continuation

continuation oblique singular, f (oblique plural continuations, nominative singular continuation, nominative plural continuations)

continuation oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
continuations (oblique plural)
continuation (nominative singular)
continuations (nominative plural)

Middle French: continuation

French: continuation

→ Middle English: continuacion

English: continuation

Late Old French, borrowed from Latin continuātiō, continuātiōnem.


mere

fro-noun

mere oblique singular, f (oblique plural meres, nominative singular mere, nominative plural meres)

mere oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
meres (oblique plural)
mere (nominative singular)
meres (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: meire

desctree

Middle French: mere
French: mère
Haitian Creole: mè

Norman: mère, méthe

Walloon: mere

From earlier medre, from Latin māter, mātrem.


dun

fro-noun

dun oblique singular, m (oblique plural duns, nominative singular duns, nominative plural dun)

dun oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
duns (oblique plural)
duns (nominative singular)
dun (nominative plural)

E tute Espaigne tendrat par vostre dun

c. 1150, Turoldus, La Chanson de Roland:

And all of Spain he will hold as your gift


equivocation

equivocation oblique singular, f (oblique plural equivocations, nominative singular equivocation, nominative plural equivocations)

equivocation oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
equivocations (oblique plural)
equivocation (nominative singular)
equivocations (nominative plural)

Si avoit trovee occasion de li gaber par l'equivocation de son nom


mort

mort oblique singular, f (oblique plural morz or mortz, nominative singular mort, nominative plural morz or mortz)

mort oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
morz (oblique plural)
mortz (oblique plural)
mort (nominative singular)
morz (nominative plural)
mortz (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: mort
French: mort
→ English: mort
Norman: mort (Jersey)

Picard: mort

From Latin mors, mortem. First attested in Old French in 881 in the Sequence of Saint Eulalia.

car sun chant signefie mort

c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 104, line 1027:


effort

fro-noun

effort oblique singular, m (oblique plural efforz or effortz, nominative singular efforz or effortz, nominative plural effort)

effort oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
efforz (oblique plural)
effortz (oblique plural)
efforz (nominative singular)
effortz (nominative singular)
effort (nominative plural)


champ

champ oblique singular, m (oblique plural chans, nominative singular chans, nominative plural champ)

champ oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chans (oblique plural)
chans (nominative singular)
champ (nominative plural)

French: champ, camp

English: champ

Norman: camp (Guernsey)

Walloon: tchamp

desctree

→ Dutch: kamp
Afrikaans: kamp
Petjo: kamp
→ Indonesian: kamp
→ Sranan Tongo: kampu
→ Caribbean Javanese: kampu


sumac

fro-noun

sumac oblique singular, m (oblique plural sumas, nominative singular sumas, nominative plural sumac)

sumac oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sumas (oblique plural)
sumas (nominative singular)
sumac (nominative plural)

→ English: sumac

French: sumac

et couvrir par quelconque cause que soit ou par sumac, ou par galles, ou par galbanum, ou par baing d’eaue froide, ou de vive, ou semblables.

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), pages 131-132 of this essay:


brace

brace oblique singular, f (oblique plural braces, nominative singular brace, nominative plural braces)

brace oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
braces (oblique plural)
brace (nominative singular)
braces (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: brace, brase, braas, bras
English: brace
Scots: brace

From Latin brachia, bracchia, originally the plural of bracchium.


evacuation

fro-noun

evacuation oblique singular, f (oblique plural evacuations, nominative singular evacuation, nominative plural evacuations)

evacuation oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
evacuations (oblique plural)
evacuation (nominative singular)
evacuations (nominative plural)

(medicine) evacuation (of the bowels or bladder)


vie

vie oblique singular, f (oblique plural vies, nominative singular vie, nominative plural vies)

vie oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
vies (oblique plural)
vie (nominative singular)
vies (nominative plural)

Middle French: vie

desctree

French: vie
Antillean Creole: vi
Guianese Creole: lavi
Haitian Creole: lavi
Louisiana Creole: vi
Seychellois Creole: lavi

Norman: vie (Guernésiais)

Walloon: veye, vèie

Mout avoit changiee sa vie

c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:


clamor

fro-noun

clamor oblique singular, m (oblique plural clamors, nominative singular clamors, nominative plural clamor)

clamor oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
clamors (oblique plural)
clamors (nominative singular)
clamor (nominative plural)

English: clamor, clamour

French: clameur


guise

guise oblique singular, f (oblique plural guises, nominative singular guise, nominative plural guises)

guise oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
guises (oblique plural)
guise (nominative singular)
guises (nominative plural)

English: guise

French: guise

Biaus sire, quant vos an tel guise
An blanc chainse et an sa chemise
Ma cosine an volez mener,
Un autre don li vuel doner

Good sir, when you in such a way
In a white tunic and in her shirt
Want to take my cousin
I want to give her another gift


fain

fain oblique singular, f (nominative singular fain)

fain oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
fain (nominative singular)

French: faim


vis

vis oblique singular, m (oblique plural vis, nominative singular vis, nominative plural vis)

vis oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
vis (oblique plural)
vis (nominative singular)
vis (nominative plural)

French: visage, avis

From Latin vīsus (“act of looking; appearance”).


vis

fro-noun

vis oblique singular, f (oblique plural viz, nominative singular viz, nominative plural vis)

vis oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
viz (oblique plural)
viz (nominative singular)
vis (nominative plural)

desctree

French: vis
→ Catalan: vis
→ Dutch: vijs f
→ Vietnamese: vít

→ Middle English: vis, vys

English: vise, vice (British English)
→ Japanese: バイス

→ Irish: bís, vís


char

fro-noun

char oblique singular, f (oblique plural chars, nominative singular char, nominative plural chars)

char oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
chars (oblique plural)
char (nominative singular)
chars (nominative plural)

Middle French: char, chair

French: chair

From earlier charn, carn, from Latin carnem, accusative singular of carō.

Desor l'espaule li fist la char trenchier

12ᵗʰ Century, Unknown, Raoul de Cambrai:

under his shoulder, he cut into his flesh

(anatomy) flesh (tissue from an animal in general)

meat (flesh of an animal intended to be eaten)


char

char oblique singular, m (oblique plural chars, nominative singular chars, nominative plural char)

char oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chars (oblique plural)
chars (nominative singular)
char (nominative plural)

French: char


mangonel

mangonel oblique singular, m (oblique plural mangoneaus or mangoneax or mangoniaus or mangoniax or mangonels, nominative singular mangoneaus or mangoneax or mangoniaus or mangoniax or mangonels, nominative plural mangonel)

mangonel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
mangoneaus (oblique plural)
mangoneax (oblique plural)
mangoniaus (oblique plural)
mangoniax (oblique plural)
mangonels (oblique plural)
mangoneaus (nominative singular)
mangoneax (nominative singular)
mangoniaus (nominative singular)
mangoniax (nominative singular)
mangonels (nominative singular)
mangonel (nominative plural)


gauge

gauge oblique singular, f (oblique plural gauges, nominative singular gauge, nominative plural gauges)

gauge oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
gauges (oblique plural)
gauge (nominative singular)
gauges (nominative plural)


chef

chef oblique singular, m (oblique plural ches, nominative singular ches, nominative plural chef)

chef oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ches (oblique plural)
ches (nominative singular)
chef (nominative plural)


inspiration

inspiration oblique singular, f (oblique plural inspirations, nominative singular inspiration, nominative plural inspirations)

inspiration oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
inspirations (oblique plural)
inspiration (nominative singular)
inspirations (nominative plural)

→ English: inspiration

French: inspiration

Borrowed from Late Latin inspirationem (nominative: inspiratio), from Latin inspiratus (past participle of inspīrō).


pas

pas oblique singular, m (oblique plural pas, nominative singular pas, nominative plural pas)

pas oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
pas (oblique plural)
pas (nominative singular)
pas (nominative plural)

→ English: pace

Middle French: pas

Segnieur, pelerins sui, si ai alé maint pas, / par viles, par castiaus, par chités, par trespas.

13th c., uncertain (perhaps Adam de la Halle), Li Jus du pelerin

Sirs, I am a pilgrim, and I have travelled a lot (literally, "I have gone steps a lot"), through towns, castles, cities, passageways.


pas

S'aroie bien mestier que je fusse à repas, / car n'ai mie par tout mout bien trouvé mes pas.

It'd be great to make some arrangement so I can have a meal, because not always, not at all, have I found food wherever I've been.


sen

sen oblique singular, m (oblique plural sens, nominative singular sens, nominative plural sen)

sen oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sens (oblique plural)
sens (nominative singular)
sen (nominative plural)


resemblance

resemblance oblique singular, f (oblique plural resemblances, nominative singular resemblance, nominative plural resemblances)

resemblance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
resemblances (oblique plural)
resemblance (nominative singular)
resemblances (nominative plural)

similarity (taken as a whole, the qualities than make two or more things similar)


hostage

hostage oblique singular, m (oblique plural hostages, nominative singular hostages, nominative plural hostage)

hostage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
hostages (oblique plural)
hostages (nominative singular)
hostage (nominative plural)

→ English: hostage

French: otage


prise

prise oblique singular, f (oblique plural prises, nominative singular prise, nominative plural prises)

prise oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
prises (oblique plural)
prise (nominative singular)
prises (nominative plural)

Middle French: prinse

French: prise


lard

lard oblique singular, m (oblique plural larz or lartz, nominative singular larz or lartz, nominative plural lard)

lard oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
larz (oblique plural)
lartz (oblique plural)
larz (nominative singular)
lartz (nominative singular)
lard (nominative plural)

French: lard

desctree

→ Middle English: lard, larde
English: lard
Scots: lair, laird (obsolete)

From Latin lardum, laridum (“bacon fat”).


mention

fro-noun

mention oblique singular, f (oblique plural mentions, nominative singular mention, nominative plural mentions)

mention oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
mentions (oblique plural)
mention (nominative singular)
mentions (nominative plural)

Borrowed from Latin mentiōnis, mentiōnis.


grief

grief oblique singular, m (oblique plural griés, nominative singular griés, nominative plural grief)

grief oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
griés (oblique plural)
griés (nominative singular)
grief (nominative plural)

French: grief

→ Middle Dutch: grief

Dutch: grief

→ Middle English: greef, gref

English: grief

From Early Medieval Latin grevem, alteration of Latin gravem.


subside

English: subsidy

French: subside


vile

vile oblique singular, f (oblique plural viles, nominative singular vile, nominative plural viles)

vile oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
viles (oblique plural)
vile (nominative singular)
viles (nominative plural)

French: ville

Ele est la fors en cele vile

12th or 13th Century, author unknown, La Damme qui fist trois Tours:


suite

suite oblique singular, f (oblique plural suites, nominative singular suite, nominative plural suites)

suite oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
suites (oblique plural)
suite (nominative singular)
suites (nominative plural)

French: suite

→ English: suite

Spanish: suite

desctree

→ Middle English: sute, sewte, sywete, suite, suyt, sewt, sywte, sywyte, swte, seute, sewht, soyte, sut, suet
English: suit
Scots: suit, soot
→ Welsh: siwt

From metathesis of earlier siute, sieute from Vulgar Latin *sequita, (instead of classical secūta), as the feminine past participle of *sequere, from Latin sequor, sequi.


fret

fro-noun

fret oblique singular, m (oblique plural frez or fretz, nominative singular frez or fretz, nominative plural fret)

fret oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
frez (oblique plural)
fretz (oblique plural)
frez (nominative singular)
fretz (nominative singular)
fret (nominative plural)

desctree

French: fret
→ Portuguese: frete
→ Spanish: flete

→ Galician: frete

charge (demand of payment in exchange for goods or services)


lame

fro-noun

lame oblique singular, f (oblique plural lames, nominative singular lame, nominative plural lames)

lame oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
lames (oblique plural)
lame (nominative singular)
lames (nominative plural)


valour

valour oblique singular, f (oblique plural valours, nominative singular valour, nominative plural valours)

valour oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
valours (oblique plural)
valour (nominative singular)
valours (nominative plural)

Flatour est un soubtil enchanteour;
Car par son vein enchantement
Fait croire au dame et au seignour
Que sur tous autres de valour
Sont plus digne et plus excellent.
Flattery is a subtle enchanter,
For by its vain enchantment
It makes damsels and lords alike believe
That above all other valorous people
Are more worthy and more excellent.


route

route oblique singular, f (oblique plural routes, nominative singular route, nominative plural routes)

route oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
routes (oblique plural)
route (nominative singular)
routes (nominative plural)


official

official oblique singular, m (oblique plural officiaus or officiax or officials, nominative singular officiaus or officiax or officials, nominative plural official)

official oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
officiaus (oblique plural)
officiax (oblique plural)
officials (oblique plural)
officiaus (nominative singular)
officiax (nominative singular)
officials (nominative singular)
official (nominative plural)


valor

valor oblique singular, m (oblique plural valors, nominative singular valors, nominative plural valor)

valor oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
valors (oblique plural)
valors (nominative singular)
valor (nominative plural)


couple

couple oblique singular, f (oblique plural couples, nominative singular couple, nominative plural couples)

couple oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
couples (oblique plural)
couple (nominative singular)
couples (nominative plural)

French: couple

Norman: couplle, coupl'ye

desctree

→ Middle English: couple, copill, cople, copull, coupull, cowpulle, cupil, cuple, cupple
English: couple
Scots: couple, kipple

From Vulgar Latin *copla, from Latin cōpula.


vassal

fro-noun

vassal oblique singular, m (oblique plural vassaus or vassax or vassals, nominative singular vassaus or vassax or vassals, nominative plural vassal)

vassal oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
vassaus (oblique plural)
vassax (oblique plural)
vassals (oblique plural)
vassaus (nominative singular)
vassax (nominative singular)
vassals (nominative singular)
vassal (nominative plural)

French: vassal

Norman: vassa (Jersey)

desctree

→ Middle English: vassal, vassall
English: vassal
Yola: vassale


disposition

fro-noun

disposition oblique singular, f (oblique plural dispositions, nominative singular disposition, nominative plural dispositions)

disposition oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
dispositions (oblique plural)
disposition (nominative singular)
dispositions (nominative plural)


honour

honour oblique singular, m (oblique plural honours, nominative singular honours, nominative plural honour)

honour oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
honours (oblique plural)
honours (nominative singular)
honour (nominative plural)

[…] prierent au roi qe mesme le cont purroit estre restorez a ses noun et honour de marquys queux il avoit pardevant.

[…] prayed to the king that even the count could be restored to his name and his honour of marquee that he had before


site

site oblique singular, m (oblique plural sites, nominative singular sites, nominative plural site)

site oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sites (oblique plural)
sites (nominative singular)
site (nominative plural)

→ English: site

French: site


singe

singe oblique singular, m (oblique plural singes, nominative singular singes, nominative plural singe)

singe oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
singes (oblique plural)
singes (nominative singular)
singe (nominative plural)

French: singe

Norman: sînge (Jersey)

Walloon: séndje


enclosure

enclosure oblique singular, f (oblique plural enclosures, nominative singular enclosure, nominative plural enclosures)

enclosure oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
enclosures (oblique plural)
enclosure (nominative singular)
enclosures (nominative plural)


traitor

traitor oblique singular, m (oblique plural traitors, nominative singular traitre, nominative plural traitor)

traitor oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
traitors (oblique plural)
traitre (nominative singular)
traitor (nominative plural)

French: traître

Norman: traître (Jersey)

Walloon: traite

desctree

→ Middle English: traytour, traitour, traitor
English: traitor
→ Middle Irish: trétúir
Irish: tréatúir

Adaptation of Latin trāditor, trāditorem.

Ne croire pas ce traïtor.

c. 1180, Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot ou le Chevalier de la charrette:


ignorance

fro-noun

ignorance oblique singular, f (oblique plural ignorances, nominative singular ignorance, nominative plural ignorances)

ignorance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
ignorances (oblique plural)
ignorance (nominative singular)
ignorances (nominative plural)

English: ignorance

French: ignorance

ignorance (lacking of knowledge; lack of understanding)


argent

argent oblique singular, m (oblique plural argenz or argentz, nominative singular argenz or argentz, nominative plural argent)

argent oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
argenz (oblique plural)
argentz (oblique plural)
argenz (nominative singular)
argentz (nominative singular)
argent (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: argent
French: argent
Haitian Creole: ajan
Louisiana Creole: larjên

Norman: argent, ergent, ardjã

Walloon: ardjint

→ Middle English: argent

English: argent


temps

fro-noun

temps oblique singular, m (oblique plural temps, nominative singular temps, nominative plural temps)

temps oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
temps (oblique plural)
temps (nominative singular)
temps (nominative plural)

Anglo-Norman: tens

Middle English: tens

English: tense

Bourguignon: tamps

Middle French: temps
French: temps

Norman: temps

Walloon: tins


novembre

novembre oblique singular, m (oblique plural novembres, nominative singular novembres, nominative plural novembre)

novembre oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
novembres (oblique plural)
novembres (nominative singular)
novembre (nominative plural)

Franc-Comtois: nôvembre

desctree

French: novembre
Guianese Creole: novanm
Haitian Creole: novanm
→ Iranian Persian: نوامبر (novâmbr)
→ South Azerbaijani: نوْوامبر (novambr)
→ Tunisian Arabic: نوفمبر (novōmbr)

Norman:

Cotentin: novembe

Guernsey: novembre

Jersey: Novembre

Sark: novãbr

Walloon: nôvimbe

→ Middle English: Novembre

English: November (see there for further descendants)

Scots: November


corruption

fro-noun

corruption oblique singular, f (oblique plural corruptions, nominative singular corruption, nominative plural corruptions)

corruption oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
corruptions (oblique plural)
corruption (nominative singular)
corruptions (nominative plural)

→ English: corruption

French: corruption

Borrowed from Latin corruptiō, corruptiōnem.


jardin

jardin oblique singular, m (oblique plural jardins, nominative singular jardins, nominative plural jardin)

jardin oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
jardins (oblique plural)
jardins (nominative singular)
jardin (nominative plural)


message

message oblique singular, m (oblique plural messages, nominative singular messages, nominative plural message)

message oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
messages (oblique plural)
messages (nominative singular)
message (nominative plural)

Middle French: message

desctree

French: message
Haitian Creole: mesaj
→ Albanian: mesazh
→ Moroccan Arabic: ميساج (mesaž)
→ Romanian: mesaj
→ Turkish: mesaj
→ Azerbaijani: mesaj

Walloon: messaedje

Norman: m'sage

→ Galician: mensaxe

→ Italian: messaggio

→ Middle English: message

→ English: message

→ Piedmontese: messagi

→ Portuguese: mensagem

→ Scots: message

→ Spanish: mensaje

Inherited from Late Latin missāticum, derived from Latin mittere (“send”).


intelligence

fro-noun

intelligence oblique singular, f (oblique plural intelligences, nominative singular intelligence, nominative plural intelligences)

intelligence oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
intelligences (oblique plural)
intelligence (nominative singular)
intelligences (nominative plural)

French: intelligence

desctree

→ Middle English: intelligence, intelligens
English: intelligence
Yola: tellgence, talligence


loi

fro-noun

loi oblique singular, f (oblique plural lois, nominative singular loi, nominative plural lois)

loi oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
lois (oblique plural)
loi (nominative singular)
lois (nominative plural)

Middle French: loy

French: loi

Norman: louai

Walloon: lwè

From earlier lei, from Latin lēgem, accusative singular of lēx.

La loi que tu nous as aprise


porre

porre oblique singular, m (oblique plural porres, nominative singular porres, nominative plural porre)

porre oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
porres (oblique plural)
porres (nominative singular)
porre (nominative plural)


beauté

beauté oblique singular, f (oblique plural beautez, nominative singular beauté, nominative plural beautez)

beauté oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
beautez (oblique plural)
beauté (nominative singular)
beautez (nominative plural)


raisin

raisin oblique singular, m (oblique plural raisins, nominative singular raisins, nominative plural raisin)

raisin oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
raisins (oblique plural)
raisins (nominative singular)
raisin (nominative plural)

French: raisin

Norman: raisin, rouaisin

desc

Picard: rosin, reusin, rojin, roisin, rouaisin

Walloon: reujin, rouaijin, roijin

→ Middle Dutch: rosine

Dutch: rozijn

→ Middle High German: rosīn

desctree

German: Rosine
→ Polish: rodzynka
→ Kashubian: rozina
→ Czech: rozinka, ⇒ hrozinka (contaminated with hrozen)
⇒ Slovak: hrozienko (contaminated with hrozno)

→ Middle Low German: rosīne

→ Danish: rosin

→ Middle English: raysyn, raycin, reyson, reysyn, rasyn, rayson, resyn, reyseyn, raysing, racine, resonne, reysynge
English: raisin
→ Japanese: レーズン (rēzun)
Scots: raisin, reasin

→ Middle Irish: [Term?]

Irish: rísín

→ Middle Welsh: [Term?]

Welsh: rhesin

→? Old Norse: rúsína

Icelandic: rúsína

Swedish: russin

→ Finnish: rusina

→ Sicilian: racina

From Late Latin racīmus, from Latin racēmus.


honor

fro-noun

honor oblique singular, m (oblique plural honors, nominative singular honors, nominative plural honor)

honor oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
honors (oblique plural)
honors (nominative singular)
honor (nominative plural)

→ English: honor, honour

Middle French: honneur

French: honneur

→ Middle Irish: onóir, anóir

Irish: onóir

Scottish Gaelic: onoir


masculin

masculin oblique singular, m (oblique plural masculins, nominative singular masculins, nominative plural masculin)

masculin oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
masculins (oblique plural)
masculins (nominative singular)
masculin (nominative plural)

Mais cy endroit il fault scavoir que chescun adjectif de femenyn genre doit finir (ou) en un e, et (c'est) quant son masculin fine en e, …

E. Stengel (editor), Die ältesten Anleitungsschriften zur Erlernung der französischen Sprache, in: Zeitschrift für neufranzösische Sprache und Litteratur, vol. I, 1879, p. 29


pension

pension oblique singular, f (oblique plural pensions, nominative singular pension, nominative plural pensions)

pension oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pensions (oblique plural)
pension (nominative singular)
pensions (nominative plural)


lait

lait oblique singular, m (oblique plural laiz or laitz, nominative singular laiz or laitz, nominative plural lait)

lait oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
laiz (oblique plural)
laitz (oblique plural)
laiz (nominative singular)
laitz (nominative singular)
lait (nominative plural)

French: lait ⇒ laiteron

Haitian Creole: lèt

Norman: lait

⇒ Walloon: laecea

milk (white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals)


lait

lait oblique singular, m (nominative singular laiz or laitz)

lait oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
laiz (nominative singular)
laitz (nominative singular)

Thought to be of Germanic origin; see Modern French laid.


multitude

multitude oblique singular, f (oblique plural multitudes, nominative singular multitude, nominative plural multitudes)

multitude oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
multitudes (oblique plural)
multitude (nominative singular)
multitudes (nominative plural)

English: multitude

French: multitude

Borrowed from Latin multitūdō (“great amount or number of people or things”), from multus (“many; much”) + -tūdō (suffix forming abstract nouns indicating a state or condition).


carpenter

fro-noun

carpenter oblique singular, m (oblique plural carpenters, nominative singular carpenters, nominative plural carpenter)

carpenter oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
carpenters (oblique plural)
carpenters (nominative singular)
carpenter (nominative plural)

Maçons fist querre et carpenters
Si fist refaire les mousters

He searched for masons and carpenters
in order to rebuild the minsters.


voile

voile oblique singular, f (oblique plural voiles, nominative singular voile, nominative plural voiles)

voile oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
voiles (oblique plural)
voile (nominative singular)
voiles (nominative plural)

French: voile

Norman: vaile

From Vulgar Latin *vēla, from the plural of vēlum.

sail (large piece of fabric attached to the mast of a watercraft)


cloche

cloche oblique singular, f (oblique plural cloches, nominative singular cloche, nominative plural cloches)

cloche oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
cloches (oblique plural)
cloche (nominative singular)
cloches (nominative plural)

Medieval Latin clocca, probably from Celtic, compare Old Irish clocc, Welsh cloch, Manx clagg, all from Proto-Celtic *klokkos; ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative

bell (metal apparatus used to produce sound)


fel

From Early Medieval Latin fellō. The oblique case felon comes from the accusative fellōnem.


obeïssance

fro-noun

obeïssance oblique singular, f (oblique plural obeïssances, nominative singular obeïssance, nominative plural obeïssances)

obeïssance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
obeïssances (oblique plural)
obeïssance (nominative singular)
obeïssances (nominative plural)


loupe

loupe oblique singular, f (oblique plural loupes, nominative singular loupe, nominative plural loupes)

loupe oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
loupes (oblique plural)
loupe (nominative singular)
loupes (nominative plural)

desctree

French: loupe
→ Catalan: lupa
→ Danish: lup
→ Dutch: loep
→ Indonesian: lup
→ English: loupe
→ Finnish: luppi
→ German: Lupe
Japanese: ルーペ (rūpe)
Korean: 루페 (rupe)
→ Luxembourgish: Lupp
→ Polish: lupa
→ Portuguese: lupa
→ Romanian: lupă
→ Russian: лу́па (lúpa)
→ Spanish: lupa
→ Basque: lupa
→ Swedish: lupp
→ Vietnamese: kính lúp


chisel

fro-noun

chisel oblique singular, m (oblique plural chiseaus or chiseax or chisiaus or chisiax or chisels, nominative singular chiseaus or chiseax or chisiaus or chisiax or chisels, nominative plural chisel)

chisel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chiseaus (oblique plural)
chiseax (oblique plural)
chisiaus (oblique plural)
chisiax (oblique plural)
chisels (oblique plural)
chiseaus (nominative singular)
chiseax (nominative singular)
chisiaus (nominative singular)
chisiax (nominative singular)
chisels (nominative singular)
chisel (nominative plural)

(Old Northern French) Alternative form of cisel


clamour

clamour oblique singular, f (oblique plural clamours, nominative singular clamour, nominative plural clamours)

clamour oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
clamours (oblique plural)
clamour (nominative singular)
clamours (nominative plural)

querele oie ne pleinte ne clamour


roi

roi oblique singular, m (oblique plural rois, nominative singular rois, nominative plural roi)

roi oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
rois (oblique plural)
rois (nominative singular)
roi (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: roy
French: roi
Antillean Creole: wa
Guianese Creole: rwè
Haitian Creole: wa
(perhaps) ⇒ Haitian Creole: lwa
→ English: loa
Karipúna Creole French: hué
Louisiana Creole: rwa
Seychellois Creole: lerwa

Norman:

Continental Normandy: rai, ré, rey

Guernsey: ré, roué

Jersey: rouai

Sark: rwe

Walloon: roy, rwè

→ Middle English: roy, roye

English: roy

rai

Le Roman de Tristan, Thomas d'Angleterre


isle

fro-noun

isle oblique singular, f (oblique plural isles, nominative singular isle, nominative plural isles)

isle oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
isles (oblique plural)
isle (nominative singular)
isles (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: isle
French: île (see there for further descendants)

Norman: île

Walloon: iye

→ Middle English: yle, ile
English: isle

From Vulgar Latin *isula, from Latin insula.


movement

fro-noun

movement oblique singular, m (oblique plural movemenz or movementz, nominative singular movemenz or movementz, nominative plural movement)

movement oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
movemenz (oblique plural)
movementz (oblique plural)
movemenz (nominative singular)
movementz (nominative singular)
movement (nominative plural)

English: movement

Middle French: movement, mouvement

French: mouvement

movoir + -ment; cf. also Medieval Latin mōvimentum (itself probably partly based on the Old French or other early Romance cognates), from Latin moveō.


horror

horror oblique singular, f (oblique plural horrors, nominative singular horror, nominative plural horrors)

horror oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
horrors (oblique plural)
horror (nominative singular)
horrors (nominative plural)

English: horror

Middle French: horreur

French: horreur


cristal

cristal oblique singular, m (oblique plural cristaus or cristax or cristals, nominative singular cristaus or cristax or cristals, nominative plural cristal)

cristal oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cristaus (oblique plural)
cristax (oblique plural)
cristals (oblique plural)
cristaus (nominative singular)
cristax (nominative singular)
cristals (nominative singular)
cristal (nominative plural)

Middle French: cristal

desctree

French: cristal
→ Romanian: cristal
→ Turkish: kristal

→ Middle Dutch: cristal, kerstal

Dutch: kristal
Afrikaans: kristal
→ Indonesian: kristal


tref

fro-noun

tref oblique singular, m (oblique plural tres, nominative singular tres, nominative plural tref)

tref oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tres (oblique plural)
tres (nominative singular)
tref (nominative plural)

→ Galician: treu

Middle French: tref

Inherited from Latin trabem, accusative of trabs.

tent, temporary hut or other similar building


anguille

anguille oblique singular, f (oblique plural anguilles, nominative singular anguille, nominative plural anguilles)

anguille oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
anguilles (oblique plural)
anguille (nominative singular)
anguilles (nominative plural)

French: anguille


issue

issue oblique singular, f (oblique plural issues, nominative singular issue, nominative plural issues)

issue oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
issues (oblique plural)
issue (nominative singular)
issues (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: yssue, issue
French: issue

→ Middle English: issue, essu, ischewe, isseu, issew, issheu, isshewe, isshue, issieu, issu, issuwe, issw, isswe, uschew, usshew, usshewe, ussu, ussue, yschue, ysseu, yssew, yssue, ysue
English: issue


acier

fro-noun

acier oblique singular, m (nominative singular aciers)

acier oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
aciers (nominative singular)

Bourguignon: aicié

Franc-Comtois: aci, aici

Middle French: acier, achier

desctree

French: acier
Haitian Creole: asye
→ Interlingua: aciero

Lorrain: ècer

Norman: achier

Norman: acyi (Jersey)

Poitevin-Saintongeais: açàe

Walloon: acî

From Late Latin aciārium, from Latin acies.

Mainz cos des aciers poitevins

(by extension) a weapon made of steel; chiefly a sword


ancre

fro-noun

ancre oblique singular, f (oblique plural ancres, nominative singular ancre, nominative plural ancres)

ancre oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
ancres (oblique plural)
ancre (nominative singular)
ancres (nominative plural)

French: ancre

Norman: ancre (Jersey)


role

role oblique singular, m (oblique plural roles, nominative singular roles, nominative plural role)

role oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
roles (oblique plural)
roles (nominative singular)
role (nominative plural)

→ English: roll

French: rôle

→ English: role


chapel

chapel oblique singular, m (oblique plural chapeaus or chapeax or chapiaus or chapiax or chapels, nominative singular chapeaus or chapeax or chapiaus or chapiax or chapels, nominative plural chapel)

chapel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chapeaus (oblique plural)
chapeax (oblique plural)
chapiaus (oblique plural)
chapiax (oblique plural)
chapels (oblique plural)
chapeaus (nominative singular)
chapeax (nominative singular)
chapiaus (nominative singular)
chapiax (nominative singular)
chapels (nominative singular)
chapel (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: chaipeâ

Champenois: chaipé, chaipiau

Gallo: chapai

desctree

Middle French: chappeau
French: chapeau (see there for further descendants)
→ English: chapeau

Norman: capé, chapé

Picard: capieu

Walloon: tchapea

From Early Medieval Latin cappellus, diminutive from Late Latin cappa.

hat (item of clothing used to cover the head)


aile

fro-noun

aile oblique singular, f (oblique plural ailes, nominative singular aile, nominative plural ailes)

aile oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
ailes (oblique plural)
aile (nominative singular)
ailes (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: aisle f
French: aile f
→ Middle English: ele
English: aisle

wing (anatomical structure of flying animals)


plantain

fro-noun

plantain oblique singular, m (oblique plural plantainz, nominative singular plantainz, nominative plural plantain)

plantain oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
plantainz (oblique plural)
plantainz (nominative singular)
plantain (nominative plural)

English: plantain

French: plantain


cordon

cordon oblique singular, m (oblique plural cordons, nominative singular cordons, nominative plural cordon)

cordon oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cordons (oblique plural)
cordons (nominative singular)
cordon (nominative plural)

Middle French: cordon

desctree

French: cordon
→ Dutch: kordon
Sranan Tongo: krodon
→ German: Kordon
→ Ottoman Turkish: قوردون
Turkish: kordon
→ Polish: kordon
→ Russian: кордо́н (kordón)
→ Ukrainian: кордо́н (kordón)
→ Portuguese: cordão
→ Romanian: cordon
→ Spanish: cordón

→ Middle English: cordon

English: cordon

corde (“rope”) + -on (diminutive suffix)


vigour

fro-noun

vigour oblique singular, m (oblique plural vigours, nominative singular vigours, nominative plural vigour)

vigour oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
vigours (oblique plural)
vigours (nominative singular)
vigour (nominative plural)


lintel

lintel oblique singular, m (oblique plural linteaus or linteax or lintiaus or lintiax or lintels, nominative singular linteaus or linteax or lintiaus or lintiax or lintels, nominative plural lintel)

lintel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
linteaus (oblique plural)
linteax (oblique plural)
lintiaus (oblique plural)
lintiax (oblique plural)
lintels (oblique plural)
linteaus (nominative singular)
linteax (nominative singular)
lintiaus (nominative singular)
lintiax (nominative singular)
lintels (nominative singular)
lintel (nominative plural)

French: linteau

→ Middle English: lintel

English: lintel

→ Portuguese: lintel, dintel

→ Spanish: lintel, dintel


plain

plain oblique singular, m (oblique plural plainz, nominative singular plainz, nominative plural plain)

plain oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
plainz (oblique plural)
plainz (nominative singular)
plain (nominative plural)

→ Dutch: plein

→ Middle English:

English: plain

Scots: plain

From Latin plānum (“level ground, a plain”), neuter substantive from plānus (“level, even, flat”).


confusion

confusion oblique singular, f (oblique plural confusions, nominative singular confusion, nominative plural confusions)

confusion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
confusions (oblique plural)
confusion (nominative singular)
confusions (nominative plural)

English: confusion

Middle French: confusion

French: confusion

Borrowed from Latin confusio, confusionem.


villain

villain oblique singular, m (oblique plural villainz, nominative singular villainz, nominative plural villain)

villain oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
villainz (oblique plural)
villainz (nominative singular)
villain (nominative plural)


officer

officer oblique singular, m (oblique plural officers, nominative singular officers, nominative plural officer)

officer oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
officers (oblique plural)
officers (nominative singular)
officer (nominative plural)


chemin

chemin oblique singular, m (oblique plural chemins, nominative singular chemins, nominative plural chemin)

chemin oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chemins (oblique plural)
chemins (nominative singular)
chemin (nominative plural)

Middle French: chemin
French: chemin

desc

Norman: ch'min (Guernsey), c'mîn (Jersey), quémîn

Walloon: tchimin

From Vulgar Latin, Late Latin cammīnus, from Gaulish.


oignon

fro-noun

oignon oblique singular, m (oblique plural oignons, nominative singular oignons, nominative plural oignon)

oignon oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
oignons (oblique plural)
oignons (nominative singular)
oignon (nominative plural)

Angevin: ognon, ugnon

⇒ Bourbonnais-Berrichon: ognounet

Bourguignon: ougnion

desc

Champenois: ègnon, ognon, ongnon, ougnon

Franc-Comtois: agnon, ègnon, onon, ognon, ougnon, ounon

Jurassien Franc-Comtois: oégnon, ouégnon, ouignon

desctree

Middle French: oingnon
French: oignon
Saint Dominican Creole French: z'oignon
Haitian Creole: zonyon
Seychellois Creole: zonyon

Gallo: ongnon

Lorrain: ougnan

Vosgien: ègnon, èyon

Norman: ougnoun, ouongnon

Picard: ongnon

desc

Poitevin-Saintongeais: egnun, ignun, ougnun

Walloon: agnon

→ Middle Breton: oingnon

Breton: ognon

→ Middle Dutch: ayuun, ejuun, oinjun

Dutch: ajuin (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Dutch: uyen

Dutch: ui (see there for further descendants)

Limburgish: ooj, un

→ Middle English: onyoun

English: onion (see there for further descendants)

→? Middle Irish: uinniún

Irish: oinniún

→ Welsh: wynwyn


villein

fro-noun

villein oblique singular, m (oblique plural villeinz, nominative singular villeinz, nominative plural villein)

villein oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
villeinz (oblique plural)
villeinz (nominative singular)
villein (nominative plural)


brun

brun oblique singular, m (oblique plural bruns, nominative singular bruns, nominative plural brun)

brun oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
bruns (oblique plural)
bruns (nominative singular)
brun (nominative plural)
bruns (masculine singular subjective)
brune (feminine singular subjective)
brun (masculine oblique singular)
brune (feminine oblique singular)
brun (masculine plural subjective)
brunes (feminine plural subjective)
bruns (masculine oblique plural)
brunes (feminine oblique plural)

From Late Latin brunus (attested in Isidore of Seville), from Frankish *brūn (“brown, dark, shiny”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnaz (“brown”).


vengeance

vengeance oblique singular, f (oblique plural vengeances, nominative singular vengeance, nominative plural vengeances)

vengeance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
vengeances (oblique plural)
vengeance (nominative singular)
vengeances (nominative plural)


restriction

restriction oblique singular, f (oblique plural restrictions, nominative singular restriction, nominative plural restrictions)

restriction oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
restrictions (oblique plural)
restriction (nominative singular)
restrictions (nominative plural)

English: restriction

French: restriction

Borrowed from Late Latin restrictio, restrictionem, from Latin restringo.


viande

viande oblique singular, f (oblique plural viandes, nominative singular viande, nominative plural viandes)

viande oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
viandes (oblique plural)
viande (nominative singular)
viandes (nominative plural)

→ English: viand

Middle French: viande

French: viande

Norman: viande, viànde

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: vianda

Galician: vianda

From Vulgar Latin *vīvanda, alteration of Latin vīvenda, from the neuter plural form of vīvendus (“which is to be lived”), future passive participle of vīvō, vīvere (“live”, verb).

food (anything which when ingested into the digestive system provides nutrition for the body)

vïande

diaereses not universally used in transcriptions of Old French


forge

forge oblique singular, f (oblique plural forges, nominative singular forge, nominative plural forges)

forge oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
forges (oblique plural)
forge (nominative singular)
forges (nominative plural)

desctree

French: forge
→ Catalan: forja
→ Franco-Provençal: fôrge
→ Galician: forxa
→ Italian: forgia
→ Lombard: fòrgia (or from Franco-Provençal)
→ Piedmontese: fòrgia (or from Franco-Provençal)
→ Portuguese: forja
→ Romanian: forjă
→ Spanish: forja

→ Middle English: forge, fforge
English: forge
Scots: forge


verdict

fro-noun

verdict oblique singular, m (oblique plural verdicz or verdictz, nominative singular verdicz or verdictz, nominative plural verdict)

verdict oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
verdicz (oblique plural)
verdictz (oblique plural)
verdicz (nominative singular)
verdictz (nominative singular)
verdict (nominative plural)


vin

vin oblique singular, m (oblique plural vins, nominative singular vins, nominative plural vin)

vin oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
vins (oblique plural)
vins (nominative singular)
vin (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: veing

Gallo: vein

desctree

Middle French: vin
French: vin (see there for further descendants)

Norman: vîn (Jersey)

Walloon: vén

From Latin vīnum, from Proto-Italic *wīnom, from Proto-Indo-European *wóyh₁nom. Cognates include Ancient Greek ϝοῖνος (woînos, Aeolic variant), Ancient Greek οἶνος (oînos), Umbrian 𐌅𐌉𐌍𐌖 (vinu). The nominative singular derives from attested Vulgar Latin vīnus.

cog

Par verité
j’ai esprové
qu vin rinois
passent francois

Circa 1250, uncertain composer, Mout sont vallant cil de Gant (motet)

Truly I have found Rhineland wine to surpass both that of France and all the wines of Auxerre.


poise

fro-noun

poise oblique singular, f (oblique plural poises, nominative singular poise, nominative plural poises)

poise oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
poises (oblique plural)
poise (nominative singular)
poises (nominative plural)

→ English: poise

a unit of measure of unknown value (which presumably varied because of the technology of the time)


donna

donna oblique singular, ? (oblique plural donnas, nominative singular donna, nominative plural donnas)

donna oblique singular (canonical)
donnas (oblique plural)
donna (nominative singular)
donnas (nominative plural)


verge

verge oblique singular, f (oblique plural verges, nominative singular verge, nominative plural verges)

verge oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
verges (oblique plural)
verge (nominative singular)
verges (nominative plural)

From a shortening of earlier forms virgine, virgene, from Latin virginem, accusative singular of virgō, possibly a borrowing.


verge

Middle French: verge

French: verge


mariner

mariner oblique singular, m (oblique plural mariners, nominative singular mariners, nominative plural mariner)

mariner oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
mariners (oblique plural)
mariners (nominative singular)
mariner (nominative plural)

Middle French: marinier

French: marinier

desctree

→ Middle English: mariner, marener, mareyner, maroner, marynar, maryneer, maryner, marynere, marynier
English: mariner


pont

fro-noun

pont oblique singular, m (oblique plural ponz or pontz, nominative singular ponz or pontz, nominative plural pont)

pont oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ponz (oblique plural)
pontz (oblique plural)
ponz (nominative singular)
pontz (nominative singular)
pont (nominative plural)

French: pont

Norman: pont

Walloon: pont


pone

pone oblique singular, m (oblique plural pones, nominative singular pones, nominative plural pone)

pone oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
pones (oblique plural)
pones (nominative singular)
pone (nominative plural)

→ English: pone

Uncore demaundoms jugement de la variaunce entre le original e le pone


session

session oblique singular, f (oblique plural sessions, nominative singular session, nominative plural sessions)

session oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
sessions (oblique plural)
session (nominative singular)
sessions (nominative plural)

Middle French: session f

French: session f

→ Middle English: session

English: session

sitting; session (of a court, a committee, etc.)


cartilage

cartilage oblique singular, m (oblique plural cartilages, nominative singular cartilages, nominative plural cartilage)

cartilage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cartilages (oblique plural)
cartilages (nominative singular)
cartilage (nominative plural)

First known attestation 1377-1377, borrowed from Latin cartilāgō.

corrosion qui est du cartilage qui est entre les trous des nazilles

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine):

corrosion which is of the cartilage between the wholes in the nostrils


Noel

Noel oblique singular, m (oblique plural Noeaus or Noeax or Noiaus or Noiax or Noels, nominative singular Noeaus or Noeax or Noiaus or Noiax or Noels, nominative plural Noel)

Noel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
Noeaus (oblique plural)
Noeax (oblique plural)
Noiaus (oblique plural)
Noiax (oblique plural)
Noels (oblique plural)
Noeaus (nominative singular)
Noeax (nominative singular)
Noiaus (nominative singular)
Noiax (nominative singular)
Noels (nominative singular)
Noel (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: Nowel, Noel

desc

English: Noel, Noël, noel, noël, nowel, nowell

Middle French: Noël

French: Noël, noël

Swedish: Noel

Turkish: Noel

From Latin natālis (“of or relating to birth”).


ville

fro-noun

ville oblique singular, f (oblique plural villes, nominative singular ville, nominative plural villes)

ville oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
villes (oblique plural)
ville (nominative singular)
villes (nominative plural)

Middle French: ville
French: ville

Norman: ville


costume

costume oblique singular, m (oblique plural costumes, nominative singular costumes, nominative plural costume)

costume oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
costumes (oblique plural)
costumes (nominative singular)
costume (nominative plural)

il n'est mie costume que nos entrocions li uns l'autre.

c. 1200, author unknown, Aucassin et Nicolette:


lai

lai oblique singular, m (oblique plural lais, nominative singular lais, nominative plural lai)

lai oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
lais (oblique plural)
lais (nominative singular)
lai (nominative plural)


lai

Origin uncertain. Cognate with Occitan lais. Usually conjectured to be either of Germanic or Celtic origin. If from the former, probably from Frankish *laik (“game, sport, song, music”), related to Old High German leich (“song, melody, music”); if the latter, akin to Old Irish loíd, from Proto-Celtic *loydā, from Proto-Indo-European *leyd- (“to let, let go”), however the Oxford English dictionary calls a Celtic origin "out of the question".


grange

fro-noun

grange oblique singular, f (oblique plural granges, nominative singular grange, nominative plural granges)

grange oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
granges (oblique plural)
grange (nominative singular)
granges (nominative plural)

Middle French: grange
French: grange

Norman: grange

Walloon: gregne

→ Italian: grangia

desctree

→ Middle English: graunge, grange, gronge
English: grange
Yola: grenge

→ Old Catalan: granja

Catalan: granja

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: grangia

Galician: granxa, graña

Portuguese: granja

→ Old Spanish: granja

Spanish: granja


torment

fro-noun

torment oblique singular, m (oblique plural tormenz or tormentz, nominative singular tormenz or tormentz, nominative plural torment)

torment oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tormenz (oblique plural)
tormentz (oblique plural)
tormenz (nominative singular)
tormentz (nominative singular)
torment (nominative plural)

Middle English: torment (borrowing)

English: torment

Middle French: torment, tourment

French: tourment

Saint Lorenz dit torment ne dot

13th century, Unknown, La Vie de Saint Laurent, page 11, column 1, line 19:

Saint Laurence says he doesn't fear torture

(figuratively, by extension) suffering; torment


response

response oblique singular, f (oblique plural responses, nominative singular response, nominative plural responses)

response oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
responses (oblique plural)
response (nominative singular)
responses (nominative plural)

→ English: response

French: réponse

Variant of the masculine noun respons (also used as the past participle of respondre), itself a semi-learned word derived from Latin responsus.


fagot

fagot oblique singular, m (oblique plural fagoz or fagotz, nominative singular fagoz or fagotz, nominative plural fagot)

fagot oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fagoz (oblique plural)
fagotz (oblique plural)
fagoz (nominative singular)
fagotz (nominative singular)
fagot (nominative plural)

From Medieval Latin and Italian fagotto.

fagot (bundle of sticks, twigs or small tree branches bound together)


plaie

plaie oblique singular, f (oblique plural plaies, nominative singular plaie, nominative plural plaies)

plaie oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
plaies (oblique plural)
plaie (nominative singular)
plaies (nominative plural)

French: plaie


pris

pris oblique singular, m (oblique plural pris, nominative singular pris, nominative plural pris)

pris oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
pris (oblique plural)
pris (nominative singular)
pris (nominative plural)

French: prix
→ Rade: pri

Norman: prix

→ Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: pris

Old Breton: pris

Middle Breton: pris

Breton: priz

Welsh: pris

→ Middle Dutch: prijs, prise

desctree

Dutch: prijs
Afrikaans: prys
Negerhollands: pries
→ Caribbean Javanese: près, prèis
→ Indonesian: pris
→ Papiamentu: preis

Limburgish: pries

→ Middle English: price

English: price, prize (obsolete)
→ Irish: praghas

Scots: price

→ Middle High German: prīs

German: Preis

Luxembourgish: Präis

Yiddish: פּרײַז (prayz)

→ Middle Low German: pris

German Low German: Pries

→ Old Norse: príss

Norwegian Bokmål: pris

Old Swedish: pris

Swedish: pris

Danish: pris

price (monetary value required to purchase something)


pasture

fro-noun

pasture oblique singular, f (oblique plural pastures, nominative singular pasture, nominative plural pastures)

pasture oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pastures (oblique plural)
pasture (nominative singular)
pastures (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: pasture

English: pasture

Middle French: pasture

French: pâture

Norman: pâtuthe (Jersey)

les bestes doivent estre nourries en bonnes pastures

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), page 165 of this essay:

the animals must be fed on good pastures

pasture (grassy field upon which cattle graze)


obedience

obedience oblique singular, f (oblique plural obediences, nominative singular obedience, nominative plural obediences)

obedience oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
obediences (oblique plural)
obedience (nominative singular)
obediences (nominative plural)

Il comaunda par obedience Ke de la femme s’en issist

He commanded by his authority that it (the evil spirit) come out of her


mouton

mouton oblique singular, m (oblique plural moutons, nominative singular moutons, nominative plural mouton)

mouton oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
moutons (oblique plural)
moutons (nominative singular)
mouton (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: mouton
French: mouton
Haitian Creole: mouton
Louisiana Creole: mouton
Seychellois Creole: mouton
→ English: mouton
>? Galician: motóa

Norman: mouton

Walloon: moton

→ Middle English: motoun, moton, motun, moten, mutoun, motone, mutton, motton, motene
English: mutton
Scots: mutton
Yola: muthon, mothoon

From Vulgar Latin moltō, from Gaulish *multon-, from Proto-Celtic *moltos.


rai

fro-noun

rai oblique singular, m (oblique plural rais, nominative singular rais, nominative plural rai)

rai oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
rais (oblique plural)
rais (nominative singular)
rai (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: rai

→ English: ray

French: rai

Norman: rai

li rais sor sa face luisoit

late 12th century, anonymous author, “La Folie de Tristan de Berne”, in Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 314, line 202:


oblivion

oblivion oblique singular, f (oblique plural oblivions, nominative singular oblivion, nominative plural oblivions)

oblivion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
oblivions (oblique plural)
oblivion (nominative singular)
oblivions (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: oblivion, oblivioun, oblyvyon, oblyvyone, oblyvyoun
English: oblivion


soir

fro-noun

soir oblique singular, m (oblique plural soirs, nominative singular soirs, nominative plural soir)

soir oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
soirs (oblique plural)
soirs (nominative singular)
soir (nominative plural)

French: soir

Norman: sei

Picard: soir

From earlier seir, from Latin sērō (“late”, adverb), from sērus (“late”).


foire

foire oblique singular, f (oblique plural foires, nominative singular foire, nominative plural foires)

foire oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
foires (oblique plural)
foire (nominative singular)
foires (nominative plural)

French: foire

desctree

→ Middle English: feyre, faire, fare
English: fair
Yola: feyer, vaar

From a Vulgar Latin *fēria, from the classical Latin plural noun fēriae.

Quant la foire iert plainne au Lendi

When the celebration was in full swing on Monday


bois

fro-noun

bois oblique singular, m (oblique plural bois, nominative singular bois, nominative plural bois)

bois oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
bois (oblique plural)
bois (nominative singular)
bois (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: boo

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: bou

Middle French: bois, boys, boiz

French: bois

Haitian Creole: bwa

Gallo: boéz, (Ille, Vilaine) boueil

Norman: bouais (Jersiais), bwee (Sercquiais)

Orléanais: boué (Solognot)

Picard: bôs (Athois), bos (Ch'ti)

Walloon: bos (Charleroi), bwès (Forrières, Liégeois)

⇒ Old French: bousquet, bochet, bouquet

Middle French: bouquet, boucquet

French: bouquet

→ English: bouquet

Gallo: bóqèt

Norman: boûquet

Picard: bouqueû, bouqueut

Walloon: boukèt

From Late Latin boscus, Vulgar Latin *buscus, from Frankish *busk, from Proto-Germanic *buskaz (“bush, thicket”).


sermon

fro-noun

sermon oblique singular, m (oblique plural sermons, nominative singular sermons, nominative plural sermon)

sermon oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sermons (oblique plural)
sermons (nominative singular)
sermon (nominative plural)

Anglo-Norman: sermun

desctree

→ Middle English: sermoun, sermon, sermun, sarmoun, sarmoune, sermown, sermond, sermone
English: sermon, sarmon (dialectal)
Scots: sermon

Bourguignon: sarmon

French: sermon

Walloon: siermon

Learned borrowing from Latin sermō, sermōnem.


savoir

fro-noun

savoir oblique singular, m (oblique plural savoirs, nominative singular savoirs, nominative plural savoir)

savoir oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
savoirs (oblique plural)
savoirs (nominative singular)
savoir (nominative plural)

Angevin: sçavouèr

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: savoér

Bourguignon: saivoi

Champenois: saouâr

Franc-Comtois: saivoi

Gallo: savair

Lorrain: sahoir

Middle French: sçavoir

French: savoir

Norman: saveî, saver

Picard: savoèr

Poitevin-Saintongeais: saver

Walloon: saveur

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *sapēre, from Latin sapere (“taste, know”).


devoir

devoir oblique singular, m (oblique plural devoirs, nominative singular devoirs, nominative plural devoir)

devoir oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
devoirs (oblique plural)
devoirs (nominative singular)
devoir (nominative plural)

Angevin: devair

Gallo: devair

Lorrain: devor

Middle French: debvoir (see there for further descendants)

Norman: deveir

Picard: dvoér

Walloon: diveur


aide

aide oblique singular, f (oblique plural aides, nominative singular aide, nominative plural aides)

aide oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
aides (oblique plural)
aide (nominative singular)
aides (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: aide, ayde, eyde, eide, eayde
English: aid
Scots: aid

Middle French: ayde

French: aide

→ English: aide

From aidier. The regular form would have been aie, which is in fact attested; aide is a remodeling on the verb.


procedure

fro-noun

procedure oblique singular, f (oblique plural procedures, nominative singular procedure, nominative plural procedures)

procedure oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
procedures (oblique plural)
procedure (nominative singular)
procedures (nominative plural)

→ English: procedure

French: procédure

procedure (particular method for performing a task)


cope

cope oblique singular, f (oblique plural copes, nominative singular cope, nominative plural copes)

cope oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
copes (oblique plural)
cope (nominative singular)
copes (nominative plural)

French: coupe
→ English: coupe

Norman: coupe


cosa

cosa oblique singular, f (oblique plural cosas, nominative singular cosa, nominative plural cosas)

cosa oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
cosas (oblique plural)
cosa (nominative singular)
cosas (nominative plural)

(very early Old French) Alternative form of chose


gal

gal oblique singular, m (oblique plural gaus or gax or gals, nominative singular gaus or gax or gals, nominative plural gal)

gal oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
gaus (oblique plural)
gax (oblique plural)
gals (oblique plural)
gaus (nominative singular)
gax (nominative singular)
gals (nominative singular)
gal (nominative plural)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Transalpine Gaulish *gallos.


oracle

oracle oblique singular, m (oblique plural oracles, nominative singular oracles, nominative plural oracle)

oracle oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
oracles (oblique plural)
oracles (nominative singular)
oracle (nominative plural)

Middle French: oracle m

French: oracle m

desctree

→ Middle English: oracle
English: oracle
Scots: oracle

(Cir. 12th c.) Derived from Latin oraculum n.


faide

fro-noun

faide oblique singular, f (oblique plural faides, nominative singular faide, nominative plural faides)

faide oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
faides (oblique plural)
faide (nominative singular)
faides (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: fede, fed, fedd, feide
English: feud
Scots: fede, feid

Inherited from Medieval Latin faida, borrowed from Proto-West Germanic *faihiþu (“enmity; feud”).

der

the right of the family or friends of a murdered person to take revenge on the murderer


tassel

fro-noun

tassel oblique singular, m (oblique plural tasseaus or tasseax or tassiaus or tassiax or tassels, nominative singular tasseaus or tasseax or tassiaus or tassiax or tassels, nominative plural tassel)

tassel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tasseaus (oblique plural)
tasseax (oblique plural)
tassiaus (oblique plural)
tassiax (oblique plural)
tassels (oblique plural)
tasseaus (nominative singular)
tasseax (nominative singular)
tassiaus (nominative singular)
tassiax (nominative singular)
tassels (nominative singular)
tassel (nominative plural)

From Late Latin taxellus, secondary form of taxillus, diminutive of Latin talus.

si em fera urle e tassels

c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 98, line 909:


ferme

ferme oblique singular, f (oblique plural fermes, nominative singular ferme, nominative plural fermes)

ferme oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
fermes (oblique plural)
ferme (nominative singular)
fermes (nominative plural)

Middle French: ferme

French: ferme

→ Romanian: fermă

desctree

→ Middle English: ferme, farme, ferm, fyrme (Late Middle English), feorme, veorme (Early Middle English) (in part)
English: farm
→ Dutch: farm
→ Finnish: farmi
→ German: Farm
→ Portuguese: farme
→ Yiddish: פֿאַרם (farm)
→ Spanish: farmear
→ Thai: ฟาร์ม (faam)
Scots: ferm
→ Welsh: fferm

From Medieval Latin ferma, firma (“rent, tax, tribute, farm”), from Old English feorm (“rent, provision, supplies, feast”), from Proto-Germanic *firmō, *fermō (“means of living, subsistence”), from *firhu- (“life force, body, being”), from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- (“life, force, strength, tree”).


porte

fro-noun

porte oblique singular, f (oblique plural portes, nominative singular porte, nominative plural portes)

porte oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
portes (oblique plural)
porte (nominative singular)
portes (nominative plural)

Middle French: porte

French: porte

Norman: porte

Walloon: poite


parage

parage oblique singular, m (oblique plural parages, nominative singular parages, nominative plural parage)

parage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
parages (oblique plural)
parages (nominative singular)
parage (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle English: parage, parag, perage, porache
English: parage

French: parage

>? Sicilian: pariggiu


infection

fro-noun

infection oblique singular, f (oblique plural infections, nominative singular infection, nominative plural infections)

infection oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
infections (oblique plural)
infection (nominative singular)
infections (nominative plural)

la infection va tantost par tout le corps

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), page 172 of this essay:

the infection travels around the whole body


overture

overture oblique singular, f (oblique plural overtures, nominative singular overture, nominative plural overtures)

overture oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
overtures (oblique plural)
overture (nominative singular)
overtures (nominative plural)

Middle English:

→ English: overture

Middle French: overture

desctree

French: ouverture
→ Bulgarian: увертюра (uvertjura)
→ Danish: ouverture
→ Dutch: ouverture
→ English: ouverture
→ German: Ouvertüre
→ Greek: ουβερτούρα (ouvertoúra)
→ Italian: ouverture
→ Macedonian: уверти́ра (uvertíra)
→ Norwegian: ouverture
→ Persian: اوورتور (uvertur)
→ Polish: uwertura
→ Romanian: uvertură
→ Russian: увертю́ра (uvertjúra)
→ Azerbaijani: uvertüra
→ Kazakh: увертюра (uvertüra)
→ Kyrgyz: увертюра (uvertyura)
→ Turkmen: uwertýura
→ Uzbek: uvertyura
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: увертира
Latin script: uvertira
→ Swedish: ouvertyr
→ Turkish: uvertür
→ Ukrainian: увертю́ра (uvertjúra)

overt + -ure, from ovrir (“to open”), or from Vulgar Latin *opertūra, from Latin apertūra.

Par l'overture s'en saut hors. (Tristan, Béroul)

He jumped out through the opening.


penitence

fro-noun

penitence oblique singular, f (oblique plural penitences, nominative singular penitence, nominative plural penitences)

penitence oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
penitences (oblique plural)
penitence (nominative singular)
penitences (nominative plural)

→ English: penitence

Middle French: penitence

French: pénitence

(chiefly Christianity) penitence (repentance for one's sins)


remission

remission oblique singular, f (oblique plural remissions, nominative singular remission, nominative plural remissions)

remission oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
remissions (oblique plural)
remission (nominative singular)
remissions (nominative plural)

→ English: remission

French: rémission

remission (pardon of a sin; the forgiveness of an offense)


plaisir

plaisir oblique singular, m (oblique plural plaisirs, nominative singular plaisirs, nominative plural plaisir)

plaisir oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
plaisirs (oblique plural)
plaisirs (nominative singular)
plaisir (nominative plural)


fille

fille oblique singular, f (oblique plural filles, nominative singular fille, nominative plural filles)

fille oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
filles (oblique plural)
fille (nominative singular)
filles (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: fille
French: fille
Haitian Creole: fi
Louisiana Creole: fiy

Norman: fille, fil'ye

Walloon: feye


putrefaction

fro-noun

putrefaction oblique singular, f (oblique plural putrefactions, nominative singular putrefaction, nominative plural putrefactions)

putrefaction oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
putrefactions (oblique plural)
putrefaction (nominative singular)
putrefactions (nominative plural)


viele

viele oblique singular, f (oblique plural vieles, nominative singular viele, nominative plural vieles)

viele oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
vieles (oblique plural)
viele (nominative singular)
vieles (nominative plural)

French: vielle

desc

→ Middle English: fiele, fiel, fyal, fyle, fyyil, fyyle

→ English: vielle (learned)

Corresponds to Old Occitan viola (cf. modern Occitan viula). Possibly from Medieval Latin vitula.


tache

fro-noun

tache oblique singular, f (oblique plural taches, nominative singular tache, nominative plural taches)

tache oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
taches (oblique plural)
tache (nominative singular)
taches (nominative plural)

Middle French: taiche

French: tache

desc

→ Middle English: tach, tache, tasch, tasche, tasshe

English: tache, tatch

Scots: tache

⇒? English: tetchy

Uncertain. Two origins are proposed:
* From Vulgar Latin *tacca, *tecca, from Gothic 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃 (taikns, “mark, sign”), from Proto-Germanic *taiknaz, *taikną (“sign, mark”).
* From the verb tachier, from Latin taxāre (“to feel, touch”).


haine

fro-noun

haine oblique singular, f (oblique plural haines, nominative singular haine, nominative plural haines)

haine oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
haines (oblique plural)
haine (nominative singular)
haines (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: haine

desctree

Middle French: haine, haïne
French: haine

From Frankish *hati, from Proto-Germanic *hataz. Compare haïr.


creche

fro-noun

creche oblique singular, f (oblique plural creches, nominative singular creche, nominative plural creches)

creche oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
creches (oblique plural)
creche (nominative singular)
creches (nominative plural)

Angevin: guêrche, querche

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: écrèche (Berrichon)

desc

Bourguignon: creiche, croiche, crouéche, écreuche, écroche, queurche

Champenois: aicroche

Middle French: creche, creppe

desctree

French: crèche
→ English: creche
→ Portuguese: creche

Norman: créque

Picard: crèche (Athois)

Walloon: crèpe, cripe

desc

→ Middle English: crecche, cracche, cratche

English: cratch

From Late Latin cripia, from Old Frankish *krippija, *kripja (“crib, cradle”), from Proto-Germanic *kribjǭ. More at crib.


splendor

fro-noun

splendor oblique singular, f (oblique plural splendors, nominative singular splendor, nominative plural splendors)

splendor oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
splendors (oblique plural)
splendor (nominative singular)
splendors (nominative plural)

French: splendeur

→ English: splendor, splendour


dum

Middle French: dun

Norman: dùn

⇒ Old French: dumet, dumect

Norman: dumet, deumet

⇒ Old French: duvet

Middle French: duvet

French: duvet

→ English: duvet

Norman: duvet

From Old Norse dúnn (“down, feathers”), from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz. Cognate with English down, German Daun.

down, feathers of small birds used as insulation material in duvets and sleeping bags


enfant

enfant oblique singular, m (oblique plural enfanz, nominative singular enfes, nominative plural enfant)

enfant oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
enfanz (oblique plural)
enfes (nominative singular)
enfant (nominative plural)

Middle French: enfant

French: enfant

Probably borrowed from Latin īnfāntem, accusative singular of īnfāns. The nominative form enfes derives from the Latin nominative form īnfāns.

totes les puceles & trestuit li enfant

13th century, Herman de Valenciennes, Assomption Nostre Dame, page 8, column 1, line 28:

All the young women and all the children


parson

parson oblique singular, m (oblique plural parsons, nominative singular parsons, nominative plural parson)

parson oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
parsons (oblique plural)
parsons (nominative singular)
parson (nominative plural)

Alternative form of persone (in the sense "parson")


repast

repast oblique singular, m (oblique plural repaz or repatz, nominative singular repaz or repatz, nominative plural repast)

repast oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
repaz (oblique plural)
repatz (oblique plural)
repaz (nominative singular)
repatz (nominative singular)
repast (nominative plural)

→ English: repast

French: repas

From Medieval Latin, Late Latin repastus (“meal”), from repāstus, the perfect passive participle of repāscō (“to feed; to feed one after another”), from Latin re- (prefix meaning ‘again’) + pāscō (“to feed, nourish; to pasture (an animal); of an animal: to browse, graze; to maintain, support”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect; to shepherd”)).

der

Mez li Dus ne vout prendre ne disner ne repast.

But the Duke didn't want to eat dinner or any other meal.


tremor

fro-noun

tremor oblique singular, m (oblique plural tremors, nominative singular tremors, nominative plural tremor)

tremor oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tremors (oblique plural)
tremors (nominative singular)
tremor (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: tremour, tremor
English: tremor

French: trémeur


terre

fro-noun

terre oblique singular, f (oblique plural terres, nominative singular terre, nominative plural terres)

terre oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
terres (oblique plural)
terre (nominative singular)
terres (nominative plural)

Middle French: terre

French: terre


lure

lure oblique singular, f (oblique plural lures, nominative singular lure, nominative plural lures)

lure oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
lures (oblique plural)
lure (nominative singular)
lures (nominative plural)

English: lure

From Frankish *lōþr, from Proto-Germanic *lōþr-, perhaps ultimately related to *laþō (“invitation, calling”), or from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂- (“to hide”).

lure (bunch of feathers attached to a line, used in falconry to recall the hawk)


corde

corde oblique singular, f (oblique plural cordes, nominative singular corde, nominative plural cordes)

corde oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
cordes (oblique plural)
corde (nominative singular)
cordes (nominative plural)

Middle French: corde
French: corde

Norman: corde (Jersey)

Walloon: coide

→ Middle Dutch: corde, coorde

Dutch: koord

desctree

→ Middle English: corde, cord, coord
English: cord; chord (influenced by Latin spelling)
Scots: cord

Borrowed from Latin chorda, from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ).


residence

fro-noun

residence oblique singular, f (oblique plural residences, nominative singular residence, nominative plural residences)

residence oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
residences (oblique plural)
residence (nominative singular)
residences (nominative plural)


robe

robe oblique singular, f (oblique plural robes, nominative singular robe, nominative plural robes)

robe oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
robes (oblique plural)
robe (nominative singular)
robes (nominative plural)

Middle French: robe

desctree

French: robe
→ Dutch: robe
→ German: Robe
→ Czech: róba
→ Romanian: robă f
→ Turkish: rop

Norman: robe

→ Middle English: robe, roobe, rob, robbe
English: robe
→ Irish: róba
→ Scottish Gaelic: ròb
Scots: robe

From Frankish *rouba, *rauba (“booty, spoils, stolen clothes”, literally “things taken”), from Proto-Germanic *raubō, *raubaz, *raubą (“booty, that which is stripped or carried away”).

[D]onez li [d]e voz robes que vos avez
La mellor que vos i savez.

Give her the clothes that you have
The best that you know of.


verbe

→ English: verb

French: verbe

Norman: vèrbe


tens

fro-noun

tens oblique singular, m (oblique plural tens, nominative singular tens, nominative plural tens)

tens oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tens (oblique plural)
tens (nominative singular)
tens (nominative plural)

Ki trop i prent son tens i pert

13th century, Unknown, La Vie de Saint Laurent, page 1, column 2, line 16:

He who spends too much of his time on it suffers as a result


abus

abus oblique singular, m (oblique plural abus, nominative singular abus, nominative plural abus)

abus oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
abus (oblique plural)
abus (nominative singular)
abus (nominative plural)

French: abus, abuser

Norman: abuser, abûther

→ Middle English: abusen

English: abuse

Scots: abuise

From Latin abusus, from the verb abutor (“I misuse, abuse”).


doute

doute oblique singular, f (oblique plural doutes, nominative singular doute, nominative plural doutes)

doute oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
doutes (oblique plural)
doute (nominative singular)
doutes (nominative plural)

French: doute


punt

punt oblique singular, m (oblique plural punz or puntz, nominative singular punz or puntz, nominative plural punt)

punt oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
punz (oblique plural)
puntz (oblique plural)
punz (nominative singular)
puntz (nominative singular)
punt (nominative plural)


ulceration

ulceration oblique singular, f (oblique plural ulcerations, nominative singular ulceration, nominative plural ulcerations)

ulceration oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
ulcerations (oblique plural)
ulceration (nominative singular)
ulcerations (nominative plural)

ulceration (the formation of an ulcer/ulcers)


plume

plume oblique singular, f (oblique plural plumes, nominative singular plume, nominative plural plumes)

plume oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
plumes (oblique plural)
plume (nominative singular)
plumes (nominative plural)

Middle French: plume f

desctree

French: plume f
English: plume
Rade: plim
→ Swedish: plym

desc

Norman: plieunme f (Jersey), plleume f (Guernsey)

Walloon: plome f

→ Middle English: plume, plume (via Insular French & Middle French)

English: plume


puissance

fro-noun

puissance oblique singular, f (oblique plural puissances, nominative singular puissance, nominative plural puissances)

puissance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
puissances (oblique plural)
puissance (nominative singular)
puissances (nominative plural)

English: puissance (borrowed through Anglo-Norman)

Middle French: puissance

French: puissance


chevalier

chevalier oblique singular, m (oblique plural chevaliers, nominative singular chevaliers, nominative plural chevalier)

chevalier oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chevaliers (oblique plural)
chevaliers (nominative singular)
chevalier (nominative plural)

Middle French: chevalier

French: chevalier

Norman: quevalier

Picard: cvalier

Bourguignon: chevaulei

desctree

→ Middle English: chivaler, chevaler, chevalere, chevalier, chevaller, chevelere, chyvaler, chyvalour
English: chevalier (remodelled after modern French)

From Late Latin caballārius, from Latin caballus. Compare Old Occitan cavalier.


mareschal

fro-noun

mareschal oblique singular, m (oblique plural mareschaus or mareschax or mareschals, nominative singular mareschaus or mareschax or mareschals, nominative plural mareschal)

mareschal oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
mareschaus (oblique plural)
mareschax (oblique plural)
mareschals (oblique plural)
mareschaus (nominative singular)
mareschax (nominative singular)
mareschals (nominative singular)
mareschal (nominative plural)

Angevin: maréchau

desc

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: mâlichau, maréchau, marichau

Bourguignon: maiceau, mairchau, mairechau, marchau

Champenois: mairchau, marchau, maricha, marichau

desctree

Middle French: mareschal
French: maréchal
→ Armenian: մարէշալ (marēšal)
→ Romanian: mareșal
→ Ottoman Turkish: مارشال (mareşal)
Turkish: mareşal
→ Italian: maresciallo
→ Portuguese: marechal

desc

Franc-Comtois: mairetchâ, mairtchâ, mèretchô

Doubs: mèrètsau

Lorrain: marchå

Vosgien: mèr'chau, mèr'tchau, meur'chau

Norman: marichal, marichel

Picard: mérichau, marissiau

Poitevin-Saintongeais: marichàu

Walloon: marixhå, marxhå

desctree

→ Old Armenian: մարաջախտ (maraǰaxt)
Armenian: մարաջախտ (maraǰaxt)

desc

→ Old Catalan: manescal, manescalc (or from Italian)

Catalan: manescal

desctree

→ Middle English: marschal, marchal, marchale, marchall, marchalle, marchel, mareschal, marschalle, marshall, marsshall
English: marshal
→ Malay: marsyal
Scots: marshal

→ Galician: marescal

desc

→ Old Occitan: manescal, manescalc, marescal, menescal (or from Italian)

Occitan: manescal

Gascon: manescau

Provençal: manescau, maneschau

Vivaro-Alpine: maneschau, mareschau

→ Sicilian: marisciaḍḍu

→ Spanish: mariscal

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin mariscalcus, from Frankish *marhaskalk, from *marh (from Proto-Germanic *marhaz (“horse”)) + *skalk (from Proto-Germanic *skalkaz (“servant, knight”)).


crois

fro-noun

crois oblique singular, f (oblique plural crois, nominative singular crois, nominative plural crois)

crois oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
crois (oblique plural)
crois (nominative singular)
crois (nominative plural)

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: queroix, queroué

desctree

Middle French: croix, crois
French: croix
Haitian Creole: kwa

Picard: croé

Norman: crouaix (Jersey), croués (France), kérouaïe (Guernsey), krwee (Sark)

Walloon: croes

→ Middle English: croys, crois, creiz
Yola: cress, criss


croix

fro-noun

croix oblique singular, f (oblique plural croix, nominative singular croix, nominative plural croix)

croix oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
croix (oblique plural)
croix (nominative singular)
croix (nominative plural)

De ceulz qui en croix mis l'avoient

c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci encoumence la lections d'ypocrisie et d'umilité:


brigand

brigand oblique singular, m (oblique plural briganz or brigantz, nominative singular briganz or brigantz, nominative plural brigand)

brigand oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
briganz (oblique plural)
brigantz (oblique plural)
briganz (nominative singular)
brigantz (nominative singular)
brigand (nominative plural)

→ English: brigand


prejudice

prejudice oblique singular, f (oblique plural prejudices, nominative singular prejudice, nominative plural prejudices)

prejudice oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
prejudices (oblique plural)
prejudice (nominative singular)
prejudices (nominative plural)

English: prejudice

French: préjudice


travail

travail oblique singular, m (oblique plural travauz or travailz, nominative singular travauz or travailz, nominative plural travail)

travail oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
travauz (oblique plural)
travailz (oblique plural)
travauz (nominative singular)
travailz (nominative singular)
travail (nominative plural)

Middle French: travail

French: travail

Norman: travas

→ Middle English: travail

English: travail


conscience

conscience oblique singular, f (oblique plural consciences, nominative singular conscience, nominative plural consciences)

conscience oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
consciences (oblique plural)
conscience (nominative singular)
consciences (nominative plural)

French: conscience

desctree

→ Middle English: conscience, consience, conciens
English: conscience
Yola: coshes, coshe, cosh
→ Irish: coinsias

Borrowed from Latin conscientia (“knowledge within oneself”).

bor

la conscience ne remort point a ces riches homme

the conscience doesn't bite these rich men


pomme d'orenge

fro-noun

pomme d'orenge oblique singular, f (oblique plural pommes d'orenge, nominative singular pomme d'orenge, nominative plural pommes d'orenge)

pomme d'orenge oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pommes d'orenge (oblique plural)
pomme d'orenge (nominative singular)
pommes d'orenge (nominative plural)


mural

mural oblique singular, m (oblique plural muraus or murax or murals, nominative singular muraus or murax or murals, nominative plural mural)

mural oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
plural muraus (oblique)
murax (oblique)
murals (oblique)
muraus (nominative singular)
murax (nominative singular)
murals (nominative singular)
plural mural (nominative)

French: mural


latitude

latitude oblique singular, f (oblique plural latitudes, nominative singular latitude, nominative plural latitudes)

latitude oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
latitudes (oblique plural)
latitude (nominative singular)
latitudes (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: latitude

French: latitude

From Latin lātitūdō (“breadth, width, latitude”).


sacrilege

fro-noun

sacrilege oblique singular, m (oblique plural sacrileges, nominative singular sacrileges, nominative plural sacrilege)

sacrilege oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sacrileges (oblique plural)
sacrileges (nominative singular)
sacrilege (nominative plural)

English: sacrilege

French: sacrilège

First attested at the end of the 12th century, borrowed from Latin sacrilegium.


resource

resource oblique singular, f (oblique plural resources, nominative singular resource, nominative plural resources)

resource oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
resources (oblique plural)
resource (nominative singular)
resources (nominative plural)

→ English: resource

French: ressource

From the past participle of the verb resourdre, itself from Latin resurgō.


bugle

bugle oblique singular, m (oblique plural bugles, nominative singular bugles, nominative plural bugle)

bugle oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
bugles (oblique plural)
bugles (nominative singular)
bugle (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: bugle (through Anglo-Norman)

English: bugle

→ French: bugle

French: beugler

Borrowed from Latin būculus (“bullock”).

oy un chevaler soner un gros bugle

late 13th century, Geoffrey of Monmouth, edited by E. J. Hathaway, P. T. Ricketts, C. A. Robson, and A. D. Wilshere, Fouke le Fitz Waryn (Anglo-Norman Text Society; volume 26–28), Basil Blackwell, published 1975, page 3, lines 6–8:

(I) hear a knight sounding a large bugle

bugle (type of horn, often used in battle)


estrange

estrange oblique singular, m (oblique plural estranges, nominative singular estranges, nominative plural estrange)

estrange oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
estranges (oblique plural)
estranges (nominative singular)
estrange (nominative plural)

Middle French: estrange
French: étrange

Norman: êtrangi

desctree

→ Middle English: straunge, strang, strange, stranghe, straunche, straunge, strong, stronge, strounge
English: strange
Scots: streenge, strynge


grievance

fro-noun

grievance oblique singular, f (oblique plural grievances, nominative singular grievance, nominative plural grievances)

grievance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
grievances (oblique plural)
grievance (nominative singular)
grievances (nominative plural)


stratagem

stratagem oblique singular, m (oblique plural stratagens, nominative singular stratagens, nominative plural stratagem)

stratagem oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
stratagens (oblique plural)
stratagens (nominative singular)
stratagem (nominative plural)

From Latin strategema, from Ancient Greek στρατήγημα (stratḗgēma).


presente

presente oblique singular, m (oblique plural presentes, nominative singular presentes, nominative plural presente)

presente oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
presentes (oblique plural)
presentes (nominative singular)
presente (nominative plural)


peor

peor oblique singular, f (oblique plural peors, nominative singular peor, nominative plural peors)

peor oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
peors (oblique plural)
peor (nominative singular)
peors (nominative plural)

French: peur

Walloon: peu


dit

dit oblique singular, m (oblique plural diz or ditz, nominative singular diz or ditz, nominative plural dit)

dit oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
diz (oblique plural)
ditz (oblique plural)
diz (nominative singular)
ditz (nominative singular)
dit (nominative plural)


fu

fu oblique singular, m (oblique plural fus, nominative singular fus, nominative plural fu)

fu oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fus (oblique plural)
fus (nominative singular)
fu (nominative plural)

Middle French: feu
French: feu


repentance

repentance oblique singular, f (nominative singular repentance)

repentance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
repentance (nominative singular)

English: repentance

French: repentance

[Un] pecheor sanz repentance


privilege

privilege oblique singular, m (oblique plural privileges, nominative singular privileges, nominative plural privilege)

privilege oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
privileges (oblique plural)
privileges (nominative singular)
privilege (nominative plural)

→ English: privilege

Middle French: privilege

French: privilège

privilege (benefit only given to certain people)


poule

French: poule

→ English: poule

⇒ Old French: polaille, poulaille

French: poulaille

→ Middle English: pullayle

Norman: poule

Walloon: poye

From Vulgar Latin pulla, feminine form of pullus.


nom

nom oblique singular, m (oblique plural nons, nominative singular nons, nominative plural nom)

nom oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
nons (oblique plural)
nons (nominative singular)
nom (nominative plural)

French: nom

Norman: nom

Walloon: no

desctree

→ Middle English: noun, none, nown, nowne, noune
English: noun


jaque

fro-noun

jaque oblique singular, m (oblique plural jaques, nominative singular jaques, nominative plural jaque)

jaque oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
jaques (oblique plural)
jaques (nominative singular)
jaque (nominative plural)

→ Catalan: jaca

French: jaque

→ German: Jacke

desctree

→ Middle English: jakke, jacke, jak, jake
English: jack
Yola: jock

→ Italian: giacca

→ Romanian: geacă

→ Venetian: xaca

French: jaquette

→ Catalan: jaqueta

→ German: Jackett

→ Greek: ζακέτα (zakéta)

→ Romanian: jachetă

→ Italian: giacchetta

→ Spanish: chaqueta

→ Portuguese: jaqueta

→ Albanian: xhaketë

→ English: jacket

→ Irish: seaicéad

→ Scottish Gaelic: seacaid

Usually linked to the given name Jacques; an alternative origin connects it with jaque (“coat of arms”), which is from Arabic شـَكّ (šakk, “breastplate”).

a gambison; a type of tight-fitting shirt


soper

fro-noun

soper oblique singular, m (oblique plural sopers, nominative singular sopers, nominative plural soper)

soper oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sopers (oblique plural)
sopers (nominative singular)
soper (nominative plural)

Middle French: soupper
French: souper

desctree

→ Middle English: sopere, soper, soupere
English: supper (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Irish: suipér

Irish: suipéar
→ Yola: sippeare, seppeare

Manx: shibber

Scottish Gaelic: suipear


tenant

fro-noun

tenant oblique singular, m (oblique plural tenanz or tenantz, nominative singular tenanz or tenantz, nominative plural tenant)

tenant oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tenanz (oblique plural)
tenantz (oblique plural)
tenanz (nominative singular)
tenantz (nominative singular)
tenant (nominative plural)

From the verb tenir (“to hold; to possess”); corresponding to Latin tenens, tenentem.


premunition

premunition oblique singular, f (oblique plural premunitions, nominative singular premunition, nominative plural premunitions)

premunition oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
premunitions (oblique plural)
premunition (nominative singular)
premunitions (nominative plural)

→ English: premonition

(Anglo-Norman) forewarning; advanced warning


rien

rien oblique singular, f (oblique plural riens, nominative singular riens, nominative plural riens)

rien oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
riens (oblique plural)
riens (nominative singular)
riens (nominative plural)

"Dex te mete,
Chevaliers, joie et cuer parfite
De la rien qui plus te delite !"

"That God gives you
Knight, joy and a perfect heart
From the thing that pleases you the most


samedi

samedi oblique singular, m (oblique plural samedis, nominative singular samedis, nominative plural samedi)

samedi oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
samedis (oblique plural)
samedis (nominative singular)
samedi (nominative plural)

Middle French: samedi

desctree

French: samedi
→ Franco-Provençal: samedi
Haitian Creole: samdi
Louisiana Creole: sanmdi, sammdi
Mauritian Creole: samdi

Gallo: samdi

desc

Norman: samedi, samdi, Sanm'de, sammedi, somedi

Walloon: semdi

From Vulgar Latin *sambatum and Vulgar Latin *sambati diēs, from Latin Sabbati diēs < diēs Sabbati (“day of the Sabbath”).


chagrin

fro-noun

chagrin oblique singular, m (oblique plural chagrins, nominative singular chagrins, nominative plural chagrin)

chagrin oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chagrins (oblique plural)
chagrins (nominative singular)
chagrin (nominative plural)

Middle French: chagrin

French: chagrin

→ English: chagrin

From Old Northern French chagraigner, eventually from Frankish *gram(i).


sable

sable oblique singular, m (oblique plural sables, nominative singular sables, nominative plural sable)

sable oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sables (oblique plural)
sables (nominative singular)
sable (nominative plural)


perte

perte oblique singular, f (oblique plural pertes, nominative singular perte, nominative plural pertes)

perte oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pertes (oblique plural)
perte (nominative singular)
pertes (nominative plural)

Middle French: perte

French: perte

Norman: pèrte


ardour

ardour oblique singular, f (oblique plural ardours, nominative singular ardour, nominative plural ardours)

ardour oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
ardours (oblique plural)
ardour (nominative singular)
ardours (nominative plural)

toun ardour et l’estudie de aprendre […] deit estre provee


pluie

pluie oblique singular, f (oblique plural pluies, nominative singular pluie, nominative plural pluies)

pluie oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pluies (oblique plural)
pluie (nominative singular)
pluies (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: pleuge

desc

Champenois: pleue, pieue, pleuge, pieuge, pleude

desctree

Middle French: pluye
French: pluie
⇒ Haitian Creole: lapli

Gallo: pieil

Lorrain: pllóv

Norman: plyie, pllie

Picard: pleuv

desc

Walloon: plaiv, ploiv, pleuv, plleuv, plev, plouve


reverie

fro-noun

reverie oblique singular, f (oblique plural reveries, nominative singular reverie, nominative plural reveries)

reverie oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
reveries (oblique plural)
reverie (nominative singular)
reveries (nominative plural)


explicit

explicit oblique singular, m (oblique plural expliciz or explicitz, nominative singular expliciz or explicitz, nominative plural explicit)

explicit oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
expliciz (oblique plural)
explicitz (oblique plural)
expliciz (nominative singular)
explicitz (nominative singular)
explicit (nominative plural)


quintal

quintal oblique singular, m (oblique plural quintaus or quintax or quintals, nominative singular quintaus or quintax or quintals, nominative plural quintal)

quintal oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
quintaus (oblique plural)
quintax (oblique plural)
quintals (oblique plural)
quintaus (nominative singular)
quintax (nominative singular)
quintals (nominative singular)
quintal (nominative plural)

From Medieval Latin quintāle (“various medieval hundredweights”), from Arabic قِنْطَار (qinṭār, “100 rottols”), from Classical Syriac ܩܰܢܛܺܝܪܳܐ (qanṭīrā) and ܩܰܢܛܺܝܢܳܪܳܐ (qanṭīnārā), from Byzantine Greek κεντηνάριον (kentēnárion), from Latin centēnārium (“100 Roman pounds”), from centēnī (“100 things”) + -ārius (“-ary”, forming related adjectives).

der

(historical) quintal, French hundredweight, a traditional unit of mass


sens

fro-noun

sens oblique singular, m (oblique plural sens, nominative singular sens, nominative plural sens)

sens oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sens (oblique plural)
sens (nominative singular)
sens (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: sens, senz, cens
French: sens

Picard: sins

→ Middle English: sense, sence, sens

English: sense, sence
→ Afrikaans: sense

Partly borrowed from Latin sensus (“sense, sensation, feeling, meaning”), from sentiō (“feel, perceive”); partly (via Vulgar Latin *sennus) from Frankish *sinn (“sense, mental faculty, way, direction”). Both Latin and Germanic from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to feel”). More at sens.


fais

fro-noun

fais oblique singular, m (oblique plural fais, nominative singular fais, nominative plural fais)

fais oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fais (oblique plural)
fais (nominative singular)
fais (nominative plural)

French: faix

(figuratively) burden (unliked responsibility)


subversion

subversion oblique singular, f (oblique plural subversions, nominative singular subversion, nominative plural subversions)

subversion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
subversions (oblique plural)
subversion (nominative singular)
subversions (nominative plural)


moule

moule oblique singular, f (oblique plural moules, nominative singular moule, nominative plural moules)

moule oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
moules (oblique plural)
moule (nominative singular)
moules (nominative plural)

French: moule

→ Middle Dutch: mosscele

Dutch: mossel


ventre

ventre oblique singular, m (oblique plural ventres, nominative singular ventres, nominative plural ventre)

ventre oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ventres (oblique plural)
ventres (nominative singular)
ventre (nominative plural)

Middle French: ventre

French: ventre

Norman: ventre, vãtr

Walloon: vinte


saison

saison oblique singular, f (oblique plural saisons, nominative singular saison, nominative plural saisons)

saison oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
saisons (oblique plural)
saison (nominative singular)
saisons (nominative plural)

French: saison (see there for further descendants)

Norman: saîson

→ Middle English: sesoun, seson (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin satiōnem (“act of sowing, planting”).

inh+

season (one of the four parts of the year: winter, spring, summer and autumn)


octobre

fro-noun

octobre oblique singular, m (oblique plural octobres, nominative singular octobres, nominative plural octobre)

octobre oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
octobres (oblique plural)
octobres (nominative singular)
octobre (nominative plural)

desctree

French: octobre
Guianese Creole: òktòb
Haitian Creole: oktòb
→ Iranian Persian: اکتبر (oktobr)
→ South Azerbaijani: اوْکتوْبر (oktobr)
→ Tunisian Arabic: أكتوبر (oktōbr)

Norman:

Cotentin: octobe

Jersey: octobre

Guernsey: octobre

Sark: oktobr

Walloon: octôbe

→ Middle English: October

English: October (see there for further descendants)

Scots: October


chalice

fro-noun

chalice oblique singular, m (oblique plural chalices, nominative singular chalices, nominative plural chalice)

chalice oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chalices (oblique plural)
chalices (nominative singular)
chalice (nominative plural)

French: calice
→ Romanian: caliciu

Anglo-Norman:

→ Middle English: chalis (see there for further descendants)

→ Irish: cailís


oreille

oreille oblique singular, f (oblique plural oreilles, nominative singular oreille, nominative plural oreilles)

oreille oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
oreilles (oblique plural)
oreille (nominative singular)
oreilles (nominative plural)

q

spelling influenced by Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">auricula</i>

desctree

Middle French: aureille (spelling influenced by Latin auricula), oreille
French: oreille (see there for further descendants)

desc

Norman: oreille, orêle, ouothelle, oyêle

Walloon: oraye

Inherited from Latin ōricula, variant of auricula.
First attested circa 1050 in the Oxford manuscript of La Chanson de Roland.

Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
The Song of Roland


faerie

the sphere or realm of enchantment, magic or dream associated with the fae (fays)

French: féerie→ Bulgarian: фее́рия→ English: féerie→ German: Feerie→ Polish: feeria→ Romanian: feerie→ Russian: феерия

феерія — Pre-reform orthography (1918)→ Azerbaijani: feeriya→ Kazakh: феерия→ Kyrgyz: феерия→ Turkmen: feýeriýa→ Uzbek: feyeriya→ Swedish: feeri→ Turkish: feeri


huis

fro-noun

huis oblique singular, m (oblique plural huis, nominative singular huis, nominative plural huis)

huis oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
huis (oblique plural)
huis (nominative singular)
huis (nominative plural)

French: huis

Norman: us

Picard: uis

Walloon: ouxh