fromage

fromage oblique singular, m (oblique plural fromages, nominative singular fromages, nominative plural fromage)

fromage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fromages (oblique plural)
fromages (nominative singular)
fromage (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: formaige, frômaige

Champenois: fronmège

Gallo: fórmaij

Lorrain: freumêge, fromêge

desctree

Middle French: formage, fromage, froumaige
French: fromage, formage (see there for further descendants)

Norman: fronmage (Jersey), fromage (Guernsey)

Poitevin-Saintongeais: frmajhe, froumajhe

Walloon: froumadje

Borrowings

→ Padanian:

Ligurian: formaggio

Lombard: formagg

Piedmontese: formagg

→ Italo-Romance:

Corsican: furmagliu

Italian: formaggio
→ Amharic: ፎርማጆ (formaǧo)
→ Somali: farmaajo

Neapolitan: furmaggio

Tarantino: frummàgge

Sicilian: furmaggiu

→ Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: formache

Asturian: formayu

Galician: formaxe

Spanish: formaje

→ Others:

→ Medieval Latin: fōrmāgium

→ Old High German: formizzi

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin fōrmāticum (attested from circa 800). By surface analysis, former (“to shape”) + -age.


code

fro-noun

code oblique singular, m (oblique plural codes, nominative singular codes, nominative plural code)

code oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
codes (oblique plural)
codes (nominative singular)
code (nominative plural)


sein

sein oblique singular, m (oblique plural seinz, nominative singular seinz, nominative plural sein)

sein oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
seinz (oblique plural)
seinz (nominative singular)
sein (nominative plural)


melon

melon oblique singular, m (oblique plural melons, nominative singular melons, nominative plural melon)

melon oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
melons (oblique plural)
melons (nominative singular)
melon (nominative plural)

→ Middle Dutch: melone

Afrikaans: meloen

Dutch: meloen

→ Middle English: mē̆loun, melon, milon

desctree

→ English: melon
→ Japanese: メロン
→ Korean: 멜론 (mellon)
→ Welsh: melon

French: melon

From Late Latin mēlō, mēlōnem, shortening of Latin mēlopepō, from Ancient Greek μηλοπέπων (mēlopépōn, “melon”).

der

1256, Aldebrandin de Sienne, Rég. du corps
fera une decoction de violetes, de poumes de semence de cahoides, de melons, de citroles, d'ierbes froides

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


cant

fro-noun

cant oblique singular, m (oblique plural canz or cantz, nominative singular canz or cantz, nominative plural cant)

cant oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
canz (oblique plural)
cantz (oblique plural)
canz (nominative singular)
cantz (nominative singular)
cant (nominative plural)


gast

gast oblique singular, m (oblique plural gaz or gatz, nominative singular gaz or gatz, nominative plural gast)

gast oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
gaz (oblique plural)
gatz (oblique plural)
gaz (nominative singular)
gatz (nominative singular)
gast (nominative plural)

Based on Latin vastus (“uncultivated, unoccupied”)


avis

fro-noun

avis oblique singular, m (oblique plural avis, nominative singular avis, nominative plural avis)

avis oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
avis (oblique plural)
avis (nominative singular)
avis (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: advis
French: avis
→ Norwegian Bokmål: advis
→ Norwegian Bokmål: avis
→ Kven: aviisi

→ Italian: avviso

→ Middle English: avys, avis, avice, awise, advis, advice
English: avis, advice
Scots: adveece

From the phrase ce m'est a vis ("in my view"), where vis is from Latin visum (“vision, image”).


gab

fro-noun

gab oblique singular, m (oblique plural gas, nominative singular gas, nominative plural gab)

gab oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
gas (oblique plural)
gas (nominative singular)
gab (nominative plural)

Est ce a certes ou a gas?

c. 1177, Chrétien de Troyes, Le Chevalier de la Charrette, page 50 (of the Livres de Poche Lettres gothiques edition, →ISBN, line 96:


cot

cot oblique singular, f (oblique plural coz or cotz, nominative singular cot, nominative plural coz or cotz)

cot oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
coz (oblique plural)
cotz (oblique plural)
cot (nominative singular)
coz (nominative plural)
cotz (nominative plural)


timbre

timbre oblique singular, m (oblique plural timbres, nominative singular timbres, nominative plural timbre)

timbre oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
timbres (oblique plural)
timbres (nominative singular)
timbre (nominative plural)


harpe

harpe oblique singular, f (oblique plural harpes, nominative singular harpe, nominative plural harpes)

harpe oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
harpes (oblique plural)
harpe (nominative singular)
harpes (nominative plural)

Middle French: harpe

French: harpe

→ Romanian: harpă

Norman: harpe (Jersiais)

Picard: hârpe (Athois)

Walloon: ârpe (Forrières)

From Frankish *harpō, from Proto-Germanic *harpǭ.


service

service oblique singular, m (oblique plural services, nominative singular services, nominative plural service)

service oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
services (oblique plural)
services (nominative singular)
service (nominative plural)


don

don oblique singular, m (oblique plural dons, nominative singular dons, nominative plural don)

don oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
dons (oblique plural)
dons (nominative singular)
don (nominative plural)

French: don

→ Middle English: done


label

label oblique singular, m (oblique plural labeaus or labeax or labiaus or labiax or labels, nominative singular labeaus or labeax or labiaus or labiax or labels, nominative plural label)

label oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
labeaus (oblique plural)
labeax (oblique plural)
labiaus (oblique plural)
labiax (oblique plural)
labels (oblique plural)
labeaus (nominative singular)
labeax (nominative singular)
labiaus (nominative singular)
labiax (nominative singular)
labels (nominative singular)
label (nominative plural)

→ English: label

→ French: label

French: lambeau

Les armes son pere a label portoit

His weapons bore the insignia of his father


neu

neu oblique singular, m (oblique plural neus, nominative singular neus, nominative plural neu)

neu oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
neus (oblique plural)
neus (nominative singular)
neu (nominative plural)

French: nœud

Norman: noeud


pirate

pirate oblique singular, m (oblique plural pirates, nominative singular pirates, nominative plural pirate)

pirate oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
pirates (oblique plural)
pirates (nominative singular)
pirate (nominative plural)

Middle French: pirate

French: pirate

→ Dutch: piraat

Norman: pirate

→ Middle English: pirate

English: pirate


main

main oblique singular, f (oblique plural mainz, nominative singular main, nominative plural mainz)

main oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
mainz (oblique plural)
main (nominative singular)
mainz (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: moin

desctree

Middle French: main
French: main
→? English: main
→⇒ German: Lamäng
Haitian Creole: men
Louisiana Creole: men
⇒ Mauritian Creole: lame

Gallo: maen

Norman: main

Walloon: mwin


front

fro-noun

front oblique singular, m (oblique plural fronz or frontz, nominative singular fronz or frontz, nominative plural front)

front oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fronz (oblique plural)
frontz (oblique plural)
fronz (nominative singular)
frontz (nominative singular)
front (nominative plural)

French: front m (see there for further descendants)

Norman: front m

→ Dutch: front

desctree

→ Middle English: frount, ffront, ffrount, front, fronte, frounte, frountte, frownt, frownte, frunt, frunte
English: front (see there for further descendants)
Scots: front


felon

fro-noun

felon oblique singular, m (oblique plural felons, nominative singular fel, nominative plural felon)

felon oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
felons (oblique plural)
fel (nominative singular)
felon (nominative plural)

From Early Medieval Latin fellōnem. The subject case is fel, from the nominative fellō.


arme

arme oblique singular, f (oblique plural armes, nominative singular arme, nominative plural armes)

arme oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
armes (oblique plural)
arme (nominative singular)
armes (nominative plural)

Middle French: arme
French: arme

Norman: arme

→ Breton: arm

→ Middle English: armes (via the plural)

English: arms

⇒ English: arm (back-formation)

→ Middle Irish: armas

Irish: armas


lion

lion oblique singular, m (oblique plural lions, nominative singular lions, nominative plural lion)

lion oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
lions (oblique plural)
lions (nominative singular)
lion (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: lyon
French: lion
Haitian Creole: lyon
Mauritian Creole: lyon
Seychellois Creole: lyon

Norman: lioun, lion, lliaon, lyõ

Picard: lion

→ Breton: leon

→ Middle English: lyoun, lion, leon, lioun, lyon, liun, lyoone, leun, lyoon, lyown, lyun, leoun, lyone
English: lion (see there for further descendants)
Scots: lion
Yola: leeoon, leioon

Semi-learned borrowing from Latin leō, leōnem, derived from Ancient Greek λέων (léōn).


leveret

fro-noun

leveret oblique singular, m (oblique plural leverez or leveretz, nominative singular leverez or leveretz, nominative plural leveret)

leveret oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
leverez (oblique plural)
leveretz (oblique plural)
leverez (nominative singular)
leveretz (nominative singular)
leveret (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: leveret
English: leveret

From lievre (“hare”) + -et (diminutive ending). Attested ca. mid–13th c.


ymne

fro-noun

ymne oblique singular, m or f (oblique plural ymnes, nominative singular ymnes, nominative plural ymne)

ymne oblique singular or (canonical feminine masculine)
ymnes (oblique plural)
ymnes (nominative singular)
ymne (nominative plural)

Middle French: hymne, hynne

French: hymne m or f
→ Romanian: imn n

From Latin hymnus, from Ancient Greek ὕμνος (húmnos), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂em- (“sing”).


poke

poke oblique singular, f (oblique plural pokes, nominative singular poke, nominative plural pokes)

poke oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pokes (oblique plural)
poke (nominative singular)
pokes (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: poc, poke, pooke

English: poke (regional)

Scots: pok, poke, polk, poik

E puis les poudrez bien de sel e les mettez ensemble en une poke de bon kanevaz


bout

bout oblique singular, m (oblique plural bouz or boutz, nominative singular bouz or boutz, nominative plural bout)

bout oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
bouz (oblique plural)
boutz (oblique plural)
bouz (nominative singular)
boutz (nominative singular)
bout (nominative plural)


canon

canon oblique singular, m (oblique plural canons, nominative singular canons, nominative plural canon)

canon oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
canons (oblique plural)
canons (nominative singular)
canon (nominative plural)

canne + -on, corresponding to Italian cannone.


flour

flour oblique singular, f (oblique plural flours, nominative singular flour, nominative plural flours)

flour oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
flours (oblique plural)
flour (nominative singular)
flours (nominative plural)

non pasque les flours touchent a la chair nue car ce seroit doubte que les porres ne se clousissent et de fievre putride.

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), page 136 of this essay:

but not that the flowers should touch the naked flesh because this may cause the pores to shut with a putrid fever.


sauce

sauce oblique singular, m or f (oblique plural sauces, nominative singular sauces, nominative plural sauce)

sauce oblique singular or (canonical feminine masculine)
sauces (oblique plural)
sauces (nominative singular)
sauce (nominative plural)


sauce

sauce oblique singular, f (oblique plural sauces, nominative singular sauce, nominative plural sauces)

sauce oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
sauces (oblique plural)
sauce (nominative singular)
sauces (nominative plural)


passion

passion oblique singular, f (oblique plural passions, nominative singular passion, nominative plural passions)

passion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
passions (oblique plural)
passion (nominative singular)
passions (nominative plural)

Middle French: passion

French: passion

desctree

→ Middle English: passioun, pascioun, passion, passione, passioune, passiun, passyon, passyoun, passyun
English: passion, Passion
Scots: passion, patient

(specifically, Christianity) the ordeal endured by Jesus in order to absolve humanity of sin


barbe

fro-noun

barbe oblique singular, f (oblique plural barbes, nominative singular barbe, nominative plural barbes)

barbe oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
barbes (oblique plural)
barbe (nominative singular)
barbes (nominative plural)

Middle French: barbe
French: barbe

Jersey Norman: barbe

Walloon: båbe

From Latin barba, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰeh₂.


portal

portal oblique singular, m (oblique plural portaus or portax or portals, nominative singular portaus or portax or portals, nominative plural portal)

portal oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
portaus (oblique plural)
portax (oblique plural)
portals (oblique plural)
portaus (nominative singular)
portax (nominative singular)
portals (nominative singular)
portal (nominative plural)

gate (doorlike structure usually outside of a building or property)


chief

chief oblique singular, m (oblique plural chiés, nominative singular chiés, nominative plural chief)

chief oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chiés (oblique plural)
chiés (nominative singular)
chief (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: chief
French: chef (see there for further descendants)

Norman: chef

→ Middle English: chef
English: chief (see there for further descendants)
Scots: chief

→ Old Spanish: xefe

Spanish: jefe
→ English: jefe
→ Bikol Central: hepe
→ Cebuano: hepe
→ Tagalog: hepe

→ Asturian: xefe

→ Galician: xefe

→ Portuguese: chefe

First known attestation 881 in The Sequence of Saint Eulalia. From Vulgar Latin capus, from Latin caput.

cap

Occitanism found in La Vie de Saint Léger, circa 980

Le chief li desarme et la face.

c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:


dragon

fro-noun

dragon oblique singular, m (oblique plural dragons, nominative singular dragons, nominative plural dragon)

dragon oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
dragons (oblique plural)
dragons (nominative singular)
dragon (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: dracon
French: dragon (see there for further descendants)

Norman: dragon

→ Middle English: dragoun, dragon, dragoune, dragun
English: dragon (see there for further descendants)
Scots: draigon

→ Old Irish: dragán

Irish: dragan

Manx: dragan

Semi-learned term from Latin dracō, dracōnem, from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn).


matinee

fro-noun

matinee oblique singular, f (oblique plural matinees, nominative singular matinee, nominative plural matinees)

matinee oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
matinees (oblique plural)
matinee (nominative singular)
matinees (nominative plural)

Middle French: matinee

French: matinée

Norman: matinaïe (Guernsey)


desert

desert oblique singular, m (oblique plural deserz or desertz, nominative singular deserz or desertz, nominative plural desert)

desert oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
deserz (oblique plural)
desertz (oblique plural)
deserz (nominative singular)
desertz (nominative singular)
desert (nominative plural)

Middle French: desert

French: désert


guile

guile oblique singular, f (oblique plural guiles, nominative singular guile, nominative plural guiles)

guile oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
guiles (oblique plural)
guile (nominative singular)
guiles (nominative plural)

English: guile

From Frankish *wigila, from Proto-Germanic *wīlą, from Proto-Indo-European *wey- (“to turn, bend”).

der

si se çoile par itel guile

Moult saveiz bien servir de guile.

c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci encoumence li miracles que nostre Dame fist dou soucretain et d'une dame:


admiral

fro-noun

admiral oblique singular, m (oblique plural admiraus or admirax or admirals, nominative singular admiraus or admirax or admirals, nominative plural admiral)

admiral oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
admiraus (oblique plural)
admirax (oblique plural)
admirals (oblique plural)
admiraus (nominative singular)
admirax (nominative singular)
admirals (nominative singular)
admiral (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: admiral
English: admiral
→ Cebuano: admiral
→ German: Admiral
→ Czech: admirál
Hungarian: admirális
→ Polish: admirał
→ Slovene: admirȃl
→ Ukrainian: адміра́л (admirál)
Swahili: admirali
→ Tagalog: ádmirál

Middle English: admirad

→ Norwegian Bokmål: admiral
Northern Sami: admirála

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: admiral

→ Russian: адмирал (admiral)
→ Bulgarian: адмира́л (admirál)
→ Kazakh:
Arabic script: ادميرال
Cyrillic script: адмирал (admiral)
→ Mongolian:
Mongolian script: ᠠᠳᠮᠢᠷᠠᠯ (admiral)
Cyrillic script: адмирал (admiral)

From Medieval Latin admiralis, from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”) under influence from admīrārī (“to admire, to respect”).
Etymology tree
Medieval Latin admiralisder.
Old French admiral

etymon

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of amiral


tor

fro-noun

tor oblique singular, f (oblique plural tors, nominative singular tor, nominative plural tors)

tor oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
tors (oblique plural)
tor (nominative singular)
tors (nominative plural)

Middle French: tour

desctree

French: tour
→ Breton: tour
→ Russian: тура́ (turá)
→ Ukrainian: тура́ (turá)

Walloon: tour

→ Middle Low German: tōrn, tōren

German Low German: Toorn, Toren

→ Estonian: torn

→ Latvian: tornis

→ Old Norse: turn

Danish: tårn

Faroese: torn

Icelandic: turn

Norwegian: tårn
→ Northern Sami: toardna

Old Swedish: torn

Swedish: torn

→ Finnish: torni

→ Old Dutch: turn

Middle Dutch: torre

Dutch: toren (see there for further descendants)

Limburgish: toeare

West Flemish: torre

→ Old English: torr, tūr, tor
Middle English: tour, thour, tor, tore, toure, towere, towour, tur
English: tower (see there for further descendants)
Scots: tour, towr
Yola: toweare

→ Old Frisian: torn

West Frisian: toer

→ Old High German: torn

Middle High German: turn, turm

Alemannic German: Durm, Tuure

Bavarian: Tuam

Luxembourgish: Tur

German: Turm (see there for further descendants)

Yiddish: טורעם (turem)

→ Polish: turma

→ Irish: túr

→ Scottish Gaelic: tùr

From Latin turrim, from Ancient Greek τύρρις (túrrhis), τύρσις (túrsis).


tor

fro-noun

tor oblique singular, m (oblique plural tors, nominative singular tors, nominative plural tor)

tor oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tors (oblique plural)
tors (nominative singular)
tor (nominative plural)


table

table oblique singular, f (oblique plural tables, nominative singular table, nominative plural tables)

table oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
tables (oblique plural)
table (nominative singular)
tables (nominative plural)

desctree

French: table
Louisiana Creole: latab
→ Bulgarian: табла (tabla)
→ Macedonian: табла (tabla)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: табла
Latin script: tabla

Walloon: tåve

→ Irish: tábla

→ Middle English: table, tabel, tabil, tabul, tabyl, tabyle, tabyll, tabulle, tabele, tabill
English: table (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: tyeble
Scots: table
→ Welsh: tabl


haste

fro-noun

haste oblique singular, f (oblique plural hastes, nominative singular haste, nominative plural hastes)

haste oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
hastes (oblique plural)
haste (nominative singular)
hastes (nominative plural)

Middle French: haste

French: hâte

Walloon: hausse (Forrières), håsse (Liégeois)

desc

→ Middle Dutch: haest, haeste, haste, hast (reborrowing)

Dutch: haast

Afrikaans: haas

→ West Flemish: hoast

→ Middle Low German: hāst

→ Danish: hast

→ Norwegian Bokmål: hast

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hast

→ German: Hast

→ Swedish: hast

→ Middle English: haste, hast

English: haste

Borrowed from Frankish *hai(f)st (“violence, haste”), from Proto-Germanic *haifstiz (“conflict, struggle”).


croc

fro-noun

croc oblique singular, m (oblique plural cros, nominative singular cros, nominative plural croc)

croc oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cros (oblique plural)
cros (nominative singular)
croc (nominative plural)

Borrowed from Frankish *krōk (“hook”) or alternatively borrowed from Old Norse krókr (“hook, bend, bight”), both from Proto-Germanic *krōkaz (“hook”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerg- (“tracery, basket, twist”).


duit

fro-noun

duit oblique singular, m (oblique plural duiz or duitz, nominative singular duiz or duitz, nominative plural duit)

duit oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
duiz (oblique plural)
duitz (oblique plural)
duiz (nominative singular)
duitz (nominative singular)
duit (nominative plural)

Un duit unt cler e pessuns denz,
E cil em prenent plus que cenz. (Voyage of St Brendan, ll. 799-800)


redemption

redemption oblique singular, f (oblique plural redemptions, nominative singular redemption, nominative plural redemptions)

redemption oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
redemptions (oblique plural)
redemption (nominative singular)
redemptions (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: redempcioun, redemcioun, redempcion, redempcyoun, redempcyoune, redemption, redemptyon
English: redemption
Scots: redemption

French: rédemption

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin redemptio. Doublet of raençon.


carte

fro-noun

carte oblique singular, f (oblique plural cartes, nominative singular carte, nominative plural cartes)

carte oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
cartes (oblique plural)
carte (nominative singular)
cartes (nominative plural)


top

top oblique singular, m (oblique plural tos, nominative singular tos, nominative plural top)

top oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tos (oblique plural)
tos (nominative singular)
top (nominative plural)

→ Galician: tope

→ Spanish: tope

→ Portuguese: topo

desctree

⇒ Old French: toupet
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: topete
Galician: topete
Portuguese: topete

Middle French: toupet, topet
French: toupet (see there for further descendants)

Norman: toupet, tupé

→ Middle English: topet

⇒? Old French: topoie, toupie, tourpe, tourpie
Middle French: toupie
French: toupie


nun

fro-noun

nun oblique singular, m (oblique plural nuns, nominative singular nuns, nominative plural nun)

nun oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
nuns (oblique plural)
nuns (nominative singular)
nun (nominative plural)


trace

trace oblique singular, f (oblique plural traces, nominative singular trace, nominative plural traces)

trace oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
traces (oblique plural)
trace (nominative singular)
traces (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: trace

English: trace

French: trace

trace (markings showing where one has been)


nerf

nerf oblique singular, m (oblique plural ners, nominative singular ners, nominative plural nerf)

nerf oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ners (oblique plural)
ners (nominative singular)
nerf (nominative plural)

Middle French: nerf

French: nerf

Donc lepre est maladie de chair et non pas du cueur, ne des os, de des nerfs etc.

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), page 185 of this essay:

Therefore leprosy is a disease of the flesh and not of the heart, nor of the bones, nor of the nerves, etc.


discussion

discussion oblique singular, f (oblique plural discussions, nominative singular discussion, nominative plural discussions)

discussion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
discussions (oblique plural)
discussion (nominative singular)
discussions (nominative plural)

From Late Latin discussiō, from Latin discutiō.


description

description oblique singular, f (oblique plural descriptions, nominative singular description, nominative plural descriptions)

description oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
descriptions (oblique plural)
description (nominative singular)
descriptions (nominative plural)

Learned borrowing from Latin dēscriptiō.


guide

French: guide

→ Danish: guide

→ Romanian: ghid

→ Russian: гид (gid)

Norman: dgide (Jersey)

→ Middle English: giden, gide

Scots: guide

English: guide

→ Korean: 가이드 (gaideu)

→ Japanese: ガイド (gaido)

→ Norwegian: guide

→ Swedish: guide


barat

barat oblique singular, m (oblique plural baraz or baratz, nominative singular baraz or baratz, nominative plural barat)

barat oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
baraz (oblique plural)
baratz (oblique plural)
baraz (nominative singular)
baratz (nominative singular)
barat (nominative plural)

French: barat (now archaic)

The Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch links barat to Ancient Greek πράσσω (prássō, “to do, practice”).


sturgeon

fro-noun

sturgeon oblique singular, m (oblique plural sturgeons, nominative singular sturgeons, nominative plural sturgeon)

sturgeon oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sturgeons (oblique plural)
sturgeons (nominative singular)
sturgeon (nominative plural)


hostel

hostel oblique singular, m (oblique plural hosteaus or hosteax or hostiaus or hostiax or hostels, nominative singular hosteaus or hosteax or hostiaus or hostiax or hostels, nominative plural hostel)

hostel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
hosteaus (oblique plural)
hosteax (oblique plural)
hostiaus (oblique plural)
hostiax (oblique plural)
hostels (oblique plural)
hosteaus (nominative singular)
hosteax (nominative singular)
hostiaus (nominative singular)
hostiax (nominative singular)
hostels (nominative singular)
hostel (nominative plural)


deluge

deluge oblique singular, m (oblique plural deluges, nominative singular deluges, nominative plural deluge)

deluge oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
deluges (oblique plural)
deluges (nominative singular)
deluge (nominative plural)

French: déluge

→ Middle English: deluge

English: deluge

Very early borrowing of Latin dīluvium, explaining the palatalization of -V-, and the unexpected vowel outcomes.


execution

execution oblique singular, f (oblique plural executions, nominative singular execution, nominative plural executions)

execution oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
executions (oblique plural)
execution (nominative singular)
executions (nominative plural)

→ English: execution

French exécution

From Latin execūtiō, an agent noun from exsequor (“follow out”), itself from ex + sequor (“follow”).

execution (act of putting to death or being put to death as a penalty, or actions so associated)


roe

roe oblique singular, f (oblique plural roes, nominative singular roe, nominative plural roes)

roe oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
roes (oblique plural)
roe (nominative singular)
roes (nominative plural)

French: roue


miracle

miracle oblique singular, m (oblique plural miracles, nominative singular miracles, nominative plural miracle)

miracle oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
miracles (oblique plural)
miracles (nominative singular)
miracle (nominative plural)

→ English: miracle

French: miracle

Norman: mithacl'ye

Borrowed from Latin mīrāculum (“object of wonder”) (compare inherited mirail (“mirror”)), from mīror (“to wonder at”), from mīrus (“wonderful”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meyh₂- (“to smile, to be astonished”).


tenure

fro-noun

tenure oblique singular, f (oblique plural tenures, nominative singular tenure, nominative plural tenures)

tenure oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
tenures (oblique plural)
tenure (nominative singular)
tenures (nominative plural)

tenëure

diaereses are not universally used in Old French transcriptions

tenure (right to hold land under the feudal system)

1283, Philippe de Beaumanoir, Les Coutumes de Beauvaisis, available in page 237 of this document
le longue tenure qu'il alliguent ne lor vaut riens

The long tenure that they are claiming is worth nothing to them


enemy

enemy oblique singular, m (oblique plural enemys, nominative singular enemys, nominative plural enemy)

enemy oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
enemys (oblique plural)
enemys (nominative singular)
enemy (nominative plural)

→ English: enemy


queue

queue oblique singular, f (oblique plural queues, nominative singular queue, nominative plural queues)

queue oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
queues (oblique plural)
queue (nominative singular)
queues (nominative plural)


procurement

procurement oblique singular, m (oblique plural procuremenz or procurementz, nominative singular procuremenz or procurementz, nominative plural procurement)

procurement oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
procuremenz (oblique plural)
procurementz (oblique plural)
procuremenz (nominative singular)
procurementz (nominative singular)
procurement (nominative plural)

dishonest obtainment; obtainment by trickery


alcohol

alcohol oblique singular, m (oblique plural alcohous or alcohox or alcohols, nominative singular alcohous or alcohox or alcohols, nominative plural alcohol)

alcohol oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
alcohous (oblique plural)
alcohox (oblique plural)
alcohols (oblique plural)
alcohous (nominative singular)
alcohox (nominative singular)
alcohols (nominative singular)
alcohol (nominative plural)

Middle French: alcohol

French: alcohol, alcool (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle English: alcofol

English: alcohol (see there for further descendants)


dos

dos oblique singular, m (oblique plural dos, nominative singular dos, nominative plural dos)

dos oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
dos (oblique plural)
dos (nominative singular)
dos (nominative plural)

French: dos

Norman: dos (Jersey)

Walloon: dos

From Vulgar Latin dossum, from Latin dorsum.


quart

quart oblique singular, m (oblique plural quarz or quartz, nominative singular quarz or quartz, nominative plural quart)

quart oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
quarz (oblique plural)
quartz (oblique plural)
quarz (nominative singular)
quartz (nominative singular)
quart (nominative plural)

fourth (the ordinal position corresponding to four)


toit

toit oblique singular, m (oblique plural toiz or toitz, nominative singular toiz or toitz, nominative plural toit)

toit oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
toiz (oblique plural)
toitz (oblique plural)
toiz (nominative singular)
toitz (nominative singular)
toit (nominative plural)

French: toit


bastard

bastard oblique singular, m (oblique plural bastarz or bastartz, nominative singular bastarz or bastartz, nominative plural bastard)

bastard oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
bastarz (oblique plural)
bastartz (oblique plural)
bastarz (nominative singular)
bastartz (nominative singular)
bastard (nominative plural)

From Medieval Latin bastardus, of Germanic origin, possibly Frankish.

Vos savez bien qe je sui de bas lin, [e]t sui bastars

12th Century, Unknown, Raoul de Cambrai:

You know well that I am of low birth, and I am a bastard

bastard (person conceived to unmarried parents)

(derogatory, usually vocative) bastard (insult)


rime

rime oblique singular, f (oblique plural rimes, nominative singular rime, nominative plural rimes)

rime oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
rimes (oblique plural)
rime (nominative singular)
rimes (nominative plural)

French: rime

Italian: rima

>? Middle English: ryme, rime

English: rhyme

Uncertain. Either of Germanic origin, from Frankish *rīm, from Proto-Germanic *rīmą (“counting”) or from Medieval Latin rithmus, rhythmus (“cadence”).


hoe

hoe oblique singular, f (oblique plural hoes, nominative singular hoe, nominative plural hoes)

hoe oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
hoes (oblique plural)
hoe (nominative singular)
hoes (nominative plural)

Of Germanic origin, probably from or related to Frankish *hauwan (“to chop”).


di

di oblique singular, m (oblique plural dis, nominative singular dis, nominative plural di)

di oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
dis (oblique plural)
dis (nominative singular)
di (nominative plural)


fame

fame oblique singular, f (oblique plural fames, nominative singular fame, nominative plural fames)

fame oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
fames (oblique plural)
fame (nominative singular)
fames (nominative plural)

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: fonne

Bourguignon: fanne, fonne

Champenois: fanme, fonme, fomme

Gallo: fame, fom

Lorrain: fomme

Middle French: femme (see there for further descendants)

desc

Norman: femme, fâme, faume, faumme (Guernsey), foume (continental Normandy), fenme (Cotentin), foume, fenme

Picard: fanme, féme, feume

Walloon: feme

→ Middle English: femme, feme

English: femme, feme

woman, especially one of lower social status (dame being the usual word for upper-class women)


clef

fro-noun

clef oblique singular, f (oblique plural cles, nominative singular clef, nominative plural cles)

clef oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
cles (oblique plural)
clef (nominative singular)
cles (nominative plural)

Angevin: quié, quief

French: clé

Gallo: tié

desctree

Middle French: clef
French: clef, clé
→ English: clef

Norman: clef, clié, cllé

Walloon: clé

→ English: clef


patient

fro-noun

patient oblique singular, m (oblique plural patienz or patientz, nominative singular patienz or patientz, nominative plural patient)

patient oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
patienz (oblique plural)
patientz (oblique plural)
patienz (nominative singular)
patientz (nominative singular)
patient (nominative plural)

Middle French: patient

French: patient

desctree

→ Middle English: pacient, paciente, pacyent, patient
English: patient

Norman: pâcient


grace

fro-noun

grace oblique singular, f (oblique plural graces, nominative singular grace, nominative plural graces)

grace oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
graces (oblique plural)
grace (nominative singular)
graces (nominative plural)

French: grâce

desctree

→ Middle English: grace, graz, crace, gras, grase
English: grace
Scots: grace
Yola: greash, graace
→ Welsh: gras
→ Cornish: gras


regard

fro-noun

regard oblique singular, m (oblique plural regarz or regartz, nominative singular regarz or regartz, nominative plural regard)

regard oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
regarz (oblique plural)
regartz (oblique plural)
regarz (nominative singular)
regartz (nominative singular)
regard (nominative plural)

Middle French: regard

→ Middle English: regard, regarde

English: regard

Quant ses resgars me vint enamourer, / J'estoie liez, gais, et jolis et baus.

1377, Guillaume de Machaut, La Louange des dames

Oh, how much her glances made me fall in love! I was delighted, happy, joyful and overjoyed.

look; observance; watching (act, instance of looking at)


closet

closet oblique singular, m (oblique plural closez or closetz, nominative singular closez or closetz, nominative plural closet)

closet oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
closez (oblique plural)
closetz (oblique plural)
closez (nominative singular)
closetz (nominative singular)
closet (nominative plural)

A small enclosed area, such as a field or a paddock.


chambre

chambre oblique singular, f (oblique plural chambres, nominative singular chambre, nominative plural chambres)

chambre oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
chambres (oblique plural)
chambre (nominative singular)
chambres (nominative plural)

desctree

French: chambre
Antillean Creole: chanm
Haitian Creole: chanm
→ Norman: chambre, chàmbre (Guernsey)
→ Algerian Arabic: شمبرة (šambra)
→ Vietnamese: săm

→ Irish: seomra

→ Middle Armenian: ջամբռ (ǰambṙ)

→ Middle English: chambre, chaumbre, chaumber, chaumer, chamer, chamber
English: chamber
Scots: chaumer
→ Scottish Gaelic: seòmar
Yola: chaamer

From Latin cambra, Medieval spelling of camera (“room”), from Ancient Greek καμάρα (kamára).


manere

fro-noun

manere oblique singular, f (oblique plural maneres, nominative singular manere, nominative plural maneres)

manere oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
maneres (oblique plural)
manere (nominative singular)
maneres (nominative plural)

Middle English: maner, manere

English: manner

Middle French: maniere

French: manière

Norman: manniéthe

From the masculine manier, from Late Latin, from Latin manuārius, or alternatively from a Vulgar Latin *manāria, from the feminine of manuārius.


monstre

monstre oblique singular, m (oblique plural monstres, nominative singular monstres, nominative plural monstre)

monstre oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
monstres (oblique plural)
monstres (nominative singular)
monstre (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: monstre, moustre
English: monster
Scots: monster

Middle French: monstre
French: monstre
→ Romanian: monstru

Norman: monstre

→ Middle Dutch: monster

Dutch: monster


eage

fro-noun

eage oblique singular, m or f (oblique plural eages, nominative singular eages, nominative plural eage)

eage oblique singular or (canonical feminine masculine)
eages (oblique plural)
eages (nominative singular)
eage (nominative plural)

Angevin: age m or f

Champenois: aige

Franc-Comtois: aîdge, adge, edze m

Gallo: age m or f

Lorrain: edge m, eche, ache, èje f

Middle French: âge m or f

French: âge m

→ Catalan: atge m

Norman: age m or f, âge f

Orléanais: age m

Picard: age m or f, ache, aje f

desc

Poitevin-Saintongeais: age m or f, ah, agh' m, âge f

Walloon: atche m, ådje f

desctree

→ Middle English: age, aage, ayge (both rare)
English: age
Scots: age

→ Old Occitan: atge m

→ Occitan: atge m

From Vulgar Latin *aetāticum, from Latin aetātem. Alternatively formed within Old French from eé + -age.

Onques nus hon de son aage
Ne fu de greignor vasselage.

Never us, men of their age
We did not deal with the biggest vassalage.

(Anglo-Norman, law) coming of age
date of coming of age


corn

fro-noun

corn oblique singular, m (oblique plural corns, nominative singular corns, nominative plural corn)

corn oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
corns (oblique plural)
corns (nominative singular)
corn (nominative plural)

French: cor

horn (a bony projection on the head of some animals)

horn (an instrument used to create sound)


pro

pro oblique singular, m (nominative singular pro)

pro oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
pro (nominative singular)

French: prou (in the idiom peu ou prou)

Bons fut li sècles al tens ancienur, si ert créḍance, dunt or n'i a nul prut. Tut est muḍez, perdut aḍ sa colur.

Good was the time of the ancients, as there was trust, in which nowadays there is no profit. Everything has changed and has lost its color.

E dist al Rei : « Ja mar crerez bricun, / Ne mei ne altre, se de vostre prod nun. … »

11th century, Chanson de Roland, 221-222

(Ganelon speaks to Charlemaigne) And he said to the king, "You should never believe a madman: [believe] neither me nor anyone else, unless it is of your advantage. …"


homage

homage oblique singular, m (oblique plural homages, nominative singular homages, nominative plural homage)

homage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
homages (oblique plural)
homages (nominative singular)
homage (nominative plural)

Middle French: homage

French: hommage

→ Romanian: omagiu

→ Italian: omaggio

→ Middle Dutch: homagie

Dutch: homage

desctree

→ Middle English: homage
English: homage
Scots: homage
→ Irish: ómós

→ Sicilian: omaggiu

Calque of Medieval Latin homināticum. By surface analysis, home + -age.


dei

fro-noun

dei oblique singular, m (oblique plural deis, nominative singular deis, nominative plural dei)

dei oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
deis (oblique plural)
deis (nominative singular)
dei (nominative plural)

Un anel d'or trait de sun dei

c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 164, line 1980:

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of doit (finger)


chant

chant oblique singular, m (oblique plural chanz or chantz, nominative singular chanz or chantz, nominative plural chant)

chant oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chanz (oblique plural)
chantz (oblique plural)
chanz (nominative singular)
chantz (nominative singular)
chant (nominative plural)

Middle French: chant

French: chant

car sun chant signefie mort

c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 104, line 1027:


anima

anima oblique singular, f (oblique plural animas, nominative singular anima, nominative plural animas)

anima oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
animas (oblique plural)
anima (nominative singular)
animas (nominative plural)

(9th and 10th centuries) Alternative form of ame


solitude

solitude oblique singular, f (nominative singular solitude)

solitude oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
solitude (nominative singular)

→ English: solitude

French: solitude


dent

dent oblique singular, m (oblique plural denz or dentz, nominative singular denz or dentz, nominative plural dent)

dent oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
denz (oblique plural)
dentz (oblique plural)
denz (nominative singular)
dentz (nominative singular)
dent (nominative plural)

Middle French: dent f
French: dent f

Walloon: dint f


creature

creature oblique singular, f (oblique plural creatures, nominative singular creature, nominative plural creatures)

creature oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
creatures (oblique plural)
creature (nominative singular)
creatures (nominative plural)

Middle English: creature

French: créature

Learned borrowing from Late Latin creātūra.


gent

fro-noun

gent oblique singular, f (oblique plural genz or gentz, nominative singular gent, nominative plural genz or gentz)

gent oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
genz (oblique plural)
gentz (oblique plural)
gent (nominative singular)
genz (nominative plural)
gentz (nominative plural)

French: gens m pl

Norman: gens m pl

Walloon: djin m pl

From Latin gentem, accusative singular of gēns. The nominative singular descends from a regularized form: oblique stem gent- and 3rd declension nominative -is.

la Franceise gent


lez

lez oblique singular, m (oblique plural lez, nominative singular lez, nominative plural lez)

lez oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
lez (oblique plural)
lez (nominative singular)
lez (nominative plural)

French: lès, lez


visage

visage oblique singular, m (oblique plural visages, nominative singular visages, nominative plural visage)

visage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
visages (oblique plural)
visages (nominative singular)
visage (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: vizaige

French: visage

→ Esperanto: vizaĝo

desctree

→ Middle English: visage
English: visage

→ Italian: visaggio

From Vulgar Latin *vīsāticum, derived from Latin vīsus. By surface analysis, vis + -age. Compare Old Occitan vizatge.


profession

fro-noun

profession oblique singular, f (oblique plural professions, nominative singular profession, nominative plural professions)

profession oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
professions (oblique plural)
profession (nominative singular)
professions (nominative plural)

profession; declaration (usually of faith)


saint

saint oblique singular, m (oblique plural sainz or saintz, nominative singular sainz or saintz, nominative plural saint)

saint oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sainz (oblique plural)
saintz (oblique plural)
sainz (nominative singular)
saintz (nominative singular)
saint (nominative plural)
sainz (masculine singular subjective)
sainte (feminine singular subjective)
saint (masculine oblique singular)
sainte (feminine oblique singular)
saint (masculine plural subjective)
saintes (feminine plural subjective)
sainz (masculine oblique plural)
saintes (feminine oblique plural)


rancor

rancor oblique singular, f (oblique plural rancors, nominative singular rancor, nominative plural rancors)

rancor oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
rancors (oblique plural)
rancor (nominative singular)
rancors (nominative plural)

English: rancor, rancour

French: rancœur


oeil

oeil oblique singular, m (oblique plural ialz, nominative singular ialz, nominative plural oeil)

oeil oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ialz (oblique plural)
ialz (nominative singular)
oeil (nominative plural)


vocation

vocation oblique singular, f (oblique plural vocations, nominative singular vocation, nominative plural vocations)

vocation oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
vocations (oblique plural)
vocation (nominative singular)
vocations (nominative plural)

Borrowed from Latin vocatio, vocationem.

(specifically, euphemistic) passing away; death; an instance of dying


tenor

tenor oblique singular, m (oblique plural tenors, nominative singular tenors, nominative plural tenor)

tenor oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tenors (oblique plural)
tenors (nominative singular)
tenor (nominative plural)

French: teneur

→ Dutch: teneur

→ English: tenor

holder; possessor (one who possesses; one who has)


tenor

tenor oblique singular, f (oblique plural tenors, nominative singular tenor, nominative plural tenors)

tenor oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
tenors (oblique plural)
tenor (nominative singular)
tenors (nominative plural)


credence

credence oblique singular, f (oblique plural credences, nominative singular credence, nominative plural credences)

credence oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
credences (oblique plural)
credence (nominative singular)
credences (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: credence, credance, credans, credaunce, credens, credense, gredense
English: credence

Borrowed from Latin credentia. Compare croiance, creance.


morsel

fro-noun

morsel oblique singular, m (oblique plural morseaus or morseax or morsiaus or morsiax or morsels, nominative singular morseaus or morseax or morsiaus or morsiax or morsels, nominative plural morsel)

morsel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
morseaus (oblique plural)
morseax (oblique plural)
morsiaus (oblique plural)
morsiax (oblique plural)
morsels (oblique plural)
morseaus (nominative singular)
morseax (nominative singular)
morsiaus (nominative singular)
morsiax (nominative singular)
morsels (nominative singular)
morsel (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: morceau
French: morceau
→ English: morceau

Norman: morcé (Jersey, Guernsey)

→ Hungarian: morzsa

→ Middle English: morsel, morselle, morsille, morssel, morscel, morcelle, mursel
English: morsel
Yola: mossaale

From Medieval Latin morsellum (“a bit, a little piece”), diminutive of Latin morsum (“a bit”), neuter of morsus, past participle of mordeō, mordēre (“bite, nibble, gnaw”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)merd- (“to rub, wipe; to pack, rob”).


pierre

fro-noun

pierre oblique singular, f (oblique plural pierres, nominative singular pierre, nominative plural pierres)

pierre oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pierres (oblique plural)
pierre (nominative singular)
pierres (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: pierre
French: pierre (see there for further descendants)

Walloon: pire

From Latin petra, from Ancient Greek πέτρα (pétra).


baleine

fro-noun

baleine oblique singular, f (oblique plural baleines, nominative singular baleine, nominative plural baleines)

baleine oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
baleines (oblique plural)
baleine (nominative singular)
baleines (nominative plural)

French: baleine

desctree

→ Middle English: baleyne, balena
English: baleen

Latin bālaena, from Ancient Greek φάλαινα (phálaina)


office

fro-noun

office oblique singular, m (oblique plural offices, nominative singular offices, nominative plural office)

office oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
offices (oblique plural)
offices (nominative singular)
office (nominative plural)

French: office


putain

putain oblique singular, f (oblique plural putains, nominative singular pute, nominative plural putains)

putain oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
putains (oblique plural)
pute (nominative singular)
putains (nominative plural)

French: pute, putain

→ Welsh: putain

→ Friulian: putan, putane

→ Italian: puttana (see there for further descendants)

→ Aromanian: putanã

→ Piedmontese: putan-a

From pute with the suffix -ain, -aine, or from Vulgar Latin pūtta/*pūttāna, from Latin pūta (“girl”). Compare Old Occitan putan(a).
Latin putta (“prostitute”) is attested in the sixth century (Gregory of Tours). The change of meaning from "girl" to "prostitute" is due to euphemism, a process that is well known to other periods and languages.


coup

coup oblique singular, m (oblique plural cous, nominative singular cous, nominative plural coup)

coup oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cous (oblique plural)
cous (nominative singular)
coup (nominative plural)


bacon

bacon oblique singular, m (oblique plural bacons, nominative singular bacons, nominative plural bacon)

bacon oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
bacons (oblique plural)
bacons (nominative singular)
bacon (nominative plural)

Middle French: bacon

Picard: bacôn (Athois)

desctree

→ Middle English: bacoun
English: bacon (see there for further descendants)
Scots: bawcon
→ Welsh: bacwn
Yola: bawkoon, bawcoon, bacoon, bakoon

From Frankish *bakō, from Proto-Germanic *bakô.

bacon, salted pork, ham, shank (of a pig)


monde

fro-noun

monde oblique singular, m (oblique plural mondes, nominative singular mondes, nominative plural monde)

monde oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
mondes (oblique plural)
mondes (nominative singular)
monde (nominative plural)

Middle French: monde

desctree

French: monde
Saint Dominican Creole French: monde
Haitian Creole: moun
→ English: monde

Norman: maonde

Walloon: monde


occident

fro-noun

occident oblique singular, m (nominative singular occidenz or occidentz)

occident oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
occidenz (nominative singular)
occidentz (nominative singular)

→ Middle English: occident

English: occident, Occident

French: occident

Borrowed from Latin occidens, occidentem.


fer

fer oblique singular, m (oblique plural fers, nominative singular fers, nominative plural fer)

fer oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fers (oblique plural)
fers (nominative singular)
fer (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: fer
French: fer (see there for further descendants)

Norman: fé (France, Jersey), faer (Guernsey), fer (Sark)

Walloon: fier


plaid

fro-noun

plaid oblique singular, m (oblique plural plaiz or plaitz, nominative singular plaiz or plaitz, nominative plural plaid)

plaid oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
plaiz (oblique plural)
plaitz (oblique plural)
plaiz (nominative singular)
plaitz (nominative singular)
plaid (nominative plural)


plait

plait oblique singular, m (oblique plural plaiz or plaitz, nominative singular plaiz or plaitz, nominative plural plait)

plait oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
plaiz (oblique plural)
plaitz (oblique plural)
plaiz (nominative singular)
plaitz (nominative singular)
plait (nominative plural)

French: plaid

→ Middle English: plait

English: plea

Scots: plaid


ire

ire oblique singular, f (oblique plural ires, nominative singular ire, nominative plural ires)

ire oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
ires (oblique plural)
ire (nominative singular)
ires (nominative plural)

→ English: ire

French: ire (now rare)


avision

avision oblique singular, f (oblique plural avisions, nominative singular avision, nominative plural avisions)

avision oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
avisions (oblique plural)
avision (nominative singular)
avisions (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: avisioun, avysioun, avysyon, avision, avisyon, advisioun, avysyoun
English: avision (obsolete)
Scots: avisioun (obsolete)

vision (religious or mystical experience of a supernatural appearance)


fou

fro-noun

fou oblique singular, m (oblique plural fous, nominative singular fous, nominative plural fou)

fou oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fous (oblique plural)
fous (nominative singular)
fou (nominative plural)

⇒ French: fouet


palais

palais oblique singular, m (oblique plural palais, nominative singular palais, nominative plural palais)

palais oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
palais (oblique plural)
palais (nominative singular)
palais (nominative plural)

Middle French: palays

French: palais

→ Middle Dutch: palais

Dutch: paleis

Afrikaans: paleis

→ Middle High German: palas

German: Palast

→ Middle English: paleys

English: palace

→ French: palace

→ Turkish: palas


avarice

avarice oblique singular, f (oblique plural avarices, nominative singular avarice, nominative plural avarices)

avarice oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
avarices (oblique plural)
avarice (nominative singular)
avarices (nominative plural)

→ English: avarice

French: avarice


ciel

ciel oblique singular, m (oblique plural cieus or ciex or ciels, nominative singular cieus or ciex or ciels, nominative plural ciel)

ciel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cieus (oblique plural)
ciex (oblique plural)
ciels (oblique plural)
cieus (nominative singular)
ciex (nominative singular)
ciels (nominative singular)
ciel (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: cier

French: ciel
Haitian Creole: syèl

Norman: ciel, cyil, cyi, syel

Walloon: cir

From Latin caelum. The nominative singular derives from attested Vulgar Latin caelus.


gloire

gloire oblique singular, f (oblique plural gloires, nominative singular gloire, nominative plural gloires)

gloire oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
gloires (oblique plural)
gloire (nominative singular)
gloires (nominative plural)

French: gloire

→ English: glory

Champenois: glore, guiore


noir

noir oblique singular, m (oblique plural noirs, nominative singular noirs, nominative plural noir)

noir oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
noirs (oblique plural)
noirs (nominative singular)
noir (nominative plural)


onager

onager oblique singular, m (oblique plural onagers, nominative singular onagers, nominative plural onager)

onager oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
onagers (oblique plural)
onagers (nominative singular)
onager (nominative plural)


glace

glace oblique singular, f (oblique plural glaces, nominative singular glace, nominative plural glaces)

glace oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
glaces (oblique plural)
glace (nominative singular)
glaces (nominative plural)

French: glace (see there for further descendants)

Champenois: guiaice

Norman: gllèche

Walloon: glaece

From Vulgar Latin *glacium/a, from Latin glaciēs.


aventure

aventure oblique singular, f (oblique plural aventures, nominative singular aventure, nominative plural aventures)

aventure oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
aventures (oblique plural)
aventure (nominative singular)
aventures (nominative plural)

French: aventure (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Dutch: aventure (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle English: aventure (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle High German: āventiure

German: Abenteuer (influenced by Middle Low German)

→ Middle Irish: amhantur

→ Middle Low German: êventü̂re (see there for further descendants)

destiny, fortune, accident, misadventure


mese

mese oblique singular, f (oblique plural meses, nominative singular mese, nominative plural meses)

mese oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
meses (oblique plural)
mese (nominative singular)
meses (nominative plural)


rote

rote oblique singular, f (oblique plural rotes, nominative singular rote, nominative plural rotes)

rote oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
rotes (oblique plural)
rote (nominative singular)
rotes (nominative plural)

French: route

Gallo: rote

Norman: route

→ Middle English: route
English: route


rote

French: rote

→ Portuguese: rota


aire

aire oblique singular, m (oblique plural aires, nominative singular aires, nominative plural aire)

aire oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
aires (oblique plural)
aires (nominative singular)
aire (nominative plural)


raison

raison oblique singular, f (oblique plural raisons, nominative singular raison, nominative plural raisons)

raison oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
raisons (oblique plural)
raison (nominative singular)
raisons (nominative plural)


roc

roc oblique singular, m (oblique plural ros, nominative singular ros, nominative plural roc)

roc oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ros (oblique plural)
ros (nominative singular)
roc (nominative plural)

Middle French: roc
French: roc

→ Middle English: rook

English: rook

→ Japanese: ルーク (rūku)

→ Korean: 룩 (ruk)

Borrowed from Arabic رُخّ (ruḵḵ), from Persian رخ (rox).


mace

mace oblique singular, f (oblique plural maces, nominative singular mace, nominative plural maces)

mace oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
maces (oblique plural)
mace (nominative singular)
maces (nominative plural)

French: masse

desctree

→ Middle English: mace, maas, masse, mase, maiis
English: mace
Scots: mace

From Vulgar Latin *mattia, *mattea, itself probably derived from Latin mateola (“hoe”).


paste

fro-noun

paste oblique singular, m (oblique plural pastes, nominative singular pastes, nominative plural paste)

paste oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
pastes (oblique plural)
pastes (nominative singular)
paste (nominative plural)

Middle French: paste

French: pâte

→ Middle English: paste

English: paste
→ Cebuano: pasta

Scots: paste, paist

From Late Latin pasta, from Ancient Greek παστά (pastá).


aver

aver oblique singular, m (oblique plural avers, nominative singular avers, nominative plural aver)

aver oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
avers (oblique plural)
avers (nominative singular)
aver (nominative plural)

de ses avers li volt mustrer.

c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 216, line 2832:

he wants to show his possessions to her.


blanc

blanc oblique singular, m (oblique plural blans, nominative singular blans, nominative plural blanc)

blanc oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
blans (oblique plural)
blans (nominative singular)
blanc (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: blian

Champenois: bian

Gallo: blânc

Lorrain: bianc

desctree

Middle English: blonc, blank, blaunc, blaunche
English: blank
→ German: Plenk

Middle French: blanc (see there for further descendants)

Norman: bllànc

Picard: blanc

Walloon: blan, blanc

From Early Medieval Latin blancus, from Frankish *blank, from Proto-Germanic *blankaz (“bright, shining, blinding, white”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”).
Akin to Old High German blanch "bright, white" (German blank (“blank, white”)), Old Norse blankr (“white”) (Danish blank (“bright, shiny”)), Dutch blank (“white, shining”). More at blink, blind.

der

Ses haubers est coverz de sanc:
De roge i a plus que de blanc.

His chainmail is covered in blood
There's more red than white (referring to his white chainmail)


sac

fro-noun

sac oblique singular, m (oblique plural sas, nominative singular sas, nominative plural sac)

sac oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sas (oblique plural)
sas (nominative singular)
sac (nominative plural)

desctree

French: sac
Haitian Creole: sak
→ English: sac
→ Moroccan Arabic: صاك
→ Persian: ساک (sâk)
→ Sedang: xak


pais

fro-noun

pais oblique singular, f (oblique plural pais, nominative singular pais, nominative plural pais)

pais oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pais (oblique plural)
pais (nominative singular)
pais (nominative plural)

Middle French:

French: paix

Anglo-Norman: peis

desctree

→ Middle English: pees, pes, pese, pece
English: peace
Yola: pace

Bourguignon: pois

Walloon: påye

→ Dutch: peis

→ Middle English: pees, pes, pais


pais

fro-noun

pais oblique singular, m (oblique plural pais, nominative singular pais, nominative plural pais)

pais oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
pais (oblique plural)
pais (nominative singular)
pais (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: poiys

desctree

Middle French: pays
French: pays
→ Catalan: país
→ Portuguese: país (see there for further descendants)
→ Spanish: país

From Late Latin pāgēnsis, which is derived from Latin pāgus (“country”).


question

fro-noun

question oblique singular, f (oblique plural questions, nominative singular question, nominative plural questions)

question oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
questions (oblique plural)
question (nominative singular)
questions (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: questioun, question, questiun, questyon, questyounn, qwestyon, qwestioun
English: question
Scots: quaisten, quastin
→ Welsh: cwestiwn

French: question

→ Romanian: chestie, chestiune

Norman: tchestchion (Jersey)

Borrowed from Latin quaestiō, quaestiōnem.

question (verbal statement intended to elicit a response)

question (problem in need of resolution)


reis

Li reis Mars esteit curuciez

c. 1250, Marie de France, Chevrefeuille:


favour

fro-noun

favour oblique singular, f (oblique plural favours, nominative singular favour, nominative plural favours)

favour oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
favours (oblique plural)
favour (nominative singular)
favours (nominative plural)

[V]ous leur veulliez faire favour[,] ease et desport sanz faire a eux ou soeffrer estre fait de nully male, moleste, injurie, damage indehucee, destourbance ne empeschement en aucune manere.

You want to show them favour, ease and enjoyment without making them suffer or subjecting them to any evil, harm, injury, damage, disruption or obstacle of any kind.


bu

bu oblique singular, m (oblique plural bus, nominative singular bus, nominative plural bu)

bu oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
bus (oblique plural)
bus (nominative singular)
bu (nominative plural)


venison

venison oblique singular, f (oblique plural venisons, nominative singular venison, nominative plural venisons)

venison oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
venisons (oblique plural)
venison (nominative singular)
venisons (nominative plural)

French: venaison

→ English: venison

→ Dutch: venezoen, venizoen


present

present oblique singular, m (oblique plural presenz or presentz, nominative singular presenz or presentz, nominative plural present)

present oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
presenz (oblique plural)
presentz (oblique plural)
presenz (nominative singular)
presentz (nominative singular)
present (nominative plural)

Itant out li Quens un present
D'une cupe chiere d'argent

At this moment he presented the Count
With a valuable silver cup


espoire

espoire oblique singular, m (oblique plural espoires, nominative singular espoires, nominative plural espoire)

espoire oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
espoires (oblique plural)
espoires (nominative singular)
espoire (nominative plural)

French: espoir


barge

barge oblique singular, f (oblique plural barges, nominative singular barge, nominative plural barges)

barge oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
barges (oblique plural)
barge (nominative singular)
barges (nominative plural)

Middle French: barge

French: barge

→ Russian: баржа (barža)

desctree

→ Middle English: barge, bargge, baarge, berge, barche
English: barge
Scots: bairge (possibly)

From Vulgar Latin *barga, a variant of Late Latin barca, a regular syncope of Vulgar Latin *barica, from Classical Latin bāris, from Ancient Greek βᾶρις (bâris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Demotic br, from Egyptian bꜣjrb-bA-A-y:r*Z1-P1 (“transport ship”).


val

fro-noun

val oblique singular, m (oblique plural vaus or vax or vals, nominative singular vaus or vax or vals, nominative plural val)

val oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
vaus (oblique plural)
vax (oblique plural)
vals (oblique plural)
vaus (nominative singular)
vax (nominative singular)
vals (nominative singular)
val (nominative plural)

→ English: vale

French: val


ange

ange oblique singular, m (oblique plural anges, nominative singular anges, nominative plural ange)

ange oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
anges (oblique plural)
anges (nominative singular)
ange (nominative plural)


senator

senator oblique singular, m (oblique plural senators, nominative singular senators, nominative plural senator)

senator oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
senators (oblique plural)
senators (nominative singular)
senator (nominative plural)


plat

plat oblique singular, m (oblique plural plaz or platz, nominative singular plaz or platz, nominative plural plat)

plat oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
plaz (oblique plural)
platz (oblique plural)
plaz (nominative singular)
platz (nominative singular)
plat (nominative plural)

From Vulgar Latin *plattus (“flattened”).


pes

pes oblique singular, f (oblique plural pes, nominative singular pes, nominative plural pes)

pes oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pes (oblique plural)
pes (nominative singular)
pes (nominative plural)

Va t'en de ci ! Lai me aveir pes.


tasche

tasche oblique singular, f (oblique plural tasches, nominative singular tasche, nominative plural tasches)

tasche oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
tasches (oblique plural)
tasche (nominative singular)
tasches (nominative plural)

French: tâche

desctree

via the Old Norman variant <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">tasque</i>

→ Middle English: taske, tasque, taxk, taxke, taxske (via the Old Norman variant tasque)
English: task
Scots: task

From Early Medieval Latin tasca, from Latin taxa.


apostle

fro-noun

apostle oblique singular, m (oblique plural apostles, nominative singular apostles, nominative plural apostle)

apostle oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
apostles (oblique plural)
apostles (nominative singular)
apostle (nominative plural)

English: apostle

French: apôtre

Norman: apôtre

Borrowed from Late Latin apostolus, from Ancient Greek ἀπόστολος (apóstolos, “one sent forth, apostle”).

der

Recleimet Deu e l'apostle de Rome


testament

fro-noun

testament oblique singular, m (oblique plural testamenz or testamentz, nominative singular testamenz or testamentz, nominative plural testament)

testament oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
testamenz (oblique plural)
testamentz (oblique plural)
testamenz (nominative singular)
testamentz (nominative singular)
testament (nominative plural)

→ English: testament

French: testament


avril

avril oblique singular, m (oblique plural avriz or avrilz, nominative singular avriz or avrilz, nominative plural avril)

avril oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
avriz (oblique plural)
avrilz (oblique plural)
avriz (nominative singular)
avrilz (nominative singular)
avril (nominative plural)

desctree

French: avril
Haitian Creole: avril
Mauritian Creole: avril
→ Iranian Persian: آوریل (âvril)
→ South Azerbaijani: آوریل (avril)
→ Tunisian Arabic: أفريل (avrīl)

Norman: Avri

Walloon: avri

→ Middle English: Averil

⇒ Middle English: Aprill, Aprille, April, Apprille, Aperil, Aprel (relatinized)
English: April (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Apryle


camp

fro-noun

camp oblique singular, m (oblique plural cans, nominative singular cans, nominative plural camp)

camp oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cans (oblique plural)
cans (nominative singular)
camp (nominative plural)


page

page oblique singular, f (oblique plural pages, nominative singular page, nominative plural pages)

page oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pages (oblique plural)
page (nominative singular)
pages (nominative plural)

English: page

French: page

Norman: page (Jersey)

page (one face of a sheet of paper or similar material)


page

page oblique singular, m (oblique plural pages, nominative singular pages, nominative plural page)

page oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
pages (oblique plural)
pages (nominative singular)
page (nominative plural)

Middle French: page

French: page (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle English: page

English: page

→ Middle Irish: páitse

Irish: páiste

Manx: paitçhey

Scottish Gaelic: pàisde

page (youth attending a person of high degree)


past

past oblique singular, m (nominative singular past)

past oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
past (nominative singular)

Middle French: past

From Latin pastus (“pasture”), probably influenced by paste (“dough, pastry”).

Por son abuvrement et por son past.

ca. 1268, Étienne Boileau (ca. 1210–1270), Livre des métiers


creator

creator oblique singular, m (oblique plural creators, nominative singular creators, nominative plural creator)

creator oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
creators (oblique plural)
creators (nominative singular)
creator (nominative plural)


porc

porc oblique singular, m (oblique plural pors, nominative singular pors, nominative plural porc)

porc oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
pors (oblique plural)
pors (nominative singular)
porc (nominative plural)

Middle French: porc
French: porc

Norman: por

desctree

→ Middle English: pork, porc, porke
English: pork
Scots: pork, porc, porck

il ne doit mengier […] chair de porc

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), page 180 of this essay:

he must not eat […] pork (literally, the flesh of a pig)


foil

fro-noun

foil oblique singular, m (oblique plural fouz or foilz, nominative singular fouz or foilz, nominative plural foil)

foil oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fouz (oblique plural)
foilz (oblique plural)
fouz (nominative singular)
foilz (nominative singular)
foil (nominative plural)

From Latin folium. Compare fueille, from the plural of folium, folia.

leaf (green appendage of a plant which photosynthesizes)


tabor

tabor oblique singular, m (oblique plural tabors, nominative singular tabors, nominative plural tabor)

tabor oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tabors (oblique plural)
tabors (nominative singular)
tabor (nominative plural)

From Arabic طُنْبُور (ṭunbūr) or Persian طبل (“drum”), related to Armenian տաւիղ (tawiġ), English tabla and tambour.


pustule

pustule oblique singular, f (oblique plural pustules, nominative singular pustule, nominative plural pustules)

pustule oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pustules (oblique plural)
pustule (nominative singular)
pustules (nominative plural)

English: pustule

French: pustule


place

place oblique singular, f (oblique plural places, nominative singular place, nominative plural places)

place oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
places (oblique plural)
place (nominative singular)
places (nominative plural)

French: place

Haitian Creole: laplas (with definite article la)

→ English: laplas

Norman: plache (through Old Northern French plache)

Walloon: plaece

→ Irish: plás (through Anglo-Norman)

desctree

→ Middle Dutch: plaetse
Dutch: plaats (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: plaotsj, plaatsj
→ West Frisian: pleats

→ Middle High German: plaz

German: Platz (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: Plaz

→ Middle Low German: platse, platze

→ Old Norse: plaz

Danish: plads

Faroese: pláss

Norwegian: plass

Old Swedish: platz

Swedish: plats

→ Middle English: place, plaace, plache, plas, plasce, plase, plasse (conflated with Old English plæċe)
English: place (dialectal pleace)
Pijin: ples
Tok Pisin: ples
Scots: place, pleece

→ Moroccan Arabic: بلاصة (blaṣa)

→ Welsh: plas


pere

fro-noun

pere oblique singular, m (oblique plural peres, nominative singular pere, nominative plural pere)

pere oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
peres (oblique plural)
pere (nominative singular)
pere (nominative plural)

From earlier pedre, from Latin pater, patrem.


poulet

poulet oblique singular, m (nominative singular poulez or pouletz)

poulet oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
poulez (nominative singular)
pouletz (nominative singular)

Anglo-Norman: pullet

→ Middle English: pulet; pult, pulte

English: pullet; poult

Scots: pout

desctree

French: poulet
→ Switzerland German: Poulet

⇒ Old French: pouleterie

Walloon: poytreye

→ Middle English: pultrie
English: poultry
Scots: pootry, poutrie
Yola: pultry

⇒ Old French: pouletier
→ Middle English: pulter
English: poulter, poulterer

Norman: poulet

Walloon: poyete


cure

fro-noun

cure oblique singular, f (oblique plural cures, nominative singular cure, nominative plural cures)

cure oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
cures (oblique plural)
cure (nominative singular)
cures (nominative plural)

→ Middle Dutch: cure

Dutch: kuur

→ Middle English: cure

English: cure

Middle French: cure

French: cure


burel

burel oblique singular, m (oblique plural bureaus or bureax or buriaus or buriax or burels, nominative singular bureaus or bureax or buriaus or buriax or burels, nominative plural burel)

burel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
bureaus (oblique plural)
bureax (oblique plural)
buriaus (oblique plural)
buriax (oblique plural)
burels (oblique plural)
bureaus (nominative singular)
bureax (nominative singular)
buriaus (nominative singular)
buriax (nominative singular)
burels (nominative singular)
burel (nominative plural)

French: bureau

→ English: bureau

desc

→ Middle English: burel, borel, borell, burell

English: borrel, burel, burrel

Scots: borrell

→ Galician: burel

→ Spanish: buriel

Diminutive of *bure (compare Middle French bure (“coarse woolen cloth”), French bourre (“hair, fluff”)), from Late Latin burra (“wool, fluff, shaggy cloth, coarse fabric”).


jazerant

fro-noun

jazerant oblique singular, m (oblique plural jazeranz or jazerantz, nominative singular jazeranz or jazerantz, nominative plural jazerant)

jazerant oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
jazeranz (oblique plural)
jazerantz (oblique plural)
jazeranz (nominative singular)
jazerantz (nominative singular)
jazerant (nominative plural)

Old Occitan jazerenc, from Arabic جَزَائِرِيّ (jazāʔiriyy, “Algerian, of Algiers”), derived from الجَزَائِر (al-jazāʔir, “Algiers; Algeria”).


armour

fro-noun

armour oblique singular, f (oblique plural armours, nominative singular armour, nominative plural armours)

armour oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
armours (oblique plural)
armour (nominative singular)
armours (nominative plural)
late (Anglo-Norman)

De rochez et chemyses cover ses armours


autor

autor oblique singular, m (oblique plural autors, nominative singular autors, nominative plural autor)

autor oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
autors (oblique plural)
autors (nominative singular)
autor (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: autheur, aucteur, auctour, auteur, autteur
French: auteur (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle English: auctour, auctor, autor, autour, author, auther
English: author
Scots: author


poitrinal

fro-noun

poitrinal oblique singular, m (oblique plural poitrinaus or poitrinax or poitrinals, nominative singular poitrinaus or poitrinax or poitrinals, nominative plural poitrinal)

poitrinal oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
poitrinaus (oblique plural)
poitrinax (oblique plural)
poitrinals (oblique plural)
poitrinaus (nominative singular)
poitrinax (nominative singular)
poitrinals (nominative singular)
poitrinal (nominative plural)

chest (the area between the neck and the belly)


lundi

lundi oblique singular, m (oblique plural lundis, nominative singular lundis, nominative plural lundi)

lundi oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
lundis (oblique plural)
lundis (nominative singular)
lundi (nominative plural)

Gallo: lundi

desctree

French: lundi
Saint Dominican Creole French: lindy
Haitian Creole: lendi
Louisiana Creole: lundi, lindi
Mauritian Creole: lindi

Norman:

Continental: leundi

Guernsey: lundi, làndi

Jersey: Lundi

Sark: lũdi

Walloon: londi

From Latin *Lūnae diēs, variant of diēs Lūnae (“day of the moon”).


grave

fro-noun

grave oblique singular, f (oblique plural graves, nominative singular grave, nominative plural graves)

grave oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
graves (oblique plural)
grave (nominative singular)
graves (nominative plural)

Middle French: grave

French: grave

→ Norwegian Bokmål: grave

desctree

⇒ Old French: gravele
Middle French: gravelle, gravele
→ Middle English: grauel
English: gravel

Medieval Latin grava, from Gaulish *grawa, *growa, from Proto-Celtic *grāwā, related to Cornish grow (“gravel”), Breton grouan, and Welsh gro (“gravel”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰr-eu-d-.


col

fro-noun

col oblique singular, m (oblique plural cous or cox or cols, nominative singular cous or cox or cols, nominative plural col)

col oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cous (oblique plural)
cox (oblique plural)
cols (oblique plural)
cous (nominative singular)
cox (nominative singular)
cols (nominative singular)
col (nominative plural)

Middle French: col
French: cou, col

Norman: co

Walloon: cô

Inherited from Latin collum. Cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese colo and Old Spanish cuello.


malle

malle oblique singular, f (oblique plural malles, nominative singular malle, nominative plural malles)

malle oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
malles (oblique plural)
malle (nominative singular)
malles (nominative plural)

Of Germanic origin, probably from Frankish *malhu (“leather bag”).


connexion

connexion oblique singular, f (oblique plural connexions, nominative singular connexion, nominative plural connexions)

connexion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
connexions (oblique plural)
connexion (nominative singular)
connexions (nominative plural)


glaive

glaive oblique singular, m or f (oblique plural glaives, nominative singular glaives, nominative plural glaive)

glaive oblique singular or (canonical feminine masculine)
glaives (oblique plural)
glaives (nominative singular)
glaive (nominative plural)

French: glaive

→ Middle Dutch: glavie, glaye

→ Old Norse: glefia

→ Middle Low German: glave

→ Old Swedish: glaven

Swedish: glav

→ Old Danish: glawen

Danish: glavind

desctree

→ Middle English: gleyve, cleyve, glaive, glayfe, glayffe, glayve, gleve, gleywe, glyve
English: glaive
Scots: glaive

→ Middle High German: gleve

→ Old Catalan: glavi

From Late Latin glavus, representing a hybrid of gladius and clāva (“club”). Alternatively, from an original *glede (from Latin gladius) with influence from Gaulish gladebo (“sword”). Both terms are ultimately from Proto-Celtic *kladiwos (“sword”). Alternatively, the d in *glede that had come to be pronounced as /ð/ in Old French may have been fronted to /v/ (perhaps influenced by the Gaulish word). Gender was variable in the oldest texts.

Son glaive i a li Dus lessié


wast

fro-noun

wast oblique singular, m (oblique plural waz or watz, nominative singular waz or watz, nominative plural wast)

wast oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
waz (oblique plural)
watz (oblique plural)
waz (nominative singular)
watz (nominative singular)
wast (nominative plural)


bever

bever oblique singular, m (oblique plural bevers, nominative singular bevers, nominative plural bever)

bever oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
bevers (oblique plural)
bevers (nominative singular)
bever (nominative plural)

Of Germanic origin, from Frankish *bebru. More at English beaver.


suggestion

suggestion oblique singular, f (oblique plural suggestions, nominative singular suggestion, nominative plural suggestions)

suggestion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
suggestions (oblique plural)
suggestion (nominative singular)
suggestions (nominative plural)


curt

curt oblique singular, f (oblique plural curz or curtz, nominative singular curt, nominative plural curz or curtz)

curt oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
curz (oblique plural)
curtz (oblique plural)
curt (nominative singular)
curz (nominative plural)
curtz (nominative plural)


Norman

Norman oblique singular, m (oblique plural Normans, nominative singular Normans, nominative plural Norman)

Norman oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
Normans (oblique plural)
Normans (nominative singular)
Norman (nominative plural)


lesion

lesion oblique singular, f (oblique plural lesions, nominative singular lesion, nominative plural lesions)

lesion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
lesions (oblique plural)
lesion (nominative singular)
lesions (nominative plural)


presentation

presentation oblique singular, f (oblique plural presentations, nominative singular presentation, nominative plural presentations)

presentation oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
presentations (oblique plural)
presentation (nominative singular)
presentations (nominative plural)

→ English: presentation

French: présentation

presentation (act of presenting something or someone)


leu

leu oblique singular, m (oblique plural leus, nominative singular leus, nominative plural leu)

leu oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
leus (oblique plural)
leus (nominative singular)
leu (nominative plural)

Middle French: leu

⇒ French: à la queue leu leu

desctree

⇒ Middle French: loup
French: loup
Haitian Creole: lou
⇒ Mauritian Creole: lulu
⇒ Seychellois Creole: loulou
→ English: loo; Loup


leu

Se vos alez par autre leu

c. 1180, Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot ou le Chevalier de la charrette:

si come li sires qui vuet en petit leu amasser choses de grandisme vaillance […] por acroistre son pooir […] i met il les plus chieres choses et les plus precieux joiaus que il puet, selonc sa bone entencion, tout autressi est li cors de cest livre compilez de sapience

1260–1267, Brunetto Latini, “Cist premiers livres parole de la naissance de toutes choses [This first book talks about the birth of all things]” (chapter 1), Livre I - Premiere partie, in Livres dou Tresor [Book of Treasures]; republished as Polycarpe Chabaille, compiler, Li livres dou tresor par Brunetto Latini, Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1863, page 1:

Just like the lord, who wants to accumulate very valuable things in a tiny place […] in order to increase his power, […] puts there—according to his good intention—the dearest things and the most precious jewels he can, so the body of this book is filled with knowledge


mazer

fro-noun

mazer oblique singular, m (oblique plural mazers, nominative singular mazers, nominative plural mazer)

mazer oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
mazers (oblique plural)
mazers (nominative singular)
mazer (nominative plural)

Middle French: madre

French: madre

⇒ Middle French: madré

French: madré

desc

→ Middle English: maser, masere, mazer, mazar

English: mazer (obsolete, archaic)

⇒ Old French: mazerin, mazelin, madelin, maderin

Middle French: mazerin, mazarin, madre

French: mazerin, mazarin, madre

→ Middle English: maselin, maseline, maselyn

→ Middle English: mazerin, mazarin

English: mazerin

→ Medieval Latin: mazerinus, maserinus, mazelinus, maderinus

Borrowed from Frankish *masur (“maple”).

large drinking bowl made maple; mazer bowl


serf

fro-noun

serf oblique singular, m (oblique plural sers, nominative singular sers, nominative plural serf)

serf oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sers (oblique plural)
sers (nominative singular)
serf (nominative plural)

Middle French: serf

French: serf

→ English: serf


prison

prison oblique singular, f (oblique plural prisons, nominative singular prison, nominative plural prisons)

prison oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
prisons (oblique plural)
prison (nominative singular)
prisons (nominative plural)

From Latin prehensiō, prehensiōnem, from prehendō.

Por vos sui en prison mis
dans ce celier sousterin

For you, I have been put in this prison
in this underground cellar


prison

prison oblique singular, m (oblique plural prisons, nominative singular prisons, nominative plural prison)

prison oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
prisons (oblique plural)
prisons (nominative singular)
prison (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: prisoun

English: prison

Scots: preeson

French: prison

Norman: prison (Jersey)


justice

justice oblique singular, f (oblique plural justices, nominative singular justice, nominative plural justices)

justice oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
justices (oblique plural)
justice (nominative singular)
justices (nominative plural)


rap

rap oblique singular, m (oblique plural ras, nominative singular ras, nominative plural rap)

rap oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ras (oblique plural)
ras (nominative singular)
rap (nominative plural)

English: rape


rap

Borrowed from Early Middle English rap, from Old English rāp.


cenobite

cenobite oblique singular, m (oblique plural cenobites, nominative singular cenobites, nominative plural cenobite)

cenobite oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cenobites (oblique plural)
cenobites (nominative singular)
cenobite (nominative plural)

→ English: cenobite

French: cénobite

cenobite (monk who lives in a religious community, rather than in solitude)


lance

lance oblique singular, f (oblique plural lances, nominative singular lance, nominative plural lances)

lance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
lances (oblique plural)
lance (nominative singular)
lances (nominative plural)

Middle French: lance

French: lance

→ Middle English: launce

English: lance

→ Middle High German: lanze

German: Lanze


lei

lei oblique singular, f (oblique plural lez, nominative singular lei, nominative plural lez)

lei oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
lez (oblique plural)
lei (nominative singular)
lez (nominative plural)

Middle French: loy

desctree

French: loi
⇒ Haitian Creole: lalwa
→ Moore: laloa

Norman: louai


joint

fro-noun

joint oblique singular, m (oblique plural joinz or jointz, nominative singular joinz or jointz, nominative plural joint)

joint oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
joinz (oblique plural)
jointz (oblique plural)
joinz (nominative singular)
jointz (nominative singular)
joint (nominative plural)

Middle French: joint

French: joint

desctree

Middle English: joynt, jointe, jount, goint, geynte
English: joint
Yola: geint, gent, jent, jeint
→ Irish: siúnta

Past participle of joindre, corresponding to Latin iūnctus.

join; place where two elements are joined together


primer

fro-noun

primer oblique singular, m (oblique plural primers, nominative singular primers, nominative plural primer)

primer oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
primers (oblique plural)
primers (nominative singular)
primer (nominative plural)


pastor

pastor oblique singular, m (oblique plural pastors, nominative singular pastre, nominative plural pastor)

pastor oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
pastors (oblique plural)
pastre (nominative singular)
pastor (nominative plural)

French: pasteur

Norman: pâteu'

→ Middle English: pastour

English: pastor

Borrowed from Latin pāstor, pāstōrem. Compare the inherited doublet pastre.


inhabitant

inhabitant oblique singular, m (oblique plural inhabitanz or inhabitantz, nominative singular inhabitanz or inhabitantz, nominative plural inhabitant)

inhabitant oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
inhabitanz (oblique plural)
inhabitantz (oblique plural)
inhabitanz (nominative singular)
inhabitantz (nominative singular)
inhabitant (nominative plural)

→ English: inhabitant


demesne

demesne oblique singular, m (oblique plural demesnes, nominative singular demesnes, nominative plural demesne)

demesne oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
demesnes (oblique plural)
demesnes (nominative singular)
demesne (nominative plural)


pic

pic oblique singular, m (oblique plural pis, nominative singular pis, nominative plural pic)

pic oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
pis (oblique plural)
pis (nominative singular)
pic (nominative plural)

Middle French: pic

French: pic

From Vulgar Latin *piccus (“sharp point”).


rage

rage oblique singular, f (oblique plural rages, nominative singular rage, nominative plural rages)

rage oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
rages (oblique plural)
rage (nominative singular)
rages (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: raige, reige

Franc-Comtois: raidge

desctree

Middle French: rage, raige (uncommon)
French: rage
→ German: Rage

Gallo: raij

Lorrain: rèdje, rêge

Norman: rage

Picard: råjhe

Poitevin-Saintongeais: rajhe

Walloon: raedje

→ Middle English: rage

English: rage

Scots: rage

→ Sicilian: raggia

From Late Latin rabia, from Classical Latin rabiēs.


complexion

fro-noun

complexion oblique singular, f (oblique plural complexions, nominative singular complexion, nominative plural complexions)

complexion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
complexions (oblique plural)
complexion (nominative singular)
complexions (nominative plural)

First known attestation circa 1120, a learned borrowing from Latin complexiō.

(medicine) complexion (combination of humours making up one's physiological "temperament")


peril

peril oblique singular, m (oblique plural periz or perilz, nominative singular periz or perilz, nominative plural peril)

peril oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
periz (oblique plural)
perilz (oblique plural)
periz (nominative singular)
perilz (nominative singular)
peril (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: peril

English: peril

Scots: peril

French: péril

Norman: péthi (Jersey)


barre

barre oblique singular, f (oblique plural barres, nominative singular barre, nominative plural barres)

barre oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
barres (oblique plural)
barre (nominative singular)
barres (nominative plural)

Middle French: barre

desctree

French: barre
→ English: barre
→ Romanian: bară
→ Vietnamese: ba-rê

→ Middle English: barre, barr, bar, bare
English: bar (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Yola: baaree, baree

Elle a l'us clos et fermet a la barre.

12ᵗʰ Century, Unknown, Raoul de Cambrai:

She shut the door and closed it using the bar

bar (solid, more or less rigid object with a uniform cross-section smaller than its length)


aloe

fro-noun

aloe oblique singular, f (oblique plural aloes, nominative singular aloe, nominative plural aloes)

aloe oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
aloes (oblique plural)
aloe (nominative singular)
aloes (nominative plural)

Middle French: aloe


ewer

ewer oblique singular, m (oblique plural ewers, nominative singular ewers, nominative plural ewer)

ewer oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ewers (oblique plural)
ewers (nominative singular)
ewer (nominative plural)

desctree

French: évier
Haitian Creole: evye
→ Ido: eviero
→ Turkish: eviye

→ Middle English: ewer, euer, ewear, ewere, hewer, owere
English: ewer

ewe + -er, from Latin aquārium, or from an unattested Vulgar Latin *aquāria, from Latin aquārius, from aqua.


gorge

fro-noun

gorge oblique singular, f (oblique plural gorges, nominative singular gorge, nominative plural gorges)

gorge oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
gorges (oblique plural)
gorge (nominative singular)
gorges (nominative plural)

desctree

French: gorge
→ Catalan: gorja
→ Italian: gorgia
→ Portuguese: gorja
→ Spanish: gorja

→ Galician: gorxa

From Late Latin gurga, related to Latin gurges (“eddy, whirlpool; gulf; sea”).


brant

fro-noun

brant oblique singular, m (oblique plural branz or brantz, nominative singular branz or brantz, nominative plural brant)

brant oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
branz (oblique plural)
brantz (oblique plural)
branz (nominative singular)
brantz (nominative singular)
brant (nominative plural)


cerise

cerise oblique singular, f (oblique plural cerises, nominative singular cerise, nominative plural cerises)

cerise oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
cerises (oblique plural)
cerise (nominative singular)
cerises (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: cerize

Champenois: cerège

French: cerise (see there for further descendants)

Norman: chérise (Jersey)

Picard: chrisse

Walloon: ceréjhe

→ Middle English: cheri (see there for further descendants)

From Vulgar Latin ceresia, from the neuter plural of Late Latin ceresium, from Latin cerasium, from Ancient Greek κεράσιον (kerásion, “cherry”), from κερασός (kerasós, “bird cherry”), ultimately possibly of Anatolian origin.


alum

fro-noun

alum oblique singular, m (oblique plural aluns, nominative singular aluns, nominative plural alum)

alum oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
aluns (oblique plural)
aluns (nominative singular)
alum (nominative plural)

French: alun

desctree

→ Middle English: alym, alyme, alum, alume, alumme, alom, alome
English: alum
Scots: aum, awm, alm

→ Old High German: alūne

Middle High German: alūn

German: Alaun


meson

fro-noun

meson oblique singular, f (oblique plural mesons, nominative singular meson, nominative plural mesons)

meson oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
mesons (oblique plural)
meson (nominative singular)
mesons (nominative plural)

French: maison

From Latin mansiō, mansiōnem (“abode, home, dwelling”).


marc

marc oblique singular, m (oblique plural mars, nominative singular mars, nominative plural marc)

marc oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
mars (oblique plural)
mars (nominative singular)
marc (nominative plural)

Middle French: marc

French: marc

From Early Medieval Latin marcus, itself borrowed from Frankish *mark, from Proto-Germanic *marką (“mark, sign, stamp”), from Proto-Indo-European *marǵ- (“edge, border”).

der

Qui plus de çant mars d'arjant vaut

Which is worth more than 100 marks of silver


gage

fro-noun

gage oblique singular, m (oblique plural gages, nominative singular gages, nominative plural gage)

gage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
gages (oblique plural)
gages (nominative singular)
gage (nominative plural)

Middle French: gage

French: gage

→ Middle English: gage

English: gage

⇒ Old French: gager, gagier, guagier

Middle French: guagier, gager

French: gager

→ Middle English: gagen

English: gage

⇒ Old French: gageure

French: gageure, gageüre

→ Piedmontese: gagi

« Garz, fet il, ça leiroiz le gage
de mon seignor que tu as mort [»]

"Boy" said he "this will be payback
for my lord that you killed."


gouge

gouge oblique singular, f (oblique plural gouges, nominative singular gouge, nominative plural gouges)

gouge oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
gouges (oblique plural)
gouge (nominative singular)
gouges (nominative plural)

English: gouge

French: gouge

From Late Latin gubia, from Latin gulbia.


cue

cue oblique singular, f (oblique plural cues, nominative singular cue, nominative plural cues)

cue oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
cues (oblique plural)
cue (nominative singular)
cues (nominative plural)

Champenois: coue

Middle French: queu, cueue

French: queue

English: queue, cue (partly through Anglo-Norman)

From Vulgar Latin cōda, from Latin cauda.


lien

lien oblique singular, m (oblique plural liens, nominative singular liens, nominative plural lien)

lien oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
liens (oblique plural)
liens (nominative singular)
lien (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: lien, lyen
French: lien
→ Middle English: lien
English: lien

Brenguain, ore alez pur le chen,
amenez k'od tut le lïen

late 12th century, anonymous author, “La Folie de Tristan d'Oxford”, in Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 408, lines 901–2:

Brangain, go get the dog,
bring it with its leash

lïen

diareses not universally used in transcriptions of Old French


dance

fro-noun

dance oblique singular, f (oblique plural dances, nominative singular dance, nominative plural dances)

dance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
dances (oblique plural)
dance (nominative singular)
dances (nominative plural)

Baules et queroles et dance


lac

lac oblique singular, m (oblique plural las, nominative singular las, nominative plural lac)

lac oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
las (oblique plural)
las (nominative singular)
lac (nominative plural)

Middle French: lac

→ Middle English: lac

French: lac

Norman: lac (Jersey)

Generally assumed to be a borrowing of Latin lacus (“basin, tank, tub, reservoir, pond”), displacing the native Old French lai (“pit, grave, trench, mere, pond”), inherited from the same Latin term, by the early 13th century. Latin lacus derives from Proto-Italic *lakus, from Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“lake, pool”),
The displacement of Old French lai may have been assisted by influence from early Middle English lac, lace (“lake, pond, pool", also "pit, ditch, trench”), from Old English lacu (“pool, pond, lake”), due to lac's sudden spread in Old French following the annexation of English controlled Normandy into the kingdom of France in 1204. An outright borrowing of the term from Middle English rather than from the Latin is also not outside the realm of possibility, as the earliest attestations of Old French lac are in the Eadwine Psalter (written by Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman scribes in England) and Erec and Enide (an Arthurian romance, whose author was heavily influenced by English, Anglo-Norman, and Celtic writings).
The Old Occitan lac, laz, latz (“snare, noose", also "pit, hole”), which some theorise as leading to the Old French form (with c), is actually derived from a different Latin root related to Old French laz (“snare, noose, lace”), and possibly conflated with Old High German lacha (“ditch, trench, pool”). See Italian lacca (“hole, pit”).


contention

fro-noun

contention oblique singular, f (oblique plural contentions, nominative singular contention, nominative plural contentions)

contention oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
contentions (oblique plural)
contention (nominative singular)
contentions (nominative plural)

English: contention

French: contention

Borrowed from Latin contentio, contentionem. Cf. the inherited form contençon, and see also tençon.


loge

loge oblique singular, f (oblique plural loges, nominative singular loge, nominative plural loges)

loge oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
loges (oblique plural)
loge (nominative singular)
loges (nominative plural)


nape

nape oblique singular, f (oblique plural napes, nominative singular nape, nominative plural napes)

nape oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
napes (oblique plural)
nape (nominative singular)
napes (nominative plural)

English: nape, napkin

French: nappe

Tables mises, et napes sus

Tables were laid, with table cloths on them


pois

pois oblique singular, m (oblique plural pois, nominative singular pois, nominative plural pois)

pois oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
pois (oblique plural)
pois (nominative singular)
pois (nominative plural)

Middle French: poix

French: poids

From earlier peis, from Vulgar Latin *pēsum, from Latin pēnsum.


pois

French: pois

Norman: peis


dilation

dilation oblique singular, f (oblique plural dilations, nominative singular dilation, nominative plural dilations)

dilation oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
dilations (oblique plural)
dilation (nominative singular)
dilations (nominative plural)

dissemination; spreading (of rumors, stories, etc.)


dilatation

dilatation oblique singular, f (oblique plural dilatations, nominative singular dilatation, nominative plural dilatations)

dilatation oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
dilatations (oblique plural)
dilatation (nominative singular)
dilatations (nominative plural)

→ English: dilatation

Middle French: dilatation

French: dilatation

Coined circa 1320 in Chirurgie by Henri de Mondeville from Late Latin dīlātātio.