singular third-person)
harriiens (conditional first-person plural)
harriens (conditional first-person plural)
hariiens (conditional first-person plural)
hariens (conditional first-person plural)
harriiez (conditional plural second-person)
harriez (conditional plural second-person)
hariiez (conditional plural second-person)
hariez (conditional plural second-person)
harroient (conditional plural third-person)
harreient (conditional plural third-person)
haroient (conditional plural third-person)
hareient (conditional plural third-person)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
hace (first-person present singular subjunctive)
hée (first-person present singular subjunctive)
haces (present second-person singular subjunctive)
hées (present second-person singular subjunctive)
hace (present singular subjunctive third-person)
hée (present singular subjunctive third-person)
haciens (first-person plural present subjunctive)
haçons (first-person plural present subjunctive)
haons (first-person plural present subjunctive)
haciez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
haez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
hacent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
héent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
haïsse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
haïsses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
haïst (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
haïssons (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
haïssiens (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
haïssoiz (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
haïssez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
haïssiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
haïssent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
hé (imperative second-person singular)
haons (first-person imperative plural)
haez (imperative plural second-person)

Middle French: haïr

French: haïr

Norman: haï


face

fro-noun

face oblique singular, f (oblique plural faces, nominative singular face, nominative plural faces)

face oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
faces (oblique plural)
face (nominative singular)
faces (nominative plural)

Middle French: face

French: face

Norman: fache, fach (Sark)

→ Middle English: face (see there for further descendants)

From Late Latin facia, from Latin faciēs (“face, shape”).

Le chief li desarme et la face.

Li rois regarda li deus freres
A cors bien fais, a faces cleres

The king looked at the two brothers
With their well-built bodies and clear faces

Les signes subsequens est face enflée […]

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), page 148 of this essay:

the symptoms are the following: swollen face […]


sale

sale oblique singular, f (oblique plural sales, nominative singular sale, nominative plural sales)

sale oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
sales (oblique plural)
sale (nominative singular)
sales (nominative plural)

French : salle

Norman: salle

From Frankish *sali (“dwelling, house, entrance hall”).

der

[…] que la soe amie
Est la plus bele de la sale[.]
-[…] The his wife
Is the most beautiful in the room


pavement

fro-noun

pavement oblique singular, m (oblique plural pavemenz or pavementz, nominative singular pavemenz or pavementz, nominative plural pavement)

pavement oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
pavemenz (oblique plural)
pavementz (oblique plural)
pavemenz (nominative singular)
pavementz (nominative singular)
pavement (nominative plural)

→ English: pavement

→ Welsh: palmant, paement

French: pavement

paver + -ment, based on Latin pavimentum (“a hard surface, a pounded surface”).


chat

fro-noun

chat oblique singular, m (oblique plural chaz or chatz, nominative singular chaz or chatz, nominative plural chat)

chat oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chaz (oblique plural)
chatz (oblique plural)
chaz (nominative singular)
chatz (nominative singular)
chat (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: chait

desc

Champenois: chait (Troyen), tait (Rémois)

Franc-Comtois: tchait

Middle French: chat

French: chat

Lorrain: tchat

Norman: cat

Picard: cat

Poitevin-Saintongeais: chat

Walloon: tchet


jaune

fro-noun

jaune oblique singular, m (oblique plural jaunes, nominative singular jaunes, nominative plural jaune)

jaune oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
jaunes (oblique plural)
jaunes (nominative singular)
jaune (nominative plural)

Blanches et verz, bloes et jaunes


jaune

head

jaune m (oblique and nominative feminine singular jaune)

jaune (feminine nominative oblique singular)

Middle French: jaune, iaune

French: jaune

→ Italian: giallo

→ Venetan: zalo

Fiumano: jalo

Emilian: śal

Norman: jaone (Guernsey), jâone (Cotentin), jaûne (Jersey)

Walloon: djaene

Sicilian: giarnu (from "jalne")


voir

voir m (oblique and nominative feminine singular voire)

voire (feminine nominative oblique singular)
voirs (masculine singular subjective)
voire (feminine singular subjective)
voir (neuter singular subjective)
voir (masculine oblique singular)
voire (feminine oblique singular)
voir (neuter oblique singular)
voire (oblique singular)
voir (oblique singular)
voir (masculine plural subjective)
voires (feminine plural subjective)
voir (neuter plural subjective)
voir (plural subjective)
voirs (masculine oblique plural)
voires (feminine oblique plural)
voir (neuter oblique plural)
voires (oblique plural)
voir (oblique plural)

→⇒ English: voir dire

E cele, qui est veire amie

c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 176, line 2178:


voir

fro-noun

voir oblique singular, m (oblique plural voirs, nominative singular voirs, nominative plural voir)

voir oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
voirs (oblique plural)
voirs (nominative singular)
voir (nominative plural)


usage

usage oblique singular, m (oblique plural usages, nominative singular usages, nominative plural usage)

usage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
usages (oblique plural)
usages (nominative singular)
usage (nominative plural)


leche

leche oblique singular, m (oblique plural leches, nominative singular leches, nominative plural leche)

leche oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
leches (oblique plural)
leches (nominative singular)
leche (nominative plural)

From Latin laetitia (“great joy; pleasure”).


force

force oblique singular, f (oblique plural forces, nominative singular force, nominative plural forces)

force oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
forces (oblique plural)
force (nominative singular)
forces (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: force
French: force
→ Polish: forsa
→ Azerbaijani: fors

Walloon: foice

→ Middle English: force, fors, forse

English: force

→ Irish: fórsa

From Late Latin fortia, a noun derived from the neuter plural of Latin fortis (“strong”).


liberal

head

liberal m (oblique and nominative feminine singular liberale)

liberale (feminine nominative oblique singular)

→ English: liberal

French: libéral

From Latin līberālis (“befitting a freeman”), from līber (“free”).


pain

fro-noun

pain oblique singular, m (oblique plural painz, nominative singular painz, nominative plural pain)

pain oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
painz (oblique plural)
painz (nominative singular)
pain (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: pain
French: pain (see there for further descendants)

Norman: pain, pôin (Guernsey)

Walloon: pwin, pan

→ Middle English: payn, pain, paine, payn, pein
English: pain (obsolete)


vocal

head

vocal m (oblique and nominative feminine singular vocale)

vocale (feminine nominative oblique singular)

French: vocal

→ Middle English: vocal

English: vocal


science

fro-noun

science oblique singular, f (nominative singular science)

science oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
science (nominative singular)

desctree

→ Middle English: science, scyence, syens, sciens, sciense, sience
> English: science (inherited) (see there for further descendants)
Scots: science

Middle French: science
French: science (see there for further descendants)

Norman: scienche

Learned borrowing from Latin scientia, from sciēns + -ia.


oil

From o + il, possibly from:
* Vulgar Latin *hoc ille, from Latin hoc + ille (“this [is what] he [said]”), akin to o je, o tu, o nos, o vos, all ‘this’ constructed with other personal pronouns;
* hoc illud (“this is it, lit. this that”).
In any case, an elliptical phrase of response, by semantic erosion/grammaticalization possibly calqued on Gaulish: compare Portuguese and Spanish isso and eso (“yes, yeah”, literally “this”), Celtic languages such as Old Irish tó (“yes”), Welsh do (“indeed”), from *tod (“this, that”).
Compare with Old French o, ou, oc, ec, euc, uoc, Old Occitan oc (Occitan òc), all from the simple Latin hoc.

oïl

almost always used by scholars to disambiguate with other meanings


oil

desctree

French: oui, voui, ouais
Haitian Creole: wi
→ English: oui
Maori: Wīwī (“France”)

Norman: oui (Guernsey)

"Oïl, mout m'an sovient il bien.
Seneschaus, savez vos an rien?

Yes, I remember it well
Seneschal, do you know anything about it?


oil

fro-noun

oil oblique singular, m (oblique plural ouz or oilz, nominative singular ouz or oilz, nominative plural oil)

oil oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ouz (oblique plural)
oilz (oblique plural)
ouz (nominative singular)
oilz (nominative singular)
oil (nominative plural)

La sisisme ligne est sourpoins. Cist est molt grans, et resemble aigle blanche, mais des oilz et des eles et dou bec est il semblables au girfaut

1260–1267, Brunetto Latini, “De tous Faucons [On all falcons]” (chapter 150), Book 5, in Livres dou Tresor [Book of Treasures]; republished as Polycarpe Chabaille, compiler, Li livres dou tresor par Brunetto Latini, Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1863, page 203:

The sixth kind [of falcon] is the saker. It is very large, and resembles the white eagle; but in the eyes, and in the wings, and in the beak, it is similar to the gyrfalcon


vapor

vapor oblique singular, f (oblique plural vapors, nominative singular vapor, nominative plural vapors)

vapor oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
vapors (oblique plural)
vapor (nominative singular)
vapors (nominative plural)


chose

chose oblique singular, f (oblique plural choses, nominative singular chose, nominative plural choses)

chose oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
choses (oblique plural)
chose (nominative singular)
choses (nominative plural)

Middle French: chose

French: chose

Walloon: tchôze

From earlier cose, cosa, inherited from Latin causa. Compare cause.

si come li sires qui vuet en petit leu amasser choses de grandisme vaillance […] por acroistre son pooir […] i met il les plus chieres choses et les plus precieux joiaus que il puet, selonc sa bone entencion, tout autressi est li cors de cest livre compilez de sapience

1260–1267, Brunetto Latini, “Cist premiers livres parole de la naissance de toutes choses [This first book talks about the birth of all things]” (chapter 1), Livre I - Premiere partie, in Livres dou Tresor [Book of Treasures]; republished as Polycarpe Chabaille, compiler, Li livres dou tresor par Brunetto Latini, Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1863, page 1:

Just like the lord, who wishes to accumulate very valuable things in a tiny place […] in order to increase his power, […] puts there—according to his good intention—the dearest things and the most precious jewels he can, so the body of this book is filled with knowledge


come

Middle French: comme
French: comme

Norman: comme, coumme

Ausi conme unicorne sui

12th or 13th century, Thibaut de Champagne, Ausi conme unicorne sui:


come

come oblique singular, f (oblique plural comes, nominative singular come, nominative plural comes)

come oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
comes (oblique plural)
come (nominative singular)
comes (nominative plural)

Middle French: come


cost

cost oblique singular, m (oblique plural coz or cotz, nominative singular coz or cotz, nominative plural cost)

cost oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
coz (oblique plural)
cotz (oblique plural)
coz (nominative singular)
cotz (nominative singular)
cost (nominative plural)

From Latin constare, present infinitive of consto (“I stand firm (at a price)”).


feel

head

feel m (oblique and nominative feminine singular feel)

feel (feminine nominative oblique singular)

Middle French: feal, fieu, foial

French: féal

desctree

→ Early Scots: feal, feale, feall
Middle Scots: feall, fiall
Scots: feal, feele (obsolete)
→ English: feal


dart

fro-noun

dart oblique singular, m (oblique plural darz or dartz, nominative singular darz or dartz, nominative plural dart)

dart oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
darz (oblique plural)
dartz (oblique plural)
darz (nominative singular)
dartz (nominative singular)
dart (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: dart, dard, dar
French: dard
→ Italian: dardo
→ Portuguese: dardo
→ Spanish: dardo

Walloon: darde

→ Middle English: dart, darte
English: dart
→ Dutch: dart
→ German: Dart
Scots: dart, dairt; dard


lie

fro-noun

lie oblique singular, f (oblique plural lies, nominative singular lie, nominative plural lies)

lie oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
lies (oblique plural)
lie (nominative singular)
lies (nominative plural)

→ English: lees

From Early Medieval Latin lias (“lees, dregs”) (descent via winemaking common in monasteries), from Gaulish *ligyā, *legyā (“silt, sediment”) (compare Welsh llai, Old Breton leh (“deposit, silt”)), from Proto-Celtic *legyā (“layer”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”).

inh

dregs; mostly solid, undesirable leftovers of a drink


lit

fro-noun

lit oblique singular, m (oblique plural liz or litz, nominative singular liz or litz, nominative plural lit)

lit oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
liz (oblique plural)
litz (oblique plural)
liz (nominative singular)
litz (nominative singular)
lit (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: leit

French: lit

Norman: liet


mal

desctree

Middle French: mal
French: mal
→ English: mal


mal

fro-noun

mal oblique singular, m (oblique plural maus or max or mals, nominative singular maus or max or mals, nominative plural mal)

mal oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
maus (oblique plural)
max (oblique plural)
mals (oblique plural)
maus (nominative singular)
max (nominative singular)
mals (nominative singular)
mal (nominative plural)


mal

head

mal m (oblique and nominative feminine singular male, comparative peior, superlative peior)

male (feminine nominative oblique singular)
peior (comparative)
peior (superlative)


criminal

criminal m (oblique and nominative feminine singular criminale)

criminale (feminine nominative oblique singular)
criminals (masculine singular subjective)
criminaus (masculine singular subjective)
criminale (feminine singular subjective)
criminal (neuter singular subjective)
criminal (masculine oblique singular)
criminale (feminine oblique singular)
criminal (neuter oblique singular)
criminale (oblique singular)
criminal (oblique singular)
criminal (masculine plural subjective)
criminales (feminine plural subjective)
criminal (neuter plural subjective)
criminal (plural subjective)
criminals (masculine oblique plural)
criminaus (masculine oblique plural)
criminales (feminine oblique plural)
criminal (neuter oblique plural)
criminales (oblique plural)
criminal (oblique plural)

Borrowed from Late Latin or Juridical Latin criminālis, from Latin crīmen.


cable

fro-noun

cable oblique singular, m (oblique plural cables, nominative singular cables, nominative plural cable)

cable oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cables (oblique plural)
cables (nominative singular)
cable (nominative plural)


substance

substance oblique singular, f (oblique plural substances, nominative singular substance, nominative plural substances)

substance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
substances (oblique plural)
substance (nominative singular)
substances (nominative plural)

French: substance

desctree

→ Middle English: substance
English: substance


brief

head

brief m (oblique and nominative feminine singular brieve)

brieve (feminine nominative oblique singular)
briés (masculine singular subjective)
brieve (feminine singular subjective)
brief (neuter singular subjective)
brief (masculine oblique singular)
brieve (feminine oblique singular)
brief (neuter oblique singular)
brieve (oblique singular)
brief (oblique singular)
brief (masculine plural subjective)
brieves (feminine plural subjective)
brief (neuter plural subjective)
brief (plural subjective)
briés (masculine oblique plural)
brieves (feminine oblique plural)
brief (neuter oblique plural)
brieves (oblique plural)
brief (oblique plural)


brief

fro-noun

brief oblique singular, m (oblique plural briés, nominative singular briés, nominative plural brief)

brief oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
briés (oblique plural)
briés (nominative singular)
brief (nominative plural)

Middle French: brief
French: bref

desc

→ Middle English: bref, breef, breve, brefe, breefe

English: brief, breve

Scots: brief, brieve, breef, briefe

A li brief al Conte enveié.


ducat

fro-noun

ducat oblique singular, m (oblique plural ducaz or ducatz, nominative singular ducaz or ducatz, nominative plural ducat)

ducat oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ducaz (oblique plural)
ducatz (oblique plural)
ducaz (nominative singular)
ducatz (nominative singular)
ducat (nominative plural)

→ English: ducat

French: ducat

Late Old French. From Italian ducato, from Medieval Latin ducatus, from oblique stem of dux (“duke; leader”).


comparison

comparison oblique singular, f (oblique plural comparisons, nominative singular comparison, nominative plural comparisons)

comparison oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
comparisons (oblique plural)
comparison (nominative singular)
comparisons (nominative plural)

→ English: comparison

French: comparaison

Norman: compathaison

comparison (instance of comparing two or more things)


simple

head

simple m (oblique and nominative feminine singular simple)

simple (feminine nominative oblique singular)

French: simple

→ Romanian: simplu

→ Middle English: symple, simple

Scots: semple

English: simple


chance

fro-noun

chance oblique singular, f (oblique plural chances, nominative singular chance, nominative plural chances)

chance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
chances (oblique plural)
chance (nominative singular)
chances (nominative plural)


quit

first-person singular present indicative of quidier


set

Middle French: sept
French: sept

Norman: sept, saept (Guernsey)

Walloon: set


set

French: sait

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

third-person singular present indicative of savoir


chancel

fro-noun

chancel oblique singular, m (oblique plural chanceaus or chanceax or chanciaus or chanciax or chancels, nominative singular chanceaus or chanceax or chanciaus or chanciax or chancels, nominative plural chancel)

chancel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chanceaus (oblique plural)
chanceax (oblique plural)
chanciaus (oblique plural)
chanciax (oblique plural)
chancels (oblique plural)
chanceaus (nominative singular)
chanceax (nominative singular)
chanciaus (nominative singular)
chanciax (nominative singular)
chancels (nominative singular)
chancel (nominative plural)

French: chancel, cancel, chanceau

→ Breton: kañsell

→ English: chancel, chauncel

→ Scottish Gaelic: seansal

→ Spanish: cancel


cause

cause oblique singular, f (oblique plural causes, nominative singular cause, nominative plural causes)

cause oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
causes (oblique plural)
cause (nominative singular)
causes (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: cause

English: cause

Middle French: cause

French: cause

Norman: cause

Borrowed from Latin causa, whence the inherited chose.

On doit avoir plusieurs entencions, car en curant, on doit bien considerer la cause et la nature de la maladie

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), page 142 of this essay:

One must have several intentions, because in treating, one must consider the cause and the nature of the disease


change

change oblique singular, m (oblique plural changes, nominative singular changes, nominative plural change)

change oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
changes (oblique plural)
changes (nominative singular)
change (nominative plural)

French: change

desctree

Middle English: chaunge, change, chaung, chawnge, cheaunge, chong, chonge
English: change
Scots: cheenge, chinge, cheynge

change (difference between one state and another)

Fesum bargaine, fesum change

late 12th century, anonymous author, “La Folie de Tristan d'Oxford”, in Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 368, line 289:

Let's make a bargain, let's make an exchange


balance

fro-noun

balance oblique singular, f (oblique plural balances, nominative singular balance, nominative plural balances)

balance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
balances (oblique plural)
balance (nominative singular)
balances (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: balance, ballance, balanche, balence
French: balance

Norman: balanche

→ Middle English: balaunce, ballaunce, balance, balaunse, balans, belaunce
English: balance
Scots: ballance

From Vulgar Latin *bilancia, from Latin bilanx.


certain

head

certain m (oblique and nominative feminine singular certaine)

certaine (feminine nominative oblique singular)
certains (masculine singular subjective)
certaine (feminine singular subjective)
certain (neuter singular subjective)
certain (masculine oblique singular)
certaine (feminine oblique singular)
certain (neuter oblique singular)
certaine (oblique singular)
certain (oblique singular)
certain (masculine plural subjective)
certaines (feminine plural subjective)
certain (neuter plural subjective)
certain (plural subjective)
certains (masculine oblique plural)
certaines (feminine oblique plural)
certain (neuter oblique plural)
certaines (oblique plural)
certain (oblique plural)

French: certain

→ Middle English: certeyn

English: certain

From Vulgar Latin *certānus, derived from Latin certus.


base

fro-noun

base oblique singular, f (oblique plural bases, nominative singular base, nominative plural bases)

base oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
bases (oblique plural)
base (nominative singular)
bases (nominative plural)

desctree

French: base
→ Czech: báze
→ Danish: base
→ Icelandic: basi m
→ Norwegian:
→ Norwegian Bokmål: base
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: base
→ Romanian: bază
→ Russian: база (baza)
→ Armenian: բազա (baza)
→ Azerbaijani:
Cyrillic script: база
Latin script: baza
→ Crimean Tatar:
Cyrillic script: база
Latin script: baza
→ Georgian: ბაზა (baza)
→ Kazakh:
Arabic script: بازا (baza)
Cyrillic script: база (baza)
→ Mongolian:
Mongolian script: [Term?]
Cyrillic script: бааз (baaz)
→ Tuvan: бааза (baaza)
→ Vietnamese: bazơ

⇒ French: baser
→ Dutch: baseren
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: basere
Norwegian Nynorsk: basere
→ Romanian: baza

→ Middle English: base, bace, bas, baas, basse
English: base
Scots: base

From Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βάσις (básis).


blanket

fro-noun

blanket oblique singular, m (oblique plural blankez or blanketz, nominative singular blankez or blanketz, nominative plural blanket)

blanket oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
blankez (oblique plural)
blanketz (oblique plural)
blankez (nominative singular)
blanketz (nominative singular)
blanket (nominative plural)


vif

head

vif m (oblique and nominative feminine singular vive)

vive (feminine nominative oblique singular)
vis (masculine singular subjective)
less commonly vifs (masculine singular subjective)
vive (feminine singular subjective)
vif (neuter singular subjective)
vif (masculine oblique singular)
vive (feminine oblique singular)
vif (neuter oblique singular)
vive (oblique singular)
vif (oblique singular)
vif (masculine plural subjective)
vives (feminine plural subjective)
vif (neuter plural subjective)
vif (plural subjective)
vis (masculine oblique plural)
less commonly vifs (masculine oblique plural)
vives (feminine oblique plural)
vif (neuter oblique plural)
vives (oblique plural)
vif (oblique plural)

Middle French: vif

French: vif

Norman: vif


effect

fro-noun

effect oblique singular, m (oblique plural effecz or effectz, nominative singular effecz or effectz, nominative plural effect)

effect oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
effecz (oblique plural)
effectz (oblique plural)
effecz (nominative singular)
effectz (nominative singular)
effect (nominative plural)

English: effect

French: effet

German: Effekt

Middle Irish: éifecht

Irish: éifeacht

punir les contrevenantz solonc l’effect des estatut

Punish the offender according to the decree of the statute


difference

difference oblique singular, f (oblique plural differences, nominative singular difference, nominative plural differences)

difference oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
differences (oblique plural)
difference (nominative singular)
differences (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: difference, differens, defference, defferense, dyfferens
English: difference
Scots: difference

French: différence


crisis

fro-noun

crisis oblique singular, f (oblique plural crisis, nominative singular crisis, nominative plural crisis)

crisis oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
crisis (oblique plural)
crisis (nominative singular)
crisis (nominative plural)


falcon

falcon oblique singular, m (oblique plural falcons, nominative singular falcons, nominative plural falcon)

falcon oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
falcons (oblique plural)
falcons (nominative singular)
falcon (nominative plural)


camel

camel oblique singular, m (oblique plural cameus, nominative singular cameus, nominative plural camel)

camel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cameus (oblique plural)
cameus (nominative singular)
camel (nominative plural)

(Old Northern French, Anglo-Norman) camel


ermine

ermine oblique singular, f (oblique plural ermines, nominative singular ermine, nominative plural ermines)

ermine oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
ermines (oblique plural)
ermine (nominative singular)
ermines (nominative plural)

Middle French: hermin, ermin

desctree

French: hermine
→ Romanian: hermină
→ Turkish: ermin

→ Middle English: ermyne, armyn, armyne, ermin, ermine, ermyn, hermyn
English: ermine
Scots: ermine

Either from Vulgar Latin *(mus) Armenius (“Armenian (mouse)”) (see Armenia) or Frankish *harmīn (“ermine”, adjective) (from *harmō (“ermine”)).

La pane fu de blanc ermine


fox

nominative and oblique masculine singular of fol


bien

head

bien (comparative and superlative mielz or miex)

mielz (comparative superlative)
miex (comparative superlative)

"Oïl, mout m'an sovient il bien.
Seneschaus, savez vos an rien?

Yes, I remember it well
 Seneschal, do you know anything about it?


bien

fro-noun

bien oblique singular, m (oblique plural biens, nominative singular biens, nominative plural bien)

bien oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
biens (oblique plural)
biens (nominative singular)
bien (nominative plural)

Middle French: bien

French: bien (adverb and noun)

Norman: bein (Jersey), byin (France)

Walloon: bén


Christian

head

Christian m (nominative singular Christians)

a male given name, equivalent to English Christian


plate

fro-noun

plate oblique singular, f (oblique plural plates, nominative singular plate, nominative plural plates)

plate oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
plates (oblique plural)
plate (nominative singular)
plates (nominative plural)

→ Middle English:

desctree

English: plate
→ Maori: pereti
→ Hindi: प्लेट (pleṭ)

Scots: plate

→ Irish: pláta

De mars d'or et d'arjant an plates


et

Middle French: et
French: et
Mauritian Creole: e, ek
→ English: et

Norman: et

Picard: et

Walloon: et, eyet

Blanches et verz, bloes et jaunes


if

fro-noun

if oblique singular, f (oblique plural is, nominative singular if, nominative plural is)

if oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
is (oblique plural)
if (nominative singular)
is (nominative plural)

Middle French: if

French: if

Norman: if

From either Frankish *īw (from Proto-Germanic *īhwaz) or Gaulish *iwos (“yew, yew tree”) (from Proto-Celtic *iwos, compare Breton ivin, Old Irish eó, Welsh ywen); in either case from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw-. See yew for more.


long

head

long m (oblique and nominative feminine singular longe or longue)

longe (feminine nominative oblique singular)
longue (feminine nominative oblique singular)
longs (masculine singular subjective)
longe (feminine singular subjective)
longue (feminine singular subjective)
long (neuter singular subjective)
long (masculine oblique singular)
longe (feminine oblique singular)
longue (feminine oblique singular)
long (neuter oblique singular)
longe (oblique singular)
longue (oblique singular)
long (oblique singular)
long (masculine plural subjective)
longes (feminine plural subjective)
longues (feminine plural subjective)
long (neuter plural subjective)
long (plural subjective)
longs (masculine oblique plural)
longes (feminine oblique plural)
longues (feminine oblique plural)
long (neuter oblique plural)
longes (oblique plural)
longues (oblique plural)
long (oblique plural)

French: long

Norman: long (Jersey), laong (Guernsey)