sæternesdæg

sæternesdæġ (canonical masculine)
sæternesdæġ (nominative singular)
sæternesdagas (nominative plural)
sæternesdæġ (accusative singular)
sæternesdagas (accusative plural)
sæternesdæġes (genitive singular)
sæternesdaga (genitive plural)
sæternesdæġe (dative singular)
sæternesdagum (dative plural)
sæterndæġ (alternative)
sæteresdæġ (alternative)
sæterdæġ (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: Saterday, Seterday, Ceterday, Satirday, Saturday, Saturnesday, zeterday
English: Saturday
Tok Pisin: Sarere
Scots: Seturday
Yola: Zathardei, zatherdei

From Proto-West Germanic *Sāturnas dag; equivalent to Sætern (“Saturn”) + dæġ (“day”). Ultimately a calque of Latin diēs Sāturnī (“day of Saturn”).


ædre

ǣdre (canonical feminine)
ǣdre (nominative singular)
ǣdran (nominative plural)
ǣdran (accusative singular)
ǣdran (accusative plural)
ǣdran (genitive singular)
ǣdrena (genitive plural)
ǣdran (dative singular)
ǣdrum (dative plural)

Middle English: edre

From Proto-Germanic *ēþrǭ. Cognates include Old Frisian ēdere, Old High German ādra, Old Norse æðr.


æcced

æċċed (canonical neuter)
æċċed (nominative plural)
æċċed (nominative singular)
æċċed (accusative singular)
æċċedes (genitive singular)
æċċede (dative singular)


æced

æċed (canonical neuter)
æċed (nominative singular)
æċed (accusative singular)
æċedes (genitive singular)
æċede (dative singular)
eċed (alternative)
æċċed (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *aket, from Latin acētum. Compare Old Saxon ecid, West Frisian jittik, Old High German ezzih (German Essig), Old Norse edik (Danish eddike, Swedish ättika).


eaw

Alternative form of ǣ (found in compounds)


tot

tot (nominative singular)
totu (nominative plural)
tot (accusative singular)
totu (accusative plural)
totes (genitive singular)
tota (genitive plural)
tote (dative singular)
totum (dative plural)

desc

>? Middle English: tot (“fool, simpleton; devil”)

From Proto-West Germanic *tot, from Proto-Germanic *tut(t)- (“to stick out, protrude”).


tot

Middle English: tot, tote

Unknown. Perhaps ultimately from or related to Proto-Germanic *tut(t)- (“to stick out, protrude”).


wrist

desctree

Middle English: wrist, wryst, wryste, wriste, wyrste, wirste, virste, wrest, wreste, wrost
English: wrist
Scots: wrist
Yola: wrasth, wraste
→ Irish: rosta (from the alternative form wrost)


wicca

wiċċa (canonical masculine)
wiċċa (nominative singular)
wiċċan (nominative plural)
wiċċan (accusative singular)
wiċċan (accusative plural)
wiċċan (genitive singular)
wiċċena (genitive plural)
wiċċan (dative singular)
wiċċum (dative plural)

Middle English: wicche, wikke, wikked

English: witch, → Wicca, wicked

Scots: wich, wicked, wicket

From Proto-West Germanic *wikkō (“necromancer, sorcerer”).
Further etymology uncertain; apparently from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“separate, divide”), conjectured to be because of early Germanic divinatory practices to do with casting lots (cleromancy).
The exact etymology is problematic. R. Lühr (Expressivität und Lautgesetz im Germanischen, Heidelberg (1988), p. 354) connects wigol "prophetic, mantic", wīglian "to practice divination" (Middle Low German wichelen (“bewitch”) and suggests Proto-Germanic *wigōn, via Kluge's law becoming *wikkōn. The basic form would then be the feminine, wicce /ˈwɪt͡ʃe/, from *wikkæ, from *wikkōn with palatalization due to the preceding i and the following *æ, from *ōn. The palatal -cc- /t͡ʃ/ in wicca would then be analogous to the feminine.
An alternative possibility is to derive the palatal /t͡ʃ/ directly from the verb wiccian, from *wikkija (OED, s.v. witch). Lühr conversely favours derivation of this verb from the noun.

der

c. 890, Ælfred, Domboc, Prologue
Ða fæmnan þe gewuniað onfon gealdorcræftigan ⁊ scinlæcan ⁊ wiccan, ne læt þu ða libban.

Women who are accustomed to receiving enchanters and sorceresses and witches, do not let them live.

wizard, sorcerer, magician, druid, necromancer


basnung

bāsnung (canonical feminine)
bāsnung (nominative singular)
bāsnunga (nominative plural)
bāsnunge (nominative plural)
bāsnunge (accusative singular)
bāsnunga (accusative plural)
bāsnunge (accusative plural)
bāsnunge (genitive singular)
bāsnunga (genitive plural)
bāsnunge (dative singular)
bāsnungum (dative plural)


æwnung

ǣwnung (canonical feminine)
ǣwnung (nominative singular)
ǣwnunge (accusative singular)
ǣwnunge (genitive singular)
ǣwnunge (dative singular)


scire

inflection of sċīr:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of sċīr:
genitive/dative singular


pere

pere (nominative singular)
peran (nominative plural)
peran (accusative singular)
peran (accusative plural)
peran (genitive singular)
perena (genitive plural)
peran (dative singular)
perum (dative plural)

English: pear


plot

Middle English: plot

English: plot


fiend

nominative and accusative plural of fēond


tun

tūn (canonical masculine)
tūn (nominative singular)
tūnas (nominative plural)
tūn (accusative singular)
tūnas (accusative plural)
tūnes (genitive singular)
tūna (genitive plural)
tūne (dative singular)
tūnum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: toun, town, towne, tun, tune
English: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)
→ Chichewa: tawuni
→ Jersey Dutch: tāun
→ Pennsylvania German: Taun
→ Japanese: タウン (taun)
Geordie English: toon
Middle Scots: toun, town, tone
Scots: toun, toon
Yola: teoune, teoun

From Proto-West Germanic *tūn, from Proto-Germanic *tūną (“enclosure”).

an enclosed piece of ground, an enclosure or garden

the enclosed ground belonging to an individual dwelling

the group of houses on an area of enclosed land, a homestead

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLXXVII Hēr Cynewulf ⁊ Offa ġefuhton ymb Benesingtūn ⁊ Offa ġenam þone tūn.

Year 777 In this year Cynewulf and Offa fought near Benson and Offa seized the town.


mitta

mitta (nominative singular)
mittan (nominative plural)
mittan (accusative singular)
mittan (accusative plural)
mittan (genitive singular)
mittena (genitive plural)
mittan (dative singular)
mittum (dative plural)

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Him becōmon ēac swā miċele welan tō handa, þæt his bīġleofa wæs ælċe dæġ mid his hīrede þrittiġ mittan clǣnes melowes, and sixtiġ mittan ōðres melowes, twelf fǣtte oxan, and twēntiġ feldoxan, hundtēontiġ weðera, buton huntoðe and fugoloðe and ġemæstra fugela.

And so much wealth came into his hands that every day he and his household consumed thirty mittas of clean meal, sixty mittas of other meal, twelve fat oxen, twenty field-oxen, and one hundred wethers, not counting the sustenance from hunting, fowling, or fattened birds.


gad

gād (canonical neuter)
gād (nominative singular)
gād (nominative plural)
gād (accusative singular)
gād (accusative plural)
gādes (genitive singular)
gāda (genitive plural)
gāde (dative singular)
gādum (dative plural)
gǣd (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *gaidu, from Proto-Germanic *gaidwą.


gad

gād (canonical feminine)
gād (nominative singular)
gāda (nominative plural)
gāde (nominative plural)
gāde (accusative singular)
gāda (accusative plural)
gāde (accusative plural)
gāde (genitive singular)
gāda (genitive plural)
gāde (dative singular)
gādum (dative plural)
gaad (alternative)

Middle English: gade, gode

English: goad

Scots: gade, gaid

From Proto-West Germanic *gaidu, from Proto-Germanic *gaidō.


strand

strand (nominative singular)
strand (nominative plural)
strand (accusative singular)
strand (accusative plural)
strandes (genitive singular)
stranda (genitive plural)
strande (dative singular)
strandum (dative plural)

Middle English: stronde, strande, stron, strond, strounde, strone (Late Middle English)
English: strand (obsolete strond)
Scots: strand
Yola: sthroane, sthroan, sthrone, stronde

→ Old French: estrande, estran

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, "Gospel of Saint John", chapter 21, verse 4

Certainly at early morning the Healer (Jesus) stood at the shore; Though the disciples did not recognise that it was the Healer (Jesus).

Witodlīce on ǣrne merġen sē Hǣlend stōd on þām strande; ne ġecnēowon þēah ðā leorningcnihtas þæt hit sē Hǣlend wæs.


col

col (nominative singular)
colu (nominative plural)
col (accusative singular)
colu (accusative plural)
coles (genitive singular)
cola (genitive plural)
cole (dative singular)
colum (dative plural)

Middle English: col

English: coal

From Proto-West Germanic *kol. Cognate with Old Frisian kole, Old High German kolo, Old Norse kol.


toll

Middle English: toll

English: toll

Scots: towl

From Proto-Germanic *tollą, from Vulgar Latin toloneum, from Late Latin teloneum, from Ancient Greek τελώνιον (telṓnion, “toll-house”), from τέλος (télos, “tax”).
Germanic cognates include Old Saxon tol (Dutch tol), Old High German zol (German Zoll), Old Norse tollr (Swedish tull). See also parallel forms represented by Old English toln.


rap

rāp (canonical masculine)
rāp (nominative singular)
rāpas (nominative plural)
rāp (accusative singular)
rāpas (accusative plural)
rāpes (genitive singular)
rāpa (genitive plural)
rāpe (dative singular)
rāpum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: rop, rap, rope, roop, roope
English: rope, roap, roape (all obsolete)
→ Irish: rópa
Tok Pisin: rop
Scots: raip
→ Old French: rap

From Proto-West Germanic *raip, from Proto-Germanic *raipaz, *raipą (“rope, cord, band, ringlet”), from Proto-Indo-European *roypnós (“strap, band, rope”). Compare Old Frisian rāp (West Frisian reap), Old Dutch reip, rēp (Dutch reep), Old High German reif (German Reif).


wig

wīġ (canonical neuter)
wīġ (nominative singular)
wīg (nominative plural)
wīġ (accusative singular)
wīg (accusative plural)
wīġes (genitive singular)
wīga (genitive plural)
wīġe (dative singular)
wīgum (dative plural)

Middle English: wiȝe, wi, wy

Oft iċ wīġ sēo, frēcne feohtan.


wig

wīġ (canonical masculine)
wīġ (nominative singular)
wīġ (nominative plural)
wīġ (accusative singular)
wīġ (accusative plural)
wīġes (genitive singular)
wīġa (genitive plural)
wīġe (dative singular)
wīġum (dative plural)


mist

mist (nominative singular)
mistas (nominative plural)
mist (accusative singular)
mistas (accusative plural)
mistes (genitive singular)
mista (genitive plural)
miste (dative singular)
mistum (dative plural)

Middle English: mist

Scots: mist

English: mist


spada

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of spadu


martyrdom

martyrdōm (canonical masculine)
martyrdōm (nominative singular)
martyrdōmas (nominative plural)
martyrdōm (accusative singular)
martyrdōmas (accusative plural)
martyrdōmes (genitive singular)
martyrdōma (genitive plural)
martyrdōme (dative singular)
martyrdōmum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: martyrdome, martirdom, marterdom

English: martyrdom

Scots: martirdome


spic

spiċ (canonical neuter)
spiċ (nominative singular)
spiċ (accusative singular)
spiċes (genitive singular)
spiċe (dative singular)
speċ (alternative)

Middle English: spik, spyk, spike, spich

Scots: spick, spect

English: speck

From Proto-West Germanic *spik, from Proto-Germanic *spiką. Cognate with Dutch spek, German Speck, and Icelandic spik.


æwita

ǣwita (canonical masculine)
ǣwita (nominative singular)
ǣwitan (nominative plural)
ǣwitan (accusative singular)
ǣwitan (accusative plural)
ǣwitan (genitive singular)
ǣwitena (genitive plural)
ǣwitan (dative singular)
ǣwitum (dative plural)


æwiscnes

ǣwisċnes (canonical feminine)
ǣwisċnes (nominative singular)
ǣwisċnessa (nominative plural)
ǣwisċnesse (nominative plural)
ǣwisċnesse (accusative singular)
ǣwisċnessa (accusative plural)
ǣwisċnesse (accusative plural)
ǣwisċnesse (genitive singular)
ǣwisċnessa (genitive plural)
ǣwisċnesse (dative singular)
ǣwisċnessum (dative plural)

disgrace, obscenity, filthiness, shameless conduct


lys

inflection of lūs:
nominative/accusative plural


budda

buddan (nominative plural)
budda (nominative singular)
buddan (nominative plural)
buddan (accusative singular)
buddan (accusative plural)
buddan (genitive singular)
buddena (genitive plural)
buddan (dative singular)
buddum (dative plural)

Middle English: budde, boude, boode

English: boud; bug

From Proto-West Germanic *buʀdō, from Proto-Germanic *buzdô (“beetle, grub, swelling”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰūs- (“to move quickly”). Cognate with Middle Low German buddech (“thick, swollen”), Low German budde (“louse, grub”), Old Norse budda (“purse”). See bug.


sure

desctree

Middle English: soure, sure, shoure
Yola: zour


team

tēam (canonical masculine)
tēamas (nominative plural)
tēam (nominative singular)
tēamas (nominative plural)
tēam (accusative singular)
tēamas (accusative plural)
tēames (genitive singular)
tēama (genitive plural)
tēame (dative singular)
tēamum (dative plural)

Middle English: tem, teem, teeme, teme, teome, them, theam, tæm, team (Early Middle English)
English: team (see there for further descendants)
Scots: team

From Proto-West Germanic *taum, from Proto-Germanic *taumaz (“pull, draw”).

an Anglo-Saxon legal procedure in a stolen goods suit


wergeld

werġeld (canonical neuter)
werġeld (nominative singular)
werġeld (nominative plural)
werġeld (accusative singular)
werġeld (accusative plural)
werġeldes (genitive singular)
werġelda (genitive plural)
werġelde (dative singular)
werġeldum (dative plural)


wif

wīf (canonical neuter)
wīf (nominative singular)
wīf (nominative plural)
wīf (accusative singular)
wīf (accusative plural)
wīfes (genitive singular)
wīfa (genitive plural)
wīfe (dative singular)
wīfum (dative plural)
wīb (alternative)

Middle English: wyf, wife, wif, wiff, wiffe, wijf, wive, wyfe, wyff, wyve
English: wife (see there for further descendants)
Scots: wife

From Proto-West Germanic *wīb, from Proto-Germanic *wībą, of uncertain origin.
Cognate with Old Frisian wīf, Old Saxon wīf, Old Dutch wīf, Old High German wīb, Old Norse víf.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Annunciation of St. Mary"
Ūs becōm dēaþ and forwyrd þurh wīf, and ūs becōm eft līf and hredding þurh wīfmann.

Death and disaster came to us through a woman [Eve], and then life and salvation came to us through a woman [Mary].

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 4:27

His disciples were amazed that he was talking to a woman, though none of them said “What are you looking for?” or “Why are you talking to her?”

His leornungcneohtas wundrodon þæt hē wiþ wīf spræc, þēah heora nān ne cwæþ “Hwæt sēcst þū?” oþþe “Hwæt spricst þū wiþ hīe?”

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Ǣġðer is mann ġe wer ġe wīf.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Ōsrēd, þe wæs Norþanhymbra cining, æfter wræcsīþe hām cumenum ġelǣht wæs ⁊ ofslagen on XVIII Kƚ Octoƀ ⁊ his līc liġþ æt Tīnamūþe. ⁊ Æþelrēd cining feng tō nīwan wīfe, sēo wæs Ælflēd ġehāten, on III Kƚ Octobr̃.

Osred, who was king of Northumbrian, was apprehended and slain on the 17th of October after coming home from his exile, and his body lies at Tynemouth. And King Aethelred took a new wife, whose name was Aelfled, on the third of October.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Swīðe wynsum hit biþ þæt man wīf hæbbe and bearn.

It's very pleasant to have a wife and children.


ur

ūr (canonical masculine)
ūr (nominative singular)
ūras (nominative plural)
ūr (accusative singular)
ūras (accusative plural)
ūres (genitive singular)
ūra (genitive plural)
ūre (dative singular)
ūrum (dative plural)

Middle English: oure (rare)

From Proto-Germanic *ūraz. This root survives in the modern English aurochs (though that word is a loan from German), hence its meaning.

The Old English rune poem
ᚢ byþ ānmōd and oferhyrnded...

The aurochs is steadfast and great-horned...


pic

piċ (canonical)
pic (canonical neuter)
piċ (nominative singular)
piċ (accusative singular)
piċes (genitive singular)
piċe (dative singular)
pic (nominative singular)
pic (accusative singular)
pices (genitive singular)
pice (dative singular)
pic (alternative)

desc

Middle English: pik, pikk, pike, pikke, pich, piche, picche

desctree

English: pitch
→ Galician: piche
→ Portuguese: piche

Scots: pick

→ Middle Irish: pic, picc

Irish: pic


bliss

bliss (nominative singular)
blissa (nominative plural)
blisse (nominative plural)
blisse (accusative singular)
blissa (accusative plural)
blisse (accusative plural)
blisse (genitive singular)
blissa (genitive plural)
blisse (dative singular)
blissum (dative plural)

Middle English: blisse, blesse, blice, blisce, blis, blise, blys, blyss, blysse
English: bliss
Scots: bliss

From earlier blīds, blīþs, from Proto-West Germanic *blīþisi.

Iċ…, eald ǣfensceōp, eorlum bringe blisse in burgum.

I…, old evening scop, bring bliss in towns for brave men.


bade

inflection of bād:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of bād:
genitive/dative singular


bate

inflection of bāt:
dative/genitive singular

inflection of bāt:
accusative singular/plural


batt

Middle English: bat, batt, batte, bot
English: bat, batt
Scots: bat
Yola: bath, bat
→ Irish: bata
→ Scottish Gaelic: bata


brad

brād (canonical masculine)
brād (nominative singular)
brādas (nominative plural)
brād (accusative singular)
brādas (accusative plural)
brādes (genitive singular)
brāda (genitive plural)
brāde (dative singular)
brādum (dative plural)


carl

carl (nominative singular)
carlas (nominative plural)
carl (accusative singular)
carlas (accusative plural)
carles (genitive singular)
carla (genitive plural)
carle (dative singular)
carlum (dative plural)

From Old Norse karl (Danish karl (“man”), Swedish karl (“man”)), from Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“man, male”). Cognate with Old High German karl, karal. Doublet of ċeorl.

a freeman, a man of middle rank or social class (in Norse and Anglo-Saxon society)


corona

corōna (canonical masculine)
corōna (nominative singular)
corōnan (nominative plural)
corōnan (accusative singular)
corōnan (accusative plural)
corōnan (genitive singular)
corōnena (genitive plural)
corōnan (dative singular)
corōnum (dative plural)

From Latin corōna, from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “garland, wreath”).


coss

coss (nominative singular)
cossas (nominative plural)
coss (accusative singular)
cossas (accusative plural)
cosses (genitive singular)
cossa (genitive plural)
cosse (dative singular)
cossum (dative plural)
cos (alternative)
*cus (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: cos, cus, kis, kys, kysse, kesse
English: kiss
Scots: kis
Yola: kesse

mid ānum cosse of þē


cyst

head

cyst f (nominative plural cyste or cysta)

cyste (nominative plural)
cysta (nominative plural)
cyst (nominative singular)
cyste (nominative plural)
cysta (nominative plural)
cyst (accusative singular)
cyste (accusative singular)
cyste (accusative plural)
cysta (accusative plural)
cyste (genitive singular)
cysta (genitive plural)
cyste (dative singular)
cystum (dative plural)
cist (alternative)

i

Middle English: custe, coste (the latter, possibly through Old Norse)

Scots: cost, kost, coust

English: cost (“manner, way”)

From Proto-Germanic *kustiz, *kustuz (“choice, trial”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwstus.
Cognate with Old Saxon cust (Dutch kust), Old High German chust, Old Norse kostr (“choose, chance, opportunity, value”).


dor

dōr (canonical neuter)
dōr (nominative singular)
dōru (nominative plural)
dōr (accusative singular)
dōru (accusative plural)
dōres (genitive singular)
dōra (genitive plural)
dōre (dative singular)
dōrum (dative plural)

Middle English: dor, dore

English: door

From Proto-West Germanic *dor.
Cognate with Old Saxon dor, Old High German tor (German Tor (“gate”)), Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂 (daur). The Germanic word also existed with the stem *durz (see Old English duru, German Tür). Indo-European cognates include Greek θυρα (thyra), Latin foris, Lithuanian dùrys, Old Church Slavonic двьрь (dvĭrĭ) (Russian дверь (dverʹ)).


dun

dūn (canonical feminine)
dūn (nominative singular)
dūna (nominative plural)
dūne (nominative plural)
dūne (accusative singular)
dūna (accusative plural)
dūne (accusative plural)
dūne (genitive singular)
dūna (genitive plural)
dūne (dative singular)
dūnum (dative plural)

Middle English: doun, doune

English: down

Scots: doun, down

From Proto-West Germanic *dūnu, *dūnā (“sand dune”), possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”); or alternatively a late borrowing from Proto-Celtic *dūnom from the same Proto-Indo-European source.

der

Old English Heptateuch, Genesis 22:2

"Take your only-begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and quickly go to the land of Visionis, and sacrifice him there upon a mountain."

"Nim þīnne āncennedan sunu Īsaac, þe þū lufast, and far tō þām lande Visionis hraþe, and ġeoffra hine þǣr uppan ānre dūne."


dyne

dyne (nominative singular)
dynas (nominative plural)
dyne (accusative singular)
dynas (accusative plural)
dynes (genitive singular)
dyna (genitive plural)
dyne (dative singular)
dynum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: dyne, din, dine, dyn, den, done, doene, duene (West Midlands), dene, deone (East Anglia, West Midlands), dune (Southern, West Midlands), dynne (Late Middle English)
English: din, dun
Middle Scots: dyn, din
Scots: din


floc

Middle English: floke, fluke, flewke

English: fluke

Scots: fluke, fluik

From Proto-West Germanic *flōk, from Proto-Germanic *flōką, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat, broad”).


glom

glōm (canonical masculine)
glōm (nominative singular)
glōmas (nominative plural)
glōm (accusative singular)
glōmas (accusative plural)
glōmes (genitive singular)
glōma (genitive plural)
glōme (dative singular)
glōmum (dative plural)

Middle English: *glom

English: gloom

Scots: glom, gloam

From Proto-West Germanic *glōm, from Proto-Germanic *glōmaz. Cognate with Norwegian glom (“transparent cuticle or membrane”).


hod

hōd (canonical masculine)
hōd (nominative singular)
hōdas (nominative plural)
hōd (accusative singular)
hōdas (accusative plural)
hōdes (genitive singular)
hōda (genitive plural)
hōde (dative singular)
hōdum (dative plural)

English: hood


holm

holmas (nominative plural)
holm (nominative singular)
holmas (nominative plural)
holm (accusative singular)
holmas (accusative plural)
holmes (genitive singular)
holma (genitive plural)
holme (dative singular)
holmum (dative plural)

Middle English: holm, holme

English: holm

Scots: holm, houm

From Proto-West Germanic *holm (“island”), though the meaning was influenced by Old Norse holmr.
Cognate with Old Saxon holm (German Holm), Old Dutch holm (Dutch holm); also Latin culmen (“peak”); compare culminate.

Ða wæs heofonweardes gast ofer holm boren.

The spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.


holt

holt (nominative singular)
holt (nominative plural)
holt (accusative singular)
holt (accusative plural)
holtes (genitive singular)
holta (genitive plural)
holte (dative singular)
holtum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: holt
English: holt, hoult (obsolete)
Scots: holt (archaic)

From Proto-West Germanic *holt, from Proto-Germanic *hultą.


lac

lāc (canonical feminine neuter)
lāc (nominative singular)
lāc (nominative plural)
lāc (accusative singular)
lāc (accusative plural)
lāces (genitive singular)
lāca (genitive plural)
lāce (dative singular)
lācum (dative plural)
lāc (nominative singular)
lāca (nominative plural)
lāce (nominative plural)
lāce (accusative singular)
lāca (accusative plural)
lāce (accusative plural)
lāce (genitive singular)
lāca (genitive plural)
lāce (dative singular)
lācum (dative plural)
læc (alternative)

Middle English: lok, loke, loc, loac, lock, lake, lac
English: lake (“play”) (dialectal)

From Proto-West Germanic *laik, from Proto-Germanic *laikaz, compare *laikaną. Cognates include Old Norse leikr (whence Danish leg (“game”), Swedish leka (“to play”)), Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍃 (laiks, “dance”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Æfter þisum bebēad sē ablenda Datianus þæt mann his dēadan godas dēorwurþlīċe frætewode and þæt deofles templ mid dēorwurþan seolfre, and hēt þider lǣdan þone, wende þæt hē wolde wurþian his godas and his lāc ġeoffrian þām līflēasum godum.

After this the blinded Datianus ordered that his dead gods be richly adorned and that the Devil's temple be adorned with silver, and ordered the faithful martyr to be brought to there, so that he would worship and offer sacrifices to the lifeless gods.

Hie drihtne lac begen brohton.

They both brought an offering to the Lord.

gift, offering, sacrifice, booty; message


lar

lār (canonical feminine)
lāre (nominative plural)
lār (nominative singular)
lāre (nominative plural)
lāra (nominative plural)
lāre (accusative singular)
lāre (accusative plural)
lāra (accusative plural)
lāre (genitive singular)
lāra (genitive plural)
lārena (genitive plural)
lāre (dative singular)
lārum (dative plural)

Middle English: lore, lar, lare, layre, lere, leyre, loore, lære, leore, loare (Early Middle English)
English: lore
→ Russian: лор (lor)
→ Ukrainian: лор (lor)
Scots: lare, lair

From Proto-West Germanic *laiʀu, from Proto-Germanic *laizō, from *laizijaną (“to teach”). Cognate with Old Saxon lēra, Dutch leer, Old High German lēra (German Lehre).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of Saint Sebastian, Martyr"
Sebastianus hatte sum halig godes ðegn se wæs lange on lare on mediolana byrig and wearð on criste gefullod mid fullum geleafan.

There was a holy servant of God, called Sebastian, who was a long time in the city of Milan for education, and was baptized into Christ with full faith.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint George, Martyr"
Nāst þū lā Geori þæt ūre godas swincað mid þē and ġit hī synd ġeþyldiġe þæt hī þe miltsion. Nū lǣre ic ðē swā swā lēofne sunu þæt ðū þæra cristenra lāre forlǣte mid ealle and tō mīnum rǣde hraðe ġebūge swā þæt ðū offriġe þām ārwurðan Appoline and þū mycelne wurðmynt miht swā beġitan.

Knowest thou not, O George, that our gods are striving with thee, and even yet they are patient, that they may pity thee; now I exhort thee, as a beloved son, that thou altogether quit the Christians' doctrine, and quickly incline to my counsel, so that thou sacrifice to the venerable Apollo, and thou mayest so obtain great honour.'

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Eugenia, Virgin"
Ða befæste se fæder philippus to lare þæt heo on woruld-wysdome wǣre getogen æfter greciscre uðwytegunge and lǣdenre getingnysse.

Then her father Philip put her to school that she might be educated in worldly wisdom according to the Greek philosophy and Latin eloquence.


marc

marc (nominative plural)
marc (nominative singular)
marc (nominative plural)
marc (accusative singular)
marc (accusative plural)
marces (genitive singular)
marca (genitive plural)
marce (dative singular)
marcum (dative plural)

Middle English: mark

English: mark

Scots: mark, merk

→ Irish: marg

From Proto-Germanic *marką (“mark, stamp”), possibly via Old Norse mark, mǫrk.


mere

mere (nominative singular)
meras (nominative plural)
mere (accusative singular)
meras (accusative plural)
meres (genitive singular)
mera (genitive plural)
mere (dative singular)
merum (dative plural)

Middle English: mere

English: mere

Scots: mere

From Proto-West Germanic *mari (“sea, lake”).
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian mere (West Frisian mar), Old Saxon meri (Low German Meer), Dutch meer, Old High German meri (German Meer), Old Norse marr (Swedish mar). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin mare, Old Irish muir (Breton mor), Old Church Slavonic море (more) (Russian мо́ре (móre)), Lithuanian mãre.


mere

mere (nominative singular)
meran (nominative plural)
meran (accusative singular)
meran (accusative plural)
meran (genitive singular)
merena (genitive plural)
meran (dative singular)
merum (dative plural)


mete

mete (nominative singular)
metas (nominative plural)
mete (accusative singular)
metas (accusative plural)
metes (genitive singular)
meta (genitive plural)
mete (dative singular)
metum (dative plural)
met (alternative)
mett (alternative)
mette (alternative)

Middle English: mete, mæte, meet, meete, meate, mette, met
English: meat
Scots: mete, met, meit, mait
Yola: maate, met

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Ne lyst mē nāwiht ðāra metta þe ic forhātan habbe, ac mē lyst ðāra þe ic getiohhod habbe tō ætanne, ðonne ic hī gesēo.

I desire none of those meats which I have renounced; I desire those which I have thought right to eat, when I see them.


mod

mōd (canonical neuter)
mōd (nominative singular)
mōd (nominative plural)
mōd (accusative singular)
mōd (accusative plural)
mōdes (genitive singular)
mōda (genitive plural)
mōde (dative singular)
mōdum (dative plural)

Middle English: mod, mode, mood

English: mood

Scots: mude, muid

From Proto-Germanic *mōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *mē-, *mō-. Cognate with Old High German muot (German Mut), Old Saxon mōd, Old Dutch muot (Dutch (ge)moed), Old Norse móðr (“anger, grief”) (Swedish mod), Gothic 𐌼𐍉𐌸𐍃 (mōþs, “anger, emotion”). The Proto-Indo-European root was also the source of Ancient Greek μῶθαι (môthai) and Latin mōs.

Adrian and Ritheus
Mannes mōd biþ on þām hēafde and gǣþ ūt þurh þone mūþ.

A person's mind is in the head and goes out through the mouth.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
Se feorða leahtor is ira þæt is on englisc weamodnyss. Seo deð þæt se man nah his modes ġeweald and macað manslihtas and mycele yfelu.

The fourth sin is Ira, that is in English, Anger; it causeth that a man have no power over his mind, and bringeth about manslaughters and many evils.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Gyf þonne ǣfre gebyreð þæt þū þē ful hālne and ful trumne ongytst, and hæafst æalle þīne frēond myd þē, ǣġðer ge on mōde ge on līchaman, and on ðām ilcan worce and on ðām ylcan willum ðe ðē best lyst dōn, hweðer þū ðonne wille bēon āwiht blīðe?

If then it ever happen that thou shalt find thyself full whole and full strong, and hast all thy friends with thee, both in mind and in body, and in that same work and in that same will which pleaseth thee best to do, wilt thou then be happy at all?

(in poetry and compounds) courage, pride, zeal, or anger

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Nativity of our Lord"
Uton lufian ure gebroðra on Godes gelaðunge mid swilcum mōde swa swa ðes cyðere þa lufode his fynd.

Let us love our brothers in God's church with such affection as that with which this martyr loved his foes.


pard

From Latin pardus, from Ancient Greek πάρδος (párdos)

c. 1000, Ælfric of Eynsham (tr.), Hexameron of St. Basil

Then, through his wonderful might, God created all the kinds of animals according to their kinds, and the wild animals that dwell in the woods, and all the four-footed creatures of the aforementioned earth, and all the kinds of creeping reptiles, and the savage lions, which do not live here, and the swift tigers, and the marvelous leopards, and the fearful bears, and the huge elephants.

Hwæt ðā God ġeworhte ðurh his wunderlīċan mihte eall nȳtencynn on heora cynrynum, and ðā wildan dēor ðe on wudum eardiað, and eall ðæt fīðerfōte byð of ðǣre foresǣdan eorðan, and eall wyrmcynn ðā ðe crēopende bēoð, and ðā rēðan lēon, ðe hēr on lande ne bēoð, and ðā swiftan tigres, and ðā syllican pardes, and ðā eġeslīċan beran, and ðā ormǣtan ylpas.


pol

pōl (canonical masculine)
pōl (nominative singular)
pōlas (nominative plural)
pōl (accusative singular)
pōlas (accusative plural)
pōles (genitive singular)
pōla (genitive plural)
pōle (dative singular)
pōlum (dative plural)

English: pool

West Proto-Germanic *pōlaz, of uncertain origin. Cognate with Old High German pfuol (German Pfuhl).


prim

(historical) Prime, the first hour or tide (3-hour period) after dawn

(Christianity) Prime, the divine office appointed for the hour in the liturgy


ream

Middle English: reme, rem, ryme
English: ream
Scots: ream, reme, reim
Yola: reem, rhyme

From Proto-West Germanic *raum, from Proto-Germanic *raumaz.
Cognate with Middle Low German rōm, Middle Dutch room, Old High German roum (German Rahm), Old Norse rjúmi (Icelandic rjómi, Norwegian rømme).


sima

sīma (canonical masculine)
sīma (nominative singular)
sīman (nominative plural)
sīman (accusative singular)
sīman (accusative plural)
sīman (genitive singular)
sīmena (genitive plural)
sīman (dative singular)
sīmum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *sīmô (“rope, cord”), from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁i- (“to tie, bind”).


strop

English: strap


torr

torr (nominative singular)
torras (nominative plural)
torr (accusative singular)
torras (accusative plural)
torres (genitive singular)
torra (genitive plural)
torre (dative singular)
torrum (dative plural)
tūr (alternative)
tor (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: tour, thour, tor, tore, toure, towere, towour, tur
English: tower (see there for further descendants)
Scots: tour, towr
Yola: toweare


wale

inflection of walu:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of walu:
nominative/accusative plural


weal

weal (nominative singular)
wēalas (nominative plural)
weal (accusative singular)
wēalas (accusative plural)
wēales (genitive singular)
wēala (genitive plural)
wēale (dative singular)
wēalum (dative plural)


weal

weal (nominative singular)
wealas (nominative plural)
weal (accusative singular)
wealas (accusative plural)
weales (genitive singular)
weala (genitive plural)
weale (dative singular)
wealum (dative plural)


weald

weald (nominative singular)
wealdas (nominative plural)
weald (accusative singular)
wealdas (accusative plural)
wealdes (genitive singular)
wealda (genitive plural)
wealde (dative singular)
wealdum (dative plural)
wald (alternative)

Middle English: wold, wald, walde, weld, welde, wolde, woolde, wæld (Early Middle English)
English: wold, weald, wald
Scots: wald

From Proto-West Germanic *walþu.
Cognates
See also Old High German wald (German Wald) and Old Norse vǫllr (Faroese vøllur, Norwegian voll, Icelandic völlur). See also the related Anglian-derived term wald.


weald

weald (nominative singular)
weald (accusative singular)
wealdes (genitive singular)
wealde (dative singular)
wald (alternative)

Middle English: wald

English: wald

Scots: wald, wauld

From Proto-West Germanic *wald, Proto-Germanic *waldą, whence also Old High German walt, Old Norse vald (Danish vold).


wean

inflection of wēa:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of wēa:
nominative/accusative plural


beam

bēam (canonical masculine)
bēam (nominative singular)
bēamas (nominative plural)
bēam (accusative singular)
bēamas (accusative plural)
bēames (genitive singular)
bēama (genitive plural)
bēame (dative singular)
bēamum (dative plural)
bēom (alternative)
bōm (alternative)

Middle English: beem, beam, bem, beme, beume, beam, beame (Northern), beam, beom (Early Middle English)
English: beam
→ German: beamen
→ Japanese: ビーム
→ Dutch: beamen
Scots: beam
Yola: baam

Laws of King Ine
Ðonne mon bēam on wuda forbǣrne, ⁊ weorðe yppe on þone ðe hit dȳde, ġielde hē fulwīte: ġeselle LX sċill., forþamþe fȳr bið þēof.

If a man burns up a tree in a forest, and it becomes known who did it, he shall pay a full fine: he shall pay sixty shillings, for fire is a thief.

Codex Vercillensis
Wæs sē bēam bōcstafum āwriten.


disc

disċ (canonical masculine)
disċ (nominative singular)
discas (nominative plural)
disċ (accusative singular)
discas (accusative plural)
disċes (genitive singular)
disca (genitive plural)
disċe (dative singular)
discum (dative plural)

Middle English: disch, dish, disc
English: dish
Tok Pisin: dis
Scots: dish
Yola: dishe

From Proto-West Germanic *disk, from Latin discus, originally from Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “disk, quoit, platter”).


drift

drift (nominative singular)
drifte (nominative plural)
drifta (nominative plural)
drift (accusative singular)
drifte (accusative singular)
drifte (accusative plural)
drifta (accusative plural)
drifte (genitive singular)
drifta (genitive plural)
drifte (dative singular)
driftum (dative plural)

Middle English: drift, dryft

English: drift

Scots: dryft, drift

From Proto-Germanic *driftiz. Cognate with Old Frisian drift, Old High German trift, Old Norse dript, drift.

an act of driving (cattle, herds, etc.); movement


fader

faderas (nominative plural)
fader (nominative singular)
faderas (nominative plural)
fader (accusative singular)
faderas (accusative plural)
fader (genitive singular)
fadera (genitive plural)
fader (dative singular)
faderum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *fader, from Proto-Germanic *fadēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.
Old Germanic cognates: Old Frisian feder, Old Saxon fadar, Old Dutch fader, Old High German fater, Old Norse faðir, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌳𐌰𐍂 (fadar).


gang

gang (nominative singular)
gangas (nominative plural)
gang (accusative singular)
gangas (accusative plural)
ganges (genitive singular)
ganga (genitive plural)
gange (dative singular)
gangum (dative plural)
gancg (alternative)
gong (alternative)
ġeong (alternative)
ġiong (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: gong, gang, gonge, goonge
English: gang (see there for further descendants); gong, goung (obsolete)
Scots: gang, gaung, ging
Northeastern: dyang, gyang

From Proto-West Germanic *gang, from Proto-Germanic *gangaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ- (“to step; stride”). Related to Old English gangan (“to go, walk”).

sulhgang

the land which can be gone over by one plough in a day


geld

ġeld (canonical neuter)
ġeld (nominative singular)
ġeld (nominative plural)
ġeld (accusative singular)
ġeld (accusative plural)
ġeldes (genitive singular)
ġelda (genitive plural)
ġelde (dative singular)
ġeldum (dative plural)


heap

hēap (canonical masculine)
hēap (nominative singular)
hēapas (nominative plural)
hēap (accusative singular)
hēapas (accusative plural)
hēapes (genitive singular)
hēapa (genitive plural)
hēape (dative singular)
hēapum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hepe, heep, hep, hape
English: heap
Yola: heep

From Proto-West Germanic *haup.
Cognate with Old Frisian hāp, Old Saxon hōp, Old High German houf. Old Norse hópr differs from the expected form *haupr because it is a borrowing from Middle Low German.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Paul the Apostle"
[Petrus] āna spræc for ealne þone hēap.

[Peter] by himself spoke for the whole group.


mite

Middle English: mite

English: mite

From Proto-West Germanic *mītā, from Proto-Germanic *mītǭ (“biting insect”, literally “cutter”), from *maitaną (“to cut”).


neat

nēat (canonical neuter)
nēat (nominative singular)
nēat (nominative plural)
nēat (accusative singular)
nēat (accusative plural)
nēates (genitive singular)
nēata (genitive plural)
nēate (dative singular)
nēatum (dative plural)

English: neat

From Proto-West Germanic *naut, from Proto-Germanic *nautą. Cognate with Old Frisian nāt, Old Saxon nōt, Dutch noot, Old High German nōz (dialectal German Nos), Old Norse naut.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Hit is weliġ þis ēalond on wæstmum ⁊ on trēowum misenlīcra cynna; ⁊ hit is ġesċræpe on lǣwe sċēapa ⁊ nēata; ⁊ on sumum stōwum wīnġeardas grōwaþ.

This island is rich in fruits and trees of various kinds; and it is suitable for the pasture of sheep and cattle; and in some places vineyards grow.


tang

tang (nominative singular)
tanga (nominative plural)
tange (nominative plural)
tange (accusative singular)
tanga (accusative plural)
tange (accusative plural)
tange (genitive singular)
tanga (genitive plural)
tange (dative singular)
tangum (dative plural)
tange (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *tangu, from Proto-Germanic *tangō, from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”)


wane

wane (nominative singular)
wanas (nominative plural)
wane (accusative singular)
wanas (accusative plural)
wanes (genitive singular)
wana (genitive plural)
wane (dative singular)
wanum (dative plural)

Based off Richard North's theory that of the Latin gloss (vanitates) and reconstruction *uuani that suggests Vanir in Old English sources.

a member of the Vanir, a group of deities in Germanic spirituality


clam

clām (canonical masculine)
clām (nominative singular)
clāmas (nominative plural)
clām (accusative singular)
clāmas (accusative plural)
clāmes (genitive singular)
clāma (genitive plural)
clāme (dative singular)
clāmum (dative plural)
cloam (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: clam
English: cloam
Yola: claam

From Proto-West Germanic *klaim (“mortar, clay”).


tux

tūx (canonical masculine)
tūx (nominative singular)
tūxas (nominative plural)
tūx (accusative singular)
tūxas (accusative plural)
tūxes (genitive singular)
tūxa (genitive plural)
tūxe (dative singular)
tūxum (dative plural)


pil

English: pile


midwinter

midwinter (nominative singular)
midde wintras (nominative plural)
midne winter (accusative singular)
midde wintras (accusative plural)
middes wintres (genitive singular)
midra wintra (genitive plural)
middum wintra (dative singular)
middum wintrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: mydwinter, midewinter, midwenter, midwinter, midwynter, myde-wynter, mydwynter, mydwyntyr
English: midwinter

c. 992, Ælfric, "The First Sunday of the Lord's Advent"
Þēos tīd oþ midne winter is ġecweden Adventus Dominī, þæt is "Dryhtnes tōcyme."

This time until midwinter is called Adventus Domini, that is "the coming of the Lord."

the middle of winter; midwinter, Christmas


gat

gāt (canonical feminine)
gāt (nominative singular)
gǣt (nominative plural)
gāt (accusative singular)
gǣt (accusative plural)
gǣt (genitive singular)
gāte (genitive singular)
gāta (genitive plural)
gǣt (dative singular)
gātum (dative plural)

Middle English: got, gat, gathe, goth, goet, gote, gothe, goot (Late Middle English)
English: goat (see there for further descendants)
Scots: gait, gayt
Yola: geearth, geearte, gurth

From Proto-Germanic *gaits. Cognate with Old Frisian *gāt, Old Saxon gēt, Old Dutch *geit, Old High German geiȥ, Old Norse geit, Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 (gaits); and with Latin haedus (“kid”).

Iċ eom wunderliċu wiht, wrǣsne mīne stefne, hwīlum beorce swā hund, hwīlum blǣte swā gāt, hwīlum grǣde swā gōs, hwīlum ġielle swā hafoc,…

I am a wonderful thing, change my voice, sometimes bark like a hound, sometimes bleat like a goat, sometimes cry like a goose, sometimes yell like a hawk,…


onda

onda (nominative singular)
ondan (nominative plural)
ondan (accusative singular)
ondan (accusative plural)
ondan (genitive singular)
ondena (genitive plural)
ondan (dative singular)
ondum (dative plural)


ege

eġe (canonical masculine)
eġas (nominative plural)
eġe (nominative singular)
eġas (nominative plural)
eġe (accusative singular)
eġas (accusative plural)
eġes (genitive singular)
eġa (genitive plural)
eġe (dative singular)
eġum (dative plural)
æġe (alternative)
eiġe (alternative)

Middle English: eye, eie, eȝe, eȝȝe, eyȝe, eiȝe
English: ey (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *agi, from Proto-Germanic *agaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂égʰos. Cognate with Old Norse agi, Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (agis, “fear”), Ancient Greek ἄχος (ákhos, “pain”).


ege

ēge (canonical neuter)
ēgan (nominative plural)
ēge (nominative singular)
ēgan (nominative plural)
ēge (accusative singular)
ēgan (accusative plural)
ēgan (genitive singular)
ēgena (genitive plural)
ēgan (dative singular)
ēgum (dative plural)


hoc

hoccas (nominative plural)
hoc (nominative singular)
hoccas (nominative plural)
hoc (accusative singular)
hoccas (accusative plural)
hocces (genitive singular)
hocca (genitive plural)
hocce (dative singular)
hoccum (dative plural)
hocc (alternative)

⇒ Middle English: hockes (plural)

→ Irish: hocas

→ Welsh: hocys

⇒ English: hollyhock


hoc

hōc (canonical masculine)
hōc (nominative singular)
hōcas (nominative plural)
hōc (accusative singular)
hōcas (accusative plural)
hōces (genitive singular)
hōca (genitive plural)
hōce (dative singular)
hōcum (dative plural)
hooc (alternative)

Middle English: hoke, hook

English: hook

Scots: huke, heuk, hewk

Faroese: húkur

From Proto-West Germanic *hōk, from Proto-Germanic *hōkaz.


sala

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *salō (“delivery”), from Proto-Indo-European *selh₁- (“to grab”).


blæc

blæc (nominative singular)
blacu (nominative plural)
blæc (accusative singular)
blacu (accusative plural)
blæces (genitive singular)
blaca (genitive plural)
blæce (dative singular)
blacum (dative plural)

Middle English: blak, blakke

English: black

Scots: blak, blac

From Proto-West Germanic *blak, from Proto-Germanic *blaką (noun), from *blakaz (“black”, adjective).


wang

wangas (nominative plural)
wang (nominative singular)
wangas (nominative plural)
wang (accusative singular)
wangas (accusative plural)
wanges (genitive singular)
wanga (genitive plural)
wange (dative singular)
wangum (dative plural)
wong (alternative)

Middle English: wang, wong

English: wong

Scots: wang, wan, wong

From Proto-West Germanic *wang, from Proto-Germanic *wangaz. Doublet of wange.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Saxon wang, Old High German -wang (in holzwang), Old Norse vangr (Swedish vång), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 (waggs).

1963, Paull Franklin Baum, Riddle 11, Anglo-Saxon Riddles of the Exeter Book
sæs me sind ealle flodas on fæðmum / ⁊ þas foldan bearm grene wongas

All seas and waters are in my embraces, and the bosom of earth and the green fields.

(poetic) a flat surface: plain, field, ground


lade

inflection of lād:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of lād:
genitive/dative singular


helm

helm (nominative singular)
helmas (nominative plural)
helm (accusative singular)
helmas (accusative plural)
helmes (genitive singular)
helma (genitive plural)
helme (dative singular)
helmum (dative plural)

Middle English: helm

English: helm

From Proto-West Germanic *helm, from Proto-Germanic *helmaz (“helmet”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, to hide”). Compare Old Frisian helm, Old Saxon helm, Old High German helm, Old Norse hjalmr, Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃 (hilms).

der

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Đā andwyrde Martinus unforht ðām cāsere, "Iċ wille ðurhgān orsorh ðone here, mid rōde tācne ġewǣpnod, nā mid rēadum sċylde, oððe mid hefeġum helme, oððe heardre byrnan." Đa hēt sē hǣðena cyning healdan Martinum, þæt hē wurde āworpen unġewǣpnod ðām here. Þā nolde sē Hǣlend his ðeġen forlǣtan, ac ġesibbode þæt folc sōna þǣs on merien, þæt hī tō þǣs cāseres cyneġyrde ġebugon.

Then the bold Martinus answered the emperor "I will go fearlessly through the army, armed with a crucifix, not with a red shield, nor with a heavy helmet, nor a hard corselet." So the heathen king ordered that Martinus be held so he could be thrown unarmed into the army. But the Savior would not abandon his servant, and in the morning soon pacified the people so that they submitted to the emperor's scepter.


flod

flōd (canonical masculine)
flōd (nominative singular)
flōdas (nominative plural)
flōd (accusative singular)
flōdas (accusative plural)
flōdes (genitive singular)
flōda (genitive plural)
flōde (dative singular)
flōdum (dative plural)
ᚠᛚᚩᛞᚢ (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: flod, flood, floode, flode, flowt, fflood, fflode, vlode
English: flood
Scots: fluid, flude

→ Anglo-Latin: flōdus [13th c.] (England)

From Proto-West Germanic *flōdu, from Proto-Germanic *flōduz, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₃(w)- (“flow”). Cognate with Old Saxon flōd, Old Dutch fluot (Dutch vloed), Old High German fluot (German Flut), Old Norse flóð (Icelandic flóð), Gothic 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌿𐍃 (flōdus).


plaster

English: plaster

From late Latin plastrum, shortened from Classical Latin emplastrum (“a plaster, bandage”)


stream

strēam (canonical masculine)
strēam (nominative singular)
strēamas (nominative plural)
strēam (accusative singular)
strēamas (accusative plural)
strēames (genitive singular)
strēama (genitive plural)
strēame (dative singular)
strēamum (dative plural)

Middle English: strem, streem

English: stream

Scots: streme, streim

From Proto-West Germanic *straum.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian strām, Old Saxon strōm, Old High German stroum, Old Norse straumr. Extra-Germanic cognates include Ancient Greek ῥεῦμα (rheûma), Polish strumień, Albanian rrymë (“flow, current”).

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Đa was on þā tīd Æðelbyrht cyning hāten on Centrīċe, ⁊ mihtiġ: hē hæfde rīċe ōð ġemæro Humbre strēames, sē tōsċēadeð sūðfolce Angelþēode ⁊ nordfolc.

At that time the powerful Athelbert was king of the kingdom of Kent; his authority extended to the boundary of stream of the Humber, which divides the southern English from the northern English.


rum

rūm (canonical masculine neuter)
rūm (nominative singular)
rūm (nominative plural)
rūm (accusative singular)
rūm (accusative plural)
rūmes (genitive singular)
rūma (genitive plural)
rūme (dative singular)
rūmum (dative plural)
rūm (nominative singular)
rūmas (nominative plural)
rūm (accusative singular)
rūmas (accusative plural)
rūmes (genitive singular)
rūma (genitive plural)
rūme (dative singular)
rūmum (dative plural)

Middle English: roum, roume

English: room


foster

fōster (canonical neuter)
fōster (nominative singular)
fōstru (nominative plural)
fōster (accusative singular)
fōstru (accusative plural)
fōstres (genitive singular)
fōstra (genitive plural)
fōstre (dative singular)
fōstrum (dative plural)


freo

frēo (canonical masculine)
frēo (nominative singular)
frēon (nominative plural)
frēon (accusative singular)
frēon (accusative plural)
frēon (genitive singular)
frēona (genitive plural)
frēon (dative singular)
frēom (dative plural)
frēoum (dative plural)
frīo (alternative)
freoh (alternative)
frioh (alternative)
friġ (alternative)
frī (alternative)
frȳ (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *friu, a byform of *frī. The transmission of this word was complex. The Proto-Germanic form must have been *frijwaz. After loss of final *-az and syllabification of *-w, the resulting West-Germanic form was *friju, which developed further to *frīju after gemination and vocalization of *j between *i and another *j. The sequence *iju, *īju then contracts to *iu, yielding a final form *friu (cf. Proto-West Germanic *friund, from *frijōndz), which develops normally to Old English frīo, frēo. The oblique forms should however have retained *-j- in all instances in which it was not followed by *u, yielding an alternation between frīo and frīġ- throughout the paradigm. This alternation, though sparsely attested in the Old English corpus, was too irregular to have been maintained for long and was eventually levelled away in all dialects in favor either of the diphthongal nominative or the oblique forms in -ġ-. Note also that *w was deleted between *īj and any front vowel, thus explaining its absence in certain oblique forms such as frīġes, from earlier /ˈfriːj.wæs/. See Hogg 1992 sections 3.17, 3.19(3), 4.7, and 4.9(1) for details.


freo

Uncertain; possible etymologies include:
* From Proto-West Germanic *frauwjā, from Proto-Germanic *frawjǭ, a feminine form of *frawjô (“lord”) (Old English frēa), from Proto-Indo-European *proHwo-, a derivation from *per- (“to go forward”). Cognate with Old Saxon frūa, Old High German frouwa (German Frau), Old Norse freyja. The Indo-European root is also the source of Proto-Slavic *prāvъ (Old Church Slavonic правъ (pravŭ), Russian пра́вый (právyj, “right”)), and the first element of Latin provincia.
* From Proto-Germanic *frijō, of the same root as etymology 1 above and related to the verb that yielded Old English frēoġan (“to liberate; to love”).

noncog

oþ-ðæt hē funde frēo fæġroste


post

post (nominative singular)
postas (nominative plural)
post (accusative singular)
postas (accusative plural)
postes (genitive singular)
posta (genitive plural)
poste (dative singular)
postum (dative plural)

Middle English: post, poste

English: post

→ German: Post

Scots: post, poist

Borrowed from Latin postis (“post, pedestal”).


blase

blase (nominative singular)
blasan (nominative plural)
blasan (accusative singular)
blasan (accusative plural)
blasan (genitive singular)
blasena (genitive plural)
blasan (dative singular)
blasum (dative plural)
blæse (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: blase, blese, blaese, blease (Early Middle English)
English: blaze
Scots: bleize, blase, blese, bleise, bleis, bleeze
Yola: blaze, bleaze, blease


fara

fara (nominative singular)
faran (nominative plural)
faran (accusative singular)
faran (accusative plural)
faran (genitive singular)
farena (genitive plural)
faran (dative singular)
farum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *farō (“traveller”)


ora

ōra (canonical masculine)
ōra (nominative singular)
ōran (nominative plural)
ōran (accusative singular)
ōran (accusative plural)
ōran (genitive singular)
ōrena (genitive plural)
ōran (dative singular)
ōrum (dative plural)

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ār</i>

Middle English: ore (merged with ār)
English: ore
Scots: ure, uir

→ English: ora (learned)

Uncertain; possibly from ār (“ore, brass, copper”) and influenced by Proto-West Germanic *ōrikalk (“copper ore, brass”) (whence Old High German ōrkalk), borrowed from Latin orichalcum (“copper ore, brass”). Perhaps compare Low German Ur, Uurt, Uhr, Urt (“compact, reddish, iron-bearing soil”), Early Modern Dutch oor, oore (“mine; lead ore; vein bearing lead and silver”).


syringe

inflection of sȳring:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of sȳring:
nominative/accusative plural


pistol

pistol (nominative singular)
pistolas (nominative plural)
pistol (accusative singular)
pistolas (accusative plural)
pistoles (genitive singular)
pistola (genitive plural)
pistole (dative singular)
pistolum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: pistel, pistle, pistell, pystyll

English: pistle

Scots: pistil, pistill, pistle

From Late Latin epistola, epistula. Compare Middle Dutch pistele, pistel, Middle Low German pistele, Middle High German pistel.

(religion, Christianity) letter, epistle

(religion, Christianity, biblical) an epistle of the New Testament


flint

From Proto-West Germanic *flint, from Proto-Germanic *flintaz

c. 995, Ælfric, Excerptiones de Arte Grammatica Anglice
hic silex þēs flint
hic silex this flint


wield

wield (nominative singular)
wielde (nominative plural)
wielda (nominative plural)
wield (accusative singular)
wielde (accusative singular)
wielde (accusative plural)
wielda (accusative plural)
wielde (genitive singular)
wielda (genitive plural)
wielde (dative singular)
wieldum (dative plural)
*weold (alternative)
*wild (alternative)

Middle English: weld

English: wield

From Proto-West Germanic *waldi, from Proto-Germanic *waldiz (“power, force, control”).


sul

sūl (canonical feminine masculine)
sūl (nominative singular)
sūlas (nominative plural)
sūl (accusative singular)
sūlas (accusative plural)
sūles (genitive singular)
sūla (genitive plural)
sūle (dative singular)
sūlum (dative plural)
sūl (nominative singular)
sūla (nominative plural)
sūle (nominative plural)
sūle (accusative singular)
sūla (accusative plural)
sūle (accusative plural)
sūle (genitive singular)
sūla (genitive plural)
sūle (dative singular)
sūlum (dative plural)

Middle English: sul, sule, sull, soule

English: sowl

From Proto-West Germanic *sulh, from Proto-Germanic *sulhs (“plough”), from Proto-Indo-European *selk- (“to drag, to furrow”).


mil

mīl (canonical feminine)
mīl (nominative singular)
mīla (nominative plural)
mīle (nominative plural)
mīle (accusative singular)
mīla (accusative plural)
mīle (accusative plural)
mīle (genitive singular)
mīla (genitive plural)
mīle (dative singular)
mīlum (dative plural)

Middle English: myle, mile

Scots: mile

English: mile

Borrowed from Latin mīlia, plural of the numeral mīlle.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Sardina is þrī and þrītti mīla lang, and twā and twentiġ mīla brād.

Sardinia is thirty-three miles long, and twenty-two miles wide.


miss

miss (nominative singular)
miss (nominative plural)
miss (accusative singular)
miss (accusative plural)
misses (genitive singular)
missa (genitive plural)
misse (dative singular)
missum (dative plural)
mis (alternative)

Middle English: mis, mys, misse, mysse (merged with Old Norse missir, missa)

English: miss

Scots: mis, miss

From Proto-West Germanic *miss, from Proto-Germanic *miss- (“loss, want”), from Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to change, replace”). Cognate with Old Norse missir, missa (“loss”).


este

inflection of ēst:
dative/genitive singular

inflection of ēst:
accusative singular/plural


canonic

canonic (nominative singular)
canonicas (nominative plural)
canonic (accusative singular)
canonicas (accusative plural)
canonices (genitive singular)
canonica (genitive plural)
canonice (dative singular)
canonicum (dative plural)


maga

maga (nominative singular)
magan (nominative plural)
magan (accusative singular)
magan (accusative plural)
magan (genitive singular)
magena (genitive plural)
magan (dative singular)
magum (dative plural)

Middle English: maȝe, maghe, mawe

English: maw

Scots: mawe, maw

From Proto-West Germanic *magō.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian maga (West Frisian mage), Old Saxon mago (Low German mage), Middle Dutch maghe (Dutch maag), Old High German mago (German Magen), Old Norse magi (Swedish mage,
Norwegian mage, stomach). The Indo-European root is also the source of Proto-Celtic *makno- (Welsh megin (“bellows”)), Proto-Slavic *mošьnā (Old Church Slavonic мошьна (mošĭna), Russian мошна́ (mošná, “pocket, bag”)), Baltic *maka- (Lithuanian mãkas (“purse”)).


maga

māga (canonical masculine)
māga (nominative singular)
māgan (nominative plural)
māgan (accusative singular)
māgan (accusative plural)
māgan (genitive singular)
māgena (genitive plural)
māgan (dative singular)
māgum (dative plural)

i

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">mǣġ</i>

Middle English: maȝe, mæȝe, mæi, mei, mey (merged with descendant of Old English mǣġ)

English: may (“kinsman”) (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *māg.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian mēch (“relative, kinsman”), Old Saxon māg (“a relation”), Old High German māg (“relative, kinsman”), Old Norse mágr (“father-in-law”), Gothic 𐌼𐌴𐌲𐍃 (mēgs, “son-in-law”). More at may.

cog

"The Wife's Lament"
Ongunnon þæt þæs mannes māgas hyċġan þurh dierne ġeþōht þæt hīe tōdǣlden unc.

The person's relatives began to think of a secret plan to separate us.


maga

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


maga

inflection of magu:
genitive/dative singular

inflection of magu:
nominative/acc/gen plural


tal

tāl (canonical feminine)
tāl (nominative singular)
tāla (nominative plural)
tāle (nominative plural)
tāle (accusative singular)
tāla (accusative plural)
tāle (accusative plural)
tāle (genitive singular)
tāla (genitive plural)
tāle (dative singular)
tālum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *tālu, from Proto-Germanic *tēlō (“deception, deceit, persecution”), from Proto-Indo-European *del- (“to take aim, calculate, damage, count”). Cognate with Latin dolus (“deception, strategem, trap”).

cog

evil-speaking, calumny, disparagement, slander


doc

dōc or (canonical masculine)
dooc (alternative)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-West Germanic *dōk (“cloth, rag”), with a change in meaning from "cloth, rag" to "something worthless". Compare similar semantic development in the verb dēċan (“to daub", also "to smear”).


hula

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of hulu


lox

lox (nominative singular)
loxas (nominative plural)
lox (accusative singular)
loxas (accusative plural)
loxes (genitive singular)
loxa (genitive plural)
loxe (dative singular)
loxum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: lusk, losse (Early Middle English, Northern)
English: los

From Proto-West Germanic *luhs. Cognate with Old Saxon lohs, Old High German luhs, Old Swedish lō. See los.


ides

ides (nominative singular)
idesa (nominative plural)
idese (nominative plural)
idese (accusative singular)
idesa (accusative plural)
idese (accusative plural)
idese (genitive singular)
idesa (genitive plural)
idese (dative singular)
idesum (dative plural)
ydes (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *idisi, from Proto-Germanic *idisiz (“woman”), potentially from Proto-Indo-European *h₂idʰ-és- (“fire, flame, burning”). Cognate with Old Saxon idis and Old High German itis. According to Jacob Grimm it is also cognate with Old Norse dís ("goddess"), but this is heavily debated.


buc

būc (canonical masculine)
būc (nominative singular)
būcas (nominative plural)
būc (accusative singular)
būcas (accusative plural)
būces (genitive singular)
būca (genitive plural)
būce (dative singular)
būcum (dative plural)
buuc (alternative)
būcc (alternative)

Middle English: bouk

English: bouk

Scots: bouk, bowk

From Proto-West Germanic *būk, from Proto-Germanic *būkaz.

a vessel that bulges out, such as a bottle, jug, pitcher, etc.


buc

From Proto-West Germanic *bukk (“male deer”).


flit

flit (nominative singular)
flitu (nominative plural)
flit (accusative singular)
flitu (accusative plural)
flites (genitive singular)
flita (genitive plural)
flite (dative singular)
flitum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *flit, from Proto-Germanic *flītaz, for which compare *flītan (“to strive”).


smelting

smelting (nominative singular)
smeltinga (nominative plural)
smeltinge (nominative plural)
smeltinge (accusative singular)
smeltinga (accusative plural)
smeltinge (accusative plural)
smeltinge (genitive singular)
smeltinga (genitive plural)
smeltinge (dative singular)
smeltingum (dative plural)
smilting (alternative)
smyltinc (alternative)
smylting (alternative)

Middle English: smulting

From Proto-West Germanic *smeltan + -ing. Compare Old High German smelzi, gismelzi (“fused mass, electrum, alloy”), Old Norse smeltr (“enamelled”).


borg

borg (nominative singular)
borgas (nominative plural)
borg (accusative singular)
borgas (accusative plural)
borges (genitive singular)
borga (genitive plural)
borge (dative singular)
borgum (dative plural)

Related to the verb borgian (“to borrow”), which see.


stor

stōr (canonical masculine)
stōr (nominative singular)
stōras (nominative plural)
stōr (accusative singular)
stōras (accusative plural)
stōres (genitive singular)
stōra (genitive plural)
stōre (dative singular)
stōrum (dative plural)


tid

tīd (canonical feminine)
tīda (nominative plural)
tīde (nominative plural)
tīd (nominative singular)
tīde (nominative plural)
tīda (nominative plural)
tīd (accusative singular)
tīde (accusative singular)
tīde (accusative plural)
tīda (accusative plural)
tīde (genitive singular)
tīda (genitive plural)
tīde (dative singular)
tīdum (dative plural)
tȳd (alternative)
tīed (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: tyde, tid, tide, tyd
English: tide
Scots: tide
⇒ Yola: enteete
→ Scottish Gaelic: tìde

From Proto-West Germanic *tīdi, from Proto-Germanic *tīdiz, from Proto-Indo-European *dīti- (“time, period”), from *dī- (“time”).
Cognate with Old Frisian tīd, Old Saxon tīd, Old Dutch tīt, Old High German zīt, and Old Norse tíð; see also modern cognates at tide.

der

time as a defined period or span, particularly:

time as a defined period or span
a tide, a fourth of the day or night

time as a defined period or span
an hour, a twelfth of the day or night

time as a defined period or span
a season, a fourth of the year

(especially in the plural) an age, an era

time as a defined period or span
an age, an era

Wæs hit þā ān tīd tō ǣfenes.

It was then one hour before evening. (Alexander's Letter to Aristotle)

c. 994, Ælfric, On the Seasons of the Year
Rōmanisc̄e lēodan ongynnað heora ġēar æfter hǣðenum ġewunan on winterlīċere tīde. Ebrei healdað heora geares annginn on lenctenlīcre emnihte. Đā Grēcisċan onginnað hyra ġēar æt ðām sunnstede; ⁊ ða Egiptisċan on hærfest.

The Roman people begin theirs, after the heathen custom, in the winter time. The Hebrews observe the beginning of their year on the vernal equinox. The Greeks begin their year at the solstice; and the Egyptians in the fall.

nōntīd

the hour, the moment determined by a sundial or other device marking the division between the tides or hours

(Christianity) the religious service held at a canonical hour, four of which were equivalent to the daylight tides

Eāstertīd

the season, the favorable or proper period for an action, especially with regard to farming or (Christianity) the holy seasons of the liturgical year

bedtīd

the time, the hour, the favorable, proper, or allotted moment for an action or event, the occasion when something can or ought to be done

a commemoration; an anniversary; a festival, especially a saint's day

(grammar) tense, the time indicated by the form of a verb


ridere

rīdere (canonical masculine)
rīdere (nominative singular)
rīderas (nominative plural)
rīdere (accusative singular)
rīderas (accusative plural)
rīderes (genitive singular)
rīdera (genitive plural)
rīdere (dative singular)
rīderum (dative plural)

Middle English: ryder

English: rider

From rīdan + -ere. Compare Old Norse riddari (“knight”) and German Reiter (“knight”).


beag

bēag (canonical masculine)
bēag (nominative singular)
bēagas (nominative plural)
bēag (accusative singular)
bēagas (accusative plural)
bēages (genitive singular)
bēaga (genitive plural)
bēage (dative singular)
bēagum (dative plural)
bēah (alternative)

desc

Middle English: beigh, beiȝ, bē, biȝ, by

English: bee

→ English: beag (learned)

From Proto-West Germanic *baug, from Proto-Germanic *baugaz, derived from *beuganą (“to bend”). Cognate with Old Frisian bāg, Old Saxon bōg, Old High German boug, and Old Norse baugr.

c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Sē þe ūs ġehǣlþ fram þām stiċe ūrra synna, hē ġeþafode þæt him man sette þyrnenne bēag on þæt hēafod.

The person who heals us from the stabs of our sins allowed a crown of thorns to be placed on his head.

Late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 38:18

Judah asked, "What do you want to take as a pledge?" She said, "Your ring and your armlet and your staff that you have in your hand."

Þā cwæþ Iūdas, "Hwæt wilt þū tō underwedde niman?" Þā cwæþ hēo, "Þīnne hring and þīnne bēag and þīnne stæf þe þū on handa hæfst."

circular object worn on the body, especially one made of gold or silver: ring, armlet, crown, collar, torque


mor

mōr (canonical masculine)
mōr (nominative singular)
mōras (nominative plural)
mōr (accusative singular)
mōras (accusative plural)
mōres (genitive singular)
mōra (genitive plural)
mōre (dative singular)
mōrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: mor, more, moer
English: moor
Scots: muir
Yola: mor

From Proto-West Germanic *mōr. Cognate with Old Saxon mōr (Dutch moer), Middle Low German mōr (German Moor), Old High German muor, Old Norse mǫr.


melting

melting (nominative singular)
meltinge (accusative singular)
meltinge (genitive singular)
meltinge (dative singular)
meltung (alternative)

Middle English: melting

English: melting


nasa

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of nasu


understanding

understanding (nominative singular)
understandinge (accusative singular)
understandinge (genitive singular)
understandinge (dative singular)
understandincg (alternative)

desc

Middle English: understandinge, understondinge

English: understanding

Scots: understanding

From Proto-West Germanic *undarstandingu, equivalent to understandan + -ing.


flora

inflection of flōr:
nominative/accusative plural

inflection of flōr:
genitive singular/plural


flore

inflection of flōr:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of flōr:
genitive/dative singular


stig

head

stīg f (nominative plural stīga or stīge)

stīg (canonical feminine)
stīga (nominative plural)
stīge (nominative plural)
stīg (nominative singular)
stīga (nominative plural)
stīge (nominative plural)
stīge (accusative singular)
stīga (accusative plural)
stīge (accusative plural)
stīge (genitive singular)
stīga (genitive plural)
stīge (dative singular)
stīgum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: stiȝhe, styȝe, stighe, stieghe, stie, stye, sty

From Proto-West Germanic *stīgu, from Proto-Germanic *stīgō, from *stīganą (“climb”) ( > Old English stīgan).
Cognate with Middle Dutch stige, Old High German stiga. A masculine Germanic variant *stīgaz is indicated by Old High German stic (German Steig), Old Norse stígr (Swedish stig).


stig

stiġ (canonical neuter)
stiġ (nominative singular)
stiġu (nominative plural)
stiġ (accusative singular)
stiġu (accusative plural)
stiġes (genitive singular)
stiġa (genitive plural)
stiġe (dative singular)
stiġum (dative plural)

Middle English: sty

English: sty

Scots: stie, stye, sty

From Proto-Germanic *stiją, possibly related to Etymology 1 above, or otherwise possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”), similar to *stainaz (“stone”). Cognate with Old Norse stí (Danish sti).


boga

boga (nominative singular)
bogan (nominative plural)
bogan (accusative singular)
bogan (accusative plural)
bogan (genitive singular)
bogena (genitive plural)
bogan (dative singular)
bogum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bowe, boue, boghe, boȝe
English: bow
Scots: bow
→ Middle Welsh: bwa
Welsh: bwa

→ Welsh: bwa

From Proto-West Germanic *bogō.
Related to Old Frisian boga, Old Saxon bogo, Old Dutch *bogo, Old High German bogo, and Old Norse bogi.

hīe lēton gāras flēogan, bogan wǣron bisiġe

they let arrows fly, bows were busy. (Battle of Maldon)


pyll

pyll (nominative singular)
pyllas (nominative plural)
pyll (accusative singular)
pyllas (accusative plural)
pylles (genitive singular)
pylla (genitive plural)
pylle (dative singular)
pyllum (dative plural)

English: pill

From Proto-Germanic *pullijaz (“small pool, ditch, creek”), diminutive of *pullaz (“pool, stream”),


belle

belle (nominative singular)
bellan (nominative plural)
bellan (accusative singular)
bellan (accusative plural)
bellan (genitive singular)
bellena (genitive plural)
bellan (dative singular)
bellum (dative plural)
bell (alternative)

Middle English: belle

Scots: bell

desctree

English: bell
→ Fiji Hindi: belo
→ Japanese: ベル (beru)
→ Korean: 벨 (bel)

From Proto-West Germanic *bellā, from Proto-Germanic *bellǭ.

bellan hringan

late 10th century, Ælfric, "St. Benedict, Abbot"
Se dēofol wearp ānne stān tō þǣre bellan þæt hēo eall tōsprang.

The Devil threw a rock at the bell so it broke into pieces.


grin

grin (nominative singular)
grinas (nominative plural)
grin (accusative singular)
grinas (accusative plural)
grines (genitive singular)
grina (genitive plural)
grine (dative singular)
grinum (dative plural)

English: grin


stow

stōw (canonical feminine)
stōw (nominative singular)
stōwa (nominative plural)
stōwe (nominative plural)
stōwe (accusative singular)
stōwa (accusative plural)
stōwe (accusative plural)
stōwe (genitive singular)
stōwa (genitive plural)
stōwe (dative singular)
stōwum (dative plural)

Middle English: stowe, stow

Scots: stow

English: stow

From Proto-West Germanic *stōu, from Proto-Germanic *stōō (“a place, location, position”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand, place, put”).

der

Ne sċoldest þū gān tō swā frēcenre stōwe.

You shouldn't have gone to such a dangerous place.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
...and forġeaf sumne hām tō þǣre hālgan stōwe...

...and gave certain property to the holy place...

a place that is built; house, collection of houses, habitation, dwelling


elm

elm (nominative singular)
elmas (nominative plural)
elm (accusative singular)
elmas (accusative plural)
elmes (genitive singular)
elma (genitive plural)
elme (dative singular)
elmum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: elm, alme, elme, helm, ulme
English: elm (dialectal ellum)
Scots: elm

From Proto-West Germanic *elm, from Proto-Germanic *elmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁élem (“mountain elm”).


wad

wād (canonical neuter)
wād (nominative singular)
wād (nominative plural)
wād (accusative singular)
wād (accusative plural)
wādes (genitive singular)
wāda (genitive plural)
wāde (dative singular)
wādum (dative plural)
weard (alternative)
*weald (alternative)

Middle English: wad, wod, wadde, wode

Scots: wad, waid

English: woad

Middle English: welde, wolde

English: weld, wold

From Proto-West Germanic *waiʀd, from Proto-Germanic *waizdaz.


wer

wer (nominative singular)
weras (nominative plural)
wer (accusative singular)
weras (accusative plural)
weres (genitive singular)
wera (genitive plural)
were (dative singular)
werum (dative plural)
wær (alternative)

Middle English: wer
English: wer, were

From Proto-West Germanic *wer, from Proto-Germanic *weraz.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian, Old Saxon, Old High German wer, Old Norse verr, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂 (wair). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin vir, Sanskrit वीर (vīrà), Old Irish fer, Lithuanian výras.

forþon ne mæġ wearþan wīs · wer, ǣr hē āge
wintra dǣl in woruldrīċe. · Wita sċeal ġeþyldiġ.

thus a man cannot become wise, before he would own
a part of years in world-kingdom. A wise man must be patient.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Ǣġþer is mann ġe wer ġe wīf.

werrēaf

werþēod


wer

Middle English: were

English: weir

From Proto-West Germanic *wari, from Proto-Germanic *warją. Cognate with Old Saxon wer, werr, Old High German wer, Old Norse ver.


tinn

tinn (nominative singular)
tinna (nominative plural)
tinne (nominative plural)
tinne (accusative singular)
tinna (accusative plural)
tinne (accusative plural)
tinne (genitive singular)
tinna (genitive plural)
tinne (dative singular)
tinnum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *tinnu, from Proto-Germanic *tinnō, from earlier *tindnō, *tindnijō. Cognate with Old High German zinna (“pinnacle, merlon”).


bile

English: bill


amore

amore (nominative singular)
amoran (nominative plural)
amoran (accusative singular)
amoran (accusative plural)
amoran (genitive singular)
amorena (genitive plural)
amoran (dative singular)
amorum (dative plural)

Middle English: *amere, *amre, *ambre

English: ammer

desc

⇒ Middle English: *yelwamre, *yelambre, *yelwambre

⇒ English: yelambre, yelamber, yellowhammer


fora

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of fōr


bolster

bolster (nominative singular)
bolstras (nominative plural)
bolster (accusative singular)
bolstras (accusative plural)
bolstres (genitive singular)
bolstra (genitive plural)
bolstre (dative singular)
bolstrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bolster, bolstre, bolstere, bowstur
English: bolster
Scots: bowster, bouster, boster

Tō slāpenne iċ þearf simle hūru twēġa bolstra.

I always need at least two pillows to sleep.


pinn

pinn (nominative singular)
pinnas (nominative plural)
pinn (accusative singular)
pinnas (accusative plural)
pinnes (genitive singular)
pinna (genitive plural)
pinne (dative singular)
pinnum (dative plural)
pinn (nominative singular)
pinnas (nominative plural)
pinn (accusative singular)
pinnas (accusative plural)
pinnes (genitive singular)
pinna (genitive plural)
pinne (dative singular)
pinnum (dative plural)

Middle English: pinne, pin

English: pin

Scots: pinne, pin

From Proto-West Germanic *pinn, *pint, from Proto-Germanic *pinniz, *pinnaz, *pintiz, from Proto-Indo-European *bendn-, *bend- (“to protrude, jut out; peak”).
Cognate with Old Saxon pinn, pin (“pin; peg”), Old High German pfin, phin (“peg, pin, nail”), Middle Low German pinne (“small, long, pointed object”) (whence also late Old Norse pinni).


rinc

rinc (nominative singular)
rincas (nominative plural)
rinc (accusative singular)
rincas (accusative plural)
rinces (genitive singular)
rinca (genitive plural)
rince (dative singular)
rincum (dative plural)

English: rink

From Proto-Germanic *rinkiz (“upright man”), from Proto-Germanic *rinkaz (“straight, upright”). Cognate with Old Saxon rink, Old Norse rekkr.

der

The Old English rune poem
ᚱ byþ on recȳde rinca ġehwylċum / sēfte...

Journey is easy for warriors in the hall...


carr

carr (nominative singular)
carras (nominative plural)
carr (accusative singular)
carras (accusative plural)
carres (genitive singular)
carra (genitive plural)
carre (dative singular)
carrum (dative plural)

Middle English: *carr

English: carr (dialectal)

From Celtic, perhaps from Old Welsh carrecc, from Proto-Brythonic *karreg, from Proto-Celtic *karrikā, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂er- (“hard”).


bige

biġe (canonical masculine)
biġe (nominative singular)
biġas (nominative plural)
biġe (accusative singular)
biġas (accusative plural)
biġes (genitive singular)
biġa (genitive plural)
biġe (dative singular)
biġum (dative plural)


fultum

fultum (nominative singular)
fultumas (nominative plural)
fultum (accusative singular)
fultumas (accusative plural)
fultumes (genitive singular)
fultuma (genitive plural)
fultume (dative singular)
fultumum (dative plural)
fultēam (alternative)
fultom (alternative)

From ful- + tēam (“team”). Compare Old High German follaziohan (“to help, be at hand, support”), Middle Low German vultên (“to carry out, perform”), Dutch voltooien (“to complete, finish”).

cog

help, support; protection, reinforcements

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
Nū syndon eahta hēafodmæġnu ðā magan oferswīðan þās foresǣdan dēoflu þurh drihtnes fultum.

Now there are eight Chief Virtues, which may overcome these aforesaid devils, through the Lord's assistance.


lida

lida (nominative singular)
lidan (nominative plural)
lidan (accusative singular)
lidan (accusative plural)
lidan (genitive singular)
lidena (genitive plural)
lidan (dative singular)
lidum (dative plural)

By surface analysis, lid (“ship”) + -a (agentive noun suffix).


wince

English: winch

From Proto-Germanic *winkijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *weng- (“to bow, bend, arch, curve”). Related to the verb wincian (“to wink”).


writ

writu (nominative plural)
writ (nominative singular)
writu (nominative plural)
writ (accusative singular)
writu (accusative plural)
writes (genitive singular)
writa (genitive plural)
write (dative singular)
writum (dative plural)
ġewrit (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *writą, whence also Old High German riz, Old Norse rit.


angol

angol (nominative singular)
anglas (nominative plural)
angol (accusative singular)
anglas (accusative plural)
angles (genitive singular)
angla (genitive plural)
angle (dative singular)
anglum (dative plural)
angul (alternative)
angel (alternative)
anġil (alternative)
anċġel (alternative)
ongel (alternative)

Middle English: angel, angell

Scots: angell, angel

English: angle

From Proto-West Germanic *angul, from Proto-Germanic *angulaz (“fishhook”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enkulós (“bent, crooked”). Cognate with Old Frisian *ongel, Old Saxon angul, Old High German angul, Old Norse ǫngull, and outside of Germanic, with Ancient Greek ἀγκύλος (ankúlos, “bent, crooked”).


plume

plūme (canonical feminine)
plūme (nominative singular)
plūman (nominative plural)
plūman (accusative singular)
plūman (accusative plural)
plūman (genitive singular)
plūmena (genitive plural)
plūman (dative singular)
plūmum (dative plural)
plȳme (alternative)
plūmae (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: plomme, ploume, plum, plumbe, plumme, plowme, ploumme, plome
English: plum (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ploom, ploum

→ Irish: pluma

From Proto-West Germanic *plūmā, from Latin prūnum.


ware

inflection of waru:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of waru:
genitive/dative singular


fane

inflection of fanu:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of fanu:
nominative/accusative plural


grad

grad (nominative singular)
gradas (nominative plural)
grad (accusative singular)
gradas (accusative plural)
grades (genitive singular)
grada (genitive plural)
grade (dative singular)
gradum (dative plural)


ceol

ċēol (canonical masculine)
ċēol (nominative singular)
ċēolas (nominative plural)
ċēol (accusative singular)
ċēolas (accusative plural)
ċēoles (genitive singular)
ċēola (genitive plural)
ċēole (dative singular)
ċēolum (dative plural)

⇒ English: Kelsey (from cēoles + īeġ)

⇒ English: Cholmondeley (from Ċēolmunde + lēah)

⇒ English: Chulmleigh (from Ċēolmunde + lēah)

⇒ English: Cholmondeston (from Ċēolmunde + -es + -tūn)

⇒ English: Chelmsford (from a contraction of Ċēolmǣre + ford)

⇒ English: Chilvers (from a contraction of Ċēolfriþ + -es or 's)

⇒ English: Chorlton (from a contraction of Ċēolfriþ + -tūn)

⇒ English: Cholsey (from a contraction of Ċēoles + īeġ)

From Proto-Germanic *keulaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gawl- (“ball, swelling”). Displaced by Middle English kele, possibly from or related to Middle Dutch kiel (“keel”) cognate with Old Norse kjǫlr, from Proto-Germanic *keluz, a related root. Cognate with Old Saxon kiol (“boat”), Old High German kiol (“boat”), Old Norse kjóll (“ship”).

der

c. 700, Beowulf

ship (specifically a small flat-bottomed boat)


linda

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of lind


wyrm

wyrm (nominative singular)
wyrmas (nominative plural)
wyrm (accusative singular)
wyrmas (accusative plural)
wyrmes (genitive singular)
wyrma (genitive plural)
wyrme (dative singular)
wyrmum (dative plural)
weorm (alternative)
wurm (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: worm, werm, wirm, wurm, wyrm, wyrme, wrim, worme
English: worm
Scots: worm, wirm

→ English: wyrm

From Proto-Germanic *wurmiz (“worm, serpent, snake”), from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis (“worm”). Cognate with Old Frisian wirm, Old Saxon wurm, Old High German wurm, Old Norse ormr, and Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌼𐍃 (waurms). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin vermis (“worm”), Lithuanian varmas (“midge”), Old East Slavic вермие (vermije, “locusts, worms”), and Ancient Greek ῥόμος (rhómos, “earthworm”).

cog

any crawling animal, especially:
maggot, grub

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...for þon hit is nǣdrena ġecynd þæt heora mǣġen ⁊ hiera fēþe bið on heora ribbum swā ōþerra crēopendra wyrma bið on heora fōtum.

...for it is the class of snakes whose movement is on their ribs, just as the motion of other creeping reptiles is with their feet.

any crawling animal, especially:
reptile, especially a snake


nicer

nicer (nominative singular)
niceras (nominative plural)
nicer (accusative singular)
niceras (accusative plural)
niceres (genitive singular)
nicera (genitive plural)
nicere (dative singular)
nicerum (dative plural)


underling

underling (nominative singular)
underlingas (nominative plural)
underling (accusative singular)
underlingas (accusative plural)
underlinges (genitive singular)
underlinga (genitive plural)
underlinge (dative singular)
underlingum (dative plural)

(Late Old English) underling, subordinate


glede

inflection of glēd:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of glēd:
genitive/dative singular


caru

Phonological history of Old English#A-restoration

Phonological history of Old English#Palatal diphthongization

caru (nominative singular)
cara (nominative plural)
ċeare (nominative plural)
care (accusative singular)
ċeare (accusative singular)
cara (accusative plural)
ċeare (accusative plural)
care (genitive singular)
ċeare (genitive singular)
cara (genitive plural)
care (dative singular)
ċeare (dative singular)
carum (dative plural)
ċearu (alternative West-Saxon)
ċearo (alternative West-Saxon)

desctree

Middle English: care
English: care
Scots: care
Yola: caure, caare, caar

From Proto-West Germanic *karu, from Proto-Germanic *karō. Cognate with Old Saxon kara, Old High German kara, Old Norse kǫr (“sickbed”), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 (kara).

Oft iċ sceolde āna · ūhtna ġehwylċe
mīne ċeare cwīþan. · Nis nū cwicra nān…

Oft I had to bemoan my sorrow alone at every dawn. There is no one alive…


dah

dāh (canonical masculine)
dāgas (nominative plural)
dāh (nominative singular)
dāgas (nominative plural)
dāh (accusative singular)
dāgas (accusative plural)
dāges (genitive singular)
dāga (genitive plural)
dāge (dative singular)
dāgum (dative plural)


bod

bodu (nominative plural)
bod (nominative singular)
bodu (nominative plural)
bod (accusative singular)
bodu (accusative plural)
bodes (genitive singular)
boda (genitive plural)
bode (dative singular)
bodum (dative plural)

Middle English: bod

English: bode

From Proto-West Germanic *bod. Cognate with Old Norse boð.

a command, mandate, precept, order; bidding


æg

ǣġ (canonical neuter)
ǣġru (nominative plural)
ǣġ (nominative singular)
ǣġru (nominative plural)
ǣġ (accusative singular)
ǣġru (accusative plural)
ǣġes (genitive singular)
ǣġra (genitive plural)
ǣġe (dative singular)
ǣġrum (dative plural)
ǣġer (alternative in-compounds)

Middle English: ey, ay, aye, ei, eye, eyȝ, æȝ (Early Middle English)
English: ey (obsolete)

⇒ Middle English: cokeney, cokenay (disputed)

English: Cockney

From Proto-West Germanic *aij, from Proto-Germanic *ajją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm.


fitt

fitt (nominative singular)
fitta (nominative plural)
fitte (nominative plural)
fitte (accusative singular)
fitta (accusative plural)
fitte (accusative plural)
fitte (genitive singular)
fitta (genitive plural)
fitte (dative singular)
fittum (dative plural)
fit (alternative)

Middle English: fitt, fit

English: fit

Scots: fit

From Proto-West Germanic *fittju, from Proto-Germanic *fitjō (“foot, seam”) and *fitī (“section, segment, chapter”), both from Proto-Indo-European *pedio-. Cognate with Old Saxon *fittea, attested in the borrowed Latin vittea.


hane

inflection of hān:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of hān:
genitive/dative singular


ecg

eċġ (canonical feminine)
eċġ (nominative singular)
eċġa (nominative plural)
eċġe (nominative plural)
eċġe (accusative singular)
eċġa (accusative plural)
eċġe (accusative plural)
eċġe (genitive singular)
eċġa (genitive plural)
eċġe (dative singular)
eċġum (dative plural)

Middle English: egge

English: edge

Scots: ege, egge

Iċ eom ānhaga īserne wund, bille ġebennod, beadoweorca sæd, eċġum wēriġ.

I am a lone one wounded with iron, wounded by sword, sated of battle-works, weary by edges.


tol

tōl (canonical neuter)
tōl (nominative singular)
tōl (nominative plural)
tōl (accusative singular)
tōl (accusative plural)
tōles (genitive singular)
tōla (genitive plural)
tōle (dative singular)
tōlum (dative plural)

Middle English: tool, tole, tol, toole
English: tool
Scots: tuil

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *tōlą, from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂- (“to tie to; secure”). Possibly inherited through Proto-West Germanic, but since the term is not attested in any other West Germanic language, it may instead be borrowed from Old Norse tól.


bula

bula (nominative singular)
bulan (nominative plural)
bulan (accusative singular)
bulan (accusative plural)
bulan (genitive singular)
bulena (genitive plural)
bulan (dative singular)
bulum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bole, bule, bul, bolle, boule, bool, boole
English: bull
Scots: bul, bull

From Proto-Germanic *bulô (“bull”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥no-, from *bʰel- (“to blow, swell up”)


sape

sāpe (canonical feminine)
sāpe (nominative singular)
sāpan (nominative plural)
sāpan (accusative singular)
sāpan (accusative plural)
sāpan (genitive singular)
sāpena (genitive plural)
sāpan (dative singular)
sāpum (dative plural)

Middle English: sope, sape

English: soap (see there for further descendants)

Scots: saip, sape

→ Middle Irish: sóp

→ Old Norse: sápa

Icelandic: sápa

Faroese: sápa

Norwegian: såpa, såpe

→ Danish: såpe

Norwegian Bokmål: såpe

Old Swedish: sāpa

Swedish: såpa
→ Finnish: suopa, soopa

From Proto-West Germanic *saipā, from Proto-Germanic *saipǭ.

Ðonne þu sapan abban wille þonne gnid þu þinne handa to gædere

before 1150, Monasteriales Indicia (monastic sign language guide):

When you want soap, then rub your hands together.


blot

blōt (canonical neuter)
blōt (nominative singular)
blōt (nominative plural)
blōt (accusative singular)
blōt (accusative plural)
blōtes (genitive singular)
blōta (genitive plural)
blōte (dative singular)
blōtum (dative plural)

He ealle ða cuman to blote gedyde

he gave all the strangers as a sacrifice. (Alfred's Orosius)

a sacrifice, especially a blood sacrifice by heathens


sorge

inflection of sorg:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of sorg:
genitive/dative singular


hose

hose (nominative singular)
hosan (nominative plural)
hosan (accusative singular)
hosan (accusative plural)
hosan (genitive singular)
hosena (genitive plural)
hosan (dative singular)
hosum (dative plural)
hosa (alternative)
hosu (alternative)

Middle English: hose, hoyse, hosa, hoose (all rare)
English: hose
Scots: hose, hoe

(in the plural) pants, trousers; see hosan


hired

hīred (canonical masculine)
hīred (nominative singular)
hīredas (nominative plural)
hīred (accusative singular)
hīredas (accusative plural)
hīredes (genitive singular)
hīreda (genitive plural)
hīrede (dative singular)
hīredum (dative plural)
hēored (alternative)
hīered (alternative)
hīorad (alternative)
hīræd (alternative)
hīrd (alternative)
hȳred (alternative)

desc

Middle English: hird, herd, herde, hert, hired, hyrd, hyrt, hirð, hireden, hirt

→ Old Norse: hirð

Icelandic: hirð

Faroese: hirð

Norwegian Nynorsk: hird, hyrd

→ English: hird

Old Swedish: hirþ

Swedish: hird

Danish: hird

Norwegian Bokmål: hird

→ English: hird

From Proto-West Germanic *hīwarād (“family, marriage”). Cognate with Old High German hīrāt (“marriage”) (German Heirat), Old English hīwen (“household”).

inh

c. 992, Ælfric, "Preface"
Clypa and ne geswic ðu, ahefe þine stemne swā swā byme, and cȳð minum folce heora leahtras, and Iacobes hīrede heora synna.

Cry and cease not, raise your voice as a trumpet, and declare to my people their crimes, and to the family of Jacob their sins.


grund

grundas (nominative plural)
grund (nominative singular)
grundas (nominative plural)
grund (accusative singular)
grundas (accusative plural)
grundes (genitive singular)
grunda (genitive plural)
grunde (dative singular)
grundum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ground, grund, grounde
English: ground
→ Fiji Hindi: garaund
→ Maltese: grawnd
Geordie English: grund, groond
Scots: grund, groond, greund
Yola: greoune, greoun, greound

From Proto-West Germanic *grundu, from Proto-Germanic *grunduz.

Caedmon's metrical paraphrase
...And ǣrest āmet ufan tō grunde and hū sīd sē swarta ēðm sēo.

...and first measure from above to its ground, how wide the black vapour is.

Ǣlċ sǣ, þēah hēo dēop sīe, hæfþ grund on þǣre eorðan.

Every sea, no matter how deep, has a bottom in the Earth.

of grundum


cimbal

English: cymbal


croft

Middle English: croft, crofft, croffte, crofte, croofte
English: croft
Scots: croft, craft


boda

boda (nominative singular)
bodan (nominative plural)
bodan (accusative singular)
bodan (accusative plural)
bodan (genitive singular)
bodena (genitive plural)
bodan (dative singular)
bodum (dative plural)

Middle English: bode

English: bode

From Proto-West Germanic *bodō, from Proto-Germanic *budô. Related to Old English bēodan.


purpure

purpure (nominative singular)
purpuran (nominative plural)
purpuran (accusative singular)
purpuran (accusative plural)
purpuran (genitive singular)
purpurena (genitive plural)
purpuran (dative singular)
purpurum (dative plural)


sande

inflection of sand:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of sand:
nominative/accusative plural


roda

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of rōd


a

ā (canonical feminine)
āwa (alternative)
āwo (alternative)
ō (alternative)


scot

sċot (canonical neuter)
sċot (nominative plural)
sċot (nominative singular)
sċot (nominative plural)
sċot (accusative singular)
sċot (accusative plural)
sċotes (genitive singular)
sċota (genitive plural)
sċote (dative singular)
sċotum (dative plural)
sċēot (alternative)

English: shot

From Proto-Germanic *skutą. Cognate with Old Frisian skot, Old Saxon sīlscot, Old High German scoz (German Schoß), Old Norse skot.


peru

peru (nominative singular)
pera (nominative plural)
pere (nominative plural)
pere (accusative singular)
pera (accusative plural)
pere (accusative plural)
pere (genitive singular)
pera (genitive plural)
pere (dative singular)
perum (dative plural)
pere (alternative)

Middle English: pere, peere, per, peire, peore, peare
English: pear
→⇒ Chinese: 啤梨 (pílí)
→⇒ Khmer: ផ្លែភា (phlae phiə)
→ Sotho: pere
→ Thai: แพร์ (pɛɛ)
→ Tokelauan: pea
→ Xhosa: ipere
Scots: peer, peir
→ Scottish Gaelic: peur


cu

cū (canonical feminine)
cȳ (nominative plural)
cū (nominative singular)
cȳ (nominative plural)
cū (accusative singular)
cȳ (accusative plural)
cūe (genitive singular)
cūs (genitive singular)
cȳ (genitive singular)
cūa (genitive plural)
cūna (genitive plural)
cȳ (dative singular)
cūm (dative plural)
cūum (dative plural)

Middle English: cou, cow, cowe, cu, kow, kowe, ku
English: cow (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: coo
Scots: coo, coe, cou
Yola: keow

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *kō (“cow”).

inh+

c. 992, Ælfric, "Of Saint James the Apostle"
Ān cū wearþ ġebrōht tō þām temple þæt man hīe ġeoffrode.

A cow was brought to the temple to be sacrificed.


brim

brim (nominative singular)
brimu (nominative plural)
brim (accusative singular)
brimu (accusative plural)
brimes (genitive singular)
brima (genitive plural)
brime (dative singular)
brimum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *brimą (“turbulence, surge; surf, sea”), from Proto-Germanic *bremaną (“to roar”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem- (“to hum, make a noise”).
cognates
* Ancient Greek βρέμω (brémō, “roar, roar like the ocean”, verb)
* Dutch brommen (“to hum, buzz”)* Icelandic brim (“sea, surf”)
* German brummen (“to hum, drone”)
* Latin fremō (“roar, growl”, verb)
* Old English brymm, brym (“sea, waves”), Old English bremman (“to rage, roar”)

cog

(poetic) the edge of the sea or a body of water


hera

hēra (canonical masculine)
hēra (nominative singular)
hēran (nominative plural)
hēran (accusative singular)
hēran (accusative plural)
hēran (genitive singular)
hērena (genitive plural)
hēran (dative singular)
hērum (dative plural)

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
In þǣre þēode was in þā tīd Sǣberht cyning, Æðelberhtes swustorsunu ⁊ his hēra.

At that time Seaberht was king of that province; he was the nephew and follower of Athelberht.

follower, servant, one who obeys another


berge

berġe (canonical feminine)
berġe (nominative singular)
berġan (nominative plural)
berġan (accusative singular)
berġan (accusative plural)
berġan (genitive singular)
berġena (genitive plural)
berġan (dative singular)
berġum (dative plural)
berie (alternative)
beriġe (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: berye, berȝe, berie, bery, byry, beriye
English: berry
Scots: berie, bery, berrie, berry
⇒ Yola: kraanberry


cian

accusative/genitive/dative singular of ċīe


scorpio

Middle English: scorpioun, schorpion, skorpioun, schorpiun, scorpion, scorpyoun, scarpyn, scorpien, scorpiown
English: scorpion


nase

inflection of nasu:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of nasu:
genitive/dative singular


rinde

rinde (nominative singular)
rindan (nominative plural)
rindan (accusative singular)
rindan (accusative plural)
rindan (genitive singular)
rindena (genitive plural)
rindan (dative singular)
rindum (dative plural)


wald

wald (nominative singular)
waldas (nominative plural)
wald (accusative singular)
waldas (accusative plural)
waldes (genitive singular)
walda (genitive plural)
walde (dative singular)
waldum (dative plural)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


wald

wald (nominative singular)
wald (accusative singular)
waldes (genitive singular)
walde (dative singular)

Alternative form of weald (“power, authority”)


cocer

cocer (nominative singular)
coceras (nominative plural)
cocer (accusative singular)
coceras (accusative plural)
coceres (genitive singular)
cocera (genitive plural)
cocere (dative singular)
cocerum (dative plural)
cocur (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: coker, cuker, cokir, cocur, cokre, kokur, quequer, koker
English: cocker, cogger

From Proto-West Germanic *kokar, whence also Old Frisian koker, Old Saxon kokar (Dutch koker), Old High German kohhār (German Köcher). The origin of the West Germanic word is unknown, but note that a similar word can be found in Turkic and Mongolic languages: see Proto-Mongolic *kökexür for more.


hice

hice (nominative singular)
hican (nominative plural)
hican (accusative singular)
hican (accusative plural)
hican (genitive singular)
hicena (genitive plural)
hican (dative singular)
hicum (dative plural)
hicæ (alternative)
hicae (alternative)
yce (alternative)
hyke (alternative)

gl

attested in Middle English <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">hekemose</i>

Middle English: *heke (attested in Middle English hekemose)

desc

⇒ English: hickmal, hickymal, hekkymal, hackmal, hagmal (“blue titmouse”) (dialectal)

⇒? English: huckmuck (“long-tailed titmouse”) (dialectal)

Unknown. Perhaps related to Old English *haccian (“to hack”).


haga

desctree

Middle English: hawe, haȝe, haue, hahe, haw, hawghe
English: haw
Scots: haw
Yola: haeve

From Proto-West Germanic *hagō. Cognate with Old Saxon hago, Middle Dutch haghe, Old Norse hagi.

used figuratively as a suffix to denote military formations containing spearmen (as in anhaga, cumbolhaga, færhaga, wighaga)


graf

Middle English: grove, grave, grof
English: grove
Scots: grave (obsolete)

Uncertain, lacking cognates in other Germanic languages. Perhaps from grafan (“to dig”), similar to drāf (“drove”) and drifan.


plega

plega (nominative singular)
plegan (nominative plural)
plegan (accusative singular)
plegan (accusative plural)
plegan (genitive singular)
plegena (genitive plural)
plegan (dative singular)
plegum (dative plural)
plæġ (alternative)
plæga (alternative)

Middle English: pleye, pleie, plaw, plawe, play, playe, pleȝe, plæȝe, pleiȝ, pleouwe, ploȝe, plai, plaȝe, pleghe, plaghe, plasze
English: play
Scots: play
Yola: pley


yr

Probably borrowed from Old Norse ýr (“yew, a bow, the runic letter ᛦ”).


hosp

hosp (nominative singular)
hospas (nominative plural)
hosp (accusative singular)
hospas (accusative plural)
hospes (genitive singular)
hospa (genitive plural)
hospe (dative singular)
hospum (dative plural)

Middle English: hosp

From Proto-West Germanic *hosp, *husp (“derision, mockery”), of obscure origin. Likely an alteration of Proto-West Germanic *hosk, *husk (“derision, mockery”), from Proto-Germanic *huskaz, *huską (“mockery”), from Proto-Indo-European *kūd- (“to shout, be naughty, mock”). More at Old English husċ.

unc

obscure

der

reproach, contempt, contumely, insult, blasphemy

hospword

abusive language, contemptuous expression


ears

ears (nominative singular)
earsas (nominative plural)
ears (accusative singular)
earsas (accusative plural)
earses (genitive singular)
earsa (genitive plural)
earse (dative singular)
earsum (dative plural)
ærs (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: ars, arce, ers, eres, hars, hers, aars
English: arse, ass
Scots: ers, airse

From Proto-West Germanic *ars, from Proto-Germanic *arsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁órsos. Cognate with Old Frisian ers, Old Saxon ars, Old High German ars, Old Norse ars ~ rass, and more distantly with Middle Armenian ոռ (oṙ, “ass”) and Modern Greek ουρά (ourá, “tail”).


sabat

Borrowed from Latin sabbatum, from Ancient Greek σάββατον (sábbaton, “Sabbath”), from Biblical Hebrew שַׁבָּת (šabbāṯ, “Sabbath”).


ara

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of ār (“glory; oar”)

genitive plural of ār (“ore; messenger”)


bote

inflection of bōt:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of bōt:
genitive/dative singular


homer

homer (nominative singular)
homeras (nominative plural)
homer (accusative singular)
homeras (accusative plural)
homeres (genitive singular)
homera (genitive plural)
homere (dative singular)
homerum (dative plural)


grot

grot (nominative singular)
grot (nominative plural)
grot (accusative singular)
grot (accusative plural)
grotes (genitive singular)
grota (genitive plural)
grote (dative singular)
grotum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: grot, grott, grotte
English: groat
Yola: gurt, grut