cild

ċild (canonical neuter)
ċild (nominative singular)
ċildru (nominative plural)
ċild (accusative singular)
ċildru (accusative plural)
ċildes (genitive singular)
ċildra (genitive plural)
ċilde (dative singular)
ċildrum (dative plural)
ċild (nominative singular)
ċild (nominative plural)
ċild (accusative singular)
ċild (accusative plural)
ċildes (genitive singular)
ċilda (genitive plural)
ċilde (dative singular)
ċildum (dative plural)

Middle English: child

English: child

Scots: child

From Proto-West Germanic *kilþ, *kelþ, from Proto-Germanic *kelþaz (“womb; fetus”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Basilius, Bishop"
He be-het þæt he wolde and se halga ge-bæd for þæt seoce cyld and him wæs sona bet.

He promised that he would, and the saint prayed for the sick child, and he was instantly better.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Þā ċildru rīdaþ on heora stafum and maniġfealde plegan plegaþ þǣr hīe hyriaþ ealdum mannum.

The children ride their sticks and play all kinds of games where they imitate adults.

c. 992, Ælfric, “The Deposition of St. Cuthbert, Bishop”
Sē ēadega Cūðbeorht, þā þā hē wæs eahtawintre ċild, rann swā swā him his nytenlīċe ield tyhte plegende mid his efnealdum.

The blessed Cuthbert, when he was an eight-year-old child, was running around like his innocent age urged him to do and playing with his peers.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 2:12

You will find a baby wrapped in swaddling clothes and lying in a manger.

Ġē ġemētaþ ān ċild hræġlum bewunden and on binne āleġd.


dohtor

dohtor (nominative singular)
dohtor (nominative plural)
dohtra (nominative plural)
dohtru (nominative plural)
dohtor (accusative singular)
dohtor (accusative plural)
dohtra (accusative plural)
dohtru (accusative plural)
dohtor (genitive singular)
dohtra (genitive plural)
dehter (dative singular)
dohtrum (dative plural)
dohtur (alternative Mercian)
dohter (alternative)
dochtor (alternative)
dæhter (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: doughter
English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda
Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter
Yola: doughtere, daughtere

From Proto-West Germanic *dohter. Cognate with German Tochter and Dutch dochter.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
⁊ þǣre ilcan nihte wes Ēadwine[s] dohtor ācenned.

And on that same night Edwin's daughter was born.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCCLV Hēr hǣþene men ǣrest on Sċeapiġġe ofer winter sǣtan...⁊ þȳ ilcan ġēare [Aþelwulf cing] ferde to Rōme mid myċelre weorðnesse ⁊ þǣr wæs XII mōnoð wuniġende, ⁊ him þā hāmweard fōr ⁊ him þā Carl Francna cing his dohtor ġēaf him tō cwēne, ⁊ æfter þām tō his lēodum cōm...

Year 855 In this year the heathens stayed on Sheppey over the winter for the first time...And in the same year [King Athelwulf] went to Rome with much honor, and stayed there for twelve months. And them he went home and King Carl [the Bald] of the Franks gave him his daughter as a queen, and after that Athelwulf returned to his people.


sunu

suna (nominative plural)
sunu (nominative singular)
suna (nominative plural)
sunu (accusative singular)
suna (accusative plural)
suna (genitive singular)
suna (genitive plural)
suna (dative singular)
sunum (dative plural)

Middle English: sone, sune

English: son

Scots: son

From Proto-West Germanic *sunu, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian sunu, Old Saxon sunu, Dutch zoon, Old High German sunu (German Sohn), Old Norse sonr (Swedish son), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 (sunus). The Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit सूनु (sūnu), Lithuanian sūnus, Proto-Slavic *synъ (Old Church Slavonic сꙑнъ (synŭ), Russian сын (syn)); and more distantly of Ancient Greek υἱύς (huiús), Old Irish suth (“birth, fruit”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint George, Martyr"
Nāst þū lā Geori þæt ūre godas swincað mid þē and ġit hī synd ġeþyldiġe þæt hī þe miltsion. Nū lǣre ic ðē swā swā lēofne sunu þæt ðū þæra cristenra lāre forlǣte mid ealle and tō mīnum rǣde hraðe ġebūge swā þæt ðū offriġe þām ārwurðan Appoline and þū mycelne wurðmynt miht swā beġitan.

Knowest thou not, O George, that our gods are striving with thee, and even yet they are patient, that they may pity thee; now I exhort thee, as a beloved son, that thou altogether quit the Christians' doctrine, and quickly incline to my counsel, so that thou sacrifice to the venerable Apollo, and thou mayest so obtain great honour.


sunsunu

sunsuna (nominative plural)
sunsunu (nominative singular)
sunsuna (nominative plural)
sunsunu (accusative singular)
sunsuna (accusative plural)
sunsuna (genitive singular)
sunsuna (genitive plural)
sunsuna (dative singular)
sunsunum (dative plural)

Reduplication of sunu. For similar formations, compare Swedish sonson, dotterdotter, barnbarn.

grandson (lit., "son's son", specifically the son of one's son)


gebed

ġebed (canonical neuter)
ġebedu (nominative plural)
ġebed (nominative singular)
ġebedu (nominative plural)
ġebed (accusative singular)
ġebedu (accusative plural)
ġebedes (genitive singular)
ġebeda (genitive plural)
ġebede (dative singular)
ġebedum (dative plural)
ġebæd (alternative)
ġebedd (alternative)

partially from Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">bedu</i>

Middle English: bede, bed, beed, beode, bode, boede, ȝebed, ibæd, ibed (Early Middle English) (partially from Old English bedu)
English: bead (bede)
Scots: bead, bede, beid

Hīe tō ġebede fēollon. ― They fell to prayer. (Cædmon’s Metrical Paraphrase)


beor

bēor (canonical neuter)
bēor (nominative singular)
bēoras (nominative plural)
bēor (accusative singular)
bēoras (accusative plural)
bēores (genitive singular)
bēora (genitive plural)
bēore (dative singular)
bēorum (dative plural)

Middle English: bere, beere

English: beer (see there for further descendants)

Scots: bere, beir, beer

From Proto-West Germanic *beuʀ, from Proto-Germanic *beuzą (“beer”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰews- (“dross, sediment, brewer's yeast”).

der

Gebeotedon beore druncne oret-mecgas, ðæt hie in beor-sele bidan woldon Grendles guðe

The sons of conflict, drunk on beer, promised that they would wait in the beer-hall for Grendel’s attack.


ealu

ealu (nominative singular)
ealoþ (nominative plural)
ealu (accusative singular)
ealoþ (accusative plural)
ealoþ (genitive singular)
ealoþa (genitive plural)
ealoþ (dative singular)
ealoþum (dative plural)
alu (alternative)
ealo (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: ale, ail
English: ale
Geordie English: yel
Scots: yill, ale, aill, ayll
⇒ Yola: aalhouse

From Proto-West Germanic *alu, from Proto-Germanic *alu, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut-.

Judges


eam

ēam (canonical masculine)
ēamas (nominative plural)
ēam (nominative singular)
ēamas (nominative plural)
ēam (accusative singular)
ēamas (accusative plural)
ēames (genitive singular)
ēama (genitive plural)
ēame (dative singular)
ēamum (dative plural)

Middle English: em, eam, eem, eeme, eme, heme, nem, æem, æm, eom, heam, yem (Early Middle English), eame, eyme (Late Middle English)
English: eam, eme (dialectal)
Scots: eme

Contracted from earlier *ēahām, from Proto-West Germanic *auhaim (“maternal uncle”).
See also Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐍉 (awō, “grandmother”); Latin avus (“grandfather”), avunculus (“uncle”), dialectal Russian уй (uj, “maternal uncle”), Ukrainian вуй (vuj, “uncle”), all from Proto-Indo-European *awos, *h₂éwh₂os (“maternal uncle, maternal grandfather”). The word is cognate with Old Frisian ēm, Middle Dutch oom (Dutch oom), Old High German oheim (German Oheim, Ohm).


bochus

bōchūs (canonical neuter)
bōchūs (nominative singular)
bōchūs (nominative plural)
bōchūs (accusative singular)
bōchūs (accusative plural)
bōchūses (genitive singular)
bōchūsa (genitive plural)
bōchūse (dative singular)
bōchūsum (dative plural)

Middle English: bochous

English: bookhouse


cæg

cǣġ (canonical feminine)
cǣġ (nominative singular)
cǣġa (nominative plural)
cǣġe (nominative plural)
cǣġe (accusative singular)
cǣġa (accusative plural)
cǣġe (accusative plural)
cǣġe (genitive singular)
cǣġa (genitive plural)
cǣġe (dative singular)
cǣġum (dative plural)
cǣġe (alternative)

Middle English: keye, kaye, keiȝe

English: key

Scots: key, kay

[…] Saturn had […] the keys of some books […]

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn […] Saturnus sumra hæfde […] bōca cǣġa […]


grama

graman (nominative plural)
grama (nominative singular)
graman (nominative plural)
graman (accusative singular)
graman (accusative plural)
graman (genitive singular)
gramena (genitive plural)
graman (dative singular)
gramum (dative plural)
groma (alternative)

Middle English: grame, grome

English: grame

From Proto-Germanic *gramô. Cognate with Old Saxon gramo, Old Saxon gremi, Old High German gramo, Old Norse gremi. Akin also to Old English gram (“angry, cruel, fierce”), grimm, grim (“fierce, savage”).

cog

anger, rage, wrath, indignation, fury; trouble

demonic spirit, devil, fiend, demon; imp, puck


reste

inflection of rest:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of rest:
genitive/dative singular


hunig

desctree

Middle English: hony
English: honey (see there for further descendants)
Scots: honey, hony, huny, hinny
Yola: henee, honi

From Proto-West Germanic *hunag, from Proto-Germanic *hunagą. Cognate with Old Frisian hunig, Old Saxon honeg, and Old High German honag; also Old Norse hunang, from the alternative form *hunangą.


gild

ġild (canonical neuter)
ġild (nominative singular)
ġild (nominative plural)
ġild (accusative singular)
ġild (accusative plural)
ġildes (genitive singular)
ġilda (genitive plural)
ġilde (dative singular)
ġildum (dative plural)


carles wæn

Middle English: Charlewayn

English: Charles' Wain

From carles (“peasant's”) + wǣn (“wagon”).

Carles wæn ne gæþ næfre adune under ðyssere eorþan, swa swa oðre tunglan doþ

Carl’s Wain never goes under the earth as other constellations do

the Big Dipper; the Great Bear, Ursa Major


wægn

wæġn (canonical masculine)
wæġn (nominative singular)
wæġnas (nominative plural)
wæġn (accusative singular)
wæġnas (accusative plural)
wæġnes (genitive singular)
wæġna (genitive plural)
wæġne (dative singular)
wæġnum (dative plural)
wæġen (alternative)
wǣn (alternative)

Middle English: wayn, wain, wein, weyne, weine, wayne, wayen, wene, wen, waȝȝn, waynne, wane
English: wain
Scots: wain, wayn, wane

From Proto-Germanic *wagnaz. Cognate with Old Frisian wein, Old Saxon wagan, Old High German wagan, and Old Norse vagn. The Indo-European root is also the source of way and weigh.


siþ

sīþ (canonical masculine)
sīþ (nominative singular)
sīþas (nominative plural)
sīþ (accusative singular)
sīþas (accusative plural)
sīþes (genitive singular)
sīþa (genitive plural)
sīþe (dative singular)
sīþum (dative plural)
sið (alternative)

Middle English: sith

English: sith

From Proto-West Germanic *sinþ, Proto-Germanic *sinþaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to head for, go”). Cognate with Old Frisian sīth, Old Saxon sīð, Old High German sind, Old Norse sinn, Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (sinþs).

der

Þȳs sīðe iċ seċġe him þæt iċ hine lufiġe.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þā hīe sume sīðe druncene æt heora symble sǣton, þā ongunnon hīe trahtian hwæðer mā mǣrlīcra dǣda ġefremed hæfde, þē Philippus þē Alexander.

One time, when they were sitting around drunk at a banquet, they began to debate who had achieved more great feats, Philip or Alexander.

Earge sweltaþ manigum sīðum ǣr heora dēaðum.

Cowards die many times before their deaths.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Joshua 6:15

On the seventh day, they circled the city seven times.

On þām seofoþan dæġe hīe fērdon seofon sīðum ymb þā burg.

Hēr wæs Willelm cyning tō midwintra on Normandiġ, and tō Ēastron hider tō lande cōm, and tō Pentecosten forman sīðe his hīred innan his nīewum ġebytlum æt Westmynstre hēold.
This year, King William spent Christmas in Normandy • came to England on Easter • at Pentecost, held court at his new palace in Westminster for the first time.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript E, year 1099

Blickling Homilies, "The Third Sunday in Lent"
Eallum cristenum mannum is beboden þæt hīe ealne heora līchaman seofon sīðum ġebletsian mid Cristes rōde tācne: ǣrest on ǣrne morgen, ōðre sīðe on underntīd, þriddan sīðe on midne dæġ, fēorðan sīðe on nōntīd, fīftan sīðe on ǣfen, sixtan sīðe on niht ǣr hē reste, seofoþan sīðe on ūhtan.

All Christians are commanded to bless their entire body seven times with the sign of the cross: first early in the morning, the second time at nine o'clock, the third time at noon, the fourth time at three, the fifth time in the evening, the sixth time at night before bed, the seventh time before dawn.

Six sīðum fēowertīene bēoþ fēower and hundeahtatiġ.

Ǣne seofon bēoþ seofon, tweowa seofon bēoþ fēowertīene, þreowa seofon bēoþ ān and twēntiġ, fēower sīðum seofon bēoþ eahta and twēntiġ.

One times seven is seven, two times seven is fourteen, three times seven is twenty-one, four times seven is twenty-eight.

times (indicating the multiplication of two numbers or a ratio of comparison)

[…]nis þæt ēower sīþ / ne ġemet mannes / nefne mīn anes.[…]

[…] That is not your journey / nor in the power of men / save for me, alone. […]


riþ

Middle English: rīth

Middle English: rith

From Proto-West Germanic *rīþ, from Proto-Germanic *rīþiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃riHtís. Cognate with Old Frisian ryd, Middle Low German rid.


rimcræft

rīmcræft (canonical masculine)
rīmcræft (nominative singular)
rīmcræftas (nominative plural)
rīmcræft (accusative singular)
rīmcræftas (accusative plural)
rīmcræftes (genitive singular)
rīmcræfta (genitive plural)
rīmcræfte (dative singular)
rīmcræftum (dative plural)


cræft

cræft (nominative singular)
cræftas (nominative plural)
cræft (accusative singular)
cræftas (accusative plural)
cræftes (genitive singular)
cræfta (genitive plural)
cræfte (dative singular)
cræftum (dative plural)

Middle English: craft, creft

English: craft

Scots: craft

From Proto-West Germanic *kraftu, from Proto-Germanic *kraftuz.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Ġȳt ġyf ðē þurh ōðerne creft hwilcne findan þā ðe þē findan, forġyf mē þone creft.

If by any other power they find Thee who do find Thee, give me that power.


gifu

ġifu (canonical feminine)
ġifu (nominative singular)
ġifa (nominative plural)
ġife (nominative plural)
ġife (accusative singular)
ġifa (accusative plural)
ġife (accusative plural)
ġife (genitive singular)
ġifa (genitive plural)
ġifena (genitive plural)
ġife (dative singular)
ġifum (dative plural)


riht

desctree

Middle English: right, reȝt, riȝte, riȝt, ryȝt, ryght, righte, riht
English: right
→ Spanish: right
→ Welsh: reit
Geordie English: reet
Scots: richt
Yola: reights (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *reht (“right, straight”).
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian riucht, Old Saxon reht, Old High German reht, Old Norse réttr, Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (raihts). Non-Germanic cognates include Latin rēctus, Ancient Greek ὀρεκτός (orektós), Old Irish recht.

inh

reht (alternative Mercian)
reht (alternative)
reoht (alternative)
reiht (alternative)
ryht (alternative)


regnboga

reġnboga (canonical masculine)
reġnboga (nominative singular)
reġnbogan (nominative plural)
reġnbogan (accusative singular)
reġnbogan (accusative plural)
reġnbogan (genitive singular)
reġnbogena (genitive plural)
reġnbogan (dative singular)
reġnbogum (dative plural)
rēnboga (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: reynbowe, raynbowe, raynebowe, rayne-bowe, reinbow, reinbowe, rein-bowe, reynebawe, reynebow, reynebowe, rainbou, rainbow, rayn-boghe (Northern)
English: rainbow
Scots: rainbow

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *regnabogō, from Proto-Germanic *regnabugô. Cognate with Old Frisian reinboga, Old Saxon *reganbogo, Old Dutch *reganbogo, Old High German reginbogo, and Old Norse regnbogi. Equivalent to reġn (“rain”) + boga (“bow”).


gutt

gutt (nominative singular)
guttas (nominative plural)
gutt (accusative singular)
guttas (accusative plural)
guttes (genitive singular)
gutta (genitive plural)
gutte (dative singular)
guttum (dative plural)

Middle English: gut, gutt, gott

English: gut

Scots: gut

From Proto-West Germanic *gutt, a byform of Proto-West Germanic *gutō, from Proto-Germanic *gutô (“channel, trough, gutter”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”).


scop

sċop (canonical masculine)
sċop (nominative singular)
sċopas (nominative plural)
sċop (accusative singular)
sċopas (accusative plural)
sċopes (genitive singular)
sċopa (genitive plural)
sċope (dative singular)
sċopum (dative plural)
sċeop (alternative)

→ English: scop (learned)

From Proto-West Germanic *skop, from Proto-Germanic *skupą. Cognate with Old High German skopf (“poet”), Old Norse skop (“mocking”).

ealusċop

one who performs poetry where there is drinking


eoten

eoten (nominative singular)
eotenas (nominative plural)
eoten (accusative singular)
eotenas (accusative plural)
eotenes (genitive singular)
eotena (genitive plural)
eotene (dative singular)
eotenum (dative plural)
eten (alternative)

desc

Middle English: eten, eotend, eatant, yoten, geten

English: etten, ettin, eaton

Scots: etin, etyn, eattin, yetin

From Proto-West Germanic *etun, cognate with Old Norse jǫtunn (Swedish jätte, Danish jætte). Related to eat, see Proto-Germanic *etunaz.


hengest

henġest (canonical masculine)
henġest (nominative singular)
henġestas (nominative plural)
henġest (accusative singular)
henġestas (accusative plural)
henġestes (genitive singular)
henġesta (genitive plural)
henġeste (dative singular)
henġestum (dative plural)
hengst (alternative)

⇒ Middle English: henxman, henxtman, henshman

English: henchman

→ Scots: hanchman

Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *hangist, from Proto-Germanic *hangistaz.

Ān hundred wildra horsa and sixtīene tame henġestas

a hundred wild horses and sixteen tame stallions. (Diplomatarium Anglicum)


aþ

āþ (canonical masculine)
āþ (nominative singular)
āþas (nominative plural)
āþ (accusative singular)
āþas (accusative plural)
āþes (genitive singular)
āþa (genitive plural)
āþe (dative singular)
āþum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: oth, ooth, ath
English: oath
Scots: aith
Yola: oathès (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *aiþ, from Proto-Germanic *aiþaz (“oath”).

he aþ swereþ þurh his selfes lif

c. 7th century, Cædmon, Caedmon's metrical paraphrase of parts of the Holy Scriptures:


eofor

eofor (nominative singular)
eoforas (nominative plural)
eofor (accusative singular)
eoforas (accusative plural)
eofores (genitive singular)
eofora (genitive plural)
eofore (dative singular)
eoforum (dative plural)
eafor (alternative)
efor (alternative)

Middle English: ēver

From Proto-West Germanic *ebur.
Cognate with Old Saxon ebur, Dutch ever, Old High German ebur (German Eber), Old Norse jǫfurr, also Latin aper.


cruc

Middle English: crouche, cruche

English: crouch

Borrowed from Latin crux. Cognate with Old High German krūzi (German Kreuz), Old Saxon krūci (Dutch kruis, Low German Krüüz), Old Irish cros (Welsh croes, Irish crois, Old Norse kross English cross), Old French croiz (French croix), Spanish cruz and many others.


hos

hōs (canonical feminine)
hōs (nominative singular)
hōsa (nominative plural)
hōse (nominative plural)
hōse (accusative singular)
hōsa (accusative plural)
hōse (accusative plural)
hōse (genitive singular)
hōsa (genitive plural)
hōse (dative singular)
hōsum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *hansu. Cognate with Old High German hansa.


hos

hos (nominative singular)
hossas (nominative plural)
hos (accusative singular)
hossas (accusative plural)
hosses (genitive singular)
hossa (genitive plural)
hosse (dative singular)
hossum (dative plural)
hōs (nominative singular)
hōsa (nominative plural)
hōs (accusative singular)
hōsa (accusative plural)
hōsa (genitive singular)
hōsa (genitive plural)
hōsa (dative singular)
hōsum (dative plural)
hoss (alternative)
hōs (alternative)


tollere

tollere (nominative singular)
tolleras (nominative plural)
tollere (accusative singular)
tolleras (accusative plural)
tolleres (genitive singular)
tollera (genitive plural)
tollere (dative singular)
tollerum (dative plural)

Middle English: toller, tollere, tollare, tollir, tolre, toler
English: toller


ost

ōst (canonical masculine)
ōst (nominative singular)
ōstas (nominative plural)
ōst (accusative singular)
ōstas (accusative plural)
ōstes (genitive singular)
ōsta (genitive plural)
ōste (dative singular)
ōstum (dative plural)


hyþ

hȳþ (canonical feminine)
hȳþa (nominative plural)
hȳþe (nominative plural)

Middle English: hythe
English: hythe, hithe
Scots: hyth, hythe

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *hunþjō- (“landing place”), which could have originally meant "place for transfer, transshipment," related to *hunþu (“plunder”) and the strong verb *hinþaną (“to reach for”).
Cognate with Old Saxon hūþ, Old High German -hude (in place-names).

der

Guthlac of Crowland (674–715)


ræd

rǣd (canonical masculine)
rǣd (nominative singular)
rǣdas (nominative plural)
rǣd (accusative singular)
rǣdas (accusative plural)
rǣdes (genitive singular)
rǣda (genitive plural)
rǣde (dative singular)
rǣdum (dative plural)
rēd (alternative Anglian)

desctree

Middle English: red, ræd, rede, reed
English: rede
Scots: rede

From Proto-West Germanic *rād, from Proto-Germanic *rēdaz.
Cognate with Old Frisian rēd, Old Saxon rād, Old High German rāt, Old Norse ráð (Proto-Norse *ᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ (*radaʀ /*rādaz/)).

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Nāt ic þē nānne betran rēd þonne þū ǣr cwēde. Ac lǣt bēon þone wōp and þā unrōtnesse, and bēo ġemetlīce blīðe. Þū wēre ǣr tō unġemetlīce unrōt, forðām sēo unrōtnes derað ǣġðer ġe mōd ġe līchaman.

I know no better advice for thee than thou formerly saidst. But leave off woe and sorrow, and be measurably happy. Thou wert formerly too immoderately sorrowful, for sorrow injureth both mind and body.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint George, Martyr"
Nāst þū lā Geori þæt ūre godas swincað mid þē and ġit hī synd ġeþyldiġe þæt hī þe miltsion. Nū lǣre ic ðē swā swā lēofne sunu þæt ðū þæra cristenra lāre forlǣte mid ealle and tō mīnum rǣde hraðe ġebūge swā þæt ðū offriġe þām ārwurðan Appoline and þū mycelne wurðmynt miht swā beġitan.

Leech Book, Leech Book, Volume II, xxxiii.
Rǣd bið ġif hē nimð mealan mid hire cīþum, sēoþe on wætere, sele drincan.

It is advisable if he taketh mallow with its sprouts; let him seethe them in water, give this to be drunk


gedwimor

ġedwimor (canonical neuter)
ġedwimor (nominative plural)
ġedwimor (nominative singular)
ġedwimor (nominative plural)
ġedwimor (accusative singular)
ġedwimor (accusative plural)
ġedwimores (genitive singular)
ġedwimora (genitive plural)
ġedwimore (dative singular)
ġedwimorum (dative plural)
ġedwimer (alternative)

Middle English: dwimor, dweomer

English: dwimmer

ġe- + dwimor (“magic, illusion”) (unrecorded except in compounds); see dwimor.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of the Innocents"
Hine ġedrehte singal slǣplēast, swā þæt hē þurhwacole niht būton slǣpe adrēah; and ġif hē hwōn hnappode, ðǣrrihte hine drehton nihtlīce ġedwimor, swā þæt him ðæs slǣpes ofþūhte.

Constant sleeplessness afflicted him, so that he passed the whole night without sleep; and if he dozed a little, nightly phantoms immediately tormented him, so that he repented of his sleep.


sæl

salu (nominative plural)
sæl (nominative singular)
salu (nominative plural)
sæl (accusative singular)
salu (accusative plural)
sæles (genitive singular)
sala (genitive plural)
sæle (dative singular)
salum (dative plural)
sel (alternative)

Middle English: sal, sale, sall

From Proto-West Germanic *sal, from Proto-Germanic *salą. Cognate with Old High German sal, German Saal (“hall, large room”), French salle (“room”), Old Saxon sal, Dutch zaal. Compare sele, from a Germanic variant stem.

Wuna salu sinchroden.


sæl

sǣl (canonical feminine masculine)
sǣl (nominative singular)
sǣlas (nominative plural)
sǣl (accusative singular)
sǣlas (accusative plural)
sǣles (genitive singular)
sǣla (genitive plural)
sǣle (dative singular)
sǣlum (dative plural)
sǣl (nominative singular)
sǣle (nominative plural)
sǣla (nominative plural)
sǣl (accusative singular)
sǣle (accusative singular)
sǣle (accusative plural)
sǣla (accusative plural)
sǣle (genitive singular)
sǣla (genitive plural)
sǣle (dative singular)
sǣlum (dative plural)

Middle English: sele, cele, seel, sel

English: sele, seel

Scots: seil

From Proto-West Germanic *sāli, from Proto-Germanic *sēliz.

sǣlan

to take place, happen; to tie, bind, fetter, fasten: curb, restrain, confine

Ðās wyrte man mæg niman on ǣlcne sǣl.

(proper) occasion, time; season, opportunity, condition, position


dene

dene (nominative singular)
dene (nominative plural)
dena (nominative plural)
dene (accusative singular)
dene (accusative plural)
dena (accusative plural)
dene (genitive singular)
dena (genitive plural)
dene (dative singular)
denum (dative plural)
denu (alternative)

English: dene

From Proto-Germanic *danją, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰen- (“low ground”).

der

c. 992, Ælfric, "Another Vision"
Þā becōmon wit tō ānre dene sēo wæs ormǣtlīċe dēop and wīd.

Then we reached a valley that was enormously deep and wide.


medu

medu (nominative singular)
meda (nominative plural)
medu (accusative singular)
meda (accusative plural)
meda (genitive singular)
meda (genitive plural)
meda (dative singular)
medum (dative plural)
medo (alternative)
meodo (alternative)
meodu (alternative)

q

influenced by Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">mjǫðr</i>

Middle English: mede, methe (influenced by Old Norse mjǫðr)

English: mead

Scots: mede, meid

From Proto-West Germanic *medu, from Proto-Germanic *meduz, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu (“sweet drink”).

der

Hwilum æfter medo menn mæst geþyrsteð

sometimes men are thirstiest after mead. (Durham Proverbs)

mægæ medu ― mead for the kinsman (Undley bracteate)


snaca

snaca (nominative singular)
snacan (nominative plural)
snacan (accusative singular)
snacan (accusative plural)
snacan (genitive singular)
snacena (genitive plural)
snacan (dative singular)
snacum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: snake, snak, snaca (Early Middle English)
English: snake (see there for further descendants)
Scots: snake

From Proto-West Germanic *snakō (“snake”).

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 10, verse 19

And now I gave you power to tread over adders and snakes and over each fiends' force. And no thing harms you.

And nū ic sealde ēow ānweald tō tredenne ofer nǣddran. And snacan and ofer ǣlc fēondes mæġen. And nān þing ēow ne derað...


wulf

wulf (nominative singular)
wulfas (nominative plural)
wulf (accusative singular)
wulfas (accusative plural)
wulfes (genitive singular)
wulfa (genitive plural)
wulfe (dative singular)
wulfum (dative plural)

Middle English: wolf, wolfe, woulf, wulf
English: wolf, wolve (rare)
→ Ido: volfo (also from German)
Middle Scots: wolf, woulf
Scots: wouf, oof, ouf, woof

From Proto-West Germanic *wulf, from Proto-Germanic *wulfaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ ēac þætte þrīe wulfas on ānre niht brōhton ānes dēades monnes līchoman binnan þā burg, ⁊ hiene þær siþþan tōbrugdon, oþ þā men onwōcan, ⁊ ūt urnon, ⁊ hīe siþþan aweġ flugon.

And on one night, three wolves brought the body of a dead man into the city, and then tore it to pieces, until the people awoke and ran out, and they ran away.

Wulf āna mæġ wulf ġefōn.

Sē wulf ġestrangaþ þone heorot.


ceo

ċēo (canonical feminine)
ċīo (alternative)
ċēa (alternative)

desc

Middle English: ka, co, cheo, choȝe, choughe, chowe, chow

Scots: ka, kae, kea, keaw

English: coe, chough

From Proto-West Germanic *kahwu, probably ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative

a chough, a bird of the genus Corvus; a jay; crow; jackdaw


hof

hofu (nominative plural)
hof (nominative singular)
hofu (nominative plural)
hof (accusative singular)
hofu (accusative plural)
hofes (genitive singular)
hofa (genitive plural)
hofe (dative singular)
hofum (dative plural)

Middle English: *hof, *hove

Scots: hoff, howf, hoif, hoiff

desc

⇒ Middle English: hovel, hovil, hovylle (diminutive)

English: hovel

From Proto-West Germanic *hof, from Proto-Germanic *hufą.


hof

hōf (canonical masculine)
hōf (nominative singular)
hōfas (nominative plural)
hōf (accusative singular)
hōfas (accusative plural)
hōfes (genitive singular)
hōfa (genitive plural)
hōfe (dative singular)
hōfum (dative plural)

English: hoof


wolcen

wolcen (nominative singular)
wolcnu (nominative plural)
wolcen (accusative singular)
wolcnu (accusative plural)
wolcnes (genitive singular)
wolcna (genitive plural)
wolcne (dative singular)
wolcnum (dative plural)


wolcen

wolcen (nominative singular)
wolcen (nominative plural)
wolcen (accusative singular)
wolcen (accusative plural)
wolcnes (genitive singular)
wolcna (genitive plural)
wolcne (dative singular)
wolcnum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *wulk-, from *walkaną (“to twist, roll”).


forca

forca (nominative singular)
forcan (nominative plural)
forcan (accusative singular)
forcan (accusative plural)
forcan (genitive singular)
forcena (genitive plural)
forcan (dative singular)
forcum (dative plural)

Middle English: forke

English: fork


duru

duru (nominative singular)
dura (nominative plural)
duru (accusative singular)
dura (accusative plural)
dura (genitive singular)
dura (genitive plural)
dura (dative singular)
durum (dative plural)
doru (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: dore, doire, dure, dur, dirre
English: door
Sranan Tongo: doro
Scots: dure, dur
Yola: dher

From Proto-West Germanic *dur, from Proto-Germanic *durz.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
...ac untīn mē þīne dura...

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Þū ūs clypast tō ūrunm weġe, and ūs ġelēdest tō þǣre dura and ūs ðā untȳnst,...

Thou callest us back to our way, and leadest us to the door, and openest to us,...


lyft

lyft (nominative singular)
lyfte (nominative plural)
lyfta (nominative plural)
lyft (accusative singular)
lyfte (accusative singular)
lyfte (accusative plural)
lyfta (accusative plural)
lyfte (genitive singular)
lyfta (genitive plural)
lyfte (dative singular)
lyftum (dative plural)
lyft (nominative singular)
lyftas (nominative plural)
lyft (accusative singular)
lyftas (accusative plural)
lyftes (genitive singular)
lyfta (genitive plural)
lyfte (dative singular)
lyftum (dative plural)
lyft (nominative singular)
lyft (nominative plural)
lyft (accusative singular)
lyft (accusative plural)
lyftes (genitive singular)
lyfta (genitive plural)
lyfte (dative singular)
lyftum (dative plural)

Middle English: luft, lift

English: loft, lift

Scots: luft, lift

From Proto-West Germanic *lufti, possibly rebuilt from the plural or remodelled as a ti-stem from *luftu, from Proto-Germanic *luftuz. Doublet of loft.

late 10th century, Ælfric, On the Seasons of the Year
Nis nā sēo orðung þe wē ūt blāwaþ and inn ātēoþ ūru sāwol, ac is sēo lyft þe wē on libbaþ on þissum dēadlīcan līfe.

The breath that we draw in and blow out is not our soul, but the air that we live in during this mortal life.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Exaltation of the Holy Cross"
Wynsum brǣþ āfylde þā lyft.

late 10th century, Ælfric, On the Seasons of the Year
Hæġl cymþ of reġndropum þonne hīe bēoþ ġefrorene uppe on þǣre lyfte, and swā siþþan feallaþ.

Hail comes from raindrops when they are frozen up in the atmosphere, and so fall to the ground.

c. 992, Ælfric, "St. Benedict, Abbot"
And wæs þā swā stille weder þæt nān wolcn næs on þǣre lyfte ġesewen.

And the weather was so calm that there wasn't a cloud in the sky.

(by extension) The atmosphere or the sky.


leax

leax (nominative singular)
leaxas (nominative plural)
leax (accusative singular)
leaxas (accusative plural)
leaxes (genitive singular)
leaxa (genitive plural)
leaxe (dative singular)
leaxum (dative plural)

Middle English: lax, lex
English: lax
Scots: lax

From Proto-Germanic *lahsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *lakso-. Cognate with Old High German lahs (German Lachs), Old Norse lax (Swedish lax). The Indo-European root is also the source of Lithuanian lašiša, Latvian lasis, Russian лосо́сь (losósʹ).


reced

reċed (canonical masculine neuter)
reċed (nominative singular)
reċedas (nominative plural)
reċed (accusative singular)
reċedas (accusative plural)
reċedes (genitive singular)
reċeda (genitive plural)
reċede (dative singular)
reċedum (dative plural)
reċed (nominative singular)
reċed (nominative plural)
reċed (accusative singular)
reċed (accusative plural)
reċedes (genitive singular)
reċeda (genitive plural)
reċede (dative singular)
reċedum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *rakud. Cognate with Old Saxon rakud (used of the Temple of Jerusalem).

Duru sċeal on healle, rum reċedes mūð

Door shall be in hall, building's broad mouth. (Maxims II)

(poetic) Alternative form of ræċed (“hall; house, building”)


þyrs

þyrs (nominative singular)
þyrsas (nominative plural)
þyrs (accusative singular)
þyrsas (accusative plural)
þyrses (genitive singular)
þyrsa (genitive plural)
þyrse (dative singular)
þyrsum (dative plural)
ðyrs (alternative)

Middle English: thurs, thirs, thrisse, thrusse, thurse, thursse, thyrce, þurs
English: thurse

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *þuris, from Proto-Germanic *þurisaz. Cognate with Old High German duris (“demon”), Old Saxon thuris (“the rune þ”), Old Norse þurs (“giant”).

inh+

Exeter Book, Riddle 40, 62-63 (late 10th century)

I can gorge more greedily / and eat at least as much as an old giant

Ic mēsan mæg meahtelīcor / ond efnetan ealdum þyrse

Maxims II, 42-43 (early 11th century)

The monster must live in the fen / alone in its land.

Þyrs sceal on fenne gewunian / ana innan lande.


dyrne

dyrne (nominative singular)
dyrnu (nominative plural)
dyrne (accusative singular)
dyrnu (accusative plural)
dyrnes (genitive singular)
dyrna (genitive plural)
dyrne (dative singular)
dyrnum (dative plural)


gesceaft

ġesċeaft (canonical feminine neuter)
ġesċeaft (nominative singular)
ġesċeafte (nominative plural)
ġesċeafta (nominative plural)
ġesċeaft (accusative singular)
ġesċeafte (accusative singular)
ġesċeafte (accusative plural)
ġesċeafta (accusative plural)
ġesċeafte (genitive singular)
ġesċeafta (genitive plural)
ġesċeafte (dative singular)
ġesċeaftum (dative plural)
ġesċeaft (nominative singular)
ġesċeaft (nominative plural)
ġesċeaft (accusative singular)
ġesċeaft (accusative plural)
ġesċeaftes (genitive singular)
ġesċeafta (genitive plural)
ġesċeafte (dative singular)
ġesċeaftum (dative plural)
ġesċæft (alternative)
ġesċeft (alternative)

ang-decl-noun-i-f

ġesċeaft

ang-decl-noun

ġesċeaft

ang-decl-noun-a-n

ġesċeaft

ang-decl-noun

ġesċeaft

desc

Middle English: ȝescafte, iscefte, ishafte, ishaft

From Proto-Germanic *gaskaftiz. Equivalent to ġe- + sċeaft. Cognate with Old High German giscaft (German Geschäft), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (gaskafts).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "On Auguries"
Þas twa gesceafta habbað gesceadwisnysse and ælc man hæfð agenne freodom...

These two creations possess reason, and every man hath his own freedom...

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Octaves and Circumcision of our Lord"
Þa gesceafta ðe sind þwyrlice geðuhte, hí sind to wrace gesceapene yfel-dædum.

The creatures that are thought monstrous have been created for punishment of evil deeds.

c. 994, Ælfric, On the Twelve Winds
Nis nān līchamlīċ þing ðe næbbe ðā fēower ġescēafta him mid, þæt is, lyft, ⁊ fȳr, eorðe, ⁊ wæter.

There is no corporeal thing that is not made from the four elements, which are air, fire, earth, and water.

Eall is earfoðlīċ · eorþan rīċe;
onwendeð wyrda ġesċeaft · weoruld under heofonum.

Kingdom of Earth is fully hardsome;
the doom of outcomes changes the world under heavens.


geþyld

ġeþyld (canonical neuter)
ġeþyld (nominative singular)
ġeþyld (accusative singular)
ġeþyldes (genitive singular)
ġeþylde (dative singular)

From Proto-Germanic *gaþuldiz. By surface analysis, ġe- + þyld. Cognate with Old High German gidult (German Geduld).


gemot

ġemōt (canonical neuter)
ġemōt (nominative singular)
ġemōt (nominative plural)
ġemōt (accusative singular)
ġemōt (accusative plural)
ġemōtes (genitive singular)
ġemōta (genitive plural)
ġemōte (dative singular)
ġemōtum (dative plural)

Middle English: mōt, ȝemōt

English: moot

Scots: mut, mote

From ġe- + *mōt, the latter from Proto-Germanic *mōtą (“meeting”).

…iċ ābīdan sceal lāþran ġemōtes.

meeting (encounter, assembly, or confluence)


ead

ēad (canonical neuter)
ēad (nominative singular)
ēad (nominative plural)
ēad (accusative singular)
ēad (accusative plural)
ēades (genitive singular)
ēada (genitive plural)
ēade (dative singular)
ēadum (dative plural)

Middle English: ead, ed

From Proto-West Germanic *aud, from Proto-Germanic *audaz. Cognate with Old Saxon ōd, Old High German ōt, Old Norse auðr (Icelandic auður).

Geþyld byþ middes eades.


hægtesse

hæġtesse (canonical feminine)
hæġtesse (nominative singular)
hæġtessan (nominative plural)
hæġtessan (accusative singular)
hæġtessan (accusative plural)
hæġtessan (genitive singular)
hæġtessena (genitive plural)
hæġtessan (dative singular)
hæġtessum (dative plural)
hæġtes (alternative)
hæġtess (alternative)
heġtes (alternative)
hǣts (alternative)

Middle English: hagge, hegge

English: hag

From Proto-West Germanic *hagatussjā. Cognate with Middle Dutch haghetisse, Old High German hagzissa.


anhaga

ānhaga (canonical masculine)
ānhaga (nominative singular)
ānhagan (nominative plural)
ānhagan (accusative singular)
ānhagan (accusative plural)
ānhagan (genitive singular)
ānhagena (genitive plural)
ānhagan (dative singular)
ānhagum (dative plural)
ānhoga (alternative)

/ˈɑːnˌxɑ.ɡɑ/

[ˈɑːnˌhɑ.ɣɑ]

Oft him ānhaga āre gebīdeð
 Metudes miltse þēah þe hē mōdċeariġ [...]

Oft the lonely one prays for favour for himself,
God's mercy; although he, sorrowful …

a recluse, a loner, a lone warrior not tied to a lord (meaning "one-spear" alone without battle companions)


buend

būend (canonical masculine)
būend (nominative singular)
būend (nominative plural)
būende (nominative plural)
būendas (nominative plural)
būend (accusative singular)
būend (accusative plural)
būende (accusative plural)
būendas (accusative plural)
būendes (genitive singular)
būendra (genitive plural)
būende (dative singular)
būendum (dative plural)

From būan (“to live or dwell, to inhabit, to occupy”). Cognate with Old Norse bóndi, búandi (“farmer, husband”).


gebur

ġebūr (canonical masculine)
ġebūr (nominative singular)
ġebūras (nominative plural)
ġebūr (accusative singular)
ġebūras (accusative plural)
ġebūres (genitive singular)
ġebūra (genitive plural)
ġebūre (dative singular)
ġebūrum (dative plural)

→ English: gebur

From Proto-West Germanic *gabūr, from *ga- + Proto-Germanic *būraz.
Equivalent to ġe- + būr (“a farmer, bower”). Cognate with Old Saxon gibūr (Dutch boer), Old High German gibūr.


neahgebur

nēahġebūr (canonical masculine)
nēahġebūr (nominative singular)
nēahġebūras (nominative plural)
nēahġebūr (accusative singular)
nēahġebūras (accusative plural)
nēahġebūres (genitive singular)
nēahġebūra (genitive plural)
nēahġebūre (dative singular)
nēahġebūrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: neyghebour, neghboer, neghbour, neghebore, neghebur, neȝbore, neȝborwe, neȝebur, neȝȝebour, neȝhbor, nehebour, neighbore, neighbour, neighebor, neighebour, neiȝbor, neiȝbour, neiȝebor, neiȝebour, neihebur, neihȝebor, neybour, neyburwe, neyebore, neyghborn, neyghbour, neyghbur, neyȝbour, neyȝbure, neypur, nye-bore, neghtburgh, neghtebur, neȝtboure (influenced by nyght), neahȝebur, neahhebur, nehgebur, nehhebur (Early Middle English)
English: neighbour, neighbor
Scots: neibour, nebour, neebour, nichbour, nechbour, neichbour
Yola: nypore, nipore

From Proto-Germanic *nēhwagabūrô. Equivalent to nēah + ġebūr.


earfeþe

earfeþe (nominative singular)
earfeþu (nominative plural)
earfeþe (accusative singular)
earfeþu (accusative plural)
earfeþes (genitive singular)
earfeþa (genitive plural)
earfeþe (dative singular)
earfeþum (dative plural)


blotmonaþ

blōtmōnaþ (canonical masculine)
blōtmōnaþ (nominative singular)
blōtmōnaþ (nominative plural)
blōtmōnaþ (accusative singular)
blōtmōnaþ (accusative plural)
blōtmōnaþes (genitive singular)
blōtmōnaþa (genitive plural)
blōtmōnaþ (dative singular)
blōtmōnaþum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *blōtamānōþ. Cognate with Old Saxon blōtmānuđ, Old High German bluoʒmānōd. Equivalent to blōt + mōnaþ, so called because in Anglo-Saxon times sacrifices were made before the winter set in.

the eleventh month of the year according to the Anglo-Saxon calendar

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Sē endlefta mōnaþ on ġēare is nemned on ūre ġeþēode blōtmōnaþ for þon þe ūre ieldran, þā hīe hǣðene wǣron, on þām mōnaþ hīe blēoton ā.

The eleventh month of the year is called November ["sacrifice month"] in our language because our forefathers, when they were pagan, always sacrificed in this month.


hærfest

hærfest (nominative singular)
hærfestas (nominative plural)
hærfest (accusative singular)
hærfestas (accusative plural)
hærfestes (genitive singular)
hærfesta (genitive plural)
hærfeste (dative singular)
hærfestum (dative plural)

Middle English: hervest, harvest, ervest, herfest
English: harvest
Scots: hairst, harvest
Yola: hearesth, harrest

Apparently borrowed into West Saxon from Mercian; the expected West Saxon form would be *hierfest. From Proto-West Germanic *harbist. A North Germanic variant *harbustaz was the source of Old Norse haust (Swedish höst, Icelandic haust).
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian herfst (West Frisian hjerst), Old Saxon hervist (Low German harvst), Dutch herfst, Old High German herbist (German Herbst). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “fruit”), Latin carpō (“pick, pluck”), Middle Irish corrán (“sickle”), Lithuanian kirpti (“cut”), Old Church Slavonic чрьпати (črĭpati) (Russian серп (serp, “sickle”)).

c. 994, Ælfric, On the Seasons of the Year
Rōmanisc̄e lēodan ongynnað heora ġēar æfter hǣðenum ġewunan on winterlīċere tīde. Ebrei healdað heora geares annginn on lenctenlīcre emnihte. Đā Grēcisċan onginnað hyra ġēar æt ðām sunnstede; ⁊ ða Egiptisċan on hærfest.

The Roman people begin theirs, after the heathen custom, in the winter time. The Hebrews observe the beginning of their year on the vernal equinox. The Greeks begin their year at the solstice; and the Egyptians in the fall.


hærfestmonaþ

From Proto-Germanic *harbistamēnōþs. Cognate with Old Norse haustmánuðr and Old High German herbistmanoþ.

the ninth month of the year according to the Anglo-Saxon calendar


haligmonaþ

725, Bede, The Reckoning of Time, Ch. 15

...September Haleg-monath...
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Menologium in O. Cockayne's The Shrine, p. 124, ll. 28–31

In the 9th month in a year there are 30 days. The month is called September in Latin and, in our language, Holy Month, because our forefathers—when they were pagan—sacrificed in that month to their idols.

On ðæm nigoþan mónþe on geáre biþ xxx daga se mónaþ hátte on léden septembris and on úre geþeóde háligmónaþ for ðon ðe úre yldran ðá ðá hí hǽðene wǽron on ðam mónþe hí guldon hiora deófolgeldum


weod

From Proto-West Germanic *weud; cognate with Old Saxon wiod. Related to Old High German wiota (“fern”).


weodmonaþ

the eighth month of the year according to the Anglo-Saxon calendar


liþa

Apparently related to līþe (“mild”) probably cognate with Serbo-Croatian ljeto, Czech léto, Polish lato, Russian ле́то (léto, “summer, year”).

designating the months of June, July and leap month between them on year hight þriliþa.


ærra liþa

/ˈæːr.rɑ ˈliː.θɑ/

[ˈæːrˠ.rˠɑ ˈliː.ðɑ]

the sixth month of the year according to the Anglo-Saxon calendar


æfterra liþa

the seventh month of the year according to the Anglo-Saxon calendar


þrimilce

From a combining form of þri- + *milċe, apparently because animals could be milked three times a day at this time of year.

the fifth month of the year according to the Anglo-Saxon calendar


hreþ

From Proto-Germanic *hrōþiz. Cognate with Old High German hruodi (used in personal names), Old Norse hróðr.


hreþmonaþ

hrēþmōnaþ (canonical masculine)
hrēþmōnaþ (nominative singular)
hrēþmōnþas (nominative plural)
hrēþmōnaþ (accusative singular)
hrēþmōnþas (accusative plural)
hrēþmōnþes (genitive singular)
hrēþmōnþa (genitive plural)
hrēþmōnþe (dative singular)
hrēþmōnþum (dative plural)
hrēdmōnaþ (alternative)
hrēðmōnað (alternative)

[ˈr̥eːðˌmoː.nɑθ]

the third month of the year according to the Anglo-Saxon calendar


geola

ġēola (canonical)
ġeōla (canonical masculine)
ġēola (nominative singular)
ġēolan (nominative plural)
ġēolan (accusative singular)
ġēolan (accusative plural)
ġēolan (genitive singular)
ġēolena (genitive plural)
ġēolan (dative singular)
ġēolum (dative plural)
ġeōla (nominative singular)
ġeōlan (nominative plural)
ġeōlan (accusative singular)
ġeōlan (accusative plural)
ġeōlan (genitive singular)
ġeōlena (genitive plural)
ġeōlan (dative singular)
ġeōlum (dative plural)
giuli (alternative)
iūla (alternative)

Ultimately derived from ġēol. See there for more.
Bede stated that the name gēola derived from a term for the winter solstice.

two-month period covering December and January


eastre

ēastre (canonical feminine)
ēastre (nominative singular)
ēastran (nominative plural)
ēastran (accusative singular)
ēastran (accusative plural)
ēastran (genitive singular)
ēastrena (genitive plural)
ēastran (dative singular)
ēastrum (dative plural)
ēastrun (alternative)
ēastron (alternative)
ēastru (alternative)
ēoster (alternative)
ēster (alternative)
ēastor (alternative)
ēastro (alternative)

Middle English: Eestour, Ester, Yestre
English: Easter
→ Chickasaw: Iista'
Scots: Easter

Apparently named from the dawn goddess Ēastre, from Proto-West Germanic *austrā, from Proto-Germanic *Austrǭ, from a suffixed form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“dawn”). Cognate with Old Frisian āsteron, Old High German ōstarūn (German Ostern).


eastermonaþ

the fourth month of the year according to the Anglo-Saxon calendar


winterfylleþ

From winter + fylleþ (“a filling; a full moon”).

compound

the tenth month of the year according to the Anglo-Saxon calendar


goma

gōma (canonical masculine)
gōma (nominative singular)
gōman (nominative plural)
gōman (accusative singular)
gōman (accusative plural)
gōman (genitive singular)
gōmena (genitive plural)
gōman (dative singular)
gōmum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: gome, goome, gomme, gumme

English: gum, goom (dialectal)

Scots: goom, geem, gum

From Proto-West Germanic *gōmō, from Proto-Germanic *gōmô.


finc

finċ (canonical masculine)
finċ (nominative singular)
finċas (nominative plural)
finċ (accusative singular)
finċas (accusative plural)
finċes (genitive singular)
finċa (genitive plural)
finċe (dative singular)
finċum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: fynch, fincg, finch, fynche
English: finch
Scots: finch

From Proto-Germanic *finkiz, *finkô. Cognate with Middle Dutch vinke (whence Dutch vink), Old High German finko, finco (whence German Fink).


weall

weall (nominative singular)
weallas (nominative plural)
weall (accusative singular)
weallas (accusative plural)
wealles (genitive singular)
wealla (genitive plural)
wealle (dative singular)
weallum (dative plural)
wall (alternative)
weal (alternative)
wal (alternative)

Middle English: wal, wale, walle, waule
English: wall
Scots: wa, waa, waw
Yola: wul, vall
→ Middle Irish: *balla
Irish: balla
Manx: boalley
Scottish Gaelic: balla

→ Welsh: gwal, wal

swā nū missenlīċe · ġeond þisne middanġeard
winde biwāune · weallas stondaþ,
hrīme bihrorene, · hrȳðġe þā ederas.

as now walls are standing differently
over this world, blown by wind,
covered by frost, the slow-swept dwellings.


weall

weall (nominative singular)
wealla (nominative plural)
wealle (nominative plural)
wealle (accusative singular)
wealla (accusative plural)
wealle (accusative plural)
wealle (genitive singular)
wealla (genitive plural)
wealle (dative singular)
weallum (dative plural)
wall (alternative)
weal (alternative)
wal (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *wallu, from Proto-Germanic *wallō.


weall

weall (nominative singular)
weall (nominative plural)
weall (accusative singular)
weall (accusative plural)
wealles (genitive singular)
wealla (genitive plural)
wealle (dative singular)
weallum (dative plural)
wall (alternative)
weal (alternative)
wal (alternative)


hrof

hrōf (canonical masculine)
hrōf (nominative singular)
hrōfas (nominative plural)
hrōf (accusative singular)
hrōfas (accusative plural)
hrōfes (genitive singular)
hrōfa (genitive plural)
hrōfe (dative singular)
hrōfum (dative plural)

Middle English: rof

English: roof

From Proto-West Germanic *hrōf, from Proto-Germanic *hrōfą.
Cognate with Old Frisian hrōf, Old Saxon rōf, Dutch roef (“cabin, coffin-lid”), Old Norse hróf (“boat-shed”).


hruse

hruse (nominative singular)
hrusan (nominative plural)
hrusan (accusative singular)
hrusan (accusative plural)
hrusan (genitive singular)
hrusena (genitive plural)
hrusan (dative singular)
hrusum (dative plural)
hrūse (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *hrusā, from Proto-Germanic *hrusǭ (“ground; ice”), from Proto-Indo-European *krus- (“crust”). Cognate with Old High German hroso, hrosa (“ice, crust”), Latin crusta (“crust”).

siþþan ġeāra iū · goldwine mīn(n)e
hrusan heolstre biwrāh, · ond iċ hēan þonan
wōd winterċeariġ · ofer waþema ġebind,

since once, long ago, covered my goldfriend(s)
with darkness of earth, and poor I thereupon
traveled sad as winter over binding of waves,


cneo

cnēo (canonical neuter)
cnēo (nominative singular)
cnēo (nominative plural)
cnēo (accusative singular)
cnēo (accusative plural)
cneowes (genitive singular)
cneowa (genitive plural)
cneowe (dative singular)
cnēom (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *kneu, from Proto-Germanic *knewą.


geap

ġēap (canonical feminine)
ġēapa (nominative plural)
ġēap (nominative singular)
ġēapa (nominative plural)
ġēape (nominative plural)
ġēape (accusative singular)
ġēapa (accusative plural)
ġēape (accusative plural)
ġēape (genitive singular)
ġēapa (genitive plural)
ġēape (dative singular)
ġēapum (dative plural)

Probably related to sense 1. Compare Old Norse gaupn (“cupped hands”), geypna (“to encompass”).


dreor

drēor (canonical masculine)
drēor (nominative singular)
drēoras (nominative plural)
drēor (accusative singular)
drēoras (accusative plural)
drēores (genitive singular)
drēora (genitive plural)
drēore (dative singular)
drēorum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *dreuzaz, *drauziz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrews- (“to break, break off, crumble”). Cognate with Old Saxon drōr, Old High German trōr, and Old Norse and Icelandic dreyri. The historical sense is of something which ‘falls’: the Germanic base is also the source of Old English drēosan (“fall”).

der

Iċ his blōd āġēat, drēor on eorðan.

I spilled his blood, his gore on the earth.


hryre

hryre (nominative singular)
hryras (nominative plural)
hryre (accusative singular)
hryras (accusative plural)
hryres (genitive singular)
hryra (genitive plural)
hryre (dative singular)
hryrum (dative plural)

Middle English: rure

From Proto-Germanic *hruzjaz (“a fall, collision”), from Proto-Indo-European *krow- (“to fall, beat, break”). Related to Old English hrēosan (“to fall, plunge, rush, topple”). More at hurt.

cog

Hægles hryre

Hryre wong gecrong

the place has fallen to ruin. (The Ruin)


milts

milts (nominative singular)
miltsa (nominative plural)
miltse (nominative plural)
miltse (accusative singular)
miltsa (accusative plural)
miltse (accusative plural)
miltse (genitive singular)
miltsa (genitive plural)
miltse (dative singular)
miltsum (dative plural)
milds (alternative)

Middle English: milce, milse

From miltsian. Alternatively, from Proto-West Germanic *mildissju, equivalent to milde + -s.

We gesne ne syn Godes þeodscipes, metodes miltsa

we are not lacking God's laws, the Maker's mercies. (Junius Exodus)

mercy, grace, kindness, favour, mildness


uhta

ūhta (canonical masculine)
ūhta (nominative singular)
ūhtan (nominative plural)
ūhtan (accusative singular)
ūhtan (accusative plural)
ūhtan (genitive singular)
ūhtena (genitive plural)
ūhtan (dative singular)
ūhtum (dative plural)
ūht (alternative)

Middle English: uhtenn, ūghten (from the form ūhtan)

From Proto-Germanic *unhtwǭ. Cognate with Old Saxon ūhta, Old High German ūhta, regional German Uchte (“midnight mass”), Old Norse ótta, Norwegian Bokmål otte, and as the enhanced form Dutch ochtend (“morning”).

Oft iċ sceolde āna · ūhtna ġehwylċe
mīne ċeare cwīþan. · Nis nū cwicra nān…

Oft I had to bemoan my sorrow alone at every dawn. There is no one alive…


witan

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


cearu

/ˈt͡ʃæ͜ɑ.ru/


dæl

dǣl (canonical masculine)
dǣl (nominative singular)
dǣlas (nominative plural)
dǣl (accusative singular)
dǣlas (accusative plural)
dǣles (genitive singular)
dǣla (genitive plural)
dǣle (dative singular)
dǣlum (dative plural)

Middle English: del, dele

English: deal

Scots: dele

forþon ne mæġ wearþan wīs · wer, ǣr hē āge
wintra dǣl in woruldrīċe. · Wita sċeal ġeþyldiġ.

thus a man cannot become wise, before he would own
a part of years in world-kingdom. A wise man must be patient.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of the Blessed Stephen Protomartyr"
Mine gebroðra, uton geefenlæcan be sumum dǣle swa miccles lareowes geleafan, and swa mæres cyðeres lufe.

My brethren, let us in some degree imitate so great a teacher's faith, and so great a martyr's love.


dæl

dæl (nominative singular)
dalu (nominative plural)
dæl (accusative singular)
dalu (accusative plural)
dæles (genitive singular)
dala (genitive plural)
dæle (dative singular)
dalum (dative plural)

Middle English: dale

Scots: dale, daal

English: dale


ger

ġēr (canonical neuter)
ġēr (nominative plural)
ġēr (nominative singular)
ġēr (nominative plural)
ġēr (accusative singular)
ġēr (accusative plural)
ġēres (genitive singular)
ġēra (genitive plural)
ġēre (dative singular)
ġērum (dative plural)


gefera

ġefēra (canonical masculine)
ġefēra (nominative singular)
ġefēran (nominative plural)
ġefēran (accusative singular)
ġefēran (accusative plural)
ġefēran (genitive singular)
ġefērena (genitive plural)
ġefēran (dative singular)
ġefērum (dative plural)

Middle English: fere

English: fere

Equivalent to ġe- + fēra, literally “fellow traveler," related to the verb faran (“to go, travel”). Compare German Gefährte, of similar form and meaning.

oþþe mec frēondlēasne · frēfran wolde,
wēman mid wynnum. · Wāt sē þe cunnað,
hū slīþen bið · sorg tō ġefēran,
þām þe him lȳt hafað · lēofra ġeholena.

or friendless me would soothe,
allure with glees. Knows the one who undergoes,
how tough is sorrow as a companion,
to whom little has dear confidants for himself.


lyt

Ðæra is nu to lyt ðe wile wel tæcan

There are now too few that can teach well.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Preface"
Ure Drihten bebead his discipulum þæt hí sceoldon læran and tæcan eallum þeodum ða ðing þe he sylf him tæhte; ac þæra is nu to lyt ðe wile wel tæcan and wel bysnian.

Our Lord commanded his disciples that they should instruct and teach all people the things which he had himself taught to them; but of those there are too few who will well teach and well exemplify.

little, few, a few (substantive use of the adverb)


secg

seċġ (canonical masculine)
seċġ (nominative singular)
seċġas (nominative plural)
seċġ (accusative singular)
seċġas (accusative plural)
seċġes (genitive singular)
seċġa (genitive plural)
seċġe (dative singular)
seċġum (dative plural)

Middle English: segge

English: segge, seg

Scots: seg

From Proto-West Germanic *sagi, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“follower, companion”).
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian siā, Old Saxon segg, Old Norse seggr (Norwegian segg). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin socius.

der

þonne māga ġemynd · mōd ġeondhweorfeð,
grēteð glīwstafum, · ġeorne ġeondsċēawað
seċġa ġeseldan. · Swimmað oft on weġ.

when mind goes through memory of kinsmen,
greets with mirths, eagerly looks through
comrades of men. They often swim away.


secg

head

seċġ f (nominative plural seċġa or seċġe)

seċġ (canonical feminine)
seċġa (nominative plural)
seċġe (nominative plural)
seċġ (nominative singular)
seċġe (nominative plural)
seċġa (nominative plural)
seċġ (accusative singular)
seċġe (accusative singular)
seċġe (accusative plural)
seċġa (accusative plural)
seċġe (genitive singular)
seċġa (genitive plural)
seċġe (dative singular)
seċġum (dative plural)


secg

seċġ (canonical masculine neuter)
seċġ (nominative singular)
seċġas (nominative plural)
seċġ (accusative singular)
seċġas (accusative plural)
seċġes (genitive singular)
seċġa (genitive plural)
seċġe (dative singular)
seċġum (dative plural)
seċġ (nominative singular)
seċġ (nominative plural)
seċġ (accusative singular)
seċġ (accusative plural)
seċġes (genitive singular)
seċġa (genitive plural)
seċġe (dative singular)
seċġum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: segge, secg, seg, cegge, sege
English: sedge
Scots: seg

From Proto-West Germanic *sagi, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sak- (“marsh plant”) (probably related to Etymology 2). Cognate with Middle Low German segge, Dutch zegge, Russian осо́ка (osóka).

der

The Old English rune poem
ᛉ seċġ eard hæfþ oftust on fenne...

Elk-sedge has its home most often in the fen...


hrim

hrīm (canonical masculine)
hrīm (nominative singular)
hrīmas (nominative plural)
hrīm (accusative singular)
hrīmas (accusative plural)
hrīmes (genitive singular)
hrīma (genitive plural)
hrīme (dative singular)
hrīmum (dative plural)

English: rime

From Proto-Germanic *hrīmaz. Cognate with Middle Dutch rijm, Old Norse hrím.

baþian brimfuglas, · brǣdan feþra,
hrēosan hrīm ond snāw, · hagle ġemenġed.

bathe of sea-birds, spread of feathers,
fall of frost and snow, mingled with hail.


nasu

nasu (nominative singular)
nasa (nominative plural)
nase (nominative plural)
nase (accusative singular)
nasa (accusative plural)
nase (accusative plural)
nase (genitive singular)
nasa (genitive plural)
nase (dative singular)
nasum (dative plural)
naso (alternative)

Middle English: nase, nasse, nease

From Proto-West Germanic *nasu, from Proto-Germanic *nasō.


freond

frēond (canonical masculine)
frēond (nominative singular)
frīend (nominative plural)
frēondas (nominative plural)
frēond (accusative singular)
frīend (accusative plural)
frēondas (accusative plural)
frēondes (genitive singular)
frēonda (genitive plural)
frīend (dative singular)
frēondum (dative plural)
frīond (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: frend, frende, friend, vrend, freend, frond, frund, freind, freynde, vryend, frind, freond (early or Western), froend (Herebert)
English: friend (see there for further descendants)
Scots: freend, frende, freynd, freind
Yola: vriene, friend
→ Welsh: ffrind

From Proto-West Germanic *friund, from Proto-Germanic *frijōndz, originally a present participle of the weak verb *frijōną (“to love, to free”) (Old English frēoġan), from Indo-European *prāy-, *prēy- ‘like, love’. Corresponding to frēoġan + -nd.
Cognate with Old Frisian friūnd, Old Saxon friund, Old High German friunt, Old Norse frændi, Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (frijōnds).

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 15:15

I don't consider you servants. I consider you friends.

Ne telle iċ ēow tō þēowum. Iċ telle ēow tō frēondum.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Gyf þonne ǣfre gebyreð þæt þū þē ful hālne and ful trumne ongytst, and hæafst æalle þīne frēond myd þē, ǣġðer ge on mōde ge on līchaman, and on ðām ilcan worce and on ðām ylcan willum ðe ðē best lyst dōn, hweðer þū ðonne wille bēon āwiht blīðe?

If then it ever happen that thou shalt find thyself full whole and full strong, and hast all thy friends with thee, both in mind and in body, and in that same work and in that same will which pleaseth thee best to do, wilt thou then be happy at all?


hæft

From Proto-West Germanic *haftī, from Proto-Germanic *haftiją, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p-.
Cognate with Middle Low German hecht (Dutch hecht, heft), Old High German hefti (German Heft), Old Norse hepti. The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin capere, Old Irish cacht (Welsh caeth (“slave”), Breton keaz (“poor”)), Albanian kap (“grip”), Proto-Slavic *xopītī- (Old Church Slavonic хапѭште (xapjǫšte), Russian ха́пать (xápatʹ)), Proto-Balto-Slavic *kap- (Lithuanian kàpteleti, Latvian kàmpt (“bite”)).


hæft

hæft (nominative singular)
hæftas (nominative plural)
hæft (accusative singular)
hæftas (accusative plural)
hæftes (genitive singular)
hæfta (genitive plural)
hæfte (dative singular)
hæftum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *haft, from Proto-Germanic *haftaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ptós (“grabbed”). See Etymology 1.


benn

benn (nominative singular)
benna (nominative plural)
benne (nominative plural)
benne (accusative singular)
benna (accusative plural)
benne (accusative plural)
benne (genitive singular)
benna (genitive plural)
benne (dative singular)
bennum (dative plural)
ben (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *banjō (“wound”). Cognate with Old Saxon beni (“wound”), Old Norse ben (“wound”), Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰 (banja, “wound”).

Ne ðær ænig com blod of benne

Þonne bēoð þȳ hefiġran · heortan benne,
sāre æfter swǣsne. · Sorg bið ġenīwad,

Then heart's wounds are heavier,
painful after beloved. Sorrow is renewed


wund

wund (nominative singular)
wunda (nominative plural)
wunde (nominative plural)
wunde (accusative singular)
wunda (accusative plural)
wunde (accusative plural)
wunde (genitive singular)
wunda (genitive plural)
wunde (dative singular)
wundum (dative plural)

Middle English: wund, wonde, wound

English: wound

Scots: wond, wound

From Proto-West Germanic *wundu, from Proto-Germanic *wundō.

Nǣfre lǣċecynn on folcstede findan meahte, þāra þe mid wyrtum wunde ġehǣlde,…

I could never find physicians on a battlefield, who would heal a wound with herbs,…


gemang

ġemang (canonical neuter)
ġemang (nominative singular)
ġemang (nominative plural)
ġemang (accusative singular)
ġemang (accusative plural)
ġemanges (genitive singular)
ġemanga (genitive plural)
ġemange (dative singular)
ġemangum (dative plural)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Germanic *ga-
Proto-West Germanic *ga-
Old English ġe-
Old English mang
Old English gemang
From ġe- + mang (Proto-Germanic *mang-, from Proto-Indo-European *menk- (“knead”)). Cognate with Old Saxon gimang. The Indo-European root is also the source of Proto-Slavic *mǭkà (“flour”) (Old Church Slavonic мѫка (mǫka), Russian мука́ (muká)), Proto-Baltic *minki- (Lithuanian minkiti).


seo

sēo (canonical feminine masculine)
sēo (nominative singular)
sēon (nominative plural)
sēon (accusative singular)
sēon (accusative plural)
sēon (genitive singular)
sēona (genitive plural)
sēon (dative singular)
sēom (dative plural)
sēoum (dative plural)
sēo (nominative singular)
sēon (nominative plural)
sēon (accusative singular)
sēon (accusative plural)
sēon (genitive singular)
sēona (genitive plural)
sēon (dative singular)
sēom (dative plural)
sēoum (dative plural)
sīo (alternative)

Middle English: seo

From Proto-West Germanic *sehwā, from Proto-Germanic *sehwǭ (“pupil”). Akin to Old High German seha (“pupil”).


cwen

cwēn (canonical feminine)
cwēn (nominative singular)
cwēne (nominative plural)
cwēna (nominative plural)
cwēn (accusative singular)
cwēne (accusative singular)
cwēne (accusative plural)
cwēna (accusative plural)
cwēne (genitive singular)
cwēna (genitive plural)
cwēne (dative singular)
cwēnum (dative plural)
cwǣn (alternative)
cuēn (alternative)
cwœ̄n (alternative Anglian)
cœ̄n (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: quene, qwene, cwene, queene, quen, qween, qweene, queyne, qwenne, qwhene, kuene, quiene, queen
English: queen (see there for further descendants)
Scots: queen, wheen
Yola: queen

From earlier cwœ̄n ← *kwœ̄ni ← *kwōni ← *kwą̄ni, from Proto-West Germanic *kwāni (“woman, wife”), from Proto-Germanic *kwēniz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn. Cognate with Old Saxon quān, Old Norse kvæn, Gothic 𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃 (qēns). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ), Proto-Slavic *žena, and Old Irish ben.

inh

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCCLV Hēr hǣþene men ǣrest on Sċeapiġġe ofer winter sǣtan...⁊ þȳ ilcan ġēare [Aþelwulf cing] ferde to Rōme mid myċelre weorðnesse ⁊ þǣr wæs XII mōnoð wuniġende, ⁊ him þā hāmweard fōr ⁊ him þā Carl Francna cing his dohtor ġēaf him tō cwēne, ⁊ æfter þām tō his lēodum cōm...

Year 855 In this year the heathens stayed on Sheppey over the winter for the first time...And in the same year [King Athelwulf] went to Rome with much honor, and stayed there for twelve months. And them he went home and King Carl [the Bald] of the Franks gave him his daughter as a queen, and after that Athelwulf returned to his people.

Engla cwēn

queen (a ruling female monarch or a king's wife)


cwene

cwene (nominative singular)
cwenan (nominative plural)
cwenan (accusative singular)
cwenan (accusative plural)
cwenan (genitive singular)
cwenena (genitive plural)
cwenan (dative singular)
cwenum (dative plural)

Middle English: quene

English: quean

Scots: quean

From Proto-West Germanic *kwenā, from Proto-Germanic *kwenǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn.


cwene

inflection of cwēn:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of cwēn:
nominative/accusative plural


eow

ēow (canonical masculine)
ēow (nominative singular)
ēowas (nominative plural)
ēow (accusative singular)
ēowas (accusative plural)
ēowes (genitive singular)
ēowa (genitive plural)
ēowe (dative singular)
ēowum (dative plural)
īow (alternative)


feþer

feþer (nominative singular)
feþra (nominative plural)
feþre (nominative plural)
feþre (accusative singular)
feþra (accusative plural)
feþre (accusative plural)
feþre (genitive singular)
feþra (genitive plural)
feþre (dative singular)
feþrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: feþer, fether, fethere, fedder, veþer
English: feather
Scots: fedder
Yola: vethers (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *feþru. See there for more.

Sōðlīċe iċ þenċe mid mīnre feðre, for þon þe mīn hēafod oft nāt nāwiht be þām þe mīn hand wrīt.

I really do think with my pen, because my head often knows nothing about what my hand is writing.


fyrd

fyrd (nominative singular)
fyrde (nominative plural)
fyrda (nominative plural)
fyrd (accusative singular)
fyrde (accusative singular)
fyrde (accusative plural)
fyrda (accusative plural)
fyrde (genitive singular)
fyrda (genitive plural)
fyrde (dative singular)
fyrdum (dative plural)


faru

faru (nominative singular)
fare (nominative plural)
fara (nominative plural)
fare (accusative singular)
fare (accusative plural)
fara (accusative plural)
fare (genitive singular)
fara (genitive plural)
farena (genitive plural)
fare (dative singular)
farum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *faru, from the same base as faran.

Hit ys Godes faru.

God ða gemunde Noes fare.

something transportable, especially one's family

He ðas fare lædeþ.


gemynd

ġemynd (canonical feminine)
ġemynd (nominative singular)
ġemynde (nominative plural)
ġemynda (nominative plural)
ġemynd (accusative singular)
ġemynde (accusative singular)
ġemynde (accusative plural)
ġemynda (accusative plural)
ġemynde (genitive singular)
ġemynda (genitive plural)
ġemynde (dative singular)
ġemyndum (dative plural)
ġemynd (nominative singular)
ġemynd (nominative plural)
ġemynd (accusative singular)
ġemynd (accusative plural)
ġemyndes (genitive singular)
ġemynda (genitive plural)
ġemynde (dative singular)
ġemyndum (dative plural)

Middle English: ȝemunde, munde, minde

English: mind

Scots: mind

From Proto-West Germanic *gamundi, from Proto-Germanic *gamundiz, ultimately from a prefixed form of Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think, remember”), equivalent to ġe- + mynd.
Cognate with Old High German gimunt, Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (gamunds); and with Sanskrit मन (mana), Ancient Greek μέμονα (mémona), Latin mēns, Old Church Slavonic мьнѣти (mĭněti) (Russian мнить (mnitʹ)), Lithuanian miñti, Old Irish menmae, Tocharian A mnu.

der

Heora ġemynd is forġieten.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Þæt is nū hraðost tō seċġenne þæt iċ wilnode weorþfullīċe tō libbenne þā hwīle þe iċ lifde, and æfter mīnum līfe þām mannum tō lǣfanne þe æfter mē wǣren mīne ġemynd on gōdum weorcum.

In short, I wanted to live honorably as long as I lived, and to leave behind, for those who would come after me, the memory of me in good works.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Nativiity of Our Lord"
Þyssera ðrēora hyrda ġemynd is ġehæfd be ēastan Bethleem āne mīle, on Godes cyrcan ġeswutelod, þām ðe ðā stōwe ġenēosiað.

The memory of these three shepherds is preserved one mile to the east of Bethlehem, and manifested in God's church to those who visit the place.

c. 996, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Hē wæs of his ġemynde.


brod

brōd (canonical feminine)
brōd (nominative singular)
brōda (nominative plural)
brōde (nominative plural)
brōde (accusative singular)
brōda (accusative plural)
brōde (accusative plural)
brōde (genitive singular)
brōda (genitive plural)
brōde (dative singular)
brōdum (dative plural)


sefa

sefa (nominative singular)
sefan (nominative plural)
sefan (accusative singular)
sefan (accusative plural)
sefan (genitive singular)
sefena (genitive plural)
sefan (dative singular)
sefum (dative plural)
seofa (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *sebō, from Proto-Germanic *sebô (“mind, sense”), from Proto-Indo-European *sep- (“to try, research”). Cognate with Old Saxon sevo, Old Norse sefi, Latin sapiō.

Ealle þa gemoniað mōdes fūsne sefan to sīþe

All these things urge him who is eager of spirit to travel. (The Seafarer)


geard

ġeard (canonical masculine)
ġeard (nominative singular)
ġeardas (nominative plural)
ġeard (accusative singular)
ġeardas (accusative plural)
ġeardes (genitive singular)
ġearda (genitive plural)
ġearde (dative singular)
ġeardum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: yerd, yerde, ȝerd, ȝeerd, yeerd, ȝeard, yard, yarde, yorde, ȝarde, yherde, ȝorde, ȝeorde
English: yard
Scots: yerd, yaird, yird

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *gard, from Proto-Germanic *gardaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos.


geard

ġeard (canonical feminine)
ġeard (nominative singular)
ġearda (nominative plural)
ġearde (nominative plural)
ġearde (accusative singular)
ġearda (accusative plural)
ġearde (accusative plural)
ġearde (genitive singular)
ġearda (genitive plural)
ġearde (dative singular)
ġeardum (dative plural)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *gaʀd, from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz.


middangeard

middanġeard (canonical masculine)
middanġeard (nominative singular)
middanġeard (accusative singular)
middanġeardes (genitive singular)
middanġearde (dative singular)
middaneard (alternative)
myddanġeard (alternative)

desc

Middle English: middenerd, middæneard, middeneard, middenerde, middenard

Middle English: myddyl erthe, middel-erde (in part)

English: Middle Earth

From Proto-Germanic *midjagardaz, equivalent to midd (“mid, middle”) + ġeard (“yard; enclosed land; realm”), although the second element's confusion or conflation with eard (“earth”) has occurred since Old English. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“middle”) and *gʰórdʰos (“enclosure”). Cognate with Old Saxon middilgard, Old High German mittilgart and mittangart, Old Norse Miðgarðr, Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (midjungards).

af

[…] mōdġe maguþeġnas. · Swā þēs middanġeard
ealra dōgra ġehwām · drēoseð ond fealleþ,

brave warriors. Thus this world
perishes and falls every single day


eard

eard (nominative singular)
earda (nominative plural)
eard (accusative singular)
earda (accusative plural)
earda (genitive singular)
earda (genitive plural)
earda (dative singular)
eardum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: art
Scots: airt
Yola: ete

Middle English: erd, ard, arde, urde
English: erd (in part)

From Proto-West Germanic *ard, from Proto-Germanic *ardiz, *arduz, *arþuz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”).
Cognate with Old Saxon ard, Old High German art (German Art). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin arō, Ancient Greek ἀρόω (aróō), Old East Slavic орати (orati), Russian ора́ть (orátʹ).

der

Ðis is mīn āgen ēþel, eard, and land

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Wē sind eall cuman on þissum līfe, and ūre eard nis nā hēr, ac wē sind hēr swelċe weġfērende menn. Ān cymþ, ōðer færeþ. Sē biþ ācenned, sē ōðer forþfæreþ and rȳmþ him setl.

We are all guests in this life, and our home is not here, but we're here as wayfaring people. One person comes, another goes. One is born, another dies and makes them room.

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Þæt seofode wīte wæs, þæt swā miċel ðunor and hagol becōm on ðām lēodsċipe, þæt...ǣlċ trēow on ðām earde tōbǣrst.

The seventh plague was that there was such great thunder and hail in that country, that...every tree in the land split in two.

homeland, native soil; one's home, a dwelling


wicce

wiċċe (canonical feminine)
wiċċe (nominative singular)
wiċċan (nominative plural)
wiċċan (accusative singular)
wiċċan (accusative plural)
wiċċan (genitive singular)
wiċċena (genitive plural)
wiċċan (dative singular)
wiċċum (dative plural)

Middle English: wicche

English: witch

Scots: wich, wech, witch

Equivalent to wiċċa (“witch”) + -e (suffix denoting females), though wiċċa could have been the derived term instead.


pintel

pintel (nominative singular)
pintlas (nominative plural)
pintel (accusative singular)
pintlas (accusative plural)
pintles (genitive singular)
pintla (genitive plural)
pintle (dative singular)
pintlum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: pyntel, pintel, pintell, pintil, pintile, pyntell, pyntelle, pyntill, pyntul, pyntyl, pyntyle, pyntyll
English: pintle
Scots: pintle

A diminutive form of Proto-West Germanic *pint(i), from Proto-Germanic *pint- (“protrusion”), from Proto-Indo-European *bendʰn- (“peg, tip, protruding point, edge”). Cognate with Old Frisian pint, Middle Low German pint.


wudu

wudu (nominative singular)
wuda (nominative plural)
wudu (accusative singular)
wuda (accusative plural)
wuda (genitive singular)
wuda (genitive plural)
wuda (dative singular)
wudum (dative plural)
widu (alternative)
wiodu (alternative)
wudo (alternative)
ᚹᚢᛞᚢ (alternative)

Middle English: wude, wode

English: wood

Scots: wude, wuid

Dissimilated from earlier widu, from Proto-Germanic *widuz, from Proto-Indo-European *widʰu- (“tree, beam”).
Cognate with Old Saxon widu, Old High German witu, Old Norse viðr. The Indo-European root is also the source of Old Irish fid, Welsh gwŷdd.

inh

Laws of King Ine
Ðonne mon bēam on wuda forbǣrne, ⁊ weorðe yppe on þone ðe hit dȳde, ġielde hē fulwīte: ġeselle LX sċill., forþamþe fȳr bið þēof.

If a man burns up a tree in a forest, and it becomes known who did it, he shall pay a full fine: he shall pay sixty shillings, for fire is a thief.

c. 1000, Ælfric of Eynsham (tr.), Hexameron of St. Basil

Then, through his wonderful might, God created all the kinds of animals according to their kinds, and the wild animals that dwell in the woods, and all the four-footed creatures of the aforementioned earth, and all the kinds of creeping worms, and the savage lions, which do not live here, and the swift tigers, and the marvelous leopards, and the fearful bears, and the huge elephants.

Hwæt ðā God ġeworhte ðurh his wunderlīċan mihte eall nȳtencynn on heora cynrynum, and ðā wildan dēor ðe on wudum eardiað, and eall ðæt fīðerfōte byð of ðǣre foresǣdan eorðan, and eall wyrmcynn ðā ðe crēopende bēoð, and ðā reðan lēon, ðe hēr on lande ne bēoð, and ðā swiftan tigres, and ðā syllican pardes, and ðā eġeslīċan beran, and ðā ormǣtan ylpas.


wuduwasa

Middle English: wodwo

English: woodwose

From wudu (“wood”) + a second element that is probably from Proto-West Germanic *waiso (“orphan”); compare Dutch wees, German Waise.

wild man of the woods, woodwose; faun, satyr


wod

wōd (canonical masculine)
wōd (nominative singular)
wōdas (nominative plural)
wōd (accusative singular)
wōdas (accusative plural)
wōdes (genitive singular)
wōda (genitive plural)
wōde (dative singular)
wōdum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *wōdaz. Derrived from adjective.


unriht

Middle English: unriht, unriȝt, unright

English: unright

Scots: unricht

From Proto-Germanic *unrehtaz, equivalent to un- + riht.

unrihta to fela ricsode on lande ― too many wrongs prevailed in this land. (Wulfstan's Sermo Lupi)


legerteam

he wære (...) synnig wið God gif he ða gehalgodan fæmnan to legerteame onfenge

he would be guilty against God if he took the consecrated virgin to bed. (The Shrine)


hyrst

head

hyrst f (nominative plural hurste or hursta)

hurste (nominative plural)
hursta (nominative plural)
hyrst (nominative singular)
hyrste (nominative plural)
hyrsta (nominative plural)
hyrst (accusative singular)
hyrste (accusative singular)
hyrste (accusative plural)
hyrsta (accusative plural)
hyrste (genitive singular)
hyrsta (genitive plural)
hyrste (dative singular)
hyrstum (dative plural)
hyrst (nominative singular)
hyrstas (nominative plural)
hyrst (accusative singular)
hyrstas (accusative plural)
hyrstes (genitive singular)
hyrsta (genitive plural)
hyrste (dative singular)
hyrstum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hirste, hurst, hurste
English: hurst (mostly in placenames; obsolete hirst)
Scots: hirst, hist

From Proto-West Germanic *hursti (“thicket, eyrie, scrub, bush”).

inh

Wermōd hēr on hyrstum heasewe standeþ.

Wormwood here in the woods stands dusky.

hurst, hillock, eminence, height, wood, wooded eminence


hyrst

From Proto-West Germanic *hrusti (“armour, armament”).

Bēg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta swylce on horde ǣr men genumen hæfdon.

Rings and jewels, all such ornaments as before men had taken in the hoard.

(poetic) ornament, decoration, jewel; accoutrements, trappings, armor


forn

From Proto-West Germanic *forhnu, from Proto-Germanic *furhnō (“trout”).


lind

linde (nominative plural)
lind (nominative singular)
linda (nominative plural)
linde (nominative plural)
linde (accusative singular)
linda (accusative plural)
linde (accusative plural)
linde (genitive singular)
linda (genitive plural)
linde (dative singular)
lindum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: lynde, lynd, linde, lind, lyne, lyn
English: lind, lime
Scots: lind, lynde, leind

From Proto-West Germanic *lindu, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.


bytta

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of byt


grið

Alternative spelling of griþ (“truce, peace”)


hel

hel (nominative singular)
hela (nominative plural)
hele (nominative plural)
hele (accusative singular)
hela (accusative plural)
hele (accusative plural)
hele (genitive singular)
hela (genitive plural)
hele (dative singular)
helum (dative plural)
hell (alternative)


ofn

ofn (nominative singular)
ofnas (nominative plural)
ofn (accusative singular)
ofnas (accusative plural)
ofnes (genitive singular)
ofna (genitive plural)
ofne (dative singular)
ofnum (dative plural)
ofen (alternative)

Middle English: oven

Scots: ovin, uven, une

English: oven

From Proto-West Germanic *ofn, from Proto-Germanic *uhnaz.


spor

sporu (nominative plural)
spor (nominative singular)
sporu (nominative plural)
spor (accusative singular)
sporu (accusative plural)
spores (genitive singular)
spora (genitive plural)
spore (dative singular)
sporum (dative plural)

Middle English: spore, spurre

From Proto-Germanic *spurą. Cognate with Old Frisian *spor, Old Saxon spor, Old Dutch spor, Old High German spor, Old Norse spor.


gemana

A substantive variant of the Germanic root of ġemǣne.

Ðysse fæmnan gemanan bæd

the virgins begged for intercourse. (Codex Exoniensis)

Engla gemana


mæghæmed

mǣġhǣmed (canonical neuter)
mǣġhǣmed (nominative singular)
mǣġhǣmdu (nominative plural)
mǣġhǣmed (accusative singular)
mǣġhǣmdu (accusative plural)
mǣġhǣmdes (genitive singular)
mǣġhǣmda (genitive plural)
mǣġhǣmde (dative singular)
mǣġhǣmdum (dative plural)


sibbleger

sibbleġer (canonical neuter)
sibbleġer (nominative singular)
sibbleġru (nominative plural)
sibbleġer (accusative singular)
sibbleġru (accusative plural)
sibbleġres (genitive singular)
sibbleġra (genitive plural)
sibbleġre (dative singular)
sibbleġrum (dative plural)


teors

teorsas (nominative plural)
teors (nominative singular)
teorsas (nominative plural)
teors (accusative singular)
teorsas (accusative plural)
teorses (genitive singular)
teorsa (genitive plural)
teorse (dative singular)
teorsum (dative plural)

Middle English: ters, tars, tarse, tearse, terce
English: tarse
Scots: tars, ters

From Proto-West Germanic *ters (“nail; penis”).


geardagas

ġeārdagas (canonical masculine plural)
ġeārdagas (nominative plural)
ġeārdagas (accusative plural)
ġeārdaga (genitive plural)
ġeārdagum (dative plural)
ġeārdagan (alternative dative plural)

/ˈjɑːrˌdɑ.ɡɑs/

[ˈjɑːrˌdɑ.ɣɑs]

From Proto-West Germanic *jārō dag, from Proto-Germanic *jērǫ̂ dagaz, equivalent to ġeāra (“yore”) + dagas (“days”). Cognate with Old High German jārtaga, Old Norse árdagr.

An man wæs on geardagum eardiende on þam iglande þe Creta hatte.

One man in days of old lived on the island that is called Crete.


hatheort

hātheort (canonical neuter)
hātheort (nominative singular)
hātheort (nominative plural)
hātheort (accusative singular)
hātheort (accusative plural)
hātheortes (genitive singular)
hātheorta (genitive plural)
hātheorte (dative singular)
hātheortum (dative plural)

Middle English: hotherte (noun)

English: hot-heart (adjective)


mece

mēċe (canonical masculine)
mēċe (nominative singular)
mēċas (nominative plural)
mēċe (accusative singular)
mēċas (accusative plural)
mēċes (genitive singular)
mēċa (genitive plural)
mēċe (dative singular)
mēċum (dative plural)

(Anglian) (poetic) Alternative form of mǣċe


mæl

mǣl (canonical neuter)
mǣl (nominative singular)
mǣl (nominative plural)
mǣl (accusative singular)
mǣl (accusative plural)
mǣles (genitive singular)
mǣla (genitive plural)
mǣle (dative singular)
mǣlum (dative plural)
mēl (alternative Anglian Kentish)

desctree

Middle English: mel, mele, melle, mal, male, meyle (chiefly Northern), mæl, mæle, meal (Early Middle English)
English: meal
Scots: meal
Yola: meale, mele
→ Irish: béile

From Proto-West Germanic *māl, from Proto-Germanic *mēlą, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (“to measure”).
Cognate with Old Frisian mēl (West Frisian miel), Old Saxon -māl, Dutch maal, Old High German māl (German Mal (“time”), Mahl (“meal”)), Old Norse mál (Danish and Swedish mål), Gothic 𐌼𐌴𐌻 (mēl, “time, hour”). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek μέτρον (métron), Latin mensus, Russian ме́ра (méra), Lithuanian mẽtas.

der

mǣltange

Do wines þrie mel on

pour on three measures of wine. (Leechbook)

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLXXIII Hēr ōþēowde rēad Crīstes mǣl on heofonum æfter sunnan setlgange. ⁊ þȳ ġēare ġefuhtan Myrċe ⁊ Cantware æt Ottanforda.

Year 773 In this year a red crucifix appeared in the heavens after the setting of the sun. And in that year, Mercia and Kent fought at Otford.

mǣlċearu

mǣldæġ

mǣlġesceaft

Mæl is me to feran.

It is time for me to go. (Beowulf, l. 316)

He gereordade æt anum mæle fif þusend manna

He fed at one meal five thousand men. (Wulfstan)


broc

brōc (canonical feminine)
brōc (nominative singular)
brēċ (nominative plural)
brōc (accusative singular)
brēċ (accusative plural)
brēċ (genitive singular)
brōce (genitive singular)
brōca (genitive plural)
brēċ (dative singular)
brōcum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: brek, breke, brech, breche, breech (all from the plural)

English: breech, breeches, britches


broc

brōc (canonical masculine)
brōc (nominative singular)
brōcas (nominative plural)
brōc (accusative singular)
brōcas (accusative plural)
brōces (genitive singular)
brōca (genitive plural)
brōce (dative singular)
brōcum (dative plural)

Middle English: brook

English: brook

Scots: broke, bruke

From Proto-West Germanic *brōk (etymology 2).


broc

brōc (canonical)
brōc (nominative singular)
brōcu (nominative plural)
brōc (accusative singular)
brōcu (accusative plural)
brōces (genitive singular)
brōca (genitive plural)
brōce (dative singular)
brōcum (dative plural)


gehygd

ġehyġd (canonical neuter)
ġehyġd (nominative singular)
ġehyġde (nominative plural)
ġehyġda (nominative plural)
ġehyġd (accusative singular)
ġehyġde (accusative singular)
ġehyġde (accusative plural)
ġehyġda (accusative plural)
ġehyġde (genitive singular)
ġehyġda (genitive plural)
ġehyġde (dative singular)
ġehyġdum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *gahugdiz. Cognate with Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌳𐍃 (gahugds). Equivalent to ġe- + hyġd, from hyċġan.

Ðu ana canst ealra gehygdo

Beorn sċeal ġebīdan, · þonne hē bēot spriceð,
oþþæt collenferð · cunne ġearwe
hwider hreþra ġehyġd · hweorfan wille.

Man must pause when he tells a promise
until bold spirit would know clearly
where thought of hearts would turn.


þrag

head

þrāg f (nominative plural þrāge or þrāga)

þrāg (canonical feminine)
þrāge (nominative plural)
þrāga (nominative plural)
þrāg (nominative singular)
þrāga (nominative plural)
þrāge (nominative plural)
þrāge (accusative singular)
þrāga (accusative plural)
þrāge (accusative plural)
þrāge (genitive singular)
þrāga (genitive plural)
þrāge (dative singular)
þrāgum (dative plural)
þrāh (alternative)

desc

Middle English: þraȝe, þraȝhe, þroȝe, thrawe, throwe

English: throw

Unknown; not represented in any cognate languages. The form implies a Proto-Germanic *þrēg-, whence also Proto-Germanic *þrag- (compare Old English þræġan (“to run, proceed in a course”), Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þragjan, “to run”)). If so, then from Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ-, a variant of *dʰregʰ- (“to run”). Compare also Old Norse þræll (“serf, slave”, literally “gofer, runner”). See English thrall.

cog

Hwǣr cōm mearg? Hwǣr cōm mago? · Hwǣr cōm māþþumġyfa?
Hwǣr cōm symbla ġesetu? · Hwǣr sindon seledrēamas?
Ēalā beorht bune! · Ēalā byrnwiga!
Ēalā þēodnes þrym! · Hū sēo þrāg ġewāt,
ġenāp under nihthelm, · swā hēo nō wære.

Whither did the horse come? Whither did the man come? Whither did the treasure-giver come?
Whither did the seats of feasts come? Where are the hall-joys?
Alack and alas, bright cup! Alack and alas, mailed warrior!
Alack and alas, the army of the king! How did the time pass,
grow dark under the cover of night, as if it never did.


hriþ

hrīþ (canonical feminine neuter)
hrīþ (nominative singular)
hrīþa (nominative plural)
hrīþe (nominative plural)
hrīþe (accusative singular)
hrīþa (accusative plural)
hrīþe (accusative plural)
hrīþe (genitive singular)
hrīþa (genitive plural)
hrīþe (dative singular)
hrīþum (dative plural)
hrīþ (nominative singular)
hrīþ (nominative plural)
hrīþ (accusative singular)
hrīþ (accusative plural)
hrīþes (genitive singular)
hrīþa (genitive plural)
hrīþe (dative singular)
hrīþum (dative plural)
hrīð (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *hrīþu, from Proto-Germanic *hrīþō (“sudden attack; seizure; fit; storm”). Cognate with Old Norse hríð.

inh

hrīð hrēosende · hruse bindeð,
wintres wōma, · þonne won cymeð,

ground binds the falling snowstorm,
howling of winter, then the dark comes,

(hapax legomenon) snowstorm; storm, tempest


hriþ

From Proto-West Germanic *hriþi, from Proto-Germanic *hriþiz. Cognate with Old High German rito. Perhaps ultimately from the same source as Welsh cryd.


hriþ

head

hrīþ n (nominative plural hrīþeru or hrīþera)

hrīþ (canonical neuter)
hrīþeru (nominative plural)
hrīþera (nominative plural)
hrīð (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *hrinþ, from Proto-Germanic *hrinþaz. Cognate with Old High German hrind, rind.


sceat

sċēat (canonical masculine)
sċēat (nominative singular)
sċēatas (nominative plural)
sċēat (accusative singular)
sċēatas (accusative plural)
sċēates (genitive singular)
sċēata (genitive plural)
sċēate (dative singular)
sċēatum (dative plural)

English: Sheet

From Proto-Germanic *skautaz. Cognate with Old Frisian skat, Middle Dutch scoot (Dutch schoot), Old High German scōz (German Schoß), Old Norse skaut (Danish skød), Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰 (skauta).

Min modsefa || mid mereflode
ofer hwæles eþel || hweorfeð wide,
eorþan sceatas, || cymeð eft to me

My spirit, amid sea-flood,
over the whale's estate, wanders far
[to] the corners of the Earth, then comes [back] to me
wanting and unsatisfied ...


þegen

þeġen (canonical masculine)
þeġen (nominative singular)
þeġnas (nominative plural)
þeġen (accusative singular)
þeġnas (accusative plural)
þeġnes (genitive singular)
þeġna (genitive plural)
þeġne (dative singular)
þeġnum (dative plural)


oroþ

oroþ (nominative singular)
oroþu (nominative plural)
oroþ (accusative singular)
oroþu (accusative plural)
oroþes (genitive singular)
oroþa (genitive plural)
oroþe (dative singular)
oroþum (dative plural)
oruþ (alternative)
oraþ (alternative)
oreþ (alternative)
orþ (alternative)

Middle English: orth, orð

From Proto-West Germanic *uʀanþ, from Proto-Germanic *uzanþą, a compound of Proto-Germanic *uz (“out”) + *anþą (“breath”). The latter word is from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-. Germanic cognates include Old Frisian omma, Old Norse ǫnd, andi (Swedish ande).


esta

genitive/nominative/accusative plural of ēst


fæder

fæder (nominative singular)
fæderas (nominative plural)
fæder (accusative singular)
fæderas (accusative plural)
fæder (genitive singular)
fæderes (genitive singular)
fædera (genitive plural)
fæder (dative singular)
fædere (dative singular)
fæderum (dative plural)
fader (alternative)
feder (alternative)
fador (alternative)
fadur (alternative)
feadur (alternative)
fieder (alternative)
fædyr (alternative)
fædir (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: fader, fæder, faderr, fadir, fadyr, fadur, feder, vader, veder, faðer, father, ffader
English: father
→ Marshallese: bata
Gullah: farruh
Scots: faither, fader, faether, faider, father, fither
Yola: vather

→ English: faeder

From Proto-West Germanic *fader, from Proto-Germanic *fadēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.
Old Germanic cognates: Old Frisian feder, Old Saxon fadar, Old Dutch fader, Old High German fater, Old Norse faðir, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌳𐌰𐍂 (fadar).

Til biþ sē þe his trēowe ġehealdeþ, · ne sċeal nǣfre his torn tō ryċene
beorn of his brēostum ācȳþan, · nemþe hē ǣr þā bōte cunne,
eorl mid elne ġefremman. · Wel bið þām þe him āre sēċeð,
frōfre tō fæder on heofonum, · þǣr ūs eal sēo fæstnung stondeð.

Good is that keeps his belief, should not ever unfold his wrath,
fighter of his breasts, too quickly, unless before this help he would
know how to help out a man with strength. It's good for him who seeks
help from the Father in heavens, where this whole fastening stands for us.


modor

mōdor (canonical feminine)
mōdor (nominative singular)
mōdra (nominative plural)
mōdru (nominative plural)
mōdor (accusative singular)
mōdra (accusative plural)
mōdru (accusative plural)
mōdor (genitive singular)
mēder (genitive singular)
mōdra (genitive plural)
mēder (dative singular)
mōdrum (dative plural)
mōdur (alternative)
mōder (alternative)
mōddor (alternative)

Middle English: moder
English: mother, mither (Scotland and Northern England)
Australian Kriol: motha
→ Japanese: マザー (mazā)
→ Korean: 마더 (madeo)
Scots: mither, medder, midder, moder, moeder (Shetland), mideer, mother
Yola: moodher, moother, moothar

From Proto-West Germanic *mōder, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Cognate with Old Frisian mōder, Old Saxon mōdar, Old Dutch muoder, Old High German muoter, Old Norse móðir.

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Herodes hēt tīon þā ċild of hira mōdor brēostum ond bōsmum, ond þonne man þā ċild cwealde, þonne spiwon hīe þā meoloc ǣr þæt blōd.

Herod ordered that the children be torn from the breasts and bosoms of their mothers, and when they were killed they spat out the milk before the blood.


broþor

brōþor (canonical masculine)
brōþor (nominative singular)
brōþor (nominative plural)
ġebrōþor (nominative plural)
brōþra (nominative plural)
ġebrōþra (nominative plural)
brōþru (nominative plural)
ġebrōþru (nominative plural)
brōþor (accusative singular)
brōþor (accusative plural)
ġebrōþor (accusative plural)
brōþra (accusative plural)
ġebrōþra (accusative plural)
brōþru (accusative plural)
ġebrōþru (accusative plural)
brōþor (genitive singular)
brōþra (genitive plural)
ġebrōþra (genitive plural)
brēþer (dative singular)
brōþrum (dative plural)
ġebrōþrum (dative plural)
brōþer (alternative)
brōþur (alternative)
brōðer (alternative)
brōður (alternative)

Middle English: brother
English: brother (see there for further descendants)
Scots: brither, bruther, broder, bruder
Yola: brover, brower

Mīn brōþor hæfþ twēġen cattas.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
Þā ġecwæð sē abbod and ealle þā ġebrōðra þæt þēr ne mihte nā mā muneca wunian...

Then said the abbot and all the brothers, that no more monks could dwell there...


nefa

nefa (nominative singular)
nefan (nominative plural)
nefan (accusative singular)
nefan (accusative plural)
nefan (genitive singular)
nefena (genitive plural)
nefan (dative singular)
nefum (dative plural)

Middle English: neve, neave, neva, nefa, newe, neafe, nefe
English: neve

From Proto-West Germanic *nefō, from Proto-Germanic *nefô, from Proto-Indo-European *népōts.
Cognate with Old Frisian neva, Old Saxon nevo (German Low German Neev), Old High German nevo (German Neffe), Old Norse nefi; also Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬁𐬝 (napāt̰), Latin nepōs, Old Irish nia, Welsh nai, Proto-Slavic *netьjь (Slovene nečak.


eowu

eowu (nominative singular)
eowa (nominative plural)
eowe (accusative singular)
eowa (accusative plural)
eowe (genitive singular)
eowena (genitive plural)
eowe (dative singular)
eowenum (dative plural)

Middle English: ewe, awe, eu, ouwe, yeue, yowe
English: ewe
Scots: yowe, yhow
Yola: yowe

From Proto-West Germanic *awi, from Proto-Germanic *awiz.
* Germanic cognates: Old Frisian ei, Old Saxon ewwi, Old High German ouwi (German Aue), Old Norse ær, Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹 (awēþi, “flock of sheep”).
* Indo-European cognates: Luwian 𒄩𒀀𒌑𒄿𒅖 (/ḫāwīs/), Latin ovis, Ancient Greek ὄϊς (óïs), Old Church Slavonic овьца (ovĭca) (Russian овца́ (ovcá)), Old Irish ói, Lithuanian avi̇̀s, Tocharian B awi.

Þā eowe man āsyndrede fram heora lambrum, and hīe belifon æt þām tūne, þǣr hīe ġemolcena wurdon.

The ewes were separated from their lambs, and they remained at the farm, where they were milked.


sugu

sugu (nominative singular)
suga (nominative plural)
suge (nominative plural)
suge (accusative singular)
suga (accusative plural)
suge (accusative plural)
suge (genitive singular)
suga (genitive plural)
suge (dative singular)
sugum (dative plural)

Middle English: sowe

English: sow

Scots: sou


leah

lēah (canonical masculine)
lēas (nominative plural)
lēah (nominative singular)
lēas (nominative plural)
lēah (accusative singular)
lēas (accusative plural)
lēas (genitive singular)
lēana (genitive plural)
lēa (dative singular)
lēam (dative plural)
lēaum (dative plural)
lēah (nominative singular)
lēa (nominative plural)
lēa (accusative singular)
lēa (accusative plural)
lēa (genitive singular)
lēana (genitive plural)
lēa (dative singular)
lēam (dative plural)
lēaum (dative plural)

Middle English: leye, ley, legh, lege, liegh
English: leigh, lea
Scots: le, ley, lei
⇒? Yola: kotlieough, cotleough

From Proto-West Germanic *lauh, from Proto-Germanic *lauhaz, from Proto-Indo-European *lówkos (“clearing”), derived from *lewk- (“bright”).
The use of the word meaning "meadow" is a later development of the word, possibly aided by confusion between lēas (plural of the original meaning of lēah) with lǣs.


leah

lēah (canonical feminine)
lēah (nominative singular)
lēaga (nominative plural)
lēage (nominative plural)
lēage (accusative singular)
lēaga (accusative plural)
lēage (accusative plural)
lēage (genitive singular)
lēaga (genitive plural)
lēage (dative singular)
lēagum (dative plural)


meolc

meolc (nominative singular)
meolce (nominative plural)
meolca (nominative plural)
meolc (accusative singular)
meolce (accusative singular)
meolce (accusative plural)
meolca (accusative plural)
meolce (genitive singular)
meolca (genitive plural)
meolce (dative singular)
meolcum (dative plural)
meoloc (alternative)
meoluc (alternative)
milc (alternative)

Middle English: milk, milke, milc, melke, melc (chiefly Kent & Southern West), mulk, mulc (chiefly Southern & Southern West)
English: milk
Scots: milk, melk, mylk
Yola: mulk

From Proto-West Germanic *meluk, from Proto-Germanic *meluks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-. See there for cognates.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DLXXXV Hēr wearþ on Brytene blōdi rēn ⁊ meolc and butere wurdon ġewend to blōde.

Year 685 In this year there was bloody rain in Britain and milk and butter were turned into blood.


melu

melu (nominative singular)
melu (accusative singular)
melwes (genitive singular)
melwe (dative singular)
melo (alternative)
meolo (alternative)

Middle English: mele, meale, meele, melow
English: meal
Scots: meil, mele
Yola: mele, mell

From Proto-Germanic *melwą, from Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“grind”).

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Him becōmon ēac swā miċele welan tō handa, þæt his bīġleofa wæs ælċe dæġ mid his hīrede þrittiġ mittan clǣnes melowes, and sixtiġ mittan ōðres melowes, twelf fǣtte oxan, and twēntiġ feldoxan, hundtēontiġ weðera, buton huntoðe and fugoloðe and ġemæstra fugela.

And so much wealth came into his hands that every day he and his household consumed thirty mittas of clean meal, sixty mittas of other meal, twelve fat oxen, twenty field-oxen, and one hundred wethers, not counting the sustenance from hunting, fowling, or fattened birds.

meal, the edible part of a grain or pulse


geoc

ġeoc (canonical neuter)
ġeocu (nominative plural)
ġeoc (nominative singular)
ġeocu (nominative plural)
ġeoc (accusative singular)
ġeocu (accusative plural)
ġeoces (genitive singular)
ġeoca (genitive plural)
ġeoce (dative singular)
ġeocum (dative plural)
ġioc (alternative)
ioc (alternative)

Middle English: yok, ȝocke, ȝok, ȝoke, ȝook, ȝoocke, jok, yoke, yokke, ȝeoce, ȝocc, iuc (Early Middle English)
English: yoke (obsolete yock)
Middle Scots: ȝok, ȝoke, ȝock, ȝocke, yok, yoke
Scots: yoke, yock

From Proto-West Germanic *juk, from Proto-Germanic *juką, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.


geoc

ġēoc (canonical feminine)
ġēoc (nominative singular)
ġēoca (nominative plural)
ġēoce (nominative plural)
ġēoce (accusative singular)
ġēoca (accusative plural)
ġēoce (accusative plural)
ġēoce (genitive singular)
ġēoca (genitive plural)
ġēoce (dative singular)
ġēocum (dative plural)
ġīoc (alternative)

Uncertain. Perhaps from ġe- + ēoc (“help, safety”).

Frōfre ne wēne, þæt mē ġēoc cyme gūðġewinnes, ǣr iċ mid yldum eal forweorðe…

I don't expect any consolation that I'll get help of warbattle before I would be completely perished with men…


bru

brū (canonical feminine)
brū (nominative singular)
brūwa (nominative plural)
brūwe (nominative plural)
brūwe (accusative singular)
brūwa (accusative plural)
brūwe (accusative plural)
brūwe (genitive singular)
brūwa (genitive plural)
brūwe (dative singular)
brūwum (dative plural)

Middle English: browe, broȝ, brou, brouwe, brow, bru, brwe, bruwe (Early Middle English)
English: brow
Geordie English: broo
Scots: broo

From Proto-Germanic *brūwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrúHs (“brow”).