heben

heben (nominative singular)
hebenas (nominative plural)
heben (accusative singular)
hebenas (accusative plural)
hebenes (genitive singular)
hebena (genitive plural)
hebene (dative singular)
hebenum (dative plural)


sed

sēd (canonical neuter)
sēd (nominative singular)
sēd (nominative plural)
sēd (accusative singular)
sēd (accusative plural)
sēdes (genitive singular)
sēda (genitive plural)
sēde (dative singular)
sēdum (dative plural)


duguþ

duguþ (nominative singular)
duguþa (nominative plural)
duguþe (nominative plural)
duguþe (accusative singular)
duguþa (accusative plural)
duguþe (accusative plural)
duguþe (genitive singular)
duguþa (genitive plural)
duguþe (dative singular)
duguþum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: douthe, douth, douþe, duthe, doȝeðe, dugeð, duȝde, duȝeðe, duȝeþe, duheðe, duhþe, duweðe (Early Middle English)
English: douth
Scots: duthe, douth

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *dugunþu, from Proto-Germanic *dugunþō; cognate with Old Frisian duged (“power”), Old High German tugad, tugund (“virtue”) (German Tugend).

inh+

Wōriað þā wīnsalo; · waldend liċġað
drēame bidrorene; · duguþ eal ġecrong,
wlonc bī wealle. · Sume wīġ fornōm,

The wine-halls ramble; lords lie still,
deprived of mirth; army completely perished,
 proud by the wall. The war took away some men,

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Be þām hringum man meahte witan hwæt Rōmāna duguþe ġefeallen wæs, for þon þe hit wæs þēaw mid him on þām dagum þæt nān ōðer ne mōste gyldenne hring werian būtan hē æðeles cynnes wǣre.

You could tell by the rings how much of the Roman nobility had fallen, because the custom back then was that no one could wear a gold ring unless they were from a noble family.


flet

flet (nominative plural)
flet (nominative singular)
flet (nominative plural)
flet (accusative singular)
flet (accusative plural)
fletes (genitive singular)
fleta (genitive plural)
flete (dative singular)
fletum (dative plural)
fled (alternative)
flett (alternative)

Middle English: flet

English: flet

From Proto-Germanic *flatją (“floor”), from Proto-Germanic *flataz (“flat”), from Proto-Indo-European *plat- (“flat”). Akin to Old Frisian flet, flette (“dwelling, house”).

cog

Heó on flet gecrong

Gif ðæt flet geblódgad wyrþe.

a dwelling, habitation, house, cottage, hall


flet

flēt (canonical feminine)
flēta (nominative plural)
flēt (nominative singular)
flēte (nominative plural)
flēta (nominative plural)
flēt (accusative singular)
flēte (accusative singular)
flēte (accusative plural)
flēta (accusative plural)
flēte (genitive singular)
flēta (genitive plural)
flēte (dative singular)
flētum (dative plural)
fled (alternative)
flett (alternative)


swat

swāt (canonical masculine neuter)
swāt (nominative singular)
swāt (accusative singular)
swātes (genitive singular)
swāte (dative singular)

English: swate, swote, swot, swete, swet

English: sweat

From Proto-Germanic *swait-, from Proto-Indo-European *swoyd-, *sweyd-. Cognate with Old Saxon swêt, Old High German sweiz, Old Norse sveiti (“sweat, blood”), Latin sudor, Sanskrit स्वेद (sveda).

used of other moisture that comes from the body, especially blood


friþ

friþ (nominative singular)
friþu (nominative plural)
friþ (accusative singular)
friþu (accusative plural)
friþes (genitive singular)
friþa (genitive plural)
friþe (dative singular)
friþum (dative plural)
friþu (alternative)
ferþ (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: frith, ffryth, firth, freth, freþ, frið, friþ, friþþ, fryth, fryþ
English: frith

⇒ English: Chilvers (from a contraction of Ċēolfriþ + es or 's)

From Proto-West Germanic *friþu m, from Proto-Germanic *friþuz m, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *preyH- (“beloved, happy”).

der

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm þe Rōmeburg ġetimbred wæs IIII hunde wintra ⁊ II, þætte Cartaina þǣre burge ǣrendracan cōmon tō Rōme ⁊ him ġebudon þæt hīe frið him betwēonum hæfden...

Four hundred and two years after the city of Rome was built, messengers [from] the city of Carthage came to Rome and proposed that there be peace between them...


gesiþ

ġesīþ (canonical masculine)
ġesīþas (nominative plural)
ġesīþ (nominative singular)
ġesīþas (nominative plural)
ġesīþ (accusative singular)
ġesīþas (accusative plural)
ġesīþes (genitive singular)
ġesīþa (genitive plural)
ġesīþe (dative singular)
ġesīþum (dative plural)

→ English: gesith

From Proto-Germanic *gasinþô, equivalent to ġe- + sīþ. Cognate with Old Saxon gisīth, Old High German gisindo (German Gesinde), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰 (gasinþa), 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰 (gasinþja).

Ful oft mec ġesīþas sendað æfter hondum, þæt mec weras ond wīf wlonce cyssað.

Very oft companions send me from hand to hand so that proud men and women kiss me.


mæg

mǣġ (canonical masculine)
mǣġ (nominative singular)
māgas (nominative plural)
mǣġas (nominative plural)
mǣġ (accusative singular)
māgas (accusative plural)
mǣġas (accusative plural)
mǣġes (genitive singular)
māga (genitive plural)
mǣġe (dative singular)
māgum (dative plural)
ᛗᚫᚷ (alternative)
mǣi (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *māg (“kin”).
Cognate with Middle Dutch maech (Dutch maag), Old High German māg, Gothic 𐌼𐌴𐌲𐍃 (mēgs, “son-in-law”), Swedish måg (“make”).

þonne māga ġemynd · mōd ġeondhweorfeð,
grēteð glīwstafum, · ġeorne ġeondsċēawað
seċġa ġeseldan. · Swimmað oft on weġ.

when mind goes through memory of kinsmen,
greets with mirths, eagerly looks through
comrades of men. They often swim away.


mæg

mǣġ (canonical feminine)
mǣġ (nominative singular)
mǣġa (nominative plural)
mǣġe (nominative plural)
mǣġe (accusative singular)
mǣġa (accusative plural)
mǣġe (accusative plural)
mǣġe (genitive singular)
mǣġa (genitive plural)
mǣġe (dative singular)
mǣġum (dative plural)
mege (alternative)
mǣi (alternative)


mæg

mæġ (canonical masculine)
mǣi (alternative)


wlanc

From Proto-West Germanic *wlank (“grown-up”).


eþel

ēþel (canonical masculine)
ēþel (nominative singular)
ēþlas (nominative plural)
ēþel (accusative singular)
ēþlas (accusative plural)
ēþles (genitive singular)
ēþla (genitive plural)
ēþle (dative singular)
ēþlum (dative plural)
œ̄þel (alternative Anglian)
œ̄ðel (alternative Anglian)
ǣþel (alternative)
eðel (alternative)
*ᛟᚦᛖᛚ (alternative)

From earlier œ̄þel (persisting longer in the north) from Proto-West Germanic *ōþil, from a variant of Proto-Germanic *ōþalą.

Iċ wille ġesēċan mīnne ēðel ofer sǣ.

I want to visit my homeland across the sea.

Flīema biþ sē þe his ēðel forlēt oþþe under þrucce oþþe for nīede.

A refugee is someone who left their home country either under pressure or out of necessity.

Swā iċ mōdsefan · mīnne sceōlde,
oft earmċeariġ, · ēðle bidǣled,
frēomǣgum feor, · feterum sǣlan,

Like I should my heart,
oft wretched, bereft of homeland,
far from noble kinsmen, bind with fetters,


ofer

ōfer (canonical masculine)
ōfer (nominative singular)
ōfras (nominative plural)
ōfer (accusative singular)
ōfras (accusative plural)
ōfres (genitive singular)
ōfra (genitive plural)
ōfre (dative singular)
ōfrum (dative plural)
ōfor (alternative)
ōbr (alternative)

Middle English: over

English: over

Scots: offer

border, edge; specifically, shore, riverbank


wenn

wennas (nominative plural)
wenn (nominative singular)
wennas (nominative plural)
wenn (accusative singular)
wennas (accusative plural)
wennes (genitive singular)
wenna (genitive plural)
wenne (dative singular)
wennum (dative plural)
wænn (alternative)

Middle English: wenne

English: wen

From Proto-Germanic *wanjaz, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *wan- (“swelling, growth, lump, tumor”), of uncertain origin. According to Watkins, it is related to *wundō (“wound”).
Cognate with Middle Low German wene (“wen”), Middle Dutch wanne, wan (“goiter”).


westen

wēsten (canonical)
wēsten (nominative singular)
wēstennu (nominative plural)
wēsten (accusative singular)
wēstennu (accusative plural)
wēstennes (genitive singular)
wēstenna (genitive plural)
wēstenne (dative singular)
wēstennum (dative plural)
wēsten (nominative singular)
wēstenas (nominative plural)
wēsten (accusative singular)
wēstenas (accusative plural)
wēstenes (genitive singular)
wēstena (genitive plural)
wēstene (dative singular)
wēstenum (dative plural)
wēsten (nominative singular)
wēstena (nominative plural)
wēstene (nominative plural)
wēstene (accusative singular)
wēstena (accusative plural)
wēstene (accusative plural)
wēstene (genitive singular)
wēstena (genitive plural)
wēstene (dative singular)
wēstenum (dative plural)

Middle English: westen, wæsten

From Proto-West Germanic *wōstini. Related to Old English wēste (“void, desolate”).

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 1:13-14

And he was in the wilderness for forty days and forty nights, and was tempted by Satan; and he was with wild animals, and was served by angels.

And hē on wēstene wæs fēowertiġ dagas and fēowertiġ nihta, and hē wæs frām Satane ġecostnod; and hē mid wilddēorum wæs; and him englas þenodon.

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Sē Antonius ġesēah þǣs Paules sāwle swā hwīte swā snāw stīgan tō heofonum betweoh engla þrēatas; ond tweġen lēon ādulfan his byrġenne on þǣs wēstenes sande; þǣr resteð Paules līchoma mid yfellīċe dūste bewrigen, ac on dōmes dæġe hē ariseð on wuldor.

Antonius saw Paul's soul, as white as snow, ascend to heaven among throngs of angels; and two lions dug his tomb in the sand of the desert. There lies Paul's body, covered by filthy dust, but on Judgement Day he will arise in glory.


gigant

gīgant (canonical masculine)
gīgant (nominative singular)
gīgantas (nominative plural)
gīgant (accusative singular)
gīgantas (accusative plural)
gīgantes (genitive singular)
gīganta (genitive plural)
gīgante (dative singular)
gīgantum (dative plural)

a giant (mythical being of superhuman size)


bera

bera (nominative singular)
beran (nominative plural)
beran (accusative singular)
beran (accusative plural)
beran (genitive singular)
berena (genitive plural)
beran (dative singular)
berum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bere, bier, beare, beore, bore
English: bear (see there for further descendants)
Scots: beir

From Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô (“bear”). Cognate with Old Frisian *bera, Old Saxon bero, Old Dutch *bero, Old High German bero. The oblique stem *bern- gave Old Norse bjǫrn.


ferð

ferð (nominative singular)
ferðas (nominative plural)
ferð (accusative singular)
ferðas (accusative plural)
ferðes (genitive singular)
ferða (genitive plural)
ferðe (dative singular)
ferðum (dative plural)
ferð (nominative singular)
ferð (nominative plural)
ferð (accusative singular)
ferð (accusative plural)
ferðes (genitive singular)
ferða (genitive plural)
ferðe (dative singular)
ferðum (dative plural)


fær

fǣr (canonical masculine)
fǣr (nominative singular)
fǣras (nominative plural)
fǣr (accusative singular)
fǣras (accusative plural)
fǣres (genitive singular)
fǣra (genitive plural)
fǣre (dative singular)
fǣrum (dative plural)
fēr (alternative)

Middle English: fere, fer, feer, feere
English: fear
Scots: fere, feir
Yola: vear

From Proto-Germanic *fērō. Cognate with Old Saxon vār (“ambush”) (Dutch gevaar (“danger”)), Old High German fāra (“ambush, danger, deceit”) (German Gefahr (“danger”)).

cog

fǣrslide

fǣrrǣs

fǣrrǣsende

fǣrnīþ

fǣrgripe


fær

fær (nominative singular)
faru (nominative plural)
fær (accusative singular)
faru (accusative plural)
færes (genitive singular)
fara (genitive plural)
fære (dative singular)
farum (dative plural)
fer (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: fare, far, phare, vare, fære, væræ (Early Middle English)
English: fare
Scots: fare
Yola: gudeváre

From Proto-West Germanic *far, from Proto-Germanic *farą, from the same source as Old English faran. Cognate with Old High German far (“harbour, carting station”), Old Norse far (“pathway, vehicle, ship”).

cog

way, journey, passage, expedition; highway

movable possessions; means of subsistence


hafa

hafa (nominative singular)
hafan (nominative plural)
hafan (accusative singular)
hafan (accusative plural)
hafan (genitive singular)
hafena (genitive plural)
hafan (dative singular)
hafum (dative plural)

⇒ Middle English: havere, haver, hafar (with change in suffix)

English: haver

Scots: haver

From Proto-West Germanic *habō (“haver, owner”), equivalent to habban + -a.


til

From Proto-Germanic *tilaz, whence also Old Frisian til, Old High German zil (German Ziel), Old Norse tilr, Gothic 𐍄𐌹𐌻 (til).

Gewritu secgaþ ðæt seó wiht sý mid moncynne miclum ticlum sweotol and gesýne, sundorcræft hafaþ.

Writings say that those beings were to mankind of great service; they clearly and obviously had special powers.

Me on ðínum tile gelǽr ðæt ic teala cunne ðín sóðfæst weorc healdan.

Thy goodness teaches me that I should maintain your righteous work.


fet

Middle English: fet, feet

English: feet


bita

bitan (nominative plural)
bita (nominative singular)
bitan (nominative plural)
bitan (accusative singular)
bitan (accusative plural)
bitan (genitive singular)
bitena (genitive plural)
bitan (dative singular)
bitum (dative plural)
ᛒᛁᛏᚪ (alternative)

English: bit

From Proto-Germanic *bitô. See the verb *bītaną (“to bite”).
Cognate with Old Frisian bita, Old High German bizzo (German Bisse), Old Norse biti.


grafa

grāfa (canonical masculine)
grāfa (nominative singular)
grāfan (nominative plural)
grāfan (accusative singular)
grāfan (accusative plural)
grāfan (genitive singular)
grāfena (genitive plural)
grāfan (dative singular)
grāfum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *graib, *graibō (“branch, group of branches, thicket”), from Proto-Germanic *graibaz, *graibô (“branch, fork”), perhaps related to *grīpaną (“to grasp”) and Ancient Greek χρίμπτω (khrímptō, “scratch, graze, wound”).


fyrst

fyrst (nominative singular)
fyrstas (nominative plural)
fyrst (accusative singular)
fyrstas (accusative plural)
fyrstes (genitive singular)
fyrsta (genitive plural)
fyrste (dative singular)
fyrstum (dative plural)


bur

būr (canonical neuter)
būr (nominative singular)
būras (nominative plural)
būr (accusative singular)
būras (accusative plural)
būres (genitive singular)
būra (genitive plural)
būre (dative singular)
būrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bour, boure, bowre, bowur, bur (Early Middle English)
English: bower
Scots: bour

From Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būrą. Cognate with Old Saxon būr, Old High German būr (German Bauer (“birdcage”)), Old Norse búr (Swedish bur).


gafol

gafol (nominative singular)
gafola (nominative plural)
gafole (nominative plural)
gafole (accusative singular)
gafola (accusative plural)
gafole (accusative plural)
gafole (genitive singular)
gafola (genitive plural)
gafole (dative singular)
gafolum (dative plural)
gafol (nominative singular)
gafolas (nominative plural)
gafol (accusative singular)
gafolas (accusative plural)
gafoles (genitive singular)
gafola (genitive plural)
gafole (dative singular)
gafolum (dative plural)
gafel (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *gabulu (“fork”), from Proto-Celtic *gablā.


gafol

gafol (nominative singular)
gafol (nominative plural)
gafol (accusative singular)
gafol (accusative plural)
gafoles (genitive singular)
gafola (genitive plural)
gafole (dative singular)
gafolum (dative plural)
gafel (alternative)
gaful (alternative)
gæfel (alternative)
ġeabul (alternative)
ġeafl (alternative)
ġeafol (alternative)
gofol (alternative)
ġebel (alternative)

English: gavel

From Proto-Germanic *gabulą (“tribute”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ- (“to give”). Cognate with Old Norse gǫfga (“to worship, offer”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹 (gabei, “riches”), Latin habeō (“to own, possess, have”). More at give.


wæl

wæl (nominative singular)
walu (nominative plural)
wæl (accusative singular)
walu (accusative plural)
wæles (genitive singular)
wala (genitive plural)
wæle (dative singular)
walum (dative plural)

Middle English: wal

From Proto-Germanic *walaz, from Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to hit, to strike”). Cognate with Old Saxon wal, Old High German wal, and Old Norse valr.

der

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCCXXIII Hēr wæs Wāla ġefeoht ⁊ Defna æt Gafulforda. ⁊ þȳ ilcan ġēare ġefeaht Eċġbryht cyning ⁊ Beornwulf cyning on Ellendūne, ⁊ Eċġbryht siġe nam, ⁊ þǣr wæs myċel wæl ġeslæġen.

Year 823 In this year there was a battle between the Welsh and the Devons at Gafulford. And in the same year Kings Edgebright and Beornwulf fought at Allington, and Edgebright took the victory, and many were slain there.


griþ

griþ (nominative plural)
griþ (nominative singular)
griþ (accusative singular)
griþes (genitive singular)
griþe (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: grith, girth, grið, griþ, griþe, gryth, gryþ, gryþe, gyrth, gyrþe, ꟑriþþ (Ormulum)
English: grith

From Old Norse grið, originally ‘home’, in plural ‘truce, sanctuary’.


yþ

ȳþ (canonical feminine)
ȳþ (nominative singular)
ȳþe (nominative plural)
ȳþa (nominative plural)
ȳþ (accusative singular)
ȳþe (accusative singular)
ȳþe (accusative plural)
ȳþa (accusative plural)
ȳþe (genitive singular)
ȳþa (genitive plural)
ȳþe (dative singular)
ȳþum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: ythe, ithe, uðe, uþe, uþæ, yþe

From Proto-Germanic *unþī, from Proto-Indo-European *unt-. Germanic cognates include Old Saxon ūthia, Old High German undea, Old Norse unnr, uðr.

c. 1000, Ælfric of Eynsham (tr.), Hexameron of St. Basil

On the third day, our Lord gathered the waves of the sea from the surface of the earth. At first the ground was invisible because it was all covered with waves, but God separated it from the waves into its own place.

On ðām ðriddan dæġe ūre drihten ġegaderode ðā sǣlīċan ȳða fram ðǣre eorðan brādnysse. Sēo eorðe wæs æt fruman eall unġesewenlīċ forðām ðe hēo eall wæs mid ȳðum oferðeht, ac God hī āsyndrode fram ðām sǣlīċum ȳðum on hyre āgenne stede.


leoþ

lēoþ (canonical neuter)
lēoþ (nominative singular)
lēoþ (nominative plural)
lēoþ (accusative singular)
lēoþ (accusative plural)
lēoþes (genitive singular)
lēoþa (genitive plural)
lēoþe (dative singular)
lēoþum (dative plural)
lēoð (alternative)

Middle English: leoþ, leod, led, lede

Scots: leed, lede

English: leed (dialectal); lidden (?)

From Proto-West Germanic *leuþ, from Proto-Germanic *leuþą, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₁w-. Cognate with Old High German liod (German Lied), Old Saxon lioð (Dutch lied), Old Norse ljóð (“verse, song”), Latin laus (“praise”).

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Iċ onġiete þæt iċ þē hæbbe āþrotenne mid þȳ langan spelle, for þon þē lyst nū lēoða.

I see I've bored you with that long argument, since you want poems now.


fæc

facu (nominative plural)
fæc (nominative singular)
facu (nominative plural)
fæc (accusative singular)
facu (accusative plural)
fæces (genitive singular)
faca (genitive plural)
fæce (dative singular)
facum (dative plural)
fec (alternative)

Middle English: fæc, fece

English: fack

From Proto-West Germanic *fak, from Proto-Germanic *faką (“division, piece, part”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to nail, fasten”).
Cognate with Old Frisian fek, Old Saxon fak (Dutch vak), Old High German fah (German Fach), Latin pangō.

der

a portion, period, or space of time; while; an interval


swefn

swefn (nominative singular)
swefnu (nominative plural)
swefn (accusative singular)
swefnu (accusative plural)
swefnes (genitive singular)
swefna (genitive plural)
swefne (dative singular)
swefnum (dative plural)
swefen (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: sweven, swevyn, swevon, swevene, swevne, swheven, squeven, sueven, seven, swene, swefen, suefen, sweoven
English: sweven
Scots: sweven, swevyn

From Proto-West Germanic *swefn, from Proto-Germanic *swefnaz (“sleep, dream”), from Proto-Indo-European *swépnos.
Cognate with Old Saxon sweƀan, Old Norse svefn. The Indo-European root also led to Ancient Greek ὕπνος (húpnos), Latin somnus, Old Irish suan, Old Church Slavonic сънъ (sŭnŭ), Lithuanian sãpnas.

inh

Iċ ġefylde mīn swefn.

Iċ nǣfre ne ġeman mīnra swefna.


beorn

beornas (nominative plural)
beorn (nominative singular)
beornas (nominative plural)
beorn (accusative singular)
beornas (accusative plural)
beornes (genitive singular)
beorna (genitive plural)
beorne (dative singular)
beornum (dative plural)
biorn (alternative)

desc

Middle English: beorn, bern, berne, beren, barn (merged with beron, baroun)

(English: baron)

Scots: bern, beirn

The origin is disputed. A phonetically exact correspondence exists in Old Norse bjǫrn (“bear”), from Proto-Germanic *bernuz (more at *berô), but the English word is never used for "bear", and the Old Norse word is never used for "warrior". While it is not implausible that the term for a wild animal could become a poetic term for a warrior, Germanic scholars have been reluctant to accept any relationship between the two. Some consider it to be a variant of Old English bearn (“child, offspring, son", hence "boy, servant”), while others derive it from a Proto-Germanic *beron- (“carrier”) (hence "servant; man, warrior", more at baron). Celtic origin has also been considered; thus, Rhys took this to be a Germanic reflex of the Celtic title Brennus, and Bradley connected British Bernicia (Welsh brenhin, brenin).
The word has the form biorn in early Old English attestations; it survives into early Middle English as beorn and takes the variant spellings bern, berne, burn, burne, bearn, bieren, beern, beerne in later Middle English. Middle English usage often interchanges it with baron. As berne, it survives into the 16th century in Scottish dialect, but becomes indistinguishable from bairn.

noncog

Til biþ sē þe his trēowe ġehealdeþ, · ne sċeal nǣfre his torn tō ryċene
beorn of his brēostum ācȳþan, · nemþe hē ǣr þā bōte cunne,
eorl mid elne ġefremman. · Wel bið þām þe him āre sēċeð,
frōfre tō fæder on heofonum, · þǣr ūs eal sēo fæstnung stondeð.

Good is that keeps his belief, should not ever unfold his wrath,
fighter of his breasts, too quickly, unless before this help he would
know how to help out a man with strength. It's good for him who seeks
help from the Father in heavens, where this whole fastening stands for us.

Biorn under beorge bordrand onswaf.

Stout by the stone-way his shield he raised. (Beowulf 2559)

se beorn on waruþe scip gemette

the man found a ship on the strand. (Legend of St Andrew)


tir

tīr (canonical masculine)
tīr (nominative singular)
tīras (nominative plural)
tīr (accusative singular)
tīras (accusative plural)
tīres (genitive singular)
tīra (genitive plural)
tīre (dative singular)
tīrum (dative plural)

Middle English: tir

From Proto-Germanic *tīraz, from Proto-Indo-European *dey-.
Cognate with Old Norse tírr (“glory, honour”) and Old Saxon tīr (“glory, renown”). Compare Proto-Germanic *tiari- (“neat, splendid”), whence Old High German ziari (“neat, beautiful, splendid”), Old High German zierī (German Zier (“splendour, beauty”)), German zieren (“to decorate”).


hæleþ

hæleþ (nominative singular)
hæleþas (nominative plural)
hæleþ (accusative singular)
hæleþas (accusative plural)
hæleþes (genitive singular)
hæleþa (genitive plural)
hæleþe (dative singular)
hæleþum (dative plural)


guþ

gūþ (canonical feminine)
gūþ (nominative singular)
gūþe (nominative plural)
gūþa (nominative plural)
gūþ (accusative singular)
gūþe (accusative singular)
gūþe (accusative plural)
gūþa (accusative plural)
gūþe (genitive singular)
gūþa (genitive plural)
gūþe (dative singular)
gūþum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *gunþi, from Proto-Germanic *gunþiz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰéntis (“killing, blow”). Shifted into the ō-stems at some point before i-umlaut; the inherited form *gȳþ occurs as the final element of names.
Germanic cognates include Old Norse gunnr ~ guðr. Old Saxon gūđ- and Old High German gund- appear in compounds.


deor

dēor (canonical neuter)
dēor (nominative singular)
dēor (nominative plural)
dēor (accusative singular)
dēor (accusative plural)
dēores (genitive singular)
dēora (genitive plural)
dēore (dative singular)
dēorum (dative plural)
dēar (alternative)
dīor (alternative Kentish)

desc

Middle English: deor, deure, dure, dier, dere

Scots: dere, deir

English: deer

From Proto-West Germanic *deuʀ, from Proto-Germanic *deuzą, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewsóm.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian diār, Old Saxon dior, Old Dutch dior, dier, Old High German tior, Old Norse dýr, Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 (dius). Further cognates include Lithuanian dvēsti and Russian душа́ (dušá).

Then, through his wonderful might, God created all the kinds of animals according to their kinds, and the wild animals that dwell in the woods, and all the four-footed creatures of the aforementioned earth, and all the kinds of creeping reptiles, and the savage lions, which do not live here, and the swift tigers, and the marvelous leopards, and the fearful bears, and the huge elephants.

Hwæt ðā God ġeworhte ðurh his wunderlīċan mihte eall nȳtencynn on heora cynrynum, and ðā wildan dēor ðe on wudum eardiað, and eall ðæt fīðerfōte byð of ðǣre foresǣdan eorðan, and eall wyrmcynn ðā ðe crēopende bēoð, and ðā rēðan lēon, ðe hēr on lande ne bēoð, and ðā swiftan tigres, and ðā syllican pardes, and ðā eġeslīċan beran, and ðā ormǣtan ylpas.


cempa

cempa (nominative singular)
cempan (nominative plural)
cempan (accusative singular)
cempan (accusative plural)
cempan (genitive singular)
cempena (genitive plural)
cempan (dative singular)
cempum (dative plural)
cæmpa (alternative)

Middle English: kempe

English: kemp; Kemp (surname)

Scots: kemp

i

merger with Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">kappi</i>

Middle English: cæppe, keppe (merger with Old Norse kappi)

→ Old Norse: kempa f

Icelandic: kempa

Faroese: kempa

Norwegian Nynorsk: kjempe, kjempa

Middle Swedish: kämpa

Swedish: kämpe


wæstm

wæstmas (nominative plural)
wæstm (nominative singular)
wæstmas (nominative plural)
wæstm (accusative singular)
wæstmas (accusative plural)
wæstmes (genitive singular)
wæstma (genitive plural)
wæstme (dative singular)
wæstmum (dative plural)

Middle English: wastum

From Proto-Germanic *wahstmaz, *wahsmaz, from the root of weaxan. Cognate with Old Saxon wastum.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Hit is weliġ þis ēalond on wæstmum ⁊ on trēowum misenlīcra cynna; ⁊ hit is ġesċræpe on lǣwe sċēapa ⁊ nēata; ⁊ on sumum stōwum wīnġeardas grōwaþ.

This island is rich in fruits and trees of various kinds; and it is suitable for the pasture of sheep and cattle; and in some places vineyards grow.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
"Zachéus wæs sum rice mann, and cepte þæs Hælendes fær, and wolde geseon hwilc hé wære; ac he ne mihte for ðære menigu ðe him mid ferde, forðan ðe hé wæs scort on wæstme.
"Zacchæus was a rich man, and had observed the Saviour's course, and would see who he was; but he could not for the many that went with him, because he was short of stature.


wite

wīte (canonical neuter)
wītu (nominative plural)
wīte (nominative singular)
wītu (nominative plural)
wīte (accusative singular)
wītu (accusative plural)
wītes (genitive singular)
wīta (genitive plural)
wīte (dative singular)
wītum (dative plural)

→ Medieval Latin: wīta

From Proto-West Germanic *wītī, from Proto-Germanic *wītiją. Cognate with Old Frisian wīte, Old Saxon wīti, Old High German wīzi, Old Norse víti.

bisċopwīte

fine payable to a bishop, a bishop's fee for visiting

dolwīte

punishment for audacity, temerity or fool-hardiness

ġierdwīte

affliction caused by a rod (used of Moses' rod)

wītehūs

torture-house, prison, hell: amphitheatre (as place of torture and martyrdom)

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Þæt fīfte wīte wæs cwealm on heora orfe, swā þæt on ðām lande fornēan nān orf ne belāf, buton Israheles bē ānsund ġestōd.

The fifth plague was a pestilence among their livestock, such that in the land almost no livestock were left, except for those of Israel, who remained healthy.


andwlita

andwlita (nominative singular)
andwlitan (nominative plural)
andwlitan (accusative singular)
andwlitan (accusative plural)
andwlitan (genitive singular)
andwlitena (genitive plural)
andwlitan (dative singular)
andwlitum (dative plural)
ondwliota (alternative Mercian)

Middle English: anlet, onlete

From Proto-West Germanic *andawliti, from Proto-Germanic *andawlitiz, equivalent to and- (“facing”) + wlita (“countenance”). Cognate with Old Norse andlit (Swedish anlete, Norwegian Nynorsk andlet) and Old High German antlizzi (German Antlitz).


eahta

eahta (nominative singular)
eahtan (nominative plural)
eahtan (accusative singular)
eahtan (accusative plural)
eahtan (genitive singular)
eahtena (genitive plural)
eahtan (dative singular)
eahtum (dative plural)
æhta (alternative Anglian)
ehta (alternative West-Saxon)
ahta (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: eighte, eight, eiȝt, eiȝte, eyȝt, ahte, eahte, ehhte, ehte (Early Middle English), aghte, aucht, aughte (Northern)
English: eight
Sranan Tongo: aiti
Scots: echt, aucht
Yola: ayght, aught

From Proto-West Germanic *ahtō, from Proto-Germanic *ahtōu, from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw.
Cognate with Old High German ahto, Old Saxon ahto, Old Norse átta, Gothic 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿 (ahtau); and, outside the Germanic languages, with Sanskrit अष्ट (aṣṭa), Ancient Greek ὀκτώ (oktṓ), Latin octo, Albanian tetë, Old Irish ocht, Old Church Slavonic осмь (osmĭ).


fugol

fugol (nominative singular)
fuglas (nominative plural)
fugol (accusative singular)
fuglas (accusative plural)
fugles (genitive singular)
fugla (genitive plural)
fugle (dative singular)
fuglum (dative plural)
fugol (nominative singular)
fugolas (nominative plural)
fugol (accusative singular)
fugolas (accusative plural)
fugoles (genitive singular)
fugola (genitive plural)
fugole (dative singular)
fugolum (dative plural)
fugel (alternative)
fugul (alternative)
*flugol (alternative)

Middle English: fowel, fowele, foul, foghel, fuȝel, foȝel, foughel, fouel, fowl
English: fowl
Scots: foul, fule
Yola: fowlès (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *fugl, from Proto-Germanic *fuglaz. Cognate with Old Frisian fugel, Old Saxon fugal, Old Dutch fogal, Old High German fogal, Old Norse fugl, Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 (fugls).

wlonc bī wealle. · Sume wīġ fornōm,
ferede in forðweġe; · sumne fugel ōþbær
ofer hēanne holm; · sumne sē hāra wulf
dēaðe ġedǣlde, · sumne drēoriġhlēor
in eorðsċræfe · eorl ġehȳdde.

proud by the wall. The war took away some men,
carried into the forth-way; a bird bore away someone
over deep sea; the grey wolf shared someone with death;
a sad-faced warrior hid someone in earthen cave.


stræl

strǣl (canonical feminine)
strǣl (nominative singular)
strǣla (nominative plural)
strǣle (nominative plural)
strǣle (accusative singular)
strǣla (accusative plural)
strǣle (accusative plural)
strǣle (genitive singular)
strǣla (genitive plural)
strǣle (dative singular)
strǣlum (dative plural)
strǣl (nominative singular)
strǣlas (nominative plural)
strǣl (accusative singular)
strǣlas (accusative plural)
strǣles (genitive singular)
strǣla (genitive plural)
strǣle (dative singular)
strǣlum (dative plural)
strēl (alternative)
strǣle (alternative)

Middle English: stral, *strel

English: strale, streal, streel

⇒ Scots: strule (verb)


mund

head

mund f (nominative plural munda or munde)

munda (nominative plural)
munde (nominative plural)
mund (nominative singular)
munda (nominative plural)
munde (nominative plural)
munde (accusative singular)
munda (accusative plural)
munde (accusative plural)
munde (genitive singular)
munda (genitive plural)
munde (dative singular)
mundum (dative plural)

Middle English: mund, mound

English: mound, mund

From Proto-Germanic *mundō (“hand, guard, security”). Cognate with Old Frisian mund, Old Saxon mund.

inh

(poetic) hand, palm as a measure of length


sweora

swēora (canonical masculine)
swēora (nominative singular)
swēoran (nominative plural)
swēoran (accusative singular)
swēoran (accusative plural)
swēoran (genitive singular)
swēorena (genitive plural)
swēoran (dative singular)
swēorum (dative plural)
swīera (alternative)
swīra (alternative)
swūra (alternative)
swȳra (alternative)

English: swire

Scots: swire

From Proto-Germanic *swerhô. Cognate with Old Norse svíra.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Hē oft wȳsċte þæt ealle Rōmāne hæfden ānne swēoran, þæt hē hraðost forċeorfan meahte.

He often wished that all of Rome had one neck, so he could cut off all their heads with one blow.

(of water) the part where the distance between two shores is the least


þruh

þrūh (canonical feminine)
þrūh (nominative singular)
þrȳh (nominative plural)
þrūh (accusative singular)
þrȳh (accusative plural)
þrȳh (genitive singular)
þrūe (genitive singular)
þrūa (genitive plural)
þrūna (genitive plural)
þrȳh (dative singular)
þrūm (dative plural)
þrūh (nominative singular)
þrūh (nominative plural)
þrūh (accusative singular)
þrūh (accusative plural)
þrūges (genitive singular)
þrūga (genitive plural)
þrūge (dative singular)
þrūgum (dative plural)

Cognate with Old Norse þró (“hollowed receptacle, chest, trough”).


dolg

dolg (nominative singular)
dolg (nominative plural)
dolg (accusative singular)
dolg (accusative plural)
dolges (genitive singular)
dolga (genitive plural)
dolge (dative singular)
dolgum (dative plural)
dolh (alternative)

Middle English: dolh, dolȝ, dolc, dolke

From Proto-West Germanic *dolg, from Proto-Germanic *dulgą. Cognate with Old Frisian dolch, Old High German tolg.

…ac mē eċġa dolg ēacen weorðað þurh dēaðsleġe dagum and nihtum.

…but for me wounds of edges become widened through deathblows by days and nights.


earm

earm (nominative singular)
earmas (nominative plural)
earm (accusative singular)
earmas (accusative plural)
earmes (genitive singular)
earma (genitive plural)
earme (dative singular)
earmum (dative plural)
arm (alternative Anglian)

desctree

Middle English: arm
English: arm
Scots: airm
Yola: arrm

From Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-mos (“joint”).
Cognate with Old Frisian arm, Old Saxon arm, Dutch arm, Old High German arm (German Arm), Old Norse armr (Swedish arm), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms). The Proto-Indo-European root is also the source of Old Church Slavonic рамо (ramo) (Bulgarian ра́мо (rámo, “shoulder”)), Latin armus.


þræl

þrǣl (canonical masculine)
þrǣl (nominative singular)
þrǣlas (nominative plural)
þrǣl (accusative singular)
þrǣlas (accusative plural)
þrǣles (genitive singular)
þrǣla (genitive plural)
þrǣle (dative singular)
þrǣlum (dative plural)

Middle English: thral, tharll, therll, thrall, thralle, threll, þral, þrall, þralle, þrel, ðral, þreal, þreall (Early Middle English)
English: thrall
Scots: thirl

Borrowed from Old Norse þræll, partly displacing the native word þēow.


earh

ēarwa (nominative plural)
earh (nominative singular)
ēarwa (nominative plural)
ēarwe (nominative plural)
ēarwe (accusative singular)
ēarwa (accusative plural)
ēarwe (accusative plural)
ēarwe (genitive singular)
ēarwa (genitive plural)
ēarwe (dative singular)
ēarwum (dative plural)

Middle English: arow, arwe, arowe, aruwe, arew, arewe
English: arrow
Scots: aerrow, arrae, arow, arowe

From Proto-West Germanic *arhu, from Proto-Germanic *arhwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érkʷo- (“bow, arrow”). Near cognates include Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 (arƕazna) and Old Norse ǫr; further cognates include Latin arcus (“bow”).


myltestre

head

myltestre f (nominative plural myltestran)

myltestran (nominative plural)
myltestre (nominative singular)
myltestran (nominative plural)
myltestran (accusative singular)
myltestran (accusative plural)
myltestran (genitive singular)
myltestrena (genitive plural)
myltestran (dative singular)
myltestrum (dative plural)
miltestre (alternative)


mæw

mǣw (canonical masculine)
mǣw (nominative singular)
mǣwas (nominative plural)
mǣw (accusative singular)
mǣwas (accusative plural)
mǣwes (genitive singular)
mǣwa (genitive plural)
mǣwe (dative singular)
mǣwum (dative plural)
mēu (alternative)
mēw (alternative)
mēau (alternative)
mēaw (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: mewe, mawe, meau, mowe
English: mew (archaic)
Scots: maw (through confluence with Old Norse form)
→ Old French: maoe, mave, mauve
French: mauve
Old French: moette
French: mouette

From Proto-Germanic *maiwiz, a byform of Proto-Germanic *maiwaz. Cognate with West Frisian meau, miuw, Old Saxon mēu (Middle Low German meve, from which German Möwe), Dutch meeuw, Old Norse már, mór.

On gōdne dæġ ic ġefō crabban and telle mǣwas.

On a good day, I catch crabs and count seagulls.


monaþ

mōnaþ (canonical masculine)
mōnaþ (nominative singular)
mōnaþ (nominative plural)
mōnaþ (accusative singular)
mōnaþ (accusative plural)
mōnaþes (genitive singular)
mōnaþa (genitive plural)
mōnaþ (dative singular)
mōnaþum (dative plural)
mōnaþ (nominative singular)
mōnþas (nominative plural)
mōnaþ (accusative singular)
mōnþas (accusative plural)
mōnþes (genitive singular)
mōnþa (genitive plural)
mōnþe (dative singular)
mōnþum (dative plural)
mōnoþ (alternative)
mōnað (alternative)

Middle English: moneth, month, monþ, moneþ, monæþ
English: month
Scots: moneth

From Proto-West Germanic *mānōþ, from Proto-Germanic *mēnōþs.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm Rōmeburg ġetimbred wæs V hunde wintrum ⁊ XXXIII, Hannibal, Pena cyning, besǣt Saguntum Ispania burg...⁊ þǣr wæs sittende eahta mōnaþ, oþ hē hīe ealle hungre ācwealde, ⁊ þā burg tōwearp....

533 years after Rome was built, Hannibal, king of the Carthaginians, laid siege to Saguntum, a city in Hispania...and he sat there for eight months, until he killed them all with hunger, and destroyed the city...

Seofon mōnaþum lator iċ wæs of carcerne.

mōnaþfylen

mōnaþsēocnes


cniht

cniht (nominative singular)
cneoht (nominative plural)
cnihtas (nominative plural)
cniht (accusative singular)
cneoht (accusative plural)
cnihtas (accusative plural)
cnihtes (genitive singular)
cneoht (genitive plural)
cnihta (genitive plural)
cnihte (dative singular)
cneoht (dative plural)
cnihtum (dative plural)
cnaiht (alternative)
cnæht (alternative)
cneht (alternative Anglian)
cneoht (alternative)
cnyht (alternative)
cnieht (alternative)

Middle English: knyght
English: knight
Scots: knicht
Yola: nickht

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On þām ġewinne, ⁊ on moneġum oþrum æfter þǣm, Hannibal ġecȳþde þone nīþ ⁊ þone hete þe hē beforan his fæder ġeswōr, þā hē nigonwintre cniht wæs, þæt hē næfre ne wurde Rōmana frēond.

In that battle, and in many others after that, Hannibal proved the hatred and hostility that he swore before his father when he was a nine-year-old boy, that he would never become a friend of the Romans.

male of high military rank, ranking below a baron, usually previously having worked as a page or squire


hela

hēla (canonical masculine)
hēlan (nominative plural)
hǣla (alternative)

Middle English: hele, heele, heyle, heyll, hiele, hile
English: heel
Scots: heel
Yola: heel

From Proto-West Germanic *hą̄hilō. Cognate with Old Frisian hēla.


hlaford

hlāford (canonical masculine)
hlāford (nominative singular)
hlāfordas (nominative plural)
hlāford (accusative singular)
hlāfordas (accusative plural)
hlāfordes (genitive singular)
hlāforda (genitive plural)
hlāforde (dative singular)
hlāfordum (dative plural)
laford (alternative Mercian)
hlāfard (alternative)
hlāferd (alternative)

Middle English: lord, lorde, lhord, lourd, lourde, laverd, lhoaverd, laford, laverd, loverd, louerd, lowerd (Early Middle English)
English: lord (see there for further descendants)
Scots: laird
→ English: laird
Yola: loard
→ Icelandic: lávarður (through laverd)

→ English: hlaford

→ Old Norse: lávarði

From earlier hlāfweard, from hlāf (“bread”) + weard (“ward”). See also hlǣfdīġe.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 6:24

No one can serve two masters. They will either hate one and love the other, or obey one and disobey the other. You can't serve God and money.

Ne mæġ nān mann twām hlāfordum þēowian: oþþe hē sōðlīċe ǣnne hataþ and ōðerne lufaþ, oþþe hē biþ ānum ġehīersum and ōðrum unġehīersum. Ne magon ġē Gode þēowian and weoroldwelan.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Nativiity of Our Lord"
Sē oxa oncnēow his hlāford, and sē assa his hlāfordes binne.

The ox knows his master, and the ass his master's bin.


hlaf

hlāf (canonical masculine)
hlāf (nominative singular)
hlāfas (nominative plural)
hlāf (accusative singular)
hlāfas (accusative plural)
hlāfes (genitive singular)
hlāfa (genitive plural)
hlāfe (dative singular)
hlāfum (dative plural)

Middle English: lof, lofe, loff, loof, looffe, love, hlaf, laf (Early Middle English)
English: loaf
→ Bengali: লোফ (lōph)
→ Marshallese: ļoob
→ Norwegian Bokmål: loff
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: loff
→ Scottish Gaelic: lofa
Scots: laif

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz
Proto-West Germanic *hlaib
Old English hlaf
From Proto-West Germanic *hlaib, from Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz, which see for cognates.

etymon

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 6:9-13

Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come; thy will be done; on Earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen.

Fæder ūre, þū þe eart in heofenum, sī þīn nama ġehālgod. Tōbecume þīn rīċe. Ġeweorþe þīn willa on eorþan, swā swā on heofenum. Ūrne dæġhwāmlīċan hlāf syle ūs tōdæġ. And forġȳf ūs ūre ġyltas, swā swā wē forġȳfaþ ūrum ġyltendum. And ne ġelǣde þū ūs on costnunge, ac alȳs ūs of yfle: sōþlīċe.

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Ond on þone ylcan dæġ Crīst ġerēorde fīf þūsenda wera of fīf hlāfum ond of twām fisċum, ēac wīfum ond ċildum, þāra wæs unġerīm, ond þāra hlāfġebroca wæs tō lāfe twelf binna fulle.

And on the same day, Christ fed five thousand men and numerous women and children with five loaves of bread and two fishes, and the remaining fragments of bread filled twelve baskets.


weard

weard (nominative singular)
weardas (nominative plural)
weard (accusative singular)
weardas (accusative plural)
weardes (genitive singular)
wearda (genitive plural)
wearde (dative singular)
weardum (dative plural)
uueard (alternative)
ward (alternative)

Middle English: warde, ward

Scots: ward

English: ward

From Proto-West Germanic *ward, from Proto-Germanic *wardaz, related to a stem-verb *warōną (“be on guard”) (whence warian).
Cognate with Old High German warta (“watch”) (German Warte (“watchtower”)), Old Saxon warda (Middle Dutch warde), Old Norse varða (“cairn”).


weard

weard (nominative singular)
wearda (nominative plural)
wearde (nominative plural)
wearde (accusative singular)
wearda (accusative plural)
wearde (accusative plural)
wearde (genitive singular)
wearda (genitive plural)
wearde (dative singular)
weardum (dative plural)
uueard (alternative)
ward (alternative)

Middle English: warde, ward

Scots: ward

English: ward

From Proto-West Germanic *wardu, from Proto-Germanic *wardō.

guard, the action of looking out for danger


weard

weard (nominative singular)
weard (nominative plural)
weard (accusative singular)
weard (accusative plural)
weardes (genitive singular)
wearda (genitive plural)
wearde (dative singular)
weardum (dative plural)
uueard (alternative)
ward (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *waiʀd, from Proto-Germanic *waizdaz.


hlæfdige

hlǣfdīġe (canonical feminine)
hlǣfdīġe (nominative singular)
hlǣfdīġan (nominative plural)
hlǣfdīġan (accusative singular)
hlǣfdīġan (accusative plural)
hlǣfdīġan (genitive singular)
hlǣfdīġena (genitive plural)
hlǣfdīġan (dative singular)
hlǣfdīġum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: lady, laddy, ladi, ladie, ladij, ladye, lavedi, lefdi, lefdy, levedi, levedy, lhevedi, lafdi, laffdiȝ, læfdi, lævedi, leafdi (Early Middle English)
English: lady (see there for further descendants)
Scots: lady, leddy
Yola: laady
→ Icelandic: lafði

From hlāf (“bread”) + a second element representing Proto-Germanic *daigijǭ (“kneader”) (compare dāg (“dough”), cf. dæge). See also hlāford.


dæge

dǣġe (canonical feminine)
dǣġe (nominative singular)
dǣġan (nominative plural)
dǣġan (accusative singular)
dǣġan (accusative plural)
dǣġan (genitive singular)
dǣġena (genitive plural)
dǣġan (dative singular)
dǣġum (dative plural)

Middle English: deye, deie, daie

English: dey

Scots: dey, deigh

desc

⇒ Middle English: dayerye, daerie, deierie, deiȝerie

English: dairy

Scots: dyrie

→ Medieval Latin: dayeria, daeria

From Proto-Germanic *daigijǭ (“kneader”): cognate with Old Norse deigja (“female servant”).

woman in charge of a dairy; dey, dairymaid


catt

catt (nominative singular)
cattas (nominative plural)
catt (accusative singular)
cattas (accusative plural)
cattes (genitive singular)
catta (genitive plural)
catte (dative singular)
cattum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: cat, catt, catte, cate, kat, katte, kaat
English: cat
Scots: cat
Yola: kaudès, kaudes, kauddès (plural)

From Proto-Germanic *kattuz. Cognate with Old Saxon katto, Old Norse kǫttr, Old High German kazzo. A related word also existed in the Germanic languages with the feminine gender, represented in Old English by catte. The word appears to be related to Late Latin cattus as well as to similar words in the Slavic and Celtic languages, but the ultimate source is uncertain. See cat for more.

Hēo hrīemþ. Iċ hrīeme. Sē catt hrīemþ.


catte

catte (nominative singular)
cattan (nominative plural)
cattan (accusative singular)
cattan (accusative plural)
cattan (genitive singular)
cattena (genitive plural)
cattan (dative singular)
cattum (dative plural)

Middle English: catte, katte

From Proto-Germanic *kattǭ. Cognate with Old Frisian katte, Old Saxon katta, Middle Dutch katte (Dutch kat), Old High German kazza (German Katze), Old Norse ketta (Swedish katta). The word existed in the Germanic languages in a masculine gender also, represented in Old English by catt. The word appears to be related to Late Latin cattus as well as to similar words in the Slavic and Celtic languages, but the ultimate source is uncertain. See cat for more.


oran

inflection of ōra:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of ōra:
genitive/dative singular


þegn

þeġn (canonical masculine)
þeġn (nominative singular)
þeġnas (nominative plural)
þeġn (accusative singular)
þeġnas (accusative plural)
þeġnes (genitive singular)
þeġna (genitive plural)
þeġne (dative singular)
þeġnum (dative plural)
þæġn (alternative)
þēn (alternative)

Middle English: theyn, dain, thain, thayn, thein, þen, þein, þeyn, ðæin, þægen, þægn, þegen, þegn, þeȝn, þeign (Early Middle English)
English: thane
Scots: thane
→ Irish: taen

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *þegn.

inh+

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Iob, sē ēadiġa and sē ānrǣda godes þeġn, wæs swa fulfremed on eallum gōdnyssum þæt god sylf cwæþ bē him þæt his ġelīċa nǣre þā on þām līfe ofer eorþan.

Job, the prosperous and unwavering servant of god, was so perfect in all his good deeds that God Himself said that there was no one like him living on Earth.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Sebastian, Martyr"
Þa wurdon hi ealle þurh þæt wundor ablicgede and þæs þægnes gebedda ðe þa gebroþra heold wæs for six gearum for swiðlicre untrumnysse...

Then they were all astonished at that miracle; and the wife of the officer, who had charge of the brothers, for six years, through a severe sickness...


trig

triġ (canonical neuter)
triġ (nominative singular)
triġu (nominative plural)
triġ (accusative singular)
triġu (accusative plural)
triġes (genitive singular)
triġa (genitive plural)
triġe (dative singular)
triġum (dative plural)
treġ (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *trugaz, *trugą, *truh-, *trauh-, *trawją, from Proto-Indo-European *drAuk(')- (“a type of vessel”). Akin to Old English trōg (“trough”).


tima

tīma (canonical masculine)
tīma (nominative singular)
tīman (nominative plural)
tīman (accusative singular)
tīman (accusative plural)
tīman (genitive singular)
tīmena (genitive plural)
tīman (dative singular)
tīmum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tyme, teme, teyme, tim, time, tym, tima, timæ, tyma (Early Middle English)
English: time (see there for further descendants)
Scots: time, teime, tim
Yola: deemes (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *tīmō, from Proto-Germanic *tīmô. Cognate with Old High German *zīmo, Old Norse tími. Related to Old English tīd.

On hwelcne tīman sċealt þū tō morgne onwæcnan?

What time do you have to wake up tomorrow?

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Hit is tīma tō erienne.

c. 897, Alfred the Great, translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Nū ūs is tīma þæt wē onwæcnen of slǣpe.

Now it's time for us to wake up from our sleep.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of the Innocents"
Þā cleopode hē þā tungolwītegan on sundorsprǣċe and ġeornlīċe hīe befrugnon on hwelcne tīman hīe ǣrest þone steorran ġesāwen.

He summoned the astrologers to private conversation and anxiously asked them at what time they first saw the star.


sida

inflection of sidu:
nominative/accusative plural

inflection of sidu:
genitive singular/plural


isern

īsern (canonical neuter)
īsern (nominative plural)
īsern (nominative singular)
īsern (nominative plural)
īsern (accusative singular)
īsern (accusative plural)
īsernes (genitive singular)
īserna (genitive plural)
īserne (dative singular)
īsernum (dative plural)
īren (alternative)
īsen (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *īsarn, from Proto-Germanic *īsarną.
Cognates
Cognates include Old Frisian īsern (West Frisian izer), Old Saxon īsarn (Low German Iesen), Old Dutch *īsarn (Dutch ijzer), Old High German īsarn (German Eisen), Old Norse járn (Swedish järn), Gothic 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 (eisarn), Old Irish īärn (Irish iarann, Welsh haearn).

Iċ eom ānhaga īserne wund, bille ġebennod, beadoweorca sæd, eċġum wēriġ.

I am a lone one wounded with iron, wounded by sword, sated of battle-works, weary by edges.

an instrument or tool made from iron, especially an iron sword


hors

hors (nominative singular)
hors (nominative plural)
hors (accusative singular)
hors (accusative plural)
horses (genitive singular)
horsa (genitive plural)
horse (dative singular)
horsum (dative plural)

Middle English: hors, horse, horsse, horce, ors
English: horse; hoss (see there for further descendants)
Scots: horse, hors

From Proto-West Germanic *hross, from Proto-Germanic *hrussą (“horse”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run”).


eorl

eorl (nominative singular)
eorlas (nominative plural)
eorl (accusative singular)
eorlas (accusative plural)
eorles (genitive singular)
eorla (genitive plural)
eorle (dative singular)
eorlum (dative plural)

Middle English: erl, ærl, eerl, eorl, erle, eryl, ȝerle, ȝierl, yerl
English: earl
Scots: yerl, yarl (merged with Old Norse jarl)
Yola: earle

From Proto-Germanic *erlaz, further origin unknown. Cognate with Old Saxon erl, Old High German erl, Old Norse jarl.

Anglo-Saxon of noble rank; a nobleman ranking above a thane; alderman

Iċ…, eald ǣfensceōp, eorlum bringe blisse in burgum.

I…, old evening scop, bring bliss in towns for brave men.


hyse

hyssas (nominative plural)
hyse (nominative singular)
hyssas (nominative plural)
hyse (accusative singular)
hyssas (accusative plural)
hysses (genitive singular)
hyssa (genitive plural)
hysse (dative singular)
hyssum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *husjaz. It is remarkable that the expected alteration between nom.-acc. sg. *-Ce and oblique *-CC- or *-rġ- in ja-stems with light root syllables has only survived in this word and here (“army”), when hyse only occurs as a prefix and in poetry. All other such words have leveled their paradigm in favor of the oblique cases: bedd (“bed”), cynn (“kind”), hryċġ (“back”), nebb (“face”), nett (“net”), pytt (“pit”), ribb (“rib”), seċġ (“man,” poetic), webb (“web”), weċġ (“wedge”), wiċġ (“horse,” poetic). Of unknown derivation, possibly to be grouped here, are bridd (“baby bird”) and the poetic word ġiedd (“song, poem, saying”).


iergþu

ierġþu (canonical feminine)
ierġþu (nominative singular)
ierġþe (accusative singular)
ierġþe (genitive singular)
ierġþe (dative singular)


hafoc

hafoc (nominative singular)
hafocas (nominative plural)
hafoc (accusative singular)
hafocas (accusative plural)
hafoces (genitive singular)
hafoca (genitive plural)
hafoce (dative singular)
hafocum (dative plural)
hebuc (alternative)
hafuc (alternative)
hæfuc (alternative)
heafoc (alternative Mercian)
heafuc (alternative Mercian)

Middle English: hauk, hafek, havek, havk, hawk, hawke, hafvek, hævek, heavek, hevek (Early Middle English)
English: hawk
Sranan Tongo: aka
Scots: hawk

→ Old Irish: sebac
Irish: seabhac
Manx: shawk
Scottish Gaelic: seabhag

→ Old Welsh: hebauc

Welsh: hebog

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *habuk.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian havek, Old Saxon havuk, Old Dutch havek, Old High German habuh, Old Norse haukr.

inh+

Iċ eom wunderliċu wiht, wrǣsne mīne stefne, hwīlum beorce swā hund, hwīlum blǣte swā gāt, hwīlum grǣde swā gōs, hwīlum ġielle swā hafoc,…

I am a wonderful thing, change my voice, sometimes bark like a hound, sometimes bleat like a goat, sometimes cry like a goose, sometimes yell like a hawk,…


morgen

morgen (nominative singular)
morgnas (nominative plural)
morgen (accusative singular)
morgnas (accusative plural)
morgnes (genitive singular)
morgna (genitive plural)
morgne (dative singular)
morgnum (dative plural)
margen (alternative Mercian)
merġen (alternative)
mergen (alternative)
meriġen (alternative)
merien (alternative)
myrġen (alternative)

desc

Middle English: morwe, morȝen, morwen, morn

English: morrow; morn

Scots: morrow, morra; morn

From Proto-West Germanic *morgin, *murgin.
Cognate with Old Frisian morgen, Old Saxon morgan, Old Dutch morgan, Old High German morgan, Old Norse morgunn. Compare also (from the alternative form *murginaz) Old Norse myrginn and Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃 (maurgins).

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCLXXVIII Hēr atēowede comēta se steorra on Auguste ⁊ sċān III monðas ælċe morgen swilċe sunne bēam.

Year 678 In this year a comet star appeared in August and shone like a sunbeam each morning for three months.

on morgen


heregeatwa

[H]eregeatu means literally ‘war-gear’ but it had a technical sense referring to the dues, originally consisting of war equipment, to be repaid to a lord on his tenant’s death.

2006 June 1 [1970], Richard Hamer, editor, A Choice of Anglo-Saxon Verse, Croydon: Faber & Faber, →ISBN, page 52:


folc

folc (nominative singular)
folc (nominative plural)
folc (accusative singular)
folc (accusative plural)
folces (genitive singular)
folca (genitive plural)
folce (dative singular)
folcum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: folk, folke, foolk, fok, folck, folc, follc, volk
English: folk
Scots: fowk

Lēodhatan frēoġaþ hīe selfe, ac hīe ġeþēowiaþ þæt folc.

Dictators free themselves, but they enslave the people.

the people, especially the common people

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Þæt sixte wīte wæs, þæt mislīċe ḡeswel and blǣdran asprungon on heora līchaman on eallum his folce.

The sixth plague was that various swellings and pustules sprung up on the bodies of all of his people.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Hīe sæġdon þām folce þæt heora godu him wǣren ierru, tō þȳ þæt hīe him þā ġīet swīðor blēoten þonne hīe ǣr dydon.

They told the public that their gods were angry at them, so they would sacrifice to them even more than they had before.

(in the singular or plural) people (multiple individuals)


leode

lēode (canonical feminine masculine plural)
lēode (nominative plural)
lēode (accusative plural)
lēoda (genitive plural)
lēodum (dative plural)
lēod (alternative)

Middle English: lede, led, leed, leede, leyde, leod, leode, leude, lud, lude, lued, lyde, leoda, leodæ
English: lede (obsolete)
Scots: leid

Originally the plural of lēod, from Proto-West Germanic *liud(i), from Proto-Germanic *liudiz (“people”).

Ġēata lēode


leod

lēod (canonical masculine)
lēod (nominative singular)
lēodas (nominative plural)
lēod (accusative singular)
lēodas (accusative plural)
lēodes (genitive singular)
lēoda (genitive plural)
lēode (dative singular)
lēodum (dative plural)

Cognate with Old Norse ljóði (“prince, leader”).


leod

lēod (canonical feminine)
lēod (nominative singular)
lēoda (nominative plural)
lēode (nominative plural)
lēode (accusative singular)
lēoda (accusative plural)
lēode (accusative plural)
lēode (genitive singular)
lēoda (genitive plural)
lēode (dative singular)
lēodum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *liudi, from Proto-Germanic *liudiz. Closely related to lēode and lēodan.
Cognates
Cognates include Old High German liut, Old Norse lýðr, and West Frisian -lju; and, outside the Germanic languages, Lithuanian liáudis (“common people”), Proto-Slavic *ľudъ (Russian люд (ljud)).

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCCLV Hēr hǣþene men ǣrest on Sċeapiġġe ofer winter sǣtan...⁊ þȳ ilcan ġēare [Aþelwulf cing] ferde to Rōme mid myċelre weorðnesse ⁊ þǣr wæs XII mōnoð wuniġende, ⁊ him þā hāmweard fōr ⁊ him þā Carl Francna cing his dohtor ġēaf him tō cwēne, ⁊ æfter þām tō his lēodum cōm...

Year 855 In this year the heathens stayed on Sheppey over the winter for the first time...And in the same year [King Athelwulf] went to Rome with much honor, and stayed there for twelve months. And them he went home and King Carl [the Bald] of the Franks gave him his daughter as a queen, and after that Athelwulf returned to his people.

lēodbealu

lēodgryre

lēodriht

lēodweard

lēodhata

lēodbisċop

lēodbyġen

traffic in one's own compatriots, slave trade

lēodwynn

lēodhwæt


eoh

eoh (nominative singular)
ēos (nominative plural)
eoh (accusative singular)
ēos (accusative plural)
ēos (genitive singular)
ēona (genitive plural)
ēo (dative singular)
ēom (dative plural)
ēoum (dative plural)
eoh (nominative singular)
eoh (nominative plural)
eoh (accusative singular)
eoh (accusative plural)
ēos (genitive singular)
ēona (genitive plural)
ēo (dative singular)
ēom (dative plural)
ēoum (dative plural)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Germanic *ehwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos.

The Old English rune poem
ᛖ byþ for eorlum æþelinga wyn...

The horse is for earls as a princely pleasure...


eoh

ēoh (canonical masculine)
ēoh (nominative singular)
ēohas (nominative plural)
ēoh (accusative singular)
ēohas (accusative plural)
ēohes (genitive singular)
ēoha (genitive plural)
ēohe (dative singular)
ēohum (dative plural)

A variant of īw, from Proto-West Germanic *īh.


maþa

maþan (nominative plural)
maþa (nominative singular)
maþan (nominative plural)
maþan (accusative singular)
maþan (accusative plural)
maþan (genitive singular)
maþena (genitive plural)
maþan (dative singular)
maþum (dative plural)

Scots: mathe

From Proto-West Germanic *maþō, from Proto-Germanic *maþô, from Proto-Indo-European *mat-, *mot-, used for insects and vermin.
Cognate with Old Saxon maðo (Dutch made (“maggot, worm”)), Old High German mado (German Made (“maggot”)), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌰 (maþa); Old Norse had the diminutive form maðkr (dialectal English mawk; compare also maddock). The Indo-European root is also the source of Old Armenian մաթիլ (matʻil, “small louse”).


toþ

tōþ (canonical masculine)
tōþ (nominative singular)
tēþ (nominative plural)
tōþ (accusative singular)
tēþ (accusative plural)
tōþes (genitive singular)
tōþa (genitive plural)
tēþ (dative singular)
tōþum (dative plural)

Middle English: tothe, toth, tooth

Scots: tuth, tutht, tuith

English: tooth

From Proto-West Germanic *tanþ (by loss of the n and the resulting compensatory lengthening of the vowel).
Cognates with Old Frisian tōth, Old Saxon tand, Dutch tand, Old High German zan, zand (German Zahn), Old Norse tǫnn (Swedish tand), Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 (tunþus); and with Sanskrit दन्त (danta) (Hindi दांत (dānt)), Ancient Greek ὀδών (odṓn), Latin dens (French dent), Old Irish dét, Lithuanian danti̇̀s.


hord

hord (nominative plural)
hord (nominative singular)
hord (nominative plural)
hord (accusative singular)
hord (accusative plural)
hordes (genitive singular)
horda (genitive plural)
horde (dative singular)
hordum (dative plural)
hord (nominative singular)
hordas (nominative plural)
hord (accusative singular)
hordas (accusative plural)
hordes (genitive singular)
horda (genitive plural)
horde (dative singular)
hordum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hord, hoord, horde, hurd, hurde
English: hoard
Scots: huird, hurd, hurde

A hoard, especially of valuable items, hidden for preservation.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
Sege us nu hwǣr se ealda hord sy þe þu digelice fundest and hine eall oþ nu bedyrndest...

Tell us now where the old treasure is which thou hast secretly found, and concealed it all until now?


treow

trēow (canonical neuter)
trēow (nominative singular)
trēowu (nominative plural)
trēow (accusative singular)
trēowu (accusative plural)
trēowes (genitive singular)
trēowa (genitive plural)
trēowe (dative singular)
trēowum (dative plural)
trēo (alternative)
trīo (alternative)
trīow (alternative)
trȳw (alternative)
trēu (alternative)
trēw (alternative)

Middle English: tre, tree, treo, trew, trewe, treou, trow, trowe
English: tree
Scots: tree
Yola: tren (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *treu, from Proto-Germanic *trewą. Germanic cognates include Old Frisian trē, Old Saxon trio, Old Norse tré, Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 (triu).

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 19, verse 4

Then he ran in front and climbed (lit. ascended) up on a tree. From sycamores that he saw him. For which he would go from there.

Þā arn hē beforan and stāh ūp on ān trēow. Sicomorum þ hē hine ġesāwe. forþām þe hē wolde þanon faran...

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hæfdon ġeleornad mā cræfta hū hīe þā elpendas beswīcan mehton, mid þǣm þæt hīe nāmon trēowu, ⁊ slōgon on oþerne ende moniġe sċearpe īsene næġlas, ⁊ hīe mid flexe bewundon, ⁊ onbǣrndon hit, ⁊ beþyddan hit þonne on þone elpend hindan...

And they had learned more tricks through which they could ensnare the elephants; they took stakes and drove into the other end many sharp iron nails, and wrapped them in flax, and set them on fire, and then thrust them into the elephant from behind...

a piece of wood: beam, log, stake, staff, cudgel


treow

trēow (canonical feminine)
trēow (nominative singular)
trēowa (nominative plural)
trēowe (nominative plural)
trēowe (accusative singular)
trēowa (accusative plural)
trēowe (accusative plural)
trēowe (genitive singular)
trēowa (genitive plural)
trēowe (dative singular)
trēowum (dative plural)

English: truce

From Proto-West Germanic *treuwu, from Proto-Germanic *trewwō.
Cognate with Middle Dutch trouwe (Dutch trouw), Old Saxon treuwa, Old High German triuwa (German Treue).

Til biþ sē þe his trēowe ġehealdeþ, · ne sċeal nǣfre his torn tō ryċene
beorn of his brēostum ācȳþan, · nemþe hē ǣr þā bōte cunne,
eorl mid elne ġefremman. · Wel bið þām þe him āre sēċeð,
frōfre tō fæder on heofonum, · þǣr ūs eal sēo fæstnung stondeð.

Good is that keeps his belief, should not ever unfold his wrath,
fighter of his breasts, too quickly, unless before this help he would
know how to help out a man with strength. It's good for him who seeks
help from the Father in heavens, where this whole fastening stands for us.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Ġef ðē þurh trēowa findon þā ðe þē findon, sile mē þā trēowa.

If it is by faith that they find Thee who do find Thee, give me that faith.

an assurance of faith; word, promise, engagement, covenant, league


targa

targa (nominative singular)
targan (nominative plural)
targan (accusative singular)
targan (accusative plural)
targan (genitive singular)
targena (genitive plural)
targan (dative singular)
targum (dative plural)
targe (alternative)

English: targe

→ Middle Welsh: taryan

Welsh: tarian

From Proto-Germanic *targǭ. Cognate with Old Norse targa, Old High German zarga (German Zarge).


wyrd

wyrd (nominative singular)
wyrde (nominative plural)
wyrda (nominative plural)
wyrd (accusative singular)
wyrde (accusative singular)
wyrde (accusative plural)
wyrda (accusative plural)
wyrde (genitive singular)
wyrda (genitive plural)
wyrde (dative singular)
wyrdum (dative plural)
*werd (alternative Kentish)
weord (alternative)

Middle English: werde, weerde, weird, werd, werede, werid, wierde, wired, wird, wirde, wired, wirid, word, wyerde, wyrde
English: werd, weard (obsolete)
Middle Scots: weird, werd
Scots: weird
→ English: weird

→ English: wyrd

From Proto-West Germanic *wurdi, from Proto-Germanic *wurdiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ti-, a verbal abstract from the root *wert- (“to turn”) .
Related to Latin vertere, the Old English verb weorþan (“to grow into, become”), Dutch worden, German werden. Cognate with Old Saxon wurd, Old High German wurt, Old Norse urðr (“fate”) (Old Norse Urðr (“one of 3 norns”)).

Beowulf, line 455

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' Metres of Boethius, lines 226-238

Nor needs any man expect that event, that the vile flesh the mind of any man, Altogether to it should ever turn; but the vices of every mind, and the thought of every man, leads the body Whither it will.

Ne þearf lēoda nān wēnan þǣre wyrde, þæt weriġe flǣsc þæt mōd monna ǣniġes, eallunga tō him æfter mæġ onwendan; ac þā unþēawas ǣlces mōdes, and þ inġeþonc ǣlces monnes þone līchoman līt þider hit wille.


þorn

þorn (nominative singular)
þornas (nominative plural)
þorn (accusative singular)
þornas (accusative plural)
þornes (genitive singular)
þorna (genitive plural)
þorne (dative singular)
þornum (dative plural)
*ᚦᚩᚱᚾ (alternative)

Middle English: thorn, thorne, thron, thurne, þorn, þorne, þron
English: thorn
Scots: thorn; torn (Shetland)
Yola: thoornes, thorns, thurns

From Proto-West Germanic *þornu (“thorn, sloe”).
Cognates
Germanic cognates include Old Saxon thorn (Low German Dorn, Doorn), Dutch doorn, Old High German thorn (German Dorn), Old Norse þorn (Swedish törne), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (þaurnus). The Indo-European root is also the source of Old Church Slavonic трънъ (trŭnŭ) (Russian тёрн (tjorn, “sloe, blackthorn”), Slovak tŕň), Sanskrit तृण (tṛṇa, “grass”).


sprot

sprot (nominative singular)
sprot (nominative plural)
sprot (accusative singular)
sprot (accusative plural)
sprotes (genitive singular)
sprota (genitive plural)
sprote (dative singular)
sprotum (dative plural)


Tiw

Tīw (canonical masculine)
Tuu (alternative)
Tīg (alternative Mercian)
Tiig (alternative Mercian)

→ English: Tiw

From Proto-West Germanic *Tīw, from Proto-Germanic *Tīwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *deywós (“god”).
Proto-Germanic cognate with Old Norse Týr, Old Frisian Tii, Old High German Ziu, Gothic *𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍅𐍃 (*teiws).
Proto-Indo-European cognate with Latin deus, Luwian 𒋾𒉿𒊍 (tiwaz), Lithuanian diẽvas, Sanskrit देव (devá), and
Classical Persian دیوْ (dēw).


tiwesdæg

tīwesdæġ (canonical masculine)
tīwesdæġ (nominative singular)
tīwesdagas (nominative plural)
tīwesdæġ (accusative singular)
tīwesdagas (accusative plural)
tīwesdæġes (genitive singular)
tīwesdaga (genitive plural)
tīwesdæġe (dative singular)
tīwesdagum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: Tewesday, Tiwesday, Tisday, Tisdæi, Tywysday, tiwesday, twesday
English: Tuesday
Scots: Tysday
Yola: Tusedei, tuesdei

From Proto-West Germanic *Tīwas dag (“Tuesday”, literally “Tiw's Day”), a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies Martis, itself a translation of Ancient Greek Ἄρεως ἡμέρα (Áreōs hēméra) (interpretatio romana).


iw

īw (canonical masculine)
īw (nominative singular)
īwas (nominative plural)
īw (accusative singular)
īwas (accusative plural)
īwes (genitive singular)
īwa (genitive plural)
īwe (dative singular)
īwum (dative plural)
ēow (alternative)
ēoh (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: ew, u, iw, iv, eev, hw, ewe
English: yew
Scots: yew, ewe
Yola: yew

From Proto-Germanic *īwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw-, a suffixed form of the base *h₁eyH- (“reddish, colourful”).
Cognate with Old High German īwa (German Eibe), Middle Low German īwe, Dutch ijf, Old Norse ýr (“bow, yew”). The Indo-European root is perhaps also the source of Old Irish ibar (Irish iúr), Proto-Balto-Slavic *eiwas (Lithuanian ievà), Proto-Slavic *jьva (Russian и́ва (íva, “willow”)), Latin ūva (“bunch of grapes”)).
The West Germanic languages have a variant *īhwaz with a guttural consonant, represented by Old English ēoh.


grana

Definition unclear, perhaps "one who has a mustache".


æx

æx (nominative singular)
æxe (nominative plural)
æxa (nominative plural)
æx (accusative singular)
æxe (accusative singular)
æxe (accusative plural)
æxa (accusative plural)
æxe (genitive singular)
æxa (genitive plural)
æxe (dative singular)
æxum (dative plural)
æces (alternative)
acas (alternative)
eax (alternative)

Middle English: ax, axe, ex, exe, æxæ, æxe
English: axe, ax
Scots: aix

From earlier *æces ← *ækysi ← *akusi, from Proto-West Germanic *akusi, from Proto-Germanic *akwisī. Cognate with Old Frisian axa, Old Saxon akus, Old High German accus, Old Norse øx, and Gothic 𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌶𐌹 (aqizi).


sweord

sweord (nominative singular)
sweord (nominative plural)
sweord (accusative singular)
sweord (accusative plural)
sweordes (genitive singular)
sweorda (genitive plural)
sweorde (dative singular)
sweordum (dative plural)
suord (alternative)
swurd (alternative West-Saxon)
swyrd (alternative West-Saxon)
sword (alternative)
*swerd (alternative)

Middle English: sword, swerd

English: sword

From Proto-Germanic *swerdą. Cognate with Old Frisian swerd, Old Saxon swerd, Old Dutch swert, Old High German swert, Old Norse sverð.


lagu

lagu (nominative singular)
laga (nominative plural)
lagu (accusative singular)
laga (accusative plural)
laga (genitive singular)
laga (genitive plural)
laga (dative singular)
lagum (dative plural)
lago (alternative)

desc

Middle English: lai, laie, leye, laȝe, lawe

English: lay

From Proto-West Germanic *lagu (“water, sea”).
Cognate with Latin lacus (“hollow, pond”), Old Irish loch (“lake, pond”), Ancient Greek λάκκος (lákkos, “waterhole, pond, pit”).

cog

The Old English rune poem
ᛚ byþ lēodum langsum ġeþūht...

Sea is by princes thought long-enduring...


lagu

lagu (nominative singular)
laga (nominative plural)
lage (nominative plural)
lage (accusative singular)
laga (accusative plural)
lage (accusative plural)
lage (genitive singular)
laga (genitive plural)
lage (dative singular)
lagum (dative plural)
lage (alternative)
lah (alternative)

Middle English: laȝe, lawe

English: law

Scots: law

Borrowed (ca. 1000 C.E.) from Old Norse lǫg (“the things that are laid down, the laws”), originally a neuter plural but reanalysed as a feminine singular when it was borrowed into Old English. From the singular Proto-Germanic *lagą (“something laid”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-, the root of English lie, lay.
The Old Icelandic word means "something laid down or fixed", both in the literal sense of "layer, stratum" and in the figurative "agreed share", "fixed price", "partnership", etc. The plural had the collective sense of "[body of] law". The native Old English word replaced by the Old Norse loan was ǣ.


mearh

mēaras (nominative plural)
mearh (nominative singular)
mēaras (nominative plural)
mearh (accusative singular)
mēaras (accusative plural)
mēares (genitive singular)
mēara (genitive plural)
mēare (dative singular)
mēarum (dative plural)
mear (alternative)
mearg (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *marh.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian mar (“horse”), merie (“mare”) (West Frisian merje (“mare”)), Old Saxon merge, meriha (“mare”), Dutch merrie (“mare”), Old High German marah (“horse”), meriha (“mare”) (German Mähre (“mare”)), Old Norse marr (“horse”) (Icelandic mar), merr (“mare”) (Swedish märr (“mare”)), Gothic *𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍃 (*marhs). Beyond Germanic, cognate to Irish marc and Welsh march (“horse”).

Hwǣr cōm mearg? Hwǣr cōm mago? · Hwǣr cōm māþþumġyfa?
Hwǣr cōm symbla ġesetu? · Hwǣr sindon seledrēamas?
Ēalā beorht bune! · Ēalā byrnwiga!
Ēalā þēodnes þrym! · Hū sēo þrāg ġewāt,
ġenāp under nihthelm, · swā hēo nō wære.

Whither did the horse come? Whither did the man come? Whither did the treasure-giver come?
Whither did the seats of feasts come? Where are the hall-joys?
Alack and alas, bright cup! Alack and alas, mailed warrior!
Alack and alas, the army of the king! How did the time pass,
grow dark under the cover of night, as if it never did.


mearh

mēaras (nominative plural)
mearh (nominative singular)
mēaras (nominative plural)
mearh (accusative singular)
mēaras (accusative plural)
mēares (genitive singular)
mēara (genitive plural)
mēare (dative singular)
mēarum (dative plural)
mærh (alternative)
merg (alternative)
mearg (alternative)
meargh (alternative)
mærc (alternative)


stod

desctree

Middle English: stode, stod, stude, stud
English: stud
Scots: stod, stud, stude, stuid
Yola: sthit

From Proto-Germanic *stōdą, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“stand, set”).
Cognate with Old High German stuot (“herd of horses”) (German Stute (“mare”)), Old Norse stóð (Swedish sto (“mare”)). The Indo-European root is also the source of Albanian shtazë (“animal, beast”) and Old Church Slavonic стадо (stado, “herd”).


burg

byrġ (nominative plural)
burg (nominative singular)
byrġ (nominative plural)
burg (accusative singular)
byrġ (accusative plural)
byrġ (genitive singular)
burga (genitive plural)
byrġ (dative singular)
burgum (dative plural)
burh (alternative)

Middle English: burgh

Scots: burch, burgh

desc

English: borough, -borough, Brough, boro, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury

→ English: burh (learned)

c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Wyrċaþ fæsten ymb þā burg.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þæt Ēstland is swīðe miċel, and þǣr biþ swīðe manega byrġ, and on ǣlcre byrġ biþ cyning.

Estonia is very large. There are a whole lot of towns, and every town has a king.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of St. Augustine's Soliloquies
Nāt iċ nā þȳ hwā Rōme burg timbrede þe iċ hit self ġesāwe, ac for þȳ þe hit man mē sæġde.

I don't know who built the city of Rome because I saw it myself, but because somebody told me.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Assumption of the Blessed Mary"
Sē Godes wiðersaca hine þā ġehāthierte and cwæþ, "Þā iċ fram fierde ġeċierre, iċ tōweorpe þās burg, and hīe ġesmēðe, and tō ierþlande āwende, swā þæt hēo biþ cornbǣru swīðor þonne manbǣru."

The adversary of God became furious and said, "When I return from the campaign, I will destroy this city, and level it, and turn it into farmland, so it is full of grain instead of people."

c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Sēo burg þæs mōdes sċeal swīðe oft ġefrēdan hire fēonda speru.

The fortress of the mind must very often feel the spears of its enemies.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 921

Then King Edward traveled to Colchester with the West Saxon army and repaired the fortress, and rebuilt it where it had been destroyed.

Þā fōr Ēadweard cyning mid Westseaxna fierde tō Colneċeastre and ġebētte þā burg and ġeednīewode þǣr hēo ǣr tōbrocen wæs.


gerefa

ġerēfa (canonical masculine)
ġerēfa (nominative singular)
ġerēfan (nominative plural)
ġerēfan (accusative singular)
ġerēfan (accusative plural)
ġerēfan (genitive singular)
ġerēfena (genitive plural)
ġerēfan (dative singular)
ġerēfum (dative plural)
groefa (alternative)

Middle English: reve (via rēfa)

English: reeve

From Proto-West Germanic *garāfijō. By surface analysis, ġe- + rēfa.

Laws of King Ine
Ġif ġesīþcund mon fare, þonne mōt hē habban his ġerēfan mid him ⁊ his smiþ ⁊ his ċildfestran.

If a noble man should move, then he may keep his reeve and his smith and his children's nurse with him.

a reeve or official with local jurisdiction under the king; the chief magistrate of a district


scir

sċīr (canonical feminine)
sċīr (nominative singular)
sċīra (nominative plural)
sċīre (nominative plural)
sċīre (accusative singular)
sċīra (accusative plural)
sċīre (accusative plural)
sċīre (genitive singular)
sċīra (genitive plural)
sċīre (dative singular)
sċīrum (dative plural)
sċiir (alternative)
sċȳr (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: schire, chire, schere, schyere, schyr, schyre, shere, shiere, shire, shyre, ssire
English: shire
→ Icelandic: skíri
Scots: shire

district (under an official or governor)

Laws of King Ine
Ġif hē ealdormon sie, ðolie his sċire, buton him kyning arian wille

If he is an alderman, he shall lose his shire, unless the king wishes to pardon him.

administrative region, shire (consisting of a number of hundreds or wapentakes, ruled jointly by an alderman and a sheriff)


scirgerefa

sċīrġerēfa (canonical masculine)
sċīrġerēfa (nominative singular)
sċīrġerēfan (nominative plural)
sċīrġerēfan (accusative singular)
sċīrġerēfan (accusative plural)
sċīrġerēfan (genitive singular)
sċīrġerēfena (genitive plural)
sċīrġerēfan (dative singular)
sċīrġerēfum (dative plural)

Middle English: shirreve

English: sheriff, shrieve

Scots: shirra


laca

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of lacu


fæstnung

fæstnung (nominative singular)
fæstnunga (nominative plural)
fæstnunge (nominative plural)
fæstnunge (accusative singular)
fæstnunga (accusative plural)
fæstnunge (accusative plural)
fæstnunge (genitive singular)
fæstnunga (genitive plural)
fæstnunge (dative singular)
fæstnungum (dative plural)

Til biþ sē þe his trēowe ġehealdeþ, · ne sċeal nǣfre his torn tō ryċene
beorn of his brēostum ācȳþan, · nemþe hē ǣr þā bōte cunne,
eorl mid elne ġefremman. · Wel bið þām þe him āre sēċeð,
frōfre tō fæder on heofonum, · þǣr ūs eal sēo fæstnung stondeð.

ratification of something, especially a marital engagement


fæmne

fǣmne (canonical feminine)
fǣmne (nominative singular)
fǣmnan (nominative plural)
fǣmnan (accusative singular)
fǣmnan (accusative plural)
fǣmnan (genitive singular)
fǣmnena (genitive plural)
fǣmnan (dative singular)
fǣmnum (dative plural)
fēmne (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *faimnijā (“girl”), related to (but not directly cognate with) Old Saxon fēmea, fēhmia, West Frisian faam, Icelandic feima (“maiden”). Unrelated to Latin fēmina (“female, woman”), and probably also to Latin famula (“female servant”).


hæmed

hǣmed (canonical neuter)
hǣmed (nominative singular)
hǣmdu (nominative plural)
hǣmed (accusative singular)
hǣmdu (accusative plural)
hǣmdes (genitive singular)
hǣmda (genitive plural)
hǣmde (dative singular)
hǣmdum (dative plural)

A substantivised past participle of hǣman; compare ǣled for a similar formation.


mægþ

mæġþ (canonical feminine)
mæġþ (nominative singular)
mæġþ (nominative plural)
mæġþ (accusative singular)
mæġþ (accusative plural)
mæġþ (genitive singular)
mæġþa (genitive plural)
mæġþ (dative singular)
mæġþum (dative plural)

Alteration of earlier mæġeþ, with irregular syncope. See there for more.


mægþ

mǣġþ (canonical feminine)
mǣġþ (nominative singular)
mǣġþa (nominative plural)
mǣġþe (nominative plural)
mǣġþe (accusative singular)
mǣġþa (accusative plural)
mǣġþe (accusative plural)
mǣġþe (genitive singular)
mǣġþa (genitive plural)
mǣġþe (dative singular)
mǣġþum (dative plural)
mǣġeþ (alternative)

→ English: maegth (learned)

From mǣġ (“a relative”) + -þ (suffix forming abstract nouns). Cognate with Old Norse mægð (“affinity by marriage”). Compare the formation of modern English kindred.

suffix

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
In ðā ilcan tīd wǣron in Ēastseaxna mǣġðe æfter Swiðhelme, bī þǣm wē ǣr beforan sǣġdon, tweġen cyningas Siġhere ⁊ Sebbe, þēah hē hēo Wulfhere Mercna cyninge underþēodde wǣren in hērnesse.

At this time there were two kings in the nation of the East-Saxons, Sighere and Sebbe, who came after Swithhelm, whom we have mentioned before, though they were subjects of Wulfhere, king of Mercia.


mægþ

mǣgþ (canonical feminine)
ġemǣgþ (alternative)
ġemægþ (alternative)
ġemǣhþ (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *maigiþō (“shamelessness, wantonness, wickedness”), from *maigaz (“wicked, shameless”).


mægþblæd

mæġþblæd (canonical neuter)
mæġþblæd (nominative singular)
mæġþbladu (nominative plural)
mæġþblæd (accusative singular)
mæġþbladu (accusative plural)
mæġþblædes (genitive singular)
mæġþblada (genitive plural)
mæġþblæde (dative singular)
mæġþbladum (dative plural)


blæd

blæd (nominative singular)
bladu (nominative plural)
blæd (accusative singular)
bladu (accusative plural)
blædes (genitive singular)
blada (genitive plural)
blæde (dative singular)
bladum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: blad, blaad, bladd, blade, blayd, blayde (Late Middle English)
English: blade; blad
Scots: blade, blaid, bled

From Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-tó-m, from *bʰleh₃-.
Cognate with Old Frisian bled (West Frisian bled), Old Saxon blad, Dutch blad, Old High German blat (German Blatt), Old Norse blað (Danish blad, Icelandic blað).

the broad, flat blade of a utensil (e.g., an oar or spade)


blæd

blǣd (canonical masculine)
blǣd (nominative singular)
blǣdas (nominative plural)
blǣd (accusative singular)
blǣdas (accusative plural)
blǣdes (genitive singular)
blǣda (genitive plural)
blǣde (dative singular)
blǣdum (dative plural)

From a conflation of Proto-Germanic *blēdaz, *blēdō (“flower, leaf”) and Proto-Germanic *blēdaz (“blowing, blast”). Cognate with Old High German blāt (“flower, blossom, prosperity; blowing, breeze, windgust”). Related to Old English blǣdre (“bubble, blister, pimple”), blǣst (“windgust”). More at bladder, blast, blow.

cog

Warað hine wræclāst, · nales wunden gold,
ferðloca frēoriġ, · nalæs foldan blǣd.

His path of exile not at all hold twisted gold,
the cold spirit, not at all earth's glory.

inspiration; breath, life, spirit; glory, splendor


mægþhad

mǣġþhād (canonical masculine)
mǣġþhād (nominative singular)
mǣġþhādas (nominative plural)
mǣġþhād (accusative singular)
mǣġþhādas (accusative plural)
mǣġþhādes (genitive singular)
mǣġþhāda (genitive plural)
mǣġþhāde (dative singular)
mǣġþhādum (dative plural)


mægþhad

mæġþhād (canonical masculine)
mæġþhād (nominative singular)
mæġþhādas (nominative plural)
mæġþhād (accusative singular)
mæġþhādas (accusative plural)
mæġþhādes (genitive singular)
mæġþhāda (genitive plural)
mæġþhāde (dative singular)
mæġþhādum (dative plural)

Alteration of earlier mæġeþhād. See there for more.


gedwola

ġedwola (canonical masculine)
ġedwola (nominative singular)
ġedwolan (nominative plural)
ġedwolan (accusative singular)
ġedwolan (accusative plural)
ġedwolan (genitive singular)
ġedwolena (genitive plural)
ġedwolan (dative singular)
ġedwolum (dative plural)

From or related to the verb dwolian (“to make a mistake, be wrong”).

sē mennesca ġedwola

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Þēos sibb āwunade on Crīstes cyriċan...ōþ ðā tīde þe sē Arrianisċa gėdweolda ārās.

This peace persisted in Christ's church...until the time that the Arian heresy arose.


gedwolgod

ġedwolgod (canonical masculine)
ġedwolgod (nominative singular)
ġedwolgodas (nominative plural)
ġedwolgod (accusative singular)
ġedwolgodas (accusative plural)
ġedwolgodes (genitive singular)
ġedwolgoda (genitive plural)
ġedwolgode (dative singular)
ġedwolgodum (dative plural)

Ðes gedwolgod wæs arwurðe eac betwux eallum hæðenum on þam dagum.

Early 11th century, Wulfstan, De Falsis Deis, lines 57-58:

This false god too was known among all the heathens of those days.


dweorg

dweorg (nominative singular)
dweorgas (nominative plural)
dweorg (accusative singular)
dweorgas (accusative plural)
dweorges (genitive singular)
dweorga (genitive plural)
dweorge (dative singular)
dweorgum (dative plural)
dweorh (alternative)
dwerg (alternative)

Middle English: dwerf, dwergh, dwerw

English: dwarf

desctree

Scots: droich, droch, dwerch, duerch, duerche, dorche
→ Scottish Gaelic: troich

From Proto-Germanic *dwergaz.
Cognate with Old Frisian dwerch, Old Saxon dwerg, Old Dutch *dwerg, Old High German twerg, Old Norse dvergr.


monandæg

mōnandæġ (canonical masculine)
mōnandæġ (nominative singular)
mōnandagas (nominative plural)
mōnandæġ (accusative singular)
mōnandagas (accusative plural)
mōnandæġes (genitive singular)
mōnandaga (genitive plural)
mōnandæġe (dative singular)
mōnandagum (dative plural)

Middle English: Monday, Monenday, Moneday, moneday
English: Monday (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Monanday
Yola: Mondei

From Proto-West Germanic *mānini dag; equivalent to mōna + dæġ.
Corresponding to Old Frisian mōnendei, mōnadei, Old Dutch *mānendag (Dutch maandag), Old High German mānetac (German Montag), Old Norse mánadagr (Icelandic mánudagur, Swedish måndag).


fyst

fȳst (canonical feminine)
fȳst (nominative singular)
fȳste (nominative plural)
fȳsta (nominative plural)
fȳst (accusative singular)
fȳste (accusative singular)
fȳste (accusative plural)
fȳsta (accusative plural)
fȳste (genitive singular)
fȳsta (genitive plural)
fȳste (dative singular)
fȳstum (dative plural)

Middle English: fist, fust, fest, feest, vest
English: fist
Scots: fist, fyst
Yola: hist, fest

From Proto-West Germanic *fūsti, from Proto-Germanic *funstiz, from Proto-Indo-European *pnsti-, a variant of *pnksti-, *pn̥kʷsti (“fist”), a derivative of *pénkʷe (“five”). Cognate with Old Frisian fest (West Frisian fest), Old Saxon fūst, Dutch vuist, Old High German fūst (German Faust), and with Russian пясть (pjastʹ, “palm of the hand”), Polish pięść (“fist”), Serbo-Croatian pȇst (“fist”) and pȑst (“finger”), Lithuanian kumštis.


fyr

fȳr (canonical neuter)
fȳr (nominative singular)
fȳr (nominative plural)
fȳr (accusative singular)
fȳr (accusative plural)
fȳres (genitive singular)
fȳra (genitive plural)
fȳre (dative singular)
fȳrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: fyr, fer, fier, fir, fyre, vir, fer (East Anglia), fuir, fur, fuyr, vur (Southern, West Midland), ver (Kent)
English: fire
→ Japanese: ファイヤー (faiyā)
Sranan Tongo: faya
Scots: fyre, feier
Yola: vire, vier

From Proto-West Germanic *fuir, from Proto-Germanic *fōr, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Another Vision"
Sē līeġ wæs mid manna sāwlum āfylled, and hīe āsprungon upp mid þām fȳre swā swā spearcan.

The flame was filled with people's souls, and they sprang up with the fire like sparks.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, year 473

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 14:54

He sat with the guards and warmed himself by the fire.

Hē sæt mid þām weardum and wiermde hine æt þǣm fȳre.


fic

fīc (canonical masculine)
fīc (nominative singular)
fīcas (nominative plural)
fīc (accusative singular)
fīcas (accusative plural)
fīces (genitive singular)
fīca (genitive plural)
fīce (dative singular)
fīcum (dative plural)

Middle English: fike, fyke

English: fike, fig


æfen

ǣfen (canonical masculine)
ǣfen (nominative singular)
ǣfennas (nominative plural)
ǣfen (accusative singular)
ǣfennas (accusative plural)
ǣfennes (genitive singular)
ǣfenna (genitive plural)
ǣfenne (dative singular)
ǣfennum (dative plural)
ēfen (alternative)
ēfern (alternative)

Middle English: even, evene, efen
English: even
Scots: evin
Yola: e'en

Form reflects Proto-West Germanic *āban, a byform or derivative of *ābanþ.
Cognate with Old Frisian ēvend, Old Saxon āƀand, Old Dutch āvont, Old High German ābant, Old Norse aptann.

mōnanǣfen

*ġēolǣfen

eve: the day/evening/night before something


wyrt

wyrt (nominative singular)
wyrte (nominative plural)
wyrta (nominative plural)
wyrt (accusative singular)
wyrte (accusative singular)
wyrte (accusative plural)
wyrta (accusative plural)
wyrte (genitive singular)
wyrta (genitive plural)
wyrte (dative singular)
wyrtum (dative plural)
wert (alternative Kentish)
wirt (alternative Late Old-English)

Middle English: wurt, worte, wort

English: wort

Middle Scots: *wort (attested in plural wortis)

Scots: wirt

desc

⇒ Middle English: wurten, worten (“resembling or pertaining to spice, herbal”, adj)

From Proto-West Germanic *wurti, from Proto-Germanic *wurt-, the oblique stem of *wrōts (whence root).
Cognate with Old Saxon wurt, Old High German wurz, Old Norse urt, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐍃 (waurts).

c. 992, Ælfric, "The 16th Sunday After Pentecost"
Wyrta sind īeðelīca ġesċeafta and þurh winterlīcne ċiele simle forsēariaþ.

Plants are tender creatures, and they always wither in the winter cold.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Sumra wyrta oþþe sumes wuda eard biþ on dūnum, sumra on merscum, sumra on mōrum, sumra on clūdum, sumra on barum sandum.

Some plants and trees have their home on hills, some in marshes, some on moors, some on rocks, some on bare sand.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Æppla, græs, and wyrta, and treowu forealdiaþ and forsēariaþ, and ōðru cumaþ, grēnu weaxaþ, and ġierwaþ and rīpaþ, for þæt hīe eft onġinnaþ sēarian.

Apples, grass, and plants, and trees grow old and wither, while others appear, grow green, reach maturity, and ripen, and with that they begin to wither as well.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Holus: "wyrt."

early 11th century, anonymous gloss of Ælfric's Latin Colloquy (c. 995)

"What else do you eat?" "Vegetables and eggs, fish and cheese, butter and beans."

"Hwæt māre itst þū?" "Wyrta and ǣġru, fisċ and ċīese, buteran and bēana."

If you drive me out of your society, you'll eat your vegetables uncooked and your meat raw. [Said by a cook.]

Ġif ġē mē ūt ādrīfaþ fram ēowrum ġefērsċipe, ġē etaþ ēowre wyrta grēne and ēowre flǣsċmetas hrēawe.

unknown date and author, monastic sign language guide
Ġesodenra wyrta tācn is þæt þū dō mid þīnre ōðerre handa niðewearde be þǣre sīdan swelċe þū sċearfian wille. Þonne þū grēne wyrta habban wille, þonne sete þū þīnne finger on þīne winestran hand.

The sign for cooked vegetables is that you take your hand and make a downward motion along your side as if you're cutting them up. When you want raw vegetables, place your finger on your left hand.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Dedication of a Church"
Hire olfendas bǣron sūðerne wyrta, and dīerwierðe ġimmas, and unġerīm goldes.

Her camels were carrying southern spices, precious gems, and endless gold.

Blickling Homilies, "Palm Sunday"
Marīa ġenam ān pund dīerwierðre smierenesse and smierede mid þæs Hǣlendes fēt and mid hire loccum drȳġde. Þā wæs eall þæt hūs ġefylled mid þon swētan stenċe. Þēos smierenes wæs ġeworht of eahtatīene cynna wyrtum.

Mary took a pound of precious ointment and rubbed it on Jesus' feet and dried them with her hair. Then the whole house was filled with the sweet smell. This ointment was made from 18 kinds of herbs.

c. 950–1050. Anonymous, "Daniel (Old English poem)", in Oxford, Boleian Library, Junius 11, ll. 497–499. Reprinted in 2013, Bintley, Michael D. J.; Shapland, Michael G. (eds.), Trees and Timber in the Anglo-Saxon World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, p. 219. Translation from the same.
Þuhte him þæt on foldan | fægre stode / wudubeam wlitig, | se wæs wyrtum fæst, / beorht on blædum.
It seemed to him that there stood, fair upon the earth, a peerless tree that was steadfast in its roots and bright in its fruits.

975–1025 (date of MS). Anonymous, Beowulf, in the Nowell Codex. Translated and reprinted in 1999. Heaney, Seamus (trans.), Beowulf: A New Verse Translation, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN, pp. 94–95, l. 1364.
wudu wyrtum fæst | wæter oferhelmað
Woods secured by roots cover over the water


wyrt

wyrt (nominative singular)
wyrta (nominative plural)
wyrte (nominative plural)
wyrte (accusative singular)
wyrta (accusative plural)
wyrte (accusative plural)
wyrte (genitive singular)
wyrta (genitive plural)
wyrte (dative singular)
wyrtum (dative plural)

Middle English: wort, worte

English: wort

Scots: wirt

From a merger of Proto-West Germanic *wurtiju (“spice”) and Proto-West Germanic *wurti (“herb”). Cognate with Old Saxon wurtia.


ægwyrt

ǣġwyrt (canonical feminine)
ǣġwyrt (nominative singular)
ǣġwyrta (nominative plural)
ǣġwyrte (nominative plural)
ǣġwyrte (accusative singular)
ǣġwyrta (accusative plural)
ǣġwyrte (accusative plural)
ǣġwyrte (genitive singular)
ǣġwyrta (genitive plural)
ǣġwyrte (dative singular)
ǣġwyrtum (dative plural)


ælf

ælf (nominative singular)
ælfas (nominative plural)
ælf (accusative singular)
ælfas (accusative plural)
ælfes (genitive singular)
ælfa (genitive plural)
ælfe (dative singular)
ælfum (dative plural)


æppel

æppla (nominative plural)
æppel (nominative singular)
æppla (nominative plural)
æppel (accusative singular)
æppla (accusative plural)
æppla (genitive singular)
æppla (genitive plural)
æpplena (genitive plural)
æppla (dative singular)
æpplum (dative plural)
æppel (nominative singular)
æpplas (nominative plural)
æppel (accusative singular)
æpplas (accusative plural)
æpples (genitive singular)
æppla (genitive plural)
æpple (dative singular)
æpplum (dative plural)
apl (alternative)
appel (alternative)
æppyl (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: appel, apple, appyl, appyll, appil, appill, appell, eppel, appul, appull, appulle, eappel, æppel, æpple, eappel (Early Middle English)
English: apple (see there for further descendants)
Scots: aipple

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *applu, from Proto-Germanic *aplaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl.


æppelleaf

æppellēaf (canonical neuter)
æppellēaf (nominative singular)
æppellēaf (nominative plural)
æppellēaf (accusative singular)
æppellēaf (accusative plural)
æppellēafes (genitive singular)
æppellēafa (genitive plural)
æppellēafe (dative singular)
æppellēafum (dative plural)


dagung

dagung (nominative singular)
dagunga (nominative plural)
dagunge (nominative plural)
dagunge (accusative singular)
dagunga (accusative plural)
dagunge (accusative plural)
dagunge (genitive singular)
dagunga (genitive plural)
dagunge (dative singular)
dagungum (dative plural)

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCXCV Hēr wæs sē mōna āþȳstrod betwux hancrēd ⁊ dagunge on V Kƚ Aprilis. ⁊ Eard[wulf] feng tō Norþanhymbra cynedōme on II Iđ Maĩ., and hē wæs syððan ġebletsod ⁊ his cynestōle āhafen on VII Kƚ Iunii on Eoforwīc frām Ēanbalde arċebisċop, ⁊ Æþelberhte ⁊ Hiġebalde ⁊ Badwulfe [bisċeopas].

Year 795 In this year the moon was obscured between the cock's crow and dawn on the fifth of April. And Eardwulf became king of Northumbria on the second of May, and then on the sevents of June his throne was raised and he was blessed in York by Archbishop Eanbald and Bishops Aethelbright, Higebald, and Badwulf.


agen

Literally ‘owned’: originally the past participle of āgan. Corresponding to Old Dutch eigan (Dutch eigen), Old High German eigan (German eigen), Old Norse eiginn (Swedish egen).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Agnes, Virgin"
se fæder and seo modor mid mycelre blysse gelæhton hyre lic and gelæddon to heora agenum,...

Her father and her mother, with great joy, took her body, and brought it to their own house,...


agenslaga

āgenslaga (canonical masculine)
āgenslaga (nominative singular)
āgenslagan (nominative plural)
āgenslagan (accusative singular)
āgenslagan (accusative plural)
āgenslagan (genitive singular)
āgenslagena (genitive plural)
āgenslagan (dative singular)
āgenslagum (dative plural)

Middle English: aȝen-slaȝa

/ˈɑː.ɡenˌslɑ.ɡɑ/

[ˈɑː.ɣenˌslɑ.ɣɑ]


slaga

slaga (nominative singular)
slagan (nominative plural)
slagan (accusative singular)
slagan (accusative plural)
slagan (genitive singular)
slagena (genitive plural)
slagan (dative singular)
slagum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *slagō. Agent noun of slēan.


bealo

bealo (nominative singular)
bealo (nominative plural)
bealo (accusative singular)
bealo (accusative plural)
bealwes (genitive singular)
bealwa (genitive plural)
bealwe (dative singular)
bealwum (dative plural)


bearg

bearg (nominative singular)
beargas (nominative plural)
bearg (accusative singular)
beargas (accusative plural)
bearges (genitive singular)
bearga (genitive plural)
bearge (dative singular)
beargum (dative plural)
bærh (alternative)
bearh (alternative)
bearug (alternative)
bęrg (alternative)
berg (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: barow, bareȝ, bareh, barew, barwe, borwȝ
English: barrow

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *barug, from Proto-Germanic *barugaz: cognate with Old Frisian barch (West Frisian baarch), Old Saxon barug (Dutch barg), Old High German barug (dialectal German Barch), Old Norse bǫrgr.


beorg

beorg (nominative singular)
beorgas (nominative plural)
beorg (accusative singular)
beorgas (accusative plural)
beorges (genitive singular)
beorga (genitive plural)
beorge (dative singular)
beorgum (dative plural)
beorh (alternative)
berg (alternative)
biorg (alternative)

desc

Middle English: bergh, berȝ, beruȝ, beruh, berw

English: barrow; bergh (Northern England)

Scots: burrae

Middle English: berȝe, beryhe, berye (via beorge (dative))

English: berry

From Proto-Germanic *bergaz (“mountain”).
Cognate with Old Frisian berch, Old Saxon berg, Old High German berg (German Berg), Old Norse bjarg, Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲- (bairg-); and with Old Irish brí (“mountain”), Old Church Slavonic брѣгъ (brěgŭ) (Russian бе́рег (béreg)), Sanskrit बृहत् (bṛhát, “high”).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Fuluius sē consul fōr mid firde on Crēce tō þǣm beorgum þe mon Olimphus hæt.

The consul Fulvius went to Greece with an army, to the mountain known as Olympus.


beorg

beorg (nominative singular)
beorga (nominative plural)
beorge (nominative plural)
beorge (accusative singular)
beorga (accusative plural)
beorge (accusative plural)
beorge (genitive singular)
beorga (genitive plural)
beorge (dative singular)
beorgum (dative plural)
beorh (alternative)
berg (alternative)
biorg (alternative)

Middle English: berg

From Proto-West Germanic *bergu from Proto-Germanic *bergō. Equivalent to *bergan + *-u.


beallucas

[ˈbæɑ̯ɫːukɑs]


bearn

bearn (nominative singular)
bearn (nominative plural)
bearn (accusative singular)
bearn (accusative plural)
bearnes (genitive singular)
bearna (genitive plural)
bearne (dative singular)
bearnum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: barn, bern, bearn, bærn, barne, berne, baren
English: barn, bern (obsolete, dialectal)
Geordie English: bairn
Scots: bairn
→ English: bairn
Yola: barrn

From Proto-West Germanic *barn.
Cognate with Old Frisian bern, Old Saxon barn, Old Dutch *barn, Old High German barn, Old Norse barn, Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽 (barn). Related to beran.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Swīðe wynsum hit biþ þæt man wīf hæbbe and bearn.

It is very pleasant to have a wife and children.

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Hīe wǣron twēntiġ ġēara samod ǣr þon þe hīe bearn hæfdon.

They were together for twenty years before they had a child.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, "Gospel of Saint John", chapter 13, verse 33

O children, now yet I am little time with you. You seek me; and as I told the Jews, You cannot go to there which I go; and now I tell you.

Lā bearn, nū gȳt ic eom ġehwǣde tīd mid ēow. Ġē mē sēceað; and swā ic þām Iudeon sǣde, Ġē ne magon faran þyder þe ic fare; and nū ic ēow secge.


bearn

bearn (nominative singular)
bearn (nominative plural)
bearn (accusative singular)
bearn (accusative plural)
bearnes (genitive singular)
bearna (genitive plural)
bearne (dative singular)
bearnum (dative plural)
bern (alternative)

Middle English: bern, barn, baryn, berne, bærn (Early Middle English)
English: barn
Scots: bern
Yola: barrn

Contraction of bereern, bereærn (literally “barley-place”), equivalent to bere + ærn.