word

word (nominative plural)
word (nominative singular)
word (nominative plural)
word (accusative singular)
word (accusative plural)
wordes (genitive singular)
worda (genitive plural)
worde (dative singular)
wordum (dative plural)
ƿord (alternative)
uord (alternative)
wyrde (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: word, vord, weord, woord, worde, wourd, wurd
English: word
Middle Scots: word, wourd
Scots: wird, word, wurd

From Proto-West Germanic *word, from Proto-Germanic *wurdą.

Sē þonne þisne wealsteal · wīse ġeþōhte
ond þis deorce līf · dēope ġeondþenċeð,
frōd in ferðe, · feor oft ġemon
wælsleahta worn, · ond þās word ācwið:

Then he deeply thinks over this wall-place
and this dark life with wise thought,
shrewd in mind, oft recalls the long bygone
swarm of slaughters, and utters these words:

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Nativiity of Our Lord"
Ðyllīce word María hēold ārǣfniġende on hire heortan.

Such words Mary held, pondering them in her heart.


word

Unknown. Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥dʰos (“sweetbriar”). Compare Latin rubus (“bramble”), Persian گل (gol, “flower”).

ƿord (alternative)
uord (alternative)
wyrde (alternative)


September

September (nominative singular)
September (accusative singular)
septembres (genitive singular)
septembre (dative singular)


leap

lēap (canonical masculine)
lēap (nominative singular)
lēapas (nominative plural)
lēap (accusative singular)
lēapas (accusative plural)
lēapes (genitive singular)
lēapa (genitive plural)
lēape (dative singular)
lēapum (dative plural)

Middle English: lep, lepe, leep

English: leap, leep

Scots: leip

⇒ Scots: leipie, lippie

From Proto-West Germanic *laup, from Proto-Germanic *laupaz (“container, basket”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ-, *lewb- (“to peel, break off, damage”), from Proto-Indo-European *lew-, *lewH- (“to cut, divide, separate, release”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēpen (“vessel, grain measure”), Middle Low German lôp and lö̂pen (“measuring vessel, small bushel, grain measure”), Old Norse laupr (“basket”).


winter

winter (nominative singular)
wintras (nominative plural)
winter (accusative singular)
wintras (accusative plural)
wintres (genitive singular)
wintra (genitive plural)
wintre (dative singular)
wintra (dative singular)
wintrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: winter, wintere, wintre, wynter
English: winter
Scots: winter
Yola: wonter

From earlier *wintr < *wintru, from Proto-Germanic *wintruz. Cognate with Old Frisian winter, Old Saxon wintar, Old Dutch winter, Old High German wintar, Old Norse vetr, Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃 (wintrus).

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
...þis ēalond hafað myċele lengran dagas on sumera, ⁊ swā ēac nihta on wintra, þonne ðā sūðdǣlas middanġeardes.

...this island has much longer days in the summer, and equally longer nights in the winter, than the southern parts of the world..

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
Iċ ðē seċġe lxxx wintra of ðām trēowcynne ðe is nemned Sem.

I tell thee, eighty years, of the wood that is called Sem

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCXLI Hēr Æþelheard cing forðferde, ⁊ feng Cūþrēd tō Westseaxna rīċe, ⁊ heold XXVI wintra, ⁊ heardlīċe hē ġewann wiþ Æþelwald cing. ⁊ Cūþbriht wæs tō arċebisċeope ġehālgod, ⁊ Dunn bisċeop tō Hrofesċeastre.

Year 741 In this year King Aethelhard died, and Cuthred ascended to the West Saxon throne. He held it for 26 years, and fought bravely against King Aethelwald. And Cuthbright was ordained archbishop, and Dunn ordained bishop of Rochester.


spring

spring (nominative singular)
springas (nominative plural)
spring (accusative singular)
springas (accusative plural)
springes (genitive singular)
springa (genitive plural)
springe (dative singular)
springum (dative plural)

Middle English: spryng, spring, springe, sprung, sprynge
English: spring
Scots: spring

From Proto-West Germanic *spring, from Proto-Germanic *springaz


mann

menn (nominative plural)
mann (nominative singular)
menn (nominative plural)
mann (accusative singular)
menn (accusative plural)
mannes (genitive singular)
manna (genitive plural)
menn (dative singular)
mannum (dative plural)
ᛗ (alternative)
man (alternative)
monn (alternative)
mon (alternative)
manna (alternative)

Middle English: man, manne, mæn, mon, monne
English: man, -man (see there for further descendants)
Scots: man
Yola: man

From Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann-. Cognate with Old Frisian mon, Old Saxon mann, Old Dutch man, Old High German man, Old Norse maðr, Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 (manna).

endemann

person living at the last age of the world

Man biþ mann þurh ōðre menn.

Wē menn wǣron on wambum ġesmiðode ealdra steorrena.

We humans were forged in the bellies of ancient stars.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Ǣġðer is mann ġe wer ġe wīf.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent Sunday"
God ġesċōp æt fruman twēġen menn, wer and wīf.

In the beginning, God created two human beings, a man and a woman.

11th century, anonymous fragment of a Life of Saint Mildred
Wæs hēo swīðe ġemyndgu þæt wē eall of twām mannum cōmon.

She always remembered that we all came from two people.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of The Consolation of Philosophy
Þā cwæþ hē, "Wāst þū hwæt mann sīe?" Þā cwæþ iċ, "Iċ wāt þæt hit biþ sāwol and līchama."

Then he said, "Do you know what a person is?" So I said, "I know it's a soul and a body."

"The Wife's Lament"
Ongunnon þæt þæs mannes māgas hyċġan þurh dierne ġeþōht þæt hīe tōdǣlden unc.

The person's relatives began to think of a secret plan to separate us.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 24:38-39

In the days before the flood, people were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day when Noah entered the ark, and they didn't know until the flood came and took them all.

On þǣm dagum ǣr þǣm flōde wǣron menn etende and drincende, and wīfiġende and ġifte sellende, ōþ þone dæġ þe Nōe on þā earċe ēode, and hīe nysson ǣr sē flōd cōm and nam hīe ealle.

Mann biþ menn wulf.

Þing sind on weorolde þe sē mann nǣfre witan ne sċolde.

There are things in the world man was never meant to know.

late 10th century, Ælfric, translation of Genesis 1:27

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Lord's Ascension"
Sē mann hæfþ sum þing ġemǣne mid ealre ġesċeafte.

Man has something in common with all of creation.

(rare or non-literary) man meaning adult male


man

man (nominative singular)
men (nominative plural)
man (accusative singular)
men (accusative plural)
manes (genitive singular)
mana (genitive plural)
men (dative singular)
manum (dative plural)
mann (alternative)


man

mān (canonical neuter)
mann (alternative)


is

īs (canonical neuter)
īs (nominative singular)
īs (nominative plural)
īs (accusative singular)
īs (accusative plural)
īses (genitive singular)
īsa (genitive plural)
īse (dative singular)
īsum (dative plural)

Middle English: is, ise, yes, yce, yys, ys, ijs, yse, ysz, hyse, hyys, ice, isse, ysse, yis
English: ice (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ice

From Proto-Germanic *īsą. See there for more.

the Legend of St Andrew
Ofer ēastrēamas īs bryċġode.

The ice formed a bridge over the streams.

The Old English rune poem
ᛁ byþ oferċeald, unġemeted slidor...

Ice is very cold and immeasurably slippery...


are

āre (canonical feminine)
āre (nominative singular)
āran (nominative plural)
āran (accusative singular)
āran (accusative plural)
āran (genitive singular)
ārena (genitive plural)
āran (dative singular)
ārum (dative plural)


are

dative singular of ār (“messenger, herald; angel; missionary”)


are

inflection of ār (“mercy”):
nominative plural

inflection of ār (“mercy”):
accusative singular/plural

inflection of ār (“mercy”):
genitive/dative singular


port

port (nominative singular)
portas (nominative plural)
port (accusative singular)
portas (accusative plural)
portes (genitive singular)
porta (genitive plural)
porte (dative singular)
portum (dative plural)

Middle English: port

English: port

Scots: port

Borrowed from Latin portus (“harbour, port, haven, warehouse”).

bor

a port, a haven (a harbor or harbor-town)

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
...he wolde gan ut of ðam porte...

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
nu ic wæs of þam rihtan wege mines ingeþances ac betere hit bið þæt ic eft fare ut of þysum porte ðylæs þe ic to swiðe dwelige and for-þy þonne ne cume to minum geferum þe me ær hyder sendon; gewislice ic her ongyten hæbbe þæt me hæfð gelæht fæste mines modes oferstige þæt ic nat na forgeare hu ic hit þus macige.

Now I was in the right way in my inward thought, but better will it be that I go out of this town again lest I be too greatly bewildered, and so may not come to my comrades who erewhile sent me here; certainly I have here perceived that the over anxiety of my mind hath here seized me, so that I know not very certainly why I thus act.

a town, particularly one with special trading privileges


port

Middle English: port

English: port

Scots: port

Borrowed from Latin porta (“gate, entrance, passage, door”).


hund

hund (nominative singular)
hundas (nominative plural)
hund (accusative singular)
hundas (accusative plural)
hundes (genitive singular)
hunda (genitive plural)
hunde (dative singular)
hundum (dative plural)

Middle English: hound, hund, honde

English: hound

Scots: hoond

From Proto-West Germanic *hund.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian hund, Old Saxon hund, Old Dutch hunt, Old High German hunt, Old Norse hundr, Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (hunds).
Indo-European cognates include Latin canis, Ancient Greek κύων (kúōn), Sanskrit श्वन् (śvan), Old Irish cú, Lithuanian šuõ.

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
Saga mē, hwylc man ǣrest wǣre wið hund sprecende?

Tell me, who was the first man that spake with a dog?

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Saints Alexander, Eventius, and Theodosius"
Þā cwæþ Aureliānus, "Eom iċ hund ġeþūht?

Then Aurelianus said, "Do I look like a dog?"


hund

hund (nominative singular)
hund (nominative plural)
hund (accusative singular)
hund (accusative plural)
hundes (genitive singular)
hunda (genitive plural)
hunde (dative singular)
hundum (dative plural)

Middle English: hund

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *hund, from Proto-Germanic *hundą, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥tóm. Cognates include Old High German hunt and Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 (hund), also Latin centum.

inh+

c. 995, Ælfric, Letter to Wulfsige
Þā ġegaderode hē sinoþ on þǣre ċeastre Nīcea, þrēo hund bisċopa and eahtatīene bisċeopas of eallum lēodsċipum, for þæs ġelēafan trymminge.

Then he gathered a synod in the city of Nicaea, three hundred and eighteen bishops from all nations, for the confirmation of the faith.


os

ōs (canonical masculine)
ōs (nominative singular)
ēse (nominative plural)
ōsa (nominative plural)
ōs (accusative singular)
ōsa (accusative plural)
ōsa (genitive singular)
ēsa (genitive plural)
ōsa (genitive plural)
ēse (dative singular)
ōsa (dative singular)
ōsum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *ansu, from Proto-Germanic *ansuz (“god, deity”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ems- (“engender, beget”). Cognate with Old Norse áss.


bot

bōt (canonical feminine)
bōte (nominative plural)
bōt (nominative singular)
bōta (nominative plural)
bōte (nominative plural)
bōte (accusative singular)
bōta (accusative plural)
bōte (accusative plural)
bōte (genitive singular)
bōta (genitive plural)
bōte (dative singular)
bōtum (dative plural)

Middle English: bote

English: boot

→ English: bote

Scots: bute, buit

From Proto-West Germanic *bōtu (“recompense”).
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian bōte, Old Saxon bōta, Dutch boete, Old High German buoza (German Buße), Old Norse bōt (Swedish bot), Gothic 𐌱𐍉𐍄𐌰 (bōta).

bōtlēas

unpardonable, not to be atoned for by bōt

bōtwyrþe

pardonable, that can be atoned for by bōt

burhbōt

liability for repair of the walls of a town or fortress

dǣdbōt

amends, atonement, repentance, penitence

hādbōt

compensation for injury or insult to a priest

mǣgbōt

compensation paid to the relatives of a murdered man, maegbot

tō bōte

to boot, with advantage, besides, moreover

Byþ hræd bót.

help, assistance, rescue, remedy, cure, deliverance from evil

... and án swulung þǽre cirican to bóte

and an offering to the church for repairs

For bóte his synna

compensation for an injury or wrong; (peace) offering, recompense, amends, atonement, reformation, penance, repentance

Hé tó bóte gehwearf

improvement in (moral) condition, amendment


hell

hell (nominative singular)
hella (nominative plural)
helle (nominative plural)
helle (accusative singular)
hella (accusative plural)
helle (accusative plural)
helle (genitive singular)
hella (genitive plural)
helle (dative singular)
hellum (dative plural)
hel (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: helle, hel, hell, hælle
English: hell, Hell
Scots: hell, Hell

From Proto-West Germanic *hallju, from Proto-Germanic *haljō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”).
Compare German hell (“light”).


fere

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nl

He fromne ferdrinc fere beserode


war

Middle English: wor

English: ware

From Proto-West Germanic *wair, related to *wīraz.


market

desctree

Middle English: market, marcat, markat, marked, marketh, markete, markett, markette, markyth, mercatt, merket, merketh, merkett (Late Middle English)
English: market (see there for further descendants)
Middle Scots: market, mercat
Scots: market
Yola: maarkeet, markeat, markeate


last

lāst (canonical masculine)
lāstas (nominative plural)
lāst (nominative singular)
lāstas (nominative plural)
lāst (accusative singular)
lāstas (accusative plural)
lāstes (genitive singular)
lāsta (genitive plural)
lāste (dative singular)
lāstum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *laist, along with the feminine variant lǣst.
Cognates
Cognate with Middle Dutch leest (Dutch leest), Old High German leist (German Leist), Old Norse leistr (“foot, sock”) (Swedish läst, Danish læst).

Stondeð nū on lāste · lēofre duguþe
weal wundrum hēah, · wyrmlīcum fāh.

Now a wall stands in the track of dear band,
by wonders high, with ophidians adorned.


accent

accent (nominative singular)
accentas (nominative plural)
accent (accusative singular)
accentas (accusative plural)
accentes (genitive singular)
accenta (genitive plural)
accente (dative singular)
accentum (dative plural)


ace

inflection of āc:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of āc:
nominative/accusative plural


ad

ād (canonical masculine)
ād (nominative singular)
ādas (nominative plural)
ād (accusative singular)
ādas (accusative plural)
ādes (genitive singular)
āda (genitive plural)
āde (dative singular)
ādum (dative plural)

Middle English: ād


storm

storm (nominative singular)
stormas (nominative plural)
storm (accusative singular)
stormas (accusative plural)
stormes (genitive singular)
storma (genitive plural)
storme (dative singular)
stormum (dative plural)
stearm (alternative)

Middle English: storm

English: storm
→ Esperanto: ŝtormo
→ Irish: stoirm
→ Scottish Gaelic: stoirm

Scots: storm

Yola: stharm, starm

→ Middle Welsh: ystorym

Welsh: storm

From Proto-West Germanic *sturm, whence also Old Saxon storm, Old High German sturm, Old Norse stormr.

Eorlas fornōman · asca þrȳþe,
wǣpen wælġīfru, · wyrd sēo mǣre,
ond þās stānhleoþu · stormas cnyssað,

The warriors took away the strength of spears,
killing-greedy weapons, the fate is famous
and the storms hit these stone slopes,


win

wīn (canonical neuter)
wīn (nominative singular)
wīn (nominative plural)
wīn (accusative singular)
wīn (accusative plural)
wīnes (genitive singular)
wīna (genitive plural)
wīne (dative singular)
wīnum (dative plural)

Middle English: wyn, win, wine, wyne, wijn, vine, vyn, vyne, wyen, weyn, wynne
English: wine (see there for further descendants)
Scots: wyne

From Proto-West Germanic *wīn from Latin vīnum.

c. 810, charter of Christ Church Canterbury, Cotton Augustus II, 79, f1r

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

...selle mon... mittan fulne huniges oðða tuegen uuines...


stand

stand (nominative singular)
standas (nominative plural)
stand (accusative singular)
standas (accusative plural)
standes (genitive singular)
standa (genitive plural)
stande (dative singular)
standum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *standaz, related to the verb *stāną (“to stand”).


here

herġas (nominative plural)
here (nominative singular)
herġas (nominative plural)
here (accusative singular)
herġas (accusative plural)
herġes (genitive singular)
herġa (genitive plural)
herġe (dative singular)
herġum (dative plural)

Middle English: here

Scots: here, heir, heyr

From Proto-West Germanic *hari, from Proto-Germanic *harjaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ker-.

Coordinate term: fierd

army, military (especially of the enemy)


dare

inflection of daru:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of daru:
genitive/dative singular


tiger

tigras (nominative plural)
tiger (nominative singular)
tigras (nominative plural)
tiger (accusative singular)
tigras (accusative plural)
tigres (genitive singular)
tigra (genitive plural)
tigre (dative singular)
tigrum (dative plural)

Middle English: tygre, tygur, tygyr, tigre, tiger, teger, tegre (partially from Old French)
English: tiger, tyger, tygre (see there for further descendants)
Scots: teeger

From Proto-West Germanic *tīgr (“tiger”).

c. 1000, Ælfric of Eynsham (tr.), Hexameron of St. Basil

Then, through his wonderful might, God created all the kinds of animals according to their kinds, and the wild animals that dwell in the woods, and all the four-footed creatures of the aforementioned earth, and all the kinds of creeping reptiles, and the savage lions, which do not live here, and the swift tigers, and the marvelous leopards, and the fearful bears, and the huge elephants.

Hwæt ðā God ġeworhte ðurh his wunderlīċan mihte eall nȳtencynn on heora cynrynum, and ðā wildan dēor ðe on wudum eardiað, and eall ðæt fīðerfōte byð of ðǣre foresǣdan eorðan, and eall wyrmcynn ðā ðe crēopende bēoð, and ðā reðan lēon, ðe hēr on lande ne bēoð, and ðā swiftan tigres, and ðā syllican pardes, and ðā eġeslīċan beran, and ðā ormǣtan ylpas.


gold

gold (nominative singular)
gold (accusative singular)
goldes (genitive singular)
golde (dative singular)

Middle English: gold
English: gold
Scots: gooth, gowth, gowd, goold

From Proto-West Germanic *golþ, from Proto-Germanic *gulþą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰĺ̥tom.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...Næbbe ic seolfor ne gold, ic þē dō þæt ic hæbbe...

...I have neither silver nor gold, I give thee that I have...


woman

inflection of wōma:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of wōma:
genitive/dative singular


twig

twiġ (canonical neuter)
twiġ (nominative singular)
twigu (nominative plural)
twiġ (accusative singular)
twigu (accusative plural)
twiġes (genitive singular)
twiga (genitive plural)
twiġe (dative singular)
twigum (dative plural)
twī (alternative)

Middle English: twiȝ, twi

From Proto-West Germanic *twīg, from Proto-Germanic *twīgą.


or

Middle English: or (early, hapax)

From Proto-Germanic *ōzô, *ōsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os (“mouth”).


sol

From Proto-West Germanic *sōl, from Proto-Germanic *sōl (“sun”).


sol

sol (nominative singular)
solu (nominative plural)
sol (accusative singular)
solu (accusative plural)
soles (genitive singular)
sola (genitive plural)
sole (dative singular)
solum (dative plural)

gl

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">solu</i>

Middle English: sol, sole (merged with descendant of Old English solu)

English: soil, soal

From Proto-West Germanic *sol, from Proto-Germanic *sulą (“mud, spot”), from Proto-Indo-European *sūl- (“thick liquid”). Cognate with Old High German sol, gisol (“pool of excrement”), Middle Dutch sol (“puddle, dirt, filth”). More at soil.


some

inflection of sōm:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of sōm:
genitive/dative singular


hand

hand (nominative singular)
handa (nominative plural)
hand (accusative singular)
handa (accusative plural)
handa (genitive singular)
handa (genitive plural)
handa (dative singular)
handum (dative plural)
hond (alternative)

Middle English: hond, hand

English: hand

Scots: hand, haund

Yola: hoane

From Proto-West Germanic *handu, from Proto-Germanic *handuz. Cognate with Old Frisian hond, Old Saxon hand, Old High German hant, Old Norse hǫnd, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (handus).

Oft him ānhaga · āre gebīdeð,
Metudes miltse, · þēah þe hē mōdċeariġ
ġeond lagulāde · longe sċeolde
hrēran mid hondum · hrīmċealde sǣ,
wadan wræclāstas. · Wyrd bið ful ārǣd.

A loner oft waits a grace for himself,
Creator's mercy, even if he is sorrowful,
through a sea-way he should for long
stir the frost-cold sea with hands,
travel paths of exile. Fate is well stalwart.


el

The name of the Latin-script letter L/l.


for

fōr (canonical feminine)
fōra (nominative plural)
fōr (nominative singular)
fōra (nominative plural)
fōre (nominative plural)
fōre (accusative singular)
fōra (accusative plural)
fōre (accusative plural)
fōre (genitive singular)
fōra (genitive plural)
fōre (dative singular)
fōrum (dative plural)
ᚠᚩᚱᚨ (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *fōrō (“trip; wagon”).

journey, going, course, expedition, approach; passage, lifestyle, way of life


for

fōr (canonical masculine)
fōr (nominative singular)
fōras (nominative plural)
fōr (accusative singular)
fōras (accusative plural)
fōres (genitive singular)
fōra (genitive plural)
fōre (dative singular)
fōrum (dative plural)
ᚠᚩᚱᚨ (alternative)

q

attested only in plural form <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">faren</i>

Middle English: *farow, *fargh (attested only in plural form faren)

English: farrow

Scots: ferrae, ferry, farry

Variant of fearh. From Proto-West Germanic *farh (“pig”). Cognate with Middle Low German vōr (“lean young pig”).


an

ān (canonical neuter)
ān (nominative singular)
ān (nominative plural)
ān (accusative singular)
ān (accusative plural)
ānes (genitive singular)
āna (genitive plural)
āne (dative singular)
ānum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: on, oon, one, oen, oune, hon, none, an, anne, onne, an, ane, auen, aune (Northern), auen, aune (north Midland), enne, onen, onenen (Kent), en, an, ane (Early Middle English), won, von, wone (Late Middle English), oon, one, an (Northern), an, ane (Early Middle English)
English: one, an, a, yan (dialectal)
Geordie English: yen
Scots: ane, wan, yin, ae
Yola: oan, ane, own

From Proto-West Germanic *ain, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian ān, Old Saxon ēn, Old High German ein, Old Norse einn, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (ains). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin ūnus, Ancient Greek οἶος (oîos), Old Irish oen.


ate

āte (canonical feminine)
āte (nominative singular)
ātan (nominative plural)
ātan (accusative singular)
ātan (accusative plural)
ātan (genitive singular)
ātena (genitive plural)
ātan (dative singular)
ātum (dative plural)
ǣte (alternative)

Middle English: ate, ote

English: oat

Scots: ate, ait, yit


her

hēr (canonical neuter)
hēr (nominative singular)
hēr (nominative plural)
hēr (accusative singular)
hēr (accusative plural)
hēres (genitive singular)
hēra (genitive plural)
hēre (dative singular)
hērum (dative plural)
ᚻᛖᚱ (alternative)


arm

arm (nominative singular)
armas (nominative plural)
arm (accusative singular)
armas (accusative plural)
armes (genitive singular)
arma (genitive plural)
arme (dative singular)
armum (dative plural)
earm (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz (“arm”), whence also Old High German arm, Old Norse armr.


east

ēast (canonical masculine)
ēast (nominative singular)
ēastas (nominative plural)
ēast (accusative singular)
ēastas (accusative plural)
ēastes (genitive singular)
ēasta (genitive plural)
ēaste (dative singular)
ēastum (dative plural)
ēaste (alternative)

Middle English: est

English: east

→ Cornish: est

Scots: eist, aist


sibling

sibling (nominative singular)
siblingas (nominative plural)
sibling (accusative singular)
siblingas (accusative plural)
siblinges (genitive singular)
siblinga (genitive plural)
siblinge (dative singular)
siblingum (dative plural)

→ English: sibling (learned)

tō folces ēacan, and man ne mihte þā æt fruman wīfian būton on his siblingum.

And then at the beginning a man could not take a wife, except for among his relatives.


non

nōn (canonical neuter)
nōn (nominative singular)
nōn (accusative singular)
nōnes (genitive singular)
nōne (dative singular)

desc

Middle English: non, none, noon, noun, noune

English: noon

(historical) Nones, the ninth hour after sunrise

(Christianity) Nones, the religious service appointed to this hour


non

a form of address from younger to older monks


not

notas (nominative plural)
not (nominative singular)
notas (nominative plural)
not (accusative singular)
notas (accusative plural)
notes (genitive singular)
nota (genitive plural)
note (dative singular)
notum (dative plural)
nōt (alternative)

Middle English: note, noote

Scots: note

English: note


finger

finger (nominative singular)
fingras (nominative plural)
finger (accusative singular)
fingras (accusative plural)
fingres (genitive singular)
fingra (genitive plural)
fingre (dative singular)
fingrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: fynger, ffynger, finger, fiyngir, fyngir, fyngre, fyngur, fyngyr, vinger
English: finger
Sranan Tongo: finga
Scots: finger
Yola: vinger

From Proto-West Germanic *fingr. Compare Old Frisian finger, Old Saxon fingar, Old High German fingar, Old Norse fingr, Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃 (figgrs).

Sēo hand hæfþ fīf fingras: þone þūman, þone sċytefinger, þone middelfinger, þone hringfinger, and þone lȳtlan finger.

The hand has five fingers: the thumb, the index finger, the middle finger, the ring finger, and the little finger.


bold

bold (nominative singular)
bold (nominative plural)
bold (accusative singular)
bold (accusative plural)
boldes (genitive singular)
bolda (genitive plural)
bolde (dative singular)
boldum (dative plural)


martyr

martyr (nominative singular)
martyras (nominative plural)
martyr (accusative singular)
martyras (accusative plural)
martyres (genitive singular)
martyra (genitive plural)
martyre (dative singular)
martyrum (dative plural)
martyre (alternative)
martir (alternative)

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin martyr, from Ancient Greek μάρτυρ (mártur), later form of μάρτυς (mártus, “witness”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Þā sē hālga martyr mid þām Hālgan Gāst āfylled smearcode mid mūþe and tō þām mānfullan cwæþ "Ūs ġedafenaþ tō offriġenne þām undēadlīċum gode."

Then the holy martyr, filled with the Holy Spirit, smiled with his mouth and to the evil man said "It benefits us to sacrifice to the immortal God."


tan

tān (canonical masculine)
tān (nominative singular)
tānas (nominative plural)
tān (accusative singular)
tānas (accusative plural)
tānes (genitive singular)
tāna (genitive plural)
tāne (dative singular)
tānum (dative plural)

Middle English: *tan

English: tan


turtle

turtle (nominative singular)
turtlan (nominative plural)
turtlan (accusative singular)
turtlan (accusative plural)
turtlan (genitive singular)
turtlena (genitive plural)
turtlan (dative singular)
turtlum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: turtle, tortle, turtel, turtul

English: turtle (archaic)

Ultimately from Latin turtur (“turtledove”), of imitative origin.


tide

inflection of tīd:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of tīd:
nominative/accusative plural


rose

head

rōse f (nominative plural rōsan or rōsa)

rōse (canonical feminine)
rōsan (nominative plural)
rōsa (nominative plural)
rōse (nominative singular)
rōsan (nominative plural)
rōsan (accusative singular)
rōsan (accusative plural)
rōsan (genitive singular)
rōsena (genitive plural)
rōsan (dative singular)
rōsum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: rose, roose, rosse, roos, ros
English: rose (see there for further descendants)
Scots: rose
Yola: rowse


tin

tin (nominative singular)
tin (accusative singular)
tines (genitive singular)
tine (dative singular)

Middle English: tyn, tin, tyne, tynne
English: tin
→ Atong (India): tin
→ Iban: tin
→ Indonesian: tin
→ Norman: tinne
Tok Pisin: tin
Scots: tin


amber

āmber (canonical masculine)
amber (nominative singular)
ambras (nominative plural)
amberas (nominative plural)
amber (accusative singular)
ambras (accusative plural)
amberas (accusative plural)
ambres (genitive singular)
amberes (genitive singular)
ambra (genitive plural)
ambre (dative singular)
ambrum (dative plural)
ambru (dative plural)
āmber (nominative singular)
āmbras (nominative plural)
āmberas (nominative plural)
āmber (accusative singular)
āmbras (accusative plural)
āmberas (accusative plural)
āmbres (genitive singular)
āmberes (genitive singular)
āmbra (genitive plural)
āmbre (dative singular)
āmbrum (dative plural)
āmbru (dative plural)
ambor (alternative)
omber (alternative)
ombor (alternative)

Middle English: ambre, anbre, almer


rice

rīċe (canonical neuter)
rīċe (nominative singular)
rīċu (nominative plural)
rīċe (accusative singular)
rīċu (accusative plural)
rīċes (genitive singular)
rīċa (genitive plural)
rīċe (dative singular)
rīċum (dative plural)
rīc (alternative)

desc

Middle English: riche, ryche, rik, rike, ryk (Northern), rice (Early Middle English)

From Proto-West Germanic *rīkī (“kingdom, realm”).

inh

Rōmāna rīċe

Godes rīċe

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...and se gramlica casere dioclytianus is gedon of his rice...

...and the furious emperor Diocletian is deposed from his empire,...

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLII Hēr Cūðrēd ġefeaht þȳ XII ġēare his rīċes æt Beorhforda wiþ Æþelbald.

Year 752 In this year, the twelfth year of his reign, Cuthred fought with Athelbald at Burford.


al

āl (canonical neuter)
āl (nominative singular)
āl (nominative plural)
āl (accusative singular)
āl (accusative plural)
āles (genitive singular)
āla (genitive plural)
āle (dative singular)
ālum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *ail, from Proto-Germanic *ailą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰ-lom, from *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn, kindle”).


god

gōd (canonical neuter)
gōd (nominative singular)
gōd (nominative plural)
gōd (accusative singular)
gōd (accusative plural)
gōdes (genitive singular)
gōda (genitive plural)
gōde (dative singular)
gōdum (dative plural)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *gōd, from Proto-Germanic *gōdaz.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Ash-Wednesday"
...þæt is buh fram yfele and dō gōd.

good (something good or good things collectively)

c. 992, Ælfric, "The First Sundayin September, when Job is read"
...and his suna fērdon and ðēnode ǣlc ōðrum mid his gōdum on ymhwyrfte æt his hūse...

...and his sons went and served each other with his goods in turn at his house...


god

god (nominative singular)
godu (nominative plural)
god (accusative singular)
godu (accusative plural)
godes (genitive singular)
goda (genitive plural)
gode (dative singular)
godum (dative plural)
god (nominative singular)
godas (nominative plural)
god (accusative singular)
godas (accusative plural)
godes (genitive singular)
goda (genitive plural)
gode (dative singular)
godum (dative plural)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *god, from Proto-Germanic *gudą. Originally neuter, then changed to masculine to reflect the change in religion to Christianity.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St. Julian and his wife Basilissa"
Gehelp urum godum and hat to þe gefeccan þisne dry Iulianum þe ure goda anlicnysse mid ealle to-brytte...

Help our gods, and command men to bring thee this sorcerer Julianus, who hath utterly broken the images of our gods,...

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint George, Martyr"
Nāst þū lā Geori þæt ūre godas swincað mid þē and ġit hī synd ġeþyldiġe þæt hī þe miltsion. Nū lǣre ic ðē swā swā lēofne sunu þæt ðū þæra cristenra lāre forlǣte mid ealle and tō mīnum rǣde hraðe ġebūge swā þæt ðū offriġe þām ārwurðan Appoline and þū mycelne wurðmynt miht swā beġitan.

Knowest thou not, O George, that our gods are striving with thee, and even yet they are patient, that they may pity thee; now I exhort thee, as a beloved son, that thou altogether quit the Christians' doctrine, and quickly incline to my counsel, so that thou sacrifice to the venerable Apollo, and thou mayest so obtain great honour.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
Nu ge þam mærum godum offrian nellað, ne beo ge me næfre heonon-forð swa wurðe ne swa leofe swa ge ær wæron...

Since ye will not offer to the great gods, ye shall never henceforth be to me so worthy nor so dear as ye were before;...

Hǣðensċipe biþ þæt man dēofolġield weorðiġe, þæt is þæt man weorðiġe hǣðenu godu and sunnan oþþe mōnan, fȳr oþþe flōd, wæterwiellas oþþe stānas oþþe ǣniġes cynnes wudutreowu, oþþe wiċċecræft lufiġe oþþe morðweorc ġefremme on ǣniġe wisan, oþþe on blōte oþþe frihte, oþþe swelcra gedwimera ǣniġ þing drēoge.

c. 1021, Wulfstan, Winchester Code of Cnut, article 5.1:

Paganism is when you practice idolatry, that is, when you worship heathen gods and the sun or the moon, or fire or flood, or wells or stones or any kind of forest trees, or if you love witchcraft or commit murderous acts in any way, whether by sacrifice or by divination, or take any part in such delusions.


bad

bād (canonical feminine)
bād (nominative singular)
bāda (nominative plural)
bāde (nominative plural)
bāde (accusative singular)
bāda (accusative plural)
bāde (accusative plural)
bāde (genitive singular)
bāda (genitive plural)
bāde (dative singular)
bādum (dative plural)

Middle English: bade, bode, baide

English: bode

Scots: bade, baid

From Proto-West Germanic *baidu, from Proto-Germanic *baidō.


friend

nominative and accusative plural of frēond


gripe

gripe (nominative singular)
gripas (nominative plural)
gripe (accusative singular)
gripas (accusative plural)
gripes (genitive singular)
gripa (genitive plural)
gripe (dative singular)
gripum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: gripe, grepe, grippe, grype
English: grip
→ Dutch: grip
Scots: grip, grup
Yola: grip

From Proto-West Germanic *gripi, from Proto-Germanic *gripiz. Cognate with Old High German *grif (in hantgrif, etc.; > modern German Griff), Old Norse gripr.


ban

bān (canonical neuter)
bān (nominative plural)
bān (nominative singular)
bān (nominative plural)
bān (accusative singular)
bān (accusative plural)
bānes (genitive singular)
bāna (genitive plural)
bāne (dative singular)
bānum (dative plural)

Middle English: bon, ban, bane, bone, boon
English: bone
Geordie English: byen
Scots: bane, bain, bean, been
Yola: bane

From Proto-West Germanic *bain, from Proto-Germanic *bainą.
Cognate with Old Frisian bēn (West Frisian bien), Old Saxon bēn (Low German been, bein), Dutch been (“bone, leg”), Old High German bein (German Bein (“leg”)), Old Norse bein (Icelandic bein (“bone”)).


bat

bāt (canonical masculine)
bāt (nominative singular)
bātas (nominative plural)
bāt (accusative singular)
bātas (accusative plural)
bātes (genitive singular)
bāta (genitive plural)
bāte (dative singular)
bātum (dative plural)
bāt (nominative singular)
bāta (nominative plural)
bāte (nominative plural)
bāte (accusative singular)
bāta (accusative plural)
bāte (accusative plural)
bāte (genitive singular)
bāta (genitive plural)
bāte (dative singular)
bātum (dative plural)

Middle English: bot, bate, bat, bote, boot, boet, boyt, bootte, boote
English: boat
Belizean Creole: boat
→ Esperanto: boato
→ Dhivehi: ބޯޓު (bōṭu)
→ Fijian: boto
→ Hijazi Arabic: بوت (bōt)
→ Japanese: ボート (bōto)
→ Malay: bot
→ Pitcairn-Norfolk: boet (Norfuk)
→ Sinhalese: බෝට්ටුව (bōṭṭuwa)
→ Swahili: boti
→ Scots: boat, bote (compare native bait, bate)
→ Tahitian: poti
Tok Pisin: bot
Scots: bate, bait
→ Middle Dutch: boot
Dutch: boot
Afrikaans: boot
→ Middle Low German: bôt, bott
Low German: Boot
Plautdietsch: Boot
→ German: Boot
→ North Frisian: böötj
→ Saterland Frisian: Boot
→ West Frisian: boat
→ Catalan: bot
→ Galician: bote
→ Old French: bot
→ Portuguese: bote
→ Spanish: bote
→ Cebuano: bote

→ Old Norse: bátr (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: batel (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Irish: bát

Irish: bád

Scottish Gaelic: bàta

Manx: baatey

→ Latin: battus

→ Welsh: bad


beat

bēat (canonical neuter)
bēat (nominative singular)
bēat (nominative plural)
bēat (accusative singular)
bēat (accusative plural)
bēates (genitive singular)
bēata (genitive plural)
bēate (dative singular)
bēatum (dative plural)

Middle English: bete


bite

q

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">bita</i>

Middle English: bitte, bite (merged with descendant of Old English bita)

Scots: bit

English: bit


song

song (nominative singular)
songas (nominative plural)
song (accusative singular)
songas (accusative plural)
songes (genitive singular)
songa (genitive plural)
songe (dative singular)
songum (dative plural)


tear

tēar (canonical masculine)
tēar (nominative singular)
tēaras (nominative plural)
tēar (accusative singular)
tēaras (accusative plural)
tēares (genitive singular)
tēara (genitive plural)
tēare (dative singular)
tēarum (dative plural)
tæher (alternative)
tǣr (alternative)
teagor (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: teer, teere, ter, tere, tær, tear (Early Middle English), tyer, tyear, tyar (Kent)
English: tear
Middle Scots: tear, tere, teir, tichwr, tychir
Scots: tear, taer, tare, teir

tēar ġēotan

tear (drop of liquid from the tear duct)


beg

Unknown. Perhaps a clipping of beġer (“berry”), itself a metathetic variant of berġe.


ben

bēn (canonical feminine)
bēne (nominative plural)
bēna (nominative plural)
bēn (nominative singular)
bēne (nominative plural)
bēna (nominative plural)
bēn (accusative singular)
bēne (accusative singular)
bēne (accusative plural)
bēna (accusative plural)
bēne (genitive singular)
bēna (genitive plural)
bēne (dative singular)
bēnum (dative plural)

Middle English: ben, bene

English: ben, bene

⇒ English: bee

⇒ Scots: been-hook, been-plough

From Proto-Germanic *bōniz. Cognate with Old Norse bón.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Basilius, Bishop"
Bide nu æt gode þæt ic grecisc cunne. Þa cwæþ se biscop him to, þu bæde ofer mine mæðe ac uton swa þeah biddan þas bena æt gode.

Pray now to God that I may know Greek. Pray now to God that I may know Greek. Then said the Bishop to him, 'Thou hast asked beyond my power, but let us, nevertheless, ask this boon of God.'


ben

From Proto-Germanic *banjō. Cognate with Old Norse ben.


ear

ēar (canonical masculine)
ēar (nominative singular)
ēaras (nominative plural)
ēar (accusative singular)
ēaras (accusative plural)
ēares (genitive singular)
ēara (genitive plural)
ēare (dative singular)
ēarum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *aur, from Proto-Germanic *auraz. Akin to Old Norse aurr (“mud”).


ear

ēar (canonical neuter)
ēar (nominative singular)
ēar (nominative plural)
ēar (accusative singular)
ēar (accusative plural)
ēares (genitive singular)
ēara (genitive plural)
ēare (dative singular)
ēarum (dative plural)
æhher (alternative)

Middle English: eere, ear, ere, er, ȝer, eyre
English: ear
Scots: aicher, icker, aiker (< æhher)

From Proto-West Germanic *ahaʀ, from Proto-Germanic *ahaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“pointed”).


nose

inflection of nosu:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of nosu:
nominative/accusative plural


angel

angel (nominative singular)
anglas (nominative plural)
angel (accusative singular)
anglas (accusative plural)
angles (genitive singular)
angla (genitive plural)
angle (dative singular)
anglum (dative plural)


angel

anġel (canonical masculine)
anġel (nominative singular)
anglas (nominative plural)
anġel (accusative singular)
anglas (accusative plural)
angles (genitive singular)
angla (genitive plural)
angle (dative singular)
anglum (dative plural)


slim

slīm (canonical masculine neuter)
slīm (nominative singular)
slīm (nominative plural)
slīm (accusative singular)
slīm (accusative plural)
slīmes (genitive singular)
slīma (genitive plural)
slīme (dative singular)
slīmum (dative plural)
slīm (nominative singular)
slīmas (nominative plural)
slīm (accusative singular)
slīmas (accusative plural)
slīmes (genitive singular)
slīma (genitive plural)
slīme (dative singular)
slīmum (dative plural)

English: slime

From Proto-Germanic *slīmą, from Proto-Indo-European *sley- (“smooth; slick; sticky; slimy”)


swan

swan (nominative singular)
swanas (nominative plural)
swan (accusative singular)
swanas (accusative plural)
swanes (genitive singular)
swana (genitive plural)
swane (dative singular)
swanum (dative plural)
swon (alternative)
suan (alternative)
suon (alternative)

Middle English: swan

English: swan

Scots: swan

From Proto-West Germanic *swan, from Proto-Germanic *swanaz, probably from Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound, resound”). Compare Old Saxon swan (Low German Swaan), Dutch zwaan, Old High German swan (German Schwan), Old Norse svanr (Swedish svan).

c. 1000, Ælfric of Eynsham (tr.), Hexameron of St. Basil

Truly, the birds that live in the waters are web-footed by God's forethought, so that they can swim and seek food for themselves. Some, such as swans, are long-necked, so that they can reach food on the ground. And those that live on flesh are claw-footed, sharp-billed so that they can bite with short necks, and swifter in flight, such that they can properly perform the labors of their life.

Đa fugelas sōðlīċe ðe on flōdum wuniað, syndon flaxfōte, bē Godes foresċeawunge, ðæt hī swimman magon and sēcan him fōdan. Sume bēoð langswēorede swā swā swanas and ylfettan ðæt hī aræċan him magon mete bē ðām grunde. And ða ðe bē flǣsċe lybbað, syndon clyferfēte and sċearpe ġebilode, ðæt hī bītan magon on sċeortum swuran and swyftran on flihte, ðæt hī ġelimplīċe bēon tō heora līfes tilungum.


swan

Middle English: swon, swan, swone

From Proto-Germanic *swainaz. Doublet of sweġen, a borrowing from Old Norse.


lane

lane (nominative singular)
lanan (nominative plural)
lanan (accusative singular)
lanan (accusative plural)
lanan (genitive singular)
lanena (genitive plural)
lanan (dative singular)
lanum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *lanu, from Proto-Germanic *lanō (“lane, passageway”).


force

Alternative form of forca (found in compounds)


palm

desctree

Middle English: palme, paume, pame
English: palm
→ Malay: palma, ڤلما
Scots: paum
Yola: polm

From Latin palma (“palm-tree, palm-branch, palm of the hand”). Doublet of folm.


lam

lām (canonical neuter)
lām (nominative singular)
lām (nominative plural)
lām (accusative singular)
lām (accusative plural)
lāmes (genitive singular)
lāma (genitive plural)
lāme (dative singular)
lāmum (dative plural)

English: loam


race

inflection of racu:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of racu:
genitive/dative singular


ber

bēr (canonical feminine)
bēr (nominative singular)
bēra (nominative plural)
bēre (nominative plural)
bēre (accusative singular)
bēra (accusative plural)
bēre (accusative plural)
bēre (genitive singular)
bēra (genitive plural)
bēre (dative singular)
bērum (dative plural)
bǣr (alternative)

Middle English: bere, beere, beer

Scots: bere, beir

English: bier

From Proto-West Germanic *bāru, from Proto-Germanic *bērō, whence also Old High German bāra.


lead

lēad (canonical neuter)
lēad (nominative singular)
lēad (accusative singular)
lēades (genitive singular)
lēade (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: led, lede, leed, leod, leyd, leyt, læd (Early Middle English), lead (Kentish or Late Middle English)
English: lead
Scots: leid, lede
Yola: leed


bend

bend (nominative singular)
bendas (nominative plural)
bend (accusative singular)
bendas (accusative plural)
bendes (genitive singular)
benda (genitive plural)
bende (dative singular)
bendum (dative plural)
bænd (alternative)
beand (alternative)


bled

blēd (canonical feminine)
blēd (nominative singular)
blēda (nominative plural)
blēde (nominative plural)
blēde (accusative singular)
blēda (accusative plural)
blēde (accusative plural)
blēde (genitive singular)
blēda (genitive plural)
blēde (dative singular)
blēdum (dative plural)
blǣd (alternative)

Middle English: blede, bled

English: blead

Scots: bleed

From Proto-Germanic *blēduz, *blōdiz (“blossom, sprout”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-. Related to blōwan (“to bloom, blossom”).

The Old English rune poem
ᛒ byþ blēda lēas...


bred

bred (nominative singular)
bredu (nominative plural)
bred (accusative singular)
bredu (accusative plural)
bredes (genitive singular)
breda (genitive plural)
brede (dative singular)
bredum (dative plural)
bræd (alternative)

desc

Middle English: bred, bræd, brede (from the oblique cases)

English: bred, brade, braid (dialectal)

Scots: bred, braid, brad

From Proto-West Germanic *bred, from Proto-Germanic *bredą, derived from the e-grade *bʰredʰóm, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-dʰ-, extended form of *bʰer- (“to carve, cut, split, rub”). Cognates include German Brett, Yiddish ברעט (bret).


cost

cost (nominative singular)
costas (nominative plural)
cost (accusative singular)
costas (accusative plural)
costes (genitive singular)
costa (genitive plural)
coste (dative singular)
costum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *kust-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to choose”).
Akin to Old Saxon kostōn (“to try, tempt”), Old High German kostōn (“to taste, test, try by tasting”) (German kosten), Icelandic kosta (“to try, tempt”), Gothic 𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (kustus, “test”), Old English cystan (“to spend, get the value of, procure”), Old English cyst (“proof, test, trial; choice”), ċēosan (“to choose”).

cog

þæs costes þe


dream

drēam (canonical masculine)
drēam (nominative singular)
drēamas (nominative plural)
drēam (accusative singular)
drēamas (accusative plural)
drēames (genitive singular)
drēama (genitive plural)
drēame (dative singular)
drēamum (dative plural)
drīm (alternative)
drēm (alternative)
*drīem (alternative)
drām (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: drem, dreme, dreem, dreeme, dream, dræm (Early Middle English)
English: dream
Scots: dreme

From Proto-West Germanic *draum, from Proto-Germanic *draumaz, whence also Old Frisian drām, Old Saxon drōm (“joy, music, dream”), Old High German troum, Old Norse draumr.

Wōriað þā wīnsalo; · waldend liċġað
drēame bidrorene; · duguþ eal ġecrong,
wlonc bī wealle. · Sume wīġ fornōm,

The wine-halls ramble; lords lie still,
deprived of mirth; army completely perished,
 proud by the wall. The war took away some men,

that which causes merriment: musical instrument, music, melody, song, harmony


fell

From Proto-West Germanic *fell, whence also Old High German vel.


felt

felt (nominative singular)
feltas (nominative plural)
felt (accusative singular)
feltas (accusative plural)
feltes (genitive singular)
felta (genitive plural)
felte (dative singular)
feltum (dative plural)

Middle English: felt, felte, feltte, feelte
English: felt
Scots: felt


get

ġet (canonical neuter)
ġet (nominative singular)
geatu (nominative plural)
ġet (accusative singular)
geatu (accusative plural)
ġetes (genitive singular)
geata (genitive plural)
ġete (dative singular)
geatum (dative plural)


had

hād (canonical masculine)
hād (nominative singular)
hādas (nominative plural)
hād (accusative singular)
hādas (accusative plural)
hādes (genitive singular)
hāda (genitive plural)
hāde (dative singular)
hādum (dative plural)

Middle English: hod, had, hade, hede, hode
English: hade, hede (obsolete)
Scots: hade (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *haidu, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz (“state, condition, rank, person”). Akin to Old Norse heiðr (“dignity, honor”), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍃 (haidus, “manner”).

inh

Þonne sē sċop inn ġebringþ ōðre hādas þe wiþ hine wordliġen swelċe hīe him andswariġen, þonne biþ sēo ġesetnes "ġemǣnu" oþþe "ġemenġedu" ġeċīeġed.

When the bard brings in other characters that talk with him as if they were him answering, then the composition is said to be "common" or "mixed."

9th century, the Blickling Homilies, "The Third Sunday in Lent"
ġehwelċes hādes menn

c. 992, Ælfric, "Of the Catholic Faith"
Nis sē Fæder āna Þrīnes, oþþe sē Sunu Þrīnes, oþþe sē Hālga Gāst Þrīnes, ac þās þrī hādas sind ān god on ānre godcundnesse.

The Trinity is not the Father alone, or the Son, or the Holy Ghost; these three persons are one god in one godhead.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Nativity of the Holy Virgins"
Sēo ġelaðung is ġegaderod of ǣġðres hādes mannum, þæt is, werhādes and wīfhādes.

The church is gathered from people of either sex, that is, the male sex and the female sex.

c. 995, Ælfric, Excerptiones de Arte Grammatica Anglice
Þrī hādas sind worda. Sē forma hād is þe spricþ be him selfum ānum ("iċ seċġe", oþþe mid ōðrum mannum on maniġfealdum ġetæle, "wē seċġaþ"). Sē ōðer hād is þe sē forma spricþ tō ("þū sæġst", oþþe maniġfealdlīċe "ġē seċġaþ"). Sē þridda hād is be þǣm þe sē forma hād spricþ tō þǣm ōðrum hāde ("hē sæġþ", oþþe maniġfealdlīċe "hīe seċġaþ").

Verbs have three persons. The first person speaks about himself alone ("I say", or with other people in plural number, "we say"). The second person is whomever the first person speaks to ("you say", or in plural "ye say"). The third person is whomever the first person speaks about to the other one ("he says", or in plural "they say").


hide

inflection of hīd:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of hīd:
genitive/dative singular


hid

hīd (canonical feminine)
hīd (nominative singular)
hīda (nominative plural)
hīde (nominative plural)
hīde (accusative singular)
hīda (accusative plural)
hīde (accusative plural)
hīde (genitive singular)
hīda (genitive plural)
hīde (dative singular)
hīdum (dative plural)
hȳd (alternative)
hīġed (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: hide, hyde
English: hide
Scots: hyd, hid

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Þonne is on ēasteweardre Cent myċel ēaland Tenet, þæt is syx hund hīda miċel æfter Angelcynnes ǣhte. Þæt ēalond tōsċēadeð Wantsumo strēam frām þām tōġeþeoddan lande. Sē is þreora furlunga brād: ⁊ on twām stōwum is oferfernes, ⁊ ǣġhwæþer ende līð on sǣ.

Now to the east of Cent there is the great island of Thanet, which contains six hundred hides by the English manner of reckoning. The island separates the Wantsum Channel from the adjacent land. It is three furlongs wide; and it can be crossed in two places, and at each end flows into the sea.


hold

hold (nominative plural)
hold (nominative singular)
hold (nominative plural)
hold (accusative singular)
hold (accusative plural)
holdes (genitive singular)
holda (genitive plural)
holde (dative singular)
holdum (dative plural)

Middle English: hold
English: hold

From Proto-Germanic *huldą, from Proto-Indo-European *kol-, *kwol-. Cognates include Old Norse hold (“flesh”) (Icelandic hold, Swedish hull), and (from Indo-European) Old Irish colainn, Welsh celain.

Swā swā grǣdiġe ræmmas ðār ðār hī hold ġesēoþ.

Like greedy ravens when they see a corpse.


lean

lēan (canonical neuter)
lēan (nominative singular)
lēan (nominative plural)
lēan (accusative singular)
lēan (accusative plural)
lēanes (genitive singular)
lēana (genitive plural)
lēane (dative singular)
lēanum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *laun.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian lān, Old Saxon lōn, Old High German lōn, Old Norse laun, and Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽 (laun). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek λεία (leía) (from *λαϝία), Latin lucrum, Old Church Slavonic ловъ (lovŭ) (Russian лов (lov)), Old Irish lóg, Lithuanian lãvinti.


lent

lent (nominative singular)
lenta (nominative plural)
lente (nominative plural)
lente (accusative singular)
lenta (accusative plural)
lente (accusative plural)
lente (genitive singular)
lenta (genitive plural)
lente (dative singular)
lentum (dative plural)

Middle English: lent, lente


met

met (nominative singular)
metu (nominative plural)
met (accusative singular)
metu (accusative plural)
metes (genitive singular)
meta (genitive plural)
mete (dative singular)
metum (dative plural)


writing

wrīting (canonical feminine)
wrīting (nominative singular)
wrītinga (nominative plural)
wrītinge (nominative plural)
wrītinge (accusative singular)
wrītinga (accusative plural)
wrītinge (accusative plural)
wrītinge (genitive singular)
wrītinga (genitive plural)
wrītinge (dative singular)
wrītingum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: writing, writyng, wryting, wrytyng

English: writing

Scots: writing


finn

finn (nominative singular)
finnas (nominative plural)
finn (accusative singular)
finnas (accusative plural)
finnes (genitive singular)
finna (genitive plural)
finne (dative singular)
finnum (dative plural)
fin (alternative)

Middle English: finne, fynne, fyn

Scots: fin, fyn

English: fin

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Leviticus 11:9

Don't eat any fish except those that have fins and scales.

Ne ete ġē nānne fisċ būtan þā þe habbaþ finnas and sċielle.


bog

bōg (canonical masculine)
bōg (nominative singular)
bōgas (nominative plural)
bōg (accusative singular)
bōgas (accusative plural)
bōges (genitive singular)
bōga (genitive plural)
bōge (dative singular)
bōgum (dative plural)
bōh (alternative)

Middle English: boȝ, bogh

English: bough

Scots: beuch

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *bōguz. Cognate with Old Saxon bōg, Old High German buog, Old Norse bógr.


rod

rōd (canonical feminine)
rōd (nominative singular)
rōda (nominative plural)
rōde (nominative plural)
rōde (accusative singular)
rōda (accusative plural)
rōde (accusative plural)
rōde (genitive singular)
rōda (genitive plural)
rōde (dative singular)
rōdum (dative plural)

Middle English: rod, roode, rood

Scots: rude, ruid

English: rood, rod (length)

From Proto-Germanic *rōdō. Cognate with Old Frisian rōd, Old Saxon rōda, Dutch roede (“rod”), Old High German ruota (German Rute), Old Norse róða (“rod, cross”) (Danish rode (“gauge, rod”)).

a measure of land length, equal to a perch

a measure of land area, equal to a quarter of an acre


mal

māl (canonical neuter)
māl (nominative singular)
māl (nominative plural)
māl (accusative singular)
māl (accusative plural)
māles (genitive singular)
māla (genitive plural)
māle (dative singular)
mālum (dative plural)
maal (alternative)

Middle English: mal, mole, mool

English: mole

Scots: mail, mold


mal

māl (canonical neuter)
maal (alternative)

a suit, legal case, prosecution, defense


sic

desctree

Middle English: sych, syk, syke
English: sitch, sike
Scots: sike, syke

From Proto-West Germanic *sīk, from Proto-Germanic *sīką.


wine

wine (nominative singular)
winas (nominative plural)
wine (accusative singular)
winas (accusative plural)
wines (genitive singular)
wina (genitive plural)
wine (dative singular)
winum (dative plural)

Middle English: wine

i

⇒ English: (a component found in names – Baldwin, Godwin, Irwin, etc.)

From earlier Old English wini, from Proto-West Germanic *wini, from Proto-Germanic *winiz, whence also Old Dutch wini, Old Saxon wini, Old High German wini, Old Norse vinr. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to seek, desire, love, win”).


spell

spell (nominative singular)
spell (nominative plural)
spell (accusative singular)
spell (accusative plural)
spelles (genitive singular)
spella (genitive plural)
spelle (dative singular)
spellum (dative plural)
spel (alternative)

Middle English: spell, spel

English: spell

From Proto-West Germanic *spell, from Proto-Germanic *spellą.

Sæġe mē spell be hrānum.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Ne wēne iċ, nū iċ lang spell hæbbe tō seċġenne, þæt iċ hīe on þisse bēċ ġeendian mæġe, ac iċ ōðre onġinnan sċeal.

Since I have some long stories to tell, I don't think I can finish them in this book, so I'll have to start another one.

late 9th century, The Voyage of Ohthere and Wulfstan
Fela spella him sæġdon þā Beormas, ǣġðer ġe of heora āgnum lande ġe of þām landum þe ymb hīe ūtan wǣron, ac hē nysse hwæt þæs sōðes wæs, for þon þe hē hit self ne ġeseah.

The Bjarmians told him many stories, both from their own country and from the countries surrounding them, but he didn't know what parts were true, because he didn't see it himself.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þæt forme sċip ġesōhte land and ġebodode þæt eġeslīċe spell.

The first ship reached land and announced the terrible news.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Þā hē þās bōc hæfde ġeleornode and of Lǣdene tō Engliscum spelle ġewende, þā ġeworhte hē hīe eft tō lēoðe.

When King Alfred had studied this book and translated it from Latin verse into English prose, he converted it back into verse.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Iċ onġiete þæt iċ þē hæbbe āþrotenne mid þȳ langan spelle, for þon þē lyst nū lēoða.

I see I've bored you with that long argument, since you want poems now.


bread

brēad (canonical neuter)
brēad (nominative singular)
brēadru (nominative plural)
brēad (accusative singular)
brēadru (accusative plural)
brēades (genitive singular)
brēada (genitive plural)
brēade (dative singular)
brēadum (dative plural)
brēod (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: bred, bredd, brede, breed, breede, breid, brid, bread, bræd, bryad, bryead
English: bread
Geordie English: breed
Scots: breid
Yola: breed

From Proto-West Germanic *braud, from Proto-Germanic *braudą, whence also Old Frisian brād (West Frisian brea), Old Saxon brōd (German Low German Broot, Brot), Dutch brood, Old High German brōt (German Brot), Old Norse brauð and Icelandic brauð (Swedish bröd).


rode

inflection of rōd:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of rōd:
genitive/dative singular


run

rūn (canonical feminine)
rūn (nominative singular)
rūna (nominative plural)
rūne (nominative plural)
rūne (accusative singular)
rūna (accusative plural)
rūne (accusative plural)
rūne (genitive singular)
rūna (genitive plural)
rūne (dative singular)
rūnum (dative plural)

Middle English: roun

Scots: rune, roun, round

English: roun, round

From Proto-West Germanic *rūnu. Cognate with the Old Saxon rūna, Old High German rūna (German Raun), Old Norse rún, and Gothic 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (runa).

Swā cwæð snottor on mōde, · ġesæt him sundor æt rūne.

So said the wise in mind, sat alone with speech to himself.


ran

rān (canonical neuter)
rān (nominative plural)
rān (nominative singular)
rān (nominative plural)
rān (accusative singular)
rān (accusative plural)
rānes (genitive singular)
rāna (genitive plural)
rāne (dative singular)
rānum (dative plural)
rēna (alternative)


set

set (nominative singular)
setu (nominative plural)
set (accusative singular)
setu (accusative plural)
setes (genitive singular)
seta (genitive plural)
sete (dative singular)
setum (dative plural)

Compare the verb settan. Compare Old Norse sæti, Old High German gesazi (German Gesäß), Middle Dutch gesaete, from Proto-Germanic *sētiją.


sang

sangas (nominative plural)
sang (nominative singular)
sangas (nominative plural)
sang (accusative singular)
sangas (accusative plural)
sanges (genitive singular)
sanga (genitive plural)
sange (dative singular)
sangum (dative plural)
song (alternative)

Middle English: song, sange, sang, songe, soong, songge, zang, zong, zonge (Kent)
English: song
Scots: song, sang
Yola: zong

From Proto-Germanic *sangwaz. Cognate with Old High German sanc, Old Norse sǫngr.

…Hwīlum iċ onhyrġe þone haswan earn, gūðfugles hlēoþor; hwīlum glidan reorde mūþe ġemǣne, hwīlum mǣwes song, þǣr iċ glado sitte.

…Sometimes I imitate the grey eagle, a speech of war-bird; sometimes a kite's voice with common mouth, sometimes a gull's song when I sit gladful.


sped

spēd (canonical feminine)
spēd (nominative singular)
spēde (nominative plural)
spēda (nominative plural)
spēd (accusative singular)
spēde (accusative singular)
spēde (accusative plural)
spēda (accusative plural)
spēde (genitive singular)
spēda (genitive plural)
spēde (dative singular)
spēdum (dative plural)

Middle English: spede

English: speed

→ Ternate: spit

Scots: sped, spede, speid

From Proto-West Germanic *spōdi (“prosperity, success”).


sting

desctree

Middle English: styng, stenge, sting, stynge, steng (Kent), stunchg (West Midlands)
English: sting
Scots: sting

From Proto-Germanic *stingaz; akin to stingan.


torn

torn (nominative plural)
torn (nominative singular)
torn (nominative plural)
torn (accusative singular)
torn (accusative plural)
tornes (genitive singular)
torna (genitive plural)
torne (dative singular)
tornum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *torn, from Proto-Germanic *turnaz (“bitterness, anger”).

inh

Til biþ sē þe his trēowe ġehealdeþ, · ne sċeal nǣfre his torn tō ryċene
beorn of his brēostum ācȳþan, · nemþe hē ǣr þā bōte cunne,
eorl mid elne ġefremman. · Wel bið þām þe him āre sēċeð,
frōfre tō fæder on heofonum, · þǣr ūs eal sēo fæstnung stondeð.

Good is that keeps his belief, should not ever unfold his wrath,
fighter of his breasts, too quickly, unless before this help he would
know how to help out a man with strength. It's good for him who seeks
help from the Father in heavens, where this whole fastening stands for us.


worn

worn (nominative singular)
wornas (nominative plural)
worn (accusative singular)
wornas (accusative plural)
wornes (genitive singular)
worna (genitive plural)
worne (dative singular)
wornum (dative plural)

Sē þonne þisne wealsteal · wīse ġeþōhte
ond þis deorce līf · dēope ġeondþenċeð,
frōd in ferðe, · feor oft ġemon
wælsleahta worn, · ond þās word ācwið:

Then he deeply thinks over this wall-place
and this dark life with wise thought,
shrewd in mind, oft recalls the long bygone
swarm of slaughters, and utters these words:


wind

wind (nominative singular)
windas (nominative plural)
wind (accusative singular)
windas (accusative plural)
windes (genitive singular)
winda (genitive plural)
winde (dative singular)
windum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: wynd, wend, wende, wind, winde, wynde
English: wind
Scots: wind, win
Yola: weend, wyeene

From Proto-West Germanic *wind.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian wind, Old Saxon wind, Dutch wind, Old High German wint (German Wind), Old Norse vindr (Swedish vind), Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 (winds). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin ventus (French vent), Welsh gwynt, Tocharian A want, Tocharian B yente.

Iċ eom līġbysiġ, lāce mid winde, bewunden mid wuldre, wedre ġesomnad, fūs forðweġes, fȳre ġemelted, bearu blōwende, byrnende glēd.

I am busy with fire, sway with wind, wrapped with worship, gathered in good weather, ready to go forward, melted by fire, a blooming grove, a burning ember.


sot

sōt (canonical neuter)
sōt (nominative singular)
sōt (nominative plural)
sōt (accusative singular)
sōt (accusative plural)
sōtes (genitive singular)
sōta (genitive plural)
sōte (dative singular)
sōtum (dative plural)

Middle English: soot, soeth, sood, soote, sot, sote, soth, soyte, suotte, sude, sute (Northern)
English: soot
Scots: suit, sute
Yola: zoot

From Proto-Germanic *sōtą, from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”).


box

box (nominative singular)
boxas (nominative plural)
box (accusative singular)
boxas (accusative plural)
boxes (genitive singular)
boxa (genitive plural)
boxe (dative singular)
boxum (dative plural)

Middle English: box
English: box

From Proto-West Germanic *buhs, borrowed from Latin buxus.


box

desctree

Middle English: box
English: box (see there for further descendants)
Scots: box

From Proto-West Germanic *buhsā, borrowed from Late Latin buxis, borrowed from Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís), from πῠ́ξος (pŭ́xos) + -ις (-is).


care

accusative/genitive/dative singular of caru


dry

drȳ (canonical masculine)
drȳas (nominative plural)
drȳ (nominative singular)
drȳas (nominative plural)
drȳ (accusative singular)
drȳas (accusative plural)
drȳes (genitive singular)
drȳa (genitive plural)
drȳe (dative singular)
drȳum (dative plural)

Middle English: dri, driȝ, dry

⇒ Middle English: driȝmann, driȝmenn pl

Borrowed from a Brythonic language, from Proto-Brythonic *drüw, from Proto-Celtic *druwits (“druid”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St. Julian and his wife Basilissa"
Gehelp urum godum and hat to þe gefeccan þisne dry Iulianum þe ure goda anlicnysse mid ealle to-brytte...

Help our gods, and command men to bring thee this sorcerer Julianus, who hath utterly broken the images of our gods,...

Hīe woldon forbærnan þone drȳ. ― They wanted to burn the wizard. (Ælfric’s Homilies, volume 1.)


fox

fox (nominative singular)
foxas (nominative plural)
fox (accusative singular)
foxas (accusative plural)
foxes (genitive singular)
foxa (genitive plural)
foxe (dative singular)
foxum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: fox, vox, wox
English: fox
Scots: fox
Yola: voxe, vox

From Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz. Cognate with Old Frisian *foks, Old Saxon fohs, Old Dutch fus, Old High German fuhs.

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints, quoting Matthew 8:20

Foxes have holes and birds have nests, but I have no dwelling where I can rest my head.

Foxas habbaþ holu and fugelas habbaþ nest, and iċ næbbe wununge hwider iċ mīn heafod ahyldan mæġe.


bil

bil (nominative singular)
bil (nominative plural)
bil (accusative singular)
bil (accusative plural)
billes (genitive singular)
billa (genitive plural)
bille (dative singular)
billum (dative plural)

English: bill

From Proto-West Germanic *billi, from Proto-Germanic *bilją. Cognate with Old Saxon bil, Old High German bill (German Beil (“pickaxe”)).

Abrægd mid ðy bille. ― He brandished with his sword.

Iċ eom ānhaga īserne wund, bille ġebennod, beadoweorca sæd, eċġum wēriġ.

I am a lone one wounded with iron, wounded by sword, sated of battle-works, weary by edges.

(poetic) a kind of sword or other bladed weapon, apparently having two edges


rim

rīm (canonical neuter)
rīm (nominative singular)
rīm (nominative plural)
rīm (accusative singular)
rīm (accusative plural)
rīmes (genitive singular)
rīma (genitive plural)
rīme (dative singular)
rīmum (dative plural)

>? English: rime, rhyme

From Proto-West Germanic *rīm, from Proto-Germanic *rīmą (“number, count, series”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to reason, count”). Akin to Old Frisian rīm, Old Saxon -rīm, Old High German rīm, Icelandic rím.


sap

sāp (canonical feminine)
sāp (nominative singular)
sāpa (nominative plural)
sāpe (nominative plural)
sāpe (accusative singular)
sāpa (accusative plural)
sāpe (accusative plural)
sāpe (genitive singular)
sāpa (genitive plural)
sāpe (dative singular)
sāpum (dative plural)

desc

⇒? Middle English: eresap, eresope (“earwax”)

From Proto-West Germanic *saipu, from Proto-Germanic *saipō (“resin”), from Proto-Indo-European *seyb-, *seyp- (“to pour, sile, flow, drip”).


list

list (nominative singular)
listas (nominative plural)
list (accusative singular)
listas (accusative plural)
listes (genitive singular)
lista (genitive plural)
liste (dative singular)
listum (dative plural)
list (nominative singular)
lista (nominative plural)
liste (nominative plural)
liste (accusative singular)
lista (accusative plural)
liste (accusative plural)
liste (genitive singular)
lista (genitive plural)
liste (dative singular)
listum (dative plural)

Middle English: liste

Scots: list

English: list

From Proto-West Germanic *listi. Cognate with Old Saxon list, Dutch list, Old High German list (German List), Old Norse list (Swedish list).


dust

dūst (canonical neuter)
dūst (nominative singular)
dūst (nominative plural)
dūst (accusative singular)
dūst (accusative plural)
dūstes (genitive singular)
dūsta (genitive plural)
dūste (dative singular)
dūstum (dative plural)

Middle English: dust, doust

English: dust

Scots: dust, dist

From Proto-Germanic *dunstą (“dust, vapour”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“vapour, smoke”). Akin to Hindi धुआं (dhuā̃, “smoke”), Middle Dutch dost, donst, duust (Dutch dons, duist), Old High German tunst, dunst (German Dunst), Low German dust, Icelandic dust, Norwegian dust, Danish dyst.

der

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Sē Antonius ġesēah þǣs Paules sāwle swā hwīte swā snāw stīgan tō heofonum betweoh engla þrēatas; ond tweġen lēon ādulfan his byrġenne on þǣs wēstenes sande; þǣr resteð Paules līchoma mid yfellīċe dūste bewrigen, ac on dōmes dæġe hē ariseð on wuldor.

Antonius saw Paul's soul, as white as snow, ascend to heaven among throngs of angels; and two lions dug his tomb in the sand of the desert. There lies Paul's body, covered by filthy dust, but on Judgement Day he will arise in glory.


sand

sand (nominative singular)
sanda (nominative plural)
sande (nominative plural)
sande (accusative singular)
sanda (accusative plural)
sande (accusative plural)
sande (genitive singular)
sanda (genitive plural)
sande (dative singular)
sandum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: sonde
English: saind, send (dialectal; influenced by the verb send)
Middle Scots: send (influenced by the verb send)
Scots: send

From Proto-Germanic *sandō. See also the verb sendan.

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Đes ylca apostol and godspellere becōm, þurh Godes sande, æfter Drihtnes upstiġe tō heofenum, tō Ethiopian, þæt is ðǣra Silhearwena rīce, and ġemette þǣr tweġen drȳmen, Zoroes and Arfaxað, dweliende þæt folc mid heora drȳcræfte.

After the Lord's ascension to heaven, this same apostle and evangelist arrived in Ethiopia, that is, Silhearwena rice, through God's sending, where he met two sorcerers, Zoroes and Arfaxath, who were leading the people astray with their sorcery.

action of sending, embassy, mission, deputation; message

sending, service, course of food, dish of food, repast, mess, victuals


sand

sand (nominative singular)
sand (nominative plural)
sand (accusative singular)
sand (accusative plural)
sandes (genitive singular)
sanda (genitive plural)
sande (dative singular)
sandum (dative plural)

Middle English: sond, sand, sande, saunde, sonde
English: sand
Middle Scots: sand
Scots: saund, saun, sand
Yola: zoane

From Proto-West Germanic *samd, from Proto-Germanic *samdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sámh₂dʰos. Compare Old Frisian sand, Old Saxon sand, Old High German sant, Old Norse sandr.

sand by the sea, sands, seashore, sandy shore, beach


full

full (nominative singular)
full (nominative plural)
full (accusative singular)
full (accusative plural)
fulles (genitive singular)
fulla (genitive plural)
fulle (dative singular)
fullum (dative plural)
ful (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *fullą (“vessel”), from Proto-Indo-European *pēl(w)- (“a kind of vessel”). Akin to Old Saxon full (“beaker”), Old Norse full (“beaker, toast”).


lig

līġ (canonical masculine)
līgas (nominative plural)
līġ (nominative singular)
līġas (nominative plural)
līġ (accusative singular)
līġas (accusative plural)
līġes (genitive singular)
līġa (genitive plural)
līġe (dative singular)
līġum (dative plural)
lēġ (alternative)
līeġ (alternative)
lȳġ (alternative)

Middle English: lye, lei, lyȝ

From Proto-West Germanic *laugi, from Proto-Germanic *laugiz (“fire, flame, lightning”), from Proto-Indo-European *leuk- (“light; white; to shine”). Cognate with Old High German loug, Old Norse lǫygr, log, loga (“flame, low”). More at low.

der

līġbǣre

līġcwalu

līġdraca

līġræscetung

līġȳþ


sal

sāl (canonical masculine)
sāl (nominative singular)
sālas (nominative plural)
sāl (accusative singular)
sālas (accusative plural)
sāles (genitive singular)
sāla (genitive plural)
sāle (dative singular)
sālum (dative plural)

Middle English: sal, sole, soole

Scots: sale, saill, saile, seill, seale

English: sole

From Proto-West Germanic *sail, from Proto-Germanic *sailą (“rope”).
Cognate with Old Saxon sēl (Dutch zeel), Old High German seil (German Seil).


field

field (nominative singular)
fieldas (nominative plural)
field (accusative singular)
fieldas (accusative plural)
fieldes (genitive singular)
fielda (genitive plural)
fielde (dative singular)
fieldum (dative plural)
fild (alternative)
fyld (alternative)
fæld (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *faldi, from Proto-Germanic *faldiz.

fold, crease (of clothing), plait, wrinkle


hilt

hilt (nominative singular)
hiltas (nominative plural)
hilt (accusative singular)
hiltas (accusative plural)
hiltes (genitive singular)
hilta (genitive plural)
hilte (dative singular)
hiltum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hilte, hilt, hylt, hylte, hilta, hult, hulte, helte, heolte
English: hilt
Scots: hilt

From Proto-Germanic *heltą, *heltǭ, *heltō, *hiltijō.


handle

handle (nominative singular)
handlan (nominative plural)
handlan (accusative singular)
handlan (accusative plural)
handlan (genitive singular)
handlena (genitive plural)
handlan (dative singular)
handlum (dative plural)
handele (alternative)

Middle English: handel, hondel

English: handle

→ Dutch: hendel

Scots: handil, handill, handle

From Proto-West Germanic *handulā, from *handulōn (“to handle”), equivalent to handlian + -e.


mare

maran (nominative plural)
mare (nominative singular)
maran (nominative plural)
maran (accusative singular)
maran (accusative plural)
maran (genitive singular)
marena (genitive plural)
maran (dative singular)
marum (dative plural)

English: mare

mare (evil spirit thought to torment people in their sleep)


colt

colt (nominative singular)
coltas (nominative plural)
colt (accusative singular)
coltas (accusative plural)
coltes (genitive singular)
colta (genitive plural)
colte (dative singular)
coltum (dative plural)

Middle English: colt, colte, collt, kowlt
English: colt
Scots: colt, cout, cowt
Yola: caule, caul, cawl, kawle

From Proto-Germanic *kultaz (“plump; stump; thick shape, bulb”), from Proto-Indo-European *gelt- (“something round, pregnant belly, child in the womb”), from *gel- (“to ball up, amass”).


beard

beard (nominative singular)
beardas (nominative plural)
beard (accusative singular)
beardas (accusative plural)
beardes (genitive singular)
bearda (genitive plural)
bearde (dative singular)
beardum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: berd, bard, bærd, beord, burd
English: beard
Scots: berd, berde, beird
Yola: bearde
→ Anglo-Norman: berd
→⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)

From Proto-West Germanic *bard, from Proto-Germanic *bardaz (compare West Frisian burd, Dutch baard, German Bart), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰeh₂ (compare Latin barba, Lithuanian barzda, Russian борода́ (borodá)).


seam

sēam (canonical masculine)
sēamas (nominative plural)
sēam (nominative singular)
sēamas (nominative plural)
sēam (accusative singular)
sēamas (accusative plural)
sēames (genitive singular)
sēama (genitive plural)
sēame (dative singular)
sēamum (dative plural)

Middle English: seem, ceem, ceme, sem, seme, seyme
English: seam
Scots: seam

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *saum, from Proto-Germanic *saumaz.


ore

ora (nominative singular)
oran (nominative plural)
oran (accusative singular)
oran (accusative plural)
oran (genitive singular)
orena (genitive plural)
oran (dative singular)
orum (dative plural)


note

inflection of notu:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of notu:
genitive/dative singular


pipe

pīpe (canonical feminine)
pīpe (nominative singular)
pīpan (nominative plural)
pīpan (accusative singular)
pīpan (accusative plural)
pīpan (genitive singular)
pīpena (genitive plural)
pīpan (dative singular)
pīpum (dative plural)

English: pipe


mase

māse (canonical feminine)
māsan (nominative plural)
māse (nominative singular)
māsan (nominative plural)
māsan (accusative singular)
māsan (accusative plural)
māsan (genitive singular)
māsena (genitive plural)
māsan (dative singular)
māsum (dative plural)

Middle English: mose

⇒ Middle English: titmose

English: titmouse


han

hān (canonical feminine)
hān (nominative singular)
hāna (nominative plural)
hāne (nominative plural)
hāne (accusative singular)
hāna (accusative plural)
hāne (accusative plural)
hāne (genitive singular)
hāna (genitive plural)
hāne (dative singular)
hānum (dative plural)

a projecting stone that forms part of a boundary


unwisdom

unwīsdōm (canonical masculine)
unwīsdōm (nominative singular)
unwīsdōmas (nominative plural)
unwīsdōm (accusative singular)
unwīsdōmas (accusative plural)
unwīsdōmes (genitive singular)
unwīsdōma (genitive plural)
unwīsdōme (dative singular)
unwīsdōmum (dative plural)


hun

Unclear. Possibly a shortening of hund (“dog”) or from Old Norse hunn (“bear cub”).


ile

ile (nominative singular)
ilas (nominative plural)
ile (accusative singular)
ilas (accusative plural)
iles (genitive singular)
ila (genitive plural)
ile (dative singular)
ilum (dative plural)

Middle English: ile, yle, ylle

From Proto-West Germanic *ili, from Proto-Germanic *ili (“sole”).


help

help (nominative singular)
helpa (nominative plural)
helpe (nominative plural)
helpe (accusative singular)
helpa (accusative plural)
helpe (accusative plural)
helpe (genitive singular)
helpa (genitive plural)
helpe (dative singular)
helpum (dative plural)

Middle English: help

English: help

Scots: help

From Proto-West Germanic *helpu, from Proto-Germanic *helpō.


senatus

senatus (nominative plural)
senatas (nominative plural)
senatus (accusative plural)
senatas (accusative plural)
senata (genitive plural)
senatum (dative plural)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm Centenus Penula sē consul bæd þætte senatus him fultum sealdon, þæt hē mehte Hanibal mid ġefohte ġesēċan.

After that, the consul Centenius Penula asked that the Senate give him aid, so that he could seek to meet Hannibal in battle.


wir

wīr (canonical masculine)
wīras (nominative plural)

Middle English: wir, wyr

Scots: wire, weyr

English: wire

From Proto-Germanic *wīraz. Cognate with Middle Low German wīre, and related to late Old Norse víravirki (“filigree work”), Old High German wiara.


blod

blōd (canonical neuter)
blōd (nominative singular)
blōd (nominative plural)
blōd (accusative singular)
blōd (accusative plural)
blōdes (genitive singular)
blōda (genitive plural)
blōde (dative singular)
blōdum (dative plural)

Middle English: blood

Scots: bluid

English: blood

Geordie English: bluid

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-?
Proto-Germanic *blōþą
Proto-West Germanic *blōd
Old English blod
Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *blōd, from Proto-Germanic *blōþą, of unknown origin.
Cognate with Old Frisian and Old Saxon blōd, Old Dutch bluot, Old High German bluot, Old Norse blóð, and Gothic 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 (blōþ).

inh+

Wæs þæt blōd hāt.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DLXXXV Hēr wearþ on Brytene blōdi rēn ⁊ meolc and butere wurdon ġewend to blōde.

Year 685 In this year there was bloody rain in Britain and milk and butter were turned into blood.

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Moyses, ðurh Godes mihte, āwende eal heora wæter tō rēadum blōde, and hē āfylde eal heora land mid froggon, and siððan mid gnættum, eft mid hundes lūsum, ðā flugon into heora mūðe and heora næsðyrlum; and sē Ælmihtiġa ðone mōdiġan cyning mid þām eaðelicum ġesċeaftum swā gėswencte...

Moses, through the power of God, turned all their water into red blood, and filled all of their land with frogs, and then with gnats, and afterwards with dogflies, which flew into their mouths and their nostrils; the Almighty punished their proud king in that way with every kind of creature...


ham

hām (canonical masculine)
hām (nominative singular)
hāmas (nominative plural)
hām (accusative singular)
hāmas (accusative plural)
hāmes (genitive singular)
hāma (genitive plural)
hām (dative singular)
hāme (dative singular)
hāmum (dative plural)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *haim, from Proto-Germanic *haimaz.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Ōsrēd, þe wæs Norþanhymbra cining, æfter wræcsīþe hām cumenum ġelǣht wæs ⁊ ofslagen on XVIII Kƚ Octoƀ ⁊ his līc liġþ æt Tīnamūþe. ⁊ Æþelrēd cining feng tō nīwan wīfe, sēo wæs Ælflēd ġehāten, on III Kƚ Octobr̃.

Osred, who was king of Northumbrian, was apprehended and slain on the 17th of October after coming home from his exile, and his body lies at Tynemouth. And King Aethelred took a new wife, whose name was Aelfled, on the third of October.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Assumption of St. John the Apostle"
Ða het se apostol ða bære settan, and cwæð, "Min Drihten, Hælend Crist! Arære ðe, Drusiana; aris, and ġecyrr hām, and gearca ús gereordunge on þinum hūse." Drusiana þa arás swilce of slæpe awreht, and, carfull be ðæs apostoles hæse, hām gewende.

Then the apostle bade them set down the bier, and said, "My Lord, Jesus Christ! Raise thee, Drusiana; arise, and return home, and prepare refection for us in thy house." Drusiana then arose as if from sleep awakened, and, mindful of the apostle's command, returned home.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
...and forġeaf sumne hām tō þǣre hālgan stōwe...

...and gave certain property to the holy place...


ham

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *hammaz. Cognate with Old Frisian ham, Middle Low German hamme (Low Low German Hamm).


ham

ham (nominative singular)
hamas (nominative plural)
ham (accusative singular)
hamas (accusative plural)
hames (genitive singular)
hama (genitive plural)
hame (dative singular)
hamum (dative plural)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *ham, from Proto-Germanic *hamaz (“covering”). Cognate with Old Norse hamr.


wand

wand (nominative singular)
wanda (nominative plural)
wande (nominative plural)
wande (accusative singular)
wanda (accusative plural)
wande (accusative plural)
wande (genitive singular)
wanda (genitive plural)
wande (dative singular)
wandum (dative plural)

Middle English: want, wont

English: want

Scots: want

From Proto-West Germanic *wand, from Proto-Germanic *wanduz (“mole”), from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to turn, twist, wind, braid”).


ta

tā (canonical feminine)
tān (nominative plural)
tā (nominative singular)
tān (nominative plural)
tān (accusative singular)
tān (accusative plural)
tān (genitive singular)
tāna (genitive plural)
tān (dative singular)
tām (dative plural)
tāum (dative plural)
tahe (alternative)

Middle English: ta, to

English: toe

Scots: tae

From Proto-West Germanic *taihā, from Proto-Germanic *taihwǭ.


mot

mōt (canonical feminine)
mōt (nominative singular)
mōta (nominative plural)
mōte (nominative plural)
mōte (accusative singular)
mōta (accusative plural)
mōte (accusative plural)
mōte (genitive singular)
mōta (genitive plural)
mōte (dative singular)
mōtum (dative plural)

Middle English: mot
Yola: mot

From Proto-West Germanic *mōtu, from Proto-Germanic *mōtō (“tax, toll”).


mot

mōt (canonical neuter)
mōt (nominative singular)
mōt (nominative plural)
mōt (accusative singular)
mōt (accusative plural)
mōtes (genitive singular)
mōta (genitive plural)
mōte (dative singular)
mōtum (dative plural)

mōtærn

building where a meeting is held, courthouse

mōtian

to converse, address an assembly, or discuss an issue

meeting (encounter, assembly, or confluence)


flor

flōr (canonical feminine)
flōr (nominative singular)
flōra (nominative plural)
flōr (accusative singular)
flōra (accusative plural)
flōra (genitive singular)
flōra (genitive plural)
flōra (dative singular)
flōrum (dative plural)
flōr (nominative singular)
flōra (nominative plural)
flōre (nominative plural)
flōre (accusative singular)
flōra (accusative plural)
flōre (accusative plural)
flōre (genitive singular)
flōra (genitive plural)
flōre (dative singular)
flōrum (dative plural)

Middle English: flor

English: floor

Scots: flure, fluir, fleur, fleer

From Proto-West Germanic *flōr, from Proto-Germanic *flōruz, u-stem variant of Proto-Germanic *flōraz (“ground, floor”).


boc

bōc (canonical feminine)
bōc (nominative singular)
bēċ (nominative plural)
bōc (accusative singular)
bēċ (accusative plural)
bēċ (genitive singular)
bōce (genitive singular)
bōca (genitive plural)
bēċ (dative singular)
bōcum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke
English: book (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: buik, beuk
Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck
Yola: buke

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *bōks, whence also Old Frisian bōk (West Frisian boek), Old Saxon bōk (Low German Book), Dutch boek, Old High German buoh (German Buch), Old Norse bók (Danish bog, Norwegian bok), Swedish bok), Gothic 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka). The Germanic root is often taken to be related to the word for beech, the wood of rune-tablets.

c. 995, Ælfric, Excerptiones de Arte Grammatica Anglice
Littera is stæf on englisċ and is sē lǣsta dǣl on bōcum and untōdǣledlīċ.

Littera means letter in [Old] English and is the indivisible smallest part of books.


boc

bōc (canonical feminine)
bōc (nominative singular)
bōca (nominative plural)
bōce (nominative plural)
bōce (accusative singular)
bōca (accusative plural)
bōce (accusative plural)
bōce (genitive singular)
bōca (genitive plural)
bōce (dative singular)
bōcum (dative plural)


munt

munt (nominative singular)
muntas (nominative plural)
munt (accusative singular)
muntas (accusative plural)
muntes (genitive singular)
munta (genitive plural)
munte (dative singular)
muntum (dative plural)

Middle English: mount, mont, mounte, mownt, munt
English: mount
Scots: munt

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 4, verse 29

And they arose and shoved him from the city. And led him over the mount's top. Over that their city was built. That they thrusted him downward.

And hiġ ārīson and scūfon hine of ðǣre ceastre. And lǣddon hine ofer ðæs muntes cnæpp. Ofer þone hyra buruh ġetimbrud wæs. þ hī hyne nyðer bescūfon.


line

līne (canonical feminine)
līne (nominative singular)
līnan (nominative plural)
līnan (accusative singular)
līnan (accusative plural)
līnan (genitive singular)
līnena (genitive plural)
līnan (dative singular)
līnum (dative plural)

Middle English: lyne, lyn, line, lin, lynye, lyny
English: line, linseed (in compound with seed)
Yola: leen

From Proto-Germanic *līnǭ (“line, rope, flaxen cord, thread”), from Proto-Germanic *līną (“flax, linen”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”). Akin to Old High German līna (“line”) (German Leine (“rope”)), Middle Dutch līne (“rope, cord”) (Dutch lijn (“rope”)), Old Norse līna (“cord, rope”) (Danish line (“rope, cord”)), Old English līn (“flax, linen, cloth”).

inh

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Wāst þū nū þæt þū leornodest on eorþcræfte be ānre līnan āwritenre andlang middes ānes þōðres?

Do you remember what you learned in geometry about a line drawn along the middle of a ball?


gift

ġift (canonical feminine)
ġift (nominative singular)
ġifte (nominative plural)
ġifta (nominative plural)
ġift (accusative singular)
ġifte (accusative singular)
ġifte (accusative plural)
ġifta (accusative plural)
ġifte (genitive singular)
ġifta (genitive plural)
ġifte (dative singular)
ġiftum (dative plural)
ġyft (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: yifte, ȝift, gift
English: gift, yift
Scots: gyft, gift
Yola: giftes (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *gifti, from Proto-Germanic *giftiz. Cognate with Old Frisian jeft, Old Saxon *gift (in sundargift (“privilege”, literally “special gift”)), Dutch gift, Old High German gift (German Gift), Old Norse gipt (> English gift), Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍆𐍄𐍃 (fragifts).

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Twenty-first Sunday after Pentecost"
Þāðā hí noldon cuman to ðam ġiftum, ða sende hé eft, þus cweðende, "Secgað ðam gelaðodum, Efne, ic ġeġearcode mīne gōd, ic ofslóh mine fearras, and mine gemæstan fugelas, and ealle mine ðing ic ġearcode: cumað to þam ġiftum."

When they would not come to the marriage, he sent again, thus saying, "Say to those who are invited, Behold, I have prepared my meats, I have slain my oxen and my fatted fowls, and have prepared all my things: come to the marriage."

(in the plural and in compounds) wedding, marriage


dag

dāg (canonical masculine)
dāg (nominative singular)
dāgas (nominative plural)
dāg (accusative singular)
dāgas (accusative plural)
dāges (genitive singular)
dāga (genitive plural)
dāge (dative singular)
dāgum (dative plural)
dāh (alternative)
dōh (alternative)
daag (alternative)

Middle English: dogh, dagh, doghe, doghȝe, doȝ, doughe, douȝ, douȝh, douw, dow, dowgh, dowhȝ
English: dough (dialectal duff)
Scots: daich, dauch
Yola: dhoaugh, doaugh, doaug

From Proto-Germanic *daigaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, form, mold”). Compare Old High German teig (German Teig), Old Norse deig (Danish dej, Swedish deg), Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍃 (daigs).


dal

dāl (canonical neuter)
ġedāl (alternative)

Middle English: dol

English: dole


mile

inflection of mīl:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of mīl:
genitive/dative singular


sex

Alternative form of seax (“shortsword, dagger, knife”)


ar

ār (canonical feminine)
ār (nominative singular)
āra (nominative plural)
āre (nominative plural)
āre (accusative singular)
āra (accusative plural)
āre (accusative plural)
āre (genitive singular)
āra (genitive plural)
āre (dative singular)
ārum (dative plural)
āre (alternative)

desc

Middle English: ore, oore, or, ȝore, aore, are, ære (Early Middle English), ar, are (Northern)

From Proto-West Germanic *aiʀu (“respect, honour”). Cognate with German Ehre.

inh

Exeter Book, The Wanderer
Oft him ānhaga · āre gebīdeð,
Metudes miltse, · þēah þe hē mōdċeariġ
A loner oft waits a grace for himself,

Creator's mercy, even if he is sorrowful


ar

ār (canonical neuter)
ār (nominative singular)
ār (nominative plural)
ār (accusative singular)
ār (accusative plural)
āres (genitive singular)
āra (genitive plural)
āre (dative singular)
ārum (dative plural)

desctree

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ōra</i>

Middle English: ore (merged with ōra)
English: ore
Scots: ure, uir

From Proto-West Germanic *aiʀ. Cognate with Old Norse eir (“brass, copper”), German ehern (“of metal, of iron”), Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌶 (aiz, “ore”), from Proto-Indo-European *áyos, h₂éyos. Compare Dutch oer (“iron-holding earth”). Compare Latin aes (“bronze, copper”), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (aiiah), Sanskrit अयस् (áyas, “copper, iron”).


ar

ār (canonical feminine)
ār (nominative singular)
āra (nominative plural)
āre (nominative plural)
āre (accusative singular)
āra (accusative plural)
āre (accusative plural)
āre (genitive singular)
āra (genitive plural)
āre (dative singular)
ārum (dative plural)

Middle English: ore, hore, oore, are, aurre (Northern)
English: oar
Scots: air

From Proto-West Germanic *airu (“oar”), from Proto-Germanic *airō (“oar”). Cognate with Old Norse ár, Danish åre, Swedish åra.


ar

ār (canonical masculine)
ār (nominative singular)
āras (nominative plural)
ār (accusative singular)
āras (accusative plural)
āres (genitive singular)
āra (genitive plural)
āre (dative singular)
ārum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *airu (“messenger”), from Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old Saxon ēru, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).

Ic eom Hroðgares ar ond ombiht.


bolt

bolt (nominative singular)
boltas (nominative plural)
bolt (accusative singular)
boltas (accusative plural)
boltes (genitive singular)
bolta (genitive plural)
bolte (dative singular)
boltum (dative plural)

Middle English: bolt

English: bolt
→ Irish: bolta
→ Japanese: ボルト (boruto)
→ Maltese: bolt
→ Russian: болт (bolt)
→ Azerbaijani: bolt
→ Ingrian: boltta
→ Scottish Gaelic: bolta

→ Welsh: bollt

From Proto-West Germanic *bolt.
Compare Lithuanian beldu (“I knock”), baldas (“pole for striking”). Akin to Dutch bout, German Bolz or Bolzen, Danish bolt, Icelandic bolti.


sole

sole (nominative singular)
solan (nominative plural)
solan (accusative singular)
solan (accusative plural)
solan (genitive singular)
solena (genitive plural)
solan (dative singular)
solum (dative plural)
solu (alternative)

Middle English: sole, soole

English: sole

Scots: sole

Borrowed from Latin solea, from solum (“bottom, base”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swol-.


ra

rā (canonical masculine)
rān (nominative plural)
rā (nominative singular)
rān (nominative plural)
rān (accusative singular)
rān (accusative plural)
rān (genitive singular)
rāna (genitive plural)
rān (dative singular)
rām (dative plural)
rāum (dative plural)
rāha (alternative)
rāa (alternative)

Middle English: ro, roo (northern ra, raa)

English: roe

Scots: ra, rae

A contraction of earlier rāha, from Proto-West Germanic *raihō, *raih, from Proto-Germanic *raihô, *raihą. The 5th-century runic form ᚱᚨᛇᚺᚨᚾ (raïhan) is possibly an ancestor of this word, but may be North Germanic instead.


ac

āc (canonical feminine)
āc (nominative singular)
ǣċ (nominative plural)
āc (accusative singular)
ǣċ (accusative plural)
ǣċ (genitive singular)
āce (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
ǣċ (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)
āc (nominative singular)
āca (nominative plural)
āce (nominative plural)
āce (accusative singular)
āca (accusative plural)
āce (accusative plural)
āce (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
āce (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)
āc (nominative singular)
ācas (nominative plural)
āc (accusative singular)
ācas (accusative plural)
āces (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
āce (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)
ǣċ (alternative)
aac (alternative)

Middle English: ook, ok, ak, ake
English: oak
Scots: aik, ake, yik

(masculine)(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚪ (a)


mus

mūs (canonical feminine)
mūs (nominative singular)
mȳs (nominative plural)
mūs (accusative singular)
mȳs (accusative plural)
mȳs (genitive singular)
mūse (genitive singular)
mūsa (genitive plural)
mȳs (dative singular)
mūsum (dative plural)

Middle English: mous, mouse, mowse, mows, mus, mowce, muse
English: mouse (see there for further descendants), moose (Northumbrian); muss
Scots: moose

From Proto-West Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *muh₂s.


well

well (nominative singular)
wellas (nominative plural)
well (accusative singular)
wellas (accusative plural)
welles (genitive singular)
wella (genitive plural)
welle (dative singular)
wellum (dative plural)

English: well

From Proto-West Germanic *wallijā, see also Old High German wella, Old Norse vella.


spade

inflection of spadu:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of spadu:
genitive/dative singular


baba

baba (nominative singular)
baban (nominative plural)
baban (accusative singular)
baban (accusative plural)
baban (genitive singular)
babena (genitive plural)
baban (dative singular)
babum (dative plural)

Middle English: babe, bab

English: babe

Scots: babe, baib, bab

From Proto-West Germanic *babō, from Proto-Germanic *babô, from *ba-, *bō-.


steam

stēam (canonical masculine)
stēam (nominative singular)
stēamas (nominative plural)
stēam (accusative singular)
stēamas (accusative plural)
stēames (genitive singular)
stēama (genitive plural)
stēame (dative singular)
stēamum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *staumaz, compare also Dutch stoom.


must

Middle English: must

English: must

must (newly or partially fermented wine)


ea

ēa (canonical feminine)
ēa (nominative plural)
ēan (nominative plural)
ēa (nominative singular)
ēa (nominative plural)
ēan (nominative plural)
ēa (accusative singular)
ēa (accusative plural)
ēan (accusative plural)
ēa (genitive singular)
īe (genitive singular)
ēa (genitive plural)
ēa (dative singular)
īe (dative singular)
ēam (dative plural)
ēaum (dative plural)
ēauum (dative plural)
ēum (dative plural)
ǣ (alternative)
*ēo (alternative)

Middle English: ee, æ, ea, eaa (Early Middle English), *eo
English: ea, Eau, eau, yeo

⇒ Old English: edēa (with prefix ed-)

Middle English: eddy

English: eddy

From Proto-West Germanic *ahu, from Proto-Germanic *ahwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ekʷeh₂ (“water”).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þonne west fram Tigris þǣre ēa oþ Eufrate þā ēa, þonne betweox þǣm ēan syndon þās land Babylonia, and Caldea, and Mesopotamia.

Then west from the River Tigris to the River Euphrates, then between the rivers are the lands of Babylon, Chaldea, and Mesopotamia


ele

ele (nominative singular)
elas (nominative plural)
ele (accusative singular)
elas (accusative plural)
eles (genitive singular)
ela (genitive plural)
ele (dative singular)
elum (dative plural)
œle (alternative)
ole (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *oli, from Latin oleum.


side

sīde (canonical feminine)
sīde (nominative singular)
sīdan (nominative plural)
sīdan (accusative singular)
sīdan (accusative plural)
sīdan (genitive singular)
sīdena (genitive plural)
sīdan (dative singular)
sīdum (dative plural)

Middle English: side, zide (Kent)
English: side
Scots: side, syde
Yola: zeide

From Proto-Germanic *sīdǭ, whence also Old High German sīta.


side

sīde (canonical feminine)
sīdan (nominative plural)

Borrowed from Late Latin sēta, whence also Old High German sīda (“silk”).


belt

beltas (nominative plural)
belt (nominative singular)
beltas (nominative plural)
belt (accusative singular)
beltas (accusative plural)
beltes (genitive singular)
belta (genitive plural)
belte (dative singular)
beltum (dative plural)

Middle English: belt

English: belt (see there for further descendants)

Scots: belt

From Proto-West Germanic *baltī̆, from Proto-Germanic *baltijaz. Cognate with Old High German balz, Old Norse belti.


rust

English: rust

From Proto-West Germanic *rust, from Proto-Germanic *rustaz (“rust”), from Proto-Indo-European *rudʰso- (“red”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”).


gear

ġēar (canonical neuter)
ġēar (nominative singular)
ġēar (nominative plural)
ġēar (accusative singular)
ġēar (accusative plural)
ġēares (genitive singular)
ġēara (genitive plural)
ġēare (dative singular)
ġēarum (dative plural)
ġǣr (alternative Anglian)
ġēr (alternative Anglian)

Middle English: yeer, here, yere, ȝere
English: year
Jamaican Creole: ier
Tok Pisin: yia
→ Chuukese: ier
→ Japanese: イヤー (iyā)
→ Volapük: yel
Scots: year

From Proto-West Germanic *jār, from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r-.

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
Ic þē secge, hēo wæs iii and sixtiġ ġēara eald, ðā hēo belȳfen wæs...

I tell thee, she was three and sixty years old when she died...

Þis wæs fēorþes ġēares his rīċes

This was in the fourth year of his reign.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Sebastian, Martyr"
Þa wurdon hi ealle þurh þæt wundor ablicgede and þæs þægnes gebedda ðe þa gebroþra heold wæs for six gearum for swiðlicre untrumnysse...

Then they were all astonished at that miracle; and the wife of the officer, who had charge of the brothers, for six years, through a severe sickness...

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St. Julian and his Wife Basilissa"
Þa wolde his fæder and his frynd ealle þæt he wifian sceolde þa ða he eahtetyne gæra wæs...

Then his father desired, and all his friends likewise, that he should marry, when he was eighteen years old.

(good) harvest
(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᛄ (j)


bar

bār (canonical masculine)
bār (nominative singular)
bāras (nominative plural)
bār (accusative singular)
bāras (accusative plural)
bāres (genitive singular)
bāra (genitive plural)
bāre (dative singular)
bārum (dative plural)

Middle English: bor, boor, bore, boore, bar, bare, bayre
English: boar
Scots: bair
Yola: boar