læt

lǣt (canonical masculine)
lǣt (nominative singular)
lātas (nominative plural)
lǣt (accusative singular)
lātas (accusative plural)
lǣtes (genitive singular)
lāta (genitive plural)
lǣte (dative singular)
lātum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *lētaz (“servant, slave”), from Proto-Indo-European *lē-. Akin to Middle Dutch laet (Dutch laat), Old High German laz (“half-freedman, serf”), Old Frisian lethar (“freedman”), Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍄𐍃 (fralēts). More at allegiance, liege.

cog

a class of man ranking between a slave and a ceorl


læste

Middle English: laste

English: last

From Proto-Germanic *laistiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“track, furrow”), similar to the verb leornian.


læce

lǣċe (canonical masculine)
lǣċe (nominative singular)
lǣċas (nominative plural)
lǣċe (accusative singular)
lǣċas (accusative plural)
lǣċes (genitive singular)
lǣċa (genitive plural)
lǣċe (dative singular)
lǣċum (dative plural)
læca (alternative)

Middle English: leche

English: leech (archaic)

From Proto-West Germanic *lākī, from Proto-Germanic *lēkijaz. Cognate with Old Frisian lētza, Old Saxon lāki, Old High German lāhhi, Old Norse *lækir, Gothic 𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (lēkeis).

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Hine man sċeal lǣdan tō þām lǣċe.


læce

Middle English: leche

English: leech

Probably assimilated to Etymology 1 above, by popular etymology, though its use probably predated the term for a doctor.
Of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly from a Germanic base meaning "to pluck, tear" (compare Old High German liochan (“to tear”)), evolving into "suck," ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewǵ- (“to break, tear”), see also Ancient Greek λευγαλέος (leugaléos), λυγρός (lugrós), Sanskrit रुजति (rujati, “to break open, shatter, injure, cause pain”), Latvian lauzt (“to break, fracture”).
Cognate with Middle Dutch lake, leke (modern Dutch laak).


leafa

desctree

Middle English: bileve, bileave, believe
English: belief
Scots: beleve
Yola: beleave

From Proto-West Germanic *laubu, from Proto-Germanic *laubō (compare Dutch geloof and German Glaube).


læn

lǣn (canonical neuter)
lǣn (nominative singular)
lǣn (nominative plural)
lǣn (accusative singular)
lǣn (accusative plural)
lǣnes (genitive singular)
lǣna (genitive plural)
lǣne (dative singular)
lǣnum (dative plural)
lān (alternative)


læs

lǣs (canonical feminine)
lǣs (nominative singular)
lǣswa (nominative plural)
lǣswe (nominative plural)
lǣswe (accusative singular)
lǣswa (accusative plural)
lǣswe (accusative plural)
lǣswe (genitive singular)
lǣswa (genitive plural)
lǣswe (dative singular)
lǣswum (dative plural)

Middle English: leswe, lesewe, leesewe

Scots: lesu, lesoue; lesour, lesure

English: lease, lessow, leasow

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Hit is weliġ þis ēalond on wæstmum ⁊ on trēowum misenlīcra cynna; ⁊ hit is ġesċræpe on lǣwe sċēapa ⁊ nēata; ⁊ on sumum stōwum wīnġeardas grōwaþ.

This island is rich in fruits and trees of various kinds; and it is suitable for the pasture of sheep and cattle; and in some places vineyards grow.


læwed

lǣwed (canonical masculine)
lǣwedas (nominative plural)
lǣwed (nominative singular)
lǣwedas (nominative plural)
lǣwed (accusative singular)
lǣwedas (accusative plural)
lǣwedes (genitive singular)
lǣweda (genitive plural)
lǣwede (dative singular)
lǣwedum (dative plural)

Middle English: lewed (noun)

From the adjective lǣwede (“lay, non-clerical”).


lencten

lencten (nominative singular)
lenctenas (nominative plural)
lencten (accusative singular)
lenctenas (accusative plural)
lenctenes (genitive singular)
lenctena (genitive plural)
lenctene (dative singular)
lenctenum (dative plural)
lengten (alternative)

Middle English: lenten, leinten, lentren, lente, leinte
English: Lent, Lenten
Scots: Lentrin, Lentern


leoht

lēoht (canonical neuter)
lēoht (nominative singular)
lēoht (nominative plural)
lēoht (accusative singular)
lēoht (accusative plural)
lēohtes (genitive singular)
lēohta (genitive plural)
lēohte (dative singular)
lēohtum (dative plural)
lēht (alternative Anglian)
līht (alternative)

Middle English: leoht, liht, light

English: light

Scots: licht

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *lewk-der.
Proto-Germanic *leuhtaz
Proto-West Germanic *leuht
Old English leoht
From Proto-West Germanic *leuht, from Proto-Germanic *leuhtaz (“light, brightness”).

inh

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 1:3

Then God said, "Let there be light!", and light was made.

God cwæþ þā, "Ġeweorðe lēoht!", and lēoht wearþ ġeworht.


elpendban

elpendbān (canonical neuter)
elpendbān (nominative singular)
elpendbān (nominative plural)
elpendbān (accusative singular)
elpendbān (accusative plural)
elpendbānes (genitive singular)
elpendbāna (genitive plural)
elpendbāne (dative singular)
elpendbānum (dative plural)
elpendbaan (alternative)
elpanbān (alternative)
ylpenbān (alternative)

Middle English: ylpen-ban, hilpen ban

⇒ Middle English: alpes bon

From Proto-West Germanic *elpandabain, equivalent to elpend (“elephant”) + bān (“bone”). Cognate with Old Dutch elpondbēn, Old High German elfantbein.


elpend

elpend (nominative singular)
elpendas (nominative plural)
elpend (accusative singular)
elpendas (accusative plural)
elpendes (genitive singular)
elpenda (genitive plural)
elpende (dative singular)
elpendum (dative plural)
ylpend (alternative)
ylp (alternative)

Middle English: elp, ylp

From Proto-West Germanic *elpand (“elephant; ivory”).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hē [Pirrus] hæfde XX elpenda tō þǣm ġefeohte mid him, þe Rōmane ǣr na ne ne ġesawon: hē wæs sē forma mon þe hīe ǣrest on Italium brōhte.

And he [Pyrrhus] had twenty elephants with him in battle, which the Romans had never seen before; he was the first man to bring them to Italy.


loc

loc (nominative singular)
locu (nominative plural)
loc (accusative singular)
locu (accusative plural)
loces (genitive singular)
loca (genitive plural)
loce (dative singular)
locum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: lok, loc, lock, loke
English: lock
Scots: lock
Yola: lauckès (plural)

→ Anglo-Norman: loc

⇒ Anglo-Norman: loquet

Middle French: loquet

French: loquet
→ English: locket
→ Italian: lucchetto
→ Lombard: lochet
→ Portuguese: aloquete, loquete

→ Middle English: locket

English: locket

From Proto-West Germanic *lok (“shutter, lock”).

inh

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Basilus, Bishop"
Uton belucan þas circan and loc geinseglian and ġe ealle siðþan waciað þreo niht wuniġende on gebedum and...

Let us lock up this church, and seal the lock and do ye all afterward watch three nights, continuing in prayer and...'

that by which anything is closed (e.g. bolt, bar, etc.)


locc

locc (nominative singular)
loccas (nominative plural)
locc (accusative singular)
loccas (accusative plural)
locces (genitive singular)
locca (genitive plural)
locce (dative singular)
loccum (dative plural)

Middle English: lok, lokke

English: lock

Scots: lok

From Proto-West Germanic *lukk, from Proto-Germanic *lukkaz.


mæd

mǣd (canonical feminine)
mǣdwa (nominative plural)
mǣd (nominative singular)
mǣdwa (nominative plural)
mǣdwe (nominative plural)
mǣdwe (accusative singular)
mǣdwa (accusative plural)
mǣdwe (accusative plural)
mǣdwe (genitive singular)
mǣdwa (genitive plural)
mǣdwe (dative singular)
mǣdwum (dative plural)
mēd (alternative Anglian Kentish)

Middle English: mede, medwe

English: mead, meadow

Scots: meeda

Yola: mead

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *mādu, from Proto-Germanic *mēdwō.


mægden

mæġden (canonical neuter)
mæġden (nominative singular)
mæġdenu (nominative plural)
mæġden (accusative singular)
mæġdenu (accusative plural)
mæġdenes (genitive singular)
mæġdena (genitive plural)
mæġdene (dative singular)
mæġdenum (dative plural)
mǣden (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: mayden, maiden, maidene, medene, maden, madane, mædene, mæidene, maȝden, meidene (Early Middle English)
English: maiden
Scots: maidin
Yola: mydhen

→ Middle Irish: maigden (see there for further descendants)

c. 994, Ælfric, On the Year
Ǣlċe mōnað hēo yrnð under ān þǣra tacna. Ān þǣra tacna ys ġehāten aries, þæt is ramm; oðer taurus, þæt is fearr; ðridda gemini, þæt synd ġetwisan; fēorða cancer, þæt is crabba; fīfta leo; syxta virgo, þæt is mǣden; seofoða libra, þæt is pund orde wǣġe; eahtoðe scorpius, þæt is þrōwend; nigoða is sagittarius, þæt is sċytta; teoða ys capricornus, þæt is buccan horn, oððe bucca; endlyfta is aquarius, þæt is wæter-ġyte, oððe þe þe wæter ġyt; twelfte is pisces, þæt synd fixas.

Each month runs under one of the signs [of the Zodiac]. The first of the signs is called aries, that is "ram"; the second is taurus, that is "bull"; the third is gemini, that is "twins"; the fourth is cancer, that is "crab"; the fifth is lion; the sixth is virgo, that is "virgin"; the seventh is libra, that is "pound" or "scales"; eighth is scorpious, that is "scorpion"; ninth is sagittarius, that is "shooter"; tenth is capricornus, that is "he-goat's horn" or "he-goat"; eleventh is aquarius, that is "pouring water" or "one that pours water"; twelfth is pisces, that is "fishes."


mægeþ

mæġeþ (canonical feminine)
mæġeþ (nominative singular)
mæġeþ (nominative plural)
mæġeþ (accusative singular)
mæġeþ (accusative plural)
mæġeþ (genitive singular)
mæġþa (genitive plural)
mæġeþ (dative singular)
mæġþum (dative plural)
mæġþ (alternative)

Middle English: mæið, meið, maið, maȝþ

English: maid

Scots: maid

From Proto-West Germanic *magaþ, from Proto-Germanic *magaþs.


miht

miht (nominative singular)
mihte (nominative plural)
mihta (nominative plural)
miht (accusative singular)
mihte (accusative singular)
mihte (accusative plural)
mihta (accusative plural)
mihte (genitive singular)
mihta (genitive plural)
mihte (dative singular)
mihtum (dative plural)
maht (alternative)
meaht (alternative)
mæht (alternative Anglian)
meht (alternative)
mieht (alternative)
myht (alternative)

desc

Middle English: myght, maught, myghte, might

Scots: maucht, micht

English: might

From earlier mieht, i-umlaut of meaht, from earlier maht due to breaking before [-ht], from Proto-West Germanic *mahti, from Proto-Germanic *mahtiz, *mahtuz (“might, power”), from Proto-Indo-European *mógʰtis, *megʰ- (“to allow, be able, help”). Cognates include Old Frisian macht, mecht (West Frisian macht), Middle Dutch macht (Dutch macht), Old High German maht (German Macht), Old Norse máttr (Icelandic máttur), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (mahts).

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of the Apostles Peter and Paul"
Nero cwæð, "Ne ondrætst ðu ðe, Petrus, Simones mihta, ðe mid wundrum his godcundnysse geswutelað?"

Nero said, "Fearest thou not, Peter, the powers of Simon, who manifests to thee his divinity by miracles?"

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Assumption of St. John the Apostle"
Iohannes þa gegaderode ðæra gymstana bricas, and beseah to heofonum, þus cweðende, "Drihten Hælend, nis ðe nan ðing earfoðe; þu ge-edstaðelodest ðisne tobrocenan middangeard on þinum geleaffullum, þurh tácen þære halgan rode; ge-edstaðela nu þas deorwurðan gymstanas, ðurh ðinra engla handa, þæt ðas nytenan menn þine mihta oncnáwon, and on þe gelyfon."

John then gathered the fragments of the jewels, and looked to heaven, thus saying, "Lord Jesus, to thee no thing is difficult; thou didst restore this crushed world for thy faithful, through sign of the holy rood; restore now these precious gems, by thy angels' hands, that these ignorant men may acknowledge thy powers, and in thee believe."

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
Seo seofoðe miht is seo soðe lufu to gode þæt we on godum weorcum godes lufe cepon...

The seventh Virtue is true Love to God, that we in good works seek after God's love...


meaht

meaht (nominative singular)
meahte (nominative plural)
meahta (nominative plural)
meaht (accusative singular)
meahte (accusative singular)
meahte (accusative plural)
meahta (accusative plural)
meahte (genitive singular)
meahta (genitive plural)
meahte (dative singular)
meahtum (dative plural)

From earlier maht due to breaking before [-ht], from Proto-West Germanic *mahti, from Proto-Germanic *mahtiz, *mahtuz (“might, power”), from Proto-Indo-European *mógʰtis, *megʰ- (“to allow, be able, help”). Cognates include Old Frisian macht, mecht (West Frisian macht), Middle Dutch macht (Dutch macht), Old High German maht (German Macht), Old Norse máttr (Icelandic máttur), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (mahts).


meahte

accusative singular of meaht (Northumbrian, later WS and Kentish)

genitive/dative singular, nominative/accusative plural of meaht


mægester

mǣġester (canonical masculine)
magister (alternative)
māġister (alternative)
mæġster (alternative)
mǣster (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: maister, maistre, mayster, maystr, maistir (reinforced by Old French maistre)
English: master (see there for further descendants)
English: mister (see there for further descendants)
Scots: maister


dwola

dwolan (nominative plural)
dwola (nominative singular)
dwolan (nominative plural)
dwolan (accusative singular)
dwolan (accusative plural)
dwolan (genitive singular)
dwolena (genitive plural)
dwolan (dative singular)
dwolum (dative plural)
dwala (alternative)

desc

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">dwelen</i>

Middle English: dwele, duele, dwel, dwelle, dweole (influenced by dwelen)


mæsse

mæsse (nominative singular)
mæssan (nominative plural)
mæssan (accusative singular)
mæssan (accusative plural)
mæssan (genitive singular)
mæssena (genitive plural)
mæssan (dative singular)
mæssum (dative plural)
mæssa (alternative)

Middle English: messe (in part)

English: Mass, mass

Scots: mess

From *Vulgar Latin messa, from Late Latin missa.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLVIII Hēr Bregowine wæs tō arċebisċeop ġehādod tō Sc̃e Michaheles mæssan.

Year 758 In this year Bregowine was ordained archbishop at the mass of St. Michael.

mass (mostly in Roman Catholic churches)


mæst

mæst (nominative singular)
mæstas (nominative plural)
mæst (accusative singular)
mæstas (accusative plural)
mæstes (genitive singular)
mæsta (genitive plural)
mæste (dative singular)
mæstum (dative plural)

Middle English: mast

English: mast

Scots: mast

From Proto-West Germanic *mast. Cognate with Middle Dutch mast (Dutch mast), Old High German mast (German Mast).


mæst

English: mast

From Proto-Germanic *mastaz, from Proto-Indo-European *mad(z)do-. Cognate with Middle Dutch mast, Old High German mast (German Mast); and related to Latin madeō (“to be wet”) and Old English mete (“food”).

mast (forest nuts, often used to feed pigs)


mearc

mearc (nominative singular)
mearca (nominative plural)
mearce (nominative plural)
mearce (accusative singular)
mearca (accusative plural)
mearce (accusative plural)
mearce (genitive singular)
mearca (genitive plural)
mearce (dative singular)
mearcum (dative plural)
merc (alternative)

Middle English: marke, merke, mark

English: mark

Scots: merk, mark

From Proto-West Germanic *marku, from Proto-Germanic *markō.


munuc

munucas (nominative plural)
munuc (nominative singular)
munucas (nominative plural)
munuc (accusative singular)
munucas (accusative plural)
munuces (genitive singular)
munuca (genitive plural)
munuce (dative singular)
munucum (dative plural)
munec (alternative)
monuc (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: monk, monke
English: monk
Scots: monk, munk, mounk

→ Old Norse: munkr

Danish: munk

Icelandic: munkur

Faroese: munkur

Norwegian: munk

Old Swedish: munker, munk

Swedish: munk
→ Finnish: munkki

→ Estonian: munk

→ Latvian: mūks

→ Võro: muuk

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
Þā ġecwæþð sē abbod and ealle þā ġebrōðra þæt þēr ne mihte nā mā muneca wunian...

Then said the abbot and all the brothers, that no more monks could dwell there...


mylen

mylen (nominative singular)
mylnas (nominative plural)
mylen (accusative singular)
mylnas (accusative plural)
mylnes (genitive singular)
mylna (genitive plural)
mylne (dative singular)
mylnum (dative plural)
mylen (nominative singular)
mylna (nominative plural)
mylne (nominative plural)
mylne (accusative singular)
mylna (accusative plural)
mylne (accusative plural)
mylne (genitive singular)
mylna (genitive plural)
mylne (dative singular)
mylnum (dative plural)
myln (alternative)

Middle English: mylne, mele, melle, mille, miln, milne, myle, mylene, mylle, myln, molle, mule, mulle, mulne (Southern)
English: mill
Sranan Tongo: miri
→ Hindi: मिल (mil)
Scots: mill, mull
Yola: mile

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Sume menn syllaþ ēac ċyrċan to hȳre swāswā wāclīċe mylna...

Some men also sell churches for hire as if they were mills of little worth...


myrgþ

myrgþ (nominative singular)
myrgþa (nominative plural)
myrgþe (nominative plural)
myrgþe (accusative singular)
myrgþa (accusative plural)
myrgþe (accusative plural)
myrgþe (genitive singular)
myrgþa (genitive plural)
myrgþe (dative singular)
myrgþum (dative plural)
mergþ (alternative)
mirgþ (alternative)
miriġþ (alternative)

Middle English: myrthe, merth, merthe, merþe, mirthe, mirth, murhthe, murþe, myrth, myrþe, merhð, mirhð, mureȝþ, murehþ, murcð, murȝþ, murhd, murhð, muruhð (Early Middle English)
English: mirth
Scots: mirth

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *murgiþu (“briefness, brevity”); equivalent to myriġe (“merry”) + -þ (“-th, -ness”)


nædl

nǣdl (canonical feminine)
nǣdl (nominative singular)
nǣdla (nominative plural)
nǣdle (nominative plural)
nǣdle (accusative singular)
nǣdla (accusative plural)
nǣdle (accusative plural)
nǣdle (genitive singular)
nǣdla (genitive plural)
nǣdle (dative singular)
nǣdlum (dative plural)

Middle English: nedle

English: needle

Scots: nedil, neidil

From Proto-West Germanic *nāþlu.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian nādle, Old Saxon nādla, Old Dutch nālda, Old High German nādala, Old Norse nál, Gothic 𐌽𐌴𐌸𐌻𐌰 (nēþla).

Iċ tēah þone þrǣd þurh þǣre nǣdle ēage.

I pulled the thread through the eye of the needle.


nædre

nǣdre (canonical feminine)
nǣdre (nominative singular)
nǣdran (nominative plural)
nǣdran (accusative singular)
nǣdran (accusative plural)
nǣdran (genitive singular)
nǣdrena (genitive plural)
nǣdran (dative singular)
nǣdrum (dative plural)
nǣddre (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: nadder [and other forms]
English: adder, edder (by rebracketing)
Scots: edder

From Proto-West Germanic *nadrā, from Proto-Germanic *nadrǭ. Cognate with Old High German natra, Old Norse naðra, Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌳𐍂𐍃 (nadrs).

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 10, verse 19

And now I gave you power to tread over adders and snakes and over each fiends' force. And no thing harms you.

And nū ic sealde ēow ānweald tō tredenne ofer nǣddran. And snacan and ofer ǣlc fēondes mæġen. And nān þing ēow ne derað...

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...for þon hit is nǣdrena ġecynd þæt heora mǣġen ⁊ hiera fēþe bið on heora ribbum swā ōþerra crēopendra wyrma bið on heora fōtum.

...for it is the class of snakes whose movement is on their ribs, just as the motion of other creeping reptiles is with their feet.


neod

nēod (canonical feminine)
nēod (nominative singular)
nēoda (nominative plural)
nēode (nominative plural)
nēode (accusative singular)
nēoda (accusative plural)
nēode (accusative plural)
nēode (genitive singular)
nēoda (genitive plural)
nēode (dative singular)
nēodum (dative plural)

Middle English: neod, nede, need

English: need (in part)

From Proto-Germanic *neudō, *neudaz (“desire, drive, urge, aspiration, striving”), from Proto-Indo-European *newdʰ- (“seeking, need”), from Proto-Indo-European *new- (“to incline, push, move, nod, wave”).

der

desire, longing; zeal, eagerness, diligence, earnestness, earnest endeavor


niht

niht (nominative singular)
niht (nominative plural)
niht (accusative singular)
niht (accusative plural)
niht (genitive singular)
nihtes (genitive singular)
nihta (genitive plural)
niht (dative singular)
nihte (dative singular)
nihtum (dative plural)
næht (alternative Anglian)
neaht (alternative)
nieht (alternative)
neht (alternative)
nyht (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: nyght, naht, night, nighte, niȝt, niht, nyghte, nyȝt, nyȝte, nyhte
English: night
Geordie English: neet
Scots: nicht, neicht
Yola: neeght, nieght, nyeght

From Proto-West Germanic *nahti, inflected form of *naht, from Proto-Germanic *nahts, from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts; the alternative forms næht, neaht directly continue Proto-West Germanic *naht.
Cognate with Old Frisian nacht, Old Saxon naht, Old High German naht, Old Norse nátt, Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (nahts); also with Ancient Greek νύξ (núx), Latin nox, Russian ночь (nočʹ).

On niht biþ sēo ēa ġīet wlitiġre þonne on dæġ.

The river is even more beautiful at night than in the daytime.

late 10th century, Ælfric, On the Seasons of the Year
Sēo niht hæfþ seofon dǣlas fram þǣre sunnan setlunge oþ hire upgang.

The night has seven phases from sunset to sunrise.

T. Northcote Toller
w:T. Northcote Toller

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
w:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

for tīen nihtum


ordal

ordāl (canonical neuter)
ordāl (nominative singular)
ordāl (nominative plural)
ordāl (accusative singular)
ordāl (accusative plural)
ordāles (genitive singular)
ordāla (genitive plural)
ordāle (dative singular)
ordālum (dative plural)
ordāle (alternative)
ordēl (alternative)
*ordǣl (alternative)
ordǣle (alternative)

→ Medieval Latin: ordālium (< Old English ordāle)

Old French: ordeil, ordel

→ English: ordalium

⇒ New Latin: ordālia (plural)

→ French: ordalie

→ Italian: ordalia

→ Romanian: ordalie

→ Portuguese: ordália

→ Spanish: ordalía

→? Middle English: ordel, ordal (possibly directly inherited from Old English)
English: ordeal
Scots: ordeil

From Proto-West Germanic *uʀdailī; equivalent to or- (“out”) + dǣl, dāl (“part, portion”).


oxa

oxa (nominative singular)
oxan (nominative plural)
oxan (accusative singular)
oxan (accusative plural)
oxan (genitive singular)
oxena (genitive plural)
oxna (genitive plural)
oxan (dative singular)
oxum (dative plural)

Middle English: oxe, hox, nox, occe, ocxe, okse, ox, oxhe, oxse
English: ox (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ox

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Nativiity of Our Lord"
"Sē oxa oncnēow his hlāford, and sē assa his hlāfordes binne."
"The ox knows his master, and the ass his master's bin."
Þā ġeseah hēo þæt cild licgan on binne, ðǣr sē oxa and sē assa ġewunelīce fōdan sēcað.

Then saw she the child lying in the bin, where the ox and the ass usually seek food.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Deuteronomy 28:31

Your ox will be slaughtered in front of you, and you won't get to taste it.

Man slihþ þīnne oxan beforan þē, and þū his ne ābītst.


pæþ

pæþ (nominative singular)
paþas (nominative plural)
pæþ (accusative singular)
paþas (accusative plural)
pæþes (genitive singular)
paþa (genitive plural)
pæþe (dative singular)
paþum (dative plural)

Middle English: path, paath, paaþ, pathe, paththe, paþ, paþþe, pað, peþ (Early Middle English)
English: path
Scots: peth, paith

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *paþ, from Proto-Germanic *paþaz.


penning

penning (nominative singular)
penningas (nominative plural)
penning (accusative singular)
penningas (accusative plural)
penninges (genitive singular)
penninga (genitive plural)
penninge (dative singular)
penningum (dative plural)
pending (alternative)
pæning (alternative)
pening (alternative)
pæniġ (alternative)
peniġ (alternative)

Middle English: peny, pani, paniȝe, peni, penie, pening
English: penny, pence (see there for further descendants)
Scots: penny

→ Old Irish: pinginn, penginn (possibly from Old Norse)

Irish: pingin

→ Old Spanish:

Spanish: penique

Laws of King Ine
Oxan horn bið X pæninga weorð.

The worth of an ox's horn is ten pennies.


ploh

plōh (canonical masculine)
plōh (nominative singular)
plōgas (nominative plural)
plōh (accusative singular)
plōgas (accusative plural)
plōges (genitive singular)
plōga (genitive plural)
plōge (dative singular)
plōgum (dative plural)


preost

prēost (canonical masculine)
prēost (nominative singular)
prēostas (nominative plural)
prēost (accusative singular)
prēostas (accusative plural)
prēostes (genitive singular)
prēosta (genitive plural)
prēoste (dative singular)
prēostum (dative plural)

Middle English: prest, preest

English: priest

Scots: preest, priest

Old Norse: prestr

Danish: præst

→ Greenlandic: palasi

Faroese: prestur

Icelandic: prestur

Norwegian Bokmål: prest

Norwegian Nynorsk: prest

Swedish: präst

From Late Latin presbyter, from Ancient Greek πρεσβύτερος (presbúteros), from πρέσβυς (présbus, “elder, older”).

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
⁊ þȳ ilcan ġēare man ġehālgode Tātwine tō ærċebisċeop, sēo wæs ǣr in Mercum preost in Brēodūne. Hine hālgodan Daniel Wæntan bisċeop ⁊ Ingwald Lunden bisċeop ⁊ Aldwine Licetfelda ƀ ⁊ Aldulf Rofesċeastre ƀ...

And in the same year [731], Tatwine, who was previously a priest in Breodun, Mercia, was ordained archbishop. He was ordained by Daniel bishop of Winchester, Ingwald bishop of London, Aldwine bishop of Lichfield, and Aldwulf bishop of Rochester...


prica

prica (nominative singular)
prican (nominative plural)
prican (accusative singular)
prican (accusative plural)
prican (genitive singular)
pricena (genitive plural)
prican (dative singular)
pricum (dative plural)

Middle English: prike, prikke

English: prick

From Proto-Germanic *prik-, related to the verb *prikjaną (“to prick”). Cognate with Middle Low German prik, Old West Norse prik (Icelandic prik (“dot; small stick”)).


pryte

prȳte (canonical feminine)
prȳte (nominative singular)
prȳtan (nominative plural)
prȳtan (accusative singular)
prȳtan (accusative plural)
prȳtan (genitive singular)
prȳtena (genitive plural)
prȳtan (dative singular)
prȳtum (dative plural)


psealm

psealm (nominative singular)
psealmas (nominative plural)
psealm (accusative singular)
psealmas (accusative plural)
psealmes (genitive singular)
psealma (genitive plural)
psealme (dative singular)
psealmum (dative plural)
psalm (alternative)
sealm (alternative)

Middle English: salm, psalm, psalme, psame, salme, saulm, saume, spalme, sallme, sealm, selm (Early Middle English)
English: psalm
Scots: saum, sawm
→ Middle Welsh: salm
Welsh: salm

Borrowed from Late Latin psalmus; the initial p- was probably silent except for in careful, learned speech.


pund

desc

Middle English: pund, punde, pounde, pound

English: pound

Northumbrian: pund

→ Middle Irish: punt

Irish: punt

Manx: punt

Scots: pund, poond

→ Middle Welsh: punt

Welsh: punt

From Proto-West Germanic *pund, from Proto-Germanic *pundą, from Latin pondus.

c. 994, Ælfric, On the Year
Ǣlċe mōnað hēo yrnð under ān þǣra tacna. Ān þǣra tacna ys ġehāten aries, þæt is ramm; oðer taurus, þæt is fearr; ðridda gemini, þæt synd ġetwisan; fēorða cancer, þæt is crabba; fīfta leo; syxta virgo, þæt is mǣden; seofoða libra, þæt is pund orde wǣġe; eahtoðe scorpius, þæt is þrōwend; nigoða is sagittarius, þæt is sċytta; teoða ys capricornus, þæt is buccan horn, oððe bucca; endlyfta is aquarius, þæt is wæter-ġyte, oððe þe þe wæter ġyt; twelfte is pisces, þæt synd fixas.


pund

Middle English: pund, pound, pond

English: pound, pond

Scots: pund, pond, poind, pound

Unknown. Perhaps related to Old English penn (“enclosure, pen”), Old English pinn (“pin, peg, nail, bolt”), Old English *pennian (“to close, lock [in]”) attested in onpennad (“unpent, open”).


pytt

pytt (nominative singular)
pyttas (nominative plural)
pytt (accusative singular)
pyttas (accusative plural)
pyttes (genitive singular)
pytta (genitive plural)
pytte (dative singular)
pyttum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: pütte, pette, pytte, püt, pit

Scots: pytt, pitt

English: pit

From Proto-West Germanic *puti (“a well”).


popig

popiġ (canonical masculine)
popaeġ (alternative)

Ultimately from Latin papāver, probably with alteration of the ending after -iġ.


raca

From Proto-Germanic *rakō, *rekô (“rake”).


ræs

rǣs (canonical masculine)
rǣs (nominative singular)
rǣsas (nominative plural)
rǣs (accusative singular)
rǣsas (accusative plural)
rǣses (genitive singular)
rǣsa (genitive plural)
rǣse (dative singular)
rǣsum (dative plural)

Middle English: ræse, rese, resse, res

Scots: rese, res, reas, reace

From Proto-Germanic *rēsō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁s- (“to flow, rush”). Related to Old English rinnan (“to run”). Doublet of English race via Old Norse rás.


ræs

rǣs (canonical feminine)
rǣs (nominative singular)
rǣswa (nominative plural)
rǣswe (nominative plural)
rǣswe (accusative singular)
rǣswa (accusative plural)
rǣswe (accusative plural)
rǣswe (genitive singular)
rǣswa (genitive plural)
rǣswe (dative singular)
rǣswum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *rēswō (“counsel, reckoning”). Related to Old English rǣswan (“to consider, conjecture”).


reord

reord (nominative singular)
reorda (nominative plural)
reorde (nominative plural)
reorde (accusative singular)
reorda (accusative plural)
reorde (accusative plural)
reorde (genitive singular)
reorda (genitive plural)
reorde (dative singular)
reordum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: rerde, rerd, reryd, rourde, rewerd, rurd, rurde, ruerde (West Midlands), rorde, reorde (early West Midlands), rearde (Kent), reord (Ormulum)
English: reard (dialectal, obsolete)
Middle Scots: reird, rerde, rerd
Scots: reird, raird, reerd

Of uncertain origin. Other Germanic cognates suggest descent from Proto-West Germanic *raʀdu (“voice, language, speech, sound”), from Proto-Germanic *razdō. However, the required sound changes to develop the present spelling indicate a reflex of Proto-Germanic *razdī. Attested neuter forms also suggest Proto-Germanic *razdia.
Cognate with Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 (razda) and Old Norse rǫdd.

inh

Iċ þurh mūþ sprece mongum reordum,…


hriþer

hrīþer (canonical neuter)
hrīþer (nominative singular)
hrīþeru (nominative plural)
hrīþer (accusative singular)
hrīþeru (accusative plural)
hrīþeres (genitive singular)
hrīþera (genitive plural)
hrīþere (dative singular)
hrīþerum (dative plural)
hrūþer (alternative)
hrȳþer (alternative)

desc

Middle English: rother, reother, rither, rether

English: rother

From Proto-West Germanic *hrinþiʀ (“cattle”). Cognate with Old Frisian hrīther (“cattle”).

(countable) cow; bull; ox; head of cattle (any bovine animal)


rida

rida (nominative singular)
ridan (nominative plural)
ridan (accusative singular)
ridan (accusative plural)
ridan (genitive singular)
ridena (genitive plural)
ridan (dative singular)
ridum (dative plural)


sacu

sacu (nominative singular)
saca (nominative plural)
sace (nominative plural)
sace (accusative singular)
saca (accusative plural)
sace (accusative plural)
sace (genitive singular)
saca (genitive plural)
sace (dative singular)
sacum (dative plural)

Middle English: sake, sak, sac

English: sake

Scots: sak, saik

From Proto-Germanic *sakō. Cognate with Old Frisian sake, seke, sek (West Frisian saak), Old Saxon saka (Low German sake), Dutch zaak, Old High German sahha (German Sache), Old Norse sǫk (Danish sag, Icelandic sök, Swedish sak), Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌾𐍉 (sakjō, “dispute”).


sadol

sadol (nominative singular)
sadolas (nominative plural)
sadol (accusative singular)
sadolas (accusative plural)
sadoles (genitive singular)
sadola (genitive plural)
sadole (dative singular)
sadolum (dative plural)
sadel (alternative)
sadul (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: sadel, sadul, sadyl, saddyll, sadyll, sadil, sadill, sadle
English: saddle
→ Chichewa: sadulo
Scots: saddle, saidle

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *sadul, from Proto-Germanic *sadulaz.


sæ

sǣ (canonical feminine)
sǣ (nominative singular)
sǣ (nominative plural)
sǣ (accusative singular)
sǣ (accusative plural)
sǣ (genitive singular)
sǣ (genitive plural)
sǣ (dative singular)
sǣm (dative plural)
sǣwum (dative plural)
sǣ (nominative singular)
sǣs (nominative plural)
sǣ (accusative singular)
sǣs (accusative plural)
sǣs (genitive singular)
sǣ (genitive plural)
sǣ (dative singular)
sǣm (dative plural)
sǣwum (dative plural)

ang-decl-noun

Declension of sæ (strong i-stem)

Declension of sæ (strong i-stem)

desctree

Middle English: see, ce, sæ, se, sea, sei, ze
English: sea
Scots: se, see, sey, seye, sie
Yola: zea, zee

From Proto-West Germanic *saiwi, from Proto-Germanic *saiwiz.

Oft him ānhaga · āre gebīdeð,
Metudes miltse, · þēah þe hē mōdċeariġ
ġeond lagulāde · longe sċeolde
hrēran mid hondum · hrīmċealde sǣ,
wadan wræclāstas. · Wyrd bið ful ārǣd.

A loner oft waits a grace for himself,
Creator's mercy, even if he is sorrowful,
through a sea-way he should for long
stir the frost-cold sea with hands,
travel paths of exile. Fate is well stalwart.


sæd

sǣd (canonical neuter)
sǣd (nominative singular)
sǣd (nominative plural)
sǣd (accusative singular)
sǣd (accusative plural)
sǣdes (genitive singular)
sǣda (genitive plural)
sǣde (dative singular)
sǣdum (dative plural)
sǣd (nominative singular)
sǣdu (nominative plural)
sǣd (accusative singular)
sǣdu (accusative plural)
sǣdes (genitive singular)
sǣda (genitive plural)
sǣde (dative singular)
sǣdum (dative plural)
sēd (alternative Anglian)

Middle English: seed
English: seed
Scots: seed, seid, sid
Yola: zeade

From Proto-West Germanic *sād. See there for more.


sceafa

sċeafa (canonical masculine)
sċeafan (nominative plural)
sċeafa (nominative singular)
sċeafan (nominative plural)
sċeafan (accusative singular)
sċeafan (accusative plural)
sċeafan (genitive singular)
sċeafena (genitive plural)
sċeafan (dative singular)
sċeafum (dative plural)
sċafa (alternative)

Middle English: schave, schafe, shave
English: shave

From Proto-Germanic *skabô. Cognate with Middle Dutch schave (Dutch schaaf), Old High German scaba (German Schabe).


sceaþa

sċeaþa (canonical masculine)
sċeaþa (nominative singular)
sċeaþan (nominative plural)
sċeaþan (accusative singular)
sċeaþan (accusative plural)
sċeaþan (genitive singular)
sċeaþena (genitive plural)
sċeaþan (dative singular)
sċeaþum (dative plural)
scaþa (alternative)
sċaþa (alternative)

Middle English: schathe

From Proto-West Germanic *skaþō. Cognate with Old Saxon skaðo (Middle Low German scade), Dutch schade, Old High German skado (German Schaden), Old Norse skaði (Swedish skada).

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Is nū ēac to witenne þæt man witnaþ foroft þā ārlēasan sċeaþan and þā swicolan þēofas...

It is also now known that we very often punish the honorless robbers and the treacherous thieves...


sceadu

sċeadu (canonical feminine)
sċeadu (nominative singular)
sċeadwa (nominative plural)
sċeadwe (nominative plural)
sċeadwe (accusative singular)
sċeadwa (accusative plural)
sċeadwe (accusative plural)
sċeadwe (genitive singular)
sċeadwa (genitive plural)
sċeadwe (dative singular)
sċeadwum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: schadwe, schadewe, schadowe, schade

English: shadow, shade, shed

Scots: scaddow, schaddow, shadow, shade, schad

From Proto-West Germanic *skadu.
Cognates
Cognate with Old High German scato (German Schatten), Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌳𐌿𐍃 (skadus). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek σκότος (skótos), Proto-Celtic *skāton (Irish scáth, Breton squeut).


sceaþ

desctree

Middle English: schethe, chethe, scheþe, sethe, shede, sheeth, sheethe, sheith, sheth, shethe, sheþe, sscheþe, sseþe, scaþe, scæðe, seaþe (Early Middle English)
English: sheath
Scots: sheath
Yola: shaadh

From Proto-West Germanic *skaiþiju, from Proto-Germanic *skaiþiz, possibly from a root *skaiþ- (“divide, separate”), based on the notion of a split stick with a sword blade inserted; compare *skaiþaną (“separate”).
Compare Old Frisian skethe, Old Saxon scethia, Old High German sceida, skaida, Old Norse skeið, skeiðir.


scinu

sċinu (canonical feminine)
sċinu (nominative singular)
sċina (nominative plural)
sċine (nominative plural)
sċine (accusative singular)
sċina (accusative plural)
sċine (accusative plural)
sċine (genitive singular)
sċina (genitive plural)
sċine (dative singular)
sċinum (dative plural)

Middle English: schyne, schen, schin, schine, schyn, schynne, scine, shine, shyn, shzine
English: shin
Scots: shin, schin

From Proto-West Germanic *skinu, from Proto-Germanic *skinō. Cognate with Old Saxon skina, Middle Dutch schene (Dutch scheen), Old High German scina (German Schiene (“rail, rack, skid, frame”)).


scrud

sċrūd (canonical neuter)
sċrūd (nominative singular)
sċrud (nominative plural)
sċrud (accusative singular)
sċrud (accusative plural)
sċrudes (genitive singular)
sċruda (genitive plural)
sċryd (dative singular)
sċrudum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: schroud, shroude, shroute, sheroude, shrude, shrute, scrude, sroude, srout, srud, sruð, ssroud (Early Middle English)
English: shroud
Yola: shrude


scur

sċūr (canonical feminine masculine)
sċēor (alternative)

Middle English: schour, schoure, schowre, schoure, shour, shoure, shower, showre, scur, shur (Early Middle English)
English: shower
Scots: shour, shouer, shoor, shooer

From Proto-Germanic *skūrō, whence also Old High German scūr, Old Norse skúr, from Proto-Indo-European *kew-(e)ro-.


sceot

sċeot (canonical neuter)
sċeot (nominative plural)
sċeot (nominative singular)
sċeot (nominative plural)
sċeot (accusative singular)
sċeot (accusative plural)
sċeotes (genitive singular)
sċeota (genitive plural)
sċeote (dative singular)
sċeotum (dative plural)
sċot (alternative)

English: shot

From Proto-Germanic *skutą. Cognate with Old Frisian skot, Old Saxon sīlscot, Old High German scoz (German Schoß), Old Norse skot. Compare English scot.


sceabb

sċeabb (canonical masculine)
sċeabb (nominative singular)
sċeabbas (nominative plural)
sċeabb (accusative singular)
sċeabbas (accusative plural)
sċeabbes (genitive singular)
sċeabba (genitive plural)
sċeabbe (dative singular)
sċeabbum (dative plural)
sċæb (alternative)
sċeb (alternative)
sċeab (alternative)

Middle English: schabbe

English: shab

⇒ English: shabby

→ Scots: shabby

From Proto-West Germanic *skabb, from Proto-Germanic *skabbaz. Cognate with Old Norse skabb ( > English scab).


segl

seġl (canonical masculine neuter)
seġl (nominative singular)
seġlu (nominative plural)
seġl (accusative singular)
seġlu (accusative plural)
seġles (genitive singular)
seġla (genitive plural)
seġle (dative singular)
seġlum (dative plural)
seġl (nominative singular)
seġlas (nominative plural)
seġl (accusative singular)
seġlas (accusative plural)
seġles (genitive singular)
seġla (genitive plural)
seġle (dative singular)
seġlum (dative plural)
seġel (alternative)
sweġel (alternative)

desc

Middle English: seyl, seil, sayle, saile

Scots: sail, saill, sale

English: sail

→ Welsh: hwyl

desctree

→ Old Irish: séol
Middle Irish: seól
Irish: seol
Scottish Gaelic: seòl
Manx: shiaull
⇒ Middle Irish: seólaid
Irish: seol
Manx: shiauill
Scottish Gaelic: seòl

From Proto-West Germanic *segl, from Proto-Germanic *seglą. Related to Old Frisian seil, Old Saxon segal, Old Dutch segil, Old High German segal, Old Norse segl.


segl

seġl (canonical neuter)
seġl (nominative singular)
seġl (nominative plural)
seġl (accusative singular)
seġl (accusative plural)
seġles (genitive singular)
seġla (genitive plural)
seġle (dative singular)
seġlum (dative plural)
seġel (alternative)
sweġel (alternative)


hætt

hætt (nominative singular)
hættas (nominative plural)
hætt (accusative singular)
hættas (accusative plural)
hættes (genitive singular)
hætta (genitive plural)
hætte (dative singular)
hættum (dative plural)
hæt (alternative)

Middle English: hat

English: hat

Scots: hat

→ Irish: hata

→ Welsh: het

From Proto-West Germanic *hattu, from Proto-Germanic *hattuz, whence also Old Norse hattr.

late 9th century, Old English adaptation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Rōmāne hæfdon þā nīewlīċe ġesett þæt þā þe hætt beran mōston, þonne hīe hwelċ folc oferwunnen hæfdon, þæt þā mōston ǣġðer habban ġe feorh ġe frēodōm.

The Romans had recently passed a law that whenever they conquered a people, anyone who was allowed to wear a hat could keep both their life and their freedom.


sihþ

Middle English: siȝht, siȝt, siht

English: sight

Scots: sicht

From Proto-West Germanic *sihti, equivalent to sēon + -þ.


slæp

slǣp (canonical masculine)
slǣp (nominative singular)
slǣpas (nominative plural)
slǣp (accusative singular)
slǣpas (accusative plural)
slǣpes (genitive singular)
slǣpa (genitive plural)
slǣpe (dative singular)
slǣpum (dative plural)
slēap (alternative)

Middle English: slep
English: sleep
Middle Scots: slepe, sleip
Scots: sleep
Yola: slepe

From Proto-West Germanic *slāp.
Cognate with Old Saxon slaep, slāp (Low German Slaap), Middle Dutch slaep (Dutch slaap), Old High German slāf (German Schlaf).

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Clement the Martyr"
Þæt cild þære meder geandwyrde, "Modor min, nyste ic hú ðyses geares ymryne geendode, forðan ðe ic softum slǣpe me gereste, swa swa ðu me forlete, oð þæt þu eft me nu awrehtest."

The child answered the mother, "My mother, I know not how this year's course has ended, for I was resting in soft sleep, as thou didst leave me, until thou now again hast awakened me."


sloh

From Proto-Germanic *slōhaz, of unknown ultimate origin.
Related to Middle High German sluoche (“ditch”), Middle Low German slōch (“muddy place”). Compare also dialectal Swedish slaga, slage (“swamp”).
The related term Old English *slōhtre (“slough” or “(river) ravine”), the source of the place name of the Slaughters, Upper Slaughter and Lower Slaughter (Middle English Sloghtre, Slouhtre), has been suggested to furthermore related to the German placename Schlüchtern (attested in 999 and 1025 as Sluohterin), related to Schlucht (“ravine, gorge”). Kroonen further compares slōh to German Schluche (name of a waterfall near Erfurt), Icelandic slagi (“dampness”) and a variety of other terms.


smiþ

smiþ (nominative singular)
smiþas (nominative plural)
smiþ (accusative singular)
smiþas (accusative plural)
smiþes (genitive singular)
smiþa (genitive plural)
smiþe (dative singular)
smiþum (dative plural)

Middle English: smyth

English: smith

Scots: smith, smyth

…ac mec hnossiað homera lāfa, heardecg heoroscearp, hondweorc smiþa bītað in burgum;

…but remains of hammers strike me, harsh edge of sharp sword, handiworks of smiths bite in boroughs;


soþ

sōþ (canonical neuter)
sōþ (nominative singular)
sōþ (nominative plural)
sōþ (accusative singular)
sōþ (accusative plural)
sōþes (genitive singular)
sōþa (genitive plural)
sōþe (dative singular)
sōþum (dative plural)

Middle English: soth

English: sooth

Scots: suthe, suith

From Proto-West Germanic *sanþ, from Proto-Germanic *sanþaz.

Soð bið swicolost, sinc byð deorost,
gold gumena gehwam, and gomol snoterost [...]

Truth will be trickiest, treasure the dearest,
gold is for all men, and the old one is wisest …


spann

head

spann f (nominative plural spanna or spanne)

spanna (nominative plural)
spanne (nominative plural)
spann (nominative singular)
spanna (nominative plural)
spanne (nominative plural)
spanne (accusative singular)
spanna (accusative plural)
spanne (accusative plural)
spanne (genitive singular)
spanna (genitive plural)
spanne (dative singular)
spannum (dative plural)

English: span

From Proto-Germanic *spannō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pend-. Cognate with Middle Dutch spanne (Dutch spanne), Old High German spanna (German Spanne), Old Norse spǫnn (Icelandic spönn).

span (of a hand; used as a measurement, typically considered about nine inches)


spere

speru (nominative plural)
spere (nominative singular)
speru (nominative plural)
spere (accusative singular)
speru (accusative plural)
speres (genitive singular)
spera (genitive plural)
spere (dative singular)
sperum (dative plural)

Middle English: spere, spear

English: spear

From Proto-West Germanic *speru, from Proto-Germanic *speru, from Proto-Indo-European *sperH-. Cognate with West Frisian spear, Dutch speer, Old High German sper (German Speer), Old Norse spjǫr.


spinel

spinel (nominative singular)
spinela (nominative plural)
spinele (nominative plural)
spinele (accusative singular)
spinela (accusative plural)
spinele (accusative plural)
spinele (genitive singular)
spinela (genitive plural)
spinele (dative singular)
spinelum (dative plural)
spinl (alternative)
spinil (alternative)
spindel (alternative)
spindle (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: spyndel, spyndylle, spyndell, spindelle, spyndle, spindil, spyndill, spyndul, spindel, spinle, spindle
English: spindle (dialectal spinnel)
Middle Scots: spinnell, spindill
Scots: spinnel, spinnle, spindle


spitu

spitu (nominative singular)
spita (nominative plural)
spite (nominative plural)
spite (accusative singular)
spita (accusative plural)
spite (accusative plural)
spite (genitive singular)
spita (genitive plural)
spitena (genitive plural)
spite (dative singular)
spitum (dative plural)

English: spit

From Proto-Germanic *spituz. Cognate with Middle Dutch spit (Dutch spit), Old High German spiz (German Spieß), Swedish spett.

spit (of wood, metal etc. for roasting meat)


spræc

sprǣċ (canonical feminine)
sprǣċ (nominative singular)
sprǣċa (nominative plural)
sprǣċe (nominative plural)
sprǣċe (accusative singular)
sprǣċa (accusative plural)
sprǣċe (accusative plural)
sprǣċe (genitive singular)
sprǣċa (genitive plural)
sprǣċe (dative singular)
sprǣċum (dative plural)
spǣċ (alternative)

Middle English: speche, speke, spech, spetch, spæc, spæch, speeche
English: speech
Scots: spech, spek

From Proto-West Germanic *sprāki, variant of *sprāku. Cognate with Old Frisian sprēke; the ō-stem variant led to Old Saxon sprāka and Old High German sprāhha.

Biþ mīn sprǣċ gōd?

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Đyssum tidum Ongolcyningas þā æðelestan Ōswēo Norðanhymbra cyning ⁊ Eċġberht Contwarena cyning hæfdon betweoh him sprǣċe ⁊ ġeþēahte, hwæt tō donne wǣre bī þǣm stealle Ongolcynnes ċiriċan .

At this time the most noble English kings, Oswiu of Northumbria and Ecgberht of Kent, held a discussion and conference between them about what was to be done about the state of the English church.


spreot

Middle English: sprete

English: sprit

Originally "sprout, shoot," from Proto-Germanic *sprut-, *spreutaną.


staca

staca (nominative singular)
stacan (nominative plural)
stacan (accusative singular)
stacan (accusative plural)
stacan (genitive singular)
stacena (genitive plural)
stacan (dative singular)
stacum (dative plural)

Middle English: stake, staak, stack, stak
English: stake
Scots: stak, staik
→ Irish: stáca, staic

From Proto-West Germanic *stakō, from Proto-Germanic *stakô.


stapol

stapol (nominative singular)
stapelas (nominative plural)
stapol (accusative singular)
stapelas (accusative plural)
stapoles (genitive singular)
stapela (genitive plural)
stapole (dative singular)
stapelum (dative plural)
stapel (alternative)

Middle English: stapel, stapil, stapile, staple, stapul, stable
English: staple
Scots: steeple

From Proto-West Germanic *stapul.
Akin to Old Frisian stapul (“tooth-stem”), Middle Low German stapel (“execution block”) (German Stapel (“beam, stake”)), Old High German staffal, Old Norse stöpull, Old English stæf (“staff”).


hreac

hrēac (canonical masculine)
hrēac (nominative singular)
hrēacas (nominative plural)
hrēac (accusative singular)
hrēacas (accusative plural)
hrēaces (genitive singular)
hrēaca (genitive plural)
hrēace (dative singular)
hrēacum (dative plural)
hrēc (alternative Anglian)

Middle English: rek, reek, reke

English: reek, rick

Middle Scots: reek, rick

From Proto-Germanic *hraukaz. Cognate with West Frisian reak, Middle Dutch rooc (Dutch rook), Old Norse hraukr.

stack, stook, rick (of stones, corn, hay etc.)


staþol

staþol (nominative singular)
staþolas (nominative plural)
staþol (accusative singular)
staþolas (accusative plural)
staþoles (genitive singular)
staþola (genitive plural)
staþole (dative singular)
staþolum (dative plural)
staþel (alternative)
staþul (alternative)

Middle English: stathel

Scots: stathel, stassel

English: stathel, staddle

From Proto-Germanic *staþulaz, whence also Old High German stadal, Old Norse stöðull.


stede

stede (nominative singular)
stedas (nominative plural)
stede (accusative singular)
stedas (accusative plural)
stedes (genitive singular)
steda (genitive plural)
stede (dative singular)
stedum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: stede, stad, sted, stedd, stedde, steed, steede, steyd, stid, stide, styd, stydde, styde, steode, stoede, stud, stude (West Midlands), stode (Ireland)
English: stead
Scots: steid, sted

From Proto-West Germanic *stadi. Cognate with Old High German stat, Old Norse staðr.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Holy Day of Pentecost"
Hi heoldon þæt gold unwurðlice, forðan ðe seo gitsung næfde nænne stede on heora heortan: forði hí dydon heora ðing him gemæne, þæt hí on soðre sibbe butan gytsunge beon mihton.

They held the gold as worthless, because covetousness had no place in their hearts: they made their goods in common, that they might be in true peace without covetousness.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Wōst þū nū þat þē man þǣr on tēhte þāra twelf tungla stēde and þāra sunne færeld?

Knowest thou what was there taught thee about the positions of the twelve stars and the path of the sun?


stefn

stefn (nominative singular)
stefna (nominative plural)
stefne (nominative plural)
stefne (accusative singular)
stefna (accusative plural)
stefne (accusative plural)
stefne (genitive singular)
stefna (genitive plural)
stefne (dative singular)
stefnum (dative plural)

Middle English: steven

English: steven

From Proto-West Germanic *stebnu, from Proto-Germanic *stebnō. Cognate with Old Frisian stifne, Old Saxon stemna, Old High German stimna, Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌽𐌰 (stibna).

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 1:3

A voice calling out in the wilderness: "Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight."

Clipiendu stefn on þǣre wēstenne: "Ġeġearwiaþ Dryhtnes weġ, dōþ ryhte his sīþas.


stefn

stefn (nominative singular)
stefnas (nominative plural)
stefn (accusative singular)
stefnas (accusative plural)
stefnes (genitive singular)
stefna (genitive plural)
stefne (dative singular)
stefnum (dative plural)


drync

drynċ (canonical masculine)
drynċ (nominative singular)
drynċas (nominative plural)
drynċ (accusative singular)
drynċas (accusative plural)
drynċes (genitive singular)
drynċa (genitive plural)
drynċe (dative singular)
drynċum (dative plural)
drinc (alternative)
drinca (alternative)

desc

Middle English: drinche, drink, drinke, drunch

English: drink (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *drunkiz, whence also Old High German trunch, Old Norse drykkr.


streaw

strēaw (canonical neuter)
strēaw (nominative singular)
strēaw (nominative plural)
strēaw (accusative singular)
strēaw (accusative plural)
strēawes (genitive singular)
strēawa (genitive plural)
strēawe (dative singular)
strēawum (dative plural)
strēow (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: straw
English: straw
Scots: strae
Yola: stre, strew

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ster-
Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃-
Proto-Indo-European *strew-der.
Proto-Germanic *strawą
Proto-West Germanic *strau
Old English streaw
From Proto-West Germanic *strau (“that which is strewn”).
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian strē, Old Saxon strō (Dutch stro), Old High German strō (German Stroh), Old Norse strá (Swedish strå).


stræt

strǣt (canonical feminine)
strǣt (nominative singular)
strǣta (nominative plural)
strǣte (nominative plural)
strǣte (accusative singular)
strǣta (accusative plural)
strǣte (accusative plural)
strǣte (genitive singular)
strǣta (genitive plural)
strǣte (dative singular)
strǣtum (dative plural)
strēt (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: strete, stræt, strate, street, streete, stret
English: street
Scots: street, streit, stret
→ Breton: straed
→ Cornish: stret
→ Welsh: stryd

→ Old Irish: sráit (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Norse: stræti (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-West Germanic *strātu, from Latin strāta.


stenc

stenċ (canonical masculine)
stenċ (nominative singular)
stenċas (nominative plural)
stenċ (accusative singular)
stenċas (accusative plural)
stenċes (genitive singular)
stenċa (genitive plural)
stenċe (dative singular)
stenċum (dative plural)

Middle English: stench, stenche, stinche, stunch, stynche, stænc, stinnch (Early Middle English)
English: stench
Scots: stench, stinch

From Proto-Germanic *stankwiz, whence also Old High German stank.


steor

stēor (canonical masculine)
stēor (nominative singular)
stēoras (nominative plural)
stēor (accusative singular)
stēoras (accusative plural)
stēores (genitive singular)
stēora (genitive plural)
stēore (dative singular)
stēorum (dative plural)

Middle English: steer, steor, ster, stere
English: steer
Middle Scots: ster, stere, steir
Scots: steer

From Proto-West Germanic *steur, see also Old High German stior, Old Norse stjórr.


steor

stēor (canonical neuter)
stēor (nominative singular)
stēor (nominative plural)
stēor (accusative singular)
stēor (accusative plural)
stēores (genitive singular)
stēora (genitive plural)
stēore (dative singular)
stēorum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *stiuriją, from the verb *stiurijaną.


steor

stēor (canonical feminine)
stēor (nominative singular)
stēora (nominative plural)
stēore (nominative plural)
stēore (accusative singular)
stēora (accusative plural)
stēore (accusative plural)
stēore (genitive singular)
stēora (genitive plural)
stēore (dative singular)
stēorum (dative plural)

Middle English: stere, steer, steere, steor, ster, stiere
English: steer
Scots: steer

rule, regulation; correction, discipline, reproof; rebuke, check, restraint


stepe

step (nominative singular)
stepas (nominative plural)
step (accusative singular)
stepas (accusative plural)
stepes (genitive singular)
stepa (genitive plural)
stepe (dative singular)
stepum (dative plural)


stice

stiċe (canonical masculine)
stiċe (nominative singular)
stiċas (nominative plural)
stiċe (accusative singular)
stiċas (accusative plural)
stiċes (genitive singular)
stiċa (genitive plural)
stiċe (dative singular)
stiċum (dative plural)

Middle English: stiche, stecche, steche, sticche, sticke, stych, styche, styk
English: stitch
Scots: steek, stick

From Proto-West Germanic *stiki, from Proto-Germanic *stikiz, whence also Old High German stih (“prick, sting, stitch”), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌺𐍃 (stiks, “point”), Old Frisian stek, steke (“point”) and Old Saxon stiki (“prick, stab”).

cog

stitch, in the following senses:
a prick, puncture, or stab

a pricking or stabbing pain or sensation


stigel

stiġel (canonical feminine)
stigol (alternative)

Middle English: stiȝele, style, stile

English: stile

Scots: stile, styl, style

From Proto-West Germanic *stigillju, *stigilu, whence also Old High German stigilla.


stoc

stoc (nominative singular)
stocu (nominative plural)
stoc (accusative singular)
stocu (accusative plural)
stoces (genitive singular)
stoca (genitive plural)
stoce (dative singular)
stocum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *stukką, related to *stukkaz (“post, beam”), whence also Old High German stoc, Old Norse stokkr, Old English stocc (“stock, stump”).


stoc

stocu (nominative plural)
stoc (nominative singular)
stocu (nominative plural)
stoc (accusative singular)
stocu (accusative plural)
stoces (genitive singular)
stoca (genitive plural)
stoce (dative singular)
stocum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *stuką, related to Proto-Germanic *stūkǭ (“sleeve”).


studu

studu (nominative singular)
styde (nominative plural)
studu (accusative singular)
styde (accusative plural)
styde (genitive singular)
stude (genitive singular)
studa (genitive plural)
styde (dative singular)
studum (dative plural)
stuþu (alternative)

Middle English: stude

English: stud

Scots: stuit

From Proto-West Germanic *stuþ, see also Old Norse stoð. Compare German Stütze.


streng

strenġ (canonical masculine)
strenġ (nominative singular)
strenġas (nominative plural)
strenġ (accusative singular)
strenġas (accusative plural)
strenġes (genitive singular)
strenġa (genitive plural)
strenġe (dative singular)
strenġum (dative plural)
strenċ (alternative)

Middle English: streng, string

English: string

From Proto-Germanic *strangiz, from Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ-. Compare Old High German strang and Old Norse strengr.


sumor

sumor (nominative singular)
sumoras (nominative plural)
sumor (accusative singular)
sumoras (accusative plural)
sumores (genitive singular)
sumora (genitive plural)
sumore (dative singular)
sumora (dative singular)
sumorum (dative plural)
sumer (alternative)
sumur (alternative)

Middle English: sumer, somer

English: summer

Scots: somer, sumer, simmer, simer

Yola: zimmer, zummer

From Proto-West Germanic *sumar, see also Old Saxon sumar, Old High German sumar, Old Norse sumar.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
...þis ēalond hafað myċele lengran dagas on sumera, ⁊ swā ēac nihta on wintra, þonne ðā sūðdǣlas middanġeardes.

...this island has much longer days in the summer, and equally longer nights in the winter, than the southern parts of the world..


sund

sund (nominative singular)
sund (nominative plural)
sund (accusative singular)
sund (accusative plural)
sundes (genitive singular)
sunda (genitive plural)
sunde (dative singular)
sundum (dative plural)

Middle English: sound

English: sound

Scots: sound

→ Old French: sonde

Middle French: sonde

French: sonde

⇒ Old French: sonder

Middle French: sonder

French: sonder

⇒ French: sondage

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *sund, from Proto-Germanic *sundą, from pre-Germanic *swm-to- ( > English swim). Cognate with Old Norse sund (Norwegian sund (“a swimming, strait”)).

inh+

Ne eart þū ġenōg eald þæt þū āna on sund gā.

You're not old enough to go swimming by yourself.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Beginning of Creation"
God sealde þām fiscum sund and þām fuglum flyht, ac hē ne sealde nānum nīetene ne nānum fisċe nāne sāwle, ac heora blōd is heora līf, and swā hraðe swā hīe bēoþ dēade, swā bēoþ hīe mid ealle ġeendode.

God gave swimming to the fish and flight to the birds, but he did not give a soul to any animal or any fish. Their blood is their life, and as soon as they’re dead, they are completely gone.


sweard

desctree

Middle English: sward, swerd, swerde, swarde, swarthe, swarth, suarth
English: sward
Scots: swaird

From Proto-Germanic *swarduz; akin to Old Norse svǫrðr.


swealwe

swealwe (nominative singular)
swealwan (nominative plural)
swealwan (accusative singular)
swealwan (accusative plural)
swealwan (genitive singular)
swealwena (genitive plural)
swealwan (dative singular)
swealwum (dative plural)
swealewe (alternative)

Middle English: swalwe, swalewe, swalowe, swhalow, sualow, swalow, swalue, swolwe, swaluwe, swalew, swalugh
English: swallow
Scots: swalla, swallae

From Proto-West Germanic *swalwā, related to Old High German swalwa, Old Norse svala.


swæþ

swæþ (nominative singular)
swaþu (nominative plural)
swæþ (accusative singular)
swaþu (accusative plural)
swæþes (genitive singular)
swaþa (genitive plural)
swæþe (dative singular)
swaþum (dative plural)

Middle English: swath, swathe

English: swath (“swath”)

From Proto-West Germanic *swaþ, from Proto-Germanic *swaþō, from Proto-Indo-European *swem(bʰ)- (“to bend, turn, swing”). Cognate with Old Norse svæði (“open field”).


swæþ

Middle English: swath, swathe

English: swathe (“bandage”)

From Proto-West Germanic *swaþ-. Compare Middle Low German swēde (“dressing for a wound, wrap, compress, bandage”), Middle High German swede (“wound dressing, bandage”), Middle High German swade (“strip, band, film”).


swearm

swearm (nominative singular)
swearmas (nominative plural)
swearm (accusative singular)
swearmas (accusative plural)
swearmes (genitive singular)
swearma (genitive plural)
swearme (dative singular)
swearmum (dative plural)

Middle English: swarm

English: swarm

From Proto-Germanic *swarmaz, whence also Old High German swarm, Old Norse svarmr. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to buzz, hum”).


swin

swīn (canonical neuter)
swīn (nominative singular)
swīn (nominative plural)
swīn (accusative singular)
swīn (accusative plural)
swīnes (genitive singular)
swīna (genitive plural)
swīne (dative singular)
swīnum (dative plural)
swȳn (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: swyn, sqwyne, suin, swein, sweyne, swin, swine, swiyn, swyne, swynne, zuin
English: swine
Scots: swine

From Proto-West Germanic *swīn. Cognate with Old Frisian swīn, Old Saxon swīn.

Swīn etaþ ealra cynna þing.

Swīn lyst simle bewealwian on solum.

Pigs always like rolling around in the mud.

unknown date, unknown author, Exeter Book, riddle 40

I'm bigger and fatter than a fattened pig.

Māra iċ eom and fǣtra þonne āmæsted swīn.

9th century, Bald's Leechbook
Ne et nīewne ċīese, ne fersċe gōs, ne fersċne ǣl, ne fersċ swīn.

Don't eat new cheese, fresh goose, fresh eel, or fresh pork.


swinc

swinc (nominative singular)
swinc (nominative plural)
swinc (accusative singular)
swinc (accusative plural)
swinces (genitive singular)
swinca (genitive plural)
swince (dative singular)
swincum (dative plural)

English: swink


sierce

sierċe (canonical feminine)
sierċe (nominative singular)
sierċan (nominative plural)
sierċan (accusative singular)
sierċan (accusative plural)
sierċan (genitive singular)
sierċena (genitive plural)
sierċan (dative singular)
sierċum (dative plural)
serċ (alternative)
syrċ (alternative)
syriċ (alternative)
serċe (alternative)
syrċe (alternative)
sirċe (alternative)

Middle English: serk, serke, sark (through the Anglian variant)

Scots: serk, sark

English: sark

From Proto-West Germanic *sarki; related to Old Norse serkr.


tacen

tācen (canonical neuter)
tācen (nominative singular)
tācnu (nominative plural)
tācen (accusative singular)
tācnu (accusative plural)
tācnes (genitive singular)
tācna (genitive plural)
tācne (dative singular)
tācnum (dative plural)


teld

teld (nominative singular)
teld (nominative plural)
teld (accusative singular)
teld (accusative plural)
teldes (genitive singular)
telda (genitive plural)
telde (dative singular)
teldum (dative plural)

Middle English: teld, tielde

Scots: tild, tyld, teill

English: teld, tilt

From Proto-West Germanic *teld, from Proto-Germanic *teldą. Cognate with Old High German zelt.

Uton āslēan ūre teld hēr on þisse mǣdwe.

Let's pitch our tent here in this meadow.


hrycg

hryċġ (canonical masculine)
hryċġ (nominative singular)
hryċġas (nominative plural)
hryċġ (accusative singular)
hryċġas (accusative plural)
hryċġes (genitive singular)
hryċġa (genitive plural)
hryċġe (dative singular)
hryċġum (dative plural)
hriċġ (alternative)
hrig (alternative)
hryc (alternative)
hryg (alternative)

desc

Middle English: rig, rigge, rug, ryg, rygge

Scots: rig

English: ridge, rig (Northern)

From Proto-West Germanic *hrugi, from Proto-Germanic *hrugjaz. Cognate with Old High German rucki, Old Norse hryggr.


tæppe

tæppe (nominative singular)
tæppan (nominative plural)
tæppan (accusative singular)
tæppan (accusative plural)
tæppan (genitive singular)
tæppena (genitive plural)
tæppan (dative singular)
tæppum (dative plural)


tæppa

tæppa (nominative singular)
tæppan (nominative plural)
tæppan (accusative singular)
tæppan (accusative plural)
tæppan (genitive singular)
tæppena (genitive plural)
tæppan (dative singular)
tæppum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *tappō, from Proto-Germanic *tappô, whence also Old High German zapho, Old Norse tappi.
Normally prehistoric *æ was retracted to *a when followed by a geminate and back vowel. Reason for consistent failure of retraction in this word remains unknown. If the word is infrequently attested a commoner variant *tappa may well have existed, cf. hnappian alongside less common hnæppian.

Þonne þū wīn habban wille, þonne dō þū mid þīnum twām fingrum swelċe ðū tæppan of tunnan ontēon wille.

If you want wine, then make a gesture with two fingers like you're trying to pull the bung from a cask. (Techm. ii. 120, 10.)


tæppa

tæppa (nominative singular)
tæppan (nominative plural)
tæppan (accusative singular)
tæppan (accusative plural)
tæppan (genitive singular)
tæppena (genitive plural)
tæppan (dative singular)
tæppum (dative plural)
tæppe (alternative)

Middle English: tappe, tape

English: tape

Scots: tape, taip

Unknown. Related to Old Frisian tapia (“to pluck”), Middle Low German teppen (“to pluck, pick”). Possibly from Proto-Germanic *tappaz; see *tuppaz (“tuft”).


tigele

tigele (nominative singular)
tigelan (nominative plural)
tigelan (accusative singular)
tigelan (accusative plural)
tigelan (genitive singular)
tigelena (genitive plural)
tigelan (dative singular)
tigelum (dative plural)
tigule (alternative)
tigle (alternative)
tiegle (alternative)
tighele (alternative)
tygele (alternative)

desc

Middle English: tigel, tighele, teghell, teȝele, tiȝel, tyle, tile

English: tile (see there for further descendants)

Scots: tyl, tild


treowe

inflection of trēow:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of trēow:
genitive/dative singular


tynder

tynder (nominative singular)
tyndra (nominative plural)
tyndre (nominative plural)
tyndre (accusative singular)
tyndra (accusative plural)
tyndre (accusative plural)
tyndre (genitive singular)
tyndra (genitive plural)
tyndre (dative singular)
tyndrum (dative plural)

From a -j-suffixed derivative of Proto-West Germanic *tundr, from Proto-Germanic *tundrą. Cognate to Old High German zuntra.


þanc

þanc (nominative singular)
þancas (nominative plural)
þanc (accusative singular)
þancas (accusative plural)
þances (genitive singular)
þanca (genitive plural)
þance (dative singular)
þancum (dative plural)

English: thank

From Proto-Germanic *þankaz, whence also Old Frisian thonk, Old Saxon thank, Old Dutch thank, Old High German danc, and Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐍃 (þagks). Old Norse þǫkk, though a feminine ō-stem, is clearly related; probably it was originally a collective of PGmc *þankaz.


þoht

þōht (canonical masculine)
ġeþōht (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: thought, thoughte, thougt, thouhte, thoute, thogt, thohte, thogh
English: thought
Scots: thocht
Yola: thaugkt

From Proto-West Germanic *þą̄ht, from Proto-Germanic *þanhtaz, whence also Old High German gidāht.


þorp

þorp (nominative singular)
þorpas (nominative plural)
þorp (accusative singular)
þorpas (accusative plural)
þorpes (genitive singular)
þorpa (genitive plural)
þorpe (dative singular)
þorpum (dative plural)
þrop (alternative)

Middle English: thorp
English: thorp


þille

Middle English: thylle, thille, thill, þyl, thil
English: thill
Scots: thill

From Proto-Germanic *þiljǭ, whence also Old High German dilla, Old Norse þilja.


þæc

þæc (nominative singular)
þacu (nominative plural)
þæc (accusative singular)
þacu (accusative plural)
þæces (genitive singular)
þaca (genitive plural)
þæce (dative singular)
þacum (dative plural)

Middle English: thak, thakk, thakke

English: thack

Scots: thak, thek, thack

⇒ Middle English: thacche, thetche (influenced by þeċċan (“to cover”))

English: thatch

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *þak, whence also Old Frisian thak, Old Saxon thak, Old High German dah, Old Norse þak.


þeoh

þēoh (canonical neuter)
þēoh (nominative singular)
þēoh (nominative plural)
þēoh (accusative singular)
þēoh (accusative plural)
þēos (genitive singular)
þēona (genitive plural)
þēo (dative singular)
þēom (dative plural)
þēoum (dative plural)

Middle English: þigh
English: thigh
Scots: thee

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 24:2

And Abraham said to his servant, "Put your hand under my thigh."

And Abrāhām cwæþ tō his þēowe, "Sete þīne hand under mīn þēoh."


þræd

þrǣd (canonical masculine)
þrǣd (nominative singular)
þrǣdas (nominative plural)
þrǣd (accusative singular)
þrǣdas (accusative plural)
þrǣdes (genitive singular)
þrǣda (genitive plural)
þrǣde (dative singular)
þrǣdum (dative plural)

Middle English: thred, threed, threde, þræd, þred, þrede
English: thread
Scots: threid
Yola: dreade

From Proto-Germanic *þrēduz, from Proto-Indo-European *treh₁-tu-, from *terh₁- (“rub, twist”). Germanic cognates include Old Frisian thrēd, Old Saxon thrād, Old High German drāt, Old Norse þráðr.


þrea

þrēa (canonical feminine)
þrēa (nominative singular)
þrēan (nominative plural)
þrēan (accusative singular)
þrēan (accusative plural)
þrēan (genitive singular)
þrēana (genitive plural)
þrēan (dative singular)
þrēam (dative plural)
þrēa (nominative singular)
þrēa (nominative plural)
þrēa (accusative singular)
þrēa (accusative plural)
þrēa (genitive singular)
þrēa (genitive plural)
þrēa (dative singular)
þrēam (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *þrau, oblique stem *þrawā-, from Proto-Germanic *þrawō. Cognate with Old High German drō, Old Norse þrá.


þrescold

þresċold (canonical masculine)
þresċold (nominative singular)
þresċoldas (nominative plural)
þresċold (accusative singular)
þresċoldas (accusative plural)
þresċoldes (genitive singular)
þresċolda (genitive plural)
þresċolde (dative singular)
þresċoldum (dative plural)
þersċweald (alternative)
þyrsċweald (alternative)
þrexwold (alternative)
þersċold (alternative)
þerxold (alternative)

Middle English: threschwolde, threscholde, thresscholde, threschwold, thresschefolde, þroschfolde, þresshewold, thresshold, þresshewolde, thryssheholde, þres-uold, threschwalde, thresschewold, þreschwald, threshwold, þrexwolde, þresfold, throschfold, throsfold, þresshald, threswald
English: threshold
Scots: thrashel

Proto-Germanic *þreskwaþluz, akin to Old High German driscūfli, Old Norse þreskǫldr, þreskjǫldr, Norwegian terskel, treskel, Swedish Swedish tröskel and Danish tærskel.


huþ

hūþ (canonical feminine)
hūþe (nominative plural)
hūþa (nominative plural)
hūþ (nominative singular)
hūþa (nominative plural)
hūþe (nominative plural)
hūþe (accusative singular)
hūþa (accusative plural)
hūþe (accusative plural)
hūþe (genitive singular)
hūþa (genitive plural)
hūþe (dative singular)
hūþum (dative plural)
hȳþ (alternative)


wifmann

wīfmann (canonical masculine)
wīfmann (nominative singular)
wīfmenn (nominative plural)
wīfmann (accusative singular)
wīfmenn (accusative plural)
wīfmannes (genitive singular)
wīfmanna (genitive plural)
wīfmenn (dative singular)
wīfmannum (dative plural)
wīfman (alternative)
wīfmonn (alternative)
wīfmon (alternative)
wīmmann (alternative)
wīmman (alternative)
wīmmonn (alternative)
wīmmon (alternative)

desc

Middle English: womman, wimman, wifmanne

Scots: weman, woman

English: woman

From wīf + mann, literally “female person”. Compare wǣpnedmann (“man, a male”, literally “male person”), which wīfmann was often used alongside; cf. Icelandic karlmaður and kvenmaður.


wic

wīc (canonical neuter)
wīc (nominative singular)
wīc (nominative plural)
wīc (accusative singular)
wīc (accusative plural)
wīces (genitive singular)
wīca (genitive plural)
wīce (dative singular)
wīcum (dative plural)

Middle English: wic, wike, wyk, wych

English: -wick, -wich (in placenames)

From Proto-West Germanic *wīk, a merger of Latin vīcus and Proto-West Germanic *wīhs; both from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ- (“village”). Compare Proto-Germanic *wīhsą (“settlement, village”).

cog

temporary abode: camp, encampment, lodging


wic

wīc (canonical feminine)
wīc (nominative singular)
wīca (nominative plural)
wīce (nominative plural)
wīce (accusative singular)
wīca (accusative plural)
wīce (accusative plural)
wīce (genitive singular)
wīca (genitive plural)
wīce (dative singular)
wīcum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *wīku, from Proto-Germanic *wīkō, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to bend, curve”).


ærdæg

ǣrdæġ (canonical masculine)
ǣrdæġ (nominative singular)
ǣrdagas (nominative plural)
ǣrdæġ (accusative singular)
ǣrdagas (accusative plural)
ǣrdæġes (genitive singular)
ǣrdaga (genitive plural)
ǣrdæġe (dative singular)
ǣrdagum (dative plural)

the early part of the day; dawn, early morning


wist

wist (nominative singular)
wiste (nominative plural)
wista (nominative plural)
wist (accusative singular)
wiste (accusative singular)
wiste (accusative plural)
wista (accusative plural)
wiste (genitive singular)
wista (genitive plural)
wiste (dative singular)
wistum (dative plural)

Middle English: wiste, wyste

From Proto-West Germanic *wisti (“essence”).


wist

From Proto-West Germanic *wisti (“food”).

Ġemon hē seleseċġas · ond sincþege,
hū hine on ġeoguðe · his goldwine
wenede tō wiste · Wyn eal ġedrēas.

He remembers hall-men and takings of treasures,
how his goldfriend accustomed him
to feast on youth. Mirth has completely perished.

The Legend of St. Andrew in Verse
...Ne ġedafenað þē nū þē dryhten ġeaf welan and wiste and woruldspēde,...

...It befitteth thee not since to thee the Lord hath given wealth and abundance and worldly prosperity,...


wiste

inflection of wist:
nominative/accusative plural

inflection of wist:
accusative/genitive/dative singular


þuma

þūma (canonical masculine)
þūma (nominative singular)
þūman (nominative plural)
þūman (accusative singular)
þūman (accusative plural)
þūman (genitive singular)
þūmena (genitive plural)
þūman (dative singular)
þūmum (dative plural)
*ᚦᚢᛗᚪ (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: thombe
English: thumb
Scots: thoum
Yola: thoome, thoume

From Proto-West Germanic *þūmō, from Proto-Germanic *þūmô.
Cognate with Old Frisian thūma (West Frisian tomme), Old Saxon thūmo (Low German Dumen or Duum), Dutch duim, Old High German dūmo (German Daumen), Danish tomme, Swedish tumme; and also with Latin tumēre (“to swell”), through the Indo-European root.


þymel

þȳmel (canonical masculine)
þȳmel (nominative singular)
þȳmelas (nominative plural)
þȳmel (accusative singular)
þȳmelas (accusative plural)
þȳmeles (genitive singular)
þȳmela (genitive plural)
þȳmele (dative singular)
þȳmelum (dative plural)

Middle English: thymbyll, themel, þymel, thymbyl, themyl, thymle, themelle
English: thimble
Scots: thummle, thumble


wacu

wacu (nominative singular)
waca (nominative plural)
wace (nominative plural)
wace (accusative singular)
waca (accusative plural)
wace (accusative plural)
wace (genitive singular)
waca (genitive plural)
wace (dative singular)
wacum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *wakō, related to *wakjaną, whence also Old High German wahha.


wæd

Middle English: wede

English: weed

From Proto-Germanic *wēdiz. Cognate with Old Saxon wād, Old High German wāt, Old Norse váð (Icelandic voð, Swedish våd).


wæd

wæd (nominative singular)
wadu (nominative plural)
wæd (accusative singular)
wadu (accusative plural)
wædes (genitive singular)
wada (genitive plural)
wæde (dative singular)
wadum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *wadą, from Proto-Indo-European *wadʰom. Cognate with Old High German wat, Old Norse vað (Icelandic vað, Swedish vad); Latin vadum.


wær

wǣr (canonical feminine)
wǣra (nominative plural)
wǣre (nominative plural)
wǣr (nominative singular)
wǣra (nominative plural)
wǣre (nominative plural)
wǣre (accusative singular)
wǣra (accusative plural)
wǣre (accusative plural)
wǣre (genitive singular)
wǣra (genitive plural)
wǣre (dative singular)
wǣrum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *wāru, from Proto-Germanic *wērō (“truth”). Cognate with Old Saxon wār (“truth”), Old High German wāra (“truth”), Latin vērus (“true”).


wæcce

wæċċe (canonical feminine)
wæċċe (nominative singular)
wæċċan (nominative plural)
wæċċan (accusative singular)
wæċċan (accusative plural)
wæċċan (genitive singular)
wæċċena (genitive plural)
wæċċan (dative singular)
wæċċum (dative plural)

Middle English: wacche

English: watch

From the verb wæċċan, doublet of wacian. See the modern English wake.


wærloga

wǣrloga (canonical masculine)
wǣrloga (nominative singular)
wǣrlogan (nominative plural)
wǣrlogan (accusative singular)
wǣrlogan (accusative plural)
wǣrlogan (genitive singular)
wǣrlogena (genitive plural)
wǣrlogan (dative singular)
wǣrlogum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: warloghe, warlowe, warloȝe

English: warlock

Scots: warlock

From wǣr (“promise, agreement”) + loga (“deceiver”).


loga

loga (nominative singular)
logan (nominative plural)
logan (accusative singular)
logan (accusative plural)
logan (genitive singular)
logena (genitive plural)
logan (dative singular)
logum (dative plural)

i

Middle English: *lowe, *loȝe, *lock, *loghe (in compounds warloghe/warlocke and wedlowe)

English: warlock

From Proto-Germanic *lugô (“liar”). Cognate with Old High German logo (“liar”) and Old Norse logi (“liar”). More at warlock.


wela

wela (nominative singular)
welan (nominative plural)
welan (accusative singular)
welan (accusative plural)
welan (genitive singular)
welena (genitive plural)
welan (dative singular)
welum (dative plural)
weala (alternative)
weola (alternative West-Saxon)
wala (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: wele
English: weal
Scots: weal, weel

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *welō, *walō, from Proto-Germanic *welô.


weorc

weorc (nominative singular)
weorc (nominative plural)
weorc (accusative singular)
weorc (accusative plural)
weorces (genitive singular)
weorca (genitive plural)
weorce (dative singular)
weorcum (dative plural)
worc (alternative)
werc (alternative Mercian)
wærc (alternative Mercian)

desctree

Middle English: werk, wirk, work
English: work
Geordie English: wark
Scots: wark
Yola: woork

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *werǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-om
Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom
Proto-Germanic *werką
Proto-West Germanic *werk
Old English weorc
From Proto-West Germanic *werk, from Proto-Germanic *werką, from Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom.
Cognate with Old Frisian werk, Old Saxon werk, Old High German werk, Old Norse verk. Non-Germanic cognates include Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon).

etymon

c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
Þā ēode sē prēost eft tō his weorce.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Gyf þonne ǣfre gebyreð þæt þū þē ful hālne and ful trumne ongytst, and hæafst æalle þīne frēond myd þē, ǣġðer ge on mōde ge on līchaman, and on ðām ilcan worce and on ðām ylcan willum ðe ðē best lyst dōn, hweðer þū ðonne wille bēon āwiht blīðe?

If then it ever happen that thou shalt find thyself full whole and full strong, and hast all thy friends with thee, both in mind and in body, and in that same work and in that same will which pleaseth thee best to do, wilt thou then be happy at all?

work, in various senses, including:
labor

c. 1000, Ælfric of Eynsham (tr.), Hexameron of St. Basil

On the first day our Lord created seven works, which were: all of the angels; the beginning of light; the substance from which he later made all the creatures; the high heavens; the low earth; all the bodies of water; the wide ocean; and the lofty sky, all in a single day.

On ðām forman dæġe ūre drihten ġesċeōp seofonfealde weorc, ðæt wǣron ealle englas, and ðǣs lēohtes anġin, and ðæt antimber ðe hē of ġesċeōp syððan ġesċeafta, ðā upplīċan heofenan and ðā nyðerlīċan eorðan, ealle wætersċypas, and ða widgillan sǣ, and ðæt uppliċe lyft, eall on anū dæġe.

a creation, such as a building or a work of art

Weorc sprecaþ swīðor þonne word.

work, in various senses, including:
act, deed


wilcuma

wilcuma (nominative singular)
wilcuman (nominative plural)
wilcuman (accusative singular)
wilcuman (accusative plural)
wilcuman (genitive singular)
wilcumena (genitive plural)
wilcuman (dative singular)
wilcumum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: welcome, welcume, wilcume, wulcume
English: welcome
Yola: welkome, welcome

From Proto-Germanic *wiljakumô. Equivalent to willa + cuma. Compare wilspell (“welcome news”), which is formed similarly.

Saga hwæt iċ hātte, þe swā scireniġe scēawendwīsan hlūde onhyrġe, hæleþum bodie wilcumena fela wōþe mīnre.

Say what I am called, who as actress loudly imitate a jester song, proclaim many welcome guests as heroes with my voice.


willa

willa (nominative singular)
willan (nominative plural)
willan (accusative singular)
willan (accusative plural)
willan (genitive singular)
willena (genitive plural)
willan (dative singular)
willum (dative plural)

Middle English: wille

English: will

Scots: wil, will

From Proto-West Germanic *willjō, from Proto-Germanic *wiljô.
Cognate with Old Saxon willio, Old Dutch willo, Old High German willo, Old Norse vili.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 6:9-13

Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come; thy will be done; on Earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen.

Fæder ūre, þū þe eart in heofenum, sī þīn nama ġehālgod. Tōbecume þīn rīċe. Ġeweorþe þīn willa on eorþan, swā swā on heofenum. Ūrne dæġhwāmlīċan hlāf syle ūs tōdæġ. And forġȳf ūs ūre ġyltas, swā swā wē forġȳfaþ ūrum ġyltendum. And ne ġelǣde þū ūs on costnunge, ac alȳs ūs of yfle: sōþlīċe.

willa + cuma (“guest”) → wilcuma (“welcome guest”)

willa + spell (“news”) → wilspell (“welcome news”)

willa + tūn (“town”) → Wiltūn (“Wilton”)

(in compounds) denotes something welcome or desired


witnes

From witt (knowledge, wisdom) + -nes (-ness), akin to Old Norse vitni (whence the Danish vidne and Norwegian Bokmål vitne) and Gothic 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍅𐍉𐌸𐍃 (weitwōþs).


þeoden

þēoden (canonical masculine)
þēodnas (nominative plural)
þēoden (nominative singular)
þēodnas (nominative plural)
þēoden (accusative singular)
þēodnas (accusative plural)
þēodnes (genitive singular)
þēodna (genitive plural)
þēodne (dative singular)
þēodnum (dative plural)
þīoden (alternative)
þīeden (alternative)
ðēoden (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *þeudan, from Proto-Germanic *þeudanaz, from the same source as þēod. Cognate with Old Saxon thiodan, Old Norse þjóðann, Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 (þiudans).

Mære þēoden / æþeling ǣrgōd / unblīþe sæt.

The famous ruler, the ever-good chieftain, sat dismayed. (Beowulf, ll. 129-130)


þryþ

þrȳþ (canonical feminine)
þrȳþe (nominative plural)
þrȳþ (nominative singular)
þrȳþe (nominative plural)
þrȳþa (nominative plural)
þrȳþ (accusative singular)
þrȳþe (accusative singular)
þrȳþe (accusative plural)
þrȳþa (accusative plural)
þrȳþe (genitive singular)
þrȳþa (genitive plural)
þrȳþe (dative singular)
þrȳþum (dative plural)

Middle English: thrith, thirth

From Proto-West Germanic *þrūþi, from Proto-Germanic *þrūþiz (“strength”). Cognate with Old Norse þrúðr (“strength”), whence the name Þrúðr (“daughter of Thor and Sif”).

Eorlas fornōman · asca þrȳþe,
wǣpen wælġīfru, · wyrd sēo mǣre,
ond þās stānhleoþu · stormas cnyssað,

The warriors took away the strength of spears,
killing-greedy weapons, the fate is famous
and the storms hit these stone slopes,


gewinn

ġewinn (canonical neuter)
ġewinn (nominative singular)
ġewinn (nominative plural)
ġewinn (accusative singular)
ġewinn (accusative plural)
ġewinnes (genitive singular)
ġewinna (genitive plural)
ġewinne (dative singular)
ġewinnum (dative plural)
ġewin (alternative)

Middle English: iwin, ȝewin

From Proto-West Germanic *gawinn, derived from *winnan from Proto-Germanic *winnaną. Cognate with Old Saxon giwin, Old High German giwin (modern German Gewinn (“gain”)).

Ġewinn is hell, and hell nǣfre ne went.

Ǣlċ mann mid ēagum on his hēafde wisse þæt ġewinn tōweard wæs.

Everyone with eyes in his head knew that war was coming.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On þām ġewinne, ⁊ on moneġum oþrum æfter þǣm, Hannibal ġecȳþde þone nīþ ⁊ þone hete þe hē beforan his fæder ġeswōr, þā hē nigonwintre cniht wæs, þæt hē næfre ne wurde Rōmana frēond.

In that battle, and in many others after that, Hannibal proved the hatred and hostility that he swore before his father when he was a nine-year-old boy, that he would never become a friend of the Romans.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Sebastian, Martyr"
...ac hi þurhwunodon swa þeah on þam gewinne oð deað.

...but they nevertheless continued in that warfare till death.


wrang

wrang (nominative singular)
wrangas (nominative plural)
wrang (accusative singular)
wrangas (accusative plural)
wranges (genitive singular)
wranga (genitive plural)
wrange (dative singular)
wrangum (dative plural)
wrong (alternative)

gl

merged with descendant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">wranga</i>

Middle English: wrang, wrong, wrange, wronge (merged with descendant of wranga)

⇒ Middle English: wrangel

From Proto-West Germanic *wrang, from Proto-Germanic *wrangaz (“crooked, bent, curved”). Compare Alemannic German Rang (“convolution, bend”), Old Norse vröng (“a ship's rib”) (whence Icelandic röng, Old Norwegian vrǫng).


wrang

wrang (nominative singular)
wrang (nominative plural)
wrang (accusative singular)
wrang (accusative plural)
wranges (genitive singular)
wranga (genitive plural)
wrange (dative singular)
wrangum (dative plural)
wrong (alternative)

Attested in later OE. Pons-Sanz and R. Dance argue that it's a native word inherited from Proto-West Germanic *wrang, from Proto-Germanic *wrangaz, and only the meaning was acquired from Old Norse rangr by Middle English.


wrecca

wreċċa (canonical masculine)
wreċċa (nominative singular)
wreċċan (nominative plural)
wreċċan (accusative singular)
wreċċan (accusative plural)
wreċċan (genitive singular)
wreċċena (genitive plural)
wreċċan (dative singular)
wreċċum (dative plural)
wræċċa (alternative)

Middle English: wrecche

English: wretch

Scots: wratch, wretch, werch, warch

From Proto-West Germanic *wrakkjō. Cognate with Old Saxon wrekkio, Old High German recko (German Recke (“warrior”)).


wyrhta

wyrhta (nominative singular)
wyrhtan (nominative plural)
wyrhtan (accusative singular)
wyrhtan (accusative plural)
wyrhtan (genitive singular)
wyrhtena (genitive plural)
wyrhtan (dative singular)
wyrhtum (dative plural)
werhta (alternative)
wryhta (alternative)
wyrcta (alternative)

desc

Middle English: wurhte, wruhte, wriȝte, wrighte

Scots: wricht, wrycht, wrecht

English: wright

From Proto-West Germanic *wurhtijō; By surface analysis, wyrht (“deed”) + -a (agentive suffix).


wearp

From Proto-Germanic *warpą, whence also Old High German warf and Old Norse varp.


webb

webb (nominative singular)
webbu (nominative plural)
webb (accusative singular)
webbu (accusative plural)
webbes (genitive singular)
webba (genitive plural)
webbe (dative singular)
webbum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: web, webb, webbe, webe, weob
English: web
Scots: wab, wob

From Proto-Germanic *wabją (whence also Old High German weppi, Old Norse vefr), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“weave”). The Indo-European root is also the source of wasp, due to the insect's woven nests.


yfel

yfel (nominative singular)
yfel (nominative plural)
yfel (accusative singular)
yfel (accusative plural)
yfeles (genitive singular)
yfela (genitive plural)
yfele (dative singular)
yfelum (dative plural)
efel (alternative)
eofel (alternative)

Middle English: yvel, uvel, evel

English: evil

Scots: evil, ewil

From Proto-West Germanic *ubil, from Proto-Germanic *ubilaz.

something bad or bad things collectively; harm, misfortune

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
...;sē ūs ġescylt wið eallum yfellum.
...;He shieldeth us against every evil.


fyren

fyren (nominative singular)
fyrena (nominative plural)
fyrene (nominative plural)
fyrene (accusative singular)
fyrena (accusative plural)
fyrene (accusative plural)
fyrene (genitive singular)
fyrena (genitive plural)
fyrene (dative singular)
fyrenum (dative plural)


hoh

hōh (canonical masculine)
hōh (nominative singular)
hōs (nominative plural)
hōh (accusative singular)
hōs (accusative plural)
hōs (genitive singular)
hōna (genitive plural)
hō (dative singular)
hōm (dative plural)
hōum (dative plural)
hō (alternative)
hōg (alternative)

Middle English: hough, ho, hoche, hogh, hoȝ, hokke, hoo, houȝ, houe, howe, howghe, howh
English: hough, hoff, hock
Scots: hoch, houch
⇒ Yola: houghany

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄h, from Proto-Germanic *hanhaz.


hoh

hōh (canonical masculine)
hōh (nominative singular)
hōs (nominative plural)
hōh (accusative singular)
hōs (accusative plural)
hōs (genitive singular)
hōna (genitive plural)
hō (dative singular)
hōm (dative plural)
hōum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hough, ho, hogh, hoghe, how
English: heugh; hoe, hogh, hough, how
Scots: heuch


ealdor

ealdor (nominative singular)
ealdras (nominative plural)
ealdor (accusative singular)
ealdras (accusative plural)
ealdres (genitive singular)
ealdra (genitive plural)
ealdre (dative singular)
ealdrum (dative plural)
aldor (alternative)
ealder (alternative)

Middle English: alder

⇒ Old English: ealdorman

Middle English: alderman, aldermon

English: alderman

From Proto-West Germanic *aldr, from Proto-Germanic *aldraz.

elder, parent, head of a family; senior man

ealdorapostol

ealdorbiscop

ealdordēma

ealdorbotl

ealdorstōl

author; source, origin, authority, derivation

Laws of Hlothhere and Eadric
Þis syndon þā dōmas ðe Hloþhære ⁊ Ēadrīc, Cantwara cyningas, asetton. Hloþhære ⁊ Ēadrīc, Cantwara cyningas, ēcton þā ǣ, þā ðe heora aldoras ǣr ġeworhten, ðyssum dōmum þe hȳr efter sæġeþ.

These are the laws that Hlothhere and Eadric, kings of Kent, laid down. Hlothhere and Eadric, kings of Kent, added these laws listed hereafter to the laws their ancestors created.


ealdor

ealdor (nominative singular)
ealdor (nominative plural)
ealdor (accusative singular)
ealdor (accusative plural)
ealdres (genitive singular)
ealdra (genitive plural)
ealdre (dative singular)
ealdrum (dative plural)
aldor (alternative)
ealder (alternative)

Middle English: ealdor, eldir

From Proto-Germanic *aldrą (“life, age”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to grow”). Cognate with Old Saxon aldar, Old High German altar, Old Norse aldr.

ealdorċearu

ealdorbana

ealdorlegu

ealdordagas

ealdorlang


ieldu

ieldu (nominative singular)
ielda (nominative plural)
ielde (nominative plural)
ielde (accusative singular)
ielda (accusative plural)
ielde (accusative plural)
ielde (genitive singular)
ielda (genitive plural)
ielde (dative singular)
ieldum (dative plural)
ældu (alternative Anglian)
eldo (alternative Anglian)
eld (alternative)
ield (alternative)
ieldo (alternative)
yldo (alternative)
yld (alternative)

Middle English: elde

English: eld

Scots: elde eild

From Proto-West Germanic *aldī, from Proto-Germanic *alþį̄. Equivalent to eald + -u.


ellærn

Alternative form of ellen (“elder tree”)


ierfe

ierfe (nominative singular)
ierfu (nominative plural)
ierfe (accusative singular)
ierfu (accusative plural)
ierfes (genitive singular)
ierfa (genitive plural)
ierfe (dative singular)
ierfum (dative plural)
yrfe (alternative)
irfe (alternative)
erfe (alternative)
ærfe (alternative)

Middle English: erve, erfe, erf, irve, yrfe (through the Anglian equivalent)
English: erf
Scots: arff, airf

From Proto-West Germanic *arbī, from Proto-Germanic *arbiją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ- (“to change ownership”). Cognate with Old High German erbi, Old Norse erfi. Related to Old English earm (“poor”).


ierfa

ierfa (nominative singular)
ierfan (nominative plural)
ierfan (accusative singular)
ierfan (accusative plural)
ierfan (genitive singular)
ierfena (genitive plural)
ierfan (dative singular)
ierfum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *arbijô, whence also Old High German arbeo, Old Norse arfi.


æsce

æsċe (canonical feminine)
æsċe (nominative singular)
ascan (nominative plural)
ascan (accusative singular)
ascan (accusative plural)
ascan (genitive singular)
ascena (genitive plural)
ascan (dative singular)
ascum (dative plural)
asċe (alternative)
axe (alternative)
acse (alternative)
ahse (alternative)
axse (alternative)
æxe (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: asshe, axe, aske, ash, assche, aysshe, asche, aisshe, asske, acxe, ass, esche, esk, eshe
English: ash
Scots: ess, asch, ais, as, askis
Yola: ashen, oaskean (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *askā, from Proto-Germanic *askǭ. Cognate with Old Frisian *eske, Old Saxon aska, Old High German asca, Old Norse aska, Gothic 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 (azgō).

Ġē syndon dust and acsan and ysela.

c. 730–740, Felix, Life of St. Guthlac, 5:


æsce

ǣsċe (canonical feminine)
ǣsċe (nominative singular)
ǣsċan (nominative plural)
ǣsċan (accusative singular)
ǣsċan (accusative plural)
ǣsċan (genitive singular)
ǣsċena (genitive plural)
ǣsċan (dative singular)
ǣsċum (dative plural)
ǣxe (alternative)

Middle English: axe

English: ask

examination, interrogation, inquisition; inquiry, question


leþer

leþer (nominative singular)
leþru (nominative plural)
leþer (accusative singular)
leþru (accusative plural)
leþres (genitive singular)
leþra (genitive plural)
leþre (dative singular)
leþrum (dative plural)

Middle English: lether, lethere, lethir, lethyr, leþer, leþyr, leþir, leddyr, ledder, leddur, leddir, ledyr, leder
English: leather
Tok Pisin: let
→ Esperanto: ledo
→ Ido: ledro
Scots: lether, ledder, leither
Yola: luther (verb)

From Proto-West Germanic *leþr (“leather”).


benc

benċ (canonical feminine)
benċ (nominative singular)
benċe (nominative plural)
benċa (nominative plural)
benċ (accusative singular)
benċe (accusative singular)
benċe (accusative plural)
benċa (accusative plural)
benċe (genitive singular)
benċa (genitive plural)
benċe (dative singular)
benċum (dative plural)
bænc (alternative)

desc

Middle English: benk, bench, bynk, benche, banch, binch, binche

English: bench (see there for further descendants)

Scots: bink, benk

→ Middle Irish: beinnse

Irish: binse

From Proto-West Germanic *banki, from Proto-Germanic *bankiz. Cognate with Old Saxon banc (Dutch bank), Old High German banch (German Bank), Old Norse *benkr (Swedish bänk).


blæst

blǣst (canonical masculine)
blǣst (nominative singular)
blǣstas (nominative plural)
blǣst (accusative singular)
blǣstas (accusative plural)
blǣstes (genitive singular)
blǣsta (genitive plural)
blǣste (dative singular)
blǣstum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: blast, blaste, blæst, blest
English: blast
→ Irish: bleaist
Scots: blast

From Proto-West Germanic *blāstu, from Proto-Germanic *blēstuz (“blowing, burst of wind”), from Proto-Germanic *blēsaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to swell, blow up”).
Cognate with Old High German blāst, Old Norse blástr, Old High German blāsan (“to blow”) (German blasen (“to blow”)), Old English blāwan (“to blow”). More at blow.


streawberige

strēawberiġe (canonical feminine)
strēawberiġe (nominative singular)
strēawberiġan (nominative plural)
strēawberiġan (accusative singular)
strēawberiġan (accusative plural)
strēawberiġan (genitive singular)
strēawberiġena (genitive plural)
strēawberiġan (dative singular)
strēawberiġum (dative plural)


berige

beriġe (canonical feminine)
beriġe (nominative singular)
beriġan (nominative plural)
beriġan (accusative singular)
beriġan (accusative plural)
beriġan (genitive singular)
beriġena (genitive plural)
beriġan (dative singular)
beriġum (dative plural)


ælmesse

ælmesse (nominative singular)
ælmessan (nominative plural)
ælmessan (accusative singular)
ælmessan (accusative plural)
ælmessan (genitive singular)
ælmessena (genitive plural)
ælmessan (dative singular)
ælmessum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: almesse, allemesse, allmess, alme, almisse, almose, almouse, almus, amesse, elmes, elmesse
English: alms
Gullah: aa'ms
Scots: aumous
Yola: alomes

From Proto-West Germanic *alemōsinā, a borrowing from Vulgar Latin *alemosyna.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...ðā beseah hē tō Petre sumere ælmessan wilniġende...

Then looked he towards Peter, desiring an alms,...

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...þā læġ þǣr sum creopere lama fram cildhāde sē wæs dæġhwāmlīce ġeboren tō þām beorhtan ġete þæt hē ælmessan underfencge æt þām infarendum...

Then lay there a cripple, lame from childhood, who was daily carried to the 'Beautiful' Gate, that he might receive alms from those entering.


osle

ōsle (canonical feminine)
ōsle (nominative singular)
ōslan (nominative plural)
ōslan (accusative singular)
ōslan (accusative plural)
ōslan (genitive singular)
ōslena (genitive plural)
ōslan (dative singular)
ōslum (dative plural)
ōslae (alternative)

Middle English: osel, osele, osul, osulle, osyll
English: oozel, ousel, ouzel (dialectal)
Scots: osil

Sēo wīflīċe ōsle ġetimbreþ nest þrēowa on ġēare.

The female blackbird builds a nest three times a year.


beofor

beofor (nominative singular)
beoforas (nominative plural)
beofor (accusative singular)
beoforas (accusative plural)
beofores (genitive singular)
beofora (genitive plural)
beofore (dative singular)
beoforum (dative plural)


acweorna

ācweorna (canonical masculine)
ācweorna (nominative singular)
ācweornan (nominative plural)
ācweornan (accusative singular)
ācweornan (accusative plural)
ācweornan (genitive singular)
ācweornena (genitive plural)
ācweornan (dative singular)
ācweornum (dative plural)
āqueorna (alternative)
āquorna (alternative)
ācurna (alternative)
ācuaerna (alternative)

desc

Middle English: acquerne, aquerne, ocquerne, okerne, aquierne

gl

compare Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">íkorni</i>

>? English: con, conn (“squirrel”) (dialectal) (compare Old Norse íkorni)

>? Scots: con (“squirrel”) (compare Old Norse íkorni)

From Proto-West Germanic *aikwernō, from Proto-Germanic *aikwernô.


ambiht

ambiht (nominative singular)
ambihtas (nominative plural)
ambiht (accusative singular)
ambihtas (accusative plural)
ambihtes (genitive singular)
ambihta (genitive plural)
ambihte (dative singular)
ambihtum (dative plural)
ambeht (alternative)
ambeaht (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *ambahtaz, whence also Old High German ambaht, Old Norse ambátt, Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (andbahts). Compare Latin ambactus.


ambiht

ambiht (nominative singular)
ambiht (nominative plural)
ambiht (accusative singular)
ambiht (accusative plural)
ambihtes (genitive singular)
ambihta (genitive plural)
ambihte (dative singular)
ambihtum (dative plural)


feald

feald (nominative singular)
fealda (nominative plural)
fealde (nominative plural)
fealde (accusative singular)
fealda (accusative plural)
fealde (accusative plural)
fealde (genitive singular)
fealda (genitive plural)
fealde (dative singular)
fealdum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *falþō, related to *fallaną (“to fall”), whence also Old High German falt, Old Norse fald (“case”).