earfoþe

earfoþu (nominative plural)
earfoþe (nominative singular)
earfoþu (nominative plural)
earfoþe (accusative singular)
earfoþu (accusative plural)
earfoþes (genitive singular)
earfoþa (genitive plural)
earfoþe (dative singular)
earfoþum (dative plural)
earfeþe (alternative)
earfod (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *arbaiþi, from Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“hardship”), from a verb *arbijaną, *arbāną (“be orphaned”).
Compare Old English ierfa. See also Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos, whence Ancient Greek ὀρφανός (orphanós), Latin orbus, Old Church Slavonic рабъ (rabŭ, “slave”). Cognate with Old Frisian arbēd, Old Saxon arƀed, arvēd, Old Dutch arbeit (Dutch arbeid), Old High German arbeit (German Arbeit (“work, labour”)), Old Norse erfiði (Swedish arvode (“salary”)), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (arbaiþs).

cog

Swā cwæð eardstapa, · earfeþa ġemyndiġ,
wrāþra wælsleahta, · winemǣga hryre:

So said an earth-stepper, mindful of hardships,
of wrathful slaughters, of kinsmen fall:


dogor

dōgor (canonical masculine neuter)
dōgor (nominative singular)
dōgoras (nominative plural)
dōgor (accusative singular)
dōgoras (accusative plural)
dōgores (genitive singular)
dōgora (genitive plural)
dōgore (dative singular)
dōgorum (dative plural)
dōgor (nominative singular)
dōgor (nominative plural)
dōgor (accusative singular)
dōgor (accusative plural)
dōgores (genitive singular)
dōgora (genitive plural)
dōgore (dative singular)
dōgorum (dative plural)

mōdġe maguþeġnas. · Swā þēs middanġeard
ealra dōgra ġehwām · drēoseð ond fealleþ,

brave warriors. Thus this world
perishes and falls to each of all days,


fruma

fruman (nominative plural)
fruma (nominative singular)
fruman (nominative plural)
fruman (accusative singular)
fruman (accusative plural)
fruman (genitive singular)
frumena (genitive plural)
fruman (dative singular)
frumum (dative plural)

Middle English: frume, frome

From Proto-Germanic *frumô, from the stem *fur-, *fr- (Old English for, for-) + the rarer comparative suffix *-umô. Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 (fruma), Latin prīmus.

This beginning was terrible for people in the land (...)

Beowulf wæs se fruma egeslíc / léodum on lande (...)

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
On þone eahteðan ġeohheldæg bið þǣs mōnðes fruma þe mon nemneð Ianuarius, þæt is on ūre ġeþēode sē æftera geola.

On the eight day of Christmas is the beginning of the month known as January, which in our language is After-Yule.

Beowulf
wine Scyldinga / léof landfruma lange áhte
friend of the Scyldings / beloved ruler of the land had ruled for a long time
Ðá wæs gyldenhilt gamelum rince / hárum hildfruman on hand gyfen / enta aérgeweorc

Then was the golden hilt to the old king / the old battle-leader given into his hand / the ancient work of giants

prince, king, chief, ruler. Often used in compounds


frumsceaft

head

frumsċeaft m (nominative plural frumsċeaftu)

frumsċeaft (canonical masculine)
frumsċeaftu (nominative plural)

creation (abstract concept or created thing)

Beowulf
sægde sé þe cúþe / frumsceaft fíra feorran reccan.

he said that he was able to tell from the old earthman's beginnings.


sceaft

sċeaft (canonical masculine)
sċeaft (nominative singular)
sċeaftas (nominative plural)
sċeaft (accusative singular)
sċeaftas (accusative plural)
sċeaftes (genitive singular)
sċeafta (genitive plural)
sċeafte (dative singular)
sċeaftum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: schaft, scæft, scaft, shaft, sschaft, scheft, sheft, shafft, schafft, chafte, saft, shaffet, schafte, shafte
English: shaft
Scots: schaft, shaft

From Proto-West Germanic *skaft, from Proto-Germanic *skaftaz, from Proto-Indo-European *skeh₂p- (“rod, shaft, staff, club”), potentially from a root *(s)ke(H)p- (“to strike, beat”). Cognate with Old Norse skapt.


sceaft

sċeaft (canonical feminine)
sċeafta (nominative plural)
sċeaft (nominative singular)
sċeafte (nominative plural)
sċeafta (nominative plural)
sċeaft (accusative singular)
sċeafte (accusative singular)
sċeafte (accusative plural)
sċeafta (accusative plural)
sċeafte (genitive singular)
sċeafta (genitive plural)
sċeafte (dative singular)
sċeaftum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: schaft, schafte, shaft, shapte


firas

fīras (canonical masculine plural)
fīras (nominative plural)
fīras (accusative plural)
fīra (genitive plural)
fīrum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *firhwijaz (“living being, person”), from Proto-Germanic *ferhuz (“life, body”). Cognate with Old Saxon fīrihos, Old Norse fírar.

inh

The Old English rune poem
ᚠ byþ frōfur fīra ġehwylċum...


wlite

wlite (nominative singular)
wlitas (nominative plural)
wlite (accusative singular)
wlitas (accusative plural)
wlites (genitive singular)
wlita (genitive plural)
wlite (dative singular)
wlitum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: wlite
English: lit (confluence with lit, from Old Norse litr)
Scots: lit (confluence with lit, from Old Norse litr)

From Proto-Germanic *wlitiz, *wlituz (“appearance, look, aspect”), from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”). Cognate with Old Frisian wlite, Old Saxon wliti, Old Norse litr, Gothic 𐍅𐌻𐌹𐍄𐍃 (wlits). Related to wlītan (“to see, look”), wlātian (“to gaze, observe”).


miere

mīere (canonical feminine)
mīere (nominative singular)
mīeran (nominative plural)
mīeran (accusative singular)
mīeran (accusative plural)
mīeran (genitive singular)
mīerena (genitive plural)
mīeran (dative singular)
mīerum (dative plural)
mȳre (alternative)
mīre (alternative)

Middle English: mere, mare

English: mare

Scots: meir, mere, mear

From Proto-West Germanic *marhijā, from Proto-Germanic *marhijō.


miere

mīere (canonical feminine)
mīere (nominative singular)
mīeran (nominative plural)
mīeran (accusative singular)
mīeran (accusative plural)
mīeran (genitive singular)
mīerena (genitive plural)
mīeran (dative singular)
mīerum (dative plural)
*mȳre (alternative)

Middle English: mire, myre

English: mire

⇒ Middle English: pisse-mire

English: pismire

⇒ English: antmire

From Proto-West Germanic *miurijā (“ant”).


sige

siġe (canonical masculine)
siġe (nominative singular)
siġas (nominative plural)
siġe (accusative singular)
siġas (accusative plural)
siġes (genitive singular)
siġa (genitive plural)
siġe (dative singular)
siġum (dative plural)
syġe (alternative)
ᛋᛁᚷᛁ (alternative)

Middle English: sige, siȝe, syȝe, sy

⇒ English: Kelsey (from ċēol + siġe)

From Proto-West Germanic *sigi, from Proto-Germanic *segaz (“victory”).

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCCXXIII Hēr wæs Wāla ġefeoht ⁊ Defna æt Gafulforda. ⁊ þȳ ilcan ġēare ġefeaht Eċġbryht cyning ⁊ Beornwulf cyning on Ellendūne, ⁊ Eċġbryht siġe nam, ⁊ þǣr wæs myċel wæl ġeslæġen.

Year 823 In this year there was a battle between the Welsh and the Devons at Gafulford. And in the same year Kings Edgebright and Beornwulf fought at Allington, and Edgebright took the victory, and many were slain.

siġebēacn

banner, emblem of victory, trophy, cross (of Christ)

siġehrēþ

fame gained by victory; confidence or joy of victory


leoma

lēoma (canonical masculine)
lēoma (nominative singular)
lēoman (nominative plural)
lēoman (accusative singular)
lēoman (accusative plural)
lēoman (genitive singular)
lēomena (genitive plural)
lēoman (dative singular)
lēomum (dative plural)

Middle English: leme, leem, lem, leom, lewme, lume, lym, lyme, leame, leome, lome (Early Middle English)
English: leam
Scots: leim, leme

From Proto-West Germanic *leuhmō, from Proto-Germanic *leuhmô, from Proto-Indo-European *lewk-mon-, which is derived from Proto-Indo-European *lewk-. Cognate with Old Saxon liomo, Old Norse ljómi (Icelandic ljómi).

c. 994, Ælfric, On the Seasons of the Year
Ūre eorðlīċe nyht soðlīċe cymð þurh ðǣre eorðan sċeade, þonne sēo sunne gǣð on æfnunge under þyssere eorðan, þonne bȳð ðǣre eorðan brādnys betweox us ⁊ þǣre sunnan wē hyre lēoman lyhtinge nabbað, oð ðæt hēo eft on ōþerne ende up āstihð.

Our Earthly night only comes through the shade of the Earth in the evening when the sun goes under the Earth. When the extent of the Earth is between us and the sun, we do not have the illumination of its shine until it comes up over the other end.


landbuend

landbūend (canonical masculine)
landbūend (nominative singular)
landbūend (nominative plural)
landbūende (nominative plural)
landbūendas (nominative plural)
landbūend (accusative singular)
landbūend (accusative plural)
landbūende (accusative plural)
landbūendas (accusative plural)
landbūendes (genitive singular)
landbūendra (genitive plural)
landbūende (dative singular)
landbūendum (dative plural)


folde

foldan (nominative plural)
folde (nominative singular)
foldan (nominative plural)
foldan (accusative singular)
foldan (accusative plural)
foldan (genitive singular)
foldena (genitive plural)
foldan (dative singular)
foldum (dative plural)

Middle English: folde, fold

English: fold

Scots: fold

From Proto-Germanic *fuldǭ, *fuldō. Cognate with Old Saxon folda, Old Norse fold.

Warað hine wræclāst, · nales wunden gold,
ferðloca frēoriġ, · nalæs foldan blǣd.

His path of exile holds in no way twisted gold;
his cold body in no way earth's glory.


sceatt

sċeatt (canonical masculine)
sċeatt (nominative singular)
sċeattas (nominative plural)
sċeatt (accusative singular)
sċeattas (accusative plural)
sċeattes (genitive singular)
sċeatta (genitive plural)
sċeatte (dative singular)
sċeattum (dative plural)
sċeat (alternative)
sċætt (alternative)

Middle English: schat, sat, schet, scet
→ Medieval Latin: scata, sceatta

→ English: sceat

From Proto-West Germanic *skatt (“cattle, treasure”).

inh

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Ne sċeall nān godes þeġn for sċeattum riht dēman, ac healdan þone dōm ġif godes man sȳ...

Nor shall one of God's servants decide a law for wealth, but maintain the judgement if he is a man of God...

Laws of King Æthelberht
Ġif feaxfang ġeweorþ, L sċeatta tō bōte.

If hair-seizing should occur, the recompense shall be fifty sceattas.


cere

cere (nominative singular)
ceras (nominative plural)
cere (accusative singular)
ceras (accusative plural)
ceres (genitive singular)
cera (genitive plural)
cere (dative singular)
cerum (dative plural)


cynn

cynn (nominative singular)
cynn (nominative plural)
cynn (accusative singular)
cynn (accusative plural)
cynnes (genitive singular)
cynna (genitive plural)
cynne (dative singular)
cynnum (dative plural)
cyn (alternative)

Middle English: kin, kyn, ken, kun

English: kin

Scots: kin

From Proto-West Germanic *kuni, from Proto-Germanic *kunją.
Cognate with Old Frisian kin, Old Saxon kunni, Old Dutch *kunni, Old High German kunni, Old Norse kyn, Gothic 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹 (kuni). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek γένος (génos), Latin genus.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. John the Baptist"
Twā forhæfdnesse cynn sind. Ān is līchamlīċ, ōðer gāstlīċ.

There are two kinds of restraint. One is physical, the other spiritual.

Hǣðensċipe biþ þæt man dēofolġield weorðiġe, þæt is þæt man weorðiġe hǣðenu godu and sunnan oþþe mōnan, fȳr oþþe flōd, wæterwiellas oþþe stānas oþþe ǣniġes cynnes wudutreowu, oþþe wiċċecræft lufiġe oþþe morðweorc ġefremme on ǣniġe wīsan, oþþe on blōte oþþe frihte, oþþe swelcra gedwimera ǣniġ þing drēoge.

c. 1021, Wulfstan, Winchester Code of Cnut, article 5.1:

Worshiping idols is a kind of paganism, whether one worships heathen gods and the sun or the moon, or fire or flood, or wells or stones or any kind of forest trees, or if one loves witchcraft or commits murder in any way, either by sacrifice or by divination, or takes any part in similar delusions.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Tigris is ān ēa and ānes cynnes dēor.

Tigris [Latin for "tiger"] is a river and a species of animal.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Be þām hringum man meahte witan hwæt Rōmāna duguþe ġefeallen wæs, for þon þe hit wæs þēaw mid him on þām dagum þæt nān ōðer ne mōste gyldenne hring werian būtan hē æðeles cynnes wǣre.

You could tell by the rings how much of the Roman nobility had fallen, because the custom back then was that no one could wear a gold ring unless they were from a noble family.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Is ēac tō witenne þæt naman bēoþ oft ōðres cynnes on Lǣden and ōðres cynnes on Englisċ.

Note also that nouns are often one gender in Latin and another gender in English.


dryht

head

dryht f (nominative plural dryhte or dryhta)

dryhte (nominative plural)
dryhta (nominative plural)
dryht (nominative singular)
dryhte (nominative plural)
dryhta (nominative plural)
dryht (accusative singular)
dryhte (accusative singular)
dryhte (accusative plural)
dryhta (accusative plural)
dryhte (genitive singular)
dryhta (genitive plural)
dryhte (dative singular)
dryhtum (dative plural)


dryhtguma

dryhtguma m (nominative plural dryhtguman)


weras

wearas (alternative)
waras (alternative)
wæras (alternative)
weoras (alternative Mercian)


menn

inflection of mann:
nominative/accusative plural


ceas

ċēas (canonical feminine)
ċēas (nominative singular)
ċēasa (nominative plural)
ċēase (nominative plural)
ċēase (accusative singular)
ċēasa (accusative plural)
ċēase (accusative plural)
ċēase (genitive singular)
ċēasa (genitive plural)
ċēase (dative singular)
ċēasum (dative plural)

Middle English: ches

From Proto-Germanic *kausō (“dispute, litigation”), from Latin causa (“reason, cause, case, dispute, reproach”). Cognate with Old Frisian kāse (“lawsuit, case”), Old High German kōsa (“lawsuit, case”).


morberige

mōrberiġe (canonical feminine)
mōrberiġe (nominative singular)
mōrberiġan (nominative plural)
mōrberiġan (accusative singular)
mōrberiġan (accusative plural)
mōrberiġan (genitive singular)
mōrberiġena (genitive plural)
mōrberiġan (dative singular)
mōrberiġum (dative plural)


firen

firen (nominative singular)
firena (nominative plural)
firene (nominative plural)
firene (accusative singular)
firena (accusative plural)
firene (accusative plural)
firene (genitive singular)
firena (genitive plural)
firene (dative singular)
firenum (dative plural)
fyren (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *firinu. Cognate with Old Frisian firne, Old Saxon firina, Old High German firina, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌰 (fairina).

firenhyċġa

a man with sinful thoughts, an adulterer


mære

mǣre (canonical neuter)
mǣre (nominative singular)
mǣru (nominative plural)
mǣre (accusative singular)
mǣru (accusative plural)
mǣres (genitive singular)
mǣra (genitive plural)
mǣre (dative singular)
mǣrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: mere
English: mere
⇒ Yola: pulmere

From Proto-Germanic *mairiją. Cognate with Middle Dutch mēre, Old Norse landamæri (“border-marks between lands”).


fæsten

fæstenu (nominative plural)
fæsten (nominative singular)
fæstenu (nominative plural)
fæsten (accusative singular)
fæstenu (accusative plural)
fæstenes (genitive singular)
fæstena (genitive plural)
fæstene (dative singular)
fæstenum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *fastunī. Equivalent to fæst + -en.

fortified place: stronghold, fortress, castle


fifel

fīfel (canonical masculine neuter)
fīfel (nominative singular)
fīfelas (nominative plural)
fīfel (accusative singular)
fīfelas (accusative plural)
fīfeles (genitive singular)
fīfela (genitive plural)
fīfele (dative singular)
fīfelum (dative plural)
fīfel (nominative singular)
fīfel (nominative plural)
fīfel (accusative singular)
fīfel (accusative plural)
fīfeles (genitive singular)
fīfela (genitive plural)
fīfele (dative singular)
fīfelum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *fimbil, *fimbul, from Proto-Germanic *fimbulaz and Proto-Germanic *fimfilaz. Cognate with Old Norse fimbul- (“mighty, great”) and Old Norse fífl (“fool, idiot, buffoon”).


fifel

fifel (nominative singular)
fifelas (nominative plural)
fifel (accusative singular)
fifelas (accusative plural)
fifeles (genitive singular)
fifela (genitive plural)
fifele (dative singular)
fifelum (dative plural)


fifelcynn

Fen ond fæsten, fifelcynnes eard. ― Fen and fastness, the land of monsterkind.

(poetic) monsterkind; the race of giants or monsters


fæhþ

fǣhþ (canonical feminine)
fæhþu (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *faihiþu. Equivalent to fāh + -þ.


gedryht

ġedryht (canonical feminine)
ġedryht (nominative singular)
ġedryhte (nominative plural)
ġedryhta (nominative plural)
ġedryht (accusative singular)
ġedryhte (accusative singular)
ġedryhte (accusative plural)
ġedryhta (accusative plural)
ġedryhte (genitive singular)
ġedryhta (genitive plural)
ġedryhte (dative singular)
ġedryhtum (dative plural)


sorh

sorh (nominative singular)
sorga (nominative plural)
sorġe (nominative plural)
sorġe (accusative singular)
sorga (accusative plural)
sorġe (accusative plural)
sorġe (genitive singular)
sorga (genitive plural)
sorġe (dative singular)
sorgum (dative plural)


morþ

morþ (nominative singular)
morþ (nominative plural)
morþ (accusative singular)
morþ (accusative plural)
morþes (genitive singular)
morþa (genitive plural)
morþe (dative singular)
morþum (dative plural)

Middle English: morth, murth

Scots: murth

English: murth

From Proto-West Germanic *morþ, from Proto-Germanic *murþą, from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tós (“dead”).
Cognate with Old Saxon morð, Dutch moord, Old High German mord (German Mord), Old Norse morð. The Proto-Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek βροτός (brotós, “mortal”) (earlier *μροτός (*mrotós)), Latin mortis (genitive of mors (“death”)), Old Church Slavonic мрѣти (mrěti) (Russian мере́ть (merétʹ)), Lithuanian mirtis (“death”). Compare Old English morþor.

genitive of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">mors</i> (“death”)


camb

camb (nominative singular)
cambas (nominative plural)
camb (accusative singular)
cambas (accusative plural)
cambes (genitive singular)
camba (genitive plural)
cambe (dative singular)
cambum (dative plural)
comb (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: comb, combe, kombe, camb, kambe, cambe
English: comb
Scots: camb, came, kame, kaim, kem
Yola: cowm, khime

From Proto-West Germanic *kamb, from Proto-Germanic *kambaz.
Cognate with Old Saxon camb, Dutch kam, Old High German chamb (German Kamm), Old Norse kambr (Swedish kam); and with Ancient Greek γόμφος (gómphos, “pin”), Old Armenian ծամեմ (camem, “to chew”), Russian зуб (zub).

Fēnixas habbaþ cambas on hēafde swā pāwan.

Phoenixes have crests on their head like peacocks.


helle

inflection of hell:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of hell:
nominative/accusative plural


nafu

nafu (nominative singular)
nafa (nominative plural)
nafe (nominative plural)
nafe (accusative singular)
nafa (accusative plural)
nafe (accusative plural)
nafe (genitive singular)
nafa (genitive plural)
nafe (dative singular)
nafum (dative plural)

Middle English: nave, nawe, naf, naff, naffe (Northern)
English: nave
Scots: naff

From Proto-Germanic *nabō. Cognate with Middle Dutch nave (Dutch naaf), Old High German naba (German Nabe), West Old Norse nof (Icelandic nöf, Swedish nav).


bolla

bollan (nominative plural)
bolla (nominative singular)
bollan (nominative plural)
bollan (accusative singular)
bollan (accusative plural)
bollan (genitive singular)
bollena (genitive plural)
bollan (dative singular)
bollum (dative plural)

Middle English: bolle

English: bowl

Scots: boll, bow, (?) bowie

→ Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: bolenn

Welsh: powlen

→ Middle French: bolle

French: bol
→ Catalan: bol
→ Greek: μπολ (bol)

From Proto-Germanic *bullô. Cognate with Middle Dutch bolle (Dutch bol), Old Norse bolli, Old High German bolla.


hweol

hwēol (canonical neuter)
hwēol (nominative singular)
hwēol (nominative plural)
hwēol (accusative singular)
hwēol (accusative plural)
hwēoles (genitive singular)
hwēola (genitive plural)
hwēole (dative singular)
hwēolum (dative plural)
hweohl (alternative)
hweogul (alternative)
hweogol (alternative)
hweowul (alternative)
hweowol (alternative)
weogl (alternative)
wiogl (alternative)
hweohhol (alternative)

Middle English: whel, ȝweol, hwel, qweel, qwel, qwele, qwell, qweyll, wele, wheel, wheele, whele, whelle, wheol, wheyle, wheylle
English: wheel
→ Maori: wīra
Middle Scots: quhel, quhele, quheil, quheile
Scots: wheel
Yola: wheel

From Proto-Germanic *hweulō, plural of *hwehwlą, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷléh₂, plural of *kʷekʷlóm, *kʷékʷlos, derived from the root *kʷel- (“going around”). Cognate with Old Frisian hwēl, Old Saxon hwiol, and Old Norse hvél. Extra-Germanic cognates include Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos).

Homilies of Ælfric
Sum ċild plegode ġȳmelēaslīċe, and bearn under ānum yrnendum hwēole, and wearð tō dēaðe tōcwȳsed.

A child was playing carelessly and was crushed to death under a running wheel.


snaw

snāw (canonical masculine)
snāw (nominative singular)
snāwas (nominative plural)
snāw (accusative singular)
snāwas (accusative plural)
snāwes (genitive singular)
snāwa (genitive plural)
snāwe (dative singular)
snāwum (dative plural)

Middle English: snow, snaw, snowe, snawe, snowȝ, snoȝ, snogh, snou
English: snow
Scots: snaw
Yola: sneew, sneow, snowe, snow

From Proto-West Germanic *snaiw (“snow”), from Proto-Germanic *snaiwaz (“snow”), from Proto-Indo-European *snóygʷʰos, from *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”) + *-os (suffix forming action nouns from verbs).

baþian brimfuglas, · brǣdan feþra,
hrēosan hrīm ond snāw, · hagle ġemenġed.

bathe of sea-birds, spread of feathers,
fall of frost and snow, mingled with hail.

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Sē Antonius ġesēah þǣs Paules sāwle swā hwīte swā snāw stīgan tō heofonum betweoh engla þrēatas; ond tweġen lēon ādulfan his byrġenne on þǣs wēstenes sande; þǣr resteð Paules līchoma mid yfellīċe dūste bewrigen, ac on dōmes dæġe hē ariseð on wuldor.

Antonius saw Paul's soul, as white as snow, ascend to heaven among throngs of angels; and two lions dug his tomb in the sand of the desert. There lies Paul's body, covered by filthy dust, but on Judgement Day he will arise in glory.


deaþ

dēaþ (canonical masculine)
dēaþ (nominative singular)
dēaþas (nominative plural)
dēaþ (accusative singular)
dēaþas (accusative plural)
dēaþes (genitive singular)
dēaþa (genitive plural)
dēaþe (dative singular)
dēaþum (dative plural)
dǣþ (alternative)
dēað (alternative)

Middle English: deeth, deeþ, deth, deþ, dethe, deþe, deð, dæð, dæþ (Early Middle English)
English: death
Scots: deith, daith

From Proto-West Germanic *dauþu, from Proto-Germanic *dauþuz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰautus. Cognate with Old Frisian dāth, Old Saxon dōth, Old Dutch *dōth, Old High German tōd, Old Norse dauðr, Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 (dauþus).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Sebastian, Martyr"
...ac hī þurhwunodon swā þēah on þām ġewinne ōð dēað.

...but they nevertheless continued in that warfare till death.


dema

dēma (canonical masculine)
dēma (nominative singular)
dēman (nominative plural)
dēman (accusative singular)
dēman (accusative plural)
dēman (genitive singular)
dēmena (genitive plural)
dēman (dative singular)
dēmum (dative plural)

Middle English: deme

dēman (“to judge”) + -a (agent-noun suffix)


beon

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

inflection of bēo:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of bēo:
nominative/accusative plural


eorþe

eorþe (nominative singular)
eorþan (nominative plural)
eorþan (accusative singular)
eorþan (accusative plural)
eorþan (genitive singular)
eorþena (genitive plural)
eorþan (dative singular)
eorþum (dative plural)
earþe (alternative)
iorþe (alternative Kentish)
eorþ (alternative)
yrþ (alternative)
eorðe (alternative)
eorþo (alternative)
eorþu (alternative)
eorþæ (alternative)
heorðe (alternative)
heordæ (alternative)
eorda (alternative)
eordæ (alternative)
eorða (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: erthe, eerthe, eorthe, eorþe, ereth, erth, erþ, erþe, irthe, yrþe, orþe, ȝorthe, horþe, horðe, urþe, urthe, hurde, erde, earþe, erðe, eorðe, eorth, herðe (Early Middle English), oerþe, oerþ (Herebert)
English: earth; Earth
Middle Scots: erd, erde, ȝerd, ȝeird (influenced by erd)
Scots: yird; Yird
Yola: erth, eart, eard, eorth, eord

From Proto-West Germanic *erþu, from Proto-Germanic *erþō.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexameron

The Earth isn't on top of anything: it floats in the air.

Sēo eorðe ne liġþ on nānum þinge, ac hēo stent on lofte.


flæsc

flǣsċ (canonical neuter)
flǣsċ (nominative singular)
flǣsċ (nominative plural)
flǣsċ (accusative singular)
flǣsċ (accusative plural)
flǣsċes (genitive singular)
flǣsċa (genitive plural)
flǣsċe (dative singular)
flǣsċum (dative plural)

Middle English: flesh
English: flesh
Scots: flesch
Yola: vleash, vlesh

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Eft cwæþ Mōȳses be þām ilcan, "Mīn sweord itt flǣsċ."

Moses also said about the same thing, "My sword eats flesh."

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Đā ongunnon ealle ðā nǣddran tō ċēowenne heora flæsċ and heora blōd sucan, þæt hī þæt āttor ūt ātugon

Then all the snakes began to chew their flesh and suck their blood in order to draw out the venom.

late 10th century, Life of Malchus
Uncer mete wæs healfsoden flǣsċ and uncer wǣta wæs olfenda meolc.

Our food was half-cooked meat and our drink was camel milk.


forliger

forliġer (canonical neuter)
forlegor (alternative)


forliger

forliġer (canonical masculine)
forlegor (alternative)


forliger

forliġer (canonical feminine)
forlegor (alternative)


fryhtu

Middle English: fright, friȝt

English: fright

Scots: fricht


fyrhtu

Middle English: fright, friȝt, freyhte, fyrht, furht, frigt, fryȝt
English: fright
Scots: fricht

From Proto-West Germanic *furhtī, from Proto-Germanic *furhtį̄.


gearn

ġearn (canonical neuter)
ġearn (nominative singular)
ġearn (nominative plural)
ġearn (accusative singular)
ġearn (accusative plural)
ġearnes (genitive singular)
ġearna (genitive plural)
ġearne (dative singular)
ġearnum (dative plural)

Middle English: yarn, ȝarn, ȝern, ȝerne, jarne, yarne, yeern
English: yarn
Scots: yairn

conflated with Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">garn</i>

Middle English: garn, garne (conflated with Old Norse garn)
English: garn (obsolete)

From Proto-Germanic *garną, whence also Old Saxon garn, Old High German garn, Old Norse garn. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰorn-, *ǵʰerH- (“tharm, gut, intestine”).


glæm

glǣm (canonical masculine)
glǣm (nominative singular)
glǣmas (nominative plural)
glǣm (accusative singular)
glǣmas (accusative plural)
glǣmes (genitive singular)
glǣma (genitive plural)
glǣme (dative singular)
glǣmum (dative plural)

Middle English: gleme

English: gleam

Scots: glem, gleme, gleim

From Proto-West Germanic *glaimi, from Proto-Germanic *glaimiz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰley- (“to shine”), from *ǵʰel- (“to shine, shimmer”).


glæs

glæs (nominative singular)
glasu (nominative plural)
glæs (accusative singular)
glasu (accusative plural)
glæses (genitive singular)
glasa (genitive plural)
glæse (dative singular)
glasum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: glas, glace, glasce, glass, glasse
English: glass (see there for further descendants)
Scots: gless, glass

From Proto-West Germanic *glas, from Proto-Germanic *glasą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel- (“to shine, shimmer, glow”). Compare Old Saxon glas, Old Dutch glas, Old High German glas, Old Norse gler.


godspel

godspel (nominative singular)
godspel (nominative plural)
godspel (accusative singular)
godspel (accusative plural)
godspelles (genitive singular)
godspella (genitive plural)
godspelle (dative singular)
godspellum (dative plural)


geatwa

Possibly a metathetical form of ġetawa (“instrument”) from ġe- + tawian, with a sense of equipment being made and prepared. Identical in formation to frætwe (“treasure, ornaments”). More at taw and tool.


geoguþ

ġeoguþ (canonical feminine)
ġeoguþ (nominative singular)
ġeoguþa (nominative plural)
ġeoguþe (nominative plural)
ġeoguþe (accusative singular)
ġeoguþa (accusative plural)
ġeoguþe (accusative plural)
ġeoguþe (genitive singular)
ġeoguþa (genitive plural)
ġeoguþe (dative singular)
ġeoguþum (dative plural)
ġeogeð (alternative)
ġeoguð (alternative)
ġeogoð (alternative)
ġeogoþ (alternative)
ġeogoþe (alternative)
ġiogoþ (alternative)
ġioguð (alternative)
ġuguð (alternative)
iugeð (alternative)
iugoþ (alternative)
iuguð (alternative)
iuguþ (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: youthe
English: youth (obsolete yought)
Middle Scots: ȝouthe, ȝouth, ȝowth, ȝewth, youth
Scots: youth

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *jugunþi, from Proto-Germanic *jugunþiz. Cognate with Old Frisian jogethe, Old Saxon juguth, Old Dutch iuginde, and Old High German jugund.

inh+

Ġemon hē seleseċġas · ond sincþege,
hū hine on ġeoguðe · his goldwine
wenede tō wiste · Wyn eal ġedrēas.

He remembers hall-men and takings of treasures,
how his goldfriend accustomed him
to feast on youth. Mirth has completely perished.


hæte

hǣte (canonical feminine)
hǣte (nominative singular)
hǣtan (accusative singular)
hǣtan (genitive singular)
hǣtan (dative singular)


hæþ

hǣþ (canonical feminine)
hǣþ (nominative singular)
hǣþa (nominative plural)
hǣþe (nominative plural)
hǣþe (accusative singular)
hǣþa (accusative plural)
hǣþe (accusative plural)
hǣþe (genitive singular)
hǣþa (genitive plural)
hǣþe (dative singular)
hǣþum (dative plural)
*hāþ (alternative)
hēþ (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: heeth, heth, hethe, hath, hathe, hoth, hothe
English: heath, heather
Scots: haithe (in compounds only)

From Proto-West Germanic *haiþi. Cognate with Middle Dutch hede (Dutch hei), Old High German heida (German Heide), Old Norse heiðr, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹 (haiþi).


hæþen

hæþen (nominative singular)
hæþnas (nominative plural)
hæþen (accusative singular)
hæþnas (accusative plural)
hæþnes (genitive singular)
hæþna (genitive plural)
hæþne (dative singular)
hæþnum (dative plural)
hæðen (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *hadinaz, *hidanaz (“skirt”) (compare *hōdaz (“hood”)).


muþ

mūþ (canonical masculine)
mūþ (nominative singular)
mūþas (nominative plural)
mūþ (accusative singular)
mūþas (accusative plural)
mūþes (genitive singular)
mūþa (genitive plural)
mūþe (dative singular)
mūþum (dative plural)

Middle English: mouth, moueþ, mouthe, mouþ, mouþe, muð, muth, muþ (Early Middle English)
English: mouth
Scots: mooth
Yola: meouth, moweth, mouth

From Proto-West Germanic *munþ.
Cognates
Cognates include Old Frisian mūth, mund, mond (North Frisian müth, West Frisian mûn), Old Saxon mūth, Old Dutch mund (Dutch mond), Old High German mund (German Mund), Old Norse muðr, munnr (Danish mund, Icelandic munnur, Norwegian munn, Swedish mun), Gothic 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (munþs).

Iċ þurh mūþ sprece mongum reordum,…

I speak with many voices through mouth,…


sibb

sibb (nominative singular)
sibba (nominative plural)
sibbe (nominative plural)
sibbe (accusative singular)
sibba (accusative plural)
sibbe (accusative plural)
sibbe (genitive singular)
sibba (genitive plural)
sibbe (dative singular)
sibbum (dative plural)

Middle English: sibbe, sib

English: sib

Scots: sib

→ Norn: sib (?)

From Proto-Germanic *sibjō, cognate with German Sippe, from Proto-Indo-European *swé, also found in the ethnonym Suebi.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The First Sunday after Easter"
Se Hælend cwæð to him, "Beo sibb betwux ēow." For sibbe com Crist to mannum, and sibbe he bead and tæhte, and nis nan ðing him gecwēme þe bið būtan sibbe ġedōn.

Jesus said to them, "Peace be among you." For peace Christ came to men, and peace he enjoined and taught, and nothing is to him acceptable which is done without peace.


seolfor

seolfor (nominative singular)
seolfor (nominative plural)
seolfor (accusative singular)
seolfor (accusative plural)
seolfres (genitive singular)
seolfra (genitive plural)
seolfre (dative singular)
seolfrum (dative plural)
seolfer (alternative)
seolofor (alternative)
siolfor (alternative)
siolufr (alternative)
silofr (alternative)
sylfor (alternative)
sylfur (alternative Mercian)

Middle English: silver, selver, sylver, seolver, sulver, soelver (Herebert)
English: silver
Jamaican Creole: silva
→ Maori: hiriwa
→ Zulu: isiliva
Scots: silver, siller

From Proto-West Germanic *silubr, whence also Old High German silbar, Old Norse silfr.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...Næbbe ic seolfor ne gold, ic þē dō þæt ic hæbbe...

...I have neither silver nor gold, I give thee that I have...


heofon

heofon (nominative singular)
heofonas (nominative plural)
heofon (accusative singular)
heofonas (accusative plural)
heofones (genitive singular)
heofona (genitive plural)
heofone (dative singular)
heofonum (dative plural)
heofon (nominative singular)
heofona (nominative plural)
heofone (nominative plural)
heofone (accusative singular)
heofona (accusative plural)
heofone (accusative plural)
heofone (genitive singular)
heofona (genitive plural)
heofone (dative singular)
heofonum (dative plural)
heben (alternative)
hefæn (alternative)
hefen (alternative)
hefon (alternative)
heafun (alternative)
heofen (alternative)
heofun (alternative)
heofan (alternative)
hiofon (alternative)
heofene (alternative weak)
heofone (alternative weak)
hefene (alternative weak)

Middle English: hevene, efne, even, evne, heaven, hefne, heoven, heovene, heven, hevyn, hewn, hewne, hæfene, hæfne, hæven, heffne, heofen, heofne, heofon, hoven (Early Middle English), heeven, hefen, heiven, heivin, hevin, hewuyn, heyven, hewen, hewyn (Northern), hoevene (Herebert)
English: heaven, Heaven
Scots: heiven, Heiven
Yola: heaaven, heoven

From Proto-West Germanic *hebn. Probably related to both Proto-West Germanic *himil and Proto-Germanic *himinaz, but the origins of the relationship are mysterious.

Eall þā lēaf sind brūn, and sē heofon grǣġ.

All the leaves are brown, and the sky is gray.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Sē heofon bringþ lēohte dagas and eft behileþ þæt lēoht mid þīestrum.

The sky brings bright days and then hides the light with darkness.

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Æfter þisum ġebede, bærst ūt of heofonum swȳþe fǣrlīċ fȳr and forbernde þæt templ, and ealle þā godas grundlunga suncon intō þǣre eorþan, and ne ætēowdon siþþan.

After this prayer, a very sudden fire burst out of the heavens and burned up the temple, and all the gods sunk completely into the earth, and have not appeared since.


cruse

crūse (canonical feminine)
crūse (nominative singular)
crūsan (nominative plural)
crūsan (accusative singular)
crūsan (accusative plural)
crūsan (genitive singular)
crūsena (genitive plural)
crūsan (dative singular)
crūsum (dative plural)

Middle English: cruse, crouse, croos

English: cruse, cruise, cruze


talu

talu (nominative singular)
tala (nominative plural)
tale (nominative plural)
tale (accusative singular)
tala (accusative plural)
tale (accusative plural)
tale (genitive singular)
tala (genitive plural)
tale (dative singular)
talum (dative plural)
tale (alternative)

Middle English: tale, tal, talle, taile, taille (chiefly Northern ME)
English: tale
Scots: tale
Yola: taale

From Proto-West Germanic *talu, from Proto-Germanic *talō.


synn

synn (nominative singular)
synna (nominative plural)
synne (nominative plural)
synne (accusative singular)
synna (accusative plural)
synne (accusative plural)
synne (genitive singular)
synna (genitive plural)
synne (dative singular)
synnum (dative plural)
sinn (alternative)
senn (alternative)

Middle English: synne, cynne, sin, sine, sinne, sunne, syn, synn, senne, zen, zenne (Kent), seonne (Early Middle English)
English: sin
Scots: sin

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *sunnju (“concern”), from Proto-Germanic *sunjō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.
Cognates include Old High German sunna (“justification”), Old Norse syn (“denial”), and Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 (sunja, “truth”). Replaced the reflex of Proto-West Germanic *sundi, which provides the word for "sin" in most other West Germanic languages.

inh+

Þū eart on cwearterne þīnra āgenra synna.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
Seo eahteoðe leahter is superbia gehaten þæt is on ænglisc modignyss gecweden. Seo is ord and ende ælcere synne. Seo geworhte englas to atelicum deoflum...

The eighth sin is called Superbia that is called Pride, in English, which is the beginning and end of every sin; it made angels into horrible devils,...


wiht

wiht (nominative singular)
wihte (nominative plural)
wihta (nominative plural)
wiht (accusative singular)
wihte (accusative singular)
wihte (accusative plural)
wihta (accusative plural)
wihte (genitive singular)
wihta (genitive plural)
wihte (dative singular)
wihtum (dative plural)
wiht (nominative singular)
wihtu (nominative plural)
wiht (accusative singular)
wihtu (accusative plural)
wihtes (genitive singular)
wihta (genitive plural)
wihte (dative singular)
wihtum (dative plural)
wiaht (alternative Kentish)
wyht (alternative)
wuht (alternative)
uht (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: wight, wiȝt
English: wight, whit
Scots: wicht, wycht

From a fusion of Proto-Germanic *wihtiz (feminine) and *wihtą (neuter), both meaning "thing". These words became *wihti and *wiht in West Germanic and then merged in prehistoric Old English by regular sound change.
Cognate with Old Saxon wiht (Low German Wicht), Old Dutch wiht (Dutch wicht), Old High German wiht (German Wicht), Old Norse vætr (Swedish vätte), and Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (waihts) and 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄 (waiht).

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
God ne ēht nānre wihte, for þȳ hine nān wiht ne mæġ flēon.

God doesn't chase anything, because nothing can run from him.


wiht

Middle English: weght, weghte, weighte, weihte, weit, wighte
English: weight
Scots: wecht, weicht
Yola: waaight

From Proto-West Germanic *wihti.
Cognate with Middle Low German wicht, Dutch wicht, gewicht, Old Norse vætt (compare also Danish vægt, Norwegian vekt); Old High German giwihti (German Gewicht).

wiaht (alternative Kentish)
wyht (alternative)
wuht (alternative)
uht (alternative)


niþ

nīþ (canonical masculine)
nīþ (nominative singular)
nīþas (nominative plural)
nīþ (accusative singular)
nīþas (accusative plural)
nīþes (genitive singular)
nīþa (genitive plural)
nīþe (dative singular)
nīþum (dative plural)
nīð (alternative)

desc

Middle English: nith, nithe, niþ, nuþ, nyth, nyþe, nið, nuð (Early Middle English)

English: nith

From Proto-West Germanic *nīþ, from Proto-Germanic *nīþą. Cognate with Old Saxon nīth, Dutch nijd, Old High German nīd (German Neid), Old Norse níð (regional Swedish nid), Gothic 𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸 (neiþ).

nīþful

envious, quarrelsome, ill-disposed, evil, nithful

nīþhete

hostility, evil intent: affliction, torment; foe

nīþwundor

dire wonder, fearful portent, nithwonder

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On þām ġewinne, ⁊ on moneġum oþrum æfter þǣm, Hannibal ġecȳþde þone nīþ ⁊ þone hete þe hē beforan his fæder ġeswōr, þā hē nigonwintre cniht wæs, þæt hē næfre ne wurde Rōmana frēond.

In that battle, and in many others after that, Hannibal proved the hostility and hatred that he swore before his father when he was a nine-year-old boy, that he would never become a friend of the Romans.


wæpen

wǣpen (canonical neuter)
wǣpnu (nominative plural)
wǣpen (nominative singular)
wǣpnu (nominative plural)
wǣpen (accusative singular)
wǣpnu (accusative plural)
wǣpnes (genitive singular)
wǣpna (genitive plural)
wǣpne (dative singular)
wǣpnum (dative plural)
wœ̄pen (alternative)


þeod

þēod (canonical feminine)
þēod (nominative singular)
þēoda (nominative plural)
þēode (nominative plural)
þēode (accusative singular)
þēoda (accusative plural)
þēode (accusative plural)
þēode (genitive singular)
þēoda (genitive plural)
þēode (dative singular)
þēodum (dative plural)
þīod (alternative)
ðēod (alternative)
ðīod (alternative)
ðēad (alternative)
ðīed (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: thede, þeode, þeod, þede, theode, thed
Scots: thede, theid

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...on þǣm twām Ægyptum [sindon] fēower and twēntiġ þēoda.

...in the two Egypts, there are twenty-four peoples.

1000-1020, Wulfstan archbishop of York Homilies
and hēo mihton sprecan on ǣghwylcere þēode ðe betwux heofonum and eorðan wǣre

and they could speak in every language there was between heaven and earth

(poetic) (in compounds) arch-, main, great


þurst

þurst (nominative singular)
þurstas (nominative plural)
þurst (accusative singular)
þurstas (accusative plural)
þurstes (genitive singular)
þursta (genitive plural)
þurste (dative singular)
þurstum (dative plural)
þyrst (alternative)

desc

Middle English: þurst, thurst, thorst, thirst

English: thirst

Scots: thrist

From Proto-West Germanic *þurstu, from Proto-Germanic *þurstuz, from Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”).
Cognates include Ancient Greek τέρσομαι (térsomai), Albanian djersë (“sweat”), Sanskrit तृष्यति (tṛṣyati) and Latin terra.
The alternative form þyrst has the vocalism of þyrstan.


þistel

þistlas (nominative plural)
þistel (nominative singular)
þistlas (nominative plural)
þistel (accusative singular)
þistlas (accusative plural)
þistles (genitive singular)
þistla (genitive plural)
þistle (dative singular)
þistlum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: thistel, þistel, thystyl, þistil, thestel, thystylle, thystyll, þestel, thistill, þystel, þissle, thystul
English: thistle
Scots: thrissel

From Proto-West Germanic *þistil. Cognate with Old High German distil, Old Norse þistill.


þeof

þēof (canonical masculine)
þēof (nominative singular)
þēofas (nominative plural)
þēof (accusative singular)
þēofas (accusative plural)
þēofes (genitive singular)
þēofa (genitive plural)
þēofe (dative singular)
þēofum (dative plural)

Middle English: thef, theef, þef, þeef, þeof, thief, þief, þyef (Kent, Essex), thefe, theff, thyef (Late Middle English)
English: thief
Middle Scots: thef, theif, thief
Scots: thief

From Proto-Germanic *þeubaz. Cognate with Old Frisian thiāf, Old Saxon thiof, Old High German diob, Old Norse þjófr, Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (þiufs).

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Is nū ēac to witenne þæt man witnaþ foroft þā ārlēasan sċeaþan and þā swicolan þēofas...

It is also now known that we very often punish the honorless robbers and the treacherous thieves...


bælg

Middle English: bely, beli, baly, balyw, belgh, belwe, belu
English: belly, ballow, bellows
Scots: belly, bally
Yola: bellee, belooze


bæc

bæc (nominative singular)
bacu (nominative plural)
bæc (accusative singular)
bacu (accusative plural)
bæces (genitive singular)
baca (genitive plural)
bæce (dative singular)
bacum (dative plural)
bec (alternative Kentish Mercian)

Middle English: bak, back

English: back

Scots: bak, back, bake

From Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "De libro regum"
...Hieu hine scēt bæftan his bæce þæt him tōbærst sēo heorte.

...Jehu shot him behind his back, so that his heart burst.


bæc

bæċ (canonical feminine masculine neuter)
bæċ (nominative singular)
bacas (nominative plural)
bæċ (accusative singular)
bacas (accusative plural)
bæċes (genitive singular)
baca (genitive plural)
bæċe (dative singular)
bacum (dative plural)
bæċ (nominative singular)
bacu (nominative plural)
bæċ (accusative singular)
bacu (accusative plural)
bæċes (genitive singular)
baca (genitive plural)
bæċe (dative singular)
bacum (dative plural)
bæċ (nominative singular)
bæċa (nominative plural)
bæċe (nominative plural)
bæċe (accusative singular)
bæċa (accusative plural)
bæċe (accusative plural)
bæċe (genitive singular)
bæċa (genitive plural)
bæċe (dative singular)
bæċum (dative plural)
bæċe (alternative)
beċe (alternative)

Middle English: bæcche, bæche, bache

English: beach, batch

From Proto-West Germanic *baki, from Proto-Germanic *bakiz.


bæc

bæc (nominative singular)
bacu (nominative plural)
bæc (accusative singular)
bacu (accusative plural)
bæces (genitive singular)
baca (genitive plural)
bæce (dative singular)
bacum (dative plural)

Middle English: *bak

⇒ Middle English: bakmonger

From Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką (“baking”).


bæc

bæċ (canonical feminine)
bæċ (nominative singular)
bæċa (nominative plural)
bæċe (nominative plural)
bæċe (accusative singular)
bæċa (accusative plural)
bæċe (accusative plural)
bæċe (genitive singular)
bæċa (genitive plural)
bæċe (dative singular)
bæċum (dative plural)

Middle English: bach, bache (Late Middle English)

English: batch

Scots: batch


nearu

nearu (nominative singular)
nearwa (nominative plural)
nearwe (nominative plural)
nearwe (accusative singular)
nearwa (accusative plural)
nearwe (accusative plural)
nearwe (genitive singular)
nearwa (genitive plural)
nearwe (dative singular)
nearwum (dative plural)
nearu (nominative singular)
nearu (nominative plural)
nearu (accusative singular)
nearu (accusative plural)
nearwes (genitive singular)
nearwa (genitive plural)
nearwe (dative singular)
nearwum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *naru, from Proto-Germanic *narwaz, probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ner- (“to turn, bend, twist, constrict”). Compare Old Saxon naro, West Frisian near, Dutch naar.


scamu

sċamu (canonical feminine)
sċamu (nominative singular)
sċama (nominative plural)
sċame (nominative plural)
sċame (accusative singular)
sċama (accusative plural)
sċame (accusative plural)
sċame (genitive singular)
sċama (genitive plural)
sċame (dative singular)
sċamum (dative plural)
sċeamu (alternative)
sċeomu (alternative)

Middle English: schame, schome

Scots: scham, schame

English: shame; >? sham

From Proto-Germanic *skamō. Cognate with Old Frisian skome, Old Saxon skama, Old Dutch skama, Old High German scama, Old Norse skǫmm.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Ġenōh lange ic wæs on þām bysmore and on þǣre sceame, þe hȳ mē on ġebrōhton;...

Long enough have I been in the reproach and shame which they brought on me;...


scield

sċield (canonical masculine)
sċield (nominative singular)
sċieldas (nominative plural)
sċield (accusative singular)
sċieldas (accusative plural)
sċieldes (genitive singular)
sċielda (genitive plural)
sċielde (dative singular)
sċieldum (dative plural)
sċeld (alternative Anglian Kentish)
sċild (alternative)
sċyld (alternative)

desc

Middle English: scheld, schild, sheld, shild, shelde

Scots: scheld, scheild

English: shield

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Đā andwyrde Martinus unforht ðām cāsere, "Iċ wille ðurhgān orsorh ðone here, mid rōde tācne ġewǣpnod, nā mid rēadum sċylde, oððe mid hefeġum helme, oððe heardre byrnan." Đa hēt sē hǣðena cyning healdan Martinum, þæt hē wurde āworpen unġewǣpnod ðām here. Þā nolde sē Hǣlend his ðeġen forlǣtan, ac ġesibbode þæt folc sōna þǣs on merien, þæt hī tō þǣs cāseres cyneġyrde ġebugon.

Then the bold Martinus answered the emperor "I will go fearlessly through the army, armed with a crucifix, not with a red shield, nor with a heavy helmet, nor a hard corselet." So the heathen king ordered that Martinus be held so he could be thrown unarmed into the army. But the Savior would not abandon his servant, and in the morning soon pacified the people so that they submitted to the emperor's scepter.


andswaru

andswaru (nominative singular)
andswara (nominative plural)
andsware (nominative plural)
andsware (accusative singular)
andswara (accusative plural)
andsware (accusative plural)
andsware (genitive singular)
andswara (genitive plural)
andsware (dative singular)
andswarum (dative plural)
andsware (alternative)

Middle English: andsware, answere, answar, answer

English: answer

Scots: answer

From Proto-West Germanic *andaswaru, from Proto-Germanic *andaswarō. Equivalent to and- + swaru.


efen

ēfen (canonical masculine)
ēfen (nominative singular)
ēfennas (nominative plural)
ēfen (accusative singular)
ēfennas (accusative plural)
ēfennes (genitive singular)
ēfenna (genitive plural)
ēfenne (dative singular)
ēfennum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *ēbandaz (“evening”).


ende

ende (nominative singular)
endas (nominative plural)
ende (accusative singular)
endas (accusative plural)
endes (genitive singular)
enda (genitive plural)
ende (dative singular)
endum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ende, eend, eende, end, eynde, ȝend, hende, yende, ynde
English: end
Scots: end, ende, hend
Yola: een, eene

From Proto-West Germanic *andī, from Proto-Germanic *andijaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂entíos.
Cognate with Old Frisian ende, Old Saxon endi, Old Dutch ende, Old High German enti, Old Norse endir, Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (andeis).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
Seo eahteoðe leahter is superbia gehaten þæt is on ænglisc modigynss gecweden. Seo is ord and ende ælcere synne. Seo geworhte englas to atelicum deoflum...


ærende

ǣrende (canonical neuter)
ǣrende (nominative singular)
ǣrendu (nominative plural)
ǣrende (accusative singular)
ǣrendu (accusative plural)
ǣrendes (genitive singular)
ǣrenda (genitive plural)
ǣrende (dative singular)
ǣrendum (dative plural)
ǣrænde (alternative)

Middle English: erende, erand, arend, ernde, arnde
English: errand
Scots: erand, eirand, earand
Yola: erroane, errone


æt

Middle English: ete, ate, æte
English: eat
Scots: ait

From Proto-West Germanic *āt, from Proto-Germanic *ētą. Related to etan.


ceorl

ċeorl (canonical masculine)
ċeorl (nominative singular)
ċeorlas (nominative plural)
ċeorl (accusative singular)
ċeorlas (accusative plural)
ċeorles (genitive singular)
ċeorla (genitive plural)
ċeorle (dative singular)
ċeorlum (dative plural)
ċiorl (alternative)

Middle English: cherl, cheorl, chorl, churl
English: churl
Scots: churl
Yola: chourle

From Proto-West Germanic *karil, *karul, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz, *karulaz (“man”), akin to Old Frisian tzerl, tzirl (West Frisian tsjirl), Old Norse karl (Danish/Norwegian/Swedish/Danish karl), Old High German karal, Middle Low German kerl (German Kerl). Doublet of carl.

(historical) a churl, a freeman ranked below a thane but above a thrall


beod

bēod (canonical masculine)
bēod (nominative singular)
bēodas (nominative plural)
bēod (accusative singular)
bēodas (accusative plural)
bēodes (genitive singular)
bēoda (genitive plural)
bēode (dative singular)
bēodum (dative plural)

Middle English: beod, bied


bletsung

blētsung (canonical feminine)
blētsung (nominative singular)
blētsunga (nominative plural)
blētsunge (nominative plural)
blētsunge (accusative singular)
blētsunga (accusative plural)
blētsunge (accusative plural)
blētsunge (genitive singular)
blētsunga (genitive plural)
blētsunge (dative singular)
blētsungum (dative plural)
blēdsung (alternative)
blœ̄dsung (alternative)
blœ̄tsung (alternative)

desc

Middle English: bletsunge, blessinge, blissinge

English: blessing

Scots: blessing, blyssyng, blissing

From Proto-West Germanic *blōdisungu, equivalent to blētsian + -ung.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCCXIII Hēr Wulfrēd arċebisċeop mid bletsunge Leon þǣs papan hwearf eft tō his āgnum bisċeopdōme. ⁊ þȳ ġēare ġehergode Eċġbriht cing on Westwēalas frām ēasteweardum ōþ westwearde.

Year 813 In this year Archbishop Wulfred returned to his own bishopdom with the blessing of Pope Leo [III]. And in that year King Edgebright ravaged the Celts of Cornwall from the east to the west.


bodig

bodiġ (canonical neuter)
bodiġ (nominative singular)
bodiġ (nominative plural)
bodiġ (accusative singular)
bodiġ (accusative plural)
bodiġes (genitive singular)
bodiġa (genitive plural)
bodiġe (dative singular)
bodiġum (dative plural)
bodeġ (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: bodi, bode, boddy, boady, boody, boode
English: body
Scots: body
Yola: buthee, bothige, bodhee

From Proto-West Germanic *bodag (“body, trunk”)

inh

Wæs Oswine se cyning on bodiġe hēah.

T. Northcote Toller
w:T. Northcote Toller

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
w:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


botm

botm (nominative singular)
botmas (nominative plural)
botm (accusative singular)
botmas (accusative plural)
botmes (genitive singular)
botma (genitive plural)
botme (dative singular)
botmum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: botme, botom, botome, bothom, bothum, botham, bothme, botym, bottum, butme, boþem
English: bottom, botton (dialectal)
→ Dutch: bottom
→ French: bottom
Scots: boddem, boddum, boddam, boddom, bottome
Yola: bothom

⇒ Middle English: bum (syncopated)

English: bum

Scots: bum

From Proto-West Germanic *botm, from Proto-Germanic *butmaz (“ground”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn (“earth, bottom”).
Cognate with Old Saxon bodom (“bottom”), Old High German bodam (“floor, bottom”), Old Norse botn (“floor, ground”), Old English bytme (“keel of a ship”), Sanskrit बुध्न (budhná, “bottom, ground”), Avestan 𐬠𐬏𐬥𐬋 (būnō, “bottom, ground”), Latin fundus (“bottom”). Doublet of bodan.


breost

brēost (canonical neuter)
brēost (nominative singular)
brēost (nominative plural)
brēost (accusative singular)
brēost (accusative plural)
brēostes (genitive singular)
brēosta (genitive plural)
brēoste (dative singular)
brēostum (dative plural)
brēost (nominative singular)
brēosta (nominative plural)
brēoste (nominative plural)
brēoste (accusative singular)
brēosta (accusative plural)
brēoste (accusative plural)
brēoste (genitive singular)
brēosta (genitive plural)
brēoste (dative singular)
brēostum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: brest, breste, breost, breist, brost, brust, brist, breast, bryest
English: brest, breast
Scots: brest, breist, breest

From Proto-Germanic *breustą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to swell”). Cognate with Old Frisian briāst, Old Saxon briost, Old Norse brjóst.

der

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, "Gospel of Saint John", chapter 13, verse 25

Certainly when he leaned over the Healer's (Jesus') breasts, he said to him, Lord, who is he?

Witodlīce þā hē hlinode ofer ðæs Hǣlendes brēostum, hē cwæð tō him, Drihten, hwæt ys hē?

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Herodes hēt tīon þā ċild of hira mōdor brēostum ond bōsmum, ond þonne man þā ċild cwealde, þonne spiwon hīe þā meoloc ǣr þæt blōd.

Herod ordered that the children be torn from their mothers' breasts and bosoms, and when they were killed they spat out the milk before the blood.

heart (seat of emotions located in the chest area)


bridel

brīdel (canonical masculine)
brīdel (nominative singular)
brīdlas (nominative plural)
brīdel (accusative singular)
brīdlas (accusative plural)
brīdles (genitive singular)
brīdla (genitive plural)
brīdle (dative singular)
brīdlum (dative plural)
briġdel (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: bridel, bridell, bridil, bridill, bridle, brydel, brydul, brydyl, brydyll, brydylle
English: bridle
Scots: bridle


brycg

bryċġ (canonical feminine)
bryċġ (nominative singular)
bryċġa (nominative plural)
bryċġe (nominative plural)
bryċġe (accusative singular)
bryċġa (accusative plural)
bryċġe (accusative plural)
bryċġe (genitive singular)
bryċġa (genitive plural)
bryċġe (dative singular)
bryċġum (dative plural)

ang-decl-noun-o-f

bryċġ

ang-decl-noun

bryċġ

desctree

Middle English: brigge, brugge, brygge, bregge, brige, brig, bryge, brydge
English: bridge
Geordie English: brig
Scots: brig
Yola: burge


butere

butere (nominative singular)
buteran (nominative plural)
buteran (accusative singular)
buteran (accusative plural)
buteran (genitive singular)
buterena (genitive plural)
buteran (dative singular)
buterum (dative plural)

Middle English: buter, buttyr, butter, botyr, buttir, butre, buttur, buttur, boter, buttre, butera, butere (Early Middle English)
English: butter (see there for further descendants)
Scots: butter, buter
Yola: buthther, buththere

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DLXXXV Hēr wearþ on Brytene blōdi rēn ⁊ meolc and butere wurdon ġewend to blōde.

Year 685 In this year there was bloody rain in Britain and milk and butter were turned into blood.


byrþen

byrþen (nominative singular)
byrþenna (nominative plural)
byrþenne (nominative plural)
byrþenne (accusative singular)
byrþenna (accusative plural)
byrþenne (accusative plural)
byrþenne (genitive singular)
byrþenna (genitive plural)
byrþenne (dative singular)
byrþennum (dative plural)
byrþenn (alternative)
byrðen (alternative)
byrden (alternative)

Middle English: bürthene, bürdene

Scots: burthine

English: burthen, burden

From Proto-West Germanic *burþini, equivalent to byrd + -en.

Þā strangan sċulon beran þāra unstrangena byrðenne.

The strong should bear the burden of the weak.

Fǣrlīċe sēo bryċġ ġehrēas under þǣre hefigan byrðenne.

Suddenly the bridge collapsed under the heavy burden.


candel

candel (nominative singular)
candela (nominative plural)
candele (nominative plural)
candele (accusative singular)
candela (accusative plural)
candele (accusative plural)
candele (genitive singular)
candela (genitive plural)
candele (dative singular)
candelum (dative plural)
candell (alternative)
condel (alternative)
condell (alternative)

Middle English: candel, condel, kandyl, kandel, candyll, candell
English: candle (see there for further descendants)
Scots: candil, candel, candle
Yola: condale, candale, condel


cese

ċēse (canonical masculine)
ċēsas (nominative plural)


ceace

ċēace (canonical feminine)
ċēace (nominative singular)
ċēacan (nominative plural)
ċēacan (accusative singular)
ċēacan (accusative plural)
ċēacan (genitive singular)
ċēacena (genitive plural)
ċēacan (dative singular)
ċēacum (dative plural)
ċēce (alternative Anglian)

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ċēoce</i>

Middle English: cheke, cheek, cheeke, cheoke, chieke, chike, choke, chooke, chyke (merged with ċēoce)
English: cheek; choke
Scots: cheek

/ˈt͡ʃæ͜ɑː.ke/

From Proto-West Germanic *kākā (“jaw, cheek”).


cealf

ċealf (canonical neuter)
ċealf (nominative singular)
ċealfru (nominative plural)
ċealf (accusative singular)
ċealfru (accusative plural)
ċealfes (genitive singular)
ċealfra (genitive plural)
ċealfe (dative singular)
ċealfrum (dative plural)
calf (alternative)
celf (alternative)
ċelf (alternative)
ċielf (alternative)
cælf (alternative Anglian)

desc

Middle English: calf, chalve, chelve, chalf, kelf

English: calf

Scots: cawf, cauf

From Proto-Germanic *kalbaz. Cognate with Old Frisian *kalf, Old Saxon kalf, Old Dutch kalf, Old High German kalb. Also Old Norse kalfr, which was a masculine a-stem, and Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉 (kalbō), which was a feminine ōn-stem.


ceap

ċēap (canonical masculine)
cēap (nominative singular)
cēapas (nominative plural)
cēap (accusative singular)
cēapas (accusative plural)
cēapes (genitive singular)
cēapa (genitive plural)
cēape (dative singular)
cēapum (dative plural)

Middle English: chep, chepe

English: cheap

From Proto-West Germanic *kaup (“trade, purchase”).


cinn

ċinn (canonical neuter)
ċinn (nominative singular)
ċinn (nominative plural)
ċinn (accusative singular)
ċinn (accusative plural)
ċinnes (genitive singular)
ċinna (genitive plural)
ċinne (dative singular)
ċinnum (dative plural)
ċin (alternative)
ċyn (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: chyn, chin, chinne, chynne, shyne, schyn
English: chin
Scots: chin, chyn

From Proto-West Germanic *kinnu (“chin”).
Compare Old Frisian zin, Old Saxon, Old Dutch, and Old High German kinni, Old Norse kinn, Gothic 𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍃 (kinnus) and Latin gena, Ancient Greek γένυς (génus), Welsh gen, Tocharian A śanweṃ, Old Armenian ծնաւտ (cnawt), Lithuanian žandas, Persian چانه (čâne), Sanskrit हनु (hánu).


cirice

ċiriċe (canonical feminine)
ċiriċe (nominative singular)
ċiriċan (nominative plural)
ċiriċan (accusative singular)
ċiriċan (accusative plural)
ċiriċan (genitive singular)
ċiriċena (genitive plural)
ċiriċan (dative singular)
ċiriċum (dative plural)
ċyriċe (alternative)

Middle English: chirche, kirke
English: church
Geordie English: chorch, kirk
Scots: kirk
Yola: chourch

→ Old Norse: kirkja (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-West Germanic *kirikā, from Ancient Greek κυριακόν (δῶμα) (kuriakón (dôma), “the Lord's (house)”).

der

κυριακόν (δῶμα)

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Þēos sibb āwunade on Crīstes ċyriċan...ōþ ðā tīde þe sē Arrianisċa gėdweolda ārās.

This peace persisted in Christ's church...until the time that the Arian heresy arose.


cofa

cofa (nominative singular)
cofan (nominative plural)
cofan (accusative singular)
cofan (accusative plural)
cofan (genitive singular)
cofena (genitive plural)
cofan (dative singular)
cofum (dative plural)

Middle English: cove

English: cove

Scots: cove, coif

From Proto-West Germanic *kobō, from Proto-Germanic *kubô.


cradol

cradol (nominative singular)
cradolas (nominative plural)
cradol (accusative singular)
cradolas (accusative plural)
cradoles (genitive singular)
cradola (genitive plural)
cradole (dative singular)
cradolum (dative plural)
cradel (alternative)

Middle English: cradel, credel

English: cradle

Scots: cradill, credill


cest

ċest (canonical feminine)
ċest (nominative singular)
ċesta (nominative plural)
ċeste (nominative plural)
ċeste (accusative singular)
ċesta (accusative plural)
ċeste (accusative plural)
ċeste (genitive singular)
ċesta (genitive plural)
ċeste (dative singular)
ċestum (dative plural)


cocc

cocc (nominative singular)
coccas (nominative plural)
cocc (accusative singular)
coccas (accusative plural)
cocces (genitive singular)
cocca (genitive plural)
cocce (dative singular)
coccum (dative plural)
coc (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: cok, cock, cocke, coke, cokke, cooke, koc, kok
English: cock
Scots: cock, cok
Yola: cuck

From Proto-West Germanic *kokk, probably ultimately of imitative origin. Cognate with Old Norse kokkr, Late Latin coccus (whence Old French coc, Modern French coq) from the same Germanic source.

onomatopoeic

imitative


cele

ċele (canonical masculine)
cele (nominative singular)
celas (nominative plural)
cele (accusative singular)
celas (accusative plural)
celes (genitive singular)
cela (genitive plural)
cele (dative singular)
celum (dative plural)


cweorn

cweorn (nominative singular)
cweorna (nominative plural)
cweorne (nominative plural)
cweorne (accusative singular)
cweorna (accusative plural)
cweorne (accusative plural)
cweorne (genitive singular)
cweorna (genitive plural)
cweorne (dative singular)
cweornum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: querne, quern, queerne, quyerne, quyrne, qwerne, cwerne (Early Middle English), qwhern, qweryn, whern (Northern)
English: quern, kern, curn, quirn
Scots: querne, quern, queirn, queern
Yola: querne

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *kwernu, from Proto-Germanic *kwernō.


cynd

cynd (nominative singular)
cynde (nominative plural)
cynda (nominative plural)
cynd (accusative singular)
cynde (accusative singular)
cynde (accusative plural)
cynda (accusative plural)
cynde (genitive singular)
cynda (genitive plural)
cynde (dative singular)
cyndum (dative plural)
cynd (nominative singular)
cynd (nominative plural)
cynd (accusative singular)
cynd (accusative plural)
cyndes (genitive singular)
cynda (genitive plural)
cynde (dative singular)
cyndum (dative plural)
cind (alternative)

Middle English: cunde, kunde, kynde

English: kind

From Proto-West Germanic *kundi, from Proto-Germanic *kinþiz. Compare the related *kunją.

that which is acquired or inherent from birth, nature, natural disposition

sort, kind, type; gender (male or female, etc.)


ciern

ċiern (canonical feminine)
ċiern (nominative singular)
ċierna (nominative plural)
ċierne (nominative plural)
ċierne (accusative singular)
ċierna (accusative plural)
ċierne (accusative plural)
ċierne (genitive singular)
ċierna (genitive plural)
ċierne (dative singular)
ċiernum (dative plural)
ċyren (alternative)
ċyrn (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: chyrne, cherine, cherne, cheyrne, chirne, kirne, kyrn, kyrne
English: churn, kern
Scots: kirn, kern, kurn, curn

The spelling of this entry has been normalized according to the principles established by Wiktionary's editor community or recent spelling standards of the language.
From Proto-Germanic *kirnijō.


ciern

ċiern (canonical masculine neuter)
ċiern (nominative singular)
ċiern (nominative plural)
ċiernas (nominative plural)
ċiern (accusative singular)
ċiern (accusative plural)
ċiernas (accusative plural)
ċiernes (genitive singular)
ċierna (genitive plural)
ċierne (dative singular)
ċiernum (dative plural)
ċæren (alternative)
ċeren (alternative)
ċyren (alternative)
ċaerin (alternative)
coerin (alternative)


ded

dēd (canonical feminine)
dēd (nominative singular)
dēde (nominative plural)
dēda (nominative plural)
dēd (accusative singular)
dēde (accusative singular)
dēde (accusative plural)
dēda (accusative plural)
dēde (genitive singular)
dēda (genitive plural)
dēde (dative singular)
dēdum (dative plural)


deofol

dēofol (canonical neuter)
dēofol (nominative singular)
dēoflu (nominative plural)
dēofol (accusative singular)
dēoflu (accusative plural)
dēofles (genitive singular)
dēofla (genitive plural)
dēofle (dative singular)
dēoflum (dative plural)
dēoful (alternative)
dīoful (alternative)
dīofol (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: devel, deovel, deevel, devil, dyvel, devul, devyl, devell, devyll, deul, dewel, deyle, devull, dele
English: devil (see there for further descendants)
Scots: deil, deel, deevil
Yola: deevil, deel (syncopated)

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
Nū syndon eahta hēafod-mæġnu ðā magan ofer-swīðan þās foresǣdan dēoflu þurh drihtnes fultum.

Now there are eight Chief Virtues, which may overcome these aforesaid devils, through the Lord's assistance.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sexigesima Sunday"
Dēoflu sind fuglas ġeċīeġedu for þon þe hīe flēogaþ ġeond þās lyft unġesewenlīċe, swā swā fuglas dōþ ġesewenlīċe.

Demons are called birds because they fly through the air invisibly, just as birds do visibly.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
Seo eahteoðe leahter is superbia gehaten þæt is on ænglisc modigynss gecweden. Seo is ord and ende ælcere synne. Seo geworhte englas to atelicum deoflum...

The eighth sin is called Superbia that is called Pride, in English, which is the beginning and end of every sin; it made angels into horrible devils,...


wawa

wāwa (canonical masculine)
wāwa (nominative singular)
wāwan (nominative plural)
wāwan (accusative singular)
wāwan (accusative plural)
wāwan (genitive singular)
wāwana (genitive plural)
wāwan (dative singular)
wāwam (dative plural)
wāwaum (dative plural)


dic

dīc (canonical)
dīċ (canonical feminine masculine)

Middle English: dich, dych, dike, dyke

English: ditch, dyke

Scots: dyke

From Proto-West Germanic *dīk, from Proto-Germanic *dīkaz (compare Old Norse díki), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ-.


diacon

diācon (canonical masculine)
diācon (nominative singular)
diāconas (nominative plural)
diācon (accusative singular)
diāconas (accusative plural)
diācones (genitive singular)
diācona (genitive plural)
diācone (dative singular)
diāconum (dative plural)

Middle English: deken

English: deacon

→ Old Norse: djákni, djákn
Icelandic: djákni
Old Swedish: diäkn, diäkne, däkn
Swedish: djäkne

From Latin diāconus, from Ancient Greek διᾱ́κονος (diā́konos, “servant”).

der

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Hī hæfdon him mid fela leorningcnihta, of þām hī hādodon mæssepreostas and diāconas, and fela ċircan ārǣrdon.

They had with them many disciples, from whom they ordained priests and deacons, and founded many churches.


drenc

drenċ (canonical masculine)
drenċ (nominative singular)
drenċas (nominative plural)
drenċ (accusative singular)
drenċas (accusative plural)
drenċes (genitive singular)
drenċa (genitive plural)
drenċe (dative singular)
drenċum (dative plural)
drænċ (alternative)

Middle English: drænc, drenke, drench

English: drench

Scots: drenk

From Proto-West Germanic *dranki, from Proto-Germanic *drankiz.


dropa

dropa (nominative singular)
dropan (nominative plural)
dropan (accusative singular)
dropan (accusative plural)
dropan (genitive singular)
dropena (genitive plural)
dropan (dative singular)
dropum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: drope, drop, droppe, droupe, droype (Northern)
English: drop
Scots: drap

From Proto-West Germanic *dropō. Cognate with Old Frisian *dropa, Old Saxon dropo, Old Dutch dropo, Old High German tropfo, Old Norse dropi.


drugaþ

drūgaþ (canonical feminine)
drūgaþ (nominative singular)
drūgaþa (nominative plural)
drūgaþe (nominative plural)
drūgaþe (accusative singular)
drūgaþa (accusative plural)
drūgaþe (accusative plural)
drūgaþe (genitive singular)
drūgaþa (genitive plural)
drūgaþe (dative singular)
drūgaþum (dative plural)
drūgaþe (alternative)
drūgoð (alternative)
drūgoða (alternative)

Middle English: droghte, droȝt, droȝte, droȝþe, drought, drougthe, drouȝte, drouȝth, drouȝþe, drouht, drouthe, drouþe, drowghte, drowþe, drught, druȝþe, droute, drowte, drowyth (Late Middle English), drugte, druhhþe (Early Middle English)
English: drought (dialectal or obsolete drouth, druft)
Scots: drocht, drouth

From Proto-Germanic *drūgōþuz, equivalent to drȳġan + -aþ. Cognate with Middle Low German drȫgede, drügede, drȫchte.


dynt

dynt (nominative singular)
dyntas (nominative plural)
dynt (accusative singular)
dyntas (accusative plural)
dyntes (genitive singular)
dynta (genitive plural)
dynte (dative singular)
dyntum (dative plural)

Middle English: dint, dent, dente, dinnt, dont, dount, dunt, dynt, dynte
English: dent, dint, dunt
Scots: dunt, dont, dynt, dint, dent

From Proto-Germanic *duntiz; akin to Old Norse dyntr.


dysig

dysiġ (canonical neuter)
dysiġ (nominative singular)
dysiġ (nominative plural)
dysiġ (accusative singular)
dysiġ (accusative plural)
dysiġes (genitive singular)
dysiġa (genitive plural)
dysiġe (dative singular)
dysiġum (dative plural)
disi (alternative)
disiġ (alternative)
dyseġ (alternative)

Middle English: dysy, dusi (early West Midlands), desy (Kent)
English: dizzy
→ Dutch: dizzy
Scots: desy, dussie, dissy


eaca

ēaca (canonical masculine)
ēaca (nominative singular)
ēacan (nominative plural)
ēacan (accusative singular)
ēacan (accusative plural)
ēacan (genitive singular)
ēacena (genitive plural)
ēacan (dative singular)
ēacum (dative plural)

English: eke

From Proto-Germanic *aukô. Cognate with Old Norse auki.


eln

eln (nominative singular)
elna (nominative plural)
elne (nominative plural)
elne (accusative singular)
elna (accusative plural)
elne (accusative plural)
elne (genitive singular)
elna (genitive plural)
elne (dative singular)
elnum (dative plural)

Middle English: elne, elle, ellen, eln, ellyn
English: ell
Scots: elne, ellne, eln, el, ell

From Proto-West Germanic *alinu, whence also Old High German elina, Old Norse öln. Cognate with Latin ulna.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...⁊ sē weall wæs XX fōta þicce, ⁊ XL elna hēah...

...and the wall was twenty feet thick, and forty cubits tall...


elnboga

elnboga (nominative singular)
elnbogan (nominative plural)
elnbogan (accusative singular)
elnbogan (accusative plural)
elnbogan (genitive singular)
elnbogena (genitive plural)
elnbogan (dative singular)
elnbogum (dative plural)
elboga (alternative)

desc

Middle English: *elboghe, *elboȝe, elbowe

English: elbow

Scots: elbuck (earlier elbok)

Yola: helbough, helboge

From Proto-Germanic *alinabugô, corresponding to eln + boga. Cognate with Middle Dutch elleboghe (Dutch elleboog), Old High German elinbogo (German Ellenbogen), Old Norse ǫllnbogi.


eornost

Middle English: eornest, ernest

Scots: ernist, ernyst

English: earnest

From Proto-Germanic *ernustuz. Cognate with Old High German ernust.


fæger

fæġer (canonical neuter)
fæġer (nominative singular)
fæġer (nominative plural)
fæġer (accusative singular)
fæġer (accusative plural)
fæġeres (genitive singular)
fæġera (genitive plural)
fæġere (dative singular)
fæġerum (dative plural)
fæġir (alternative)
fæġr (alternative)
feġer (alternative)

Middle English: faire, fayre

English: fair

Scots: fair

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *fagr, from Proto-Germanic *fagraz.
Cognate with Old Saxon fagar, Old High German fagar, Old Norse fagr, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌲𐍂𐍃 (fagrs).


fæt

fæt (nominative singular)
fatu (nominative plural)
fæt (accusative singular)
fatu (accusative plural)
fætes (genitive singular)
fata (genitive plural)
fæte (dative singular)
fatum (dative plural)
fet (alternative Mercian)

desctree

Middle English: fat, faat, vat, vaat, fet, vet
English: vat, fat
Scots: fat, vat, vautt
Yola: vaat, vaate

From Proto-West Germanic *fat, from Proto-Germanic *fatą.

container, vessel; especially a box, jar or cup


fæt

fǣt (canonical masculine)
fet (alternative Mercian)

Bosworth-Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary has this entry but does not provide an etymology. This word is also found in compounds such as fætgold (in Bosworth-Toller) and fætedsinc (in Bosworth-Toller).
Altenglisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch has geschlagenes Metall, Goldschmuck ("beaten metal, golden ornament") as the definition for the word fǣt with a long æ instead. It etymologically associates this word with Old English fǣtan ("to forge, beat or work metal").

The Anglo-Saxon poems of Beowulf
Sceal se hearda helm, hyrsted golde, fætum, befeallen

the hard helmet, adorned with gold, with ornaments, shall be fallen off

Beowulf: Autotypes of the Unique Cotton ms. Vitellius A XV in the British Museum
To ðæs ðe he goldsele gumena wisse, fættum fáhne

until he perceived the golden hall of men, variegated with ornaments,


fæþm

fæþmas (nominative plural)
fæþm (nominative singular)
fæþmas (nominative plural)
fæþm (accusative singular)
fæþmas (accusative plural)
fæþmes (genitive singular)
fæþma (genitive plural)
fæþme (dative singular)
fæþmum (dative plural)

Middle English: fadme

English: fathom

From Proto-West Germanic *faþm.
Cognate with Old Saxon faþmos; Dutch vadem, vaam; Old High German fadum (German Faden), Old Norse faðmr (Icelandic faðmur, Danish favn, Swedish famn). The Proto-Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek πετάννυμι (petánnumi) and Latin pateō.


fefor

fefor (nominative singular)
feforas (nominative plural)
fefor (accusative singular)
feforas (accusative plural)
fefores (genitive singular)
fefora (genitive plural)
fefore (dative singular)
feforum (dative plural)
fefer (alternative)

q

with Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">fievre</i>

Middle English: fever, fefer, feofer, fovre, fevre, fiever, fiver (with Old French fievre)

English: fever

Scots: fiver


fenn

fenn (nominative singular)
fenn (nominative plural)
fennas (nominative plural)
fenn (accusative singular)
fenn (accusative plural)
fennas (accusative plural)
fennes (genitive singular)
fenna (genitive plural)
fenne (dative singular)
fennum (dative plural)
fen (alternative)
fænn (alternative)
fæn (alternative)
feon (alternative)
fien (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: fen, fenne, ven
English: fen
Scots: fen
Yola: ven

From Proto-West Germanic *fani, from Proto-Germanic *fanją.

The Old English rune poem
ᛉ seċġ eard hæfþ oftust on fenne...

Elk-sedge has its home most often in the fen...


feoht

feoht (nominative singular)
feoht (nominative plural)
feoht (accusative singular)
feoht (accusative plural)
feohtes (genitive singular)
feohta (genitive plural)
feohte (dative singular)
feohtum (dative plural)
fyht (alternative)
feohte (alternative)

Middle English: feght, feight, fight

Scots: fecht

English: fight

From Proto-Germanic *fehtą, from the verb *fehtaną (“to struggle with”). Cognate with Old Dutch fehta, Old High German gifeht, Middle High German gevechte, Dutch gevecht, German Gefecht, Old English gefeoht and West Frisian gefjocht.


feond

fēond (canonical masculine)
fēond (nominative singular)
fīend (nominative plural)
fēond (accusative singular)
fīend (accusative plural)
fēondes (genitive singular)
fēonda (genitive plural)
fīend (dative singular)
fēonde (dative singular)
fēondum (dative plural)

Middle English: fend
English: fiend, fend
Scots: fient
Yola: feand

From Proto-Germanic *fijandz, originally a present participle of *fijāną (“to hate”). Corresponds to fēoġan + -end.


fleos

flēos (canonical neuter)
flīes (alternative)
flȳs (alternative)
flēs (alternative)

Middle English: flees, ffleyse, fleece, fleese, fleesse, fleis, fleos, fleose, fles, flese, floes, flus, vluys
English: fleece
→ Finnish: fliisi
→ German: Fleece
Scots: fleis
Yola: flaase

From Proto-West Germanic *fleus, from Proto-Germanic *fleusaz.


flocc

flocc (nominative singular)
floccas (nominative plural)
flocc (accusative singular)
floccas (accusative plural)
flocces (genitive singular)
flocca (genitive plural)
flocce (dative singular)
floccum (dative plural)

Middle English: flokk, flock, flok

Scots: flok, floke

English: flock

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *flukkaz (“crowd, troop, flock”).


flyht

flyht (nominative singular)
flyhtas (nominative plural)
flyht (accusative singular)
flyhtas (accusative plural)
flyhtes (genitive singular)
flyhta (genitive plural)
flyhte (dative singular)
flyhtum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: flight, flyght
English: flight
Scots: flycht, flicht

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *plew-
Proto-Indo-European *plewk-der.
Proto-Germanic *fleuganą
Proto-West Germanic *fleugan
Proto-West Germanic *-þi
Proto-West Germanic *fluhti
Old English flyht
From Proto-West Germanic *fluhti, akin to Old Saxon fluht (Middle Low German vlucht), Dutch vluchten.

etymon

c. 1000, Ælfric of Eynsham (tr.), Hexameron of St. Basil

Truly, the birds that live in the waters are web-footed by God's forethought, so that they can swim and seek food for themselves. Some, such as swans, are long-necked, so that they can reach food on the ground. And those that live on flesh are claw-footed, sharp-billed so that they can bite with short necks, and swifter in flight, such that they can properly perform the labors of their life.

Đa fugelas sōðlīċe ðe on flōdum wuniað, syndon flaxfōte, bē Godes foresċeawunge, ðæt hī swimman magon and sēcan him fōdan. Sume bēoð langswēorede swā swā swanas and ylfettan ðæt hī aræċan him magon mete bē ðām grunde. And ða ðe bē flǣsċe lybbað, syndon clyferfēte and sċearpe ġebilode, ðæt hī bītan magon on sċeortum swuran and swyftran on flihte, ðæt hī ġelimplīċe bēon tō heora līfes tilungum.


foda

fōda (canonical masculine)
fōda (nominative singular)
fōdan (nominative plural)
fōdan (accusative singular)
fōdan (accusative plural)
fōdan (genitive singular)
fōdena (genitive plural)
fōdan (dative singular)
fōdum (dative plural)

Middle English: fode, fude

English: food

Scots: fuid, fude

From Proto-Germanic *fōdô, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-. Cognate with Old Norse fœða (Danish føde, Swedish föda, Icelandic fæða).

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Nativiity of Our Lord"
Þā ġeseah hēo þæt cild licgan on binne, ðǣr sē oxa and sē assa ġewunelīce fōdan sēcað.

Then saw she the child lying in the bin, where the ox and the ass usually seek food.


fodor

desctree

Middle English: fodder, foddre, fodre, foder, fodyr, foddur, voddur
English: fodder
Middle Scots: foder, fodder, fother, fothir
Scots: fother

From Proto-Germanic *fōdrą, whence also Old Frisian fōder, Old High German fuotar, Old Norse fóðr. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“guard, graze, feed”).


fodor

From Proto-West Germanic *fōdr. Compare Old High German fuotar, Old Norse fóðr, Gothic 𐍆𐍉𐌳𐍂 (fōdr).


wull

wull (nominative singular)
wulle (accusative singular)
wulle (genitive singular)
wulle (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: wolle, wol, woll, woolle, woul, woule, wull, wulle
English: wool
Scots: woll, wol, wow, wo, oull, owll, owl, oo
Yola: wul

From Proto-West Germanic *wullu, from Proto-Germanic *wullō, from *wulnā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂.

Sċēap man hielt for heora wulle and flǣsċe.

c. 996, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Swīðe sweartes līchaman hēo wæs for þǣre sunnan hǣte, and þā loccas hire hēafdes wǣron swā hwīte swā wull.

Her skin was tanned very dark [lit. "she was of a very black body"] from the sun's heat, and the locks of her hair were as white as wool.


wundor

ang-decl-noun

Declension of wundor (strong a-stem)

wundor (nominative singular)
wundor (nominative plural)
wundru (nominative plural)
wundor (accusative singular)
wundor (accusative plural)
wundru (accusative plural)
wundres (genitive singular)
wundra (genitive plural)
wundre (dative singular)
wundrum (dative plural)

Middle English: wunder, wonder

English: wonder

Scots: wunner

From Proto-Germanic *wundrą. Cognate with Old Frisian wunder, Old Saxon wundar, Old Dutch wundar, Old High German wuntar, Old Norse undr.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent Sunday"
Māre wundor is þæt God Ælmihtiġ ǣlce dæġ fēt ealne middanġeard,

A greater miracle it is that God Almighty every day feeds all the world,...


gielp

ġielp (canonical masculine)
ġielp (nominative singular)
ġielpas (nominative plural)
ġielp (accusative singular)
ġielpas (accusative plural)
ġielpes (genitive singular)
ġielpa (genitive plural)
ġielpe (dative singular)
ġielpum (dative plural)
ġilp (alternative)
ġelp (alternative)
ġylp (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: ȝelp, gelp, ȝealp, ȝeolp, ȝælp, yelp, ȝelpe
English: yelp
Scots: yelp, yalp

From Proto-West Germanic *gelp, from Proto-Germanic *gelpą, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to shout, chant”).

der

Ne sċeal nō tō hātheort, · ne tō hrædwyrde,
ne tō wāc wiga, · ne tō wanhȳdiġ,
ne tō forht, ne tō fæġen, · ne tō feohġīfre,
ne nǣfre ġielpes tō ġeorn, · ǣr hē ġeare cunne.

Should not be too wrathful, nor too hasty in words,
nor too weak warrior, nor too careless,
nor too fearful, nor too joyful, nor too eager for money,
nor ever too eager of pride, before he would know enough.


græs

grasu (nominative plural)
græs (nominative singular)
grasu (nominative plural)
græs (accusative singular)
grasu (accusative plural)
græses (genitive singular)
grasa (genitive plural)
græse (dative singular)
grasum (dative plural)
gærs (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: gras, grasse, gresse, gres, gers, grece, græs, grace, gars, grys, grisse, grese
English: grass
Tok Pisin: gras, garas
Fiji Hindi: giraas
Scots: gress, gres, grais, graiss, grase, gers, girs

From Proto-Germanic *grasą, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreH₁- (“grow, become green”). Cognate with Old Frisian gres, Old Saxon gras, Old High German gras, Old Norse gras, Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐍃 (gras).

der

God himself saw that it was very good, and ordered the earth to immediately sprout forth growing grass and the green herbs with their own seeds...and the plants soon grew pleasantly with manyfold blossoms of various colors.

God sylf ġesēah ða ðæt hit gōd was swā, and hēt ðā eorðan ardlīċe spryttan growende gærs and ðā grēnan wyrta mid heora āgenum sǣde...ðā wyrta sōna wynsumlīċe grēowon mid meniġfealdum blōstmum mislīċe ġeblēode.


greot

Middle English: griet, grete

English: grit

From Proto-Germanic *greutą, whence also Old Saxon griot, Old Norse grjót.


grytt

English: grit, grits


græf

græf (nominative singular)
grafu (nominative plural)
græf (accusative singular)
grafu (accusative plural)
græfes (genitive singular)
grafa (genitive plural)
græfe (dative singular)
grafum (dative plural)
graf (alternative)

Middle English: grave, grafe

English: grave

From Proto-West Germanic *grab, from Proto-Germanic *grabą, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrābʰ- (“to dig, scratch, scrape”). Cognate with Old Frisian gref, Old Saxon graf, Old Dutch graf, Old High German grab, Old Norse grǫf, Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰 (graba).


gylt

gylt (nominative singular)
gyltas (nominative plural)
gylt (accusative singular)
gyltas (accusative plural)
gyltes (genitive singular)
gylta (genitive plural)
gylte (dative singular)
gyltum (dative plural)
gilt (alternative)
gelt (alternative)
gielt (alternative)

Middle English: gilt, gult, ȝylt

English: guilt

Scots: gylt, gilt

Apparently from Proto-West Germanic *gulti. Further origin unknown. Compare ġieldan, which may have been connected, though the OED finds this "inadmissible phonologically."

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 6:9-13

Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come; thy will be done; on Earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen.

Fæder ūre, þū þe eart on heofonum, sī þīn nama ġehālgod. Tōbecume þīn rīċe. Ġewurþe þīn willa on eorþan, swā swā on heofonum. Ūrne ġedæġhwāmlīċan hlāf syle ūs tōdæġ. And forġyf ūs ūre gyltas, swā swā wē forġyfaþ ūrum gyltendum. And ne ġelǣd þū ūs on costnunge, ac alȳs ūs of yfele: sōþlīċe.


gyrdel

gyrdel (nominative singular)
gyrdlas (nominative plural)
gyrdel (accusative singular)
gyrdlas (accusative plural)
gyrdles (genitive singular)
gyrdla (genitive plural)
gyrdle (dative singular)
gyrdlum (dative plural)

Middle English: gurdel, gerdel, girdel

English: girdle

Scots: gyrdill, girdill

From Proto-Germanic *gurdilaz (“girdle, belt”).


hæfen

hæfen (nominative singular)
hæfena (nominative plural)
hæfene (nominative plural)
hæfene (accusative singular)
hæfena (accusative plural)
hæfene (accusative plural)
hæfene (genitive singular)
hæfena (genitive plural)
hæfene (dative singular)
hæfenum (dative plural)
hæfene (alternative weak)
hævene (alternative weak)

desctree

Middle English: havene
English: haven
Middle Scots: havin, havyn, hawin, heavin
Scots: hine, hyne

→ Welsh: hafn, hafan

As this word is only attested beginning in the 11th century and displays /a/ even in Middle English dialects where Old English /æ/ develops into /ɛ/, it is likely borrowed from Old Norse hǫfn, though inheritance from Proto-West Germanic *habanu cannot be ruled out.
Both potential etymons are from Proto-Germanic *habnō, *habanō, itself from Proto-Indo-European *kap-.

Dictionary of Old English: A to Le
w:Dictionary of Old English

University of Toronto
w:University of Toronto

(Late Old English) (sheltered) inlet; harbour, port


hæfen

hæfen (nominative singular)
hæfena (nominative plural)
hæfene (nominative plural)
hæfene (accusative singular)
hæfena (accusative plural)
hæfene (accusative plural)
hæfene (genitive singular)
hæfena (genitive plural)
hæfene (dative singular)
hæfenum (dative plural)
hafon (alternative)
heafen (alternative)
hefen (alternative)

>? Middle English: haven, have

>? English: have

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *habīniz; equivalent to habban (“to have”) + -en (abstract deverbal suffix).


hælþ

hǣlþ (canonical feminine)
hǣlþ (nominative singular)
hǣlþa (nominative plural)
hǣlþe (nominative plural)
hǣlþe (accusative singular)
hǣlþa (accusative plural)
hǣlþe (accusative plural)
hǣlþe (genitive singular)
hǣlþa (genitive plural)
hǣlþe (dative singular)
hǣlþum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: helthe, elþ, elþe, healethe, heleth, helth, helþe, hilþe, helte (Late Middle English)
English: health
Scots: helth, halth

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *hailiþu, from Proto-Germanic *hailiþō, from Proto-Germanic *hailaz (“whole, hale”). Equivalent to hāl + -þ. Cognate with Old High German heilida.


lengþu

lengþu (nominative singular)
lengþa (nominative plural)
lengþe (nominative plural)
lengþe (accusative singular)
lengþa (accusative plural)
lengþe (accusative plural)
lengþe (genitive singular)
lengþa (genitive plural)
lengþe (dative singular)
lengþum (dative plural)
lengþ (alternative)
lengoþu (alternative)
lengþo (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: lengthe, leinþ, lencþe, length, lengþe, lenkthe, lenkþe, lenth, lenthe, lenþe, leynþe, lenght, lenghte, lenghthe, lenȝte, lenȝth (especially Northern), lencth, lenketh, lenkethe, lenkith (Late Middle English, Northern), lengðe (Early Middle English)
English: length
Scots: lenth, lainth


healf

healf (nominative singular)
healfa (nominative plural)
healfe (nominative plural)
healfe (accusative singular)
healfa (accusative plural)
healfe (accusative plural)
healfe (genitive singular)
healfa (genitive plural)
healfe (dative singular)
healfum (dative plural)
half (alternative)
halb (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *halbu, from Proto-Germanic *halbō.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Easter Sunday"
Sē enġel sæt on þā swīðran healfe þǣre byrġene.

The angel sat on the right side of the tomb.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Sċotland is on ǣlċe healfe ymbfangen mid gārseċġe.

Ireland is surrounded by ocean on all sides (literally every side).

translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Þǣr wǣron swā miċele manslihtas on ǣġðre healfe þæt hīe man æt nīehstan bebyrġan ne meahte.

So many people were killed on either side that they were eventually unable to bury them.

late 10th century, Ælfric, On the Seasons of the Year
On þā healfe þe sēo sunne sċīnþ þǣr biþ dæġ, and on þā healfe þe hēo ne sċīnþ þǣr biþ niht.

On the half where the sun shines there is day, and on the half where it doesn't shine there is night.


hearm

Middle English: harm, harem, arme, herme
English: harm
Scots: herm, hairm
Yola: harrm

From Proto-Germanic *harmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱormo- (“suffering, pain”). Compare Old Norse harmr, Old Saxon harm, Modern German Harm, Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma), Middle Persian [script needed] (šarm), Modern Persian شرم (šarm).


hearpe

hearpe (nominative singular)
hearpan (nominative plural)
hearpan (accusative singular)
hearpan (accusative plural)
hearpan (genitive singular)
hearpena (genitive plural)
hearpan (dative singular)
hearpum (dative plural)

Middle English: harpe

English: harp

Scots: harpe, herp, hairp


helma

helma (nominative singular)
helman (nominative plural)
helman (accusative singular)
helman (accusative plural)
helman (genitive singular)
helmena (genitive plural)
helman (dative singular)
helmum (dative plural)

English: helm


heorþ

heorþ (nominative singular)
heorþas (nominative plural)
heorþ (accusative singular)
heorþas (accusative plural)
heorþes (genitive singular)
heorþa (genitive plural)
heorþe (dative singular)
heorþum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: herth, harthe, heorð, heorþ, herthe, hertþ, herþ
English: hearth
Scots: harth, hairth


hierde

hierde (nominative singular)
hierdas (nominative plural)
hierde (accusative singular)
hierdas (accusative plural)
hierdes (genitive singular)
hierda (genitive plural)
hierde (dative singular)
hierdum (dative plural)
hyrde (alternative)
hiorde (alternative)
hirde (alternative)
heorde (alternative)

Middle English: herde
English: herd
Scots: herd, hird

From Proto-Germanic *hirdijaz, derived from *herdō (“herd”). Cognate with Old Saxon hirdi, Old High German hirti (German Hirte), Old Norse hirðir (Swedish herde).


sceap

sċēap (canonical neuter)
sċēap (nominative singular)
sċēap (nominative plural)
sċēap (accusative singular)
sċēap (accusative plural)
sċēapes (genitive singular)
sċēapa (genitive plural)
sċēape (dative singular)
sċēapum (dative plural)
*sċǣp (alternative)
sċēp (alternative)
sċāp (alternative)
scīp (alternative)

Middle English: schep, scheep, schepe, sheep, shepe, ssep (Kent, Southern)
English: sheep (see there for further descendants)
Middle Scots: scheip, schap, scheep, schepe, schip
Scots: sheep
Yola: zheep, sheep

From Proto-West Germanic *skāp, from Proto-Germanic *skēpą.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Hit is weliġ þis ēalond on wæstmum ⁊ on trēowum misenlīcra cynna; ⁊ hit is ġesċræpe on lǣwe sċēapa ⁊ nēata; ⁊ on sumum stōwum wīnġeardas grōwaþ.

This island is rich in fruits and trees of various kinds; and it is suitable for the pasture of sheep and cattle; and in some places vineyards grow.

sċēap sċieran


hiew

hīew (canonical neuter)
hīew (nominative singular)
hīew (nominative plural)
hīew (accusative singular)
hīew (accusative plural)
hīewes (genitive singular)
hīewa (genitive plural)
hīewe (dative singular)
hīewum (dative plural)
hēow (alternative)
hīw (alternative)
hīow (alternative)
hēo (alternative)

Middle English: hewe

English: hue

Scots: hew, hu, hue

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *hiwi, from Proto-Germanic *hiwją (“shape, form, appearance, blee”), from Proto-Indo-European *kew- (“skin, complexion”).
Cognate with Bornholm Danish hy (“complexion”), Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐍅𐌹 (hiwi, “form, appearance”), Old Norse hý (“down of birds”), Swedish hy, Sanskrit छवि (chavi, “skin, hide, beauty, splendour”).

cog

Early 11th c., Defensor's translation of Liber Scintillarum
...nā besēoh þū on wīfes hīw...

...do not look at a woman's appearance...

c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
Þā ġeseah hē onġemang ōðrum twēġen ġeonge cneohtas, þæt hīe wǣron wlitiġe on hīewe and lange on wæstmum.

Then he (Trajan) spotted two boys in the crowd and noticed they were beautiful in appearance and tall in stature.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Epiphany of the Lord"
Eft embe ġēara ymbrynum hē wearð on his fulluhte on þysum dæġe middanġearde ġeswutelod, ðāðā sē Hālga Gāst, on culfran hīwe, uppon him ġereste, and þæs Fæder stemn of heofenum hlūde sweġde, þūs cweðende, "Þēs is mīn lēofa Sunu, þe mē wel līcað; ġehȳrað him."

Again, after a course of years, he was, at his baptism, manifested to the world, when the Holy Ghost, in likeness of a dove, rested upon him, and the voice of the Father sounded loudly from heaven, thus saying, "This is my beloved Son who well pleaseth me; obey him."

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
Ġif ðū leornian wille hū þæt ġewurðan mæġe, þonne undernim ðū leorning-cnihtes hīw, þæt þū ðās ġerȳnu leornian mæġe.

If thou wilt learn how that can be, take a disciple's form, that thou mayest learn this mystery.


hleo

hlēo (canonical masculine)
hlēow (alternative)

Middle English: le

English: lee


hopa

hopa (nominative singular)
hopan (nominative plural)
hopan (accusative singular)
hopan (accusative plural)
hopan (genitive singular)
hopena (genitive plural)
hopan (dative singular)
hopum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hope, hoppe
English: hope
Yola: hopes (plural)


hreaw

hrēaw (canonical neuter)
hrǣw (alternative)


hreow

hrēow (canonical feminine)
hrēow (nominative singular)
hrēowa (nominative plural)
hrēowe (nominative plural)
hrēowe (accusative singular)
hrēowa (accusative plural)
hrēowe (accusative plural)
hrēowe (genitive singular)
hrēowa (genitive plural)
hrēowe (dative singular)
hrēowum (dative plural)

Middle English: rewe
English: rue (archaic)
Scots: rew, rue


hrost

hrōst (canonical masculine)
hrōst (nominative singular)
hrōstas (nominative plural)
hrōst (accusative singular)
hrōstas (accusative plural)
hrōstes (genitive singular)
hrōsta (genitive plural)
hrōste (dative singular)
hrōstum (dative plural)

Middle English: roste, rooste

English: roost

Scots: roost, roust, ruist, rust

From Proto-West Germanic *hrōst, from Proto-Germanic *hrōstaz (“wooden framework; grill”)


hrung

hrung (nominative singular)
hrunga (nominative plural)
hrunge (nominative plural)
hrunge (accusative singular)
hrunga (accusative plural)
hrunge (accusative plural)
hrunge (genitive singular)
hrunga (genitive plural)
hrunge (dative singular)
hrungum (dative plural)

Middle English: rung

English: rung
→ Irish: runga

Scots: rung, roung, rong, ring

From Proto-West Germanic *hrungu, from Proto-Germanic *hrungō (“pole, staff, stake, rod, spoke, rung”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ- (“to twist, bend”).


hungor

hungor (nominative singular)
hungras (nominative plural)
hungor (accusative singular)
hungras (accusative plural)
hungres (genitive singular)
hungra (genitive plural)
hungre (dative singular)
hungrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hunger, hunguer, honguer, honger, hungre, hongre, hungere, hongur, hounger, hounguer, hungir, hungyr, hungur, hungær, hungor, hunnꟑerr (Early Middle English)
English: hunger
Scots: hounger, hunger

From Proto-West Germanic *hungr, from Proto-Germanic *hungruz. Cognate with Old Frisian hunger, Old Saxon hungar, Old High German hungar, Old Norse hungr.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm Rōmeburg ġetimbred wæs V hunde wintrum ⁊ XXXIII, Hannibal, Pena cyning, besǣt Saguntum Ispania burg...⁊ þǣr wæs sittende eahta mōnaþ, oþ hē hīe ealle hungre ācwealde, ⁊ þā burg tōwearp....

533 years after Rome was built, Hannibal, king of the Carthaginians, laid siege to Saguntum, a city in Hispania...and he sat there for eight months, until he killed them all with hunger, and destroyed the city...

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Swylċe ēac þissum tīdum cōm myċel hungor on Constantinopolim Crēca ealdorburh: ⁊ sōna wōl was æfterfyliġende. Ġe ēac moniġe weallas mid seofon ⁊ fīfteġum tōrran ġehruron ⁊ ġefeollan ⁊ swylċe ēac moniġe ōðre ċeastre tōhrorene wǣron.

And also at this time there was a great famine in the Greek metropolis of Constantinople; and a plague followed immediately after. Also many walls with fifty-seven towers fell and collapsed and many other cities fell to ruin.


wansceaft

/ˈwɑnˌʃæ͜ɑft/


husbonda

hūsbonda (canonical masculine)
hūsbunda (alternative)

Middle English: husbonde, hosband, hosbonde, hosebonde, housbande, housbond, housbonde, housboonde, husband, husbande
English: husband
⇒ Chinese: 黑漆板凳 (hēiqī bǎndèng) (obsolete)
→ Japanese: ハズバンド (hazubando)
⇒ English: husbando
Scots: husband
→ Welsh: hwsmon

hūs + bonda, a calque of Old Norse húsbóndi.


bonda

bonda (nominative singular)
bondan (nominative plural)
bondan (accusative singular)
bondan (accusative plural)
bondan (genitive singular)
bondena (genitive plural)
bondan (dative singular)
bondum (dative plural)

Middle English: bonde

English: bond

⇒ Medieval Latin: bondagium

→ Middle English: bondage

English: bondage

Scots: bondage

From Old Norse bóndi (“farmer; husband”, literally “dweller”).


hwæte

hwǣte (canonical masculine)
hwǣte (nominative singular)
hwǣte (accusative singular)
hwǣtes (genitive singular)
hwǣte (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: whete, ȝwete, huete, weete, wete, wheete, whet, whette, wheyte, wheytt, whiett, whyte, quete, quheyt, qwet, qwhete (Northern), hwæte, hweate, hwete, whæte (Early Middle English)
English: wheat
Middle Scots: quhete
Scots: white, wheat, wheyt
Yola: whet


hwil

hwīl (canonical feminine)
hwīl (nominative singular)
hwīla (nominative plural)
hwīle (nominative plural)
hwīle (accusative singular)
hwīla (accusative plural)
hwīle (accusative plural)
hwīle (genitive singular)
hwīla (genitive plural)
hwīle (dative singular)
hwīlum (dative plural)
huīl (alternative)

Middle English: whyle, while, hwile, qhyle, wile
English: while
Scots: while
Yola: while

From Proto-West Germanic *hwīlu. Cognate with Old Frisian hwīle, Old Saxon hwīla, Old High German wīla, Old Norse hvíla, Gothic 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰 (ƕeila).

sume hwīle

lȳtle hwīle

ealle hwīle


hyd

hȳd (canonical feminine)
hȳd (nominative singular)
hȳde (nominative plural)
hȳda (nominative plural)
hȳd (accusative singular)
hȳde (accusative singular)
hȳde (accusative plural)
hȳda (accusative plural)
hȳde (genitive singular)
hȳda (genitive plural)
hȳde (dative singular)
hȳdum (dative plural)

Middle English: hyde, hyd, hide, hid, hude, huyde, huide (Southern, Southwestern)
English: hide
Scots: hide, hyde

From Proto-West Germanic *hūdi, from Proto-Germanic *hūdiz.
Cognate with Old Frisian hūd, Old Saxon hūt, Old High German hūt, Old Norse húð; and with Latin cutis, Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos).


idel

īdel (canonical neuter)
īdel (nominative singular)
īdel (nominative plural)
īdel (accusative singular)
īdel (accusative plural)
īdeles (genitive singular)
īdela (genitive plural)
īdele (dative singular)
īdelum (dative plural)

Middle English: idel, ydel

From Proto-Germanic *īdalaz. Cognate with Old Frisian īdel, Old Saxon īdal, Dutch ijdel, Old High German ītal.


hama

hama (nominative singular)
haman (nominative plural)
haman (accusative singular)
haman (accusative plural)
haman (genitive singular)
hamena (genitive plural)
haman (dative singular)
hamum (dative plural)
homa (alternative)

Middle English: hame, haum
English: hame, heam

From Proto-West Germanic *hamō, from Proto-Germanic *hamô.