-um

hund (“dog”) + -um → hundum (“dogs”)

sċip (“ship”) + -um → sċipum (“ships”)

Used to form the dative plural of essentially all nouns

Used to form the strong and weak dative and instrumental plural of adjectives

Used to form the strong dative singular of masculine and neuter adjectives


-ian

-ian (infinitive)
-ienne (infinitive)
-iġe (first-person present singular)
-ode (first-person past singular)
-ast (present second-person singular)
-odest (past second-person singular)
-aþ (present singular third-person)
-ode (past singular third-person)
-iaþ (plural present)
-odon (past plural)
-iġe (present singular)
-ode (past singular)
-iġen (plural present)
-oden (past plural)
-a (imperative past present singular)
-iaþ (imperative past plural present)
-iende (imperative present)
-od (imperative past)

Middle English: -ien, -en (merged with all other verbs)

English: -en, -e (obsolete)

Scots: -e (obsolete)

By syncope from earlier *-ōjan, a northern Ingvaeonic innovated form of Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.


-est

-est (nominative singular)
-este (accusative singular)
-este (genitive singular)
-este (dative singular)
-ost (alternative)
-ust (alternative)

eornost

þēnest

ofost

orrest

suffix forming feminine nouns, originally from verbs


-ing

-ing (nominative singular)
-inga (nominative plural)
-inge (nominative plural)
-inge (accusative singular)
-inga (accusative plural)
-inge (accusative plural)
-inge (genitive singular)
-inga (genitive plural)
-inge (dative singular)
-ingum (dative plural)
-ung (alternative)

Forming nouns from verbs, indicating action, process or material.


-ing

-ing (nominative singular)
-ingas (nominative plural)
-ing (accusative singular)
-ingas (accusative plural)
-inges (genitive singular)
-inga (genitive plural)
-inge (dative singular)
-ingum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

Forming derivatives of nouns with sense of ‘belonging to, son of’.


-ette

first-person singular present/preterite indicative

third-person singular preterite indicative

inflection of -ettan:
singular present/preterite subjunctive


-ed

fremman (“to perform”) + -ed → fremed (“performed”)

Used to form the past participle of class I weak verbs


-ed

æppel (“apple”) + -ed → æppled (“apple-shaped”)


-or

English: -er

From Proto-Germanic *-ar-. Akin to Old High German -ar.

slīpan (“to slip, glide”) + -or → slipor (“slippery”)

wacian (“to be awake, be watchful”) + -or → wacor (“vigilant, watchful”)

suffix forming adjectives from verbs denoting tendency or causation


-or

-or (nominative singular)
-ras (nominative plural)
-or (accusative singular)
-ras (accusative plural)
-res (genitive singular)
-ra (genitive plural)
-re (dative singular)
-rum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *-raz. Akin to Old Saxon -or, Old High German -ur.

ċeole (“throat”) + -or → ċeolor (“collar, throat”)

eald (“old”) + -or → ealdor (“chieftain, ruler”)

siġe (“victory”) + -or → sigor (“victory”)

telga (“branch, bough”) + -or → telgor (“branch, twig”)

dæġ (“day”) + -or → dōgor (“day”)

sele (“hall”) + -or → salor (“hall, palace”)

Suffix variant found on masculine a-stem nouns


-or

hearde (“severely”) + -or → heardor (“more severely”)

trumlīċe (“firmly”) + -or → trumlīcor (“more firmly”)


-a

-a (nominative singular)
-an (nominative plural)
-an (accusative singular)
-an (accusative plural)
-an (genitive singular)
-ena (genitive plural)
-an (dative singular)
-um (dative plural)

Middle English: -e

From Proto-West Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate with Old High German -o.

ācweorna

fola

draca

grīma

heorra

eald (“old”) + -a → (sē) ealda (“(the/that) old; (the/that) old one/thing”)

used to form the nominative singular n-stem (weak) adjective and subsequent nominalised form

ġiefan (“to give”) + -a → ġiefa (“giver”)

dēman (“to judge”) + -a → dēma (“a judge”)

cuman (“to come”) + -a → cuma (“guest”)

used to form masculine agents, usually from verbs


-a

Middle English: -e (fossilised)

English: -e (archaic)

From Proto-West Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *-ô.


-a

sunu (“son”) + -a → suna (“sons, sons'”)

talu (“tale”) + -a → tala (“tales, tales'”)

Forms the nominative, accusative, and genitive plural of o-stem feminine nouns and u-stem masculine nouns


-a

word (“word”) + -a → worda (“words'”)

Forms the genitive plural of a-stem nouns


-a

sunu (“son”) + -a → suna (“son's, son”)

Forms the genitive and dative singular of u-stem nouns


-an

-an (infinitive)
-enne (infinitive)
-e (first-person present singular)
-de (first-person past singular)
-est (present second-person singular)
-st (present second-person singular)
-dest (past second-person singular)
-eþ (present singular third-person)
-þ (present singular third-person)
-de (past singular third-person)
-aþ (plural present)
-don (past plural)
-e (present singular)
-de (past singular)
-en (plural present)
-den (past plural)
-aþ (imperative past plural present)
-ende (imperative present)
-ed (imperative past)

singan

niman

(verbal suffix) used to form the infinitive of most class I verbs (exceptions are verbs like flēon (“to flee”))


-an

From Proto-West Germanic *-anā, from Proto-Germanic *-anē.

ēastan

westan


-an

beran

Forms the accusative, genitive, and dative singular and nominative and accusative plural of n-stem nouns


-an

Alternative form of -on (strong plural past indicative suffix)


-an

Forms the following inflections of weak adjectives:

Masculine and feminine accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental singular

Neuter genitive, dative, and instrumental singular

Masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative and accusative plural


-s

-s (nominative singular)
-sa (nominative plural)
-se (nominative plural)
-se (accusative singular)
-sa (accusative plural)
-se (accusative plural)
-se (genitive singular)
-sa (genitive plural)
-se (dative singular)
-sum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *-issju, *-ussju, from Proto-Germanic *-isjō, *-usjō.

milde (“gentle, mild”) + -s → milts (“mercy”) (earlier milds)

līþe (“gentle, limber”) + -s → liss (“grace”) (earlier liþs)

cweþan (“to say, speak”) + -s → cwiss (“a saying”) (earlier cwiþs)

(often affects the value or quality of preceding consonants, may or may not cause i-mutation) Feminine noun suffix forming nouns from adjectives and verbs

often affects the value or quality of preceding consonants; may or may not cause i-mutation; often affects the value or quality of preceding consonants; may or may not cause i-mutation


-u

-u (nominative singular)
-u (nominative plural)
-e (nominative plural)
-u (accusative singular)
-e (accusative singular)
-u (accusative plural)
-e (accusative plural)
-u (genitive singular)
-e (genitive singular)
-a (genitive plural)
-u (dative singular)
-e (dative singular)
-um (dative plural)
-o (alternative)

From suppletive fusion of ō-stem feminine singular nominative ending -u and Proto-Germanic *-į̄ (“feminine abstract ending”). Akin to Gothic feminine abstracts in -𐌴𐌹 (-ei) (compare 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 (mikilei, “greatness”); 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌴𐌹 (diupei, “depth”)).

inh

eald (“old”) + -u → ieldu (“age”)

hāliġ (“holy, sacred; pious”) + -u → hāliġu (“holiness”)

hāl (“sound, healthy, intact”) + -u → hǣlu (“wholeness, health”)

hāt (“hot”) + -u → hǣtu (“heat, warmth”)

mennisċ (“human, natural, humane”) + -u → mennisċu (“humanity”)

miċel (“big, large; great”) + -u → miċelu (“greatness, size”)

ending used to form abstract nouns from adjectives (compare Modern English -ness), normally causing i-mutation, and remaining even when preceded by a long syllable


-u

From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-ō. Apocope should have caused the loss of this ending after heavy stems, but the Anglian dialects generally retained it by analogy with short stems, or for its morphological significance. In West Saxon, this apocope led to replacement with the subjunctive singular -e, which was then extended to short stem verbs as well.

beran (“bear”) + -u → beru (“I bear”)

drīfan (“drive out”) + -u → drīfu (“I drive out”)

sellan (“give”) + -u → sellu (“I give”)

Used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs


-u

From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-ō

ġiefu (“gift”)

lufu (“love”)

Used to form the nominative singular of short ō-stem nouns


-u

From Proto-West Germanic *-u, from Proto-Germanic *-uz

sunu (“son”)

wudu (“forest”)

Used to form the nominative and accusative singular of short u-stem nouns


-u

clif (“cliff”) + -u → clifu (“cliffs”)

sċip (“ship”) + -u → sċipu (“ships”)

rīċe (“kingdom”) + -u → rīċu (“kingdoms”)

Used to form the nominative and accusative plural of short a-stem and all ija-stem neuter nouns


-u

unārīmedlīċ + -u → unārīmedlīċu

Forms the strong nominative feminine singular and strong nominative/accusative neuter plural of adjectives


-en

-en (nominative singular)
-enu (nominative plural)
-en (accusative singular)
-enu (accusative plural)
-enes (genitive singular)
-ena (genitive plural)
-ene (dative singular)
-enum (dative plural)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īną.

mæġeþ (“girl”) + -en → mæġden (“girl,” originally “little girl”)

cocc (“rooster”) + -en → ċycen, ċicen (“chick”)

broþ (“broth, brewing”) + -en → bryþen (“brewing, drink”)

(causes i-mutation) used to create diminutive neuter nouns


-en

-en (nominative singular)
-enna (nominative plural)
-enne (nominative plural)
-enne (accusative singular)
-enna (accusative plural)
-enne (accusative plural)
-enne (genitive singular)
-enna (genitive plural)
-enne (dative singular)
-ennum (dative plural)
-in (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ini, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.

inh+

god (“(male) god”) + -en → gyden (“goddess”) (with i-mutation)

þēow (“(male) servant”) + -en → þēowen (“female servant”) (without i-mutation)

(often causes i-mutation) used to create feminine nouns from other nouns


-en

-en (masculine nominative singular)
-enu (feminine nominative singular)
-nu (feminine nominative singular)
-eno (feminine nominative singular)
-no (feminine nominative singular)
-en (neuter nominative singular)
-enne (accusative masculine singular)
-ene (accusative feminine singular)
-ne (accusative feminine singular)
-en (accusative neuter singular)
-enes (genitive masculine singular)
-nes (genitive masculine singular)
-enre (feminine genitive singular)
-enes (genitive neuter singular)
-nes (genitive neuter singular)
-enum (dative masculine singular)
-num (dative masculine singular)
-enre (dative feminine singular)
-enum (dative neuter singular)
-num (dative neuter singular)
-ene (instrumental masculine singular)
-ne (instrumental masculine singular)
-enre (feminine instrumental singular)
-ene (instrumental neuter singular)
-ne (instrumental neuter singular)
-ene (masculine nominative plural)
-ne (masculine nominative plural)
-ena (feminine nominative plural)
-na (feminine nominative plural)
-ene (feminine nominative plural)
-ne (feminine nominative plural)
-enu (neuter nominative plural)
-nu (neuter nominative plural)
-eno (neuter nominative plural)
-no (neuter nominative plural)
-ene (accusative masculine plural)
-ne (accusative masculine plural)
-ena (accusative feminine plural)
-na (accusative feminine plural)
-ene (accusative feminine plural)
-ne (accusative feminine plural)
-enu (accusative neuter plural)
-nu (accusative neuter plural)
-eno (accusative neuter plural)
-no (accusative neuter plural)
-enra (genitive masculine plural)
-enra (feminine genitive plural)
-enra (genitive neuter plural)
-enum (dative masculine plural)
-num (dative masculine plural)
-enum (dative feminine plural)
-num (dative feminine plural)
-enum (dative neuter plural)
-num (dative neuter plural)
-enum (instrumental masculine plural)
-num (instrumental masculine plural)
-enum (feminine instrumental plural)
-num (feminine instrumental plural)
-enum (instrumental neuter plural)
-num (instrumental neuter plural)
-ena (masculine nominative singular)
-na (masculine nominative singular)
-ene (feminine nominative singular)
-ne (feminine nominative singular)
-ene (neuter nominative singular)
-ne (neuter nominative singular)
-enan (accusative masculine singular)
-nan (accusative masculine singular)
-enan (accusative feminine singular)
-nan (accusative feminine singular)
-ene (accusative neuter singular)
-ne (accusative neuter singular)
-enan (genitive masculine singular)
-nan (genitive masculine singular)
-enan (feminine genitive singular)
-nan (feminine genitive singular)
-enan (genitive neuter singular)
-nan (genitive neuter singular)
-enan (dative masculine singular)
-nan (dative masculine singular)
-enan (dative feminine singular)
-nan (dative feminine singular)
-enan (dative neuter singular)
-nan (dative neuter singular)
-enan (instrumental masculine singular)
-nan (instrumental masculine singular)
-enan (feminine instrumental singular)
-nan (feminine instrumental singular)
-enan (instrumental neuter singular)
-nan (instrumental neuter singular)
-enan (masculine nominative plural)
-nan (masculine nominative plural)
-enan (feminine nominative plural)
-nan (feminine nominative plural)
-enan (neuter nominative plural)
-nan (neuter nominative plural)
-enan (accusative masculine plural)
-nan (accusative masculine plural)
-enan (accusative feminine plural)
-nan (accusative feminine plural)
-enan (accusative neuter plural)
-nan (accusative neuter plural)
-enra (genitive masculine plural)
-enena (genitive masculine plural)
-nena (genitive masculine plural)
-enra (feminine genitive plural)
-enena (feminine genitive plural)
-nena (feminine genitive plural)
-enra (genitive neuter plural)
-enena (genitive neuter plural)
-nena (genitive neuter plural)
-enum (dative masculine plural)
-num (dative masculine plural)
-enum (dative feminine plural)
-num (dative feminine plural)
-enum (dative neuter plural)
-num (dative neuter plural)
-enum (instrumental masculine plural)
-num (instrumental masculine plural)
-enum (feminine instrumental plural)
-num (feminine instrumental plural)
-enum (instrumental neuter plural)
-num (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: -en

English: -en

Scots: -en, -in

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

gold (“gold”) + -en → gylden (“golden”)

ātor (“poison”) + -en → ǣtren (“venomous, poisonous”)

stān (“stone”) + -en → stǣnen (“stonen”)

āc (“oak”) + -en → ǣcen (“oaken”)

trēow (“tree”) + -en → triewen (“wooden”)

līn (“flax”) + -en → līnen (“linen”)

sǣ (“sea”) + -en → sǣn (“marine”)

fæder (“father”) + -en → fæderen (“paternal”)

(causes i-mutation) adjectival suffix meaning "material made of, consisting of”, also sometimes “characteristic of”.


-en

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz.

ġecumen

ġecorfen

ġeswōgen

(verbal suffix) past participle ending of strong verbs


-en

Proto-Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-.

tungol (“star”) + -en → tunglen (“of the stars, sidereal, starry”)

fæder (“father”) + -en → fæderen (“paternal, of a father”)

hund (“dog, hound”) + -en → hunden (“canine”)

(adjective suffix) meaning belonging to or characterised by


-en

-en (nominative singular)
-enna (nominative plural)
-enne (nominative plural)
-enne (accusative singular)
-enna (accusative plural)
-enne (accusative plural)
-enne (genitive singular)
-enna (genitive plural)
-enne (dative singular)
-ennum (dative plural)

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-īni, from Proto-Germanic *-īniz. Sometimes with geminate -nn-, probably due to confusion with the feminine suffix from *-inī.

byrgan (“to bury”) + -en → byrgen (“burying, grave”)

sellan (“to give, grant”) + -en → selen (“giving, gift”)

þicgan (“to take, accept”) + -en → þigen (“taking”) (inflected as strong and weak)

(causes i-mutation) forms nouns from class 1 weak verbs


-on

drīfan (“to drive”) + -on → drifon (“we/you/they drove”)

Marks the plural preterite indicative of strong verbs.


-on

(rare) Alternative form of -en (suffix forming past participles)


-un

Alternative form of -on (strong plural past indicative suffix)


-o

(Anglian, Kentish) Alternative form of -e, as used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs


-as

Middle English: -æs, -es, -s

English: -es, -s (see there for further descendants)

Scots: -is, -es, -s

Perhaps from the Proto-Germanic accusative plural ending *-anz, with regularly lost -n- before a fricative, or perhaps from the nominative plural *-ōs, a voiceless variety of the regular ending *-ōz, or a merger of both. Akin to Saterland Frisian -s, West Frisian -s, Old Saxon -os (Low German -s), Dutch -s, Swedish -ar.

hund (“dog”) + -as → hundas (“dogs”)

wulf (“wolf”) + -as → wulfas (“wolves”)

Plural ending of nominative and accusative cases, originally of a-stem masculine nouns, later extended to other nouns.


-e

From West Germanic *-ā, from Proto-Germanic *-ê, which survives otherwise only in Gothic (and possibly Old Norse).

beorht (“bright, clear”) + -e → beorhte (“brightly, clearly”)


-e

-e (masculine nominative singular)
-u (feminine nominative singular)
-o (feminine nominative singular)
-e (neuter nominative singular)
-ne (accusative masculine singular)
-e (accusative feminine singular)
-e (accusative neuter singular)
-es (genitive masculine singular)
-re (feminine genitive singular)
-es (genitive neuter singular)
-um (dative masculine singular)
-re (dative feminine singular)
-um (dative neuter singular)
-e (instrumental masculine singular)
-re (feminine instrumental singular)
-e (instrumental neuter singular)
-e (masculine nominative plural)
-a (feminine nominative plural)
-e (feminine nominative plural)
-u (neuter nominative plural)
-o (neuter nominative plural)
-e (accusative masculine plural)
-a (accusative feminine plural)
-e (accusative feminine plural)
-u (accusative neuter plural)
-o (accusative neuter plural)
-ra (genitive masculine plural)
-ra (feminine genitive plural)
-ra (genitive neuter plural)
-um (dative masculine plural)
-um (dative feminine plural)
-um (dative neuter plural)
-um (instrumental masculine plural)
-um (feminine instrumental plural)
-um (instrumental neuter plural)
-a (masculine nominative singular)
-e (feminine nominative singular)
-e (neuter nominative singular)
-an (accusative masculine singular)
-an (accusative feminine singular)
-e (accusative neuter singular)
-an (genitive masculine singular)
-an (feminine genitive singular)
-an (genitive neuter singular)
-an (dative masculine singular)
-an (dative feminine singular)
-an (dative neuter singular)
-an (instrumental masculine singular)
-an (feminine instrumental singular)
-an (instrumental neuter singular)
-an (masculine nominative plural)
-an (feminine nominative plural)
-an (neuter nominative plural)
-an (accusative masculine plural)
-an (accusative feminine plural)
-an (accusative neuter plural)
-ra (genitive masculine plural)
-ena (genitive masculine plural)
-ra (feminine genitive plural)
-ena (feminine genitive plural)
-ra (genitive neuter plural)
-ena (genitive neuter plural)
-um (dative masculine plural)
-um (dative feminine plural)
-um (dative neuter plural)
-um (instrumental masculine plural)
-um (feminine instrumental plural)
-um (instrumental neuter plural)
-i (alternative Anglian Early)

From Proto-West Germanic *-ī. Beyond that, generally from Proto-Germanic *-ijaz, but also partly merged with *-jaz and athematic *-iz (compare Proto-Norse -ᛁᛉ (-iʀ)). Note though that -wintre is from Proto-Germanic *-wintruz, since Proto-Germanic u-stem adjectives became ja-stems in West Germanic. Other suffixes derived from u-stem nouns, such as -flēre, might also have been zero derivations in Proto-Germanic.

ān (“one”) + willa (“will”) + -e → ānwille (“stubborn”)

fela (“many”) + word (“word”) + -e → felawyrde (“long-winded”)

fīf (“five”) + flōr (“floor”) + -e → fīfflēre (“five-story”)

fiþer- (“four”) + sċēat (“corner”) + -e → fiþersċīete (“square”)

forþ (“forward”) + gang (“going”) + -e → forþgenġe (“progressive”)

īdel (“empty”) + hand (“hand”) + -e → īdelhende (“empty-handed”)

lang (“long”) + līf (“life”) + -e → langlīfe (“long-lived”)

ofer- (“over-”) + ǣt (“eating”) + -e → oferǣte (“gluttonous”)

or- (“out of”) + blōd (“blood”) + -e → orblēde (“bled out”)

sċeolh (“crooked”) + ēage (“eye”) + -e → sċeolhīeġe (“crosseyed”)

sīd (“hanging down”) + feax (“hair on the head”) + -e → sīdfiexe (“long-haired”)

twelf (“twelve”) + winter (“year”) + -e → twelfwintre (“twelve years old”)

twi- (“two”) + eċġ (“edge”) + -e → twieċġe (“double-edged”)

twi- (“two”) + fōt (“foot”) + -e → twifēte (“bipedal”)

un- (“un-”) + ċēap (“cost”) + -e → unċīepe (“free”)

forms adjectives from nouns, often with the meaning "having" (typically causes i-umlaut)


-e

-u (alternative Anglian Kentish)
-o (alternative Anglian Kentish)

Likely borrowed from the subjunctive singular Proto-West Germanic *-ē after high vowel apocope resulted in the loss of inherited Proto-West Germanic *-u in heavy stem verbs, and then analogically extended to light stem verbs.

drīfan (“to drive”) + -e → drīfe (“I drive”)

fremman (“to perform”) + -e → fremme (“I perform”)


-e

talu (“tale”) + -e → tale (“tale, tales”)

Marks the accusative, genitive, and dative singular and the nominative and accusative plural of ō-stem feminine nouns

sċip (“ship”) + -e → tō þām sċipe (“to the ship”)

Marks the dative singular of a-stem masculine and neuter nouns


-e

-e (nominative singular)
-an (nominative plural)
-an (accusative singular)
-an (accusative plural)
-an (genitive singular)
-ena (genitive plural)
-an (dative singular)
-um (dative plural)

docce (“dock”)

berġe (“berry”)

Marks the nominative singular of feminine n-stem nouns

hlǣfdīġe

ġebedda (“husband, male consort”) + -e → ġebedde (“wife, female consort”)

Forms feminine agent nouns, often as a counterpart to masculine agent nouns in -a

cyning (“king”) + -e → cyninge (“queen”)

Forms nouns referring to female people from nouns referring to male people


-e

Likely derived from the weakening of the plural subjunctive ending -en.

Ġebīde ġē on beorge!

(used with postpositioned "ġē") Second person plural imperative ending of strong verbs, class 1 weak verbs, and class 3 weak verbs.


-re

-re (nominative singular)
-ras (nominative plural)
-re (accusative singular)
-ras (accusative plural)
-res (genitive singular)
-ra (genitive plural)
-re (dative singular)
-rum (dative plural)

English: -er

From Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, possibly from Latin -ārius.

fugol (“fowl, bird”) + -re → fuglre (“fowler”)

(Late West Saxon) masculine agent suffix, originally applied only to nouns


-re

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Marks the strong feminine genitive, dative, and instrumental singular of adjectives.


-ful

-ful (masculine nominative singular)
-ful (feminine nominative singular)
-ful (neuter nominative singular)
-fulne (accusative masculine singular)
-fulle (accusative feminine singular)
-ful (accusative neuter singular)
-fulles (genitive masculine singular)
-fulre (feminine genitive singular)
-fulles (genitive neuter singular)
-fullum (dative masculine singular)
-fulre (dative feminine singular)
-fullum (dative neuter singular)
-fulle (instrumental masculine singular)
-fulre (feminine instrumental singular)
-fulle (instrumental neuter singular)
-fulle (masculine nominative plural)
-fulla (feminine nominative plural)
-fulle (feminine nominative plural)
-ful (neuter nominative plural)
-fulle (accusative masculine plural)
-fulla (accusative feminine plural)
-fulle (accusative feminine plural)
-ful (accusative neuter plural)
-fulra (genitive masculine plural)
-fulra (feminine genitive plural)
-fulra (genitive neuter plural)
-fullum (dative masculine plural)
-fullum (dative feminine plural)
-fullum (dative neuter plural)
-fullum (instrumental masculine plural)
-fullum (feminine instrumental plural)
-fullum (instrumental neuter plural)
-fulla (masculine nominative singular)
-fulle (feminine nominative singular)
-fulle (neuter nominative singular)
-fullan (accusative masculine singular)
-fullan (accusative feminine singular)
-fulle (accusative neuter singular)
-fullan (genitive masculine singular)
-fullan (feminine genitive singular)
-fullan (genitive neuter singular)
-fullan (dative masculine singular)
-fullan (dative feminine singular)
-fullan (dative neuter singular)
-fullan (instrumental masculine singular)
-fullan (feminine instrumental singular)
-fullan (instrumental neuter singular)
-fullan (masculine nominative plural)
-fullan (feminine nominative plural)
-fullan (neuter nominative plural)
-fullan (accusative masculine plural)
-fullan (accusative feminine plural)
-fullan (accusative neuter plural)
-fulra (genitive masculine plural)
-fullena (genitive masculine plural)
-fulra (feminine genitive plural)
-fullena (feminine genitive plural)
-fulra (genitive neuter plural)
-fullena (genitive neuter plural)
-fullum (dative masculine plural)
-fullum (dative feminine plural)
-fullum (dative neuter plural)
-fullum (instrumental masculine plural)
-fullum (feminine instrumental plural)
-fullum (instrumental neuter plural)
-full (alternative)

Middle English: -full, -ful

Scots: -fu

English: -ful

From Proto-Germanic *-fullaz (“-ful”), from Proto-Germanic *fullaz (“full”).


-wise

-wīse (canonical)
-wīse (nominative singular)
-wīsan (nominative plural)
-wīsan (accusative singular)
-wīsan (accusative plural)
-wīsan (genitive singular)
-wīsena (genitive plural)
-wīsan (dative singular)
-wīsum (dative plural)

From wīse (“manner, way, condition, direction”).

riht (“just, right”) + -wīse → rihtwīse (“righteousness, justice”)

cniht (“boy, youth”) + -wīse → cnihtwīse (“boyishness”)

cyne- (“public, nation, kindred”) + -wīse → cynewīse (“commonweath, state”)

lēoþ (“song, tune, poem”) + -wīse → lēoþwīse (“poetry, verse”)

bēag (“ring, hoop, circle”) + -wīse → bēagwīse (“sphere, circular form”)

(noun suffix) state of, manner of, condition; direction

mynster (“minister”) + -wīse → mynsterwīse (“monastic custom”)

fierd (“militia”) + -wīse → fierdwīse (“military style”)

hyse (“son, youth”) + -wīse → hysewīse (“like a young man”)

(adverbial suffix) in the manner or fashion of; in the direction of


-ness

-ness (nominative singular)
-nessa (nominative plural)
-nesse (nominative plural)
-nesse (accusative singular)
-nessa (accusative plural)
-nesse (accusative plural)
-nesse (genitive singular)
-nessa (genitive plural)
-nesse (dative singular)
-nessum (dative plural)


-ast

lufian (“to love”) + -ast → lufast (“you/thou love”)

Used to form the second person singular present indicative of class II weak verbs


-et

-et (nominative singular)
-ettu (nominative plural)
-et (accusative singular)
-ettu (accusative plural)
-ettes (genitive singular)
-etta (genitive plural)
-ette (dative singular)
-ettum (dative plural)
-ett (alternative)
-ot (alternative)
-ut (alternative)
-yt (alternative)

English: thicket

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-atti, *-itti, *-utti, from Proto-Germanic *-atją, *-itją, *-utją.

inh+

þēowot

grafet

bærnet

emnet

þiccet

rēwet

rȳmet

swefet, sweofot

þyrnet

suffix forming nouns from verbs, adjectives, and other nouns (sometimes causing i-mutation), originally as the action of verbs ending in -ettan (“-ise”) (compare English -ism)


-ode

From the merger of several Proto-Germanic inflections.

lufian (“to love”) + -ode → lufode (“I/he/she/it loved”)

Used to form the first and third person singular preterite indicative and singular subjunctive indicative of class II weak verbs


-ung

-ung (nominative singular)
-unga (nominative plural)
-unge (nominative plural)
-unge (accusative singular)
-unga (accusative plural)
-unge (accusative plural)
-unge (genitive singular)
-unga (genitive plural)
-unge (dative singular)
-ungum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: -ung, -unge, -unge, -inge, -ing

English: -ing

From Proto-West Germanic *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.
Cognate with Old Saxon -unga (Low German -inge, -ing), Old Dutch -inga, -unga (Dutch -ing), Old High German -unga (German -ung), Old Norse -ung, -ing (Swedish -ing).

forming nouns from verbs, denoting verbal action or an instance of it; or denoting a substance involved in the verbal action


-þ

-þ (nominative singular)
-þa (nominative plural)
-þe (nominative plural)
-þe (accusative singular)
-þa (accusative plural)
-þe (accusative plural)
-þe (genitive singular)
-þa (genitive plural)
-þe (dative singular)
-þum (dative plural)
-þu (alternative)
-þo (alternative)
-t (alternative)
-to (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: -the, -ðe, -ðhe, -eth, -ethe, -ith, -ithe, -th, -þ, -þe, -yth, -t, -te (following fricatives)
English: -th, -t
Scots: -th, -t

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-iþu, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō.

inh+

fūl (“foul, polluted”) + -þ → fȳlþ (“filth, foulness”)

earm (“poor”) + -þ → iermþ (“poverty”)

þēof (“thief”) + -þ → þīefþ (“theft”)

forming abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns; generally causing mutation of root or preceding vowels


-þ

-þ (nominative singular)
-þa (nominative plural)
-þ (accusative singular)
-þa (accusative plural)
-þa (genitive singular)
-þa (genitive plural)
-þa (dative singular)
-þum (dative plural)
-d (alternative)
-t (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe, -t, -te (following fricatives) (conflated with -þ < *-þiz)
English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-þu, from Proto-Germanic *-þuz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus.

fyrhþ


-þ

-þ (nominative singular)
-þe (nominative plural)
-þa (nominative plural)
-þ (accusative singular)
-þe (accusative singular)
-þe (accusative plural)
-þa (accusative plural)
-þe (genitive singular)
-þa (genitive plural)
-þe (dative singular)
-þum (dative plural)
-d (alternative)
-t (alternative)

Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe, -t, -te (following fricatives) (conflated with -þ < *-þuz)
English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-þi, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tis.

wifþ

(no longer productive) forming abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns; generally causing mutation of root or preceding vowels


-had

-hād (canonical masculine)
-hād (nominative singular)
-hādas (nominative plural)
-hād (accusative singular)
-hādas (accusative plural)
-hādes (genitive singular)
-hāda (genitive plural)
-hāde (dative singular)
-hādum (dative plural)

Middle English: -had, -hod, -hed, -hede

English: -hood; -head

Scots: -heid

From Proto-West Germanic *haidu, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz (“state, condition”) (originally a noun, represented by Old English hād). Cognate with Old Saxon -hēd, Dutch -heid, Old High German -heit (German -heit).

der

ċild (“child”) + -had → ċildhād (“childhood”)

mæġeþ (“virgin”) + -had → mæġeþhād (“virginity”)

forming nouns of condition or quality, from nouns or adjectives


-ig

-iġ (canonical)
-iġ (masculine nominative singular)
-iġu (feminine nominative singular)
-iġo (feminine nominative singular)
-iġ (neuter nominative singular)
-iġne (accusative masculine singular)
-iġe (accusative feminine singular)
-iġ (accusative neuter singular)
-iġes (genitive masculine singular)
-iġre (feminine genitive singular)
-iġes (genitive neuter singular)
-iġum (dative masculine singular)
-iġre (dative feminine singular)
-iġum (dative neuter singular)
-iġe (instrumental masculine singular)
-iġre (feminine instrumental singular)
-iġe (instrumental neuter singular)
-iġe (masculine nominative plural)
-iġa (feminine nominative plural)
-iġe (feminine nominative plural)
-iġu (neuter nominative plural)
-iġo (neuter nominative plural)
-iġe (accusative masculine plural)
-iġa (accusative feminine plural)
-iġe (accusative feminine plural)
-iġu (accusative neuter plural)
-iġo (accusative neuter plural)
-iġra (genitive masculine plural)
-iġra (feminine genitive plural)
-iġra (genitive neuter plural)
-iġum (dative masculine plural)
-iġum (dative feminine plural)
-iġum (dative neuter plural)
-iġum (instrumental masculine plural)
-iġum (feminine instrumental plural)
-iġum (instrumental neuter plural)
-iġa (masculine nominative singular)
-iġe (feminine nominative singular)
-iġe (neuter nominative singular)
-iġan (accusative masculine singular)
-iġan (accusative feminine singular)
-iġe (accusative neuter singular)
-iġan (genitive masculine singular)
-iġan (feminine genitive singular)
-iġan (genitive neuter singular)
-iġan (dative masculine singular)
-iġan (dative feminine singular)
-iġan (dative neuter singular)
-iġan (instrumental masculine singular)
-iġan (feminine instrumental singular)
-iġan (instrumental neuter singular)
-iġan (masculine nominative plural)
-iġan (feminine nominative plural)
-iġan (neuter nominative plural)
-iġan (accusative masculine plural)
-iġan (accusative feminine plural)
-iġan (accusative neuter plural)
-iġra (genitive masculine plural)
-iġena (genitive masculine plural)
-iġra (feminine genitive plural)
-iġena (feminine genitive plural)
-iġra (genitive neuter plural)
-iġena (genitive neuter plural)
-iġum (dative masculine plural)
-iġum (dative feminine plural)
-iġum (dative neuter plural)
-iġum (instrumental masculine plural)
-iġum (feminine instrumental plural)
-iġum (instrumental neuter plural)
-iċ (alternative)
-eġ (alternative)

Middle English: -iȝ, -i, -y, -ich

English: -y, -ey, -ie

Scots: -ie

From Proto-West Germanic *-ag, -ig. Still distinct in the earliest texts.

-y; forms adjectives from nouns and verbs


-ig

-ig (canonical)
-iġ (canonical)
-g (alternative)
-ih (alternative)

Middle English: -y

Scots: -ie

English: -ie, -y

From Proto-West Germanic *-i, *-ī, from Proto-Germanic *-j-, *-ij- (diminutive suffix).

bōsiġ

Suffix creating diminutive nouns from other nouns.


-st

drīfan (“to drive”) + -st → drīfst (“you/thou drive”)

Used to form the second person singular present indicative of strong verbs and certain Class I weak verbs


-ware

-ware (nominative plural)
-ware (accusative plural)
-wara (genitive plural)
-warum (dative plural)
-waras (nominative plural)
-waras (accusative plural)
-wara (genitive plural)
-warum (dative plural)
-waran (nominative plural)
-waran (accusative plural)
-warena (genitive plural)
-warum (dative plural)
-waru (nominative singular)
-wara (nominative plural)
-ware (nominative plural)
-ware (accusative singular)
-wara (accusative plural)
-ware (accusative plural)
-ware (genitive singular)
-wara (genitive plural)
-ware (dative singular)
-warum (dative plural)
-waras (alternative)
-waran (alternative)
-waru (alternative)

Middle English: -er

English: -er

Scots: -ar, -er

From Proto-Germanic *warjaz (“dwellers of”). Cognate with Old High German -āri (“inhabitants of”).

eall sēo buruhwaru

the people of a city, the entire citizenry

(used in the singular) suffix denoting inhabitants or residents of a place

burgwaras

Lundunwaras

Rōmware

(used in the plural) suffix denoting inhabitants or residents of a place


-ling

desctree

Middle English: -ling
English: -ling, -long (as in headlong)

From alteration of suffixal use of Old English lang (“long”).

hinderling

adverbial suffix denoting direction, state or position


-ling

-ling (nominative singular)
-lingas (nominative plural)
-ling (accusative singular)
-lingas (accusative plural)
-linges (genitive singular)
-linga (genitive plural)
-linge (dative singular)
-lingum (dative plural)
-linc (alternative)

Middle English: -ling

English: -ling

From Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz.

dīerling

rǣpling

stærling

Icling ("dynasty of Icel" or "House of Icel"); Ætheling (House of Ethel)


-ienne

-iġenne (alternative)
-ianne (alternative)
-iġanne (alternative)

lufian (“to love”) + -ienne → lufienne (“to love”)

Used to form the inflected infinitive of class II weak verbs


-dom

-dōm (canonical masculine)
-dōm (nominative singular)
-dōmas (nominative plural)
-dōm (accusative singular)
-dōmas (accusative plural)
-dōmes (genitive singular)
-dōma (genitive plural)
-dōme (dative singular)
-dōmum (dative plural)

Middle English: -dom, -dam, -dame, -dome, -don, -doom, -dum
English: -dom
Scots: -dom

From Proto-West Germanic *-dōm, from Proto-Germanic *-dōmaz.

cristen (“Christian”) + -dom → cristendōm (“Christianity”)

ealdor (“elder”) + -dom → ealdordōm (“authority”)

frēo (“free”) + -dom → frēodōm (“freedom”)

hǣþen (“pagan”) + -dom → hǣþendōm (“paganism”)


-ol

From Proto-West Germanic *-ul, *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ulaz, *-ilaz.

sprecol

nǣmel

hetol

Used to form suffixes (usually from verbs) denoting inclination or tendency toward (compare English -ative)

meagol

mighty, impressive; earnest; capable, possible


-ane

(Late Old English) Alternative form of -enne


-ene

inflection of -en:
strong accusative feminine singular

strong instrumental masculine/neuter singular

strong nominative/accusative masculine/feminine plural

weak nominative feminine/neuter singular

inflection of -en:
weak accusative neuter singular


-ana

palma (“palm”) + -ana → palmana (“palms'”)

(Early Old English) Alternative form of -ena


-el

-el (nominative singular)
-elas (nominative plural)
-las (nominative plural)
-el (accusative singular)
-elas (accusative plural)
-las (accusative plural)
-eles (genitive singular)
-les (genitive singular)
-ela (genitive plural)
-la (genitive plural)
-ele (dative singular)
-le (dative singular)
-elum (dative plural)
-lum (dative plural)
-il (alternative)

Middle English: -el
English: -le, -el
Scots: -le, -el

crēopan (“to creep”) + -el → crypel (“cripple”)

bēodan (“to command”) + -el → bydel (“herald, messenger”)

spittan (“to dig”) + -el → spitel (“shovel”)

hladan (“to lade”) + -el → hlædel (“ladle”)

þrēapian (“to reprove, reprehend”) + -el → þrīpel (“instrument of punishment, cross”)

(causes i-mutation) agent and instrumental suffix creating nouns from verbs


-es

Middle English: -es, -s

desc

English: -'s, -s (adverbial suffix), -st (adverbial suffix), -ce (as in once, since)

From Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural ending).

hund (“dog”) + -es → hundes (“dog's”)

sċip (“ship”) + -es → sċipes (“ship's”)

genitive case/possessive marker for a-stem nouns, indicating that an object belongs to the noun

dæġes

nihtes

used in formation of adverbs, originally from the genitive of masculine and neuter nouns, but later added also to feminine nouns by analogy


-isc

-isċ (canonical)
-isċ (masculine nominative singular)
-isċ (feminine nominative singular)
-isċ (neuter nominative singular)
-isċne (accusative masculine singular)
-isċe (accusative feminine singular)
-isċ (accusative neuter singular)
-isċes (genitive masculine singular)
-isċre (feminine genitive singular)
-isċes (genitive neuter singular)
-isċum (dative masculine singular)
-isċre (dative feminine singular)
-isċum (dative neuter singular)
-isċe (instrumental masculine singular)
-isċre (feminine instrumental singular)
-isċe (instrumental neuter singular)
-isċe (masculine nominative plural)
-isċa (feminine nominative plural)
-isċe (feminine nominative plural)
-isċ (neuter nominative plural)
-isċe (accusative masculine plural)
-isċa (accusative feminine plural)
-isċe (accusative feminine plural)
-isċ (accusative neuter plural)
-isċra (genitive masculine plural)
-isċra (feminine genitive plural)
-isċra (genitive neuter plural)
-isċum (dative masculine plural)
-isċum (dative feminine plural)
-isċum (dative neuter plural)
-isċum (instrumental masculine plural)
-isċum (feminine instrumental plural)
-isċum (instrumental neuter plural)
-isċa (masculine nominative singular)
-isċe (feminine nominative singular)
-isċe (neuter nominative singular)
-isċan (accusative masculine singular)
-isċan (accusative feminine singular)
-isċe (accusative neuter singular)
-isċan (genitive masculine singular)
-isċan (feminine genitive singular)
-isċan (genitive neuter singular)
-isċan (dative masculine singular)
-isċan (dative feminine singular)
-isċan (dative neuter singular)
-isċan (instrumental masculine singular)
-isċan (feminine instrumental singular)
-isċan (instrumental neuter singular)
-isċan (masculine nominative plural)
-isċan (feminine nominative plural)
-isċan (neuter nominative plural)
-isċan (accusative masculine plural)
-isċan (accusative feminine plural)
-isċan (accusative neuter plural)
-isċra (genitive masculine plural)
-isċena (genitive masculine plural)
-isċra (feminine genitive plural)
-isċena (feminine genitive plural)
-isċra (genitive neuter plural)
-isċena (genitive neuter plural)
-isċum (dative masculine plural)
-isċum (dative feminine plural)
-isċum (dative neuter plural)
-isċum (instrumental masculine plural)
-isċum (feminine instrumental plural)
-isċum (instrumental neuter plural)
-ysċ (alternative)

Middle English: -ish, -isch

Scots: -is

English: -ish

ċild (“child”) + -isc → ċildisċ (“childish”)

ielf (“elf”) + -isc → ielfisċ (“elvish”)

man (“person”) + -isc → mennisċ (“human”)

þēod (“nation”) + -isc → þēodisċ (“national”)


-isc

-isċ (canonical)
-isċ (nominative singular)
-isċ (nominative plural)
-isċ (accusative singular)
-isċ (accusative plural)
-isċes (genitive singular)
-isċa (genitive plural)
-isċe (dative singular)
-isċum (dative plural)
-isċe (alternative)
-ysċ (alternative)

þeġnisċ

hīwisċ

īdisċ

property, household, family belongings, stuff

suffix forming nouns with a collective or group force


-ere

-ere (nominative singular)
-eras (nominative plural)
-ere (accusative singular)
-eras (accusative plural)
-eres (genitive singular)
-era (genitive plural)
-ere (dative singular)
-erum (dative plural)
-re (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: -er, -are, -ere
English: -er
Scots: -ar

From Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz.
Uncertain ultimate origin, usually held to be from Latin -ārius. Gąsiorowski instead suggests that *-ārijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sōr suffixed with *-ih₂, creating a suffix *-sr-ih₂ for forming feminine agent nouns, which were then masculinised by attaching *-ós. He also suggests a relation to Proto-West Germanic *-astrijā.
Cognate with Old Frisian -ere, Old Saxon -āri, Old High German -āri.

dōm (“judgement”) + -ere → dōmere (“judge”)

fugol (“bird”) + -ere → fuglere (“fowler”)

masculine agent suffix, originally applied only to nouns


-te

reċċan (“to explain, argue”) + -te → rehte (“I/he/she/it explained, argued”)

Alternative form of -de used to form the first and third person singular preterite indicative of certain class I weak verbs


-iendo

inflection of -iende:
nominative feminine singular

inflection of -iende:
nominative/accusative neuter plural


-lic

head

-līċ (comparative -līcra, superlative -līcost)

-līċ (canonical)
-līcra (comparative)
-līcost (superlative)
-līċ (masculine nominative singular)
-līċ (feminine nominative singular)
-līċ (neuter nominative singular)
-līcne (accusative masculine singular)
-līċe (accusative feminine singular)
-līċ (accusative neuter singular)
-līċes (genitive masculine singular)
-līcre (feminine genitive singular)
-līċes (genitive neuter singular)
-līċum (dative masculine singular)
-līcre (dative feminine singular)
-līċum (dative neuter singular)
-līċe (instrumental masculine singular)
-līcre (feminine instrumental singular)
-līċe (instrumental neuter singular)
-līċe (masculine nominative plural)
-līċa (feminine nominative plural)
-līċe (feminine nominative plural)
-līċ (neuter nominative plural)
-līċe (accusative masculine plural)
-līċa (accusative feminine plural)
-līċe (accusative feminine plural)
-līċ (accusative neuter plural)
-līcra (genitive masculine plural)
-līcra (feminine genitive plural)
-līcra (genitive neuter plural)
-līċum (dative masculine plural)
-līċum (dative feminine plural)
-līċum (dative neuter plural)
-līċum (instrumental masculine plural)
-līċum (feminine instrumental plural)
-līċum (instrumental neuter plural)
-līċa (masculine nominative singular)
-līċe (feminine nominative singular)
-līċe (neuter nominative singular)
-līċan (accusative masculine singular)
-līċan (accusative feminine singular)
-līċe (accusative neuter singular)
-līċan (genitive masculine singular)
-līċan (feminine genitive singular)
-līċan (genitive neuter singular)
-līċan (dative masculine singular)
-līċan (dative feminine singular)
-līċan (dative neuter singular)
-līċan (instrumental masculine singular)
-līċan (feminine instrumental singular)
-līċan (instrumental neuter singular)
-līċan (masculine nominative plural)
-līċan (feminine nominative plural)
-līċan (neuter nominative plural)
-līċan (accusative masculine plural)
-līċan (accusative feminine plural)
-līċan (accusative neuter plural)
-līcra (genitive masculine plural)
-līċena (genitive masculine plural)
-līcra (feminine genitive plural)
-līċena (feminine genitive plural)
-līcra (genitive neuter plural)
-līċena (genitive neuter plural)
-līċum (dative masculine plural)
-līċum (dative feminine plural)
-līċum (dative neuter plural)
-līċum (instrumental masculine plural)
-līċum (feminine instrumental plural)
-līċum (instrumental neuter plural)
-lēċ (alternative)
-līh (alternative)
-lī (alternative)

desc

Middle English: -ly, -li, -lych, -lich, -lik, -lig

English: -ly

Scots: -lie

From Proto-West Germanic *līk, from Proto-Germanic *-līkaz (adjectival suffix, originally meaning “having form of”), derived from *līką (“body,” earlier “form”), whence Old English līċ.
Cognate with Old Frisian -lik, Old Saxon -līk, Old High German -līh, Old Norse -ligr, and Gothic -𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (-leiks).

ċild (“child”) + -lic → ċildlīċ (“childlike”)

dēad (“dead”) + -lic → dēadlīċ (“mortal”)

fēond (“enemy”) + -lic → fēondlīċ (“hostile”)

frēond (“friend”) + -lic → frēondlīċ (“friendly”)

ġefēra (“companion”) + -lic → ġefērlīċ (“social”)

lēof (“beloved”) + -lic → lēoflīċ (“lovely”)

lēoþ (“poem”) + -lic → lēoþlīċ (“poetic”)

līchama (“body”) + -lic → līchamlīċ (“physical”)

mennisċ (“human”) + -lic → mennisċlīċ (“humane”)

niht (“night”) + -lic → nihtlīċ (“nocturnal”)

niþer (“down”) + -lic → niþerlīċ (“low”)

open (“open”) + -lic → openlīċ (“public”)

stæf (“letter”) + -lic → stæflīċ (“literal”)

stōw (“place”) + -lic → stōwlīċ (“local”)

ūþwita (“philosopher”) + -lic → ūþwitlīċ (“philosophical”)

wer (“man”) + -lic → werlīċ (“manly or masculine”)

wīf (“woman”) + -lic → wīflīċ (“feminine”)

wundor (“miracle or wonder”) + -lic → wundorlīċ (“miraculous or wonderful”)

adjective-forming suffix meaning 'like' or 'relating to'

þrilīċ


-ne

blind (“blind”) + -ne → blindne

grēne (“green”) + -ne → grēnne

Forms the strong masculine accusative singular of adjectives


-lac

-lāc (canonical neuter)
-lāc (nominative singular)
-lāc (nominative plural)
-lāc (accusative singular)
-lāc (accusative plural)
-lāces (genitive singular)
-lāca (genitive plural)
-lāce (dative singular)
-lācum (dative plural)

Middle English: -lac, -lec, -laik, -lok

English: -lock (only in wedlock, bridelock)

Scots: -laik, -lok, -locke

From Proto-West Germanic *-laik, from Proto-Germanic *-laiką (“jump, spring, sport”), from *laiką (“play, sport, fight, activity”), from Proto-Indo-European *leyg- (“to bounce, shake, tremble”). Related to Proto-Germanic *laikaz (“game, dance, hymn, sport”).
Akin to Old English lāc (“sport, play”). More at English lake (Etymology 2).

cog

feohtlāc

noun suffix denoting activity (compare Modern English -ation)

wedlāc

hǣmedlāc

frēolāc

sǣlāc


-ca

-ca (nominative singular)
-can (nominative plural)
-can (accusative singular)
-can (accusative plural)
-can (genitive singular)
-cena (genitive plural)
-can (dative singular)
-cum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *-ukō, from Proto-Germanic *-ukô, equivalent to -oc + -a.

Creates concrete masculine nouns from adjectives, verbs, or other nouns, usually typifying a condition or state, or characterising a diminutive aspect.


-lica

strong nominative/accusative feminine plural

inflection of -līċ:
weak nominative masculine singular


-ost

-osta (masculine nominative singular)
-oste (feminine nominative singular)
-oste (neuter nominative singular)
-ostan (accusative masculine singular)
-ostan (accusative feminine singular)
-oste (accusative neuter singular)
-ostan (genitive masculine singular)
-ostan (feminine genitive singular)
-ostan (genitive neuter singular)
-ostan (dative masculine singular)
-ostan (dative feminine singular)
-ostan (dative neuter singular)
-ostan (instrumental masculine singular)
-ostan (feminine instrumental singular)
-ostan (instrumental neuter singular)
-ostan (masculine nominative plural)
-ostan (feminine nominative plural)
-ostan (neuter nominative plural)
-ostan (accusative masculine plural)
-ostan (accusative feminine plural)
-ostan (accusative neuter plural)
-ostra (genitive masculine plural)
-ostena (genitive masculine plural)
-ostra (feminine genitive plural)
-ostena (feminine genitive plural)
-ostra (genitive neuter plural)
-ostena (genitive neuter plural)
-ostum (dative masculine plural)
-ostum (dative feminine plural)
-ostum (dative neuter plural)
-ostum (instrumental masculine plural)
-ostum (feminine instrumental plural)
-ostum (instrumental neuter plural)
-ast (alternative)
-est (alternative)
-ust (alternative)

Middle English: -est
English: -est

dēop (“deep”) + -ost → dēopost (“deepest”)

nytt (“useful”) + -ost → nyttost (“most useful”)

Used to form superlative adjectives and adverbs


-ra

-ra (masculine nominative singular)
-re (feminine nominative singular)
-re (neuter nominative singular)
-ran (accusative masculine singular)
-ran (accusative feminine singular)
-re (accusative neuter singular)
-ran (genitive masculine singular)
-ran (feminine genitive singular)
-ran (genitive neuter singular)
-ran (dative masculine singular)
-ran (dative feminine singular)
-ran (dative neuter singular)
-ran (instrumental masculine singular)
-ran (feminine instrumental singular)
-ran (instrumental neuter singular)
-ran (masculine nominative plural)
-ran (feminine nominative plural)
-ran (neuter nominative plural)
-ran (accusative masculine plural)
-ran (accusative feminine plural)
-ran (accusative neuter plural)
-ra (genitive masculine plural)
-rena (genitive masculine plural)
-ra (feminine genitive plural)
-rena (feminine genitive plural)
-ra (genitive neuter plural)
-rena (genitive neuter plural)
-rum (dative masculine plural)
-rum (dative feminine plural)
-rum (dative neuter plural)
-rum (instrumental masculine plural)
-rum (feminine instrumental plural)
-rum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: -ere

From Proto-West Germanic *iʀō, *-ōʀō, from Proto-Germanic *-izô or Proto-Germanic *-ōzô

strang (“strong”) + -ra → strengra (“stronger”)

Used to form the comparative degree of adjectives


-ra

strang (“strong”) + -ra → strangra (“of the strong (ones)”)

Used to form the genitive plural of adjectives


-este

inflection of -est:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of -est:
genitive/dative singular


-isce

-isċe (canonical)
-isċ (nominative singular)
-isċ (nominative plural)
-isċ (accusative singular)
-isċ (accusative plural)
-isċes (genitive singular)
-isċa (genitive plural)
-isċe (dative singular)
-isċum (dative plural)
-isċ (alternative)


-ende

-ende (masculine nominative singular)
-endu (feminine nominative singular)
-endo (feminine nominative singular)
-ende (neuter nominative singular)
-endne (accusative masculine singular)
-ende (accusative feminine singular)
-ende (accusative neuter singular)
-endes (genitive masculine singular)
-endre (feminine genitive singular)
-endes (genitive neuter singular)
-endum (dative masculine singular)
-endre (dative feminine singular)
-endum (dative neuter singular)
-ende (instrumental masculine singular)
-endre (feminine instrumental singular)
-ende (instrumental neuter singular)
-ende (masculine nominative plural)
-enda (feminine nominative plural)
-ende (feminine nominative plural)
-endu (neuter nominative plural)
-endo (neuter nominative plural)
-ende (accusative masculine plural)
-enda (accusative feminine plural)
-ende (accusative feminine plural)
-endu (accusative neuter plural)
-endo (accusative neuter plural)
-endra (genitive masculine plural)
-endra (feminine genitive plural)
-endra (genitive neuter plural)
-endum (dative masculine plural)
-endum (dative feminine plural)
-endum (dative neuter plural)
-endum (instrumental masculine plural)
-endum (feminine instrumental plural)
-endum (instrumental neuter plural)
-enda (masculine nominative singular)
-ende (feminine nominative singular)
-ende (neuter nominative singular)
-endan (accusative masculine singular)
-endan (accusative feminine singular)
-ende (accusative neuter singular)
-endan (genitive masculine singular)
-endan (feminine genitive singular)
-endan (genitive neuter singular)
-endan (dative masculine singular)
-endan (dative feminine singular)
-endan (dative neuter singular)
-endan (instrumental masculine singular)
-endan (feminine instrumental singular)
-endan (instrumental neuter singular)
-endan (masculine nominative plural)
-endan (feminine nominative plural)
-endan (neuter nominative plural)
-endan (accusative masculine plural)
-endan (accusative feminine plural)
-endan (accusative neuter plural)
-endra (genitive masculine plural)
-endena (genitive masculine plural)
-endra (feminine genitive plural)
-endena (feminine genitive plural)
-endra (genitive neuter plural)
-endena (genitive neuter plural)
-endum (dative masculine plural)
-endum (dative feminine plural)
-endum (dative neuter plural)
-endum (instrumental masculine plural)
-endum (feminine instrumental plural)
-endum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz. Akin to Latin -āns, -ēns; Ancient Greek -ων (-ōn), Persian ـنده (-ande).

feallende snāw

equivalent of English -ing; suffix for present participles


-ende

-ende (nominative singular)
-endu (nominative plural)
-ende (accusative singular)
-endu (accusative plural)
-endes (genitive singular)
-enda (genitive plural)
-ende (dative singular)
-endum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *-andiją. Compare Old Norse -indi.

swǣsende


-ende

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


-end

-end (nominative singular)
-end (nominative plural)
-ende (nominative plural)
-endas (nominative plural)
-end (accusative singular)
-end (accusative plural)
-ende (accusative plural)
-endas (accusative plural)
-endes (genitive singular)
-endra (genitive plural)
-ende (dative singular)
-endum (dative plural)
-and (alternative)
-ynd (alternative)
-nd (alternative)

Middle English: -end

From Proto-West Germanic *-andi, from Proto-Germanic *-andz, taken from the present participle form of verbs. See -ende.

āgan (“to own”) + -end → āgend (“owner”)

hǣlan (“to save”) + -end → hǣlend (“savior”)

lufian (“to love”) + -end → lufiend (“lover”)

sċildan (“to protect”) + -end → sċildend (“protector”)

timbran (“to build”) + -end → timbrend (“builder”)

suffix denoting the agent of an action; -er


-tun

English: -ton

From tūn, from Proto-West Germanic *tūn, from Proto-Germanic *tūną, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to finish, come full circle”).


-od

-od (masculine nominative singular)
-odu (feminine nominative singular)
-odo (feminine nominative singular)
-od (neuter nominative singular)
-odne (accusative masculine singular)
-ode (accusative feminine singular)
-od (accusative neuter singular)
-odes (genitive masculine singular)
-odre (feminine genitive singular)
-odes (genitive neuter singular)
-odum (dative masculine singular)
-odre (dative feminine singular)
-odum (dative neuter singular)
-ode (instrumental masculine singular)
-odre (feminine instrumental singular)
-ode (instrumental neuter singular)
-ode (masculine nominative plural)
-oda (feminine nominative plural)
-ode (feminine nominative plural)
-odu (neuter nominative plural)
-odo (neuter nominative plural)
-ode (accusative masculine plural)
-oda (accusative feminine plural)
-ode (accusative feminine plural)
-odu (accusative neuter plural)
-odo (accusative neuter plural)
-odra (genitive masculine plural)
-odra (feminine genitive plural)
-odra (genitive neuter plural)
-odum (dative masculine plural)
-odum (dative feminine plural)
-odum (dative neuter plural)
-odum (instrumental masculine plural)
-odum (feminine instrumental plural)
-odum (instrumental neuter plural)
-oda (masculine nominative singular)
-ode (feminine nominative singular)
-ode (neuter nominative singular)
-odan (accusative masculine singular)
-odan (accusative feminine singular)
-ode (accusative neuter singular)
-odan (genitive masculine singular)
-odan (feminine genitive singular)
-odan (genitive neuter singular)
-odan (dative masculine singular)
-odan (dative feminine singular)
-odan (dative neuter singular)
-odan (instrumental masculine singular)
-odan (feminine instrumental singular)
-odan (instrumental neuter singular)
-odan (masculine nominative plural)
-odan (feminine nominative plural)
-odan (neuter nominative plural)
-odan (accusative masculine plural)
-odan (accusative feminine plural)
-odan (accusative neuter plural)
-odra (genitive masculine plural)
-odena (genitive masculine plural)
-odra (feminine genitive plural)
-odena (feminine genitive plural)
-odra (genitive neuter plural)
-odena (genitive neuter plural)
-odum (dative masculine plural)
-odum (dative feminine plural)
-odum (dative neuter plural)
-odum (instrumental masculine plural)
-odum (feminine instrumental plural)
-odum (instrumental neuter plural)
-ad (alternative)
-ud (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz (class 2 weak past participle).

inh

lufian (“to love”) + -od → lufod (“loved”)

Used to form the past participle of class II weak verbs


-od

From Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz (adjective suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos.

Forms adjectives from nouns, indicating the possession of a thing or a quality.


-lice

Middle English: -lice, -liche, -li, -ly

English: -ly

Scots: -lie, -ly

From Proto-Germanic *-līkê, equivalent to -līċ (adjectival suffix) + -e (adverbial suffix). Compare Old Norse -liga.


-de

ċierran (“to turn”) + -de → ċierde (“I/he/she/it turned”)

habban (“to have”) + -de → hæfde (“I/he/she/it had”)

Used to form the first and third person singular preterite indicative of some class I and class III weak verbs


-eno

inflection of -en:
strong nominative feminine singular

strong nominative/accusative neuter plural


-endlic

desc

Middle English: -endlic, -endlice, -andlic, -endliȝ, -andlike

Combined form, created from -ende (present participle ending) + -līċ (“-ly, like”) and from -end (agent suffix, ultimately from the present participle) + -līċ (“-ly, like”).

affix

ācumendlīc

būgendlīc

forming adjectives from verbs with the sense of "able to, capable of"


-weard

Middle English: -warde, -ward

English: -ward

Scots: -wart, -art, -it

From Proto-Germanic *wardaz (“turned toward, in the direction of, facing”), from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn, wind”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to turn, bend”).
Akin to Old Frisian -ward, Old Saxon -ward, Old Norse verðr, German -wärts. Cognate with Old English weorþan (“to turn (into), become”).

cog

ēasteweard

tōweard

Forming adjectives and nouns from adjectives or prepositions, with the sense of "in the direction of, toward".

Forming adverbs from adjectives or prepositions, with the sense of "in the direction of, toward".


-estre

-estre (nominative singular)
-estran (nominative plural)
-estran (accusative singular)
-estran (accusative plural)
-estran (genitive singular)
-estrena (genitive plural)
-estran (dative singular)
-estrum (dative plural)
-istræ (alternative)
-istre (alternative)
-ystre (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: -estere, -ester, -estre, -ister, -istre, -star, -stare, -ster, -stere, -uster, -ysstere
English: -ster
⇒ English: -stress
Scots: -ster

From Proto-West Germanic *-astrijā, feminine agent suffix equivalent to *-ārī (> -ere).

bæcestre (“female baker”); sangestre (“female singer”); webbestre (“female weaver”)

female agent suffix, especially denoting one who is skilled in a particular occupation or craft


-wierþe

English: stalwart

Derived from Proto-West Germanic *wirþī, from Proto-Germanic *wirþijaz (“worthy, worth”).

der

-wirþe (alternative)
-wyrþe (alternative)

stēorwierþe

stǣlwierþe

bōtwierþe

notwierþe


-leas

-lēas (canonical)
-lēas (masculine nominative singular)
-lēas (feminine nominative singular)
-lēas (neuter nominative singular)
-lēasne (accusative masculine singular)
-lēase (accusative feminine singular)
-lēas (accusative neuter singular)
-lēases (genitive masculine singular)
-lēasre (feminine genitive singular)
-lēases (genitive neuter singular)
-lēasum (dative masculine singular)
-lēasre (dative feminine singular)
-lēasum (dative neuter singular)
-lēase (instrumental masculine singular)
-lēasre (feminine instrumental singular)
-lēase (instrumental neuter singular)
-lēase (masculine nominative plural)
-lēasa (feminine nominative plural)
-lēase (feminine nominative plural)
-lēas (neuter nominative plural)
-lēase (accusative masculine plural)
-lēasa (accusative feminine plural)
-lēase (accusative feminine plural)
-lēas (accusative neuter plural)
-lēasra (genitive masculine plural)
-lēasra (feminine genitive plural)
-lēasra (genitive neuter plural)
-lēasum (dative masculine plural)
-lēasum (dative feminine plural)
-lēasum (dative neuter plural)
-lēasum (instrumental masculine plural)
-lēasum (feminine instrumental plural)
-lēasum (instrumental neuter plural)
-lēasa (masculine nominative singular)
-lēase (feminine nominative singular)
-lēase (neuter nominative singular)
-lēasan (accusative masculine singular)
-lēasan (accusative feminine singular)
-lēase (accusative neuter singular)
-lēasan (genitive masculine singular)
-lēasan (feminine genitive singular)
-lēasan (genitive neuter singular)
-lēasan (dative masculine singular)
-lēasan (dative feminine singular)
-lēasan (dative neuter singular)
-lēasan (instrumental masculine singular)
-lēasan (feminine instrumental singular)
-lēasan (instrumental neuter singular)
-lēasan (masculine nominative plural)
-lēasan (feminine nominative plural)
-lēasan (neuter nominative plural)
-lēasan (accusative masculine plural)
-lēasan (accusative feminine plural)
-lēasan (accusative neuter plural)
-lēasra (genitive masculine plural)
-lēasena (genitive masculine plural)
-lēasra (feminine genitive plural)
-lēasena (feminine genitive plural)
-lēasra (genitive neuter plural)
-lēasena (genitive neuter plural)
-lēasum (dative masculine plural)
-lēasum (dative feminine plural)
-lēasum (dative neuter plural)
-lēasum (instrumental masculine plural)
-lēasum (feminine instrumental plural)
-lēasum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: -les, -las, -lasse, -læs, -leas, -lease, -leæs, -lese, -lesse, -lez, -lies, -liese, -lis, -lise, -lyas, -lyese
English: -less
Scots: -less

From lēas (“false, devoid of, free from, without”).


-cund

-cund (masculine nominative singular)
-cund (feminine nominative singular)
-cund (neuter nominative singular)
-cundne (accusative masculine singular)
-cunde (accusative feminine singular)
-cund (accusative neuter singular)
-cundes (genitive masculine singular)
-cundre (feminine genitive singular)
-cundes (genitive neuter singular)
-cundum (dative masculine singular)
-cundre (dative feminine singular)
-cundum (dative neuter singular)
-cunde (instrumental masculine singular)
-cundre (feminine instrumental singular)
-cunde (instrumental neuter singular)
-cunde (masculine nominative plural)
-cunda (feminine nominative plural)
-cunde (feminine nominative plural)
-cund (neuter nominative plural)
-cunde (accusative masculine plural)
-cunda (accusative feminine plural)
-cunde (accusative feminine plural)
-cund (accusative neuter plural)
-cundra (genitive masculine plural)
-cundra (feminine genitive plural)
-cundra (genitive neuter plural)
-cundum (dative masculine plural)
-cundum (dative feminine plural)
-cundum (dative neuter plural)
-cundum (instrumental masculine plural)
-cundum (feminine instrumental plural)
-cundum (instrumental neuter plural)
-cunda (masculine nominative singular)
-cunde (feminine nominative singular)
-cunde (neuter nominative singular)
-cundan (accusative masculine singular)
-cundan (accusative feminine singular)
-cunde (accusative neuter singular)
-cundan (genitive masculine singular)
-cundan (feminine genitive singular)
-cundan (genitive neuter singular)
-cundan (dative masculine singular)
-cundan (dative feminine singular)
-cundan (dative neuter singular)
-cundan (instrumental masculine singular)
-cundan (feminine instrumental singular)
-cundan (instrumental neuter singular)
-cundan (masculine nominative plural)
-cundan (feminine nominative plural)
-cundan (neuter nominative plural)
-cundan (accusative masculine plural)
-cundan (accusative feminine plural)
-cundan (accusative neuter plural)
-cundra (genitive masculine plural)
-cundena (genitive masculine plural)
-cundra (feminine genitive plural)
-cundena (feminine genitive plural)
-cundra (genitive neuter plural)
-cundena (genitive neuter plural)
-cundum (dative masculine plural)
-cundum (dative feminine plural)
-cundum (dative neuter plural)
-cundum (instrumental masculine plural)
-cundum (feminine instrumental plural)
-cundum (instrumental neuter plural)
-cynd (alternative)
-cundes (alternative)

Middle English: -cund

From Proto-Germanic *kundaz (“born, natured”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁tós. Cognate with Old Norse -kundr, Gothic -𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-kunds).

inh

æþele (“noble”) + -cund → æþelcund (“of noble birth”)

eorþ (“Earth”) + -cund → eorþcund (“earthly”)

feorran (“from far away”) + -cund → feorrancund (“come from afar”)

god (“god”) + -cund → godcund (“divine, god-like”)

suffix denoting origin, derivation, or likeness


-oc

desctree

Middle English: -ok, -oc, -ock, -oq, -og, -uc, -uk, -uck, -ek, -ak, -ke, -k (rare), -ek
English: -ock, -ick, -ik (dialectal)
Scots: -ock, -ockie
Yola: -ok, -uck, -ick

From Proto-West Germanic *-uk, *-ik, from Proto-Germanic *-ukaz, *-ikaz. Akin to Old Saxon -ik-, Middle Low German -ken, Middle Dutch -kin. More at English -kin.

-uc (alternative)
-ic (alternative)
-ec (alternative)
-ac (alternative)

rudduc

noun suffix used to form descriptive names from adjectives

bealluc

bulluc

buttuc


-sum

-sum (masculine nominative singular)
-sumu (feminine nominative singular)
-sumo (feminine nominative singular)
-sum (neuter nominative singular)
-sumne (accusative masculine singular)
-sume (accusative feminine singular)
-sum (accusative neuter singular)
-sumes (genitive masculine singular)
-sumre (feminine genitive singular)
-sumes (genitive neuter singular)
-sumum (dative masculine singular)
-sumre (dative feminine singular)
-sumum (dative neuter singular)
-sume (instrumental masculine singular)
-sumre (feminine instrumental singular)
-sume (instrumental neuter singular)
-sume (masculine nominative plural)
-suma (feminine nominative plural)
-sume (feminine nominative plural)
-sumu (neuter nominative plural)
-sumo (neuter nominative plural)
-sume (accusative masculine plural)
-suma (accusative feminine plural)
-sume (accusative feminine plural)
-sumu (accusative neuter plural)
-sumo (accusative neuter plural)
-sumra (genitive masculine plural)
-sumra (feminine genitive plural)
-sumra (genitive neuter plural)
-sumum (dative masculine plural)
-sumum (dative feminine plural)
-sumum (dative neuter plural)
-sumum (instrumental masculine plural)
-sumum (feminine instrumental plural)
-sumum (instrumental neuter plural)
-suma (masculine nominative singular)
-sume (feminine nominative singular)
-sume (neuter nominative singular)
-suman (accusative masculine singular)
-suman (accusative feminine singular)
-sume (accusative neuter singular)
-suman (genitive masculine singular)
-suman (feminine genitive singular)
-suman (genitive neuter singular)
-suman (dative masculine singular)
-suman (dative feminine singular)
-suman (dative neuter singular)
-suman (instrumental masculine singular)
-suman (feminine instrumental singular)
-suman (instrumental neuter singular)
-suman (masculine nominative plural)
-suman (feminine nominative plural)
-suman (neuter nominative plural)
-suman (accusative masculine plural)
-suman (accusative feminine plural)
-suman (accusative neuter plural)
-sumra (genitive masculine plural)
-sumena (genitive masculine plural)
-sumra (feminine genitive plural)
-sumena (feminine genitive plural)
-sumra (genitive neuter plural)
-sumena (genitive neuter plural)
-sumum (dative masculine plural)
-sumum (dative feminine plural)
-sumum (dative neuter plural)
-sumum (instrumental masculine plural)
-sumum (feminine instrumental plural)
-sumum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: -som, -soum, -sum, -some, -somme (Late Middle English), -summ (Ormulum)
English: -some
Middle Scots: -sum
Scots: -some

From Proto-West Germanic *-sam, from Proto-Germanic *-samaz (“same as”). Akin to Old Frisian -sum, Old High German -sam, Old Norse -samr, Gothic -𐍃𐌰𐌼𐍃 (-sams), -𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰 (-sama, “same as”), Old English sam (“whether, or”), Old English same (“same”).

angsum

āþrotsum

ġecwēmsum

characterized by some specific condition or quality; same as

wynsum


-unga

From -ung, noun suffix + -a, adverbial suffix.

-inga (alternative)
-enga (alternative)
-onga (alternative)
-ningas (alternative)
-nunges (alternative)

fǣringa

wēninga

healfunga

by halves, partially, to some extent, imperfectly

hōlunga

used to form adverbs from nouns, originally from verbal nouns

fullunga

dearnunga

hwæthwegununges, hwæthuguningas (“somewhat”, adverb)

ġēanunga

used to create adverbs from prepositions


-iht

From Proto-West Germanic *-aht. Akin to Old Saxon -aht, Old High German -aht (German -icht), Icelandic -óttr, Old English -iġ.

stāniht, stǣniht (“stony, rocky”)

having, bearing, possessing; occasionally causes i-mutation of preceding vowels

ifiht

bogiht

sceadiht

characterized by; full of, covered with; equivalent to -ous


-bære

-bǣre (canonical)
-bǣre (masculine nominative singular)
-bǣru (feminine nominative singular)
-bǣro (feminine nominative singular)
-bǣre (neuter nominative singular)
-bǣrne (accusative masculine singular)
-bǣre (accusative feminine singular)
-bǣre (accusative neuter singular)
-bǣres (genitive masculine singular)
-bǣrre (feminine genitive singular)
-bǣres (genitive neuter singular)
-bǣrum (dative masculine singular)
-bǣrre (dative feminine singular)
-bǣrum (dative neuter singular)
-bǣre (instrumental masculine singular)
-bǣrre (feminine instrumental singular)
-bǣre (instrumental neuter singular)
-bǣre (masculine nominative plural)
-bǣra (feminine nominative plural)
-bǣre (feminine nominative plural)
-bǣru (neuter nominative plural)
-bǣro (neuter nominative plural)
-bǣre (accusative masculine plural)
-bǣra (accusative feminine plural)
-bǣre (accusative feminine plural)
-bǣru (accusative neuter plural)
-bǣro (accusative neuter plural)
-bǣrra (genitive masculine plural)
-bǣrra (feminine genitive plural)
-bǣrra (genitive neuter plural)
-bǣrum (dative masculine plural)
-bǣrum (dative feminine plural)
-bǣrum (dative neuter plural)
-bǣrum (instrumental masculine plural)
-bǣrum (feminine instrumental plural)
-bǣrum (instrumental neuter plural)
-bǣra (masculine nominative singular)
-bǣre (feminine nominative singular)
-bǣre (neuter nominative singular)
-bǣran (accusative masculine singular)
-bǣran (accusative feminine singular)
-bǣre (accusative neuter singular)
-bǣran (genitive masculine singular)
-bǣran (feminine genitive singular)
-bǣran (genitive neuter singular)
-bǣran (dative masculine singular)
-bǣran (dative feminine singular)
-bǣran (dative neuter singular)
-bǣran (instrumental masculine singular)
-bǣran (feminine instrumental singular)
-bǣran (instrumental neuter singular)
-bǣran (masculine nominative plural)
-bǣran (feminine nominative plural)
-bǣran (neuter nominative plural)
-bǣran (accusative masculine plural)
-bǣran (accusative feminine plural)
-bǣran (accusative neuter plural)
-bǣrra (genitive masculine plural)
-bǣrena (genitive masculine plural)
-bǣrra (feminine genitive plural)
-bǣrena (feminine genitive plural)
-bǣrra (genitive neuter plural)
-bǣrena (genitive neuter plural)
-bǣrum (dative masculine plural)
-bǣrum (dative feminine plural)
-bǣrum (dative neuter plural)
-bǣrum (instrumental masculine plural)
-bǣrum (feminine instrumental plural)
-bǣrum (instrumental neuter plural)
-bere (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *bēriz (“bearing, carrying”). Akin to Old Frisian -ber, Old Saxon -bāri, and Old High German -bāri.

inh

blostma (“flower”) + -bære → blostmbǣre (“blooming”)

feþer (“feather”) + -bære → feþerbǣre (“feathered”)

tungol (“star”) + -bære → tungolbǣre (“starry”)

wæstm (“fruit”) + -bære → wæstmbǣre (“fruitful”)

and- (“turned”) + hēla (“heel”) + -bære → andelbǣre (“inverted”)

ātor (“poison”) + -bære → ātorbǣre (“poisonous”)

having the qualities of, characterized by

ċisel + -bære → ċiselbǣre (“gravelly”)

cwealm (“death”) + -bære → cwealmbǣre (“deadly”)

slǣp (“sleep”) + -bære → slǣpbǣre (“somniferous; putting to sleep”)


-þor

-þor (nominative singular)
-þor (nominative plural)
-þor (accusative singular)
-þor (accusative plural)
-þres (genitive singular)
-þra (genitive plural)
-þre (dative singular)
-þrum (dative plural)
-dor (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *-þr, from Proto-Germanic *-þrą, from Proto-Indo-European *-trom.

rōþor

hafenian (“to hold, to grasp”) → hæf → heaþor (“restraint, confinement”)

instrumental suffix creating neuter nouns from verbs

lēaþor

ġealdor

suffix used to denote the agent or means by which an action is performed


-sian

From Proto-West Germanic *-isōn, from Proto-Germanic *-isōną.

clǣne (“clean, pure”) + -sian → clǣnsian (“to purify, cleanse”)

blōd (“blood”) + -sian → blētsian, blēdsian (“to consecrate, bless”)

verbal suffix added to adjectives and nouns, generally causing i-mutation in the stem


-læcan

Middle English: -lechen

English: freeledge

English: knowledge

From Proto-West Germanic *laikijan, from Proto-Germanic *laikijaną; related to Old English lāc (“sport, play, action”).

cūþlǣċan

verbal suffix (combining form) denoting action, process or making (compare English -ify), from lǣcan, a derivative of lāc noun suffix denoting activity or process

ǣfenlǣċan

winterlǣċan


-nes

-nes (nominative singular)
-nessa (nominative plural)
-nesse (nominative plural)
-nesse (accusative singular)
-nessa (accusative plural)
-nesse (accusative plural)
-nesse (genitive singular)
-nessa (genitive plural)
-nesse (dative singular)
-nessum (dative plural)
-ness (alternative)
-nis (alternative)
-niss (alternative)
-nys (alternative)
-nyss (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: -nesse, -ness, -nes, -nece, -nesce, -nisse, -nis, -næse, -næs, -nez
English: -ness
Scots: -nes

Used to form abstract nouns, usually from adjectives but also from verbs and other nouns, denoting quality or state; -ness


-linga

-ling (adverbial suffix) + -a (adverbial suffix)

suffix

-lenga (alternative)
-lunga (alternative)

handlinga

by hand, hand to hand, at close range, near

unmyndlenga, unmyndlinga


-sciepe

-sċiepe (canonical masculine)
-sċiepe (nominative singular)
-sċiepas (nominative plural)
-sċiepe (accusative singular)
-sċiepas (accusative plural)
-sċiepes (genitive singular)
-sċiepa (genitive plural)
-sċiepe (dative singular)
-sċiepum (dative plural)
-sċipe (alternative)
-sċip (alternative)
-sċype (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: -schipe
English: -ship
Scots: -schip

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-skapi, from Proto-Germanic *-skapiz.


-els

-els (nominative singular)
-elsas (nominative plural)
-els (accusative singular)
-elsas (accusative plural)
-elses (genitive singular)
-elsa (genitive plural)
-else (dative singular)
-elsum (dative plural)

English: -le (riddle), -l (bail), -al (burial), -sel (wheatsel)

A metathetic form of Proto-West Germanic *-islī.

rǣdels

rēcels

miercels

wǣfels

byrgels

(masculine suffix for inanimate objects) suffix creating nouns from verbs


-else

-else (nominative singular)
-elsan (nominative plural)
-elsan (accusative singular)
-elsan (accusative plural)
-elsan (genitive singular)
-elsena (genitive plural)
-elsan (dative singular)
-elsum (dative plural)
-elle (alternative)

English: -le

rǣdelse

myrrelse, mierrelse

(feminine suffix for inanimate objects) suffix creating nouns from verbs


-ern

-ern (nominative singular)
-ernu (nominative plural)
-ern (accusative singular)
-ernu (accusative plural)
-ernes (genitive singular)
-erna (genitive plural)
-erne (dative singular)
-ernum (dative plural)
-ærn (alternative)

Middle English: -ern

From the adjectival use of -ærn (“noun suffix denoting location”), from ærn (“place”).

hāliġ (“holy”) + -ern → hāliġern (“sanctuary, holy place”)


-ern

Middle English: -erne, -ern

English: -ern

Suffix meaning "toward a place"; alternative form of -erne


-gal

singal

(adjectival suffix) suffix meaning perpetual or continual


-icge

-iċġe (canonical)
-iċġe (nominative singular)
-iċġan (nominative plural)
-iċġan (accusative singular)
-iċġan (accusative plural)
-iċġan (genitive singular)
-iċġena (genitive plural)
-iċġan (dative singular)
-iċġum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *-gjā, from Proto-Germanic *-gjǭ. Compare Ancient Greek -ισσα (-issa) (< *-ikyeh₂), Dutch -egge.

ācenniċġe

huntiċġe

sċeriċġe

(feminine) noun suffix denoting a female agent


-incel

-incel (nominative singular)
-inclu (nominative plural)
-incel (accusative singular)
-inclu (accusative plural)
-incles (genitive singular)
-incla (genitive plural)
-incle (dative singular)
-inclum (dative plural)
-inċil (alternative)

A metathetic alteration of Proto-Germanic *-ikīna (diminutive suffix) + *-il- (diminutive suffix).
Alternately, from Proto-Germanic *-ingilą, *-ingilaz.

cog

sċipincel

hūsincel

hæftincel

slave [lit. "catchling", "little captive"]

stānincel

liþincel

*weargincel


-ræden

-rǣden (canonical)
-rǣden (nominative singular)
-rǣdenna (nominative plural)
-rǣdenne (nominative plural)
-rǣdenne (accusative singular)
-rǣdenna (accusative plural)
-rǣdenne (accusative plural)
-rǣdenne (genitive singular)
-rǣdenna (genitive plural)
-rǣdenne (dative singular)
-rǣdennum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: -rede, -rade, -raden, -radon, -red, -redd, -redde, -reden, -reede, -redyn, -redyne, -rid, -rod, -rydyn, -ræden, -readden, -redden
English: -red
Middle Scots: -red, -ret, -rid, -rit
Scots: -red
⇒ Middle Scots: -rent

From rǣden (“condition, state”), from Proto-Germanic *raidīniz (“arrangement, ordinance, authority”).

inh

brōþorrǣden

burgrǣden

bedrǣden

bebodrǣden

heordrǣden

lēodrǣden


-uma

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">-emest(a)</i>

English: -most (from -emest(a))

-ema (alternative)
-ma (alternative)
-mest (alternative)

meduma

hindema

forma

used to form the superlative of Old English adjectives

furmesta

æftemest

ēastemest

used in combination with other superlative endings


-ede

English: -ed

feaxede

wæmbede

(adjectival suffix) suffix applied to nouns meaning "having", "possessing", "provided with" or "equipped with"


-ede

fremman (“to perform, do”) + -ede → fremede (“I/he/she/it performed/did”)

Used to form the first and third person singular preterite indicative of most class I weak verbs


-oþ

-oþ (nominative singular)
-oþas (nominative plural)
-oþ (accusative singular)
-oþas (accusative plural)
-oþes (genitive singular)
-oþa (genitive plural)
-oþe (dative singular)
-oþum (dative plural)
-aþ (alternative)
-uþ (alternative)

English: -th (partially)

From Proto-West Germanic *-ōþu, from Proto-Germanic *-ōþuz.

folgian (“to follow”) + -oþ → folgoþ (“retinue, following”)

huntian (“to hunt”) + -oþ → huntoþ (“hunting; catch, prey, booty”)

faran (“to travel, fare”) + -oþ → faroþ (“water in motion, stream; ocean, sea, waves”)

drohtian (“to conduct oneself, behave”) + -oþ → drohtaþ (“conduct, lifestyle”)

dugan (“to avail, be capable, be competent”) + -oþ → duguþ (“manhood, virtue”)


-rice

-rīċe (canonical)
-rīċe (nominative singular)
-rīċu (nominative plural)
-rīċe (accusative singular)
-rīċu (accusative plural)
-rīċes (genitive singular)
-rīċa (genitive plural)
-rīċe (dative singular)
-rīċum (dative plural)
-rȳċe (alternative rare)

desctree

Middle English: -riche, -reche, -reiche, -ric, -rik, -rike, -rych, -ryche, -ryke, -rice (Early Middle English)
English: -ric (obsolete -rick)
Scots: -ric, -rick, -rik

bisċoprīċe

(combining form) suffix appended to nouns to indicate office, ownership, guardianship, governance or dominion, equivalent to English -dom


-lian

-lian (infinitive)
-lienne (infinitive)
-liġe (first-person present singular)
-lode (first-person past singular)
-last (present second-person singular)
-lodest (past second-person singular)
-laþ (present singular third-person)
-lode (past singular third-person)
-liaþ (plural present)
-lodon (past plural)
-liġe (present singular)
-lode (past singular)
-liġen (plural present)
-loden (past plural)
-la (imperative past present singular)
-liaþ (imperative past plural present)
-liende (imperative present)
-lod (imperative past)

Middle English: -elen, -el, -len, -lien
English: -le
Scots: -le

From Proto-Germanic *-lōną, perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *-ulaz.

frequentative verbal suffix; indicating repetition


-ettan

-ettan (infinitive)
-ettenne (infinitive)
-ette (first-person present singular)
-ette (first-person past singular)
-etst (present second-person singular)
-ettest (past second-person singular)
-ett (present singular third-person)
-et (present singular third-person)
-ette (past singular third-person)
-ettaþ (plural present)
-etton (past plural)
-ette (present singular)
-ette (past singular)
-etten (plural present)
-etten (past plural)
-ete (imperative past present singular)
-ettaþ (imperative past plural present)
-ettende (imperative present)
-eted (imperative past)
-ett (imperative past)
-et (imperative past)

desc

Middle English: thouten (“to address as 'thou'”), yeten (“to address as 'ye'”) (likely), grunten (from Old English grunnettan), spouten

English: yeet, grunt, fidget (possibly), spout, botch, haunt (via French)

>? English: -et

From Proto-West Germanic *-attjan, *-ittjan, *-uttjan, from Proto-Germanic *-atjaną, *-itjaną, *-utjaną (verbal suffix). Related to English -ise.

bōt (“remedy, cure”) + -ettan → bōtettan (“to remedy, cure”)

lēaslīċ (“false”) + -ettan → lēaslīcettan (“to dissemble, be false”)

lāþ (“hatred, hostility; loathesome”) + -ettan → lāþettan (“to loathe”)

used to form verbs from nouns or adjectives (compare English -ate, -ize), frequently having a causative force.

blīcan (“to shine”) + -ettan → blīcettan (“to glitter”)

hlēapan (“to jump, to leap”) + -ettan → hlēapettan (“to jump up”)

verbal suffix denoting frequency or intensification


-nian

-nian (infinitive)
-nienne (infinitive)
-niġe (first-person present singular)
-node (first-person past singular)
-nast (present second-person singular)
-nodest (past second-person singular)
-naþ (present singular third-person)
-node (past singular third-person)
-niaþ (plural present)
-nodon (past plural)
-niġe (present singular)
-node (past singular)
-niġen (plural present)
-noden (past plural)
-na (imperative past present singular)
-niaþ (imperative past plural present)
-niende (imperative present)
-nod (imperative past)

Middle English: -nien, -enien, -nen, -enen, -en

Scots: -en

English: -en

From Proto-West Germanic *-inōn, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Compare Old Frisian -nia, Old Saxon -nōn, Old High German -inōn, Old Norse -na.

lǣċe (“physician, doctor”) + -nian → lācnian (“to heal”)

suffix applied to nouns and adjectives to form verbs


-erian

Middle English: -erien, -eren, -ren

English: -er

Scots: -ir

From Proto-West Germanic *-urōn (frequentative suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-urōną. Cognate with Old High German -arōn.

inh

flotian (“to float”) + -erian → floterian (“to flutter”)

wōp (“cry, lamentation”) + -erian → wōperian (“to weep”)

flicorian

A frequentative suffix used to form verbs


-orian

Alternative form of -erian: a frequentative suffix


-erne

Middle English: -erne, -ern, -ren, -ron

English: -ern

Scots: -ren

Akin to Old High German -rōni; see -ern for more.

norþerne

sūþerne

ēasterne

westerne

Adjective suffix occurring in names for directions


-wis

Middle English: -wis

English: -wise, -eous

Scots: -wis, -wise, -wyse, -wayis

From Proto-West Germanic *-wīs, from Proto-Germanic *-wīsaz, related to Old English wīse (“wise, manner, direction”).

cog

rihtwīs

nīedwīs

medwīs

(adjectival suffix) denoting a specified way, manner, condition, habit or direction


-wist

-wist (nominative singular)
-wiste (nominative plural)
-wista (nominative plural)
-wist (accusative singular)
-wiste (accusative singular)
-wiste (accusative plural)
-wista (accusative plural)
-wiste (genitive singular)
-wista (genitive plural)
-wiste (dative singular)
-wistum (dative plural)

From combining form of Old English wist (“being”). Akin to Old English wesan (“to be”).

andwist

midwist

mundwist

being, state, condition; action (compare English -ance, -ence)


-rof

From rōf (“number of soldiers, array; fierce”). Akin to Old Saxon rōf (“numerous, vigorous, strong”), Old High German ruob (“numerous”), ruoba (“a number, multitude”), Old English ġerēfa (“reeve, official”). More at English sheriff.

cwildrōf

uncamprōf

heterōf

suffix meaning full of or like (compare -ful, -ous)

cynerōf

gūþrōf


-feald

-feald (masculine nominative singular)
-feald (feminine nominative singular)
-feald (neuter nominative singular)
-fealdne (accusative masculine singular)
-fealde (accusative feminine singular)
-feald (accusative neuter singular)
-fealdes (genitive masculine singular)
-fealdre (feminine genitive singular)
-fealdes (genitive neuter singular)
-fealdum (dative masculine singular)
-fealdre (dative feminine singular)
-fealdum (dative neuter singular)
-fealde (instrumental masculine singular)
-fealdre (feminine instrumental singular)
-fealde (instrumental neuter singular)
-fealde (masculine nominative plural)
-fealda (feminine nominative plural)
-fealde (feminine nominative plural)
-feald (neuter nominative plural)
-fealde (accusative masculine plural)
-fealda (accusative feminine plural)
-fealde (accusative feminine plural)
-feald (accusative neuter plural)
-fealdra (genitive masculine plural)
-fealdra (feminine genitive plural)
-fealdra (genitive neuter plural)
-fealdum (dative masculine plural)
-fealdum (dative feminine plural)
-fealdum (dative neuter plural)
-fealdum (instrumental masculine plural)
-fealdum (feminine instrumental plural)
-fealdum (instrumental neuter plural)
-fealda (masculine nominative singular)
-fealde (feminine nominative singular)
-fealde (neuter nominative singular)
-fealdan (accusative masculine singular)
-fealdan (accusative feminine singular)
-fealde (accusative neuter singular)
-fealdan (genitive masculine singular)
-fealdan (feminine genitive singular)
-fealdan (genitive neuter singular)
-fealdan (dative masculine singular)
-fealdan (dative feminine singular)
-fealdan (dative neuter singular)
-fealdan (instrumental masculine singular)
-fealdan (feminine instrumental singular)
-fealdan (instrumental neuter singular)
-fealdan (masculine nominative plural)
-fealdan (feminine nominative plural)
-fealdan (neuter nominative plural)
-fealdan (accusative masculine plural)
-fealdan (accusative feminine plural)
-fealdan (accusative neuter plural)
-fealdra (genitive masculine plural)
-fealdena (genitive masculine plural)
-fealdra (feminine genitive plural)
-fealdena (feminine genitive plural)
-fealdra (genitive neuter plural)
-fealdena (genitive neuter plural)
-fealdum (dative masculine plural)
-fealdum (dative feminine plural)
-fealdum (dative neuter plural)
-fealdum (instrumental masculine plural)
-fealdum (feminine instrumental plural)
-fealdum (instrumental neuter plural)
-fald (alternative)
-feld (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: -fold, -fald, -falde, -feld, -folde, -vald, -feald (Early Middle English)
English: -fold
Scots: -fauld, -faul, -fald
Yola: -vold

From Proto-West Germanic *-falþ, from Proto-Germanic *-falþaz (“-fold”), from Proto-Indo-European *poltos (“-fold”).
Cognate with Old Frisian -fald, Old Saxon -fald, German -falt, Old Norse -faldr, Gothic -𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 (-falþs).

ānfeald

suffix denoting multiplication, or consisting of so many parts; -fold


-eld

-eld (nominative singular)
-eldas (nominative plural)
-eld (accusative singular)
-eldas (accusative plural)
-eldes (genitive singular)
-elda (genitive plural)
-elde (dative singular)
-eldum (dative plural)
-eld (nominative singular)
-eld (nominative plural)
-eld (accusative singular)
-eld (accusative plural)
-eldes (genitive singular)
-elda (genitive plural)
-elde (dative singular)
-eldum (dative plural)
-old (alternative)
-elt (alternative)

Middle English: bold, færeld

English: bold

Middle English: botel

English: bottle

Possibly a metathetic variant of earlier Proto-Germanic *-þlą.

færeld

huntnold

bold

house; dwelling, building, variant of botl

suffix forming nouns denoting process or action from verbs


-ett

third-person singular present indicative


-liest

-līest (canonical feminine)
-līest (nominative singular)
-līeste (accusative singular)
-līeste (genitive singular)
-līeste (dative singular)
-lēast (alternative)
-lēst (alternative)
-līst (alternative)
-lȳst (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *-lausiþu, equivalent to -lēas (“-less”) + -þ (“-th, -ness”).

metelīest

andġietlēast

(West Saxon) suffix denoting lack, want or absence of: -lessness


-sæta

-sǣta (canonical)
-sǣta (nominative singular)
-sǣtan (nominative plural)
-sǣtan (accusative singular)
-sǣtan (accusative plural)
-sǣtan (genitive singular)
-sǣtena (genitive plural)
-sǣtan (dative singular)
-sǣtum (dative plural)
-sǣte (nominative plural)
-sǣte (accusative plural)
-sǣtena (genitive plural)
-sǣtum (dative plural)

English: -set, cosset (< cotsǣta (“cottager”))

From *sǣta (“inhabitant, dweller”). Akin to Old Saxon -sētio, Old High German -sāzo (German -saß), Old English sittan (“to sit”).

burgsǣta

landsǣta

Dornsǣte

Sumorsǣtan

a resident or inhabitant of (usually used with placenames)


-tig

Middle English: -ty, -te, -ti, -tie, -tiȝ
English: -ty
Scots: -ty

From Proto-Germanic *tigiwiz, plural of *teguz (“group of ten”).

twēntiġ

hundtēontiġ

hundtwelftiġ

-ty (used to form numerals denoting multiples of ten)


-raþ

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-raþ (“tally, tale, reckoning”). Akin to Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐍉 (raþjō, “number, reckoning”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (garaþjan, “to count”), Old English rǣden (“accounting, reckoning; condition”).

cog

hundraþ, hundred


-stow

-stōw (canonical)
-stōw (nominative singular)
-stōwa (nominative plural)
-stōwe (nominative plural)
-stōwe (accusative singular)
-stōwa (accusative plural)
-stōwe (accusative plural)
-stōwe (genitive singular)
-stōwa (genitive plural)
-stōwe (dative singular)
-stōwum (dative plural)

From stōw (“place”), from Proto-Germanic *stōō (“place”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂w- (“to set, place”), from *steh₂- (“to stand”). Akin to Old Norse -stó (“place of”), Old Frisian stō (“place”), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽 (stōjan, “to judge, place”). Compare the similar usage in forming toponyms in the cognate Indo-Iranian suffix -stan. See also stow.

cog

Bryċġstōw

Bristol; literally: the place by the bridge

suffix found in many placenames denoting "place" or "place of"

folcstōw

friþstōw

a place of peace, sanctuary, refuge, asylum

fulwihtstōw

a baptistry, place where one is baptized

moldstōw

mōtstōw

nēahstōw

mynsterstōw

place, area; provenance of, office of, jurisdiction of


-wende

-wende (masculine nominative singular)
-wendu (feminine nominative singular)
-wendo (feminine nominative singular)
-wende (neuter nominative singular)
-wendne (accusative masculine singular)
-wende (accusative feminine singular)
-wende (accusative neuter singular)
-wendes (genitive masculine singular)
-wendre (feminine genitive singular)
-wendes (genitive neuter singular)
-wendum (dative masculine singular)
-wendre (dative feminine singular)
-wendum (dative neuter singular)
-wende (instrumental masculine singular)
-wendre (feminine instrumental singular)
-wende (instrumental neuter singular)
-wende (masculine nominative plural)
-wenda (feminine nominative plural)
-wende (feminine nominative plural)
-wendu (neuter nominative plural)
-wendo (neuter nominative plural)
-wende (accusative masculine plural)
-wenda (accusative feminine plural)
-wende (accusative feminine plural)
-wendu (accusative neuter plural)
-wendo (accusative neuter plural)
-wendra (genitive masculine plural)
-wendra (feminine genitive plural)
-wendra (genitive neuter plural)
-wendum (dative masculine plural)
-wendum (dative feminine plural)
-wendum (dative neuter plural)
-wendum (instrumental masculine plural)
-wendum (feminine instrumental plural)
-wendum (instrumental neuter plural)
-wenda (masculine nominative singular)
-wende (feminine nominative singular)
-wende (neuter nominative singular)
-wendan (accusative masculine singular)
-wendan (accusative feminine singular)
-wende (accusative neuter singular)
-wendan (genitive masculine singular)
-wendan (feminine genitive singular)
-wendan (genitive neuter singular)
-wendan (dative masculine singular)
-wendan (dative feminine singular)
-wendan (dative neuter singular)
-wendan (instrumental masculine singular)
-wendan (feminine instrumental singular)
-wendan (instrumental neuter singular)
-wendan (masculine nominative plural)
-wendan (feminine nominative plural)
-wendan (neuter nominative plural)
-wendan (accusative masculine plural)
-wendan (accusative feminine plural)
-wendan (accusative neuter plural)
-wendra (genitive masculine plural)
-wendena (genitive masculine plural)
-wendra (feminine genitive plural)
-wendena (feminine genitive plural)
-wendra (genitive neuter plural)
-wendena (genitive neuter plural)
-wendum (dative masculine plural)
-wendum (dative feminine plural)
-wendum (dative neuter plural)
-wendum (instrumental masculine plural)
-wendum (feminine instrumental plural)
-wendum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *wandī, from Proto-Germanic *wandijaz (“turning, directed”).

der

hālwende

lāþwende

lēofwende

lufwende

miswende

hātwende

suffix meaning tending toward, promoting, or exemplified by; -ing, -able


-heald

From Proto-Germanic *halþaz (“inclined”). Akin to Old Frisian -hald, Old High German -hald, Old Norse -hallr, Old English heald (“bent, inclined toward”), Old English hielde (“slope”).

cog

niþerheald

sċyteheald

bent to shoot downwards, precipitous, oblique, steep

fæstheald

frēondheald

sūþheald

bent; inclined toward, tending toward; sloping toward


-fæst

-fæst (masculine nominative singular)
-fæst (feminine nominative singular)
-fæst (neuter nominative singular)
-fæstne (accusative masculine singular)
-fæste (accusative feminine singular)
-fæst (accusative neuter singular)
-fæstes (genitive masculine singular)
-fæstre (feminine genitive singular)
-fæstes (genitive neuter singular)
-fæstum (dative masculine singular)
-fæstre (dative feminine singular)
-fæstum (dative neuter singular)
-fæste (instrumental masculine singular)
-fæstre (feminine instrumental singular)
-fæste (instrumental neuter singular)
-fæste (masculine nominative plural)
-fæsta (feminine nominative plural)
-fæste (feminine nominative plural)
-fæst (neuter nominative plural)
-fæste (accusative masculine plural)
-fæsta (accusative feminine plural)
-fæste (accusative feminine plural)
-fæst (accusative neuter plural)
-fæstra (genitive masculine plural)
-fæstra (feminine genitive plural)
-fæstra (genitive neuter plural)
-fæstum (dative masculine plural)
-fæstum (dative feminine plural)
-fæstum (dative neuter plural)
-fæstum (instrumental masculine plural)
-fæstum (feminine instrumental plural)
-fæstum (instrumental neuter plural)
-fæsta (masculine nominative singular)
-fæste (feminine nominative singular)
-fæste (neuter nominative singular)
-fæstan (accusative masculine singular)
-fæstan (accusative feminine singular)
-fæste (accusative neuter singular)
-fæstan (genitive masculine singular)
-fæstan (feminine genitive singular)
-fæstan (genitive neuter singular)
-fæstan (dative masculine singular)
-fæstan (dative feminine singular)
-fæstan (dative neuter singular)
-fæstan (instrumental masculine singular)
-fæstan (feminine instrumental singular)
-fæstan (instrumental neuter singular)
-fæstan (masculine nominative plural)
-fæstan (feminine nominative plural)
-fæstan (neuter nominative plural)
-fæstan (accusative masculine plural)
-fæstan (accusative feminine plural)
-fæstan (accusative neuter plural)
-fæstra (genitive masculine plural)
-fæstena (genitive masculine plural)
-fæstra (feminine genitive plural)
-fæstena (feminine genitive plural)
-fæstra (genitive neuter plural)
-fæstena (genitive neuter plural)
-fæstum (dative masculine plural)
-fæstum (dative feminine plural)
-fæstum (dative neuter plural)
-fæstum (instrumental masculine plural)
-fæstum (feminine instrumental plural)
-fæstum (instrumental neuter plural)

desc

English: bedfast, shamefast, soothfast, steadfast

ǣ (“law”) + -fæst → ǣfæst (“religious”)

siġe (“victory”) + -fæst → siġefæst (“victorious”)


-ga

-ga (nominative singular)
-gan (nominative plural)
-gan (accusative singular)
-gan (accusative plural)
-gan (genitive singular)
-gena (genitive plural)
-gan (dative singular)
-gum (dative plural)
-ca (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *-gō, from Proto-Germanic *-gjô, *-gô (suffix).

docga

frocga

*picga

*snecga

stacga

wicga

Diminutive suffix, used especially in familiar names for pets.


-ge

-y, -ey found in some English placenames

From Proto-West Germanic *gawi, from Proto-Germanic *gawją, *gawjō, *gawô (“country, region, environment”).

ǣlġē

suffix used to denote a region or territory

Sūþrīeġ, Sūþrīġe

suffix used in placenames meaning region of, or district of


-uc

From Proto-West Germanic *-uk, from Proto-Germanic *-ukaz (diminutive suffix).


-æ

(Early Old English) Alternative form of -e (masculine/neuter dative singular suffix)

(Early Old English) Alternative form of -e (feminine accusative/genitive/dative singular suffix)


-aþ

From Proto-West Germanic *-ōþ (“third person plural indicative ending of weak verbs”), from Proto-Germanic *-ōþi (“third person plural indicative ending of weak verbs”).

-as (alternative)
-es (alternative)
-að (alternative)
-eþ (alternative)
-ᚨᚦ (alternative)

Hit macaþ

Third person singular present indicative ending of class 2 weak verbs.


-aþ

From Proto-West Germanic *-anþ (“third person plural indicative ending of weak verbs”), from Proto-Germanic *-anþi (“third person plural indicative ending of weak verbs”). Cognate with Old Saxon -ad, Swabian -ad.

Hīe cumaþ

First, second and third person plural present indicative ending of strong verbs, class 1 weak verbs, and class 3 weak verbs.

Cumaþ!

(used without postpositioned "ġē") Second person plural imperative ending of strong verbs, class 1 weak verbs, and class 3 weak verbs.


-aþ

-að (alternative)
-eþ (alternative)
-ᚨᚦ (alternative)


-nesse

inflection of -nes:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of -nes:
nominative/accusative plural


-enne

From a dative inflection of the Proto-Germanic infinitive; equivalent to -an + -e

-anne (alternative)
-onne (alternative)
-ienne (alternative)
-ianne (alternative)
-ene (alternative)
-ane (alternative)

to farenne

Forms the inflected infinitive of verbs.