ford

ford (nominative singular)
forda (nominative plural)
ford (accusative singular)
forda (accusative plural)
forda (genitive singular)
forda (genitive plural)
forda (dative singular)
fordum (dative plural)
ford (nominative singular)
fordas (nominative plural)
ford (accusative singular)
fordas (accusative plural)
fordes (genitive singular)
forda (genitive plural)
forde (dative singular)
fordum (dative plural)

Middle English: ford, furd, foord

English: ford

Scots: furde, furd, fuird

⇒ English: Chelmsford (from a contraction of Ċēolmǣres + ford)

→ Proto-Brythonic: *forð (“road”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-West Germanic *furdu, from Proto-Germanic *furduz (“ford”). Cognate with Old Frisian ford, Old Saxon ford, Old Dutch ford, Old High German furt.


lad

lād (canonical feminine)
lād (nominative singular)
lāda (nominative plural)
lāde (nominative plural)
lāde (accusative singular)
lāda (accusative plural)
lāde (accusative plural)
lāde (genitive singular)
lāda (genitive plural)
lāde (dative singular)
lādum (dative plural)

Middle English: lod, lode

English: load, lode

From Proto-West Germanic *laidu, from Proto-Germanic *laidō. Cognate with Old High German leita (German Leite), Old Norse leið. Akin to līþan (“to go, travel, fare”).


lad

From Proto-West Germanic *laidu, formally identical with Etymology 1 above. Akin to Old Frisian lēde, lāde (“leading, reasoning”) found in Old Frisian dēdlâde (“oath of purification”), Old High German leita (“justification, excuse”).

cog

defense or exoneration (+ genitive against an accusation)


sel

sel (nominative singular)
salu (nominative plural)
sel (accusative singular)
salu (accusative plural)
seles (genitive singular)
sala (genitive plural)
sele (dative singular)
salum (dative plural)

English: sele, seel

From Proto-West Germanic *sal, from Proto-Germanic *salą, from Indo-European. Cognate with Old High German sal, German Saal (“hall, large room”), Old Saxon sal, Dutch zaal. Compare sele, from a Germanic variant stem.

Heorot, sincfāge sel

Alternative form of sæl (“room, great hall, castle”)


candela

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of candel


hype

hype (nominative singular)
hypas (nominative plural)
hype (accusative singular)
hypas (accusative plural)
hypes (genitive singular)
hypa (genitive plural)
hype (dative singular)
hypum (dative plural)

Middle English: hippe, hip

English: hip

Scots: hip


los

los (nominative plural)
los (nominative singular)
los (nominative plural)
los (accusative singular)
los (accusative plural)
loses (genitive singular)
losa (genitive plural)
lose (dative singular)
losum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: los, lose, losse
English: loss
Scots: los, lose, lois
Yola: lass

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *lusą (“loss”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewHs- (“to cut loose; sever; lose”). Cognate with Old Norse los (“looseness; breaking up”).


land

land (nominative singular)
land (nominative plural)
land (accusative singular)
land (accusative plural)
landes (genitive singular)
landa (genitive plural)
lande (dative singular)
landum (dative plural)
lond (alternative)
lænd (alternative)

Middle English: lond

English: land

Scots: laund, land

Yola: lhoan, lone

From Proto-West Germanic *land, from Proto-Germanic *landą. See there for more.

landrǣden

district or country ordinance, disposition, or institution

ælmesland

land bequeathed in frankalmoigne, i.e. rich in land is rich in soul

bēodland

land to defray food consumption, as in a monastery

berland

land for the growing of barley, bearland

bondeland

bond or leased land under written conditions

ċiricland

church-land, land belonging to the church

ġedālland

land that may get owned by separate people, divided common land

hereġeatland

obligatory bequest of land to a lord or king

mæstland

land for the forthteeing of mast, i.e. tree nuts

mearcland

borderland, or wasteland beyond the tilled land, marshland

rēfland

sundorġerēfland, i.e. particular tributary lands

Gotland

Gothland, or Götaland, i.e. a region of Norway

Sċotland

a name for Ireland before the Scottish left it behind

Wīsleland

the land around the Vistula river in Poland

land (dry portion of the Earth's surface)

region within a country: district, province


horn

horn (nominative singular)
hornas (nominative plural)
horn (accusative singular)
hornas (accusative plural)
hornes (genitive singular)
horna (genitive plural)
horne (dative singular)
hornum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: horn, horne, orn
English: horn
Scots: horn
Yola: hoorn

From Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“horn, head, top”).
Cognate with Old Frisian horn, Old Saxon horn, Old High German horn, Old Norse horn, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (haurn).

der

Laws of King Ine
Oxan horn bið X pæninga weorð.

The worth of an ox's horn is ten pennies.


lyre

lyre (nominative singular)
lyreas (nominative plural)
lyre (accusative singular)
lyreas (accusative plural)
lyrees (genitive singular)
lyrea (genitive plural)
lyree (dative singular)
lyreum (dative plural)


rind

rind (nominative singular)
rinda (nominative plural)
rinde (nominative plural)
rinde (accusative singular)
rinda (accusative plural)
rinde (accusative plural)
rinde (genitive singular)
rinda (genitive plural)
rinde (dative singular)
rindum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: rind, rinde, rynd, rynde, ryn
English: rind
Scots: rind, reen, reind

From Proto-West Germanic *rindu, from Proto-Germanic *rindō.


papa

pāpa (canonical masculine)
pāpa (nominative singular)
pāpan (nominative plural)
pāpan (accusative singular)
pāpan (accusative plural)
pāpan (genitive singular)
pāpena (genitive plural)
pāpan (dative singular)
pāpum (dative plural)

Middle English: pope, pape, popa, papa, papæ, pwope
English: pope
Jamaican Creole: puop
Tok Pisin: pop
→ Hindi: पोप (pop)
→ Urdu: پوپ (pop)
Scots: pape, paipe, paip

From Ecclesiastical Latin pāpa, from Ancient Greek πάπας (pápas, “bishop, patriarch”), variant of πάππας (páppas, “father”).

der

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
...oððe frām leorningcnihtum þǣs ēadigan pāpan Sce. Gregories...

...or from disciples of the blessed pope St. Gregory...

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCC.XCVII Hēr Rōmane Leone þām papan his tungan forcurfon ⁊ his ēagan āstungon, ⁊ hine of his setle āflīemdon, ⁊ þā sōna eft, Gode fultomiendum, hē meahte ġesēon ⁊ sprēcan ⁊ eft was papa swā hē ǣr wæs.

Year 797 In this year the Romans cut out the tongue of Pope Leo [III] and gouged out his eyes and drove him from his throne. And soon, through God's help, he was able to see and speak again, and became pope again just like he was before.


da

dā (canonical feminine)
dā (nominative singular)
dān (nominative plural)
dān (accusative singular)
dān (accusative plural)
dān (genitive singular)
dāna (genitive plural)
dān (dative singular)
dām (dative plural)
dāum (dative plural)

Middle English: da, do, doo

Scots: da, dae

English: doe

From Proto-West Germanic *daijā, from Proto-Germanic *dajjǭ.


hond

hond (nominative singular)
honda (nominative plural)
hond (accusative singular)
honda (accusative plural)
honda (genitive singular)
honda (genitive plural)
honda (dative singular)
hondum (dative plural)


trust

Middle English: trust (possibly)

English: trust (possibly)

From a rare zero-grade proto-Germanic variant of the same root also attested in Middle High German getrüste (“host”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deru- (“be firm, hard, solid”). See also Proto-Germanic *traustą, Old Norse traust.


brine

brīne (canonical feminine)
brȳne (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: bryne, brine, briyn, brin
English: brine
Yola: brine

From Proto-West Germanic *brīnā, from Proto-Germanic *brīnǭ (“brine”), of unknown ultimate origin, possibly Proto-Indo-European *mr-īnó-, from *móri (“sea, standing water”). Compare Middle Dutch brine ("brine, salt liquor"; whence Dutch brijn), West Frisian brein (“brine”).

gl

"brine, salt liquor"; whence Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">brijn</i>


cot

cotu (nominative plural)
cot (nominative singular)
cotu (nominative plural)
cot (accusative singular)
cotu (accusative plural)
cotes (genitive singular)
cota (genitive plural)
cote (dative singular)
cotum (dative plural)
cott (alternative)

English: cot

From Proto-Germanic *kutą, *kutan (“shed”), probably of non-Indo-European origin, but possibly borrowed from Uralic; compare Finnish kota (“hut, house”) and Hungarian ház (“house”), both from Proto-Finno-Ugric/Proto-Uralic *kota.
However, compare Dutch and English hut, as well as Old Norse kot, Middle High German kūz (“execution pit”)), Scytho-Sarmatian *kuta, Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “chamber”).


raw

rāw (canonical feminine)
rāw (nominative singular)
rāwa (nominative plural)
rāwe (nominative plural)
rāwe (accusative singular)
rāwa (accusative plural)
rāwe (accusative plural)
rāwe (genitive singular)
rāwa (genitive plural)
rāwe (dative singular)
rāwum (dative plural)


est

ēst (canonical feminine masculine)
ēste (nominative plural)
ēst (nominative singular)
ēstas (nominative plural)
ēst (accusative singular)
ēstas (accusative plural)
ēstes (genitive singular)
ēsta (genitive plural)
ēste (dative singular)
ēstum (dative plural)
ēst (nominative singular)
ēste (nominative plural)
ēsta (nominative plural)
ēst (accusative singular)
ēste (accusative singular)
ēste (accusative plural)
ēsta (accusative plural)
ēste (genitive singular)
ēsta (genitive plural)
ēste (dative singular)
ēstum (dative plural)
ǣst (alternative)

Middle English: este

English: est, este (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *ansti, from Proto-Germanic *anstiz (“grace, thanks”), derivative of Proto-Germanic *unnaną (“to grant, thank”), from Proto-Indo-European *ān- (“to notice; face, mouth”).
Cognate with Old Saxon anst (“grace, favour”), Old High German anst (“goodwill, benevolence, thanks, grace”), Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ansts, “joy, grace, thankfulness”). Related to Old English unnan (“to grant, allow”). More at own.


turf

tyrf (nominative plural)
turf (nominative singular)
tyrf (nominative plural)
turf (accusative singular)
tyrf (accusative plural)
tyrf (genitive singular)
turfe (genitive singular)
turfa (genitive plural)
tyrf (dative singular)
turfum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe
English: turf
Scots: turr, truff
Yola: thrive

From Proto-West Germanic *turb, from Proto-Germanic *turbz.


more

more (nominative singular)
moran (nominative plural)
moran (accusative singular)
moran (accusative plural)
moran (genitive singular)
morena (genitive plural)
moran (dative singular)
morum (dative plural)

Middle English: more, moore, morre
English: more (dialectal)

→ Welsh: moron

From Proto-West Germanic *morhā, from Proto-Germanic *murhǭ (“carrot”). Cognate with Old Saxon moraha (“carrot”), Old High German moraha (German Möhre).


log

lōg (canonical neuter)
lōg (nominative singular)
lōg (nominative plural)
lōg (accusative singular)
lōg (accusative plural)
lōges (genitive singular)
lōga (genitive plural)
lōge (dative singular)
lōgum (dative plural)
lōh (alternative)

Middle English: loȝ, loogh, lough

From Proto-Germanic *lōgą (“site, situation, camp”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to be situated, lie”). Cognate with Old Frisian lōch (“place, locality”), Old High German luog (“cave, den, cubicle”), Old Norse lóg (“place”). The Indo-European root is also the source of Greek λέκτρον (léktron), Latin lectus (“bed”), Albanian log (“place for men, gathering”), Proto-Celtic *legeti (Old Irish lige, Irish luí), Proto-Slavic *ležati (Russian лежа́ть (ležátʹ)).

cog

on his lōg


gast

gāst (canonical masculine)
gāst (nominative singular)
gāstas (nominative plural)
gāst (accusative singular)
gāstas (accusative plural)
gāstes (genitive singular)
gāsta (genitive plural)
gāste (dative singular)
gāstum (dative plural)
gǣst (alternative)
gaast (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste
English: ghost
Scots: gaist, gast, ghaist
Yola: gaast

From Proto-West Germanic *gaist, from Proto-Germanic *gaistaz.


leaf

lēaf (canonical neuter)
lēaf (nominative singular)
lēaf (nominative plural)
lēaf (accusative singular)
lēaf (accusative plural)
lēafes (genitive singular)
lēafa (genitive plural)
lēafe (dative singular)
lēafum (dative plural)

Middle English: leef, lefe, leve, lewe
English: leaf
Tok Pisin: lip
Scots: leaf, lefe, leif
Yola: laafe

From Proto-West Germanic *laub, from Proto-Germanic *laubą. Cognate with Old Saxon lōf, Old High German loub, Old Norse lauf, Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍆𐍃 (laufs).


leaf

lēaf (canonical feminine)
lēaf (nominative singular)
lēafa (nominative plural)
lēafe (nominative plural)
lēafe (accusative singular)
lēafa (accusative plural)
lēafe (accusative plural)
lēafe (genitive singular)
lēafa (genitive plural)
lēafe (dative singular)
lēafum (dative plural)
lǣf (alternative)
līf (alternative)

English: leave

From Proto-West Germanic *laubu. Cognate with Old High German *louba (German Laube).


row

rōw (canonical feminine)
rōw (nominative singular)
rōwa (nominative plural)
rōwe (nominative plural)
rōwe (accusative singular)
rōwa (accusative plural)
rōwe (accusative plural)
rōwe (genitive singular)
rōwa (genitive plural)
rōwe (dative singular)
rōwum (dative plural)
rō (alternative)

Middle English: ro, rou, rowe, roo

English: roo

Scots: ro, ruve

From Proto-West Germanic *rōu (“calm, rest”).


timber

timber (nominative singular)
timber (nominative plural)
timber (accusative singular)
timber (accusative plural)
timbres (genitive singular)
timbra (genitive plural)
timbre (dative singular)
timbrum (dative plural)

Middle English: timber

English: timber

Scots: timmer, tymmer, tymer

From Proto-West Germanic *timr, from Proto-Germanic *timrą, from Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“build, house”) (see Proto-Indo-European *dṓm).
Cognates include Old Saxon timbar, Old High German zimbar, Old Norse timbr, Gothic 𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (timrjan, “to build”), and Latin domus.


lust

lust (nominative singular)
lustas (nominative plural)
lust (accusative singular)
lustas (accusative plural)
lustes (genitive singular)
lusta (genitive plural)
luste (dative singular)
lustum (dative plural)

Middle English: lust

English: lust

From Proto-West Germanic *lustu, from Proto-Germanic *lustuz.

Him wæs metes micel lust ― he had a craving for food. (Ælfric's Homilies)


wen

wēn (canonical feminine)
wēn (nominative singular)
wēne (nominative plural)
wēna (nominative plural)
wēn (accusative singular)
wēne (accusative singular)
wēne (accusative plural)
wēna (accusative plural)
wēne (genitive singular)
wēna (genitive plural)
wēne (dative singular)
wēnum (dative plural)

Middle English: wene, wen

English: ween

Scots: wen, wene

From Proto-Germanic *wēniz, from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“love”). Cognate with Old Frisian wen, Old Saxon wan, Old High German wān (German Wahn (“delusion”)), Old Norse ván, Gothic 𐍅𐌴𐌽𐍃 (wēns).

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Octaves and Circumcision of our Lord"
Wēn is þæt eower sum nyte hwæt sy ymbsnidennys.

It is probable that some of you know not what circumcision is.

1000. West Saxon Gospels (John, xvii. 26). Ic him cyðde ðinne naman & gyt wylle cyþan.


leo

lēo (canonical feminine masculine)
lēo (nominative singular)
lēon (nominative plural)
lēon (accusative singular)
lēon (accusative plural)
lēon (genitive singular)
lēona (genitive plural)
lēon (dative singular)
lēom (dative plural)
lēoum (dative plural)

c. 994, Ælfric, On the Year
Ǣlċe mōnað hēo yrnð under ān þǣra tacna. Ān þǣra tacna ys ġehāten aries, þæt is ramm; oðer taurus, þæt is fearr; ðridda gemini, þæt synd ġetwisan; fēorða cancer, þæt is crabba; fīfta leo; syxta virgo, þæt is mǣden; seofoða libra, þæt is pund orde wǣġe; eahtoðe scorpius, þæt is þrōwend; nigoða is sagittarius, þæt is sċytta; teoða ys capricornus, þæt is buccan horn, oððe bucca; endlyfta is aquarius, þæt is wæter-ġyte, oððe þe þe wæter ġyt; twelfte is pisces, þæt synd fixas.

Each month runs under one of the signs [of the Zodiac]. The first of the signs is called aries, that is "ram"; the second is taurus, that is "bull"; the third is gemini, that is "twins"; the fourth is cancer, that is "crab"; the fifth is lion; the sixth is virgo, that is "virgin"; the seventh is libra, that is "pound" or "scales"; eighth is scorpious, that is "scorpion"; ninth is sagittarius, that is "shooter"; tenth is capricornus, that is "he-goat's horn" or "he-goat"; eleventh is aquarius, that is "pouring water" or "one that pours water"; twelfth is pisces, that is "fishes."

Eom iċ lēo ġif iċ menn ete?


denn

denn (nominative singular)
denn (nominative plural)
denn (accusative singular)
denn (accusative plural)
dennes (genitive singular)
denna (genitive plural)
denne (dative singular)
dennum (dative plural)


wag

wāg (canonical masculine)
wāg (nominative singular)
wāgas (nominative plural)
wāg (accusative singular)
wāgas (accusative plural)
wāges (genitive singular)
wāga (genitive plural)
wāge (dative singular)
wāgum (dative plural)
wāh (alternative)

Middle English: wagh, wough

English: waw, wough


rude

rūde (canonical feminine)
rūde (nominative singular)
rūdan (nominative plural)
rūdan (accusative singular)
rūdan (accusative plural)
rūdan (genitive singular)
rūdena (genitive plural)
rūdan (dative singular)
rūdum (dative plural)


rad

rād (canonical feminine)
rād (nominative singular)
rāda (nominative plural)
rāde (nominative plural)
rāde (accusative singular)
rāda (accusative plural)
rāde (accusative plural)
rāde (genitive singular)
rāda (genitive plural)
rāde (dative singular)
rādum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: rode, rade, rod, rood, roode
English: road
Scots: raid
→ English: raid, rade (Scotland)
→ Spanish: raid
→ French: raid
→ Italian: raid
→ Polish: rajd
→ Romanian: raid
→ Swedish: räd
→ Old French: *rade
Middle French: rade
French: rade
→ Catalan: rada
→ Italian: rada
→ Spanish: rada

From Proto-West Germanic *raidu. Cognate with Old Norse reið.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLXXXVII Hēr nam Byrhtrīc cing Offan dohtor Ēadburge. ⁊ on his dagum cōman ǣrest III sċipa Norðmanna, ⁊ þā sē ġerēfa þǣr tō rād, ⁊ hīe wolde drīfan tō þǣs cinges tūne... Þæt wǣron þā ǣrestan sċipu Denisċra manna þe Angelcynnes land ġesōhte.

Year 787 In this King Brightric kidnapped Offa's daughter Eadburg. And in those days came the first three Norse ships, intending to drive off the reeve and raid the king's town...Those were the first Danish ships to come to the land of the Angles.

The Old English rune poem
ᚱ byþ on recȳde rinca ġehwylċum / sēfte...

Journey is easy for warriors in the hall...


rand

rand (nominative singular)
rand (nominative plural)
rand (accusative singular)
rand (accusative plural)
randes (genitive singular)
randa (genitive plural)
rande (dative singular)
randum (dative plural)
rond (alternative)

Middle English: rand, rond

English: rand

Scots: rand

From Proto-West Germanic *rand, *randu, from Proto-Germanic *randaz, *randō, from Proto-Indo-European *rem- (“to come to rest, prop or support oneself”). Cognate with Old Norse rǫnd (“edge, rim; (poetic) shield”).

cog

outer part of something: edge, brink, rim, margin


Pharao

Borrowed from Latin Pharao, from Ancient Greek Φαραώ (Pharaṓ), from Biblical Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (par‘ōh), from Egyptian pr:aA (pr-ꜥꜣ, “palace”, “pharaoh”).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">pr-ꜥꜣ</i>

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Þā æt nēxtan forlēt Pharao Israhela folc of his earde siðian mid miċċlum ǣhtum, and God ġesette ðone foresǣdan Moysen his folce tō heretogan, and his broðer Aaron tō sacerde; and hī lǣddon þæt folce tō ðǣre Rēadan sǣ mid miċelre fyrdinge, þæt wǣron six hund þūsenda wīgendra manna, buton wīfum and ċildum.

Then at last Pharaoh allowed the people of Israel to leave his land with much livestock, and God appointed the aforementioned Moses as the leader of his people, and his brother Aaron as priest; and they led the people to the Red Sea with a great host, which numbered six hundred thousand warriors, not counting women and children.


wynn

wynn (nominative singular)
wynna (nominative plural)
wynne (nominative plural)
wynne (accusative singular)
wynna (accusative plural)
wynne (accusative plural)
wynne (genitive singular)
wynna (genitive plural)
wynne (dative singular)
wynnum (dative plural)
wyn (alternative)

Middle English: wynne, wunne, winne

English: wynn, wen, winne, win

Scots: win

oþþe mec frēondlēasne · frēfran wolde,
wēman mid wynnum. · Wāt sē þe cunnað,
hū slīþen bið · sorg tō ġefēran,
þām þe him lȳt hafað · lēofra ġeholena.

or friendless me would soothe,
allure with glees. Knows the one who undergoes,
how tough is sorrow as a companion,
to whom little has dear confidants for himself.

The Old English rune poem
ᚹ ne brūceþ þe can wēana lȳt...

Joy he has, he who knows little of woe...


lid

From Proto-Germanic *lidą (“followers, flock”).


gar

gār (canonical masculine)
gār (nominative singular)
gāras (nominative plural)
gār (accusative singular)
gāras (accusative plural)
gāres (genitive singular)
gāra (genitive plural)
gāre (dative singular)
gārum (dative plural)

Middle English: gor, gar, gare, gær

desctree

⇒ Middle English: garfysche
English: garfish
Scots: gairfish

From Proto-West Germanic *gaiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *gaizaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“pointed stick, spear”).
Cognate with Old Frisian gēr, Old Saxon gēr, Old High German gēr, Old Norse geirr.


hop

(Late Old English) a small enclosed valley


cealc

ċealc (canonical masculine)
ċealc (nominative singular)
ċealcas (nominative plural)
ċealc (accusative singular)
ċealcas (accusative plural)
ċealces (genitive singular)
ċealca (genitive plural)
ċealce (dative singular)
ċealcum (dative plural)
cealk (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: chalk, calke, chalke, schalk, schalke
English: chalk (see there for further descendants); cauk, cawk
Scots: cauk, cawk


storc

storc (nominative singular)
storcas (nominative plural)
storc (accusative singular)
storcas (accusative plural)
storces (genitive singular)
storca (genitive plural)
storce (dative singular)
storcum (dative plural)

Middle English: stork

English: stork


cancer

cancer (nominative singular)
cancras (nominative plural)
cancer (accusative singular)
cancras (accusative plural)
cancres (genitive singular)
cancra (genitive plural)
cancre (dative singular)
cancrum (dative plural)
cancor (alternative)

desc

Middle English: canker, cancre, cancer, cankre, cankyr, kankir, kanker (partially from Old French cancre)

English: canker

→ Welsh: cancr


passion

passione (nominative plural)
passio (alternative)

>? Middle English: passioun

From Latin passiō (“suffering”), noun of action from perfect passive participle passus (“suffered”), from deponent verb pati (“suffer”).

ðaet Eghwilc messepriost gesinge fore Osuulfes sawle twa messan, twa fore Beornðryðe sawle; and aeghwilc diacon arede twa passione fore his sawle, twa for hire;

that Every mass-priest recites for Oswulf's soul two masses, two for Beornthryth's soul; and every deacon reads two passions for his soul. (Oswulf's Charters, c805)


lamb

lambru (nominative plural)
lamb (nominative singular)
lambru (nominative plural)
lamb (accusative singular)
lambru (accusative plural)
lambes (genitive singular)
lambra (genitive plural)
lambe (dative singular)
lambrum (dative plural)
lomb (nominative singular)
lombur (nominative plural)
lomberu (nominative plural)
lomb (accusative singular)
lombur (accusative plural)
lomberu (accusative plural)
lombur (genitive singular)
lombra (genitive plural)
lombur (dative singular)
lombrum (dative plural)
lemb (alternative)
lomb (alternative)
lomber (alternative)

Middle English: lamb, lomb, lambe

English: lamb

Scots: lam, lamb


leger

leġer (canonical neuter)
leġer (nominative singular)
leġru (nominative plural)
leġer (accusative singular)
leġru (accusative plural)
leġres (genitive singular)
leġra (genitive plural)
leġre (dative singular)
leġrum (dative plural)

Middle English: leir, leire, lair, lare

English: lair

Scots: lair, lear, layer, lare

From Proto-West Germanic *legr.
Cognate with Old Frisian leger, Old Saxon legar, Dutch leger (“bed, camp, army”), Old High German legar (German Lager (“camp”)), Old Norse legr (Danish lejr, Swedish läger (“bed”)), Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐍂𐍃 (ligrs). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek λέχος (lékhos), Latin lectus (“bed”), Proto-Celtic *legyom (Old Irish lige, Irish luí), Proto-Slavic *ležati (Russian лежа́ть (ležátʹ)).

on ðam sixtan dæge his legeres

the state or action of lying, lying down, or lying ill

on gehalgodan legere licgan


frost

Alternative form of forst, produced by metathesis


lago

lago (nominative singular)
laga (nominative plural)
lago (accusative singular)
laga (accusative plural)
laga (genitive singular)
laga (genitive plural)
laga (dative singular)
lagum (dative plural)


bon

bōn (canonical feminine)
bōna (nominative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *bōn, from Proto-Germanic *bōnō or *bōnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”).


mos

Middle English: mos, mosse

Scots: mos

English: moss

From Proto-West Germanic *mos, from Proto-Germanic *musą, whence also Old High German mos.


mos

mōs (canonical neuter)
mōs (nominative singular)
mōs (nominative plural)
mōs (accusative singular)
mōs (accusative plural)
mōses (genitive singular)
mōsa (genitive plural)
mōse (dative singular)
mōsum (dative plural)

Middle English: mos, mose

>? English: mush

>? Scots: moosh

From Proto-West Germanic *mōs, from Proto-Germanic *mōsą (“food”).
Akin to Old Saxon mōs (“food”), Old High German muos (German Mus, Gemüse (“food, vegetables”), Old English mete (“food”). More at meat.


bos

Middle English: bos, bose, boos

English: boose

Scots: buse, buis, beuse, biss, boose

From Proto-Germanic *bansaz. Cognate with Old Frisian bōs, Middle Low German bôs, Middle High German banse, Old Norse báss.


weg

weġ (canonical masculine)
wegas (nominative plural)
weġ (nominative singular)
wegas (nominative plural)
weġ (accusative singular)
wegas (accusative plural)
weġes (genitive singular)
wega (genitive plural)
weġe (dative singular)
wegum (dative plural)
wœg (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: wey, wei, weie, wai, way
English: way
Scots: wey, way
Yola: wye, waie

From Proto-West Germanic *weg, from Proto-Germanic *wegaz.
Cognates include Old Frisian wei, Old Saxon weg, Old Dutch weg, Old High German weg, Old Norse vegr, Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (wigs). Compare West Frisian wei, Dutch weg, Icelandic vegur, Faroese vegur, Danish vej, Norwegian vei, and Swedish väg, which are all still the main word for both "way" and "road" in their respective languages.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Ġetǣċ mē þone weġ.

c. 992, Ælfric of Eynsham, "The Epiphany of the Lord"
Wē ne magon ġeċierran þæs weġes þe wē cōmon.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Hē lǣdde mē eft þȳ selfan weġe þe wit ǣr cōmon.

He brought me back the same way we came before.

The Life of Saint Margaret
Eall hīe hāl and ġesund on heora weġe hām ġewenton.

They all went safe and sound on their way home.

Æðelswīþ cwēn, sēo wæs Ælfrēdes sweostor cyninges, forþfērde be Rōme weġe.

Queen Æthelswith, who was King Alfred's sister, died on the way to Rome.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Deuteronomy 1:22

Let's send spies who can survey the land and tell us which way to go and to what cities.

Uton sendan sċēaweras þæt sċēawiġen þæt land and cȳðen ūs on hwelcne weġ wē faran sċulon and tō hwelcum burgum.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
nu ic wæs of þam rihtan wege mines ingeþances ac betere hit bið þæt ic eft fare ut of þysum porte ðylæs þe ic to swiðe dwelige and for-þy þonne ne cume to minum geferum þe me ær hyder sendon; gewislice ic her ongyten hæbbe þæt me hæfð gelæht fæste mines modes oferstige þæt ic nat na forgeare hu ic hit þus macige.

Now I was in the right way in my inward thought, but better will it be that I go out of this town again lest I be too greatly bewildered, and so may not come to my comrades who erewhile sent me here; certainly I have here perceived that the over anxiety of my mind hath here seized me, so that I know not very certainly why I thus act.

10th century, Kentish gloss of the Book of Proverbs
þurh þīestre wegas

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Numbers 21:22


dom

dōm (canonical masculine)
dōm (nominative singular)
dōmas (nominative plural)
dōm (accusative singular)
dōmas (accusative plural)
dōmes (genitive singular)
dōma (genitive plural)
dōme (dative singular)
dōmum (dative plural)
ᛞᚩᛗ (alternative)

Middle English: doom, doim, dom, dome
English: doom
Middle Scots: dome, dume

From Proto-West Germanic *dōm.
Cognate with Old Frisian dōm, Old Saxon dōm, Old High German tuom, Old Norse dómr, Gothic 𐌳𐍉𐌼𐍃 (dōms). The Germanic source was from a stem verb originally meaning ‘to place, to set’ (a sense-development also found in Latin statutum, Ancient Greek θέμις (thémis)).

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Ne sċeall nān godes þeġn for sċeattum riht dēman, ac healdan þone dōm ġif godes man sȳ...

Nor shall one of God's servants decide a law for wealth, but maintain the judgement if he is a man of God...

Laws of Hlothhere and Eadric
Þis syndon þā dōmas ðe Hloþhære ⁊ Ēadrīc, Cantwara cyningas, asetton. Hloþhære ⁊ Ēadrīc, Cantwara cyningas, ēcton þā ǣ, þā ðe heora aldoras ǣr ġeworhten, ðyssum dōmum þe hȳr efter sæġeþ.

These are the laws that Hlothhere and Eadric, kings of Kent, laid down. Hlothhere and Eadric, kings of Kent, added these laws listed hereafter to the laws their ancestors created.


som

sōm (canonical feminine)
sōm (nominative singular)
sōma (nominative plural)
sōme (nominative plural)
sōme (accusative singular)
sōma (accusative plural)
sōme (accusative plural)
sōme (genitive singular)
sōma (genitive plural)
sōme (dative singular)
sōmum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *sōmu, from Proto-Germanic *sōmō, related to *sōmiz (“seemly”). Related to Old Norse sǿmr.

Hē sċeal bēon symle ymbe sōme and ymbe sibbe

he shall ever be engaged in promoting concord and peace

Bisċeopum ġebȳraþ, gyf ǣniġ ōðrum ābelge, ðæt man geþyldiġe ōð gefērena sōme

It behoves bishops, if any should anger others, that they be patient until the reconciliation of the companions

reconciliation, a setting aside of differences

Ðā ðūhte ūs eallan ðe æt ðǣre sōme wǣran,

early 10th century, Letter to King Edward explaining the history of land at Fonthill:

Then it seemed to all of us that were at the agreement,

an meeting for agreement, arrangement of dispute


stol

stōl (canonical masculine)
stōl (nominative singular)
stōlas (nominative plural)
stōl (accusative singular)
stōlas (accusative plural)
stōles (genitive singular)
stōla (genitive plural)
stōle (dative singular)
stōlum (dative plural)

Middle English: stool

English: stool

Scots: stuil, stul, stule


hus

hūs (canonical neuter)
hūs (nominative singular)
hūs (nominative plural)
hūs (accusative singular)
hūs (accusative plural)
hūses (genitive singular)
hūsa (genitive plural)
hūse (dative singular)
hūsum (dative plural)

Middle English: hous, hus, hows, house
English: house (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: hoose
Scots: hoose
Yola: heouse, houze, howze

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH-der.?
Proto-Germanic *hūsą
Proto-West Germanic *hūs
Old English hus
From Proto-West Germanic *hūs.
Cognate with Old Frisian hūs, Old Saxon hūs, Old Dutch hūs, Old High German hūs and Old Norse hús.

etymon

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 2:10-11

He said to the lame man, "I say to you, arise, take your bed, and go to your house."

Hē cwæð tō þām laman, þē iċ seċġe, arīs, nim ðīn bed, and gā tō þīnum hūse.


tale

inflection of talu:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of talu:
genitive/dative singular


lira

līra (canonical masculine)
līran (nominative plural)
līra (nominative singular)
līran (nominative plural)
līran (accusative singular)
līran (accusative plural)
līran (genitive singular)
līrena (genitive plural)
līran (dative singular)
līrum (dative plural)

Middle English: lire, lyre

English: lire

From Proto-Germanic *lihwizô, *ligwizô (“thigh; groin”), from Proto-Indo-European *lekʷs-, *lewks- (“groin”). More at lire.

fleshy part of the body without fat or bone; brawn; muscle


manu

manu (nominative singular)
mana (nominative plural)
manu (accusative singular)
mana (accusative plural)
mana (genitive singular)
mana (genitive plural)
mana (dative singular)
manum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: mane, mayn
English: mane
Scots: mane

From Proto-West Germanic *manu. Near cognates include Old Norse mǫn and Old High German mana.


stale

inflection of stalu:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of stalu:
genitive/dative singular


woda

wōda (canonical masculine)
wōda (nominative singular)
wōdan (nominative plural)
wōdan (accusative singular)
wōdan (accusative plural)
wōdan (genitive singular)
wōdena (genitive plural)
wōdan (dative singular)
wōdum (dative plural)

Middle English: wodeman

Derived from the adjective wōd (“crazy”).


gos

gōs (canonical feminine)
gōs (nominative singular)
gēs (nominative plural)
gōs (accusative singular)
gēs (accusative plural)
gēs (genitive singular)
gōse (genitive singular)
gōsa (genitive plural)
gēs (dative singular)
gōsum (dative plural)

Middle English: gos, goce, goos, gose, gosse
English: goose
Scots: guise

From Proto-Germanic *gans, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰans-.

Exeter Book:
Hwīlum iċ grǣde swā gōs.
Sometimes I cry like a goose.


wisdom

wīsdōm (canonical masculine)
wīsdōm (nominative singular)
wīsdōmas (nominative plural)
wīsdōm (accusative singular)
wīsdōmas (accusative plural)
wīsdōmes (genitive singular)
wīsdōma (genitive plural)
wīsdōme (dative singular)
wīsdōmum (dative plural)

Middle English: wisdom

English: wisdom

From Proto-Germanic *wīsadōmaz. Cognate with Old Frisian wīsdom, Old Saxon wīsdom, Old High German wīstuom, Old Norse vísdómr. Equivalent to wīs + dōm.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Ġyf þē þurh wȳsdōm findon þā ðe þē findon, forġyf mē þonne wȳsdōm...

If by wisdom they find Thee who find Thee, then give me wisdom.

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Forġif mē wīsdōm, þæt iċ maġe þīn miċċle folc ġewissian, and iċ cunne tōcnāwan betwux gōd and yfel.

Give me wisdom, so that I can guide your great people, and can distinguish between good and evil.


croc

crōc (canonical masculine)
crōc (nominative singular)
crōcas (nominative plural)
crōc (accusative singular)
crōcas (accusative plural)
crōces (genitive singular)
crōca (genitive plural)
crōce (dative singular)
crōcum (dative plural)

Middle English: crok, croke

Scots: cruke, creuk, crewk, cruik

English: crook

→ Irish: crúca

From Proto-West Germanic *krōk, from Proto-Germanic *krōkaz (“something bent”). Cognate with Old Norse krókr, Swedish krok (“crook”).


dung

dynġ (nominative plural)
dung (nominative singular)
dynġ (nominative plural)
dung (accusative singular)
dynġ (accusative plural)
dynġ (genitive singular)
dunge (genitive singular)
dunga (genitive plural)
dynġ (dative singular)
dungum (dative plural)
dinġ (alternative accusative dative genitive nominative plural singular)

Middle English: donge, dung, dunge

→ Anglo-Norman: donjun (semantic loan)

From Proto-West Germanic *dung (“cellar”).


dung

dung (nominative singular)
dunga (nominative plural)
dunge (nominative plural)
dunge (accusative singular)
dunga (accusative plural)
dunge (accusative plural)
dunge (genitive singular)
dunga (genitive plural)
dunge (dative singular)
dungum (dative plural)
ding (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: donge, dong, donke, doung, dounge, dung, dunge
English: dung
Scots: dung

From Proto-West Germanic *dungu, from Proto-Germanic *dungō, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰengʰ- (“to cover”).


apa

apa (nominative singular)
apan (nominative plural)
apan (accusative singular)
apan (accusative plural)
apan (genitive singular)
apena (genitive plural)
apan (dative singular)
apum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ape, eape, aape
English: ape
Scots: ape, aip

From Proto-West Germanic *apō, from Proto-Germanic *apô. Cognate with Old Frisian *apa, Old Saxon apo, Old Dutch *apo, Old High German affo, Old Norse api.

Sē apa fēoll of þām trēowe.

Þā ǣrestan menn nǣron þā sīðmestan apan.

Menn sind þā āne apan þe twifēte sind and uprihte gāþ.

Humans are the only primates that are bipedal and walk upright.


carte

carte (nominative singular)
cartan (nominative plural)
cartan (accusative singular)
cartan (accusative plural)
cartan (genitive singular)
cartena (genitive plural)
cartan (dative singular)
cartum (dative plural)

From Latin charta, from Ancient Greek χᾰ́ρτης (khắrtēs).


nytt

nytta (nominative plural)
nytt (nominative singular)
nytta (nominative plural)
nytte (nominative plural)
nytte (accusative singular)
nytta (accusative plural)
nytte (accusative plural)
nytte (genitive singular)
nytta (genitive plural)
nytte (dative singular)
nyttum (dative plural)
nyt (alternative)
nutte (alternative)
nytto (alternative)

Middle English: nutte

From Proto-Germanic *nutjō (“profit, yield, use”). Cognate with Dutch nut, Old High German nuz, Swedish nytta.


bord

bord (nominative singular)
bord (nominative plural)
bord (accusative singular)
bord (accusative plural)
bordes (genitive singular)
borda (genitive plural)
borde (dative singular)
bordum (dative plural)

→ Cornish: bord

Middle English: bord

English: board

Scots: buird

Yola: borde

→ Old Irish: bord

Middle Irish: bord

Irish: bord

Manx: boayrd

Scottish Gaelic: bòrd

→ Middle Welsh: bort

Welsh: bord

→ Middle Welsh: bwrð

Welsh: bwrdd

From Proto-West Germanic *bord, from Proto-Germanic *burdą.

Sē frumlida stāg on bord þæs sċipes.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Hīe cwǣdon, "Hū dōþ wē ymb þē?" Hē andwyrde, "Weorpaþ mē ofer bord."

They said, "What are we going to do about you?" He answered, "Throw me overboard."

the side of a ship; (by extension) the ship itself


muscle

muscle (nominative singular)
musclan (nominative plural)
musclan (accusative singular)
musclan (accusative plural)
musclan (genitive singular)
musclena (genitive plural)
musclan (dative singular)
musclum (dative plural)
muscelle (alternative)
muxle (alternative)
musle (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: muscle, moskle, muschyl, muscul, muskall, muskel, muskele, muskell, muskle, muskyl, muskyll, musshell, mustul
English: mussel
Scots: mushle
→ Welsh: misgl

Borrowed from Late Latin mūscula, from Latin mūsculus.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Swylċe ēac þēos eorþe is berende missenlīcra fugela ⁊ sǣwihta ⁊ hēr bēoþ oft fanġene seolas ⁊ hronas and mereswȳn; ⁊ hēr bēoþ oft numene missenlīcra cynna weolcsċylle ⁊ muscule, ⁊ on þām oft ġemette þā betstan meregrotan ǣlces hīwes.

This land also bears various birds and sea creatures, and seals, porpoises, and dolphins are often caught here; and various kinds of shellfish and mussel are often taken, and in them the best pearls of every color are often found.


dune

inflection of dūn:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of dūn:
nominative/accusative plural


anda

andan (nominative plural)
anda (nominative singular)
andan (nominative plural)
andan (accusative singular)
andan (accusative plural)
andan (genitive singular)
andena (genitive plural)
andan (dative singular)
andum (dative plural)
onda (alternative)

Middle English: ande, onde, yond

English: ande, onde, and

Scots: and, ande, aind, aynd

nīpeð nihtsċūa, · norþan onsendeð
hrēo hæġlfare · hæleþum on andan.

night-shade darkens, sends from the north
a heartless hail-march to the men in wrath.

hatred, anger; injury, wrong-doing, mischief


hat

hāt (canonical neuter)
hāt (nominative singular)
hāt (nominative plural)
hāt (accusative singular)
hāt (accusative plural)
hātes (genitive singular)
hāta (genitive plural)
hāte (dative singular)
hātum (dative plural)

English: hote, hot, hate, hat


raha

rāha (canonical masculine)
rāhan (nominative plural)
rāha (nominative singular)
rāhan (nominative plural)
rāhan (accusative singular)
rāhan (accusative plural)
rāhan (genitive singular)
rāhena (genitive plural)
rāhan (dative singular)
rāhum (dative plural)


toga

From Proto-West Germanic *togō (“leader”).


corn

corn (nominative singular)
corn (nominative plural)
corn (accusative singular)
corn (accusative plural)
cornes (genitive singular)
corna (genitive plural)
corne (dative singular)
cornum (dative plural)

Middle English: corn, coorn, coren, corne, curn, koren, korn
English: corn (see there for further descendants)
Scots: corn, curn
Yola: coorn, koorn

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *korn, from Proto-Germanic *kurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm (“grain”).
Cognate with Old Frisian korn, Old Saxon korn (Low German Koorn), Dutch koren, Old High German korn, Old Norse korn, Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (kaurn).

inh+

880-1150, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Hīe wǣron benumene æġðer ġe ðæs ċēapes ġe ðæs cornes.

They were deprived both of cattle and of corn.


wise

wīse (canonical feminine)
wīse (nominative singular)
wīsan (nominative plural)
wīsan (accusative singular)
wīsan (accusative plural)
wīsan (genitive singular)
wīsena (genitive plural)
wīsan (dative singular)
wīsum (dative plural)

Middle English: wise

From Proto-West Germanic *wīsā, from Proto-Germanic *wīsō, *wīsaz. Cognate with Dutch wijze, German Weise, Swedish vis, Italian guisa, Spanish guisa.

Ne līcaþ mē sēo wīse þe hēo mē on lōcaþ.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent Sunday"
On ōðre wīsan wē sċēawiaþ mētinge and on ōðre wīsan stafas. Ne gǣþ nā māre tō mētinge būtan þæt þū hit ġesēo and herie. Nis nā ġenōg þæt þū stafas sċēawiġe būtan þū hīe ēac rǣde and þæt andġiet understande.

We look at pictures in one way and letters in another. You don't do anything with a painting except see it and praise it. Looking at letters is not enough unless you also read them and understand the meaning.

Hǣðensċipe biþ þæt man dēofolġield weorðiġe, þæt is þæt man weorðiġe hǣðenu godu and sunnan oþþe mōnan, fȳr oþþe flōd, wæterwiellas oþþe stānas oþþe ǣniġes cynnes wudutreowu, oþþe wiċċecræft lufiġe oþþe morðweorc ġefremme on ǣniġe wīsan, oþþe on blōte oþþe frihte, oþþe swelcra gedwimera ǣniġ þing drēoge.

c. 1021, Wulfstan, Winchester Code of Cnut, article 5.1:

Worshiping idols is a kind of paganism, whether one worships heathen gods and the sun or the moon, or fire or flood, or wells or stones or any kind of forest trees, or if one loves witchcraft or commits murder in any way, either by sacrifice or by divination, or takes any part in similar delusions.


wise

Middle English: wise

From Proto-Germanic *waisō. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to increase”). Cognate with Old Norse vísir (“sprout, bud”), Lithuanian veisti (“propagate”).


mesa

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of mes


hol

hol (nominative singular)
holu (nominative plural)
hol (accusative singular)
holu (accusative plural)
holes (genitive singular)
hola (genitive plural)
hole (dative singular)
holum (dative plural)
hola (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: hole, hoil, hol, holle, houl, hul, ol, ole
English: hole (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hole
Yola: hullès (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *hol (“hollow space, cavity”).

inh

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints, quoting Matthew 8:20

Foxes have holes and birds have nests, but I have no dwelling where I can rest my head.

Foxas habbaþ holu and fugelas habbaþ nest, and iċ næbbe wununge hwider iċ mīn heafod ahyldan mæġe.


hol

hōl (canonical neuter)
hōl (nominative singular)
hōl (nominative plural)
hōl (accusative singular)
hōl (accusative plural)
hōles (genitive singular)
hōla (genitive plural)
hōle (dative singular)
hōlum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *hōlą (“vain speech, slander, calumny”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁l-, *keh₁l- (“to beguile, deceive”).


med

mēd (canonical feminine)
mēd (nominative singular)
mēda (nominative plural)
mēde (nominative plural)
mēde (accusative singular)
mēda (accusative plural)
mēde (accusative plural)
mēde (genitive singular)
mēda (genitive plural)
mēde (dative singular)
mēdum (dative plural)
meord (alternative)
ᛗᛖᛞᚢ (alternative)

Middle English: mede, meede

English: meed

Scots: med

5th century, Undley bracteate
ᚷᚫᚷᚩᚷᚫ᛫ᛗᚫᚷᚫ᛫ᛗᛖᛞᚢ
gægógæ mægæ medu
(Some possible translations:) #*:: this she-wolf is a reward to a kinsman #*:: abracadabra: to a kinsman this reward


þing

þing (canonical)
þinġ (canonical neuter)
þing (nominative singular)
þing (nominative plural)
þing (accusative singular)
þing (accusative plural)
þinges (genitive singular)
þinga (genitive plural)
þinge (dative singular)
þingum (dative plural)
þinġ (nominative singular)
þing (nominative plural)
þinġ (accusative singular)
þing (accusative plural)
þinġes (genitive singular)
þinga (genitive plural)
þinġe (dative singular)
þingum (dative plural)
þinċġ (alternative)
þinġċ (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: thing, thinge, thyng
English: thing
Scots: thing, ting, hing
Yola: dhing

From Proto-West Germanic *þing, from Proto-Germanic *þingą.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Clement the Martyr"
Wén is þæt eower sum cweðe to him sylfum on stillum geðohtum, Hwæt forleton has gebroðru, Petrus and Andreas, þe for nean nán ðing næfdon? ac we sceolon on þisum ðinge heora gewilnunge swiðor āsmēaġan þonne heora gestreon.

It is to be expected that one of you in his still thoughts say to himself, What did the brothers, Peter and Andrew, leave, who had almost nothing? but in this case we should rather consider their desire than their possession.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Epiphany of the Lord"
For ðisum þrym ðingum is ðes freols-dæg Godes swutelung gecweden."

For these three reasons this festival is called the Manifestation of God."

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
...ac mē tōdæġ swā wundorlīce is ġelumpen þæt ic þurh nān þincg ne mæġ ġecnāwan hwæðer þys sȳ Ephesa byriġ þe elles ǣniġ ōþer;...

But to-day it has befallen me so wonderfully that I cannot by any means recognise whether this be the city of the Ephesians or else any other.


scip

sċip (canonical neuter)
sċip (nominative singular)
sċipu (nominative plural)
sċip (accusative singular)
sċipu (accusative plural)
sċipes (genitive singular)
sċipa (genitive plural)
sċipe (dative singular)
sċipum (dative plural)

Middle English: schip, chip, chippe, schepe, schipp, schippe, schup, schyp, schyppe, shepe, ship, shippe, shup, shuppe, shyp, shype, shyppe, sship, ssip, scip, scippe, scyp, scyppe
English: ship
Scots: ship
Yola: zhip

From Proto-West Germanic *skip.
Cognate with Old Frisian skip, Old Saxon skip, Old High German skif, Old Norse skip, Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 (skip).

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript E, year 992

And then the army escaped, except for one ship whose crew was slain.

And sē here þā ætbærst, būtan ān sċip þǣr man ofslōg.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLXXXVII Hēr nam Byrhtrīc cing Offan dohtor Ēadburge. ⁊ on his dagum cōman ǣrest III sċipa Norðmanna, ⁊ þā sē ġerēfa þǣr tō rād, ⁊ hīe wolde drīfan tō þǣs cinges tūne... Þæt wǣron þā ǣrestan sċipu Denisċra manna þe Angelcynnes land ġesōhte.

Year 787 In this King Brightric kidnapped Offa's daughter Eadburg. And in those days came the first three Norse ships, intending to drive off the reeve and raid the king's town...Those were the first Danish ships to come to the land of the Angles.


stan

stān (canonical masculine)
stān (nominative singular)
stānas (nominative plural)
stān (accusative singular)
stānas (accusative plural)
stānes (genitive singular)
stāna (genitive plural)
stāne (dative singular)
stānum (dative plural)

Middle English: ston, stan, stane, stoan, stone, stoon, stoone
English: stone (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: styen
Scots: stane
Yola: sthoan
→ Anglo-Norman: ston

From Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂no-, *stih₂-no- (a suffixed form of *steyh₂- (“to be solid, to crowd together”)).
Cognate with Old Frisian stēn, Old Saxon stēn (German Low German Steen), Old Dutch sten, stein (Dutch steen), Old High German stein (German Stein), Old Norse steinn (Icelandic steinn, Faroese steinur, Norwegian Nynorsk stein, Norwegian Bokmål stein, sten, Danish sten, Swedish sten), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (stains). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek στῖον (stîon, “pebble”), Proto-Slavic *stěnà (Bulgarian стена (stena), Russian стена́ (stená), Czech stěna (“wall”)).

c. 1000, Ælfric of Eynsham (tr.), Hexameron of St. Basil

Fire is hidden within hard stones, the stone comes from the earth, which sweats, and so wellsprings come from the rocks.

Fȳr is behȳd on heardum stānum, sē stān cymð of eorðan, and hē swǣt swā ðēah, and of stānclūdum cumað wyllspringas.


giefu

ġiefu (canonical feminine)
ġiefu (nominative singular)
ġiefa (nominative plural)
ġiefe (nominative plural)
ġiefe (accusative singular)
ġiefa (accusative plural)
ġiefe (accusative plural)
ġiefe (genitive singular)
ġiefa (genitive plural)
ġiefena (genitive plural)
ġiefe (dative singular)
ġiefum (dative plural)
ġifu (alternative West-Saxon)
ġyfu (alternative Late-West-Saxon)
ġeofu (alternative)

desc

Middle English: gife, ȝyfe, ȝef, ȝif, yeve

From Proto-West Germanic *gebu, from Proto-Germanic *gebō. Cognates include Old Frisian jeve, Old Saxon geva, Old High German geba, Old Norse gjǫf, and Gothic 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰 (giba).


sorg

sorg (nominative singular)
sorga (nominative plural)
sorge (nominative plural)
sorge (accusative singular)
sorga (accusative plural)
sorge (accusative plural)
sorge (genitive singular)
sorga (genitive plural)
sorge (dative singular)
sorgum (dative plural)
sorh (alternative)

Middle English: sorȝe, sorwe, sorow

English: sorrow

Scots: sorow

From Proto-West Germanic *sorgu, from Proto-Germanic *surgō.
Cognate with Old Frisian sorge, Old Saxon sorga, Old Dutch sorga, Old High German sorga, Old Norse sorg, Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌰 (saurga).

oþþe mec frēondlēasne · frēfran wolde,
wēman mid wynnum. · Wāt sē þe cunnað,
hū slīþen bið · sorg tō ġefēran,
þām þe him lȳt hafað · lēofra ġeholena.

or friendless me would soothe,
allure with glees. Knows the one who undergoes,
how tough is sorrow as a companion,
to whom little has dear confidants for himself.


nama

naman (nominative plural)
nama (nominative singular)
naman (nominative plural)
naman (accusative singular)
naman (accusative plural)
naman (genitive singular)
namena (genitive plural)
naman (dative singular)
namum (dative plural)
noma (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: name, nome (West Midland, Southern)
English: name
→ Sranan Tongo: nen
→ Japanese: ネーム
Geordie English: nyem
Scots: name, naim, nem, nome
Yola: naame, name, naume

From Proto-West Germanic *namō, from Proto-Germanic *namô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥.

nambred

register of names (on a tablet); German Brett

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Nū synd sume men þe nyton hwæt sē nama [Cathedra Sancti Petri] ġetacnaþ.

Now there are some men who don't know what the name Cathedra Sancti Petri means.

Rōse be ǣnigum ōðrum naman stunce swā swōte.

A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.

c. 995, Ælfric, Excerptiones de Arte Grammatica Anglice
Ealle naman...bēoþ ġebīgede on fīf declinungum.

All nouns...are inflected in five declensions.


eage

ēage (canonical neuter)
ēage (nominative singular)
ēagan (nominative plural)
ēage (accusative singular)
ēagan (accusative plural)
ēagan (genitive singular)
ēagena (genitive plural)
ēagan (dative singular)
ēagum (dative plural)
ēge (alternative Anglian)

Middle English: eie, yȝe, ye, yë, yghe, eye, eȝhe, eȝe, eighe, eyghe, eyȝe, iȝe
English: eye
Sranan Tongo: ai
Geordie English: ee, eye
Scots: ee
Yola: ieen, eeen, een, eyen, eein, ein (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *augā, from Proto-Germanic *augô.


tunge

tungan (nominative plural)
tunge (nominative singular)
tungan (nominative plural)
tungan (accusative singular)
tungan (accusative plural)
tungan (genitive singular)
tungena (genitive plural)
tungan (dative singular)
tungum (dative plural)

Middle English: tonge, tong, tung, tunge
English: tongue, tounge (misspelling, otherwise obsolete), tung (eye dialect, otherwise obsolete), tong, tonge, toong, toongue, toung, toungue, tunge (obsolete)
Australian Kriol: tang
Bislama: tang
Sranan Tongo: tongo
Tok Pisin: tang
Torres Strait Creole: tang
Scots: tung, tongue, tong


hnutu

hnutu (nominative singular)
hnyte (nominative plural)
hnutu (accusative singular)
hnyte (accusative plural)
hnyte (genitive singular)
hnute (genitive singular)
hnuta (genitive plural)
hnyte (dative singular)
hnutum (dative plural)

Middle English: nute, note

English: nut
→ Japanese: ナット (natto)

Scots: nute, nuit, nit

From Proto-West Germanic *hnut, from Proto-Germanic *hnuts, from Proto-Indo-European *knew-. Cognate with Old High German nuz, Old Norse hnot.

Ealla hnyte habbaþ hearde sċielle.

c. 996, Ælfric, "The Nativity of the Lord"
On þone ōðerne dæġ wæs Aarones ġierd ġemēttu grōwendu mid bōgum and blōwendu and berendu hnyte.

The next day, Aaron's rod was found growing branches, and blooming, and bearing nuts.


engel

enġel (canonical masculine)
englas (nominative plural)
enġel (nominative singular)
englas (nominative plural)
enġel (accusative singular)
englas (accusative plural)
engles (genitive singular)
engla (genitive plural)
engle (dative singular)
englum (dative plural)
anġel (alternative)
ænġel (alternative)
enġyl (alternative)
enċġel (alternative)

influenced by Anglo-Norman <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">angle</i>

Middle English: aungel, angel, angele, angell, angyl, angyll, angylle, aungell, aungil, awngel (Late Middle English), ængel, engel, ongel (Early Middle English), ennꟑell (Ormulum) (influenced by Anglo-Norman angle)
English: angel (see there for further descendants)
Scots: angel, aungel

From Proto-West Germanic *angil, borrowed from Latin angelus, itself borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos, “messenger”).

der

Slǣp þū swōte. Iċ hopiġe þæt þē mǣte be englum.

Sleep well. I hope you dream about angels.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
Seo eahteoðe leahter is superbia gehaten þæt is on ænglisc modigynss gecweden. Seo is ord and ende ælcere synne. Seo geworhte englas to atelicum deoflum...

The eighth sin is called Superbia that is called Pride, in English, which is the beginning and end of every sin; it made angels into horrible devils,...

On the first day our Lord created seven works, which were: all of angels; the beginning of light; the substance from which he later made all the creatures; the high heavens; the low earth; all the bodies of water; the wide ocean; and the lofty sky, all in a single day.

On ðām forman dæġe ūre drihten ġesċeōp seofonfealde weorc, ðæt wǣron ealle englas, and ðǣs lēohtes anġin, and ðæt antimber ðe hē of ġesċeōp syððan ġesċeafta, ðā upplīċan heofenan and ðā nyðerlīċan eorðan, ealle wætersċypas, and ða widgillan sǣ, and ðæt uppliċe lyft, eall on anū dæġe.


heafod

hēafod (canonical neuter)
hēafod (nominative singular)
hēafdu (nominative plural)
hēafod (accusative singular)
hēafdu (accusative plural)
hēafdes (genitive singular)
hēafda (genitive plural)
hēafde (dative singular)
hēafdum (dative plural)
hēafud (alternative Mercian)
*hafud (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: heed
English: head, heed, hed (obsolete), 'ead (UK, eye dialect)
→ Japanese: ヘッド (heddo)
Sranan Tongo: ede
Aukan: ede
Saramaccan: hédi
Geordie English: heed
Scots: heid
Yola: heade, haade, hade

From Proto-West Germanic *haubud, from Proto-Germanic *haubudą, from Proto-Indo-European *kauput-.
Cognate with Old Frisian hāved, Old Saxon hōƀid, Dutch hoofd, Old High German houbit, Old Norse hǫfuð, and Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 (haubiþ). The Germanic source is related to Latin caput and Sanskrit कपालम् (kapālam).

etymon

hēafod

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Twenty-First Sunday After Pentecost"
Mīn hēafod hē hæfþ mid his ċeaflum befangen.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "THE PASSION OF THE APOSTLES PETER AND PAUL"
Ic bidde eow, wendað min heafod adune, and astreccað mine fét wið heofonas weard: ne eom ic wyrðe þæt ic swa hangige swa min Drihten.

I beseech you, turn my head down, and stretch my feet towards heaven: I am not worthy to hang as my Lord.


sawol

sāwol (canonical feminine)
sāwol (nominative singular)
sāwla (nominative plural)
sāwle (nominative plural)
sāwle (accusative singular)
sāwla (accusative plural)
sāwle (accusative plural)
sāwle (genitive singular)
sāwla (genitive plural)
sāwle (dative singular)
sāwlum (dative plural)
sāwel (alternative)
sāwal (alternative)
sāul (alternative)
sawl (alternative)
sōwhul (alternative)
sawul (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: soule
English: soul (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saul

→ Old Norse: sála, sál

Icelandic: sál

Faroese: sál

Norwegian Nynorsk: sål

Old Gutnish: selu

From Proto-West Germanic *saiwalu, from Proto-Germanic *saiwalō.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Navitiy of Our Lord Jesus Christ"
Seo sawul is gesceadwis gast, æfre cucu, and mæg underfon ge godne wyllan and yfelne æfter agennum cyre.

The soul is a rational spirit, which liveth for ever, and is capable of following either a good or an evil desire according to its own choice.


dæg

dæġ (canonical masculine)
dagas (nominative plural)
dæġ (nominative singular)
dagas (nominative plural)
dæġ (accusative singular)
dagas (accusative plural)
dæġes (genitive singular)
daga (genitive plural)
dæġe (dative singular)
dagum (dative plural)
deġ (alternative Kentish Mercian)
deag (alternative)
dæiġ (alternative)
daig (alternative)
dag (alternative)
daġ (alternative)

Middle English: day, dai, dæi, dey, daȝ, dæȝ, dei, daye, daȝȝ, daȝh, daiȝ, *dah
English: day
Scots: day
Yola: die, dei, dey, daie

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *dagaz. Cognate with Old Frisian dei, Old Saxon dag, Old Dutch dag, Old High German tag, Old Norse dagr, Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (dags).

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
Saga mē, on hū fela daga God ġeworhte ealle ġesċeafta?'

Tell me, in how many days did God create all creatures?

c. 992, Ælfric, "The First Sunday in the Lord's Advent"
Ēac is gehwilcum men his endenēxta dæġ nēar and nēar; and sē ġemǣnelīca dōm dæġhwomlīċe ġenēalǣhð, on ðām underfehð ānra ġehwilc be ðām ðe hē ġeearnode on līchaman, swā gōd swā yfel.

Also to every man is his last day nearer and nearer; and the common doom approaches daily, at which every one will receive according to what he has merited in body, whether good or evil.

c. 994, Ælfric, The Seasons of the Year

To us a day means from sunrise to sunset, but in books, one day is considered to last from when the sun rises to when it returns to where it started from. In that interval there are considered to be 24 hours.

Wē hātaþ ānne dæġ fram sunnan upgange oþ ǣfen, ac swā þēah is on bōcum ġeteald tō ānum dæġe fram þǣre sunnan upgange oþ þæt hēo eft becume þǣr hēo ǣr upp stāg. On þām fæce sind ġetealda fēower and twentiġ tīda.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
⁊ þǣre ilcan dæġe rād Æþelmund ealdormann of Hwiċċum ofer æt Cynemǣresford. Ðā ġemette hine Wīhstān ealdormann mid Wilsǣtum, ⁊ þǣr wæs myċel ġefeoht, ⁊ þǣr bēġen ofsleġene wurdan þā ealdormenn, ⁊ Wilsǣte naman siġe.

And on that same day Alderman Aethelmund rode from Hwicce to Kempsford. There he encountered Alderman Wihstan, who was with men of Wiltshire. And there was a great battle, and both aldermen were slain, and the men of Wiltshire won a victory.

day, (usually) as a period from sunrise to sunset and (scientifically) as a 24-hour period from sunrise to sunrise


æsc

æsċ (canonical masculine)
æscas (nominative plural)
æsċ (nominative singular)
æscas (nominative plural)
æsċ (accusative singular)
æscas (accusative plural)
æsċes (genitive singular)
æsca (genitive plural)
æsċe (dative singular)
æscum (dative plural)

Middle English: asshe
English: ash
Scots: aish, esh

→ English: æsc (learned)

From Proto-West Germanic *ask. See there for more.

Eorlas fornōman · asca þrȳþe,
wǣpen wælġīfru, · wyrd sēo mǣre,
ond þās stānhleoþu · stormas cnyssað,

The warriors took away the strength of spears,
killing-greedy weapons, the fate is famous
and the storms hit these stone slopes,

a kind of small, light Viking ship used for raids


geat

ġeat (canonical neuter)
ġeat (nominative singular)
gatu (nominative plural)
ġeat (accusative singular)
gatu (accusative plural)
ġeates (genitive singular)
gata (genitive plural)
ġeate (dative singular)
gatum (dative plural)
ġæt (alternative)
ġet (alternative)

desc

Middle English: ȝeat, ȝat, ȝate, ȝet, gat, gate

English: gate; yate (dialectal)

→ Welsh: gât, gêt

Scots: ȝet, ȝett, yet, yett

→ Welsh: iet

From Proto-West Germanic *gat, from Proto-Germanic *gatą. Cognate with Old Frisian jet, Old Saxon gat, Old Dutch *gat, Old Norse gat.


wealh

wēalas (nominative plural)
wealh (nominative singular)
wēalas (nominative plural)
wealh (accusative singular)
wēalas (accusative plural)
wēales (genitive singular)
wēala (genitive plural)
wēale (dative singular)
wēalum (dative plural)

Middle English: wælh, wale

→ English: wealh (learned)

→ Medieval Latin: wallus

From Proto-West Germanic *walh, from Proto-Germanic *walhaz, from a Celtic name also represented by Latin Volcae.
Having originally apparently referred to a neighboring Celtic tribe, it was broadened to refer to any inhabitant of the Western Roman Empire and then, in Britain, narrowed to refer to native Brythons, and later to Welsh people in particular. Owing to the presence of native Brythonic slaves in some areas, it also came to be used to refer to slaves (compare semantic formation of Slav), though only alongside – never supplanting – its ethnic meaning. The narrowing of meaning away from the continental Germanic meaning of Roman towards referring to Insular Celtic peoples was finalized by the late seventh century; rare occurrences of this term referring to Romans, such as the term Rumwalas found in Widsith, are explained as archaisms inherited from an older tradition.

c. 995, Ælfric, Excerptiones de Arte Grammatica Anglice
hoc sapiens mancipium þēs wīsa weal
hos sapiens mancipium this wise slave


feoh

feoh (nominative singular)
feoh (accusative singular)
fēos (genitive singular)
fēo (dative singular)
fioh (alternative)
feh (alternative)

Middle English: feh, fe, fee (with Old French)

English: fee

Scots: fe, fee, fiel

From Proto-West Germanic *fehu, from Proto-Germanic *fehu. Note that feoh must have transferred into the a-stems (and thus lost its -u) before loss of medial *h, or else it would be *fēo.
Cognates
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian fia (West Frisian fee), Old Saxon fehu (Low German Veeh), Old Dutch fē (Dutch vee), Old High German fihu (German Vieh), Old Norse fé (Swedish fä), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 (faihu). The Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit पशु (páśu, “cattle”), Latin pecus, Old Armenian ասր (asr, “fleece”) and Lithuanian pēkus (“cattle”).

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Ēalā ġif iċ hæfde feoh.

c. 893, Alfred the Great, Doom Book
Ġif þē becume ōðres mannes ġīemelēas feoh on hand, þēah hit sīe þīn fēond, ġecȳþ hit him.

If you come across someone else's stray cattle, let them know, even if they are your enemy.


bene

inflection of bēn:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of bēn:
nominative/accusative plural


bere

bere (nominative singular)
beras (nominative plural)
bere (accusative singular)
beras (accusative plural)
beres (genitive singular)
bera (genitive plural)
bere (dative singular)
berum (dative plural)

Middle English: bere

English: bere

Scots: bere, beir

From Proto-West Germanic *barī, from Proto-Germanic *baraz. Cognate with Old Norse barr.


dell

English: dell

From Proto-West Germanic *dalljā, from Proto-Germanic *daljō (“a hollow”)


ellen

ellen (nominative singular)
ellen (nominative plural)
ellen (accusative singular)
ellen (accusative plural)
elnes (genitive singular)
elna (genitive plural)
elne (dative singular)
elnum (dative plural)
ellen (nominative singular)
elnas (nominative plural)
ellen (accusative singular)
elnas (accusative plural)
elnes (genitive singular)
elna (genitive plural)
elne (dative singular)
elnum (dative plural)

Middle English: elne, ellen

English: elne, ellen

From Proto-West Germanic *alljan. Cognate with Old Saxon ellan, Old High German ellan, Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (aljan), Old Norse eljan (Icelandic elja).

Til biþ sē þe his trēowe ġehealdeþ, · ne sċeal nǣfre his torn tō ryċene
beorn of his brēostum ācȳþan, · nemþe hē ǣr þā bōte cunne,
eorl mid elne ġefremman. · Wel bið þām þe him āre sēċeð,
frōfre tō fæder on heofonum, · þǣr ūs eal sēo fæstnung stondeð.

Good is that keeps his belief, should not ever unfold his wrath,
fighter of his breasts, too quickly, unless before this help he would
know how to help out a man with strength. It's good for him who seeks
help from the Father in heavens, where this whole fastening stands for us.


ellen

ellen (nominative plural)
ellen (nominative singular)
ellen (nominative plural)
ellen (accusative singular)
ellen (accusative plural)
elnes (genitive singular)
elna (genitive plural)
elne (dative singular)
elnum (dative plural)
ellern (alternative)
elren (alternative)
ellæn (alternative)
ellærn (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: ellern, eller, eldre, eldrn, elder, ellen (Early Middle English)
English: elder
Yola: ellena


ord

ord (nominative singular)
ordas (nominative plural)
ord (accusative singular)
ordas (accusative plural)
ordes (genitive singular)
orda (genitive plural)
orde (dative singular)
ordum (dative plural)
or (alternative)

Middle English: ord

English: ord, orde

Scots: ord

From Proto-West Germanic *oʀd, from Proto-Germanic *uzdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“stab”).
Cognate with Middle Dutch ort (Dutch oord), Old High German ort (German Ort), Old Norse oddr (Icelandic oddur, Swedish udd, Danish od).

Þæs sweordes ord is swīðe sċearp.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
Seo eahteoðe leahter is superbia gehaten þæt is on ænglisc modigynss gecweden. Seo is ord and ende ælcere synne. Seo geworhte englas to atelicum deoflum...

Finnesburh Fragment, line 12

... fight in the vanguard, be of [good] mood.


flan

flān (canonical feminine masculine)
flān (nominative singular)
flānas (nominative plural)
flān (accusative singular)
flānas (accusative plural)
flānes (genitive singular)
flāna (genitive plural)
flāne (dative singular)
flānum (dative plural)
flān (nominative singular)
flāna (nominative plural)
flāne (nominative plural)
flāne (accusative singular)
flāna (accusative plural)
flāne (accusative plural)
flāne (genitive singular)
flāna (genitive plural)
flāne (dative singular)
flānum (dative plural)
flā (alternative)

Middle English: flon, ffloon, flan, flone
English: flone
Scots: flane, flain

From Proto-Germanic *flainaz (“hook, spear with a tip”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleyn- (“metal arrow, hook, spear-head”). Akin to Old Norse fleinn (“hook, barbed weapon, javelin, arrow”).


abad

ābād (canonical feminine)
ābād (nominative singular)
ābāda (nominative plural)
ābāde (nominative plural)
ābāde (accusative singular)
ābāda (accusative plural)
ābāde (accusative plural)
ābāde (genitive singular)
ābāda (genitive plural)
ābāde (dative singular)
ābādum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: abad, abade, abod, abode

English: abode

Scots: abade, abaid

From ā- + bād (“a wait, waiting”), from Proto-West Germanic *baidu, from Proto-Germanic *baidō; modelled after ābīdan.


brand

brand (nominative singular)
brandas (nominative plural)
brand (accusative singular)
brandas (accusative plural)
brandes (genitive singular)
branda (genitive plural)
brande (dative singular)
brandum (dative plural)
brond (alternative)

Middle English: brand, brond

English: brand

Scots: brand

From Proto-West Germanic *brand, from Proto-Germanic *brandaz.


fot

fōt (canonical masculine)
fēt (nominative plural)
fōt (nominative singular)
fēt (nominative plural)
fōt (accusative singular)
fēt (accusative plural)
fōtes (genitive singular)
fōta (genitive plural)
fēt (dative singular)
fōtum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: fot, fod, foȝt, foit, foot, foote, fote, fout, fut, vot
English: foot (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fit, fuit, fut, fute
Yola: voote

From Proto-West Germanic *fōt.
Cognates
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian fōt, Old Saxon fōt (Dutch voet), Old High German fuoȥ (German Fuß), Old Norse fótr (Danish fod, Swedish fot), Gothic 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 (fōtus). The Proto-Indo-European root was also the source of Sanskrit पद् (pád), Ancient Greek πούς (poús) (genitive ποδός (podós)); Doric πῶς (pôs), Latin pēs (genitive pedis).

Iċ dypte mīnne fōt on þæt wæter.

Wē ongunnon þæt þorp ġenēahlǣċan on fōtum.

We tried to reach the village on foot (literally "on feet").

(anatomy) an organ in humans and animals used for locomotion

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...⁊ sē weall wæs XX fōta þicce, ⁊ XL elna hēah...
...and the wall was twenty feet thick, and forty cubits tall...
Þæt wæter is þrītiġ fōta dēop.
The water is thirty feet deep.
Hēo is fīf fōta lang and þrēora ynċa.
She is five foot, three inches tall.

a unit of length, especially a third of a yard

Hīe wīcodon æt þæs beorges fēt.

They camped at the foot of the mountain.

a foot, in the following senses:
the base or bottom of something

a foot, in the following senses:
(prosody) a metrical foot

a foot, in the following senses:
a metrical foot


eten

eten (nominative singular)
etenas (nominative plural)
eten (accusative singular)
etenas (accusative plural)
etenes (genitive singular)
etena (genitive plural)
etene (dative singular)
etenum (dative plural)


su

sū (canonical feminine)
sū (nominative singular)
sȳ (nominative plural)
sū (accusative singular)
sȳ (accusative plural)
sȳ (genitive singular)
sūe (genitive singular)
sūwe (genitive singular)
sūa (genitive plural)
sūwa (genitive plural)
sȳ (dative singular)
sūm (dative plural)
sūum (dative plural)
sūwum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *sū, from Proto-Germanic *sūz, from Proto-Indo-European *suH-. Germanic cognates include Old Saxon sū, Old High German sū (whence German Sau), Old Norse sýr (whence Swedish so). Other Indo-European cognates: Ancient Greek ὗς (hûs), Latin sus, Russian свинья́ (svinʹjá).


cyning

cyning (nominative singular)
cyningas (nominative plural)
cyning (accusative singular)
cyningas (accusative plural)
cyninges (genitive singular)
cyninga (genitive plural)
cyninge (dative singular)
cyningum (dative plural)
cining (alternative)
cyng (alternative)
cyneg (alternative)
cynig (alternative)
cuning (alternative)
kyning (alternative)
kining (alternative)
king (alternative)
kuning (alternative)
cyncg (alternative)
cyngc (alternative)
kyningc (alternative)
kung (alternative)

Middle English: king, kenin, kening, kinig (in compounds, toponymic), gug, kug (in compounds, influenced by Old Norse (see etymology)), knyng (transmission error), chinge, chinȝ, cing, cining, cinȝ, ging, keing, keng, kingk, kingue, kining, kink, kyng, kynge
English: king (see there for further descendants)
Scots: keeng, king
Yola: kinge, king

→ English: cyning (learned)

From Proto-West Germanic *kuning, from Proto-Germanic *kuningaz, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to procreate”). Equivalent to cynn + -ing.

der

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
þā wēop sē cyning and þancode gode his gōdan wyllan.

Then the king wept and thanked God for his good will.


woruld

woruld (nominative singular)
worulde (nominative plural)
worulda (nominative plural)
woruld (accusative singular)
worulde (accusative singular)
worulde (accusative plural)
worulda (accusative plural)
worulde (genitive singular)
worulda (genitive plural)
worulde (dative singular)
woruldum (dative plural)


earn

earn (nominative singular)
earnas (nominative plural)
earn (accusative singular)
earnas (accusative plural)
earnes (genitive singular)
earna (genitive plural)
earne (dative singular)
earnum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ern, arn, aryn, eerne, eren, erne, eron, ærn, earn (Early Middle English)
English: erne
Scots: earn, ern, erne

From Proto-West Germanic *arō. The final /n/ is intrusive.

…Hwīlum iċ onhyrġe þone haswan earn, gūðfugles hlēoþor; hwīlum glidan reorde mūþe ġemǣne, hwīlum mǣwes song, þǣr iċ glado sitte.

…Sometimes I imitate the grey eagle, a speech of war-bird; sometimes a kite's voice with common mouth, sometimes a gull's song when I sit gladful.


fisc

fisċ (canonical masculine)
fiscas (nominative plural)
fisċ (nominative singular)
fiscas (nominative plural)
fisċ (accusative singular)
fiscas (accusative plural)
fisċes (genitive singular)
fisca (genitive plural)
fisċe (dative singular)
fiscum (dative plural)
fix (alternative)
ᚠᛁᛋᚳ (alternative)

Middle English: fisch, fysshe, fysch, fish, fische, fis, fyshe, fissh, vish
English: fish (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fish, fysch, fisch
Yola: wish

From Proto-West Germanic *fisk, from Proto-Germanic *fiskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *péysks.

etymon

c. 994, Ælfric, On the Year
Ǣlċe mōnað hēo yrnð under ān þǣra tacna. Ān þǣra tacna ys ġehāten aries, þæt is ramm; oðer taurus, þæt is fearr; ðridda gemini, þæt synd ġetwisan; fēorða cancer, þæt is crabba; fīfta leo; syxta virgo, þæt is mǣden; seofoða libra, þæt is pund orde wǣġe; eahtoðe scorpius, þæt is þrōwend; nigoða is sagittarius, þæt is sċytta; teoða ys capricornus, þæt is buccan horn, oððe bucca; endlyfta is aquarius, þæt is wæter-ġyte, oððe þe þe wæter ġyt; twelfte is pisces, þæt synd fixas.

Each month runs under one of the signs [of the Zodiac]. The first of the signs is called aries, that is "ram"; the second is taurus, that is "bull"; the third is gemini, that is "twins"; the fourth is cancer, that is "crab"; the fifth is lion; the sixth is virgo, that is "virgin"; the seventh is libra, that is "pound" or "scales”; eighth is scorpious, that is "scorpion"; ninth is sagittarius, that is "shooter"; tenth is capricornus, that is "he-goat's horn" or "he-goat"; eleventh is aquarius, that is "pouring water" or "one that pours water"; twelfth is pisces, that is "fishes."


mona

mōna (canonical masculine)
mōna (nominative singular)
mōnan (nominative plural)
mōnan (accusative singular)
mōnan (accusative plural)
mōnan (genitive singular)
mōnena (genitive plural)
mōnan (dative singular)
mōnum (dative plural)
mōne (alternative)

desc

Middle English: mone, moone, mon, moyn, monæ, mona

desctree

English: moon
Sranan Tongo: mun
Tok Pisin: mun
Torres Strait Creole: mun

desc

Scots: muin, mone, monne, moon, moune, mowne, moyn, moyne, mune, mwne

Yola: mond

Geordie English: muin, meun

From Proto-West Germanic *mānō, from Proto-Germanic *mēnô, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s, probably a suffixed form of an ultimate root *meh₁- (“to measure”).

c. 994, Ælfric, On the Seasons of the Year
Sē mōna næfþ nān lēoht būtan of þǣre sunnan lēoman, and hē is ealra tungla niðemest.

The moon has no light except from the sun, and it is the lowest of all the heavenly bodies.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCXXXIIII Hēr wæs sē mōna swylċe hē wǣre mid blōde begoten, ⁊ forðferdan Tātwine ⁊ Beda

Year 734 In this year it was as if the moon was covered in blood, and Tatwine and Beda died.

Lōca nū hū beorhte sē mōna tō niht sċīnþ!

Look how bright the moon is shining tonight!

On þæs mōnan lēohte læġ lȳtel ǣġ on lēafe.

In the light of the moon, a little egg lay on a leaf.


steorra

steorra (nominative singular)
steorran (nominative plural)
steorran (accusative singular)
steorran (accusative plural)
steorran (genitive singular)
steorrena (genitive plural)
steorran (dative singular)
steorrum (dative plural)
stearra (alternative)
stiorra (alternative)
styrra (alternative)
sterra (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: sterre, star, starre, ster, sterrie, sturre, steorre, stoerre (Southern, Southwest Midland), steorra, storre (Early Middle English)
English: star (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ster
Yola: starr, steor

From Proto-West Germanic *sterrō, variant of *sternō, from Proto-Germanic *sternǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.


bana

bana (nominative singular)
banan (nominative plural)
banan (accusative singular)
banan (accusative plural)
banan (genitive singular)
banena (genitive plural)
banan (dative singular)
banum (dative plural)
bona (alternative)

Middle English: bane, ban, bayn, beone, bone (West Midland)
English: bane
Middle Scots: bane, baine, bain, bayn, bone

From Proto-West Germanic *banō, from Proto-Germanic *banô. Cognate with Old Frisian bona, Old Saxon bano, Old High German bano, Old Norse bani.

Hie næfre his banan folgian noldon.

They never would pursue his murderer. (Saxon Chronicles)


guma

guman (nominative plural)
guma (nominative singular)
guman (nominative plural)
guman (accusative singular)
guman (accusative plural)
guman (genitive singular)
gumena (genitive plural)
guman (dative singular)
gumum (dative plural)

Middle English: gome, gom, gomme, gone, goom, goome, gume
English: gome
Scots: gome

From Proto-West Germanic *gumō.
Cognate with Old Saxon gumo, Old High German gumo, gomo, Old Norse gumi (Icelandic gumi and Norwegian gume), Gothic 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌰 (guma), Latin homō, Proto-Balto-Slavic *źmṓ (Lithuanian žmogùs).

Swā sceal geong guma · gōde gewyrcean, / fromum feoh-giftum · on fæder bearme

c. 975–1025, Beowulf (Cotton MS Vitellius A XV), published 4th quarter 10th century–2nd half 16th century, lines 20–21:

So should a young man do good deeds / by fine treasure-gifts while in his father's keeping


scofl

sċofl (canonical feminine)
sċofl (nominative singular)
sċofla (nominative plural)
sċofle (nominative plural)
sċofle (accusative singular)
sċofla (accusative plural)
sċofle (accusative plural)
sċofle (genitive singular)
sċofla (genitive plural)
sċofle (dative singular)
sċoflum (dative plural)
sċobl (alternative)

Middle English: schovel, schoule

Scots: shuffle, shuil

English: skavel, shovel


lufu

lufu (nominative singular)
lufa (nominative plural)
lufe (nominative plural)
lufe (accusative singular)
lufa (accusative plural)
lufe (accusative plural)
lufe (genitive singular)
lufa (genitive plural)
lufe (dative singular)
lufum (dative plural)
lufe (nominative singular)
lufan (nominative plural)
lufan (accusative singular)
lufan (accusative plural)
lufan (genitive singular)
lufena (genitive plural)
lufan (dative singular)
lufum (dative plural)
lufe (alternative)

Middle English: love
English: love
Scots: luve, lufe
Yola: loove

From Proto-West Germanic *lubu, from Proto-Germanic *lubō. Cognate with Old Frisian luve, Old High German luba, Gothic *𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍉 (*lubō).

Sēo sōðe lufu nǣfre ne ātēoraþ.


heord

heord (nominative singular)
heorda (nominative plural)
heorde (nominative plural)
heorde (accusative singular)
heorda (accusative plural)
heorde (accusative plural)
heorde (genitive singular)
heorda (genitive plural)
heorde (dative singular)
heordum (dative plural)
hierd (alternative)

Middle English: herde, heerd, heerde, herd, hird, hirde, heorde, hierde (Early Middle English)
English: herd
Scots: herd, hird

From Proto-Germanic *herdō, from Proto-Indo-European *kerdʰ- (“file, row, herd”). Compare Old Saxon herda, Old High German herta, Old Norse hjǫrð, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰 (hairda).


glof

glōf (canonical feminine)
glōfan (nominative plural)
glōf (nominative singular)
glōfa (nominative plural)
glōfe (nominative plural)
glōfe (accusative singular)
glōfa (accusative plural)
glōfe (accusative plural)
glōfe (genitive singular)
glōfa (genitive plural)
glōfe (dative singular)
glōfum (dative plural)
glōfe (nominative singular)
glōfan (nominative plural)
glōfan (accusative singular)
glōfan (accusative plural)
glōfan (genitive singular)
glōfena (genitive plural)
glōfan (dative singular)
glōfum (dative plural)
glōfe (alternative)
glōfa (alternative)

Middle English: glofe, glove

English: glove

Scots: gluve, gluive

From Proto-West Germanic *galōfō, from Proto-Germanic *galōfô, equivalent to ġe- + lōf (“palm of the hand”). Compare Old Norse glófi.


duce

dū̆ce (canonical feminine)
dūce (nominative singular)
dūcan (nominative plural)
dūcan (accusative singular)
dūcan (accusative plural)
dūcan (genitive singular)
dūcena (genitive plural)
dūcan (dative singular)
dūcum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: doke, ducke, dukke, dokke, douke, duke
English: duck
Scots: duik, deuk, dook
Yola: duucks (plural)

From the original meaning of "diver," from Proto-West Germanic *dūkan (“to duck, dive”).


ule

ūle (canonical feminine)
ūle (nominative singular)
ūlan (nominative plural)
ūlan (accusative singular)
ūlan (accusative plural)
ūlan (genitive singular)
ūlena (genitive plural)
ūlan (dative singular)
ūlum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: oule, oul, owle, ule, howle, owlle

English: owl

Scots: oul, ool

From Proto-Germanic *uwwalǭ, originally a diminutive of *uwwô (“owl”) (Old High German hūwo, Old Saxon hūo), probably a word imitative of the animal's call, or a variant of *ūfaz, *ūfǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *up-.
See also Old English ūf or hūf, Swedish uv (“horned owl”), Babungo Auf; also Middle Low German ūle, Dutch uil, Old Norse ugla. A Germanic variant *uwwilǭ was the source of Old High German ūwila (German Eule).

onomatopoeic

imitative


beo

bēo (canonical feminine)
bēon (nominative plural)
bēo (nominative singular)
bēon (nominative plural)
bēon (accusative singular)
bēon (accusative plural)
bēon (genitive singular)
bēona (genitive plural)
bēon (dative singular)
bēom (dative plural)
bēoum (dative plural)
bīo (alternative)
bī (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: bee, be, beo, bey
English: bee
Scots: bee, be, beye, bie, bea
Yola: been (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *bijā, from Proto-Germanic *bijō, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰey- (“bee”). Cognate with Old Frisian bē (West Frisian bij), Old Saxon bīa (Middle Low German bīe), Dutch bij, Old High German bīa, bini (German Biene, dialectal Beie), Old Norse bý (Danish and Swedish bi). The Indo-European root is also the source of Lithuanian bi̇̀tė, Latvian bite, Proto-Slavic *bьčela (Old Church Slavonic бьчела (bĭčela), Russian пчела́ (pčelá)), Proto-Celtic *bekos (Old Irish bech, Irish beach).


fleoge

flēoge (canonical feminine)
flēoge (nominative singular)
flēogan (nominative plural)
flēogan (accusative singular)
flēogan (accusative plural)
flēogan (genitive singular)
flēogena (genitive plural)
flēogan (dative singular)
flēogum (dative plural)
flēge (alternative)
flīeġe (alternative)

Middle English: flye, fflye, fleȝe, flei, fleie, fley, fleye, flie, fliȝe, vliȝe, vlye
English: fly
Scots: flee, fle, flei

From Proto-Germanic *fleugǭ, whence also Old High German flioga. Akin to Old Norse fluga.


loppestre

loppestre (nominative singular)
loppestran (nominative plural)
loppestran (accusative singular)
loppestran (accusative plural)
loppestran (genitive singular)
loppestrena (genitive plural)
loppestran (dative singular)
loppestrum (dative plural)
lopustre (alternative)
lopystre (alternative)

Middle English: loppestere
English: lobster
Scots: lapster, labster
Yola: labstaar

Possibly a corruption of Latin locusta (“lobster, locust”) + the Old English feminine agent suffix -estre; or from lobbe, loppe (“spider”) + the feminine agent suffix -estre, equivalent to lop + -ster.


moþþe

moþþe (nominative singular)
moþþan (nominative plural)
moþþan (accusative singular)
moþþan (accusative plural)
moþþan (genitive singular)
moþþena (genitive plural)
moþþan (dative singular)
moþþum (dative plural)

English: moth


heorte

heorte (nominative singular)
heortan (nominative plural)
heortan (accusative singular)
heortan (accusative plural)
heortan (genitive singular)
heortena (genitive plural)
heortan (dative singular)
heortum (dative plural)
herte (alternative)
hearte (alternative)
hiorte (alternative)

Middle English: herte, hert, hertt, hirte, heortæ, hierte (Early Middle English), hart, harte (Late Middle English), herrte, heorrte (Ormulum), heorte, horte, huerte, hurte (West Midland, Southern)
English: heart (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hert, hart, hairt
Yola: hearth, hart

From Proto-West Germanic *hertā.
Cognate with Old Frisian herte, Old Saxon herta, Old Dutch herta, Old High German herza, Old Norse hjarta, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 (hairtō). The Indo-European root is also the source of Greek καρδία (kardía), Latin cor, Welsh craidd, Russian се́рдце (sérdce), Lithuanian širdis.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Nativiity of Our Lord"
Ðyllīce word María hēold ārǣfniġende on hire heortan.

Such words Mary held, pondering them in her heart.


hwæl

hwæl (nominative singular)
hwalas (nominative plural)
hwæl (accusative singular)
hwalas (accusative plural)
hwæles (genitive singular)
hwala (genitive plural)
hwæle (dative singular)
hwalum (dative plural)

Middle English: whal, swale, wale, whalle, whale, quale, quall, qwall, qwalle (mainly Northern), whaale (late), qwayll, qwaylle (Catholicon Anglicum), hwæl (Early Middle English)
English: whale
Scots: whaul

From Proto-West Germanic *hwal, from Proto-Germanic *hwalaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷálos (“large fish, sheatfish”). Cognate with Old Saxon hwal, Old High German wal, Old Norse hvalr, Latin squalus (“shark”). Perhaps also related to Finnish kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.


æl

æl (nominative singular)
alas (nominative plural)
æl (accusative singular)
alas (accusative plural)
æles (genitive singular)
ala (genitive plural)
æle (dative singular)
alum (dative plural)
eal (alternative)

Middle English: alle, al

gl

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">awel</i>

English: awl (merged with descendant of Old English awel)

Scots: awl

From Proto-West Germanic *al, from Proto-Germanic *alaz.


æl

From Proto-West Germanic *ālu, from Proto-Germanic *ēlō.


æl

ǣl (canonical masculine)
ǣl (nominative singular)
ǣlas (nominative plural)
ǣl (accusative singular)
ǣlas (accusative plural)
ǣles (genitive singular)
ǣla (genitive plural)
ǣle (dative singular)
ǣlum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: el, eel, ele, hele, iel, yele
English: eel
Scots: eel
Yola: eale

From Proto-West Germanic *āl, from Proto-Germanic *ēlaz.


æcer

æcer (nominative singular)
æcras (nominative plural)
æceras (nominative plural)
æcer (accusative singular)
æcras (accusative plural)
æceras (accusative plural)
æcres (genitive singular)
æcra (genitive plural)
æcera (genitive plural)
æcre (dative singular)
æcrum (dative plural)
æcerum (dative plural)

Middle English: aker, acre
English: acre, aker (archaic), acer (-er form, chiefly UK)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: acre
→ Malay: ekar
→ Telugu: ఎకరా (ekarā), ఎకరము (ekaramu)
Scots: acre, acker, ackre, accre, aacre, awker, yicker
→? Scottish Gaelic: acaire, acair
Yola: aager
→ Irish: acra
→ Welsh: acer

Norman: acre

From Proto-Germanic *akraz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵros (“field”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ᾰ̓γρός (ăgrós), Latin ager, Sanskrit अज्र (ájra).

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Æcras faraþ on sumore, swā swā sǣ ȳðiġende.

Fields move in the summer, rippling like the sea.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On his æcre hē ēode and his sulh on handa hæfde.

He was walking in his field with his hand to his plow.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 12:1

Jesus was walking through fields on the Sabbath. His disciples were hungry, and they began plucking ears of corn and eating them.

Sē Hǣlend fōr on restedæġ ofer æcras. Sōðlīċe his leornungcneohtas hyngrede, and hīe ongunnon pluccian þā ēar and etan.

field (specifically one used to grow crops or hold farm animals)

early 11th century, anonymous gloss of Ælfric's Latin Colloquy (c. 995)

Every day I have to plow a full acre or more.

Ǣlċe dæġe iċ sċeal erian fulne æcer oþþe mā.


hægl

hæġl (canonical masculine)
hæġl (nominative singular)
hæġlas (nominative plural)
hæġl (accusative singular)
hæġlas (accusative plural)
hæġles (genitive singular)
hæġla (genitive plural)
hæġle (dative singular)
hæġlum (dative plural)
hæġel (alternative)
hagal (alternative)
hagol (alternative)

Middle English: hayle, hail, hayl, haile, haiel, ail, hale, haul, hawle, hawel (< Old English hagol), hagol, haȝel, haȝol, hahȝel, haghil (chiefly early)
English: hail
Scots: hail

From Proto-West Germanic *hagl, from Proto-Germanic *haglaz, probably from Proto-Indo-European *kagʰlos (“pebble”).

10th century, Ælfric, On the Seasons of the Year
Hæġl cymþ of rēndropum þonne hī bēoþ ġefrorene upp on þǣre lyfte, and swā siþþan feallað.

Hail comes from raindrops when they're frozen up in the air, and so fall to the ground.

The Old English rune poem
ᚻ byþ hwītust corna...


regn

reġn (canonical masculine)
reġn (nominative singular)
reġnas (nominative plural)
reġn (accusative singular)
reġnas (accusative plural)
reġnes (genitive singular)
reġna (genitive plural)
reġne (dative singular)
reġnum (dative plural)
rēn (alternative)
reġen (alternative)

Middle English: reyn, rain, rayn, rayne, rein, reine, reigne, ren, ræin, reȝȝn (Early Middle English)
English: rain
Scots: rain
Yola: rhyne, ryne

From Proto-West Germanic *regn (changed to masculine), from Proto-Germanic *regną (neuter).


hring

hring (nominative singular)
hringas (nominative plural)
hring (accusative singular)
hringas (accusative plural)
hringes (genitive singular)
hringa (genitive plural)
hringe (dative singular)
hringum (dative plural)
hrincg (alternative)
hrinċġ (alternative)
ring (alternative)
ᚱᛁᚾᚷ (alternative)

Middle English: ryng, rynge, ring
English: ring
Scots: rhing, ring
Yola: rhing, ring

→ Medieval Latin: ringa, renga (Anglo-Latin)

From Proto-West Germanic *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz. Cognate with Old Frisian hring, Old Saxon hring, Old High German ring, Old Norse hringr, also Finnish rengas.
In some forms and senses, possibly influenced by related hrinċġe, hrinġe (“loop, handle, clasp”).

a loop or ring used as a means of attachment, suspension, or compression; handle

(figurative) the limit of a jurisdiction


stæf

stafas (nominative plural)
stæf (nominative singular)
stafas (nominative plural)
stæf (accusative singular)
stafas (accusative plural)
stæfes (genitive singular)
stafa (genitive plural)
stæfe (dative singular)
stafum (dative plural)
staeb (alternative)

Middle English: staf

Scots: staf, staff, staif, stave

English: staff, stave

From Proto-Germanic *stabaz, whence also Old High German stab, Old Norse stafr.

c. 899, Alfred the Great, Psalm 23

c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent Sunday"
On ōðre wīsan wē sċēawiaþ mētinge and on ōðre wīsan stafas. Ne gǣþ nā māre tō mētinge būtan þæt þū hit ġesēo and herie. Nis nā ġenōg þæt þū stafas sċēawiġe būtan þū hīe ēac rǣde and þæt andġiet understande.

We look at pictures in one way and letters in another. You don't do anything with a painting except see it and praise it. Looking at letters is not enough unless you also read them and understand the meaning.


leogere

lēogere (canonical masculine)
lēogere (nominative singular)
lēogeras (nominative plural)
lēogere (accusative singular)
lēogeras (accusative plural)
lēogeres (genitive singular)
lēogera (genitive plural)
lēogere (dative singular)
lēogerum (dative plural)
lēgere (alternative Anglian)

Middle English: legher, lyere, liȝer

English: liar

Scots: leyar, lear, liear, lyar

From Proto-West Germanic *leugārī (“liar”).


þrote

þrote (nominative singular)
þrotan (nominative plural)
þrotan (accusative singular)
þrotan (accusative plural)
þrotan (genitive singular)
þrotena (genitive plural)
þrotan (dative singular)
þrotum (dative plural)

Middle English: throte, throate, troht, thorte
English: throat
Yola: dhraat

From Proto-Germanic *þrutǭ (“swell”), perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ster- (“to be strong, ready, stiff”). Cognate with Old High German drozza (German Drossel).


nip

Meaning unclear, glosses Latin rudente, a form of rū̆dēns (“rope, roaring”)


pad

pād (canonical feminine)
pād (nominative singular)
pāda (nominative plural)
pāde (nominative plural)
pāde (accusative singular)
pāda (accusative plural)
pāde (accusative plural)
pāde (genitive singular)
pāda (genitive plural)
pāde (dative singular)
pādum (dative plural)

Middle English: *pod (attested in pod ware)

English: pod

From Proto-West Germanic *paidu, from Proto-Germanic *paidō.


mes

mes (nominative singular)
mesa (nominative plural)
mese (nominative plural)
mese (accusative singular)
mesa (accusative plural)
mese (accusative plural)
mese (genitive singular)
mesa (genitive plural)
mese (dative singular)
mesum (dative plural)

Uncertain. Perhaps derived from Proto-West Germanic *mihsu, the nominative/accusative plural of *mihs (“dung, excrement; urine”), reanalysed as a singular noun. Compare Old Frisian mēse (“urine”).


spite

inflection of spitu:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of spitu:
genitive/dative singular


part

desctree

Middle English: part, parde, paart, parte, perte
English: part
Scots: pairt

Borrowed from Latin partem, accusative of pars (“piece, portion, share, side, party, faction, role, character, lot, fate, task, lesson, part, member”)


æ

ǣ (canonical feminine)
ǣ (nominative singular)
ǣ (nominative plural)
ǣ (accusative singular)
ǣ (accusative plural)
ǣ (genitive singular)
ǣa (genitive plural)
ǣ (dative singular)
ǣwum (dative plural)
ǣw (alternative)
eaw (alternative)
eau (alternative)
eu (alternative)
a (alternative)
ǣwe (alternative)

Middle English: æw, eaw, e, æ, eu

From Proto-West Germanic *aiwi. Cognate with Old Frisian and Old High German ēwa ~ ē, Old Saxon ēo.

Laws of Hlothhere and Eadric
Þis syndon þā dōmas ðe Hloþhære ⁊ Ēadrīc, Cantwara cyningas, asetton. Hloþhære ⁊ Ēadrīc, Cantwara cyningas, ēcton þā ǣ, þā ðe heora aldoras ǣr ġeworhten, ðyssum dōmum þe hȳr efter sæġeþ.

These are the laws that Hlothhere and Eadric, kings of Kent, laid down. Hlothhere and Eadric, kings of Kent, added these laws listed hereafter to the laws their ancestors created.


æ

Alternative form of ēa: river, running water


camp

camp (nominative singular)
campas (nominative plural)
camp (accusative singular)
campas (accusative plural)
campes (genitive singular)
campa (genitive plural)
campe (dative singular)
campum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *kamp, from Latin campus.


camp

Middle English: kampe, komp, comp (Early Middle English, West Midlands)
English: camp (see there for further descendants)
Scots: camp


pal

pāl (canonical masculine)
pāl (nominative singular)
pālas (nominative plural)
pāl (accusative singular)
pālas (accusative plural)
pāles (genitive singular)
pāla (genitive plural)
pāle (dative singular)
pālum (dative plural)

Middle English: pole, pol, poll, pall, paal
English: pole
Scots: pale, pall
Yola: pulmere

Borrowed from Latin pālus (“stake”), possibly through a Proto-West Germanic intermediate *pāl. Compare Old High German pfāl (German Pfahl), Old Dutch pāl (Dutch paal). Doublet of pǣl, from the variant Proto-West Germanic *pāli.


nest

nest (nominative singular)
nest (nominative plural)
nest (accusative singular)
nest (accusative plural)
nestes (genitive singular)
nesta (genitive plural)
neste (dative singular)
nestum (dative plural)

Middle English: nest, neste, nist, nyst, neest
English: nest
Scots: nest
Yola: naesth

From Proto-West Germanic *nest, from Proto-Germanic *nestą. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic гнѣздо (gnězdo, “nest”), Old Irish net (“nest”), Latin nīdus (“nest”), Sanskrit नीड (nīḍa, “nest”), Albanian neth (“sprout, bud”), Old Armenian նիստ (nist, “sitting; seat; property”).

cog

Ealle fuglas habbaþ heora nest ongunnen būtan þē and mē. Hwæs ābīdaþ wit?

All the birds have started their nests except for you and me. What are we waiting for?


saga

sagan (nominative plural)
sagu (alternative)

Middle English: sawe

Scots: seg

English: saw
Sranan Tongo: sa

From Proto-West Germanic *sagu, from Proto-Germanic *sagô (“saw, scythe”), *sagō, from Proto-Indo-European *sek-, *sēik- (“to cut”).
Cognate with Old Frisian sage (West Frisian seage), Old Saxon saga, Middle Dutch sage, saghe (Dutch zaag), Old High German [Term?] (“saga”) (German Säge), Old Norse sǫg (Icelandic sög, Danish sav, Swedish såg).


saga

sagan (nominative plural)
saga (nominative singular)
sagan (nominative plural)
sagan (accusative singular)
sagan (accusative plural)
sagan (genitive singular)
sagena (genitive plural)
sagan (dative singular)
sagum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *sagā, from Proto-Germanic *sagō, *sagǭ (“saying, story”), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷe-, *skʷē- (“to tell, talk”). More at saw.


rest

rest (nominative singular)
resta (nominative plural)
reste (nominative plural)
reste (accusative singular)
resta (accusative plural)
reste (accusative plural)
reste (genitive singular)
resta (genitive plural)
reste (dative singular)
restum (dative plural)


bean

head

bēan f (nominative plural bēana or bēane)

bēan (canonical feminine)
bēana (nominative plural)
bēane (nominative plural)
bēan (nominative singular)
bēana (nominative plural)
bēane (nominative plural)
bēane (accusative singular)
bēana (accusative plural)
bēane (accusative plural)
bēane (genitive singular)
bēana (genitive plural)
bēane (dative singular)
bēanum (dative plural)
bīen (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: bene, beane, beene, beyn, ben, bean
English: bean
Scots: bein, bene
Yola: beanès, beanes, baanès, baanes, banès (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *baunu.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian bāne, bām (West Frisian bean), Old Saxon bōna (Low German Bohn), Dutch boon, Old High German bōna (German Bohne), Old Norse baun (Danish bønne, Swedish böna).


sealt

sealt (nominative plural)
sealt (nominative singular)
sealt (nominative plural)
sealt (accusative singular)
sealt (accusative plural)
sealtes (genitive singular)
sealta (genitive plural)
sealte (dative singular)
sealtum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *salt, from Proto-Germanic *saltą (“salt”), *saltaz (“salty”), from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂l-.
Akin to Old Frisian salt, Old Dutch *salt, Old Saxon salt, Old High German salz, Old Norse salt.


fang

fang (nominative singular)
fangas (nominative plural)
fang (accusative singular)
fangas (accusative plural)
fanges (genitive singular)
fanga (genitive plural)
fange (dative singular)
fangum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *fangą, *fangiz, *fanhiz (“catch, catching, seizure”), from *fanhaną (“to catch, capture”).


orc

orcas (nominative plural)
orc (nominative singular)
orcas (nominative plural)
orc (accusative singular)
orcas (accusative plural)
orces (genitive singular)
orca (genitive plural)
orce (dative singular)
orcum (dative plural)


orc

orc (nominative singular)
orcas (nominative plural)
orc (accusative singular)
orcas (accusative plural)
orces (genitive singular)
orca (genitive plural)
orce (dative singular)
orcum (dative plural)

From Latin Orcus (“the underworld; the god Pluto”).


sæteresdæg

sæteresdæġ (canonical masculine)
sæteresdæġ (nominative singular)
sæteresdagas (nominative plural)
sæteresdæġ (accusative singular)
sæteresdagas (accusative plural)
sæteresdæġes (genitive singular)
sæteresdaga (genitive plural)
sæteresdæġe (dative singular)
sæteresdagum (dative plural)