-able

Middle French: -able
French: -able

desctree

→ Middle English: -able
English: -able
Scots: -able

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-
Proto-Italic *haβēō
Latin habeō
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlis
Proto-Italic *-ðlis
Latin -bilis
Latin -ibilis
Latin -ābilis
Old French -able
Inherited from Latin -ābilis.

etymon

honorer (“to honor”) + -able → honnorable (“honorable”)

forsener (“to become insane or enraged”) + -able → forsenable (“maddening”)


-er

falconer, fauconer

(chiefly Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of -ier, suffix indicating a profession


-ie

Middle French: -ie

French: -ie

Middle High German: -ie

Middle English: -ie

English: -y, -ie

indicates a feminine noun, often an abstract one


-é

Middle French: -é

French: -é

Inherited from Latin -ātus. First attested in 842, as -at (jurat in the Oaths of Strasbourg) > (first attested in c. 1050) -et in the Song of Roland; the form -é first appears in the 12th century.

used to form past participles of regular -er verbs


-ette

(late Old French, Old Northern French) Alternative form of -ete


-or

head

-or (nominative singular -ere, occasionally -ors)

-ere (nominative singular)
-eor (alternative)
-eour (alternative)
-eur (alternative)
-our (alternative)
-ur (alternative)

desctree

→ Middle English: -our (in part)
English: -or (-er)
Scots: -or (-er)


-or

Middle French: -eur (both etymologies)

French: -eur (both etymologies)

Norman: -eux

-eur (alternative)
-our (alternative)
-ur (alternative)

blanche + -or → blanchor (“whiteness”)

-ness, indicates a quality, a characteristic


-al

Middle French: -al

French: -al

Borrowed from Latin -ālis. Compare the inherited -el.

mesnal

suffix used to form adjectives from nouns


-s

Middle French: -s

French: -s

indicates a nominative singular of a masculine noun or adjective

indicates an oblique plural of a masculine noun or adjective

indicates a (nominative or oblique) plural of a feminine noun or adjective


-u

Middle French: -u

French: -u

suffixed used to form adjectives (oblique masculine singular) from nouns


-e

Middle French: -e

French: -e

used to form feminine forms of nouns and adjectives


-us

Middle French: -eux, -eulx
French: -eux, -ueux
→ Danish: -øs
→ Dutch: -eus
→ German: -ös
→ Norwegian: -øs
→ Swedish: -ös

Norman: -eux

→ Middle English: -ous, -os, -ose, -ouse, -ows, -owse, -us, -ws
English: -ous

-eus (alternative)
-eux (alternative)
-os (alternative)
-ous (alternative)


-ier

-ier (infinitive)
avoir -ié (infinitive multiword-construction)
en -ant (gerund)
gerund of avoir + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
-ant (participle present)
-ié (participle past)
-es (present second-person singular)
-e (present singular)
-ons (plural present)
-iez (plural present)
-ent (plural present)
-ai (preterite singular)
-as (preterite second-person singular)
-a (preterite singular)
-ames (plural preterite)
-astes (plural preterite)
-ierent (plural preterite)
-erai (future singular)
-eras (future second-person singular)
-era (future singular)
-erons (future plural)
-eroiz (future plural)
-ereiz (future plural)
-erez (future plural)
-eront (future plural)
-eroie (conditional singular)
-ereie (conditional singular)
-eroies (conditional second-person singular)
-ereies (conditional second-person singular)
-eroit (conditional singular)
-ereit (conditional singular)
-eriiens (conditional plural)
-eriens (conditional plural)
-eriiez (conditional plural)
-eriez (conditional plural)
-eroient (conditional plural)
-ereient (conditional plural)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future multiword-construction perfect)
future tense of avoir + past participle (future multiword-construction perfect second-person)
-s (present second-person singular)
-t (present singular)
-asse (imperfect singular)
-asses (imperfect second-person singular)
-ast (imperfect singular)
-issons (imperfect plural)
-issiens (imperfect plural)
-issoiz (imperfect plural)
-issez (imperfect plural)
-issiez (imperfect plural)
-assent (imperfect plural)
-e (imperative second-person singular)
-ons (imperative plural)
-iez (imperative plural)
-er (alternative)
-ar (alternative)

Middle French: -er
French: -er

Gallo: -ieu

→ Middle High German: -ieren
German: -ieren, -iren (obsolete, used alternatively until ca. 1900)
→ Bulgarian: -ирам (-iram)
→ Georgian: -ირება (-ireba)
→ Russian: -ировать (-irovatʹ)
→ Serbo-Croatian: -irati

Norman: -yi (Jersey)

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *-āzi
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Latin -ereinflu.
Latin -āre
Old French -ier
Inherited from Latin -āre, from Proto-Italic *-āzi.

etymon

forgier

suffix used to form infinitives of first conjugation verbs


-ier

desctree

Middle French: -er
French: -ier, -er
→ English: -eer, -er

→ Middle English: -er, -eer, -ere, -ier, -ir, -yr
English: -er (conflated with -ere)
Middle Scots: -er, -ar
Scots: -er (conflated with -ere)

→ Italian: -iere

→ Old Irish: -aire
Irish: -aire
Scottish Gaelic: -air

→ Sicilian: -eri

Etymology tree
Latin -ārius
Old French -ier
Inherited from Latin -ārium.

etymon

bouchier

forestier


-erie

→ Dutch: -erij

desctree

→ Middle English: -erie
English: -ery, -ry
Scots: -ery, -ry

French: -erie

→ German: -erei

→ Gallo: -eriy

Norman: -éthie

→ Swedish: -eri

Etymology tree
Latin -ārius
Old French -ier
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂
Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā)der.
Ancient Greek -εύς (-eús)?
Ancient Greek -ιᾰ (-iă)
Ancient Greek -εια (-eia)der.
Latin -ia
Old French -ie
Old French -erie
From -ier + -ie.


-ment

Middle French: -ment
French: -ment

Norman: -ment

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *men-
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *méntis
Proto-Italic *mentis
Latin mēns
Latin mente
Old French -ment
Inherited from Latin mente, from mēns, from Proto-Italic *mentis, from Proto-Indo-European *méntis, from *men- + *-tis.

Attaches to an adjective in the feminine singular to form the corresponding adverb.


-ment

desctree

Middle French: -ment
French: -ment
→ Norwegian Bokmål: -ment

→ Middle English: -ment
English: -ment
Scots: -ment

Forms nouns from verbs, usually indicating a resulting action or state.


-ise

franc + -ise → franchise

cuinte + -ise → cuintise

used to form feminine nouns, often denoting a state or quality


-ique

French: -ique

→ Middle English: -ik, -ike, -ique, -ic, -ice
English: -ic


-ir

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

used to form infinitives of second conjugation verbs


-et

Middle French: -et

French: -et

Used to form a diminutive, masculine noun.


-et

(12th century and before) Alternative form of -é (suffix used to form past participles of regular -er verbs)


-ation

Middle French: -ation

French: -ation

→ Middle English: -acioun, -acion, -acyon, -acyoun, -acyun, -ation
English: -ation

-acion (alternative)
-aciun (alternative)
-atiun (alternative)


-z

mort (“dead”) (oblique singular) → morz (“dead”) (oblique plural)

Femme espuse ot li seneschals,
Dunt puis vient el païs granz mal[s]


-age

Angevin: -ége, -éje

Bourguignon: -aige, -eige

Champenois: -age, -aige, -ège

Franc-Comtois: -aidge, -aige

Middle French: -age (see there for further descendants)

Gallo: -aige

Lorrain: -èdje, -ège, -êge

Picard: -åjhe

Poitevin-Saintongeais: -age, -ajhe

Walloon: -aedje

→ Medieval Latin: -āgium

→ Middle English: -age
English: -age
Scots: -age

-aige (alternative)
-aje (alternative rare)

forms nouns with the sense of 'action or result of'

forms nouns with the sense of 'state of being'


-ance

Middle French: -ance
French: -ance

→ Middle English: -aunce, -ance, -ans, -anse, -auns
English: -ance (-ence)
Scots: -ance (-ence)

Inherited from Latin -antia(m), -entia(m).

-anche (alternative)
-aunce (alternative)


-ant

English: -ant

French: -ant

used to form the present participle of verbs


-el

French: -el
→ Danish: -el
→ Dutch: -eel
Afrikaans: -eel
→ Indonesian: -il
→ German: -ell
→ Norwegian Bokmål: -ell
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: -ell
→ Swedish: -ell
→ Turkish: -sel
→ Yiddish: ־על (-el)

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *-ālis
Latin -ālis
Old French -el
Inherited from Latin -ālis, from Proto-Italic *-ālis.


-el

Angevin: -iau

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: -iau

Bourguignon: -eâ

Champenois: -é, -iau

Franc-Comtois: -é, -ia

French: -eau

Gallo: -ë, -iao

Lorrain: -é

Norman: -é, iaô

Picard: -iau, -ieu

Poitevin-Saintongeais: -ea

Walloon: -ea

desctree

→ Middle English: -el, -ele, -ell, -elle, -eylle, -le, -yll, -ylle
English: -el, -le


-eur

Alternative form of -or (both etymologies)


-ere

-erre (alternative)
-iere (alternative)
-ierre (alternative)

Le chanteor → li chantere

nominative singular of -or (agent noun suffix)


-ois

French: -ais, -ois

Norman: -ais, -ouais

In some senses from Late Latin, Vulgar Latin -iscus, in others from Latin -ēnsis.

françois (“French”)

anglois (“English”)

used to form the first- and second-person singular imperfect tense


-ure

French: -ure

→ Middle English: -ure, -ewr, -our, -oure, -owre, -ur
English: -ure
Scots: -ure

From Latin -(ā)tūram, the accusative case of -(ā)tūra.

used to form usually feminine, usually abstract nouns


-té

head

-té f (oblique plural -tez, nominative singular -té, nominative plural -tez)

-tez (oblique plural)
-té (nominative singular)
-tez (nominative plural)

Middle French: -té
French: -té

→ Dutch: -teit

→ English: -ty

→ Norman: -té

From Latin -itātem, accusative singular of -itās, or -tātem, accusative singular of -tās.

-ty (suffix used to form nouns, often denoting a quality or a property)


-oire

→ Middle English: -orie

English: -ory (in some cases)

French: -oire

Norman: -ouaithe (Jersey)


-ien

-ien (feminine equivalent -iene or -ienne)

equivalent -iene (feminine)
-ienne (feminine)

Middle French: -ien
French: -ien

desctree

→ Middle English: -ien, -ian, -ion, -ione, -ioun, -yen, -yone, -youn
English: -ian
Scots: -ian


-if

→ Middle English: -yf, -if, -yfe, -ife, -yve, -ive, -ef, -y, -i, -ye, -ie, -e
English: -ive, -iff, -y

Middle French: -if
French: -if
→ Dutch: -ief
Afrikaans: -ief
→ Indonesian: -if
→ German: -iv
→ Norwegian Bokmål: -iv
→ Turkish: -if


-ete

Middle French: -ette
French: -ette

→ Middle English: -ette

English: -ette


-aige

Ke li Marchis m'envoia son messaige, et li Barrois a por m'amor josté (Conon de Béthune, L'autrier avint en cel autre païs)


-ain

French: -ain

pute + -ain → putain

none + -ain → nonain

Forms the oblique case, especially for feminine nouns.

castel + -ain → castelain


-eor

head

-eor (nominative singular -ere, occasionally -eors)

-ere (nominative singular)
-eur (alternative)

From Latin -ātor, from -tor, from Proto-Italic *-tōr, from Proto-Indo-European *-tōr < *-tor-s.

Alternative form of -or (suffix indicating an agent noun)


-erez

-erez m (oblique and nominative feminine singular -erece)

-erece (feminine nominative oblique singular)
-eret (alternative)


-iau

French: -eau

agniau


-eis

→ English: -ese

French: -ais, -ois

Norman: -ais, -ouais

From Late Latin, Vulgar Latin -iscus and in some cases Latin -ēnsis.

engleis, franceis, fraunceis


-ur

(early Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of -or (suffix indicating an agent noun)


-our

(often late Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of -or (both etymologies)


-eour

-eour (nominative singular -ere, occasionally -eours)


-ace

French: -asse

Suffix used to form feminine, usually concrete nouns.


-omes

-om (alternative)
-omps (alternative)
-ons (alternative)
-um (alternative)
-umps (alternative)

Nos trovomes en escriture
Une merveilleuse aventure !

(Can we date this quote?), Le Vilain qui conquist paradis par plaid:

We find in writing
A marvelous adventure!

Alomes tost Origni pesoier

12ᵗʰ Century, Unknown, Raoul de Cambrai:

first-person plural
first-person plural#English

A suffix denoting the first-person plural present indicative form of a verb


-art

Middle French: -ard

French: -ard

→ Middle Dutch: -aert

Dutch: -aard

desctree

→ Middle English: -ard, -arde, -art, -erd, -erde, -ord
English: -ard

Frankish *-hard. More at Modern French -ard.

used to form nouns or adjectives, often with pejorative meanings


-ele

French: -elle

Middle English: -el (diminutive), -le (in part)
English: -le
Scots: -le

diminutive suffix, forming feminine nouns


-ison

French: -aison

desc

→ Middle English: -isoun, -eison, -esoun, -esown, -ison, -isowne, -son, -soun, -yson, -ysone, -ysoun, -ysowne, -ysun

Latin -ātionem, accusative singular of -ātiō. Compare -acion.


-oiier

Middle French: -oyer

French: -oyer

used to form infinitives of some first group verbs


-elet

French: -elet

→ English: -let

gant → gantelet


-eax

Middle French: -eaux (plural)

French: -eau (singular)


-erece

-eresse (alternative)
-eresce (alternative)
-ereche (alternative)


-eiz

head

-eiz m (oblique and nominative feminine singular -eice)

-eice (feminine nominative oblique singular)
-ediz (alternative archaic)
-ëis (alternative)

French: -is

From Latin -ātus (part participle ending) + -īcius (adjective-forming suffix) due to rebracketing of the endings of words such as damnātīcius as one suffix.

attaches usually but not exclusively to verbs to form adjectives or nouns


-eice

French: -isse