on

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana. See Old English in for more.

an (alternative)
a (alternative)
ᚩᚾ (alternative)

On þæm huse

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...and ðā syndon swȳþe fæġere and lustsumlīce on tō sēonne...

...and those are very beautiful and pleasant to look at...

Early 11th c., Defensor's translation of Liber Scintillarum
...nā besēoh þū on wīfes hiw...

...do not look at a woman's appearance...

+obj

on, in, at, among [with accusative or dative or instrumental]

On midne winter

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Đā ġelǣredan ne beðurfon þyssera bōca, forðan ðe him mæġ heora āgen lār genihtsumian. Iċ cweðe nū þæt iċ næfre heonon forð ne āwende godspel oððe godspeltrahtas of Lēdene on Englisċ.

The learned have no need of these books, for their own learning will suffice. I say now that henceforth, I will never translate a gospel or a gospel-commentary from Latin into English.

On þæt hus

Heo awende þa boc on Englisc

onto, into (to express allative motion or a change of state) [with accusative]


te

Heom te cwæþ (He said to him)

Ālēfed te habbanne (Allowed to have)


in

Middle English: in

English: in

Scots: in

Forðon dōmġeorne · drēoriġne oft
in hyra brēostcofan · bindað fæste;

Therefore, eager for glory men oft bind tightly in their breast-chambers the sad one.


be

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Hū be mete? hū swīðe lyst þē þæs?

How about food? How much dost thou desire that?

late 10th century, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
Iċ wāt eall be þām.
I know all about that.

by, in various senses:
based on, according to

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Hēr man ofslōh Ælfwine bē Trēntan.

In this year a man slew Alvin near the Trent.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St.Alban, Martyr"
Eall swa þa unriht-wisan deman þe heora domas awendað, æfre be þam sceattum na be soðfæstnysse and habbað æfre to cepe heora soðfæstnysse, and swa hi sylfe syllað wið sceattum...

So likewise those unrighteous judges who pervert their judgments, always for gain, and not for justice, and always offer their justice for sale, and thus sell themselves for the sake of money,...


of

Middle English: of

Scots: o

English: of

Hē is of þām ilcan wīċe swā iċ.

Of þām ǣġe crēap ān lȳtel and swīðe hungriġ trēowwyrm.

Out of the egg came a tiny and very hungry caterpillar.

The Life of Saint Margaret
Iċ nylle nān word mā of þīnum mūðe ġehīeran.

I don't want to hear one more word out of your mouth.

late 10th century, Ælfric, On the Seasons of the Year
Swā swā fiscas cwelaþ gif hīe of wætre bēoþ, swā ēac cwileþ ǣlċ eorðliċ līchama gif hē biþ þǣre lyfte bedǣled.

Just as fish die if they're out of the water, every land animal dies if it is deprived of air.

late 10th century, Ælfric, Esther
Sē cyning slīepte his bēag of.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. John the Baptist"
"Eal his reaf wæs awefen of olfendes hǽrum, his bigleofa wæs stiðlic; ne dranc he wines drenc, ne nanes gemencgedes wætan, ne gebrowenes: ofet hine fedde, and wude-hunig, and oðre waclice ðigena."

"All his garment was woven of camel's hair, his food was coarse; he drank not drink of wine, nor of any mixed or prepared fluid: fruit fed him and wood-honey, and other common things."


for

Middle English: for

English: for

Scots: for

Yola: vor, var

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Sebastian, Martyr"
Þa wurdon hi ealle þurh þæt wundor ablicgede and þæs þægnes gebedda ðe þa gebroþra heold wæs for six gearum for swiðlicre untrumnysse...

Then they were all astonished at that miracle; and the wife of the officer, who had charge of the brothers, for six years, through a severe sickness...

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 9:24

Whoever destroys their soul for me will save it.

Sē þe his sāwle for mē forspilþ, hē hīe ġehǣlþ.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Paul the Apostle"
Petrus āna spræc for ealne þone hēap.

Paul by himself spoke for the whole group.

for (on behalf of, instead of) (+ accusative)

Hē swealt for swelċe... twām þūsendum ġēara.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Is nū for þȳ Godes þēowum and mynstermannum ġeorne tō wearnienne þæt sēo hālġe lār on ūrum dagum ne ācōliġe oþþe ātēoriġe swā swā hit wæs ġedōn on Angelcynne nū for ānum fēawum gēarum, swā þæt nān Englisċ prēost ne cūðe dihtan oþþe āsmēaġan ānne pistol on Lǣden, oþ þæt Dūnstān ærċebisċop and Æðelwold bisċop eft þā lāre on munuclīfum ārǣrdon.
That's why God's servants and monks should be very careful not to let this sacred learning cool or fade in our time, the way it did in England a few years ago, when none of our priests could compose or interpret a letter in Latin, until archbishop Dunstan and bishop Æthelwold revived learning in monastic life.

Hēo swealt on fefre for eallum hire dǣdum.

She died of a fever, despite all her deeds.

(Usually in the phrase for eall) for all, despite, in spite of (+ dative)


to

From Proto-West Germanic *tō, from Proto-Germanic *tō, *ta (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do (“to”). Cognate with Old Saxon tō (“to”), Old High German zuo (“to”), Old Irish do.

Þonne iċ mec onhebbe ond hī onhnīgaþ tō mē, moniġe mid miltse, þǣr iċ monnum sceal īċan upcyme ēadiġnesse.

When I raise myself up and they bow down to me, many with mercy, then I shall increase rising of happiness for men.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...ðā beseah hē tō Petre sumere ælmessan wilniġende...

Then looked he towards Peter, desiring an alms,...

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Đā ongunnon ealle ðā nǣddran tō ċēowenne heora flæsċ and heora blōd sucan, þæt hī þæt āttor ūt ātugon

Then all the snakes began to chew their flesh and suck their blood in order to draw out the venom.

tō drīfenne

(grammar) used to mark the infinitive (supine) of the verb

iċ wyrċe tō īsensmiðe

þā nam iċ hīe tō wīfe

tō bōte

to boot (literally: as an improvement, thus in addition)

Blickling Homilies, "The Dedication of St. Michael's Church"
Englas bēoð tō ðeġnunge gǣstum fram Gode hider on world sended...

Angels will be sent by God as spirits of service hither into the world...


bi

desctree

Middle English: by, be, bi
English: by
→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)
Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'
Yola: bee, be, bie, by

From Proto-West Germanic *bī (“near, by, around, about”).

inh

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Đyssum tidum Ongolcyningas þā æðelestan Ōswēo Norðanhymbra cyning ⁊ Eċġberht Contwarena cyning hæfdon betwēoh him sprǣċe ⁊ ġeþēahte, hwæt tō donne wǣre bī þǣm stealle Ongolcynnes ċiriċan .

At this time the most noble English kings, Oswiu of Northumbria and Ecgberht of Kent, held a discussion and conference between them about what was to be done about the state of the English church.

Wōriað þā wīnsalo; · waldend liċġað
drēame bidrorene; · duguþ eal ġecrong,
wlonc bī wealle. · Sume wīġ fornōm,

The wine-halls ramble; lords lie still,
deprived of mirth; army completely perished,
 proud by the wall. The war took away some men,


under

desctree

Middle English: under, vnder, onder
English: under
Scots: unner
Yola: unnere

From Proto-West Germanic *undar, from Proto-Germanic *under. Compare Old Saxon undar, Old High German untar.

Hwǣr cōm mearg? Hwǣr cōm mago? · Hwǣr cōm māþþumġyfa?
Hwǣr cōm symbla ġesetu? · Hwǣr sindon seledrēamas?
Ēalā beorht bune! · Ēalā byrnwiga!
Ēalā þēodnes þrym! · Hū sēo þrāg ġewāt,
ġenāp under nihthelm, · swā hēo nō wære.

Whither did the horse come? Whither did the man come? Whither did the treasure-giver come?
Whither did the seats of feasts come? Where are the hall-joys?
Alack and alas, bright cup! Alack and alas, mailed warrior!
Alack and alas, the army of the king! How did the time pass,
grow dark under the cover of night, as if it never did.


into

Middle English: in-to, into, inne to, jn to, jne to, inte
English: into
Scots: intae


fra

English: fro


mid

Middle English: mid

From Proto-West Germanic *midi. Compare Old Saxon mid, Old High German mit, Old Norse með.

mit (alternative)
miþ (alternative)
mið (alternative)
mið (alternative)

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 29:19

I'd rather give her to you than to someone else. Stay with me!

Lēofre mē is þæt iċ hīe selle þē þonne ōðrum menn. Wuna mid mē!

c. 992, Ælfric, "THE ANNUNCIATION OF ST. MARY."
"God underfeng his cnapan Israhel." Mid þam naman syndon getacnode ealle ða þe Gode gehyrsumiað mid soðre eadmodnysse, þa he underfehð to his werode.

"God hath received his servant Israel." By that name are betokened all those who obey God with true humility, whom he receives into his company.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Holy Day of Pentecost"
Þa geleaffullan brohton heora feoh, and ledon hit æt ðæra apostola foton. Mid þam is geswutelod þæt cristene men ne sceolon heora hiht besettan on woroldlice gestreon, ac on Gode anum. Se gítsere ðe beset his hiht on his goldhord, he bið swa swa se apostol cwæð, "þam gelíc þe deofolgyld begæð."

The faithful brought their money, and laid it at the feet of the apostles. By this is manifested that christian men should not set their delight in worldly treasure, but in God alone. The covetous who sets his delight in his gold-hoard, is, as the apostle said, "like unto him who practiseth idolatry."

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Asia is befangen mid...þǣm gārseċġe sūþan ⁊ norþan ⁊ eastan...

Asia is surrounded by...the southern and northern and eastern sea...

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Assumption of St. John the Apostle"
Mid þam ðe se apostol Iohannes stop into ðære byrig Ephesum, þa bær man him togeanes anre wydewan líc to byrigenne; hire nama wæs Drusiana.

As the apostle John was entering the city of Ephesus, there was borne towards him the corpse of a widow to be buried; her name was Drusiana.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Prayer of Moses (Mid-Lent)"
...ofer ða readan sæ siðodon mid fotum...

...they had journeyed on foot over the Red Sea,...


a

āwa (alternative)
āwo (alternative)
ō (alternative)


butan

From Proto-West Germanic *biūtan, from *bī (“by”) + *ūtan, dative of Proto-West Germanic *ūtō (“exterior, outside”) (from Proto-Germanic *ūt (“out”)), corresponding to be- + ūtan.

der

Hū biþ middanġeard būtan ūs?

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Greater Litany"
Būtan þām ǣhtum, ġelīċe sind þā þe biddaþ and þā þe hīe æt biddaþ.

Apart from possessions, beggars are the same as the people they beg from.

c. 995, Ælfric, on Grammar in English
Suburbānus: sē þe sitt būtan þǣre byrġ.

Suburbanus: someone who lives outside the city.

c. 992, Ælfric, St. Benedict, Abbot
Hwæt cwist þū, sweostor? Ne mæġ iċ nāteshwon būtan mynstre nihtes wunian.

What are you saying, sister? Ain't no way I can stay outside the monastery at night.

for all, despite, in spite of, notwithstanding (+ dative)


ofer

desctree

Middle English: over
English: over
Geordie English: ower
Scots: ower
Yola: ower, oer, owr

From Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber, from Proto-Indo-European *upér, a comparative form of *upo.

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 10, verse 19

And now I gave you power to tread over adders and snakes and over each fiends' force. And no thing harms you.

And nū ic sealde ēow ānweald tō tredenne ofer nǣddran. And snacan and ofer ǣlc fēondes mæġen. And nān þing ēow ne derað...

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 19, verse 14

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Nys nāht ofor hyne...

Exeter Book, Chrtist A, The Navitivity
...Ne lǣt awyrġde ofer us onwald āgan...

Let not the accursed have power over us...

over, Indicating relative status, authority, or power

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Agnes, Virgin"
He gesette his tacn on minum nebbe þæt ic nænne oðerne ofer hine ne lufige.

He hath set His token upon my face that I should love none other beside Him.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Basilius, Bishop"
Bide nu æt gode þæt ic grecisc cunne. Þa cwæþ se biscop him to, þu bæde ofer mine mæðe ac uton swa þeah biddan þas bena æt gode.

Pray now to God that I may know Greek. Pray now to God that I may know Greek. Then said the Bishop to him, 'Thou hast asked beyond my power, but let us, nevertheless, ask this boon of God.'

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Prayer of Moses (Mid-Lent)"
Swa swa sume menn doð þe dyslice fæstað ofer heora mihte on gemænelicum lenctene, swa swa we sylfe gesawon oðþæt hi seoce wurdon.

Even as some men do who foolishly fast beyond their strength in the catholic Lent, even as we ourselves have seen, until they have fallen sick.


til

Middle English: til, tylle
English: til, till
Scots: til

Possibly borrowed from Old Norse til, though the OED has it as "Germanic" and related to Old Norse til and to Old Frisian til. If not borrowed, then inherited from Proto-West Germanic *til, from Proto-Germanic *til.

Ðá cueð til him ðe Hǽlend

ᛣᚱᛁᛋᛏᚹᚫᛋᚩᚾᚱᚩᛞᛁᚻᚹᛖᚦᚱᚫᚦᛖᚱᚠᚢᛋᚫᚠᛠᚱᚱᚪᚾᛣᚹᚩᛗᚢᚫᚦᚦᛁᛚᚫᛏᛁᛚᚪᚾᚢᛗ

Christ was on the cross, yet there in haste from afar came noble men unto him.

Krist wæs on rōdi, hweþræ þēr fūsæ fearran kwōmu æþþilæ til ānum.


ær

From Proto-Germanic *airiz, originally a comparative form (=‘earlier’).

Hēo becōm ānre niht ǣr mē.

Earge sweltaþ manigum sīðum ǣr heora dēaðum.

Cowards die many times before their deaths.

Til biþ sē þe his trēowe ġehealdeþ, · ne sċeal nǣfre his torn tō ryċene
beorn of his brēostum ācȳþan, · nemþe hē ǣr þā bōte cunne,
eorl mid elne ġefremman. · Wel bið þām þe him āre sēċeð,
frōfre tō fæder on heofonum, · þǣr ūs eal sēo fæstnung stondeð.

Good is that keeps his belief, should not ever unfold his wrath,
fighter of his breasts, too quickly, unless before this help he would
know how to help out a man with strength. It's good for him who seeks
help from the Father in heavens, where this whole fastening stands for us.


agen

Variant of Old English ongēan (“again, eft, back”).

Se þe nis aġēn ēow, se is for ēow.

Þīn brōðor hæfþ ǣnig þing aġēn þē.


siþ

From Proto-Germanic *sīþuz. Cognate with Old High German sīd and Old Norse síðr.


ymb

Middle English: umbe, embe
Scots: umbe-

From Proto-West Germanic *umbi.
Cognate with Old Saxon umbi (Dutch om), Old High German umbi (German um), Old Norse um (Swedish om).
The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin ambi-, Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí), Old Irish imb, Sanskrit अभि (abhí, “towards, over, upon”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 (abiy, “towards, against, upon”).

cog

ymbe (alternative)
embe (alternative)
ymbi (alternative)

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLXXVII Hēr Cynewulf ⁊ Offa ġefuhton ymb Benesingtūn ⁊ Offa ġenam þone tūn.

Year 777 In this year Cynewulf and Offa fought near Benson and Offa seized the town.


neah

nēah (canonical)
nēa (alternative)
nēh (alternative)
nīh (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *nāhw, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw.
See also Old Saxon nāh, Old Dutch nā (Dutch na), Old High German nāh (German nah), Old Norse ná (Icelandic ná-), Gothic 𐌽𐌴𐍈 (nēƕ). Extra-Germanic cognates include Albanian nesër (“tomorrow, in short time”).


gemang

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Germanic *ga-
Proto-West Germanic *ga-
Old English ġe-
Old English mang
Old English gemang
From ġe- + mang (Proto-Germanic *mang-, from Proto-Indo-European *menk- (“knead”)). Cognate with Old Saxon gimang. The Indo-European root is also the source of Proto-Slavic *mǭkà (“flour”) (Old Church Slavonic мѫка (mǫka), Russian мука́ (muká)), Proto-Baltic *minki- (Lithuanian minkiti).


wiþutan

wiþūtan (canonical)
ƿiþūtan (alternative)


wiþ

desctree

Middle English: wiþ, with
English: with, wi
Geordie English: wi, wiv
Scots: wi
Yola: wee, wie, wi, wi', w', wough

Probably a shortening of a Germanic preposition represented by Old English wiþer, from Proto-Germanic *wiþrą (“against”). Cognate with Old Frisian with, Old Saxon with, Old Norse við.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
...;sē ūs ġescylt wið eallum yfellum.
...;He shieldeth us against every evil.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLII Hēr Cūðrēd ġefeaht þȳ XII ġēare his rīċes æt Beorhforda wiþ Æþelbald.

Year 752 In this year, the twelfth of his reign, Cuthred fought against Athelbald at Burford.

against, opposite (typically + accusative with sense of motion or active opposition, typically + dative otherwise)

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St.Alban, Martyr"
Eall swa þa unriht-wisan deman þe heora domas awendað, æfre be þam sceattum na be soðfæstnysse and habbað æfre to cepe heora soðfæstnysse, and swa hi sylfe syllað wið sceattum...

So likewise those unrighteous judges who pervert their judgments, always for gain, and not for justice, and always offer their justice for sale, and thus sell themselves for the sake of money,...

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Swithhun, Bishop"
Heora dȳre gold ne bið nāhte wurð wið ða foresǣdan māðmas...

Their precious gold will be worth nothing compared with the aforementioned treasures,...


oþ

fram þām ēagþyrle ōþ þone weall

þrītiġ ōþ fīftiġ wildra swīna

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Sebastian, Martyr"
...ac hi þurhwunodon swa þeah on þam gewinne oð deað.

...but they nevertheless continued in that warfare till death.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Hē behȳdde þæt sweord ōþ þā hiltan.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 32:24

An angel wrestled with him until morning.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 24:38-39

In the days before the flood, people were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day when Noah entered the ark, and they didn't know until the flood came and took them all.

On þǣm dagum ǣr þǣm flōde wǣron menn etende and drincende, and wīfiġende and ġifte sellende, ōþ þone dæġ þe Nōe on þā earċe ēode, and hīe nysson ǣr sē flōd cōm and nam hīe ealle.

(with accusative) until, as far as, up to, down to

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Clement the Martyr"
Eft he cwæð, "Ic beo mid eow eallum dagum, ōð þisre worulde geendunge," seðe lyfað and rixað mid þam Ælmihtigan Fæder and ðam Halgum Gaste á on ecnysse. Amen.

Again he said, "I will be with you on all days, until the ending of this world," who liveth and reigneth with the Almighty Father and the Holy Ghost ever to eternity. Amen.


þurh

Middle English: thurgh, thruh, thorouȝ, thoruh, thuruh, thurh, thrugh, thruch, thoruȝ, þoruȝ, trugh
English: through, thorough
Scots: throuch, thorow
Yola: trugh, draugh

From Proto-Germanic *þurhw, from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to pass through”).

der

þuruh (alternative)
ðurh (alternative)
ðorh (alternative)
þorh (alternative)
þerh (alternative)
ðerh (alternative)
þurg (alternative)

Þā cempan cōmon hēr þurh and ofslōgon ealle.

The soldiers came through here and killed everyone.

Þurh reġn and snāw and þā þīestran dene, iċ þē wille beran, þæt iċ līfes āscunga ne āsciġe.

Through rain and snow and the dark valley, I want to carry you, without asking the questions of life.

Candel ne forlīest nāwiht þurh þæt þe hēo ōðre candle æleþ.

A candle loses nothing by lighting another candle.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Sē wer meahte unēaðe þurh hine selfne ārīsan oþþe gān.

The man could barely get up or walk by himself.


bufan

Middle English: boven, bove

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *biobanā; equivalent to be + ufan.

inh+

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...and būfan þām māran wealle, ofer eallne þone ymbgong, hē is mid stǣnenum wīġhūsum beworht.

...and above the greater wall, over the whole circumference, it is built with stone towers.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Third Sunday after the Lord's Epiphany"
We rædað on Cristes acennednysse þæt heofonlice englas wæron gesewene būfan ðam acennedan cilde, and hí ðisne lófsang mid micclum dreame gesungon, "Gloria in excelsis Deo, and in terra pax hominibus bone uoluntatis:" þæt is on urum gereorde, "Sy wuldor Gode on heannyssum, and on eorðan sibb ðam mannum ðe synd gódes willan."
We read that at Christ's birth heavenly angels were seen above the born child, and that they with great delight sung this hymn, "Gloria in excelsis Deo, and in terra pax hominibus bonæ voluntatis:" that is in our tongue, "Be glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to those men who are of good will."


æfter

From Proto-Germanic *after, whence also Old High German aftar, Old Norse aptr. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epoteros (“further behind, further away”), comparative form of *h₂epó (“off, behind”).

inh

æftær (alternative Anglian)
efter (alternative)
æftyr (alternative)
eftyr (alternative)
æftar (alternative)
æftar (alternative)
ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ (alternative)

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Eugenia, Virgin"
Þa æfter þrym gearum þæs þe heo gecyrred wæs...

Then after three years since her conversion,...

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of All Saints"
We mihton ðas halgan rædinge menigfealdlicor trahtnian, æfter Augustines smeagunge, ac us twynað hwæðer ge magon maran deopnysse ðæron þearflice tocnawan; ac uton biddan mid inweardre heortan þone Ælmihtigan Wealdend, seðe ús mid menigfealdre mærsunge ealra his halgena nu to-dæg geblissode, þæt he us getiðige genihtsumnysse his miltsunge þurh heora menigfealdan þingrædena, þæt we on écere gesihðe mid him blission, swa swa we nu mid hwilwendlicere þenunge hí wurðiað.

We might more elaborately expound this holy text, according to the interpretation of Augustine, but we doubt whether ye can accurately judge of greater deepness therein; but let us with inward heart pray to the Almighty Ruler, who has gladdened us to-day with the manifold celebration of all his saints, that he grant us abundance of his mercy through their manifold intercessions, so that we ever in their sight may rejoice with them, as we now with transitory service honour them.


æt

desctree

Middle English: at, et, ed
English: at
Scots: at
Yola: adh, ad

et (alternative Anglian)
at (alternative)
ot (alternative)

æt hām

at home (with irregular apocope of dative -e)

æt fruman

æt þām ȳtemestan dæġe

(+accusative, rarely) to, up to, as far as

Hwā is wīs? Sē þe leornaþ æt ǣlcum menn.

Who is wise? He who learns from everyone.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...þā læġ þǣr sum creopere lama fram cildhāde sē wæs dæġhwāmlīce ġeboren tō þām beorhtan ġete þæt hē ælmessan underfencge æt þām infarendum...

Then lay there a cripple, lame from childhood, who was daily carried to the 'Beautiful' Gate, that he might receive alms from those entering.

10th century, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Māre selþ se þearfa þām rīċan þonne hē æt him nime.

The poor give more to the rich than they take from them.

9th century, The Blickling Homilies, "Ascension Thursday"
Hīe ġehīerdon his lāre and his word æt his selfes mūðe.

They heard his teachings and his words from his own mouth.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Basilius, Bishop"
Bide nu æt gode þæt ic grecisc cunne. Þa cwæþ se biscop him to, þu bæde ofer mine mæðe ac uton swa þeah biddan þas bena æt gode.

Pray now to God that I may know Greek. Pray now to God that I may know Greek. Then said the Bishop to him, 'Thou hast asked beyond my power, but let us, nevertheless, ask this boon of God.'

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 42:36

Then Jacob, their father, said, "You have made me childless. I don't have Joseph and Simeon is in chains; now you're taking Benjamin from me."

Þā cwæþ Iācōb heora fæder, "Bearnlēasne ġē habbaþ mē ġedōnne. Næbbe iċ Iōsēp and Simeon is on bendum; nū ġē nimaþ Beniamin æt mē."

Swā cwæð snottor on mōde, · ġesæt him sundor æt rūne.

So said the wise in mind, sat alone with speech to himself.


betweonum

betwēonum (canonical)
betwēonan (alternative)

Originally a phrase made up of be (“by”) + twēonum (“the two”, dative plural noun). Very rarely, these elements were still used as separate words: be sǣm twēonum ("between two seas," Beowulf 858).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm þe Rōmeburg ġetimbred wæs IIII hunde wintra ⁊ II, þætte Cartaina þǣre burge ǣrendracan cōmon tō Rōme ⁊ him ġebudon þæt hīe frið him betwēonum hæfden...

Four hundred and two years after the city of Rome was built, messengers [from] the city of Carthage came to Rome and proposed that there be peace between them...


betweox

Middle English: bitwixe
English: betwixt
Yola: betweesk, beteesh, beeteesh

be- + tweox (“twofold”), from Proto-Germanic *twiskaz (“twofold, double”).

der

betwux (alternative)
betwyh (alternative)
betwyx (alternative)

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Forġif mē wīsdōm, þæt iċ maġe þīn miċċle folc ġewissian, and iċ cunne tōcnāwan betwux gōd and yfel.

Give me wisdom, so that I can guide your great people, and can distinguish between good and evil.


fram

desctree

Middle English: from, fram, vrom, vram, fro, fra, vra, fray (from Old Norse)
English: from
→ Scots: from, frome
Yola: vrem, vreem, vream, vrim, vrom

From Proto-Germanic *fram (“forward”), from Proto-Indo-European *prom-, *pr- (“forward, through”). Akin to Old High German fram (“forth, forward”), Old Norse fram (“forward, onward”, adverb), Old Norse frá (preposition), Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 (fram).

cog

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St. Alban, Martyr"
Hē rād ðā on his mule mid mycelre fyrde þurh ǣnne hēahne holt mid hetelīcum ġeþance; þā ġefeng hine ān trēow be ðām fexe sona forþan þe hē wæs sīdfæxede and hē swā hangode, and sē mul arn forð fram þām ārlēasan hlāford and Dauides þeġnas hine þurhðydon.

Then he rode on his mule with a great army through a high wood, with hostile intention; then speedily a tree caught him by the hair, because be was long-haired, and he hanged so, and the mule ran forward from the wicked lord, and David's thanes pierced him through.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St. Julian and his wife Basilissa"
Gewitað fram us, we synd wraðe geswæncte and mid fyre for-numene for iulianes intingan, æfre fram þam dæge þe ge hine ærest dræhton.

Depart from us, we are fiercely tormented and consumed with fire, for Julian's sake, ever since the day that ye first vexed him.

c. 992, Ælfric, "THE FIRST SUNDAY IN LENT"
Se Hælend wæs gelæd fram þam Halgan Gaste to anum westene, to ðy þæt he wære gecostnod fram deofle: and he ða fæste feowertig daga and feowertig nihta, swa þæt he ne onbyrigde ætes ne wætes on eallum þam fyrste: ac siððan him hingrode.

Jesus was led by the Holy Ghost to a waste, in order that he might be tempted by the devil: and he there fasted forty days and forty nights, so that he tasted neither food nor drink in all that time: but he then hungered."

early 12th century, the Peterborough Chronicle, year 1100

On the morning after Lammas day, King William was out hunting when he was shot with an arrow by one of his servants.

On morgen æfter Hlāfmæssedæġe wearþ sē cyning Willelm on huntoþe fram his ānum menn mid āne flāne ofsċoten.


beforan

desctree

Middle English: bifore, bifor, biforn, before
English: before

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Deuteronomy 28:31

Your ox will be slaughtered in front of you, and you won't get to taste it.

Man slihþ þīnne oxan beforan þē, and þū his ne ābītst.


begeondan

beġeondan (canonical)
beġeondon (alternative)
beġiondan (alternative)
beġondon (alternative)
beġeonda (alternative)
biġeonda (alternative)
beġeonde (alternative)
beġeande (alternative)
beionde (alternative)
beġienda (alternative)
biġienda (alternative)


geond

ġeond (canonical)
ġiend (alternative)
ġend (alternative)
ġind (alternative)
ġiond (alternative)
iond (alternative)
iand (alternative)
ġeand (alternative)
eond (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *jend-, *jand-, from Proto-Indo-European *i- (“a pronomial stem”). Akin to Dutch ginds, Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳 (jaind, “thither”).

der

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' Metres of Boethius, Metre 27, lines 22-25

Death also in like manner after mankind seeks, throughout this middle earth, terrific hunter!

Dēaþ ēac swā same æfter mon-cynne, ġeond þisne middan ġeard, ēġeslīc hunta!

swā nū missenlīċe · ġeond þisne middanġeard
winde biwāune · weallas stondaþ,
hrīme bihrorene, · hrȳðġe þā ederas.

as now walls are standing differently
over this world, blown by wind,
covered by frost, the slow-swept dwellings.


bineoþan

Middle English: benethe

English: beneath

Scots: beneth


binnan

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Binnan fīf and twēntiġ ġēara Philippus ġeēode ealle þā cynerīċu þe on Crēcum wǣron.

Within twenty-five years, Phillip conquered all the kingdoms in Greece.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ ēac þætte þrīe wulfas on ānre niht brōhton ānes dēades monnes līchoman binnan þā burg, ⁊ hiene þær siþþan styċċemælum tōbrugdon, oþ þā men onwōcan, ⁊ ūt urnon, ⁊ hīe siþþan aweġ flugon.

And on one night, three wolves brought the body of a dead man into the city, and then tore it to pieces bit by bit, until the people awoke and ran out, and they ran away.


eac

ēac (canonical)
ēk (alternative Mercian)
ēc (alternative Mercian)
ǣac (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *auk. Cognate with Old Frisian āk, Old Saxon ok, Old Dutch ōk, Old High German ouh, Old Norse auk, Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺 (auk).


onbutan

onbūtan (canonical)
abūtan (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: aboute, abute, abuten, abouten
English: about
Geordie English: aboot
Scots: aboot
Yola: abut, abouten

From Proto-West Germanic *anbiūtan, equivalent to on- + būtan. Cognate with Old Frisian abûta.


ongean

onġēan (canonical)
accusative (with-dative)
āġēan (alternative)
onġeġn (alternative)
onġæġn (alternative)
onġēn (alternative)

Middle English: agayn, again, ayain, ayen, anȝen
English: again
Geordie English: agyen
Scots: again, agayne, agane, agen, ageen, agin, agyen, agean (southern)
Yola: agyne

from Proto-West Germanic *in gagin, from Proto-Germanic *in gagin. Compare Old Saxon angegin, Middle Dutch entegen (Dutch entegen), Old High German ingegin and ingagan (German entgegen). By surface analysis, on- + ġean.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of the Apostles Peter and Paul"
Simon cwæð, "Ðu góda cyning, ne understenst ðu ðisra twegra manna gerēonunge onġēan mē.

Simon said, "Thou good king, thou understandest not the plot of these two men against me.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Agnes, Virgin"
...and we feohtan ne durston ongean ðone ormætan here..

...and we durst not fight against the overwhelming army,...

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Þā hæfde sē cyning Xerxes ġecweden ġefeoht onġēan ðā Indisċan...

At that time, Xerxes had declared war against the Indians...

against as in to oppose with hositility (+accusative)


underneoþan

Middle English: undernethe, undernethen

English: underneath

From Proto-Germanic *underniþer; corresponding to under- + neoþan.


wiþinnan

Middle English: withinnen, withinne

English: within


ongemang

onġemang (canonical)
amang (alternative)
onġemong (alternative)

Middle English: among, amang, amonkes, omang, mang, mong
English: among
Geordie English: amang
Scots: amang
Yola: amang, mang (aphetic)


toweard

[ˈtoːˌwæ͜ɑrˠd]

From Proto-West Germanic *tōward. Equivalent to tō- + -weard.


æf

Middle English: of

Scots: aff

English: off

From Proto-West Germanic *ab, from Proto-Germanic *ab.


gehende

From Proto-West Germanic *gahandī. Cognate with Old High German gihenti. Equivalent to ġe- + -hende.


forþ

desc

Middle English: forth, vorð, furth, feorð, forh, fort, ford

English: forth

Scots: furth

From Proto-Germanic *furþą, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥to-. Cognate with Old Frisian forth, Old Saxon forth.


togeanes

English: togains


andlang

From and- + lang. Cognate with Old Norse endlangr (“livelong”).

ondlong (alternative)
onlong (alternative)

andlang þǣre Norðsǣs


ymbe

Middle English: umbe, embe
Scots: umbe-

From Proto-West Germanic *umbi (“around, near”), akin to Old High German umbi (“around”), Latin ambi (“both, around”), Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “on both sides, around”), Old Irish imb, Old English bī (“near, by”). More at by.

cog

ymb (alternative)
embe (alternative)
ymbi (alternative)
imbe (alternative)

Anglo-Saxon Version of The Holy Gospels
And Iohannes wæs ġescryd mid oluendes hǣrum, and fellen gyrdel wæs ymbe his lendenu; and gærstapan, and wudu huniġ hē æt.

John wore clothing made of camel’s hair, with a leather belt around his waist, and he ate locusts and wild honey.

Anglo-Saxon Version of The Holy Gospels
And Hierusalem, and fram Idumea and beġeondan Iordane, and to him com mycel meneġeo, ymbe Tirum and Sidone, ġehyrende ða þing ðe he worhte.
And Jerusalem, and from Idumæa and beyond Jordan, and to him came many people, around Tyre and Sidon, when they had heard about the things he did.

Anglo-Saxon Version of The Holy Gospels
And ða se Hælend eft on scype ferde ofer ðone muþan, him com to mycel meniġu, and wæs ymbe ða sæ.

And Jesus entered into a ship and sat in the sea; and there a great multitude gathered unto him; and was around the sea.


samod

From Proto-Germanic *samaþa (“together”). Akin to Old High German samit (“together”), German samt (“together with”), sammt (“together with”).

Samod ǣrdæġe eode æðele cempa self mid gesīðum

At dawn went the noble warrior himself with his comrades. (Beowulf)


uppan

on, onto, upon [with accusative or dative]


onmiddan

English: amid


ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ

head

ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ (æfter)


neoþan

Middle English: nēthen

English: neath

Scots: neath, neth


mið

From Proto-West Germanic *midi. Compare Old Saxon mid, Old High German mit, Old Norse með.


giend

ġiend (canonical)
ġeond (alternative)
ġiend (alternative)
ġend (alternative)
ġind (alternative)


toforan

desctree

Middle English: tofore, toforen, tofor, toforon, toforn, toforne, toforan, toffor, toffore, tofforn, toforowe, tofour, tovor, tovore, tovoren, tefor, tefore, teforen, toforn, tofor, to-fore, to-forn, to-for
English: tofore (obsolete)


togean

tōġēan (canonical)
tōġeaġn (alternative)

/toːˈjæ͜ɑːn/


toeacan

tōēacan (canonical)
tōēcan (alternative)

/toːˈæ͜ɑː.kɑn/

c. 890, The Voyage of Ohthere and Wulfstan
Swīðost hē fōr þider, tō ēacan þæs landes scēawunnge, for þǣm hors-hwalum, for-þǣm hīe habbaþ swīðe æðele bān on hira tōðum.

He went there chiefly, in addition to exploring the country, for the walruses, because they have very fine ivory in their teeth.


þerh

From Proto-Germanic *þerhw. Cognate with Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 (þairh).


abetweonum

ābetwēonum (canonical)
ābitwēonum (alternative)


beheonan

Equivalent to be- + heonan, literally "by from here."

biheonan (alternative)
beheonon (alternative)


bæftan

late 10th century, Ælfric, "De libro regum"
...Hieu hine scēt bæftan his bæce þæt him tōbærst sēo heorte.

...Jehu shot him behind his back, so that his heart burst.


wiþer

Middle English: wither

English: wither

From Proto-West Germanic *wiþr from Proto-Germanic *wiþrą. Cognates include Old Saxon withar, Old Frisian wither, Old Dutch wither, and Old High German widar.


onforan

English: afore


ymbutan

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ þǣr ymbūtan wæs hergende ⁊ bærnende...

...and outside of there was pillaging and burning...

about, around, without (+ dative or accusative)


betweoh

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Đyssum tidum Ongolcyningas þā æðelestan Ōswēo Norðanhymbra cyning ⁊ Eċġberht Contwarena cyning hæfdon betweoh him sprǣċe ⁊ ġeþēahte, hwæt tō donne wǣre bī þǣm stealle Ongolcynnes ċiriċan .

At this time the most noble English kings, Oswiu of Northumbria and Ecgberht of Kent, held a discussion and conference between them about what was to be done about the state of the English church.