abit

fro-noun

abit oblique singular, m (oblique plural abiz or abitz, nominative singular abiz or abitz, nominative plural abit)

abit oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
abiz (oblique plural)
abitz (oblique plural)
abiz (nominative singular)
abitz (nominative singular)
abit (nominative plural)

French: habit
→ German: Habit

→ Middle Dutch: habijt

desctree

Dutch: habijt
Afrikaans: habyt
→ Papiamentu: habeit

→ Middle English: abit, habit

English: habit

Scots: haibit


chien

fro-noun

chien oblique singular, m (oblique plural chiens, nominative singular chiens, nominative plural chien)

chien oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chiens (oblique plural)
chiens (nominative singular)
chien (nominative plural)

Middle French: chien

French: chien

Angevin: chin

Bourguignon: chein

Norman: quien

Picard: tchien, kien, quien

Walloon: tchén


abusion

abusion oblique singular, f (oblique plural abusions, nominative singular abusion, nominative plural abusions)

abusion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
abusions (oblique plural)
abusion (nominative singular)
abusions (nominative plural)

Tu dis si grant abusion
Que nus ne la porroit descrire[.]

c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci encoumence la desputizons dou croisie et dou descroisie.:

You say such lies
That no-one could describe them


jeudi

jeudi oblique singular, m (oblique plural jeudis, nominative singular jeudis, nominative plural jeudi)

jeudi oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
jeudis (oblique plural)
jeudis (nominative singular)
jeudi (nominative plural)

French: jeudi

Norman: jeudi

Walloon: djudi

From Latin Jovis diēs or Iovis diēs, variant of diēs Iovis.


livre

livre oblique singular, m (oblique plural livres, nominative singular livres, nominative plural livre)

livre oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
livres (oblique plural)
livres (nominative singular)
livre (nominative plural)

Middle French: livre

French: livre

Norman: livre

Semi-learned borrowing from Latin liber, librum.

slbor

si come li sires qui vuet en petit leu amasser choses de grandisme vaillance […] por acroistre son pooir […] i met il les plus chieres choses et les plus precieux joiaus que il puet, selonc sa bone entencion, tout autressi est li cors de cest livre compilez de sapience

1260–1267, Brunetto Latini, “Cist premiers livres parole de la naissance de toutes choses [This first book talks about the birth of all things]” (chapter 1), Livre I - Premiere partie [First book - First part], in Livres dou Tresor [Book of the treasure]; republished as Polycarpe Chabaille, compiler, Li livres dou tresor par Brunetto Latini, Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1863, page 1:

Just like the lord, who wishes to accumulate very valuable things in a tiny place […] in order to increase his power, […] puts there—according to his good intention—the dearest things and the most precious jewels he can, so the body of this book is filled with knowledge

book (collection of sheets of paper in a specific order)


livre

fro-noun

livre oblique singular, f (oblique plural livres, nominative singular livre, nominative plural livres)

livre oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
livres (oblique plural)
livre (nominative singular)
livres (nominative plural)

→ English: livre

Middle French: livre

French: livre

livre (medieval French equivalent of a monetary pound)


noun

noun oblique singular, m (oblique plural nouns, nominative singular nouns, nominative plural noun)

noun oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
nouns (oblique plural)
nouns (nominative singular)
noun (nominative plural)


parole

parole oblique singular, f (oblique plural paroles, nominative singular parole, nominative plural paroles)

parole oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
paroles (oblique plural)
parole (nominative singular)
paroles (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: parole
French: parole
→ Haitian Creole: pawòl
→ Romanian: parolă
→ Russian: пароль (parolʹ)
→ Eastern Mari: пароль (paroĺ)
→ English: parole

Walloon: parole

From Vulgar Latin *paraula, from Late Latin, from Latin parabola (“comparison; later, speech”), from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ).

inh

A ceste parole a grant bruit

(by extension, figuratively) the right to speak


servant

fro-noun

servant oblique singular, m (oblique plural servanz or servantz, nominative singular servanz or servantz, nominative plural servant)

servant oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
servanz (oblique plural)
servantz (oblique plural)
servanz (nominative singular)
servantz (nominative singular)
servant (nominative plural)

French: servant

desctree

→ Middle English: servaunt
English: servant (dialectal sarvant)
Scots: servant, sairvant, servan


langue

fro-noun

langue oblique singular, f (oblique plural langues, nominative singular langue, nominative plural langues)

langue oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
langues (oblique plural)
langue (nominative singular)
langues (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: langue
French: langue (see there for further descendants)

Norman: laungue

Picard: lingue

Walloon: linwe


inflation

fro-noun

inflation oblique singular, f (oblique plural inflations, nominative singular inflation, nominative plural inflations)

inflation oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
inflations (oblique plural)
inflation (nominative singular)
inflations (nominative plural)

→ English: inflation

French: inflation


minute

minute oblique singular, f (oblique plural minutes, nominative singular minute, nominative plural minutes)

minute oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
minutes (oblique plural)
minute (nominative singular)
minutes (nominative plural)

Middle French: minute

desctree

French: minute
→ Farefare: miniti
Haitian Creole: minit
→ Romanian: minut

→ Dutch: minuut
Afrikaans: minuut
→ Caribbean Javanese: menit
→ Papiamentu: minit, minüt, minuut
→ Trió: minut

Norman: minnute

Walloon: munute

→ Central Franconian: Menutt, Minutt

→ German: Minute, Minut
→ Czech: minuta
→ Estonian: minut

→ Lower Sorbian: minuta

→ Luxembourgish: Minutt

→ Middle English: mynute, minute, mynut, mynet, minut
English: minute
Tok Pisin: minit
Scots: meenit


fable

fro-noun

fable oblique singular, f (oblique plural fables, nominative singular fable, nominative plural fables)

fable oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
fables (oblique plural)
fable (nominative singular)
fables (nominative plural)

Middle French: fable

French: fable

→ Middle Dutch: fabele

desctree

Dutch: fabel
Afrikaans: fabel
→ Indonesian: fabel
→ Papiamentu: fabel (dated)
→ West Frisian: fabel

→ Middle English: fable

English: fable

→ Middle High German: fabele

German: Fabel

Ne vos wel faire longue fable

c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci encoumence la lections d'ypocrisie et d'umilité:


wage

fro-noun

wage oblique singular, f (oblique plural wages, nominative singular wage, nominative plural wages)

wage oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
wages (oblique plural)
wage (nominative singular)
wages (nominative plural)


wage

wage oblique singular, m (oblique plural wages, nominative singular wages, nominative plural wage)

wage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
wages (oblique plural)
wages (nominative singular)
wage (nominative plural)

(Old Northern French) Alternative form of gage


quarter

quarter oblique singular, m (oblique plural quarters, nominative singular quarters, nominative plural quarter)

quarter oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
quarters (oblique plural)
quarters (nominative singular)
quarter (nominative plural)

(chiefly Anglo-Norman) quarter (one fourth)


alien

alien oblique singular, m (oblique plural aliens, nominative singular aliens, nominative plural alien)

alien oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
aliens (oblique plural)
aliens (nominative singular)
alien (nominative plural)
aliens (masculine singular subjective)
aliene (feminine singular subjective)
alien (masculine oblique singular)
aliene (feminine oblique singular)
alien (masculine plural subjective)
alienes (feminine plural subjective)
aliens (masculine oblique plural)
alienes (feminine oblique plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: alien, alyon, alean, alyen, aliand, aliaund, aliant, alyant
English: alien
Scots: alien, awlien


ami

fro-noun

ami oblique singular, m (oblique plural amis, nominative singular amis, nominative plural ami)

ami oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
amis (oblique plural)
amis (nominative singular)
ami (nominative plural)

Champenois: amin, anmin (Possesse)

desctree

Middle French: amy, ami
French: ami
Haitian Creole: zanmi
→⇒ Polish: amikoszoneria

Norman: amin

amic

La Vie de Saint Alexis, 11th century manuscripts


mars

fro-noun

mars oblique singular, m (oblique plural mars, nominative singular mars, nominative plural mars)

mars oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
mars (oblique plural)
mars (nominative singular)
mars (nominative plural)

Anglo-Norman: marche

desctree

→ Middle English: March, Marche, Mersh, Mearch, Marz, Mars, Marce
English: March (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Mairch

Middle French: mars

French: mars
Haitian Creole: mas
→ Iranian Persian: مارس (mârs)
→ South Azerbaijani: مارس (mars)
→ Tunisian Arabic: مارس (mārs)

Norman: mar, mâr

Walloon: måss


pie

fro-noun

pie oblique singular, f (oblique plural pies, nominative singular pie, nominative plural pies)

pie oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pies (oblique plural)
pie (nominative singular)
pies (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: pye

English: pie (archaic), magpie

→ Welsh: piod pl, pioden sg

French: pie

Norman: pie (Jersey)


abstinence

abstinence oblique singular, f (oblique plural abstinences, nominative singular abstinence, nominative plural abstinences)

abstinence oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
abstinences (oblique plural)
abstinence (nominative singular)
abstinences (nominative plural)

Middle English: abstinence

English: abstinence

Middle French: abstinence

French: abstinence

Borrowed from Latin abstinentia, at least in this form (some of the variants may only be semi-learned); later modified to bring it in line with the Latin etymon.

abstinence (act or practice of abstaining)


point

point oblique singular, m (oblique plural poinz or pointz, nominative singular poinz or pointz, nominative plural point)

point oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
poinz (oblique plural)
pointz (oblique plural)
poinz (nominative singular)
pointz (nominative singular)
point (nominative plural)


os

os oblique singular, m (oblique plural os, nominative singular os, nominative plural os)

os oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
os (oblique plural)
os (nominative singular)
os (nominative plural)

Middle French: os
French: os

From Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.


religion

religion oblique singular, f (oblique plural religions, nominative singular religion, nominative plural religions)

religion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
religions (oblique plural)
religion (nominative singular)
religions (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: religioun
English: religion
Scots: releegion

French: religion

Norman: r'ligion

→ Middle Dutch: religie

Dutch: religie
→ Indonesian: religi


port

fro-noun

port oblique singular, m (oblique plural porz or portz, nominative singular porz or portz, nominative plural port)

port oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
porz (oblique plural)
portz (oblique plural)
porz (nominative singular)
portz (nominative singular)
port (nominative plural)

French: port
→ Romanian: port

Norman: port

→ Middle High German: port

German: Port
→ Russian: порт (port)

As porz d'Espaigne en est passet Rollant

c. 1150, Turoldus, La Chanson de Roland:


summer

summer oblique singular, m (oblique plural summers, nominative singular summers, nominative plural summer)

summer oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
summers (oblique plural)
summers (nominative singular)
summer (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: sumer

desc

English: summer (“pack horse; horizontal beam”)

From Late Latin saumarius, sagmarius, from Latin sagma.


tigre

fro-noun

tigre oblique singular, m (oblique plural tigres, nominative singular tigres, nominative plural tigre)

tigre oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tigres (oblique plural)
tigres (nominative singular)
tigre (nominative plural)


tigre

tigre oblique singular, f (oblique plural tigres, nominative singular tigre, nominative plural tigres)

tigre oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
tigres (oblique plural)
tigre (nominative singular)
tigres (nominative plural)


language

language oblique singular, f (oblique plural languages, nominative singular language, nominative plural languages)

language oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
languages (oblique plural)
language (nominative singular)
languages (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: langaige

desctree

Middle French: language
French: langage
Haitian Creole: langaj
→ English: langaj
Mauritian Creole: langaz
Louisiana Creole: langaj
→ Romanian: limbaj (partial calque)

→ Middle English: langage, language, langag, langwache
English: language

→ Friulian: lengaç

→ Ladin: lingaz

→ Medieval Latin: linguāgium

→ Romansch: linguatg

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *linguāticum. Attested in the Passion. Derivable from langue + -age.


cat

fro-noun

cat oblique singular, m (oblique plural caz or catz, nominative singular caz or catz, nominative plural cat)

cat oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
caz (oblique plural)
catz (oblique plural)
caz (nominative singular)
catz (nominative singular)
cat (nominative plural)

(Picardy, Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of chat


market

market oblique singular, m (oblique plural markés, nominative singular markés, nominative plural market)

market oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
markés (oblique plural)
markés (nominative singular)
market (nominative plural)

(Old Northern French) market; venue where goods are bought and sold


duel

duel oblique singular, m (oblique plural dueus or duex or duels, nominative singular dueus or duex or duels, nominative plural duel)

duel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
dueus (oblique plural)
duex (oblique plural)
duels (oblique plural)
dueus (nominative singular)
duex (nominative singular)
duels (nominative singular)
duel (nominative plural)

French: deuil

Norman: deu

Probably from Late Latin dolus, from Latin dolor (“pain”), or from Vulgar Latin *dolium, from Latin cordolium (“sorrow of the heart”), from dolor.

Son plor et son duel demenant

c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:


fruit

fruit oblique singular, m (oblique plural fruiz or fruitz, nominative singular fruiz or fruitz, nominative plural fruit)

fruit oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fruiz (oblique plural)
fruitz (oblique plural)
fruiz (nominative singular)
fruitz (nominative singular)
fruit (nominative plural)

Champenois: frut

Gallo: frut

desctree

Middle French: fruict
French: fruit
Haitian Creole: fwi

Norman: frit

Picard: frut

Walloon: frut

→ Middle Dutch: fruut, froyt

Dutch: fruit

→ Middle English: fruyt, freut, fruct, fruit, frut, frute
English: fruit
Bislama: frut
Jamaican Creole: fruut
Tok Pisin: frut
→ Japanese: フルーツ (furūtsu)
Scots: fruit, frute
→ Cornish: frut

Oisiaus et veneison et fruit

c. 1170, Christian of Troyes, Érec et Énide:


latin

fro-noun

latin oblique singular, m (nominative singular latins)

latin oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
latins (nominative singular)

Middle French: latin

French: latin

S'en sui plus dolenz, Salatin,
Quar en françois ne en latin
Ne finai onques de proier

c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci commence le miracle de Théophile:

I am very sad about it, Saladin
For neither in French nor in Latin
Have I stopped praying


cane

cane oblique singular, f (oblique plural canes, nominative singular cane, nominative plural canes)

cane oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
canes (oblique plural)
cane (nominative singular)
canes (nominative plural)

French: canne

Norman: tchêne (Jersey), kyeen (Sark)

desctree

→ Middle English: cane, canne, kane, kanne
English: cane
Scots: cane


bot

fro-noun

bot oblique singular, f (oblique plural boz or botz, nominative singular bot, nominative plural boz or botz)

bot oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
boz (oblique plural)
botz (oblique plural)
bot (nominative singular)
boz (nominative plural)
botz (nominative plural)

From Vulgar Latin *padda, probably a Germanic loan from Frankish *paddā (“toad”). Compare Italian botta (“toad”), Old English padde (“toad”), Old Norse padda (“toad”). More at paddock.


bot

bot oblique singular, m (oblique plural boz or botz, nominative singular boz or botz, nominative plural bot)

bot oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
boz (oblique plural)
botz (oblique plural)
boz (nominative singular)
botz (nominative singular)
bot (nominative plural)

From boter (“to strike”), from Frankish *buttan, from *bautan (“to hit, strike”).


humor

desctree

French: humeur
→ Danish: humør
Norwegian Bokmål: humør
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: humør
→ Romanian: umoare
→ Swedish: humör

→ Middle Dutch: humuere

Dutch: humeur
Negerhollands: humeer
→ Papiamentu: himeur (dated)

→ Middle English: humour, humore, umour, humor, humur, humer
English: humour, humor (US)
→⇒ Chinese:
Cantonese: 幽默 (jau¹ mak⁶)
Mandarin: 幽默 (yōumò)
→ Danish: humor
→ Icelandic: húmor
→ Dutch: humor
→ Esperanto: humuro
→ French: humour
→ Romanian: humor, umor
→ Turkish: humor
→ German: Humor (semantic loan)
→ Polish: humor
→ Yiddish: הומאָר (humor) (probably)
→ Greek: χιούμορ (chioúmor)
→ Italian: humour
→ Japanese: ユーモア (yūmoa)
→ Korean: 유머 (yumeo)
→ Norwegian: (also via German)
Bokmål: humor
Nynorsk: humor
→ Russian: ю́мор (júmor), гу́мор (gúmor)
→ Azerbaijani: yumor
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ху̀мор
Latin script: hùmor
→ Swedish: humor (semantic loan)
Scots: humour

humor (one of four fluids that were believed to control the health and mood of the human body)


date

fro-noun

date oblique singular, f (oblique plural dates, nominative singular date, nominative plural dates)

date oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
dates (oblique plural)
date (nominative singular)
dates (nominative plural)

→ English: date

French: date

Borrowed from Late Latin data, from the feminine of Latin datus (“given”).


date

→ English: date

French: datte

Borrowed from Old Provençal datil, from Latin dactylus.


poison

poison oblique singular, f (oblique plural poisons, nominative singular poison, nominative plural poisons)

poison oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
poisons (oblique plural)
poison (nominative singular)
poisons (nominative plural)

Middle French: poison ?

French: poison m
→ Walloon: pwezon m

→ Dutch: poisoen

desctree

→ Middle English: poisoun, poison, puison, poisen, puyson, poysone, puisun
English: poison
Scots: pushion

From Latin pōtiōnem, accusative singular of pōtio f.

Thessala tranpre sa poison


poison

fro-noun

poison oblique singular, m (oblique plural poisons, nominative singular poisons, nominative plural poison)

poison oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
poisons (oblique plural)
poisons (nominative singular)
poison (nominative plural)


interjection

interjection oblique singular, f (oblique plural interjections, nominative singular interjection, nominative plural interjections)

interjection oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
interjections (oblique plural)
interjection (nominative singular)
interjections (nominative plural)

→ English: interjection

French: interjection

Borrowed from Latin interiectiō, interiectiōnem.


color

color oblique singular, f (oblique plural colors, nominative singular color, nominative plural colors)

color oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
colors (oblique plural)
color (nominative singular)
colors (nominative plural)

→ Danish: kulør

→ Dutch: kleur

Afrikaans: kleur

→ English: color, colour

French: couleur

Norman: couleu (Jersey), couleur (Guernsey), couoleu (continental Normandy)

→ Swedish: kulör

Inherited from Latin color, colōrem (“color or colour”).


nature

fro-noun

nature oblique singular, f (oblique plural natures, nominative singular nature, nominative plural natures)

nature oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
natures (oblique plural)
nature (nominative singular)
natures (nominative plural)

Middle French: nature
French: nature

→ Middle Dutch: nature (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle English: nature (see there for further descendants)

English: nature

De cesti tesmoingne Nature,
Qu'onques si bele creature
Ne fu veüe an tot le monde.

Nature can testify
That never such a beautiful creature
Was seen in the whole world


adamant

adamant oblique singular, ? (oblique plural adamanz or adamantz, nominative singular adamant, nominative plural adamanz or adamantz)

adamant oblique singular (canonical)
adamanz (oblique plural)
adamantz (oblique plural)
adamant (nominative singular)
adamanz (nominative plural)
adamantz (nominative plural)


niece

niece oblique singular, f (oblique plural nieces, nominative singular niece, nominative plural nieces)

niece oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
nieces (oblique plural)
niece (nominative singular)
nieces (nominative plural)

French: nièce

Norman: nièche

desctree

→ Middle English: nece, nese, neece, neis, neysse
English: niece
Scots: niece

From Late Latin neptia, from Latin neptis.


general

fro-noun

general oblique singular, m (oblique plural generaus or generax or generals, nominative singular generaus or generax or generals, nominative plural general)

general oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
generaus (oblique plural)
generax (oblique plural)
generals (oblique plural)
generaus (nominative singular)
generax (nominative singular)
generals (nominative singular)
general (nominative plural)


or

or oblique singular, m (oblique plural ors, nominative singular ors, nominative plural or)

or oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ors (oblique plural)
ors (nominative singular)
or (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: or, aur (alternate Latinized spelling)
French: or
Haitian Creole: lò
→ English: or

Walloon: ôr

En bacins d'or ewe aporterent

They brought water in basins made of gold


accident

fro-noun

accident oblique singular, m (oblique plural accidenz or accidentz, nominative singular accidenz or accidentz, nominative plural accident)

accident oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
accidenz (oblique plural)
accidentz (oblique plural)
accidenz (nominative singular)
accidentz (nominative singular)
accident (nominative plural)

English: accident

French: accident


future

future oblique singular, m (oblique plural futures, nominative singular futures, nominative plural future)

future oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
futures (oblique plural)
futures (nominative singular)
future (nominative plural)


article

article oblique singular, m (oblique plural articles, nominative singular articles, nominative plural article)

article oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
articles (oblique plural)
articles (nominative singular)
article (nominative plural)

French: article

article (clause in a legal document or treaty)


angle

angle oblique singular, m (oblique plural angles, nominative singular angles, nominative plural angle)

angle oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
angles (oblique plural)
angles (nominative singular)
angle (nominative plural)

desc

Middle French: ange, angele, aingle, engle, angle, angre

French: ange
Haitian Creole: zanj

Norman: aunge

Picard: anche

Walloon: andje

desctree

→ Middle English: aungel, engel, angel, ængel, aungil, aungell, angell, angyl, angyll, angylle, awngel, enngell
English: angel (see there for further descendants)
Scots: angel, aungel

From Late Latin angelus, from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos).


rue

fro-noun

rue oblique singular, f (oblique plural rues, nominative singular rue, nominative plural rues)

rue oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
rues (oblique plural)
rue (nominative singular)
rues (nominative plural)

French: rue

→ Irish: rú

desctree

→ Middle English: rue, ruwe, rwe, rewe, reuwe, rew
English: rue
Scots: rew

→ Welsh: ruw

From Latin rūta, from Ancient Greek ῥυτή (rhutḗ).


non

fro-noun

non oblique singular, m (oblique plural nons, nominative singular nons, nominative plural non)

non oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
nons (oblique plural)
nons (nominative singular)
non (nominative plural)


taupe

taupe oblique singular, f (oblique plural taupes, nominative singular taupe, nominative plural taupes)

taupe oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
taupes (oblique plural)
taupe (nominative singular)
taupes (nominative plural)

French: taupe

Norman: taupe (Jersey)


colour

colour oblique singular, f (oblique plural colours, nominative singular colour, nominative plural colours)

colour oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
colours (oblique plural)
colour (nominative singular)
colours (nominative plural)

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of color


parent

parent oblique singular, m (oblique plural parenz or parentz, nominative singular parenz or parentz, nominative plural parent)

parent oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
parenz (oblique plural)
parentz (oblique plural)
parenz (nominative singular)
parentz (nominative singular)
parent (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: parent

English: parent

Middle French: parent

French: parent

Norman: parent (Guernsey), pathent (Jersey)


habit

habit oblique singular, m (oblique plural habiz or habitz, nominative singular habiz or habitz, nominative plural habit)

habit oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
habiz (oblique plural)
habitz (oblique plural)
habiz (nominative singular)
habitz (nominative singular)
habit (nominative plural)


case

case oblique singular, m (oblique plural cases, nominative singular cases, nominative plural case)

case oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cases (oblique plural)
cases (nominative singular)
case (nominative plural)


air

air oblique singular, m (oblique plural airs, nominative singular airs, nominative plural air)

air oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
airs (oblique plural)
airs (nominative singular)
air (nominative plural)

French: air

Norman: air

desctree

→ Middle English: aire, ayre, eire, eyre, aere
English: air
Scots: air
Yola: aare

air (mixture of gases that make up the earth's atmosphere)


olive

fro-noun

olive oblique singular, f (oblique plural olives, nominative singular olive, nominative plural olives)

olive oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
olives (oblique plural)
olive (nominative singular)
olives (nominative plural)

→ English: olive

French: olive
Romanian: olivă


art

art oblique singular, m or f (oblique plural arz or artz, nominative singular arz or artz, nominative plural art)

art oblique singular or (canonical feminine masculine)
arz (oblique plural)
artz (oblique plural)
arz (nominative singular)
artz (nominative singular)
art (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: art
French: art
Haitian Creole: la (< l'art)

Norman: art

Walloon: årt

→ Middle English: art

English: art
Jamaican Creole: aat
Tok Pisin: at
→ Japanese: アート (āto)

Scots: airt

ore serroit a saver de l’art a bresser & brasyr

Walter of Bibbesworth: Le Tretiz, ed. W. Rothwell, ANTS Plain Texts Series 6, 1990. Date of cited text: circa 1250

Now would be the time to know the art of brewing


uncle

fro-noun

uncle oblique singular, m (oblique plural uncles, nominative singular uncles, nominative plural uncle)

uncle oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
uncles (oblique plural)
uncles (nominative singular)
uncle (nominative plural)

From Vulgar Latin *aunclum, from Latin avunculus (“maternal uncle”, literally “little grandfather”).

der

D'ambes parz out filz e peres,
uncles, nevos, cosins e freres

On both sides there were sons and fathers,
Uncles, nephews, cousins and brothers

Tristram en Wales se rala, tant que sis uncles le manda

c. 1250, Marie de France, Chevrefeuille:

Tristan returned to Wales, while he waited for his uncle to call on him

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of oncle


tan

fro-noun

tan oblique singular, m (oblique plural tans, nominative singular tans, nominative plural tan)

tan oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tans (oblique plural)
tans (nominative singular)
tan (nominative plural)

From Gaulish *tannos (attested in the place names Tannetum and Tannogilum), from Proto-Celtic *tannos (“green oak”).

pulped oak bark used in the tanning process (i.e. of tanning leather)


car

car oblique singular, m (oblique plural cars, nominative singular cars, nominative plural car)

car oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cars (oblique plural)
cars (nominative singular)
car (nominative plural)


sol

sol oblique singular, m (oblique plural sous or sox or sols, nominative singular sous or sox or sols, nominative plural sol)

sol oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sous (oblique plural)
sox (oblique plural)
sols (oblique plural)
sous (nominative singular)
sox (nominative singular)
sols (nominative singular)
sol (nominative plural)

French: sou

→ English: sol


rat

rat oblique singular, m (oblique plural raz or ratz, nominative singular raz or ratz, nominative plural rat)

rat oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
raz (oblique plural)
ratz (oblique plural)
raz (nominative singular)
ratz (nominative singular)
rat (nominative plural)

Middle French: rat

French: rat

Norman: rat

Of Germanic origin, from Old High German rato (“rat”) or Frankish *rato (“rat”).


bran

bran oblique singular, m (oblique plural brans, nominative singular brans, nominative plural bran)

bran oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
brans (oblique plural)
brans (nominative singular)
bran (nominative plural)


bruit

bruit oblique singular, m (oblique plural bruiz or bruitz, nominative singular bruiz or bruitz, nominative plural bruit)

bruit oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
bruiz (oblique plural)
bruitz (oblique plural)
bruiz (nominative singular)
bruitz (nominative singular)
bruit (nominative plural)

→ English: bruit

French: bruit

From the past participle of bruire (“to roar”), or from Vulgar Latin *brūgitus, from Latin *brūgere, an alteration of Latin rugītus (“brayed; bellowed, roared; rumbled”), from rugīre, the present active infinitive of rugiō (“to bray; to bellow, roar; to rumble”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg- (“to belch; to roar”).


jargon

fro-noun

jargon oblique singular, m (oblique plural jargons, nominative singular jargons, nominative plural jargon)

jargon oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
jargons (oblique plural)
jargons (nominative singular)
jargon (nominative plural)

desctree

French: jargon
→ Czech: žargon
→ Dutch: jargon
→ English: jargon
→ Esperanto: ĵargono
→ German: Jargon
→ Hungarian: zsargon
→ Macedonian: жаргон (žargon)
→ Polish: żargon
→ Portuguese: jargão
→ Romanian: jargon n
→ Russian: жарго́н m (žargón)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: жа̀рго̄н
Latin script: žàrgōn
→ Spanish: jerga
→ Swedish: jargong
→ Turkish: jargon

Probably of imitative origin, similar to Latin garrio (“I chatter”).

onomatopoeic

imitative


vert

fro-noun

vert oblique singular, m (oblique plural verz or vertz, nominative singular verz or vertz, nominative plural vert)

vert oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
verz (oblique plural)
vertz (oblique plural)
verz (nominative singular)
vertz (nominative singular)
vert (nominative plural)

From Vulgar Latin virdis, syncopated from Classical Latin viridis. Compare Italian verde and Spanish verde.


pavement

pavement oblique singular, m (oblique plural pavemenz or pavementz, nominative singular pavemenz or pavementz, nominative plural pavement)

pavement oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
pavemenz (oblique plural)
pavementz (oblique plural)
pavemenz (nominative singular)
pavementz (nominative singular)
pavement (nominative plural)

→ English: pavement

→ Welsh: palmant, paement

French: pavement

paver + -ment, based on Latin pavimentum (“a hard surface, a pounded surface”).


us

fro-noun

us oblique singular, m (oblique plural us, nominative singular us, nominative plural us)

us oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
us (oblique plural)
us (nominative singular)
us (nominative plural)

French: us


vers

vers oblique singular, m (oblique plural vers, nominative singular vers, nominative plural vers)

vers oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
vers (oblique plural)
vers (nominative singular)
vers (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: vers, ferrs, werse, veerce, wers, verse, verce
English: verse
Scots: varse (obsolete)

Middle French: vers

French: vers

Latin versus (“verse; line (of poetry)”).

der

Seignurs, cest cunte est mult divers,
e pur ço l'uni par mes vers

c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 182, lines 2257–8:

Good sirs, this story is very diverse,
and for this, I try to bring it together with my verses


male

fro-noun

male oblique singular, f (oblique plural males, nominative singular male, nominative plural males)

male oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
males (oblique plural)
male (nominative singular)
males (nominative plural)

Anglo-Norman: male

desctree

→ Middle English: male
English: mail
Scots: mail

→? Irish: mála (or perhaps via English)

Middle French: malle

→ Catalan: mala

French: malle

→ Portuguese: mala

→ Spanish: mala

Gallo: mol

Walloon: male (Forrières)

From Medieval Latin mala, from Frankish *malha (“leather bag”).


voir

fro-noun

voir oblique singular, m (oblique plural voirs, nominative singular voirs, nominative plural voir)

voir oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
voirs (oblique plural)
voirs (nominative singular)
voir (nominative plural)


usage

usage oblique singular, m (oblique plural usages, nominative singular usages, nominative plural usage)

usage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
usages (oblique plural)
usages (nominative singular)
usage (nominative plural)


piece

piece oblique singular, f (oblique plural pieces, nominative singular piece, nominative plural pieces)

piece oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pieces (oblique plural)
piece (nominative singular)
pieces (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: piece
French: pièce (see there for further descendants)
Norman: pièche (Jersey)

Walloon: pîce

→ Middle English: pece
English: piece
Belizean Creole: pees
Sranan Tongo: pisi
→ Finnish: biisi
→ Japanese: ピース (pīsu)
Yola: peece
→ Middle Irish: pissa
Irish: píosa
→ Scottish Gaelic: pìos

From Late Latin pettia, from Gaulish *pettyā, from Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis (“piece, portion”).

der

Que del hiaume une piece tranche.


jaune

fro-noun

jaune oblique singular, m (oblique plural jaunes, nominative singular jaunes, nominative plural jaune)

jaune oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
jaunes (oblique plural)
jaunes (nominative singular)
jaune (nominative plural)

Blanches et verz, bloes et jaunes


rose

rose oblique singular, f (oblique plural roses, nominative singular rose, nominative plural roses)

rose oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
roses (oblique plural)
rose (nominative singular)
roses (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: rose
French: rose (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Dutch: rose
Dutch: rose

Norman: rose

Picard: rose

Walloon: rôze


as

fro-noun

as oblique singular, m (oblique plural as, nominative singular as, nominative plural as)

as oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
as (oblique plural)
as (nominative singular)
as (nominative plural)

Middle French: as

French: as (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Dutch: aes

Dutch: aas

Afrikaans: aas

→ Middle English: as

English: ace (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ace


talent

talent oblique singular, m (oblique plural talenz or talentz, nominative singular talenz or talentz, nominative plural talent)

talent oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
talenz (oblique plural)
talentz (oblique plural)
talenz (nominative singular)
talentz (nominative singular)
talent (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle English: talent, taland, talande, talant, talente (in part)
English: talent
Scots: talent

Borrowed from Latin talentum (“a Grecian weight; a talent of money”), from Ancient Greek τάλαντον (tálanton, “balance; a particular weight, especially of gold; sum of money; a talent”).


chose

fro-noun

chose oblique singular, f (oblique plural choses, nominative singular chose, nominative plural choses)

chose oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
choses (oblique plural)
chose (nominative singular)
choses (nominative plural)

Middle French: chose

French: chose

Walloon: tchôze

From earlier cose, cosa, inherited from Latin causa. Compare cause.

si come li sires qui vuet en petit leu amasser choses de grandisme vaillance […] por acroistre son pooir […] i met il les plus chieres choses et les plus precieux joiaus que il puet, selonc sa bone entencion, tout autressi est li cors de cest livre compilez de sapience

1260–1267, Brunetto Latini, “Cist premiers livres parole de la naissance de toutes choses [This first book talks about the birth of all things]” (chapter 1), Livre I - Premiere partie, in Livres dou Tresor [Book of Treasures]; republished as Polycarpe Chabaille, compiler, Li livres dou tresor par Brunetto Latini, Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1863, page 1:


leche

leche oblique singular, m (oblique plural leches, nominative singular leches, nominative plural leche)

leche oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
leches (oblique plural)
leches (nominative singular)
leche (nominative plural)

From Latin laetitia (“great joy; pleasure”).


sale

sale oblique singular, f (oblique plural sales, nominative singular sale, nominative plural sales)

sale oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
sales (oblique plural)
sale (nominative singular)
sales (nominative plural)

French : salle

Norman: salle

From Frankish *sali (“dwelling, house, entrance hall”).

der

[…] que la soe amie
Est la plus bele de la sale[.]
-[…] The his wife
Is the most beautiful in the room


an

fro-noun

an oblique singular, m (oblique plural anz, nominative singular anz, nominative plural an)

an oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
anz (oblique plural)
anz (nominative singular)
an (nominative plural)

Middle French: an
French: an

Norman: an


chat

chat oblique singular, m (oblique plural chaz or chatz, nominative singular chaz or chatz, nominative plural chat)

chat oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chaz (oblique plural)
chatz (oblique plural)
chaz (nominative singular)
chatz (nominative singular)
chat (nominative plural)

Middle French: chat

French: chat

Norman: cat

Walloon: tchet

Picard: cat

Lorrain: tchat

Champenois: chait


dart

dart oblique singular, m (oblique plural darz or dartz, nominative singular darz or dartz, nominative plural dart)

dart oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
darz (oblique plural)
dartz (oblique plural)
darz (nominative singular)
dartz (nominative singular)
dart (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: dart, dard, dar
French: dard
→ Italian: dardo
→ Portuguese: dardo
→ Spanish: dardo

Walloon: darde

→ Middle English: dart, darte
English: dart
→ Dutch: dart
→ German: Dart
Scots: dart, dairt; dard


vapor

fro-noun

vapor oblique singular, f (oblique plural vapors, nominative singular vapor, nominative plural vapors)

vapor oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
vapors (oblique plural)
vapor (nominative singular)
vapors (nominative plural)


force

force oblique singular, f (oblique plural forces, nominative singular force, nominative plural forces)

force oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
forces (oblique plural)
force (nominative singular)
forces (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: force
French: force
→ Polish: forsa
→ Azerbaijani: fors

Walloon: foice

→ Middle English: force, fors, forse

English: force

→ Irish: fórsa

From Late Latin fortia, a noun derived from the neuter plural of Latin fortis (“strong”).


lit

fro-noun

lit oblique singular, m (oblique plural liz or litz, nominative singular liz or litz, nominative plural lit)

lit oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
liz (oblique plural)
litz (oblique plural)
liz (nominative singular)
litz (nominative singular)
lit (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: leit

French: lit

Norman: liet


ducat

ducat oblique singular, m (oblique plural ducaz or ducatz, nominative singular ducaz or ducatz, nominative plural ducat)

ducat oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ducaz (oblique plural)
ducatz (oblique plural)
ducaz (nominative singular)
ducatz (nominative singular)
ducat (nominative plural)

→ English: ducat

French: ducat

Late Old French. From Italian ducato, from Medieval Latin ducatus, from oblique stem of dux (“duke; leader”).


face

face oblique singular, f (oblique plural faces, nominative singular face, nominative plural faces)

face oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
faces (oblique plural)
face (nominative singular)
faces (nominative plural)

Middle French: face

French: face

Norman: fache

→ Middle English: face (see there for further descendants)

From Late Latin facia, from Latin faciēs (“face, shape”).

Le chief li desarme et la face.

Li rois regarda li deus freres
A cors bien fais, a faces cleres

The king looked at the two brothers
With their well-built bodies and clear faces

Les signes subsequens est face enflée […]

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), page 148 of this essay:

the symptoms are the following: swollen face […]


pain

pain oblique singular, m (oblique plural painz, nominative singular painz, nominative plural pain)

pain oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
painz (oblique plural)
painz (nominative singular)
pain (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: pain
French: pain (see there for further descendants)

Norman: pain, pôin (Guernsey)

Walloon: pwin, pan

→ Middle English: payn, pain, paine, payn, pein
English: pain (obsolete)


science

fro-noun

science oblique singular, f (nominative singular science)

science oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
science (nominative singular)

→ Middle English: science

English: science

→ Japanese: サイエンス

→ Malay: sains

→ Indonesian: sains

→ Swahili: sayansi

Middle French: science

French: science

→ Khmer: ស្យង់ (syɑng)

Norman: scienche


cost

cost oblique singular, m (oblique plural coz or cotz, nominative singular coz or cotz, nominative plural cost)

cost oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
coz (oblique plural)
cotz (oblique plural)
coz (nominative singular)
cotz (nominative singular)
cost (nominative plural)

From Latin constare, present infinitive of consto (“I stand firm (at a price)”).


comparison

comparison oblique singular, f (oblique plural comparisons, nominative singular comparison, nominative plural comparisons)

comparison oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
comparisons (oblique plural)
comparison (nominative singular)
comparisons (nominative plural)

→ English: comparison

French: comparaison

Norman: compathaison

comparison (instance of comparing two or more things)


cable

cable oblique singular, m (oblique plural cables, nominative singular cables, nominative plural cable)

cable oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cables (oblique plural)
cables (nominative singular)
cable (nominative plural)


substance

substance oblique singular, f (oblique plural substances, nominative singular substance, nominative plural substances)

substance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
substances (oblique plural)
substance (nominative singular)
substances (nominative plural)

French: substance

desctree

→ Middle English: substance
English: substance


brief

fro-noun

brief oblique singular, m (oblique plural briés, nominative singular briés, nominative plural brief)

brief oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
briés (oblique plural)
briés (nominative singular)
brief (nominative plural)

Middle French: brief
French: bref

desc

→ Middle English: bref, breef, breve, brefe, breefe

English: brief, breve

Scots: brief, brieve, breef, briefe

A li brief al Conte enveié.


oil

fro-noun

oil oblique singular, m (oblique plural ouz or oilz, nominative singular ouz or oilz, nominative plural oil)

oil oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ouz (oblique plural)
oilz (oblique plural)
ouz (nominative singular)
oilz (nominative singular)
oil (nominative plural)

La sisisme ligne est sourpoins. Cist est molt grans, et resemble aigle blanche, mais des oilz et des eles et dou bec est il semblables au girfaut

1260–1267, Brunetto Latini, “De tous Faucons [On all falcons]” (chapter 150), Book 5, in Livres dou Tresor [Book of Treasures]; republished as Polycarpe Chabaille, compiler, Li livres dou tresor par Brunetto Latini, Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1863, page 203:

The sixth kind [of falcon] is the saker. It is very large, and resembles the white eagle; but in the eyes, and in the wings, and in the beak, it is similar to the gyrfalcon


chancel

chancel oblique singular, m (oblique plural chanceaus or chanceax or chanciaus or chanciax or chancels, nominative singular chanceaus or chanceax or chanciaus or chanciax or chancels, nominative plural chancel)

chancel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chanceaus (oblique plural)
chanceax (oblique plural)
chanciaus (oblique plural)
chanciax (oblique plural)
chancels (oblique plural)
chanceaus (nominative singular)
chanceax (nominative singular)
chanciaus (nominative singular)
chanciax (nominative singular)
chancels (nominative singular)
chancel (nominative plural)

French: chancel

→ Breton: kañsell

→ English: chancel, chauncel

→ Scottish Gaelic: seansal

→ Spanish: cancel


bat

bat oblique singular, m (oblique plural batz, nominative singular batz, nominative plural bat)

bat oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
batz (oblique plural)
batz (nominative singular)
bat (nominative plural)

Borrowed from Old English bāt and Middle English bot.


chance

chance oblique singular, f (oblique plural chances, nominative singular chance, nominative plural chances)

chance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
chances (oblique plural)
chance (nominative singular)
chances (nominative plural)


come

come oblique singular, f (oblique plural comes, nominative singular come, nominative plural comes)

come oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
comes (oblique plural)
come (nominative singular)
comes (nominative plural)

Middle French: come


crisis

crisis oblique singular, f (oblique plural crisis, nominative singular crisis, nominative plural crisis)

crisis oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
crisis (oblique plural)
crisis (nominative singular)
crisis (nominative plural)


balance

balance oblique singular, f (oblique plural balances, nominative singular balance, nominative plural balances)

balance oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
balances (oblique plural)
balance (nominative singular)
balances (nominative plural)

Middle French: balance
French: balance

Norman: balanche

desctree

→ Middle English: balaunce, ballaunce, balance, balaunse, balans, belaunce
English: balance
Scots: ballance

From Vulgar Latin *bilancia, from Latin bilanx.


difference

fro-noun

difference oblique singular, f (oblique plural differences, nominative singular difference, nominative plural differences)

difference oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
differences (oblique plural)
difference (nominative singular)
differences (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: difference, differens, defference, defferense, dyfferens
English: difference
Scots: difference

French: différence


falcon

fro-noun

falcon oblique singular, m (oblique plural falcons, nominative singular falcons, nominative plural falcon)

falcon oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
falcons (oblique plural)
falcons (nominative singular)
falcon (nominative plural)


effect

effect oblique singular, m (oblique plural effecz or effectz, nominative singular effecz or effectz, nominative plural effect)

effect oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
effecz (oblique plural)
effectz (oblique plural)
effecz (nominative singular)
effectz (nominative singular)
effect (nominative plural)

English: effect

French: effet

German: Effekt

Middle Irish: éifecht

Irish: éifeacht

punir les contrevenantz solonc l’effect des estatut

Punish the offender according to the decree of the statute


cause

cause oblique singular, f (oblique plural causes, nominative singular cause, nominative plural causes)

cause oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
causes (oblique plural)
cause (nominative singular)
causes (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: cause

English: cause

Middle French: cause

French: cause

Norman: cause

Borrowed from Latin causa, whence the inherited chose.

On doit avoir plusieurs entencions, car en curant, on doit bien considerer la cause et la nature de la maladie

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), page 142 of this essay:

One must have several intentions, because in treating, one must consider the cause and the nature of the disease


bien

bien oblique singular, m (oblique plural biens, nominative singular biens, nominative plural bien)

bien oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
biens (oblique plural)
biens (nominative singular)
bien (nominative plural)

Middle French: bien

French: bien (adverb and noun)

Norman: bein (Jersey), byin (France)

Walloon: bén


ermine

ermine oblique singular, f (oblique plural ermines, nominative singular ermine, nominative plural ermines)

ermine oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
ermines (oblique plural)
ermine (nominative singular)
ermines (nominative plural)

Middle French: hermin, ermin

desctree

French: hermine
→ Romanian: hermină
→ Turkish: ermin

→ Middle English: ermyne, armyn, armyne, ermin, ermine, ermyn, hermyn
English: ermine
Scots: ermine

Either from Vulgar Latin *(mus) Armenius (“Armenian (mouse)”) (see Armenia) or Frankish *harmīn (“ermine”, adjective) (from *harmō (“ermine”)).

La pane fu de blanc ermine


covenant

fro-noun

covenant oblique singular, m (oblique plural covenanz or covenantz, nominative singular covenanz or covenantz, nominative plural covenant)

covenant oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
covenanz (oblique plural)
covenantz (oblique plural)
covenanz (nominative singular)
covenantz (nominative singular)
covenant (nominative plural)

English: covenant

French: convenant

From Latin conveniēns, conveniēntem (“agreeing, agreeable, suitable, convenient”), present participle of conveniō (“to agree”).

inh

Del convenant vus deit membrer

c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 220, line 2895:


blanket

fro-noun

blanket oblique singular, m (oblique plural blankez or blanketz, nominative singular blankez or blanketz, nominative plural blanket)

blanket oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
blankez (oblique plural)
blanketz (oblique plural)
blankez (nominative singular)
blanketz (nominative singular)
blanket (nominative plural)


digestion

digestion oblique singular, f (oblique plural digestions, nominative singular digestion, nominative plural digestions)

digestion oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
digestions (oblique plural)
digestion (nominative singular)
digestions (nominative plural)


none oblique singular, f (oblique plural nones, nominative singular none, nominative plural nones)

none oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
nones (oblique plural)
nones (nominative plural)

(originally) noon; the ninth hour of the day, equivalent to about 3pm by modern standards


base

base oblique singular, f (oblique plural bases, nominative singular base, nominative plural bases)

base oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
bases (oblique plural)
base (nominative singular)
bases (nominative plural)

desctree

French: base
→ Czech: báze
→ Danish: base
→ Icelandic: basi m
→ Norwegian:
→ Norwegian Bokmål: base
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: base
→ Romanian: bază
→ Russian: база (baza)
→ Armenian: բազա (baza)
→ Azerbaijani:
Cyrillic script: база
Latin script: baza
→ Crimean Tatar:
Cyrillic script: база
Latin script: baza
→ Georgian: ბაზა (baza)
→ Kazakh:
Arabic script: بازا (baza)
Cyrillic script: база (baza)
→ Mongolian:
Mongolian script: [Term?]
Cyrillic script: бааз (baaz)
→ Tuvan: бааза (baaza)

⇒ French: baser
→ Dutch: baseren
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: basere
Norwegian Nynorsk: basere
→ Romanian: baza

→ Middle English: base, bace, bas, baas, basse
English: base
Scots: base

From Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βάσις (básis).


change

fro-noun

change oblique singular, m (oblique plural changes, nominative singular changes, nominative plural change)

change oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
changes (oblique plural)
changes (nominative singular)
change (nominative plural)

French: change

desctree

Middle English: chaunge, change, chaung, chawnge, cheaunge, chong, chonge
English: change
Scots: cheenge, chinge, cheynge

change (difference between one state and another)

Fesum bargaine, fesum change

late 12th century, anonymous author, “La Folie de Tristan d'Oxford”, in Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 368, line 289:

Let's make a bargain, let's make an exchange


baron

fro-noun

baron oblique singular, m (oblique plural barons, nominative singular ber, nominative plural baron)

baron oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
barons (oblique plural)
ber (nominative singular)
baron (nominative plural)

Middle French: baron (see there for further descendants)

Norman: bâron

Picard: barôn

Walloon: baron

→ Italian: barone

→ Middle Armenian: պարոն (paron)

Armenian: պարոն (paron)

→ Middle Dutch: baroen

Dutch: baron (readjusted per French)

desctree

→ Middle English: baroun, baron, barone, baroon, barown, barowne, barun, beron
English: baron
Scots: baron

→ Middle Irish: barún

Irish: barún

→ Middle Low German: barōn

→ Middle High German: barūn, barōne

German: Baron (see there for further descendants)

→? Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: barón

Portuguese: barão

→ Old Norse: barún

Icelandic: barón

Norwegian: baron

Swedish: baron

Danish: baron

→ Old Spanish: baron (partially)

Spanish: barón

→ Sicilian: baruni

Inherited from Latin barōnem.
The nominative singular ber is a regular outcome of the Latin nominative barō.


fil

fro-noun

fil oblique singular, m (oblique plural fiz or filz, nominative singular fiz or filz, nominative plural fil)

fil oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fiz (oblique plural)
filz (oblique plural)
fiz (nominative singular)
filz (nominative singular)
fil (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: fi

Walloon: fi

From Latin fīlium, accusative singular of fīlius. The nominative form fiz, fils (whence modern French fils), derives from the Latin nominative.


fil

fil oblique singular, m (oblique plural fis, nominative singular fis, nominative plural fil)

fil oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
fis (oblique plural)
fis (nominative singular)
fil (nominative plural)

French: fil

A fil d'or ovree et tissue.

It was made and woven from fine threads of gold


volume

→ English: volume

French: volume

Borrowed from Latin volūmen (“a book, roll”).

volume, specifically a collection of written works


camel

camel oblique singular, m (oblique plural cameus, nominative singular cameus, nominative plural camel)

camel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cameus (oblique plural)
cameus (nominative singular)
camel (nominative plural)

(Old Northern French, Anglo-Norman) camel


lie

lie oblique singular, f (oblique plural lies, nominative singular lie, nominative plural lies)

lie oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
lies (oblique plural)
lie (nominative singular)
lies (nominative plural)

→ English: lees

From Early Medieval Latin lias (“lees, dregs”) (descent via winemaking common in monasteries), from Gaulish *ligyā, *legyā (“silt, sediment”) (compare Welsh llai, Old Breton leh (“deposit, silt”)), from Proto-Celtic *legyā (“layer”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”).

inh

dregs; mostly solid, undesirable leftovers of a drink


cheval

fro-noun

cheval oblique singular, m (oblique plural chevaus or chevax or chevals, nominative singular chevaus or chevax or chevals, nominative plural cheval)

cheval oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
chevaus (oblique plural)
chevax (oblique plural)
chevals (oblique plural)
chevaus (nominative singular)
chevax (nominative singular)
chevals (nominative singular)
cheval (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: chevau

Champenois: cheveau

Middle French: cheval (see there for further descendants)

Lorrain: tchevâ

Norman: queval

Picard: cval, cvau

Walloon: tchivå, tchvå

→ Gascon: chivau

circa 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:

-Erec got down from his horse.

Maint bon cheval i unt tué


femme

femme oblique singular, f (oblique plural femmes, nominative singular femme, nominative plural femmes)

femme oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
femmes (oblique plural)
femme (nominative singular)
femmes (nominative plural)


if

if oblique singular, f (oblique plural is, nominative singular if, nominative plural is)

if oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
is (oblique plural)
if (nominative singular)
is (nominative plural)

Middle French: if

French: if

Norman: if

From either Frankish *īw (from Proto-Germanic *īhwaz) or Gaulish *iwos (“yew, yew tree”) (from Proto-Celtic *iwos, compare Breton ivin, Old Irish eó, Welsh ywen); in either case from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw-. See yew for more.


space

space oblique singular, m (oblique plural spaces, nominative singular spaces, nominative plural space)

space oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
spaces (oblique plural)
spaces (nominative singular)
space (nominative plural)


mal

mal oblique singular, m (oblique plural maus or max or mals, nominative singular maus or max or mals, nominative plural mal)

mal oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
maus (oblique plural)
max (oblique plural)
mals (oblique plural)
maus (nominative singular)
max (nominative singular)
mals (nominative singular)
mal (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: mal
French: mal
→ English: mal


prince

fro-noun

prince oblique singular, m (oblique plural princes, nominative singular princes, nominative plural prince)

prince oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
princes (oblique plural)
princes (nominative singular)
prince (nominative plural)

Semi-learned borrowing from Latin prīnceps.


flame

fro-noun

flame oblique singular, f (oblique plural flames, nominative singular flame, nominative plural flames)

flame oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
flames (oblique plural)
flame (nominative singular)
flames (nominative plural)

→ English: flame

Middle French: flame

French: flame, flamme

Senz redouteir l'infernal flame

c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci encoumence la complainte d ou conte huede de nevers:


plate

plate oblique singular, f (oblique plural plates, nominative singular plate, nominative plural plates)

plate oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
plates (oblique plural)
plate (nominative singular)
plates (nominative plural)

→ Middle English:

desctree

English: plate
→ Maori: pereti
→ Hindi: प्लेट (pleṭ)

Scots: plate

→ Irish: pláta

De mars d'or et d'arjant an plates


empire

fro-noun

empire oblique singular, m (oblique plural empires, nominative singular empires, nominative plural empire)

empire oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
empires (oblique plural)
empires (nominative singular)
empire (nominative plural)

→ Middle English: empire

English: empire

French: empire

From Latin imperium, inperium (“command, control, dominion, sovereignty, a dominion, empire”), from imperare, inperare (“to command, order”), from in (“in, on”) + parare (“to make ready, order”).


ewe

ewe oblique singular, f (oblique plural ewes, nominative singular ewe, nominative plural ewes)

ewe oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
ewes (oblique plural)
ewe (nominative singular)
ewes (nominative plural)

E caunt ele estoyt de tut chargé
La ewe vint curant a grant plenté.

And when it [the Ark] was fully loaded
 the waters ran high and fast.

L'ewe est bele e parfond qui en la cité cort

The water which runs through the city is beautiful and deep

En bacins d'or ewe aporterent


san

san oblique singular, m (oblique plural sans, nominative singular sans, nominative plural san)

san oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sans (oblique plural)
sans (nominative singular)
san (nominative plural)


metal

metal oblique singular, m (oblique plural metaus or metax or metals, nominative singular metaus or metax or metals, nominative plural metal)

metal oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
metaus (oblique plural)
metax (oblique plural)
metals (oblique plural)
metaus (nominative singular)
metax (nominative singular)
metals (nominative singular)
metal (nominative plural)


hospital

hospital oblique singular, m (oblique plural hospitaus or hospitax or hospitals, nominative singular hospitaus or hospitax or hospitals, nominative plural hospital)

hospital oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
hospitaus (oblique plural)
hospitax (oblique plural)
hospitals (oblique plural)
hospitaus (nominative singular)
hospitax (nominative singular)
hospitals (nominative singular)
hospital (nominative plural)

Anglo-Norman: ospitel

→ Middle Irish: ospitél

Irish: ospidéal

Scottish Gaelic: ospadal

Middle French: hospital
French: hôpital

desctree

→ Dutch: hospitaal
Afrikaans: hospitaal
→ Caribbean Hindustani: aspatál

→ Middle English: hospital
English: hospital (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hospital

→ Russian: госпиталь (gospitalʹ)

Borrowed from Late Latin hospitālis, hospitāle (“hospice, shelter, guesthouse”), from Latin hospitālis (“hospitable”), from hospes (“host, guest”). Compare the inherited ostel.


orient

fro-noun

orient oblique singular, m (nominative singular orienz or orientz)

orient oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
orienz (nominative singular)
orientz (nominative singular)


people

people oblique singular, m (oblique plural peoples, nominative singular peoples, nominative plural people)

people oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
peoples (oblique plural)
peoples (nominative singular)
people (nominative plural)

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of pueple


ore

ore oblique singular, f (oblique plural ores, nominative singular ore, nominative plural ores)

ore oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
ores (oblique plural)
ore (nominative singular)
ores (nominative plural)

English: hour

French: heure

Norman: heure, houre (continental Norman), heuthe (Jersey), haeure (Guernsey)

From Latin hōra, from Ancient Greek ὥρα (hṓra).

quel haste avez,
Qui a tel ore vos levez?

What haste do you have
That wakes up at this time of day?

hour; time, period of the day (period of time)


poor

poor oblique singular, f (oblique plural poors, nominative singular poor, nominative plural poors)

poor oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
poors (oblique plural)
poor (nominative singular)
poors (nominative plural)


hanap

hanap oblique singular, m (oblique plural hanas, nominative singular hanas, nominative plural hanap)

hanap oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
hanas (oblique plural)
hanas (nominative singular)
hanap (nominative plural)

desc

Middle French: hanap, hennap, hannap, henap

French: hanap (historical)

→ English: hanap

⇒ Old French: haneper, hanaper, hanapier (“maker or seller of hanaps”)

Middle French: hanapier

→ Middle English: hanaper, haneper, henyper

From Medieval Latin hanappus (“cup, goblet”), from Frankish *hnapp (“cup, bowl”).


home

fro-noun

home oblique singular, m (oblique plural homes, nominative singular hom, nominative plural home)

home oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
homes (oblique plural)
hom (nominative singular)
home (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: homme
French: homme
Haitian Creole: lòm
Karipúna Creole French: uóm
Louisiana Creole: n'homme
Saint Dominican Creole French: n'homme
Haitian Creole: nonm
→⇒ English: en homme
French: on
→ Esperanto: oni
→ Ido: onu

Norman: houme (France), haomme (Guernsey), houmme (Jersey)

Picard: onme

Walloon: ome

From Vulgar Latin *(h)omne, Latin hominem, accusative singular of homō. The nominative form hom, om, on, hon derives from the Latin nominative homō.

hom for alternative nominative singular forms

O HOM de sancte vie, entent que signefie

c. 1120, Philippe de Taon, Bestiaire, line 476:

O MAN of sacred life, listen to what this means


nuit

fro-noun

nuit oblique singular, f (oblique plural nuiz or nuitz, nominative singular nuit, nominative plural nuiz or nuitz)

nuit oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
nuiz (oblique plural)
nuitz (oblique plural)
nuit (nominative singular)
nuiz (nominative plural)
nuitz (nominative plural)


pomme

pomme oblique singular, f (oblique plural pommes, nominative singular pomme, nominative plural pommes)

pomme oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pommes (oblique plural)
pomme (nominative singular)
pommes (nominative plural)


kernel

kernel oblique singular, m (oblique plural kerneaus or kerneax or kerniaus or kerniax or kernels, nominative singular kerneaus or kerneax or kerniaus or kerniax or kernels, nominative plural kernel)

kernel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
kerneaus (oblique plural)
kerneax (oblique plural)
kerniaus (oblique plural)
kerniax (oblique plural)
kernels (oblique plural)
kerneaus (nominative singular)
kerneax (nominative singular)
kerniaus (nominative singular)
kerniax (nominative singular)
kernels (nominative singular)
kernel (nominative plural)

→ English: crenel

French: créneau

crenel (space in a battlement from which weapons may be used on an incoming enemy)


passage

passage oblique singular, m (oblique plural passages, nominative singular passages, nominative plural passage)

passage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
passages (oblique plural)
passages (nominative singular)
passage (nominative plural)

Middle French: passage

→ Middle Dutch: passage

Dutch: passage
→ Indonesian: pasasê

desctree

French: passage
→ Czech: pasáž
→ German: Passage
→ Polish: pasaż
→ Portuguese: passagem
→ Romanian: pasaj
→ Russian: пасса́ж (passáž)
→ Turkish: pasaj

→ Middle Armenian: բասաճ (basač)

→ Middle English: passage

English: passage

→ Irish: pasáiste

→ Swedish: passage

Volez que je vos die gierres
Del passage com il est max ?

c. 1180, Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot ou le Chevalier de la charrette:

Do you want me to tell you
Of the passage, how bad it is?


labour

fro-noun

labour oblique singular, m (oblique plural labours, nominative singular labours, nominative plural labour)

labour oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
labours (oblique plural)
labours (nominative singular)
labour (nominative plural)

(late Anglo-Norman) Alternative spelling of labur


image

image oblique singular, f (oblique plural images, nominative singular image, nominative plural images)

image oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
images (oblique plural)
image (nominative singular)
images (nominative plural)

→ English: image

French: image

ymagene

Chanson de Roland, 12th century manuscripts

image (mental or imagined representation)


famine

famine oblique singular, f (oblique plural famines, nominative singular famine, nominative plural famines)

famine oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
famines (oblique plural)
famine (nominative singular)
famines (nominative plural)

Middle French: famine

→ English: famine

French: famine

Formed from the root of Latin famēs (“hunger”), with the suffix -ine.


avoir

avoir oblique singular, m (oblique plural avoirs, nominative singular avoirs, nominative plural avoir)

avoir oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
avoirs (oblique plural)
avoirs (nominative singular)
avoir (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: aivoi

Gallo: aveir

Middle French: avoir

French: avoir

Norman: aveir, aver

Picard: avoèr

Walloon: aveur

→ Middle English: aver

English: aver

From Latin habēre. Cognate with Old Occitan aver, haver, Old Spanish aver.

C'est mes avoirs, c'est mes tresorz.

Robes, deniers ne autre avoir
Ne voloit de l'autrui avoir.

c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci encoumence la vie de Sainte Marie l'Egypcienne:

Not clothing, nor money, nor other possessions
Did she want to have from others.


paper

paper oblique singular, m (oblique plural papers, nominative singular papers, nominative plural paper)

paper oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
papers (oblique plural)
papers (nominative singular)
paper (nominative plural)


rein

rein oblique singular, m (oblique plural reinz, nominative singular reinz, nominative plural rein)

rein oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
reinz (oblique plural)
reinz (nominative singular)
rein (nominative plural)

Middle French: rein
French: rein

Norman: rein

Walloon: rino, rno, rin

→ English: rein

First attested in the plural as reins, from Latin rēnes, plural of the almost unused rēn.

(in the plural, reins) small of the back, lower back


rein

rein oblique singular, f (oblique plural reinz, nominative singular rein, nominative plural reinz)

rein oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
reinz (oblique plural)
rein (nominative singular)
reinz (nominative plural)


eve

eve oblique singular, f (oblique plural eves, nominative singular eve, nominative plural eves)

eve oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
eves (oblique plural)
eve (nominative singular)
eves (nominative plural)


soleil

soleil oblique singular, m (oblique plural soleuz or soleilz, nominative singular soleuz or soleilz, nominative plural soleil)

soleil oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
soleuz (oblique plural)
soleilz (oblique plural)
soleuz (nominative singular)
soleilz (nominative singular)
soleil (nominative plural)

Gallo: soulai

Middle French: soleil

French: soleil

Norman: solé

Walloon: solea

From Vulgar Latin *sōliculus, diminutive of Latin sōl (“sun”), from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥. Compare Old Occitan solelh.


arbre

arbre oblique singular, m (oblique plural arbres, nominative singular arbres, nominative plural arbre)

arbre oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
arbres (oblique plural)
arbres (nominative singular)
arbre (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: âbre

Champenois: âbre

Franc-Comtois: aîbre

French: arbre
→ English: arbor

Lorrain: airbre

Norman: arbre

Picard: abe

Walloon: åbe


cop

cop oblique singular, m (oblique plural cos, nominative singular cos, nominative plural cop)

cop oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cos (oblique plural)
cos (nominative singular)
cop (nominative plural)


musique

musique oblique singular, f (oblique plural musiques, nominative singular musique, nominative plural musiques)

musique oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
musiques (oblique plural)
musique (nominative singular)
musiques (nominative plural)

French: musique (see there for further descendants)

Norman: musique, mûsique (Jersey)

Picard: musique

Walloon: muzike

desctree

→ Middle English: musike, music, musice, musik, musique, musyk, musyke
English: music (see there for further descendants)
Scots: muisic

Borrowed from Latin mūsica, borrowed from Ancient Greek μουσική (mousikḗ, “art of the Muses”), derived from Μοῦσα (Moûsa, “Muse”).

der

La tierce oevre fu de musique


dame

fro-noun

dame oblique singular, f (oblique plural dames, nominative singular dame, nominative plural dames)

dame oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
dames (oblique plural)
dame (nominative singular)
dames (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: daime

Franc-Comtois: daime

→ Italian: dama

Lorrain: daime

desctree

→ Middle English: dame, damme, dam
English: dame; dam
Scots: dame, deem; dam

Middle French: dame

French: dame
→ Catalan: dama
→ Friulian: dame
→ Galician: dama
→ German: Dame
→ Italian: dama
→ Ottoman Turkish: دامه (dama)
Turkish: dama
→ Armenian: տամա (tama)
→ Polish: dama
→ Portuguese: dama
→ Romanian: damă
→ Spanish: dama

→ Middle Dutch: dame

Dutch: dame

Norman: dame

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dame

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dame

Picard: danme

From Late Latin domna, shortened variant of Latin domina.


poisson

fro-noun

poisson oblique singular, m (oblique plural poissons, nominative singular poissons, nominative plural poisson)

poisson oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
poissons (oblique plural)
poissons (nominative singular)
poisson (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: poisson

desctree

French: poisson
Haitian Creole: pwason
Louisiana Creole: pwason
Mauritian Creole: pwason
Seychellois Creole: pwason

desc

Norman: païssaon, paîsson (Jersey), peissoun (continental Normandy), peissoun, païssaon (Guernsey), paîsson (Jersey)

Picard: pichon
→ French: pichon

Walloon: pexhon

First attested as pescion in 980, from peis + -on, peis (“fish”) being from Latin piscis. Alternatively, but less likely, it came through a Vulgar Latin *pisciō, pisciōnem. Peis probably evolved into pescion within Old French to avoid confusion with its homonym peis (“peace”).


flor

fro-noun

flor oblique singular, f (oblique plural flors, nominative singular flor, nominative plural flors)

flor oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
flors (oblique plural)
flor (nominative singular)
flors (nominative plural)

French: fleur
Haitian Creole: flè

Insular Celtic:

→ Cornish: flour, flowr

→ Irish: plúr

→ Scottish Gaelic: flùr

desctree

→ Middle English: flour, fflour, fflowr, fleur, flor, floure, flower, flowr, flowre, flowyr, flur
English: flower, flour
Scots: flouer, flour, floor
→ Middle Welsh: fflwr
Welsh: fflŵr

Norman: flieur (Jersey), flleur (Guernsey)

→ Old Norse: flúr

Walloon: fleur

From Latin flōrem, accusative singular of flōs, from Proto-Italic *flōs, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“flower, blossom”).


miel

fro-noun

miel oblique singular, m (oblique plural mieus or miex or miels, nominative singular mieus or miex or miels, nominative plural miel)

miel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
mieus (oblique plural)
miex (oblique plural)
miels (oblique plural)
mieus (nominative singular)
miex (nominative singular)
miels (nominative singular)
miel (nominative plural)

French: miel

Norman: myi

From Vulgar Latin *melem m or f, from Latin mel n.


lune

Bourguignon: leugne

desctree

Middle French: lune
French: lune
Haitian Creole: lalin
Mauritian Creole: lalin
Seychellois Creole: lalin

Norman: leune

Walloon: lune

From Latin lūna, from Proto-Italic *louksnā, from Proto-Indo-European *lówksneh₂.


beverage

fro-noun

beverage oblique singular, m (oblique plural beverages, nominative singular beverages, nominative plural beverage)

beverage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
beverages (oblique plural)
beverages (nominative singular)
beverage (nominative plural)


ham

ham oblique singular, m (oblique plural hans, nominative singular hans, nominative plural ham)

ham oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
hans (oblique plural)
hans (nominative singular)
ham (nominative plural)

Walloon: hamea, amia, hamia

Walloon: hamtea, hametê, hamtia, amtia

⇒ Old French: hamel

Middle French: hamel

French: hameau

Walloon: hamô

→ Middle English: hamel

desctree

⇒ Old French: hamelet, hamlet
Middle French: hamelet
→ Middle English: hamelet, hamlet
Early Scots: hamillet, hamlet, hamelat, hamelet
English: hamlet

Borrowed from Frankish *haim (“home, village”).


eclipse

fro-noun

eclipse oblique singular, m (oblique plural eclipses, nominative singular eclipses, nominative plural eclipse)

eclipse oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
eclipses (oblique plural)
eclipses (nominative singular)
eclipse (nominative plural)


cor

cor oblique singular, m (oblique plural cors, nominative singular cors, nominative plural cor)

cor oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cors (oblique plural)
cors (nominative singular)
cor (nominative plural)

French: cor

musical instrument
musical instrument#English

horn (musical instrument used to produce sound)


munt

munt oblique singular, m (oblique plural munz or muntz, nominative singular munz or muntz, nominative plural munt)

munt oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
munz (oblique plural)
muntz (oblique plural)
munz (nominative singular)
muntz (nominative singular)
munt (nominative plural)

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of mont (“mountain”)


munt

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of monde (“world”)


mot

mot oblique singular, m (oblique plural moz or motz, nominative singular moz or motz, nominative plural mot)

mot oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
moz (oblique plural)
motz (oblique plural)
moz (nominative singular)
motz (nominative singular)
mot (nominative plural)

French: mot


sphere

sphere oblique singular, f (oblique plural spheres, nominative singular sphere, nominative plural spheres)

sphere oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
spheres (oblique plural)
sphere (nominative singular)
spheres (nominative plural)

English: sphere

French: sphère


mer

mer oblique singular, f (oblique plural mers, nominative singular mer, nominative plural mers)

mer oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
mers (oblique plural)
mer (nominative singular)
mers (nominative plural)

desctree

French: mer
Antillean Creole: lanmè
Haitian Creole: lanmè
→ Volapük: mel

Norman: mé (Jersey)

Walloon: mer

From Latin mare, from Proto-Indo-European *móri.


tort

fro-noun

tort oblique singular, m (oblique plural torz or tortz, nominative singular torz or tortz, nominative plural tort)

tort oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
torz (oblique plural)
tortz (oblique plural)
torz (nominative singular)
tortz (nominative singular)
tort (nominative plural)

French: tort

→ Middle English: tort

English: tort

Scots: tort

From Latin tortum, substantive use of tortus, the past participle of torqueō (“twist, turn”).

Sovent regrete le roi Marc
Son oncle, qui a fait tel tort

King Mark often regretted
That his uncle had done such a bad thing

wrong; misdeed (something considered wrong)


prune

prune oblique singular, f (oblique plural prunes, nominative singular prune, nominative plural prunes)

prune oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
prunes (oblique plural)
prune (nominative singular)
prunes (nominative plural)

French: prune

Norman: preune

Walloon: pronne

desctree

→ Middle English: prune, pruna
English: prune

From Vulgar Latin *prūna, feminine singular formed from the neutral plural of Latin prūnum.


pressure

fro-noun

pressure oblique singular, f (oblique plural pressures, nominative singular pressure, nominative plural pressures)

pressure oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pressures (oblique plural)
pressure (nominative singular)
pressures (nominative plural)

→ English: pressure


premier

premier oblique singular, m (oblique plural premiers, nominative singular premiers, nominative plural premier)

premier oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
premiers (oblique plural)
premiers (nominative singular)
premier (nominative plural)

Middle French: premier

French: premier

→ English: premier

Norman: preunmyi

saver ke le tenant fut le primer ke entra

to know that the tenant was the first who entered


con

con oblique singular, m (oblique plural cons, nominative singular cons, nominative plural con)

con oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
cons (oblique plural)
cons (nominative singular)
con (nominative plural)

French: con


test

test oblique singular, m (oblique plural tez or tetz, nominative singular tez or tetz, nominative plural test)

test oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
tez (oblique plural)
tetz (oblique plural)
tez (nominative singular)
tetz (nominative singular)
test (nominative plural)

French: têt, test

→ Middle English: test

English: test (see there for further descendants)

Scots: test

→ Middle High German: test

German: Test

(countable) a pot, usually made out of clay


influence

influence oblique singular, f (oblique plural influences, nominative singular influence, nominative plural influences)

influence oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
influences (oblique plural)
influence (nominative singular)
influences (nominative plural)

→ English: influence

French: influence

Borrowed from Medieval Latin īnfluentia, from Latin īnfluēns (“flowing in”), present active participle of īnfluō (“flow into”).

Par l'influance des estoiles

influence, especially viewed as a mystical force affecting one's fate


vache

vache oblique singular, f (oblique plural vaches, nominative singular vache, nominative plural vaches)

vache oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
vaches (oblique plural)
vache (nominative singular)
vaches (nominative plural)

Champenois: vaiche

desctree

Middle French: vache
French: vache
Haitian Creole: vach

Bourguignon: vaiche

Lorrain: vaitche

Norman: vacke

Picard: vake

Walloon: vatche


parlement

fro-noun

parlement oblique singular, m (oblique plural parlemenz or parlementz, nominative singular parlemenz or parlementz, nominative plural parlement)

parlement oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
parlemenz (oblique plural)
parlementz (oblique plural)
parlemenz (nominative singular)
parlementz (nominative singular)
parlement (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: parlement
French: parlement

→ Arabic: بَرْلَمَان (barlamān)

→ German: Parlament

Medieval Latin: parlamentum

→ Middle English: parlement, paralament, parlament, parlamente, parlemente, parliament, parliment, parllement, parlyment
English: parliament, Parliament
Scots: parliament
→ Old French: parlement (“legislative assembly, legislative body”) (semantic loan)

→ Middle Dutch: parlement

Dutch: parlement
Afrikaans: parlement
→ Indonesian: parlemen
→ West Frisian: parlemint

French: parlement

* parler (“to speak”) + -ment.
* (legislative body): Semantic loan from Middle English parlement (“parliament”) in the 14th century following the example of the Parliament of England; itself a borrowing from Old French.

semantic loan

parliament (curia regis in judicial session; sovereign court of justice) (13th century)

parliament (legislative assembly or body) (14th century)


maire

fro-noun

maire oblique singular, m (oblique plural maires, nominative singular maires, nominative plural maire)

maire oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
maires (oblique plural)
maires (nominative singular)
maire (nominative plural)

Middle French: maire m

French: maire m

Norman: maire m

→ Middle English: maire

English: mayor


lu

lu oblique singular, m (oblique plural lus, nominative singular lus, nominative plural lu)

lu oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
lus (oblique plural)
lus (nominative singular)
lu (nominative plural)


langage

langage oblique singular, m (oblique plural langages, nominative singular langages, nominative plural langage)

langage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
langages (oblique plural)
langages (nominative singular)
langage (nominative plural)

Si savoit parler mains langages


janvier

janvier oblique singular, m (oblique plural janviers, nominative singular janviers, nominative plural janvier)

janvier oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
janviers (oblique plural)
janviers (nominative singular)
janvier (nominative plural)

Middle French: janvier

desctree

French: janvier
Haitian Creole: janvye
→ Iranian Persian: ژانویه (žânviye)
→ Ladino: janviye
→ South Azerbaijani: ژانویه (janviyə)
→ Tunisian Arabic: جانفي (jānvi)

Norman: janvyi, jaunvyi, djãvi

Walloon: djanvî

⇒ Anglo-Norman: janever

→ Middle English: Janevere


jambe

fro-noun

jambe oblique singular, f (oblique plural jambes, nominative singular jambe, nominative plural jambes)

jambe oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
jambes (oblique plural)
jambe (nominative singular)
jambes (nominative plural)

Middle French: jambe, gambe

French: jambe

→ Middle English: gambe

English: gamb

→ Middle English: jambe

English: jamb

Norman: gambe

Picard: gambe

Walloon: djambe

From Late Latin gamba, from Ancient Greek κάμπη (kámpē).


mission

mission oblique singular, f (oblique plural missions, nominative singular mission, nominative plural missions)

mission oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
missions (oblique plural)
mission (nominative singular)
missions (nominative plural)

French: mission

Norman: mission


ele

ele oblique singular, f (oblique plural eles, nominative singular ele, nominative plural eles)

ele oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
eles (oblique plural)
ele (nominative singular)
eles (nominative plural)

French: aile


Breton

Breton oblique singular, m (oblique plural Bretons, nominative singular Bretons, nominative plural Breton)

Breton oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
Bretons (oblique plural)
Bretons (nominative singular)
Breton (nominative plural)

French: Breton


cosine

cosine oblique singular, f (oblique plural cosines, nominative singular cosine, nominative plural cosines)

cosine oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
cosines (oblique plural)
cosine (nominative singular)
cosines (nominative plural)

French: cousine


jet

Anglo-Norman: jet

French: jet
→ English: jet


solstice

solstice oblique singular, m (oblique plural solstices, nominative singular solstices, nominative plural solstice)

solstice oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
solstices (oblique plural)
solstices (nominative singular)
solstice (nominative plural)

French: solstice

→ Middle English: solstice

English: solstice

Learned borrowing from Latin sōlstitium.


college

college oblique singular, m (oblique plural colleges, nominative singular colleges, nominative plural college)

college oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
colleges (oblique plural)
colleges (nominative singular)
college (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: college, colege, collège, colliege
French: collège
→ Turkish: kolej
→ Middle English: college
English: college (see there for further descendants)
Scots: college
→ Dutch: college
→ Indonesian: kolese

Norman: collège

→ Middle Irish: coláisde

Irish: coláiste

college des Cardinaux

institution; organization (an organised establishment of people)


mast

fro-noun

mast oblique singular, m (oblique plural maz or matz, nominative singular maz or matz, nominative plural mast)

mast oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
maz (oblique plural)
matz (oblique plural)
maz (nominative singular)
matz (nominative singular)
mast (nominative plural)

Middle French: mast
French: mât

Norman: mât

→ Spanish: maste

⇒ Spanish: mástel (spelling influenced by árbol)

⇒ Spanish: mástil

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: masto, maste

Portuguese: mastro, (archaic) masto

⇒ Portuguese: mastaréu


pot

pot oblique singular, m (oblique plural poz or potz, nominative singular poz or potz, nominative plural pot)

pot oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
poz (oblique plural)
potz (oblique plural)
poz (nominative singular)
potz (nominative singular)
pot (nominative plural)

→ English: pot

French: pot

Norman: pot

Asturian: pota

Galician: pota

From Vulgar Latin pottum, pottus (“pot, jar”), from Frankish *pott, from Proto-Germanic *puttaz (“pot, jar, tub”), from Proto-Indo-European *budn- (“a kind of vessel”). More at pot.


province

fro-noun

province oblique singular, f (oblique plural provinces, nominative singular province, nominative plural provinces)

province oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
provinces (oblique plural)
province (nominative singular)
provinces (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: province
French: province
→ Middle English: provynce, provynse, province, provyns
English: province
Tok Pisin: provins
Scots: province

desc

Norman: provînche, provinche (continental Norman)


sine

fro-noun

sine oblique singular, m (oblique plural sines, nominative singular sines, nominative plural sine)

sine oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
sines (oblique plural)
sines (nominative singular)
sine (nominative plural)


papier

papier oblique singular, m (oblique plural papiers, nominative singular papiers, nominative plural papier)

papier oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
papiers (oblique plural)
papiers (nominative singular)
papier (nominative plural)

desctree

French: papier
Mauritian Creole: papye
Seychellois Creole: papye
→ Franco-Provençal: papiér

Norman: papier

Walloon: papî

→ Franco-Provençal: papiér

→ Middle Dutch: papier

Dutch: papier
Afrikaans: papier
→ Kwanyama: ombapila
Jersey Dutch: pampîr
Skepi Creole Dutch: paper
→ Aukan: pampila
→ Indonesian: papir
→ Munsee: pámpiil
→ West Frisian: papier
→ Saramaccan: pampía
→ Sranan Tongo: papira
→ Caribbean Javanese: papirah
→ Wayana: pampira
→ Trió: panpira
→ Unami: pampil

→ Middle High German: papier

German: Papier
→ Hungarian: papír
→ Romanian: papir
→ Romansch: palpiri
→ Serbo-Croatian: papir
→ Silesian: papiōr
→ Ukrainian: папір (papir)

Yiddish: פּאַפּיר (papir)

→ Middle Irish: páipér

Irish: páipéar

→? Old Swedish: paper

→ Finnish: paperi
→ Ingrian: paperi

→ Polish: papier (learned)
→? Belarusian: папе́ра (papjéra)
→ Kashubian: papiór
→ Lithuanian: popierius
→ Latvian: papīrs

→ Middle Low German: pappir

→ Old Norse: pappir

Danish: papir
→ Faroese: pappír

Norwegian: papir

→ Old Occitan: papier

Occitan: papièr

→ Middle English: paper
English: paper
Tok Pisin: pepa
→ Rotokas: pepa
→ Dutch: paper
→ Eastern Arrernte: pipe
→ Esperanto: papero
Ido: papero
→ Hawaiian: pepa
→ Japanese: ペーパー (pēpā)
→ Malay: kertas (semantic loan)
→ Malayalam: പേപ്പർ (pēppaṟ)
→ Maori: pepa
→ Marshallese: peba
→ Mokilese: peipa
→ Niuean: pepa
→ Scottish Gaelic: pàipear
→ Southern Ndebele: iphepha
→ Spanish: paper
→ Swazi: líphepha
→ Xhosa: iphepha
→ Yoruba: bébà, pépà
→ Zulu: iphepha
Scots: paper
→ Welsh: papur

Borrowed from Old Catalan paper. Attested from 1308.


damage

fro-noun

damage oblique singular, m (oblique plural damages, nominative singular damages, nominative plural damage)

damage oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
damages (oblique plural)
damages (nominative singular)
damage (nominative plural)

French: dommage

Norman: dommage

→ Friulian: daneç

→ Irish: damáiste

→ Middle English: damage (see there for further descendants)

→ Piedmontese: darmage, darmagi

→ Sicilian: damaggiu

From Vulgar Latin *damnāticum from Classical Latin damnum.


vent

vent oblique singular, m (oblique plural venz or ventz, nominative singular venz or ventz, nominative plural vent)

vent oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
venz (oblique plural)
ventz (oblique plural)
venz (nominative singular)
ventz (nominative singular)
vent (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: vant

→ English: vent

Middle French: vent
French: vent

Norman: vent

Walloon: vint

→ Galician: vendaval

→ Portuguese: vendaval

→ Spanish: vendaval

Un meis sanz vent nagerent tut plein

c. 1110, Benedeit, Le Voyage de saint Brandan:

They sailed for a whole month without wind


noise

noise oblique singular, f (oblique plural noises, nominative singular noise, nominative plural noises)

noise oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
noises (oblique plural)
noise (nominative singular)
noises (nominative plural)

Middle French: noise
French: noise

desctree

→ Middle English: noyse, neoyse, noice, noise, noyce, noyes, noys
English: noise
Scots: noise

Uncertain; according to some, from Latin nausia, nausea (“disgust, nausea”), compare Old Occitan nauza (“noise, quarrel”); according to others, from Latin noxia (“hurt, harm, damage, injury”); but neither explanation is satisfactory in regard to either form or sense.


serpent

fro-noun

serpent oblique singular, m (oblique plural serpenz or serpentz, nominative singular serpenz or serpentz, nominative plural serpent)

serpent oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
serpenz (oblique plural)
serpentz (oblique plural)
serpenz (nominative singular)
serpentz (nominative singular)
serpent (nominative plural)

Middle French: serpent
French: serpent

Walloon: sierpint

→ Middle English: serpent

English: serpent

→ Dutch: serpent


union

union oblique singular, f (oblique plural unions, nominative singular union, nominative plural unions)

union oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
unions (oblique plural)
union (nominative singular)
unions (nominative plural)

French: union

→ Middle English: unyoun

English: union


union

union oblique singular, m (oblique plural unions, nominative singular unions, nominative plural union)

union oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
unions (oblique plural)
unions (nominative singular)
union (nominative plural)


temple

temple oblique singular, m (oblique plural temples, nominative singular temples, nominative plural temple)

temple oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
temples (oblique plural)
temples (nominative singular)
temple (nominative plural)

French: tempe

→ Middle English: temple

English: temple

From Vulgar Latin *temp(u)la, from Latin tempora, plural of tempus.


temple

French: temple

→ Old Spanish: temple

temple (building where religious services take place)


flux

flux oblique singular, m (oblique plural flux, nominative singular flux, nominative plural flux)

flux oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
flux (oblique plural)
flux (nominative singular)
flux (nominative plural)

diarrhea (rapid passage of fecal matter through the bowels)


forest

forest oblique singular, m or f (oblique plural forez or foretz, nominative singular forez or foretz, nominative plural forest)

forest oblique singular or (canonical feminine masculine)
forez (oblique plural)
foretz (oblique plural)
forez (nominative singular)
foretz (nominative singular)
forest (nominative plural)

Franc-Comtois: fouré (Poisoux)

Middle French: forest
French: forêt

Gallo: forée (Nantais), forést

desc

Lorrain: [Term?] (/forɛ/) (St-Maurice-sur-Moselle)

Norman: forêt (Cotentinais, Jersiais), foiret (Brayon), fouorêt (Guernesiais)

Picard: foreû (Athois)

Poitevin-Saintongeais: fouras (Châtellerault), fourêt (Saintongeais)

desctree

→ Middle English: forest
English: forest
Scots: forest
→ Welsh: fforest

→ Middle Irish: foraís

Irish: foraois

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin forestis/-a.


volt

fro-noun

volt oblique singular, m (oblique plural volz or voltz, nominative singular volz or voltz, nominative plural volt)

volt oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
volz (oblique plural)
voltz (oblique plural)
volz (nominative singular)
voltz (nominative singular)
volt (nominative plural)


sel

sel oblique singular, m (oblique plural seaus or seax or siaus or siax or sels, nominative singular seaus or seax or siaus or siax or sels, nominative plural sel)

sel oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
seaus (oblique plural)
seax (oblique plural)
siaus (oblique plural)
siax (oblique plural)
sels (oblique plural)
seaus (nominative singular)
seax (nominative singular)
siaus (nominative singular)
siax (nominative singular)
sels (nominative singular)
sel (nominative plural)

Middle French: sel
French: sel

Norman: sé, saïl

Walloon: sé

Inherited from Latin salem. Cognate with Old Spanish sal f and Old Galician-Portuguese sal m.


violence

violence oblique singular, f (oblique plural violences, nominative singular violence, nominative plural violences)

violence oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
violences (oblique plural)
violence (nominative singular)
violences (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: violence, violens, vyolence, vyolens, vyalens, wiolence, violense
English: violence

French: violence


trial

fro-noun

trial oblique singular, m (oblique plural triaus or triax or trials, nominative singular triaus or triax or trials, nominative plural trial)

trial oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
triaus (oblique plural)
triax (oblique plural)
trials (oblique plural)
triaus (nominative singular)
triax (nominative singular)
trials (nominative singular)
trial (nominative plural)

→ English: trial

trier (“to try such as in a court of law”) + -al.


ruse

fro-noun

ruse oblique singular, f (oblique plural ruses, nominative singular ruse, nominative plural ruses)

ruse oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
ruses (oblique plural)
ruse (nominative singular)
ruses (nominative plural)

→ English: ruse

French: ruse

Probably based on Latin rursus (“backwards”)


grain

grain oblique singular, m (oblique plural grainz, nominative singular grainz, nominative plural grain)

grain oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
grainz (oblique plural)
grainz (nominative singular)
grain (nominative plural)

Middle French: grain

French: grain

→ Irish: gráinne

desctree

→ Middle English: greyn, grayn, grayne, grein, greyne, grone
English: grain
Scots: grain
Yola: gryne

E quant grain ad truved de tuz maneres de bled

c. 1120, Philippe de Taon, Bestiaire, line 421:

When it [the ant] found grain of all manners of wheat


labia

fro-noun

labia oblique singular, f (oblique plural labias, nominative singular labia, nominative plural labias)

labia oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
labias (oblique plural)
labia (nominative singular)
labias (nominative plural)

circa 980, La Vie de Saint Léger

La labia li ad restaurat
He [=God] restored his lip to him


humour

(Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of humor


arc

arc oblique singular, m (oblique plural ars, nominative singular ars, nominative plural arc)

arc oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ars (oblique plural)
ars (nominative singular)
arc (nominative plural)

desctree

→ Middle English: ark, arke
English: arc

French: arc

bow (a weapon made of a curved piece of wood or other flexible material whose ends are connected by a string)


pestilence

fro-noun

pestilence oblique singular, f (oblique plural pestilences, nominative singular pestilence, nominative plural pestilences)

pestilence oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
pestilences (oblique plural)
pestilence (nominative singular)
pestilences (nominative plural)


los

los oblique singular, m (oblique plural los, nominative singular los, nominative plural los)

los oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
los (oblique plural)
los (nominative singular)
los (nominative plural)

French: los


vision

vision oblique singular, f (oblique plural visions, nominative singular vision, nominative plural visions)

vision oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
visions (oblique plural)
vision (nominative singular)
visions (nominative plural)

vision (supernatural sensory experience)