eare

ēare (canonical neuter)
ēaran (nominative plural)
ēare (nominative singular)
ēaran (nominative plural)
ēare (accusative singular)
ēaran (accusative plural)
ēaran (genitive singular)
ēarena (genitive plural)
ēaran (dative singular)
ēarum (dative plural)

Middle English: ere, eare, eere, eyr, ȝhere, here, ire, yere
English: ear
Tok Pisin: ia
Scots: ear

From Proto-West Germanic *auʀā, from the voiced Verner alternant of Proto-Germanic *ausô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ows-.
Cognate with Old Frisian āre, Old Saxon ōra, Old Dutch ōra, Old High German ōra, Old Norse eyra, Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 (ausō).


nosu

nosu (nominative singular)
nosa (nominative plural)
nosu (accusative singular)
nosa (accusative plural)
nosa (genitive singular)
nosa (genitive plural)
nosa (dative singular)
nosum (dative plural)
nosu (nominative singular)
nosa (nominative plural)
nose (nominative plural)
nose (accusative singular)
nosa (accusative plural)
nose (accusative plural)
nose (genitive singular)
nosa (genitive plural)
nose (dative singular)
nosum (dative plural)
nose (nominative singular)
nosan (nominative plural)
nosan (accusative singular)
nosan (accusative plural)
nosan (genitive singular)
nosena (genitive plural)
nosan (dative singular)
nosum (dative plural)
neosu (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: nose, neose, noose, nosse, nos, nosu
English: nose
Scots: nos, nose, nois


cuma

cuma (nominative singular)
cuman (nominative plural)
cuman (accusative singular)
cuman (accusative plural)
cuman (genitive singular)
cumena (genitive plural)
cuman (dative singular)
cumum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *kumô, equivalent to cuman + -a.

c. 973, Æthelwold, translation of the Rule of Saint Benedict
Fēower and fīftiġ. Be cumena andfenġe.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Wē sind eall cuman on þissum līfe, and ūre eard nis nā hēr, ac wē sind hēr swelċe weġfērende menn. Ān cymþ, ōðer færeþ. Sē biþ ācenned, sē ōðer forþfæreþ and rȳmþ him setl.

We are all guests in this life, and our home is not here, but we're here as wayfaring people. One person comes, another goes. One is born, another dies and makes them room.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 25:35


wop

wōp (canonical masculine)
wōpas (nominative plural)
wōp (nominative singular)
wōpas (nominative plural)
wōp (accusative singular)
wōpas (accusative plural)
wōpes (genitive singular)
wōpa (genitive plural)
wōpe (dative singular)
wōpum (dative plural)

Middle English: wop, weop, wope
English: woop, whoop

From Proto-Germanic *wōpaz (“clamour, weeping”).


fleam

flēam (canonical masculine)
flēam (nominative singular)
flēamas (nominative plural)
flēam (accusative singular)
flēamas (accusative plural)
flēames (genitive singular)
flēama (genitive plural)
flēame (dative singular)
flēamum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: flem, fleem, fleme, flæm, fleam, vlem (Early Middle English)
English: fleam (dialectal)
Scots: fleem

Fram sagum ne biþ nān flēam: hīe nabbaþ nānne anġinn and nānne ende.

There is no escape from stories: they have no beginning and no end.

Þā ġeflogenan rǣplingas sind nū ġīet on flēame.

The escaped prisoners are still on the run (literally "in flight" or "in an escape").


ærs

ærs (nominative singular)
ærsas (nominative plural)
ærs (accusative singular)
ærsas (accusative plural)
ærses (genitive singular)
ærsa (genitive plural)
ærse (dative singular)
ærsum (dative plural)


morþor

morþor (nominative singular)
morþru (nominative plural)
morþor (accusative singular)
morþru (accusative plural)
morþres (genitive singular)
morþra (genitive plural)
morþre (dative singular)
morþrum (dative plural)

Middle English: morther

English: murther

English: murder

From Proto-West Germanic *morþr. Compare morþ.
Cognates
(Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂 (maurþr), Old Norse myrða), Latin mors, Old Irish marb).


sunne

sunne (nominative singular)
sunnan (nominative plural)
sunnan (accusative singular)
sunnan (accusative plural)
sunnan (genitive singular)
sunnena (genitive plural)
sunnan (dative singular)
sunnum (dative plural)
sunna (alternative)
sunnu (alternative)

Middle English: sonne, sunne, sone, son, sune, sun, sunna, sunnæ, synne, soen, zunne (Southern West Mid), zonne (Kent)
English: sun
Scots: sun
Yola: zin

From Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *sh̥₂uén-, oblique stem of *sóh₂wl̥.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLXXIII Hēr ōþēowde rēad Crīstes mǣl on heofonum æfter sunnan setlgange. ⁊ þȳ ġēare ġefuhtan Myrċe ⁊ Cantware æt Ottanforda.

Year 773 In this year a red crucifix appeared in the heavens after the setting of the sun. And in that year, Mercia and Kent fought at Otford.


wæter

wæter (nominative singular)
wætru (nominative plural)
wæter (accusative singular)
wætru (accusative plural)
wætres (genitive singular)
wætra (genitive plural)
wætre (dative singular)
wætrum (dative plural)

Middle English: water, watere, watir, waterre
English: water (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: watter, wetter
Scots: watter
Yola: waudher, wadher

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wed-
Proto-Indo-European *-r̥
Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥
Proto-Germanic *watōr
Proto-West Germanic *watar
Old English wæter
From Proto-West Germanic *watar, from Proto-Germanic *watōr, from Proto-Indo-European *wédōr, collective of *wódr̥.

etymon

c. 994, Ælfric, On the Year
Ǣlċe mōnað hēo yrnð under ān þǣra tacna. Ān þǣra tacna ys ġehāten aries, þæt is ramm; oðer taurus, þæt is fearr; ðridda gemini, þæt synd ġetwisan; fēorða cancer, þæt is crabba; fīfta leo; syxta virgo, þæt is mǣden; seofoða libra, þæt is pund orde wǣġe; eahtoðe scorpius, þæt is þrōwend; nigoða is sagittarius, þæt is sċytta; teoða ys capricornus, þæt is buccan horn, oððe bucca; endlyfta is aquarius, þæt is wæter-ġyte, oððe þe þe wæter ġyt; twelfte is pisces, þæt synd fixas.

Each month runs under one of the signs [of the Zodiac]. The first of the signs is called aries, that is "ram"; the second is taurus, that is "bull"; the third is gemini, that is "twins"; the fourth is cancer, that is "crab"; the fifth is lion; the sixth is virgo, that is "virgin"; the seventh is libra, that is "pound" or "scales”; eighth is scorpious, that is "scorpion"; ninth is sagittarius, that is "shooter"; tenth is capricornus, that is "he-goat's horn" or "he-goat"; eleventh is aquarius, that is "pouring water" or "one that pours water"; twelfth is pisces, that is "fishes."


þunor

þunor (nominative singular)
þunras (nominative plural)
þunor (accusative singular)
þunras (accusative plural)
þunres (genitive singular)
þunra (genitive plural)
þunre (dative singular)
þunrum (dative plural)
þunar (alternative)
þunur (alternative)
þuner (alternative)
þonor (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: thonder
English: thunder
Scots: thunner, thuner, thunder, thundir
Yola: dhunder, dunder

From Proto-West Germanic *þunr.
Cognate with Sanskrit स्तनति (stanati, “resound, reverberate, roar, thunder”), Ancient Greek στένω (sténō, “moan, groan, sigh”), Latin tonō, Old Church Slavonic стенати (stenati) (Russian стена́ть (stenátʹ)), Lithuanian steneti.

cog

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þæt wæs ǣrest þæt þunor tōslōg heora hīestan godes hūs Iufeses.

That was before thunder destroyed the house of Jove, their highest god.

þunor and līeġetu

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Þæt seofode wīte wæs, þæt swā miċel ðunor and hagol becōm on ðām lēodsċipe, þæt...ǣlċ trēow on ðām earde tōbǣrst.

The seventh plague was that there was such great thunder and hail in that country, that...every tree in the land split in two.


dara

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of daru


laþ

From Proto-West Germanic *laiþ (“loath, hateful”).

inh

Mid lufe ge mid laðe

With what is pleasant and what is unpleasant.

a person or thing that is evil, hated or unpleasant


hore

hōre (canonical feminine)
hōre (nominative singular)
hōran (nominative plural)
hōran (accusative singular)
hōran (accusative plural)
hōran (genitive singular)
hōrena (genitive plural)
hōran (dative singular)
hōrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hore, hoor, hoore, hor, houre, hure
English: whore
Scots: hure, hoor
→ Welsh: hŵr

From Proto-Germanic *hōrǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ros (“dear, loved”). Compare Old High German huora (German Hure), Dutch hoer, Old Norse hóra (Danish hore, Swedish hora); compare also Latin carus (“dear”).

inh

996-7, Ælfric, Lives of Saints/Life of Saint Nicholas
Ða wolde heora fæder læton heo beon horan þæt hi mihton his earme lif huru mid þan forðbringan.

Then their father wanted to let her become a whore so that they might thereby sustain his wretched lifestyle.


syl

sȳl (canonical feminine)
sȳl (nominative singular)
sȳle (nominative plural)
sȳla (nominative plural)
sȳl (accusative singular)
sȳle (accusative singular)
sȳle (accusative plural)
sȳla (accusative plural)
sȳle (genitive singular)
sȳla (genitive plural)
sȳle (dative singular)
sȳlum (dative plural)

Middle English: syle

English: sile

Scots: sile, syle, cyle

From Proto-West Germanic *sūli, from Proto-Germanic *sūliz (“pillar”). Akin to Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍃 (sauls, “pillar”), German Säule.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Sē westsūþende Europe landġemirce is in Ispania westeweardum et ðǣm garseċġe, and mǣst æt þǣm iġlande, þætte Gaðes hātte, þǣr scīet sē Wendelsǣ up of þǣm garseċġe; þǣr ēac Ercoles sȳla standað.

The southwestern limit of Europe is in Hispania at the western ocean, and the westernmost part is at the island known as Gades, where the Mediterranean flows into the ocean and where the Pillars of Hercules stand.


grap

grāp (canonical feminine)
grāp (nominative singular)
grāpa (nominative plural)
grāpe (nominative plural)
grāpe (accusative singular)
grāpa (accusative plural)
grāpe (accusative plural)
grāpe (genitive singular)
grāpa (genitive plural)
grāpe (dative singular)
grāpum (dative plural)

gl

attested in Middle English <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">gropnail</i>

Middle English: grop (attested in Middle English gropnail)

English: grope

desctree

Scots: graip
→ Irish: graeipe, graeip, grápa, grápán
→ Scottish Gaelic: gràpa

From Proto-West Germanic *graipu, from Proto-Germanic *graipō, related to *grīpaną (“to grasp, grab”).
Cognate with Middle Low German grēpe, Middle Dutch grepe (Dutch greep), Old High German greifa, Old Norse greip (Swedish grep).


spel

spel (nominative singular)
spel (nominative plural)
spel (accusative singular)
spel (accusative plural)
spelles (genitive singular)
spella (genitive plural)
spelle (dative singular)
spellum (dative plural)


mand

mand (nominative singular)
manda (nominative plural)
mande (nominative plural)
mande (accusative singular)
manda (accusative plural)
mande (accusative plural)
mande (genitive singular)
manda (genitive plural)
mande (dative singular)
mandum (dative plural)
mond (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *mandu (“basket”).


lus

lūs (canonical feminine)
lȳs (nominative plural)
lūs (nominative singular)
lȳs (nominative plural)
lūs (accusative singular)
lȳs (accusative plural)
lȳs (genitive singular)
lūse (genitive singular)
lūsa (genitive plural)
lȳs (dative singular)
lūsum (dative plural)

Middle English: lous, lows, lowse

English: louse

Scots: louse, loose

From Proto-West Germanic *lūs. Compare Old High German lūs, Old Norse lús.


pinne

pinne (nominative singular)
pinnan (nominative plural)
pinnan (accusative singular)
pinnan (accusative plural)
pinnan (genitive singular)
pinnena (genitive plural)
pinnan (dative singular)
pinnum (dative plural)


rift

Middle English: rift

From Proto-Germanic *riftą, *riftiją, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rebʰ- (“to cover; arch over; vault”). Cognate with Old High German peinrefta (“legwear; leggings”), Old Norse ript, ripti (“a kind of cloth; linen jerkin”).


manna

manna (nominative singular)
mannan (nominative plural)
mannan (accusative singular)
mannan (accusative plural)
mannan (genitive singular)
mannena (genitive plural)
mannan (dative singular)
mannum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann-.


manna

From Late Latin manna, from Ancient Greek μάννα (mánna), from Hebrew מן (mān, “'manna”).

manna (food miraculously produced for the Israelites in the desert in the book of Exodus)


consul

consulas (nominative plural)
consul (nominative singular)
consulas (nominative plural)
consul (accusative singular)
consulas (accusative plural)
consules (genitive singular)
consula (genitive plural)
consule (dative singular)
consulum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: consul, consoul
English: consul
Scots: consul

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Fiaminius sē consul forsēah þā sæġene þe þā hlyttan him sædon...

The consul Flaminius rejected the predictions that the diviners had told him...


neo

nēo (canonical neuter)
nēo (nominative singular)
nēo (nominative plural)
nēo (accusative singular)
nēo (accusative plural)
nēowes (genitive singular)
nēowa (genitive plural)
nēowe (dative singular)
nēowum (dative plural)
nē (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *nawi, from Proto-Germanic *nawiz, *nawaz (“corpse”), from Proto-Indo-European *neh₂w- (“the deceased, corpse”).


suga

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of sugu


cal

Middle English: col

English: cole


honda

inflection of hond:
nominative/accusative plural


mede

inflection of mēd:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of mēd:
genitive/dative singular


byre

head

byre m (nominative plural byras or byre)

byras (nominative plural)
byre (nominative plural)
byre (nominative singular)
byras (nominative plural)
byre (accusative singular)
byras (accusative plural)
byres (genitive singular)
byra (genitive plural)
byre (dative singular)
byrum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *burī (early *burijaz), from Proto-Germanic *buriz (“son”).

child, son, descendant; young man, youth


byre

byras (nominative plural)
byre (nominative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *buriz (“hill, elevation”).


byre

desctree

Middle English: bir, bire, bur, byre
English: birr

From Proto-Germanic *buriz (“favourable wind”).


byre

From Proto-Germanic *burjaz (“opportunity”), related to Old English byrian (“to come up, occur”).


byre

bȳre (canonical neuter)
bȳru (nominative plural)

English: byre

Probably related to Old English būr. Perhaps identical to the word for a farm or dwelling in German -büren, Dutch -buren.


rec

rēc (canonical masculine)
rēc (nominative singular)
rēcas (nominative plural)
rēc (accusative singular)
rēcas (accusative plural)
rēces (genitive singular)
rēca (genitive plural)
rēce (dative singular)
rēcum (dative plural)
rīec (alternative)

Middle English: rek

English: reek

Scots: reek, reik

From Proto-West Germanic *rauki, from Proto-Germanic *raukiz, whence also Old Frisian rēk, Old Saxon rōk, Old Dutch rouc, Old High German rouh, Old Norse reykr. Possibly a loan from the Old Norse instead.


sele

selas (nominative plural)
sele (nominative singular)
selas (nominative plural)
sele (accusative singular)
selas (accusative plural)
seles (genitive singular)
sela (genitive plural)
sele (dative singular)
selum (dative plural)

Middle English: *sele

⇒ Middle English: wunsele

From Proto-West Germanic *sali, from Proto-Germanic *saliz, from Proto-Indo-European *sel-.
Cognate with Old Saxon seli, Old High German sali, Old Norse salr (Swedish sal), Lombardic sala; and with Old Church Slavonic село (selo), Russian село́ (seló). There was also a Germanic variant *saloz-, Old English sæl (“great hall, (large) house, castle”).

selesċot

tabernaculum, tent, lodging-place, nest; German Geschoss

Winter ýþe beleác ísgebinde óþ ðæt óðer com geár in geardas swá nú gyt déþ ða ðe sele bewitiaþ wuldortorhtan weder.

Winter locks the waves with bonds of ice until another year came to the dwellings of those who keep a constant watch for good weather. (Beowulf)


stela

stela (nominative singular)
stelan (nominative plural)
stelan (accusative singular)
stelan (accusative plural)
stelan (genitive singular)
stelena (genitive plural)
stelan (dative singular)
stelum (dative plural)


blanca

blanca (nominative singular)
blancan (nominative plural)
blancan (accusative singular)
blancan (accusative plural)
blancan (genitive singular)
blancena (genitive plural)
blancan (dative singular)
blancum (dative plural)

Middle English: blanke, blonke

From Proto-West Germanic *blankō, from Proto-Germanic *blankaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine, white”). Compare Old High German blancros (“white horse”), Old French blanke (“sheep”), Old Norse blakkr (“horse, steed”), Old Norse Blanka (“the mythical horse of Thideric (Dietrich) of Bern”).


flota

flotan (nominative plural)
flota (nominative singular)
flotan (nominative plural)
flotan (accusative singular)
flotan (accusative plural)
flotan (genitive singular)
flotena (genitive plural)
flotan (dative singular)
flotum (dative plural)

Middle English: flote

English: float

Scots: flote, flot

From Proto-Germanic *flutô (“a float; raft; boat; ship”), from Proto-Indo-European *plewd-, *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”). Cognate with Old Norse floti.


bec

inflection of bōc:
genitive/dative singular

inflection of bōc:
nominative/accusative plural


hara

hara (nominative singular)
haran (nominative plural)
haran (accusative singular)
haran (accusative plural)
haran (genitive singular)
harena (genitive plural)
haran (dative singular)
harum (dative plural)

Middle English: hare

English: hare

Scots: hare, hair

From Proto-West Germanic *hasō ~ *haʀ-, from the voiced Verner alternant of Proto-Germanic *hasô. Cognate with Old Frisian hasa, Old Saxon haso, Old Dutch *haso, Old High German haso, Old Norse heri.


hind

hind (nominative singular)
hinde (nominative plural)
hinda (nominative plural)
hind (accusative singular)
hinde (accusative singular)
hinde (accusative plural)
hinda (accusative plural)
hinde (genitive singular)
hinda (genitive plural)
hinde (dative singular)
hindum (dative plural)

Middle English: hind, hinde, hynde

Scots: hynde, hynd, hind

English: hind

From Proto-West Germanic *hindi, from Proto-Germanic *hindō, *hindiz, whence also Old High German hinta, Old Norse hind.


lin

English: lin

From Proto-West Germanic *līnā, from Proto-Germanic *līnǭ (“line, rope, flaxen cord, thread”), from Proto-Germanic *līną (“flax, linen”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”).


lifer

lifer (nominative singular)
lifra (nominative plural)
lifre (nominative plural)
lifre (accusative singular)
lifra (accusative plural)
lifre (accusative plural)
lifre (genitive singular)
lifra (genitive plural)
lifre (dative singular)
lifrum (dative plural)

Middle English: lyvere, lyver, livere

English: liver

Scots: liver

From Proto-West Germanic *libru.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian livere (West Frisian lever), Old Saxon levara, Dutch lever, Old High German lebara (German Leber), Old Norse lifr (Swedish lever).


lifer

Borrowed from Latin laver (“water-plant”).

Alternative form of læfer (“reed, rush”)


æþeling

æþeling (nominative singular)
æþelingas (nominative plural)
æþeling (accusative singular)
æþelingas (accusative plural)
æþelinges (genitive singular)
æþelinga (genitive plural)
æþelinge (dative singular)
æþelingum (dative plural)
æðeling (alternative)
eþeling (alternative Mercian)

Middle English: atheling

English: atheling

desc

→? Middle Welsh: edling, edlyg, etling (or from Middle English)

Welsh: edling, edlin

→ English: edling

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *aþuling, from Proto-Germanic *aþulingaz (“prince, nobleman”). Equivalent to æþele + -ing.

inh

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Life of St. Edmund"
Hinguar þā becōm tō Ēastenglum rōwende on þām ġēare þe Ælfred æðeling ān and twēntiġ ġēare wæs, sē þe Westseaxena cyning siþþan wearþ mǣre.

Ivar the Boneless and his ships came to Essex the year that Prince Alfred, who would later become the great king of Wessex, turned twenty-one.


wedd

wedd (nominative singular)
wedd (nominative plural)
wedd (accusative singular)
wedd (accusative plural)
weddes (genitive singular)
wedda (genitive plural)
wedde (dative singular)
weddum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *wadi, from Proto-Germanic *wadją, from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ-.
* Germanic cognates: Old Frisian wedd, Old Saxon weddi, Dutch wedde, Old High German wetti (German Wette), Old Norse veð (Swedish vad), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌹 (wadi).
* Indo-European cognates: Latin vas, Lithuanian vãdas.


fera

fera (nominative singular)
feran (nominative plural)
feran (accusative singular)
feran (accusative plural)
feran (genitive singular)
ferena (genitive plural)
feran (dative singular)
ferum (dative plural)
fœra (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *fōrijō, from *fōrijan + *-ō.


rima

riman (nominative plural)
rima (nominative singular)
riman (nominative plural)
riman (accusative singular)
riman (accusative plural)
riman (genitive singular)
rimena (genitive plural)
riman (dative singular)
rimum (dative plural)
reoma (alternative)

Middle English: rime, rym, rim

English: rim

From Proto-West Germanic *rimō, from Proto-Germanic *rimô, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *rem-, *remə- (“to rest, support, be based”). Cognate with Middle Low German remme, Old West Norse rimi (Norwegian rime), Old Saxon rimi (“edge; border; trim”), Icelandic rimi (“a strip of land”).


cropp

cropp (nominative singular)
croppas (nominative plural)
cropp (accusative singular)
croppas (accusative plural)
croppes (genitive singular)
croppa (genitive plural)
croppe (dative singular)
croppum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: croppe, crop, crope, cropp, croupe, crowpe
English: crop
Scots: crap, crop, croip, cropt, croup, croop

From Proto-Germanic *kruppaz; cognate with Old High German kropf (German Kropf), Old Norse kroppr, Dutch krop.


þeaw

þēaw (canonical masculine)
þēaw (nominative singular)
þēawas (nominative plural)
þēaw (accusative singular)
þēawas (accusative plural)
þēawes (genitive singular)
þēawa (genitive plural)
þēawe (dative singular)
þēawum (dative plural)

Middle English: theow, thew

English: thew

Scots: thow

Unknown origin, only in West Germanic, as it were from Proto-Germanic *þawwaz. Cognate with Old Frisian thāw, Old Saxon thau (“custom”). A possible Old High German reflex is *dou (“discipline, coercion, tuition”).

cog

Proto-Indo-European *(s)tāu-, *(s)te- (“to stand, place”)

…þæt biþ in eorle · indryhten þēaw,
þæt hē his ferðlocan · fæste binde,
healde his hordcōfan; · hyċġe swā hē wille.

…that a noble habit is in a brave man,
 that he would tightly bind his spirit,
 keep his treasure-chamber; think as he want.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Second Sunday in the Lord's Advent"
Mine gebroðra, settað þises dæges gemynd ætforan eowrum eagum, and swa hwæt swa bið nu héfigtyme geðuht, eal hit bið on his wiðmetennysse geliðegod. Gerihtlæcað eower líf, and awendað eowre ðēawas, witniað mid wope eowre yfelan dæda, wiðstandað deofles costnungum; bugað fram yfele, and doð gód, and ge beoð swa micclum orsorgran on to-cyme þæs ecan Déman, swa micclum swa ge nu his strecnysse mid ege forhrádiað.

My brothers, set the remembrance of this day before your eyes, and whatsoever now appears to be trouble, it shall all be mitigated on comparison with it. Correct your lives, and change your conduct, punish your evil deeds with weeping, withstand the temptations of the devil; eschew evil and do good, and ye will be by so much the more secure at the advent of the eternal Judge, as ye now with terror anticipate his severity.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Paul the Apostle"
He awende his naman mid ðēawum; and wæs ða soðfæst bydel Godes gelaðunge, seðe ær mid reðre ehtnysse hi geswencte.

He changed his name with his character; and he was then a true proclaimer of God's church, who had before afflicted it with fierce persecution.

(in the plural) customs, virtue, conduct, character


þol

þolas (nominative plural)
þoll (alternative)

Middle English: thole

English: thole

→ Irish: dola

Cognate with Old Frisian tholl, Middle Dutch dolle (Dutch dol), Old Norse þollr.


hanga

hang (nominative singular)
hang (nominative plural)
hang (accusative singular)
hang (accusative plural)
hanges (genitive singular)
hanga (genitive plural)
hange (dative singular)
hangum (dative plural)

hanger (implement or tool used to hang something)


hata

hata (nominative singular)
hatan (nominative plural)
hatan (accusative singular)
hatan (accusative plural)
hatan (genitive singular)
hatena (genitive plural)
hatan (dative singular)
hatum (dative plural)


stund

head

stund f (nominative plural stunda or stunde)

stunda (nominative plural)
stunde (nominative plural)
stund (nominative singular)
stunda (nominative plural)
stunde (nominative plural)
stunde (accusative singular)
stunda (accusative plural)
stunde (accusative plural)
stunde (genitive singular)
stunda (genitive plural)
stunde (dative singular)
stundum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *stundu, from Proto-Germanic *stundō (“point in time, hour”), from Proto-Indo-European *stut- (“prop”), from Proto-Indo-European *stā-, *sth- (“to stand”).
Cognate with Old Saxon stunda (Dutch stonde), Old High German stunta (German Stunde), Old Norse stund (Swedish stund).

inh

Nō iċ þa stunde bemearn, ne for wunde weōp ― At the time, I mourned not, nor for the wounded wept. (Exon. Th. 499, 12; Rä. 88, 14)


gemet

ġemet (canonical neuter)
ġemet (nominative singular)
ġemetu (nominative plural)
ġemet (accusative singular)
ġemetu (accusative plural)
ġemetes (genitive singular)
ġemeta (genitive plural)
ġemete (dative singular)
ġemetum (dative plural)

Middle English: ȝemet, imet

From Proto-West Germanic *gamet, equivalent to ġe- + met.

c. 1087, the Peterborough Chronicle, obituary for William the Conqueror
Hē wæs milde þām gōdum mannum þe God lufodon, and ofer eall ġemet stearc þām mannum þe wiþcwǣdon his willan.

He was kind to the good people who loved God, and stern beyond all measure to the people who defied his will.

c. 1009, Æthelred's laws of the meeting at Eanham
Ġemetu and ġewiht ryhte man ġeorne.

Let measures and weights be set carefully.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Þæt ōðer ġemet is þæt bebēodendlīċe. Mid þām ġemete wē hātaþ ōðre menn dōn sum þing oþþe sum þing þrōwian.

The second mood is the imperative. With this mood we order other people to do something or to undergo something.


loca

loca (nominative singular)
locan (nominative plural)
locan (accusative singular)
locan (accusative plural)
locan (genitive singular)
locena (genitive plural)
locan (dative singular)
locum (dative plural)

Middle English: loke

English: loke

From Proto-Germanic *lukô, related to *lūkaną (“to shut”).


binn

From a Celtic language, possibly Proto-Brythonic *benn (“cart, carriage”) (whence Middle Welsh benn, modern Welsh ben), from Proto-Celtic *bend(n)ā (whence Gaulish benna).


binn

binn (nominative singular)
binna (nominative plural)
binne (nominative plural)
binne (accusative singular)
binna (accusative plural)
binne (accusative plural)
binne (genitive singular)
binna (genitive plural)
binne (dative singular)
binnum (dative plural)

English: bin

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Ond on þone ylcan dæġ Crīst ġerēorde fīf þūsenda wera of fīf hlāfum ond of twām fisċum, ēac wīfum ond ċildum, þāra wæs unġerīm, ond þāra hlāfġebroca wæs tō lāfe twelf binna fulle.

And on the same day, Christ fed five thousand men and numerous women and children with five loaves of bread and two fishes, and the remaining fragments of bread filled twelve baskets.


wasend

wāsend (canonical masculine)
*wǣsend (alternative)

English: weasand, wozzen (dialectal)

Apparently representing a Proto-West Germanic present participle. Cognate with Old Frisian wāsande, Old Saxon wāsendi, Old High German weisant.


wiþþe

wiþþe (nominative singular)
wiþþan (nominative plural)
wiþþan (accusative singular)
wiþþan (accusative plural)
wiþþan (genitive singular)
wiþþena (genitive plural)
wiþþan (dative singular)
wiþþum (dative plural)

English: withe

From Proto-Germanic *wiþjǭ, *wiþiz (“rope, cord”), from Proto-Indo-European *weyt- (“something twisted, rod, switch, whip”), from *wey- (“to wind, twist, bend, turn”). Cognate with Old Frisian withthe, Middle Dutch wisse (Dutch wis), Old High German wit, withi, Old Norse við, viðja (Swedish vidja). Compare also Ancient Greek ἰτέα (itéa, “willow”), Latin vītis (“vine”), Old Irish féith (“fibre”).


gealga

ġealga (canonical masculine)
ġealga (nominative singular)
ġealgan (nominative plural)
ġealgan (accusative singular)
ġealgan (accusative plural)
ġealgan (genitive singular)
ġealgena (genitive plural)
ġealgan (dative singular)
ġealgum (dative plural)
galga (alternative Anglian)

desctree

Middle English: galwes, galwe, galowe, galewes
Scots: galow, gallo, gallows
English: gallow, gallows

From Proto-West Germanic *galgō, from Proto-Germanic *galgô, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰalgʰ-, *ǵʰalg- (“long switch, rod, shaft, pole, perch”).
Cognate with Old Frisian galga (West Frisian galge), Old Saxon galgo, Dutch galg, Old High German galgo (German Galgen), Old Norse galgi, gálgi (Swedish and Danish galge), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌰 (galga).

On gealgan sind ealle menn ġebrōðra.

On the gallows tree, all men are brothers.


mur

mūr (canonical masculine)
mūra (nominative singular)
mūran (nominative plural)
mūran (accusative singular)
mūran (accusative plural)
mūran (genitive singular)
mūrena (genitive plural)
mūran (dative singular)
mūrum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *mūrā, borrowed from Latin mūrus.


lic

līċ (canonical neuter)
līċ (nominative singular)
līc (nominative plural)
līċ (accusative singular)
līc (accusative plural)
līċes (genitive singular)
līca (genitive plural)
līċe (dative singular)
līcum (dative plural)

Middle English: lich, lik
English: lich, like
Scots: lyke, lich

From Proto-West Germanic *līk, from Proto-Germanic *līką.

-līċ

-y, -ly, -like; adjective-forming suffix:

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCXVI ⁊ on þām ilcan ġēare Ċeolrēd Miercna cyning forþferde, ⁊ his līċ resteþ on Licetfelda.

Year 716 In this year Ceolred, king of Mercia, died, and his body rests in Litchfield.

Ōga cwæþ þæt hē wisse hwǣr þæt līċ bebyrġed wǣre.

Oga said he knew where the body was buried.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Hū, ne sæġde iċ ǣr þæt sē þe bær līċ ġefrēdan wolde, þæt hē hit sċolde mid barum handum ġefrēdan?

Didn't I say before that if you want to feel someone's bare body, you have to feel it with your bare hands?

(rare outside of poetry) body (living or dead)


molde

molde (nominative singular)
moldan (nominative plural)
moldan (accusative singular)
moldan (accusative plural)
moldan (genitive singular)
moldena (genitive plural)
moldan (dative singular)
moldum (dative plural)

Middle English: molde
English: mold, mould, mool
Scots: muild, moud

From Proto-Germanic *muldō, from *mel- (“to grind”). Cognate with Old High German molta (dialectal German Molt), Old Norse mold (Swedish mull), Gothic 𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰 (mulda).


sagu

sage (nominative plural)
saga (nominative plural)
sagu (nominative singular)
saga (nominative plural)
sage (nominative plural)
sage (accusative singular)
saga (accusative plural)
sage (accusative plural)
sage (genitive singular)
saga (genitive plural)
sage (dative singular)
sagum (dative plural)

Middle English: sawe

English: saw

From Proto-Germanic *sagǭ, whence also Old Frisian sege, Old High German saga, Old Norse saga.


gimm

ġimm (canonical masculine)
ġimm (nominative singular)
ġimmas (nominative plural)
ġimm (accusative singular)
ġimmas (accusative plural)
ġimmes (genitive singular)
ġimma (genitive plural)
ġimme (dative singular)
ġimmum (dative plural)
ġim (alternative)
ġym (alternative)
ġymm (alternative)

Middle English: ȝimme, ȝem, ȝim, yimme; (through merger with Old French gemme, geme) gemme, geme, iemme, ieme

English: gem

Scots: gem

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Þā brōhte sē cniht tō þām clǣnan mǣdene dēorwurþa ġimmas and woruldlīċe glenċġa and behēt hire welan ġif hēo wolde hine.

Then the boy brought the pure maiden valuable gems and worldly decorations and promised her riches if she would [be with] him.


meregrot

meregrot (nominative singular)
meregrotu (nominative plural)
meregrot (accusative singular)
meregrotu (accusative plural)
meregrotes (genitive singular)
meregrota (genitive plural)
meregrote (dative singular)
meregrotum (dative plural)

Probably from Late Latin margarita, recast by folk etymology as though mere (“sea”) + grot (“particle”). Compare also Old Saxon merigrita, merigriota (“pearl”), Old High German merigrioz (“pearl”), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 (marikreitus, “pearl”), and contrast Old Norse hafnýra (“pearl”, literally “sea-kidney”).

cog

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Swylċe ēac þēos eorþe is berende missenlīcra fugela ⁊ sǣwihta ⁊ hēr bēoþ oft fanġene seolas ⁊ hronas and mereswȳn; ⁊ hēr bēoþ oft numene missenlīcra cynna weolcsċylle ⁊ muscule, ⁊ on þām oft ġemette þā betstan meregrotan ǣlces hīwes.

This land also bears various birds and sea creatures, and seals, porpoises, and dolphins are often caught here; and various kinds of mussels and shellfish are often taken, and in them the best pearls of every color are often found.


clif

clif (nominative singular)
clifu (nominative plural)
clif (accusative singular)
clifu (accusative plural)
clifes (genitive singular)
clifa (genitive plural)
clife (dative singular)
clifum (dative plural)
cliu (alternative)
cleof (alternative)

Middle English: clif

English: cliff

Scots: clyft, clift

From Proto-West Germanic *klib, from Proto-Germanic *klibą. Cognate with Old Saxon klif, Middle Dutch clif, clef (Dutch klif), Old High German kleb, Old Norse klif.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLXI Hēr wæs sē myċċla winter ⁊ Moll Norðhymbra cining ofslōh Ōswine æt Ædwines clife on octauo Īdūs Agustī.

Year 761 In this year was the great winter, and King Moll of Northumbria slew Oswine at Edwin's cliff on [in Latin] the eighth Ides of August.


eoforþring

From eofor (“boar”) + *þring (“crowd”) (compare ġeþring).


delu

delu (nominative singular)
dela (nominative plural)
dele (nominative plural)
dele (accusative singular)
dela (accusative plural)
dele (accusative plural)
dele (genitive singular)
dela (genitive plural)
dele (dative singular)
delum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *dilu, from Proto-Germanic *dilō, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“suckle”). Cognate with Old High German tila, Old Norse dilkr (dialectal Swedish del), Ancient Greek θήσατο (thḗsato), Latin fēmina, Russian дои́ть (doítʹ), Latvian det, Scottish Gaelic deoghail (“suck”) and Breton denaff (“suck”) and Breton denañ (“suck”).


dæges eage

dæġes ēage (canonical neuter)
dæġes ēage (nominative singular)
dæġes ēagan (nominative plural)
dæġes ēage (accusative singular)
dæġes ēagan (accusative plural)
dæġes ēagan (genitive singular)
dæġes ēagena (genitive plural)
dæġes ēagan (dative singular)
dæġes ēagum (dative plural)

Middle English: dayesye

English: daisy


dæges

From Proto-Germanic *dagas, *dagis, genitive singular of Proto-Germanic *dagaz (“day”), equivalent to dæġ + -es (masculine a-stem genitive singular ending).


forligerhus

forliġerhūs (canonical neuter)
forliġerhūs (nominative singular)
forliġerhūs (nominative plural)
forliġerhūs (accusative singular)
forliġerhūs (accusative plural)
forliġerhūses (genitive singular)
forliġerhūsa (genitive plural)
forliġerhūse (dative singular)
forliġerhūsum (dative plural)


galga

galga (nominative singular)
galgan (nominative plural)
galgan (accusative singular)
galgan (accusative plural)
galgan (genitive singular)
galgena (genitive plural)
galgan (dative singular)
galgum (dative plural)


agen nama

āgen nama (canonical masculine)
āgen nama (nominative singular)
āgen naman (nominative plural)
āgen naman (accusative singular)
āgen naman (accusative plural)
āgen naman (genitive singular)
āgen namena (genitive plural)
āgen naman (dative singular)
āgen namum (dative plural)


binama

bīnama (canonical masculine)
bīnama (nominative singular)
bīnaman (nominative plural)
bīnaman (accusative singular)
bīnaman (accusative plural)
bīnaman (genitive singular)
bīnamena (genitive plural)
bīnaman (dative singular)
bīnamum (dative plural)


biword

bīword (canonical neuter)
bīword (nominative singular)
bīword (nominative plural)
bīword (accusative singular)
bīword (accusative plural)
bīwordes (genitive singular)
bīworda (genitive plural)
bīworde (dative singular)
bīwordum (dative plural)
bīƿord (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: byword, biword, biworde, bywoorde, by-word, byworde
English: byword


witena gemot

→ English: witenagemot (learned)


wita

wita (nominative singular)
witan (nominative plural)
witan (accusative singular)
witan (accusative plural)
witan (genitive singular)
witena (genitive plural)
witan (dative singular)
witum (dative plural)
weota (alternative)
wieta (alternative)
wiota (alternative Mercian)

From Proto-West Germanic *witō. Cognate with Old Frisian wita, Old Saxon *wito (attested in giwito “witness”), and Old High German wizzo. Equivalent to witan + -a.

forþon ne mæġ wearþan wīs · wer, ǣr hē āge
wintra dǣl in woruldrīċe. · Wita sċeal ġeþyldiġ.

thus a man cannot become wise, before he would own
a part of years in world-kingdom. A wise man must be patient.

wise person; (especially in compounds) knower


sar

sār (canonical neuter)
sār (nominative singular)
sār (nominative plural)
sār (accusative singular)
sār (accusative plural)
sāres (genitive singular)
sāra (genitive plural)
sāre (dative singular)
sārum (dative plural)

Middle English: sore, sor, sar

English: sore

Scots: sair, sare

From Proto-West Germanic *sair, from Proto-Germanic *sairą.


bryd

brȳd (canonical feminine)
brȳd (nominative singular)
brȳde (nominative plural)
brȳda (nominative plural)
brȳd (accusative singular)
brȳde (accusative singular)
brȳde (accusative plural)
brȳda (accusative plural)
brȳde (genitive singular)
brȳda (genitive plural)
brȳde (dative singular)
brȳdum (dative plural)

Middle English: bride, brid, bryd, bryde, brud, brude (Southern, West Midlands)
English: bride
Scots: bride
Yola: breede

From Proto-West Germanic *brūdi, from Proto-Germanic *brūdiz (“bride, daughter-in-law”).
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian brēd (West Frisian breid), Old Saxon brūd (Low German Bruut), Dutch bruid, Old High German brūt (German Braut), Old Norse brúðr (Swedish brud), Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌸𐍃 (brūþs).


wearte

wearte (nominative singular)
weartan (nominative plural)
weartan (accusative singular)
weartan (accusative plural)
weartan (genitive singular)
weartena (genitive plural)
weartan (dative singular)
weartum (dative plural)

Middle English: warte, werte, wrette

English: wart

Scots: wart, wrat, wrait, wrette

From Proto-West Germanic *wartā, from Proto-Germanic *wartǭ. Cognate with Old Frisian warte, Old Saxon warta (Middle Low German wratte), Old High German warza (German Warze), Old Norse varta (Icelandic varta, Swedish vårta).


geac

ġēac (canonical masculine)
ġēac (nominative singular)
ġēacas (nominative plural)
ġēac (accusative singular)
ġēacas (accusative plural)
ġēaces (genitive singular)
ġēaca (genitive plural)
ġēace (dative singular)
ġēacum (dative plural)
ġǣc (alternative)
ġēc (alternative)

desc

Middle English: ȝek, yek, yeke, ȝeac, ȝeke

From Proto-West Germanic *gauk, from Proto-Germanic *gaukaz.

The Seafarer, line 53


garleac

gārlēac (canonical neuter)
gārlēac (nominative singular)
gārlēac (nominative plural)
gārlēac (accusative singular)
gārlēac (accusative plural)
gārlēaces (genitive singular)
gārlēaca (genitive plural)
gārlēace (dative singular)
gārlēacum (dative plural)
gārlēc (alternative Anglian)

Middle English: garlek

English: garlic

Scots: garlek, garlik

→ Middle Irish: gáirleóg

Irish: gairleog

/ˈɡɑːrˌlæ͜ɑːk/

From gār (“spear”) + lēac (“leek”). Compare Old Norse geirlaukr (“garlic”).


leac

lēac (canonical neuter)
lēac (nominative singular)
lēac (nominative plural)
lēac (accusative singular)
lēac (accusative plural)
lēaces (genitive singular)
lēaca (genitive plural)
lēace (dative singular)
lēacum (dative plural)
*lǣc (alternative Anglian)
lāec (alternative Anglian)
lēc (alternative Anglian)

desctree

Middle English: lek, leek, leeke, leke, leyke
English: leek
→ Maori: riki
Scots: leke, leik

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *lauk, from Proto-Germanic *laukaz.
Cognate with Old Saxon lōk (Low German Look), Dutch look, Old High German louh (German Lauch), Old Norse laukr (Danish løg, Swedish lök, Icelandic laukur).

inh+

(generally) An allium; a plant of the genus Allium.

Allium ampeloprasum
Allium ampeloprasum#Translingual

Allium sativum
Allium sativum#Translingual

(specifically) A leek (Allium ampeloprasum) or garlic (Allium sativum).


gor

gor (nominative singular)
gor (accusative singular)
gores (genitive singular)
gore (dative singular)

Middle English: gore, gorre, gor

English: gore

Scots: goor, gure

From Proto-West Germanic *gor, from Proto-Germanic *gurą, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer-.
Cognate with Old High German gor, Middle (and modern) Dutch goor, Old Norse gor, and outside the Germanic languages with Welsh gôr (“pus”).


feter

head

feter f (nominative plural fetera or fetere)

fetera (nominative plural)
fetere (nominative plural)
feter (nominative singular)
fetera (nominative plural)
fetere (nominative plural)
fetere (accusative singular)
fetera (accusative plural)
fetere (accusative plural)
fetere (genitive singular)
fetera (genitive plural)
fetere (dative singular)
feterum (dative plural)
fetor (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *feturaz (“fetter”), from Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“foot, step”). Cognate with Dutch veter (“lace”), Old High German fezzera, obsolete German Fesser, and Old Norse fjǫturr.

der

Swā iċ mōdsefan · mīnne sceōlde,
oft earmċeariġ, · ēðle bidǣled,
frēomǣgum feor, · feterum sǣlan,

Like I should my heart,
oft wretched, bereft of homeland,
far from noble kinsmen, bind with fetters,


wæt

wǣt (canonical neuter)
wēt (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *wāt.
Cognate with Old Frisian wēt, Old Norse vátr; ultimately related to English water. Also akin to Old Armenian գետ (get, “river”). Compare Luwian [script needed] (wida-, “wet”) (Proto-Indo-European *wed-o-).


cen

ċēn (canonical masculine)
ċēn (nominative singular)
ċēnas (nominative plural)
ċēn (accusative singular)
ċēnas (accusative plural)
ċēnes (genitive singular)
ċēna (genitive plural)
ċēne (dative singular)
ċēnum (dative plural)

The Old English rune poem
ᚳ byþ cwicera ġehwām, cūþ on fȳre...

(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚳ (k or tʃ)


docga

docga (nominative singular)
docgan (nominative plural)
docgan (accusative singular)
docgan (accusative plural)
docgan (genitive singular)
docgena (genitive plural)
docgan (dative singular)
docgum (dative plural)
dogga (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: dogge, dog, doge, doke
English: dog (see there for further descendants)
Scots: dug
Yola: dug

Unknown origin. There are several theories, none with much evidence. Possibly a diminutive of dox (“dark, dusky”) + -ga (diminutive suffix) (similar to frox → frocga); or a diminutive of *docce (“stump, dock, doll”). See dog.


hryþþa

ryþþan (nominative plural)
ryþþa (nominative singular)
ryþþan (nominative plural)
ryþþan (accusative singular)
ryþþan (accusative plural)
ryþþan (genitive singular)
ryþþena (genitive plural)
ryþþan (dative singular)
ryþþum (dative plural)
ryþþa (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *hruþþjō, from Proto-Germanic *hruþjô (“male dog”), clearly connected to Old High German rudio and Dutch reu. Possibly from *hruttōn- (“to roar”), from a Proto-Indo-European root shared by Ancient Greek κόρυζα (kóruza), Old English hrot. Or, from Proto-Germanic *hreutaną, *hrūtaną, *hruttōną (“to snore”), which would be related to Old Norse hrjóta.


seax

seax (nominative singular)
seax (nominative plural)
seax (accusative singular)
seax (accusative plural)
seaxes (genitive singular)
seaxa (genitive plural)
seaxe (dative singular)
seaxum (dative plural)
sex (alternative West-Saxon)
syx (alternative)
sex (alternative)

Middle English: sax, sexe, sex, sæx, seax
English: sax; zax
Scots: saks; sax (verb) (through confluence with Norse form)

→ English: seax (learned)

From Proto-West Germanic *sahs, from Proto-Germanic *sahsą. Compare Old English sagu, seċġ.


ofermod

ofermōd (canonical neuter)
ofermōd (nominative singular)
ofermōd (accusative singular)
ofermōdes (genitive singular)
ofermōde (dative singular)

From ofer- + -mōd. Compare German Übermut (“high spirits”), Dutch overmoed (“overconfidence”), Danish overmod (“overconfidence”).


boia

bōia (canonical masculine)
bōia (nominative singular)
bōian (nominative plural)
bōian (accusative singular)
bōian (accusative plural)
bōian (genitive singular)
bōiena (genitive plural)
bōian (dative singular)
bōium (dative plural)

Middle English: boye

English: boy

→ French: boy

Scots: boy

From Proto-West Germanic *bōjō, from Proto-Germanic *bōjô, from Proto-Germanic *ba-, *bō-. Compare the attested given name Boia.

younger male relative (e.g. grandson, nephew, cousin, etc.)


wæpengetæc

Borrowed from Old Norse vápnatak, from vápn (“weapon”) + tak (“taking”).

a vote made by touching one's weapon; a council where such votes are taken

wapentake; a district governed by such a council, generally under Scandinavian control


roþhund

roþhund (nominative singular)
roþhundas (nominative plural)
roþhund (accusative singular)
roþhundas (accusative plural)
roþhundes (genitive singular)
roþhunda (genitive plural)
roþhunde (dative singular)
roþhundum (dative plural)


ærra geola

ǣrra ġēola (canonical)
ǣrra ġeōla (canonical masculine)

[ˈæːrˠ.rˠɑ ˈje͜oː.lɑ]

[ˈæːrˠ.rˠɑ ˈjuː.lɑ]

the twelfth month of the year according to the Anglo-Saxon calendar


æfterra geola

æfterra ġēola (canonical)
æfterra ġeōla (canonical masculine)

the first month of the year according to the Anglo-Saxon calendar

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
On þone eahteðan ġeohheldæg bið þǣs mōnðes fruma þe mon nemneð Ianuarius, þæt is on ūre ġeþēode sē æftera ġēola.

On the eighth day of Christmas is the beginning of the month known as January, which in our language is After-Yule.


solmonaþ

Perhaps from sol (“mud”) + mōnaþ (“month”).

the second month of the year according to the Anglo-Saxon calendar


cycen

cyċen (canonical feminine)
ciċen (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *kukinō (“kitchen”).


cycen

ċycen (canonical neuter)
ċȳcen (canonical neuter)
ċiacen (alternative)
ċīacen (alternative)

Precise development uncertain, but possibly from Proto-West Germanic *kiukīn. Alternatively, equivalent to cocc + -en (see ċicen. Lack of palatalization of the second c is unexpected.


middel

Middle English: middel, medil, midel, midle, myddil, myddel, myddyl
English: middle
Scots: middil, midle
Yola: mithel, methel

From Proto-Germanic *midlą, *midilą, *medalą (“middle”), a diminutive of Proto-Germanic *midjō (“middle, midst”) (compare *midjaz (“mid, middle”, adjective)), from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“between, in the middle, middle”).


sunnandæg

sunnandæġ (canonical masculine)
sunnandæġ (nominative singular)
sunnandagas (nominative plural)
sunnandæġ (accusative singular)
sunnandagas (accusative plural)
sunnandæġes (genitive singular)
sunnandaga (genitive plural)
sunnandæġe (dative singular)
sunnandagum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: Sunnenday, Sonnendai, Sonneday, Sonenday, Sunneday, Sonday, sunnedei, zondai (Kent)
English: Sunday (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Soneday, Sunday
Yola: Zindei

From Proto-West Germanic *sunnōn dag, a calque of Latin dies Solis. Cognate with Old Frisian sunnandei, Old Saxon sunnundag, Old High German sunnuntag, Old Norse sunnudagr. Equivalent to sunnan (“the sun's”) + dæġ (“day”).


cappa

cappe (nominative singular)
cappan (nominative plural)
cappan (accusative singular)
cappan (accusative plural)
cappan (genitive singular)
cappena (genitive plural)
cappan (dative singular)
cappum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *kappā, from Late Latin cappa. Doublet of cæppe.


weder

wedru (nominative plural)
weder (nominative singular)
wedru (nominative plural)
weder (accusative singular)
wedru (accusative plural)
wedres (genitive singular)
wedra (genitive plural)
wedre (dative singular)
wedrum (dative plural)

Middle English: weder

English: weather

From Proto-West Germanic *wedr, from Proto-Germanic *wedrą.

late 10th century, Ælfric, On the Seasons of the Year
Menn magon cēpan be þæs mōnan blēo hwelċ weder tōweard biþ.

People can observe from the color of the moon what kind of weather is coming.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Swā-swā scypes [hlāford], þonne þæt scyp unge-tǣlicost on ancre rīt and sēo sǣ hrēohost byð, ðonne wōt hē ġewiss smelte wedere tōwæard.

So the ship's master, when the ship rideth most unsteadily at anchor and the sea is roughest, then knoweth of a truth that calm weather is coming.


oga

ōga (canonical masculine)
ōga (nominative singular)
ōgan (nominative plural)
ōgan (accusative singular)
ōgan (accusative plural)
ōgan (genitive singular)
ōgena (genitive plural)
ōgan (dative singular)
ōgum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *ōgan, from Proto-Germanic *ōganą (“to be afraid”).


basu

basu (nominative singular)
basa (nominative plural)
base (nominative plural)
base (accusative singular)
basa (accusative plural)
base (accusative plural)
base (genitive singular)
basa (genitive plural)
base (dative singular)
basum (dative plural)
baso (alternative)
beasu (alternative)
beosu (alternative)
besu (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *basu (“crimson, purple”).


basu

base (nominative singular)
basan (nominative plural)
basan (accusative singular)
basan (accusative plural)
basan (genitive singular)
basena (genitive plural)
basan (dative singular)
basum (dative plural)
baso (alternative)
beasu (alternative)
beosu (alternative)
besu (alternative)


basu

From Proto-West Germanic *basu, a variant of *basi, from Proto-Germanic *basją (“berry”).


sien

sīen (canonical feminine)
sīen (nominative singular)
sīene (nominative plural)
sīena (nominative plural)
sīen (accusative singular)
sīene (accusative singular)
sīene (accusative plural)
sīena (accusative plural)
sīene (genitive singular)
sīena (genitive plural)
sīene (dative singular)
sīenum (dative plural)
sȳn (alternative)
sēon (alternative)
sīn (alternative)

Middle English: sene

From Proto-West Germanic *siuni (“appearance, sight, face”).
Cognate with Old Frisian siōne, siūne (“face, countenance”), Old Saxon siun (“perception, vision, sight,”), Old Norse sýn (“face, appearance, countenance”), Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍃 (siuns, “face, form, countenance”).


ieg

īeġ (canonical feminine)
īeġa (nominative plural)
īeġe (nominative plural)
īeġ (nominative singular)
īeġa (nominative plural)
īeġe (nominative plural)
īeġe (accusative singular)
īeġa (accusative plural)
īeġe (accusative plural)
īeġe (genitive singular)
īeġa (genitive plural)
īeġe (dative singular)
īeġum (dative plural)
ēġ (alternative)
īġ (alternative)

Middle English: ei, i, ie

English: ey

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *auwju, from Proto-Germanic *awjō, originally a substantive adjective of *ahwō (“river”) ( > Old English ēa), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ekʷeh₂.
Cognate with Old High German ouwa (German Aue (“meadow”)), Middle Dutch ouwe, Old Norse ey (Swedish ö). More distantly related to Latin aqua (“water”).


yppe

yppe (nominative singular)
yppan (nominative plural)
yppan (accusative singular)
yppan (accusative plural)
yppan (genitive singular)
yppena (genitive plural)
yppan (dative singular)
yppum (dative plural)

Probably an umlaut form of up. Compare Gothic 𐌹𐌿𐍀 (iup)


tur

tūr (canonical masculine)
tūr (nominative singular)
tūras (nominative plural)
tūr (accusative singular)
tūras (accusative plural)
tūres (genitive singular)
tūra (genitive plural)
tūre (dative singular)
tūrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tour, thour, tor, tore, toure, towere, towour, tur
English: tower (see there for further descendants)
Scots: tour, towr
Yola: toweare


giedd

ġiedd (canonical neuter)
ġiedd (nominative singular)
ġiedd (nominative plural)
ġiedd (accusative singular)
ġiedd (accusative plural)
ġieddes (genitive singular)
ġiedda (genitive plural)
ġiedde (dative singular)
ġieddum (dative plural)
ġidd (alternative)
ġydd (alternative)
ġedd (alternative)
ġied (alternative)
ġid (alternative)
ġyd (alternative)
ġed (alternative)

Middle English: ȝedd, ȝed

English: yed

Scots: yed

There are no exact cognates, though the shape of the word points to a Proto-Germanic *gadją. This would make the ⟨ie⟩ from fronting of *a, palatal diphthongization and i-umlaut, and the geminate ⟨d⟩ from West Germanic gemination which was eventually leveled into the nominative/accusative singular, a development which happened to almost all ja-stems with light root syllables (see hyse).


wræc

wræc (nominative singular)
wracu (nominative plural)
wræc (accusative singular)
wracu (accusative plural)
wræces (genitive singular)
wraca (genitive plural)
wræce (dative singular)
wracum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: wrake, wreke, wrache, wreche (melded with wracu and wrǣċ)

English: wrack, wreak

Scots: wrak, wraik, wrek


wræc

wrǣċ (canonical feminine)
wrǣċ (nominative singular)
wrǣċa (nominative plural)
wrǣċe (nominative plural)
wrǣċe (accusative singular)
wrǣċa (accusative plural)
wrǣċe (accusative plural)
wrǣċe (genitive singular)
wrǣċa (genitive plural)
wrǣċe (dative singular)
wrǣċum (dative plural)

Middle English: wrake, wreke, wrache, wreche (melded with wracu and wræc)

English: wrack, wreak

Scots: wrak, wraik, wrek

From Proto-West Germanic *wrāku, from Proto-Germanic *wrēkō. Cognate with Old Dutch wrāca and Old High German rahha.


lif

līf (canonical neuter)
līf (nominative singular)
līf (nominative plural)
līf (accusative singular)
līf (accusative plural)
līfes (genitive singular)
līfa (genitive plural)
līfe (dative singular)
līfum (dative plural)
liif (alternative)
lȳf (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: lyf, leyfe, lif, life, lijf, live
English: life
Scots: life, leif
Yola: lief, life

þonne iċ eorla līf · eal ġeondþenċe,
hū hī fǣrlīċe · flet ofġēafon,

when I think of all fighters lives,
how they suddenly left halls,


tind

Middle English: tind, tynd

English: tine, tind

From Proto-Germanic *tinduz, *tindaz, of unknown ultimate origin. Cognate with Old High German zint, Old Norse tindr, and related to Old High German zinna (German Zinne (“pinnacle”)).

a point or prong on a weapon or implement; a tine


hyge

hyġe (canonical masculine)
hyġas (nominative plural)
hyġe (nominative singular)
hyġas (nominative plural)
hyġe (accusative singular)
hyġas (accusative plural)
hyġes (genitive singular)
hyġa (genitive plural)
hyġe (dative singular)
hyġum (dative plural)
hiġe (alternative)

desc

Middle English: hige, huȝe, huiȝe, hiȝe, huie, hiȝ, hie

From Proto-West Germanic *hugi, cognate with Old Saxon hugi, Old High German hugu, hugi, Old Norse hugr, Modern Norwegian hug, Modern Swedish håg, Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐍃 (hugs).

Forþon is mīn hyġe ġeomor.

Therefore my thought is sad. (‘The Wife's Lament’)

ne biþ him tō hearpan hyġe.

He has no desire/mind for the harp. (‘The Seafarer’)

(poetic) thought, mind, mood, desire, inclination


denu

denu (nominative singular)
dena (nominative plural)
dene (nominative plural)
dene (accusative singular)
dena (accusative plural)
dene (accusative plural)
dene (genitive singular)
dena (genitive plural)
dene (dative singular)
denum (dative plural)


gefea

ġefēa (canonical masculine)
ġefēa (nominative singular)
ġefēan (nominative plural)
ġefēan (accusative singular)
ġefēan (accusative plural)
ġefēan (genitive singular)
ġefēana (genitive plural)
ġefēan (dative singular)
ġefēam (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *gafehō. Cognate with Old High German gifeho. Equivalent to ġe- + fēa.


frymþ

head

frymþ f (nominative plural frymþa or frymþe)

frymþa (nominative plural)
frymþe (nominative plural)
frymþu (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *frumiþō. Equivalent to fruma + -þ


frymþu

frymþu f (nominative plural frymþa or frymþe)

frymþa (nominative plural)
frymþe (nominative plural)


wucu

wucu (nominative singular)
wucan (nominative plural)
wucan (accusative singular)
wucan (accusative plural)
wucan (genitive singular)
wucena (genitive plural)
wucan (dative singular)
wucum (dative plural)


wice

wiċe (canonical feminine)
wiċe (nominative singular)
wican (nominative plural)
wican (accusative singular)
wican (accusative plural)
wican (genitive singular)
wicena (genitive plural)
wican (dative singular)
wicum (dative plural)
wicu (alternative)
wucu (alternative)
wuce (alternative)
wieċe (alternative)
weoce (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: weke
English: week
Scots: wouk
Yola: wick, wik

From Proto-West Germanic *wikā, from Proto-Germanic *wikǭ. Cognate with Old Frisian wike, Old Saxon wika, Old High German wehha, Old Norse vika, Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌺𐍉 (wikō).

for ānre wican

simle ymb þrēo wican

wican æfter wican


giest

ġiest (canonical masculine)
ġiestas (nominative plural)
ġiest (nominative singular)
ġiestas (nominative plural)
ġiest (accusative singular)
ġiestas (accusative plural)
ġiestes (genitive singular)
ġiesta (genitive plural)
ġieste (dative singular)
ġiestum (dative plural)
ġast (alternative)
ġæst (alternative)
ġest (alternative)
ġist (alternative)
ġyst (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *gasti.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Saxon gast, Middle Dutch gast (Dutch gast), Old High German gast (German Gast), Old Norse gestr (Swedish gäst), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (gasts, “stranger”). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin hostis (“enemy”), Old Church Slavonic ⰳⱁⱄⱅⱐ (gostĭ), гость (gostĭ) (Russian гость (gostʹ)) and Polish gość.


giest

English: yeast

From Proto-West Germanic *jestu. Cognate with Dutch gist, Old Norse jǫstr (Swedish jäst).


lim

limu (nominative plural)
lim (nominative singular)
limu (nominative plural)
lim (accusative singular)
limu (accusative plural)
limes (genitive singular)
lima (genitive plural)
lime (dative singular)
limum (dative plural)
leom (alternative)

Middle English: lyme, leme, lim, lime, lym, limæ, leome (Early Middle English)
English: limb
Scots: limb, lim
⇒ Yola: lemethès

From Proto-West Germanic *limu, probably related to *liþu- (whence liþ). Cognate with Old Norse limr.

limb, bodily member; branch (of tree etc)


lim

līm (canonical masculine)
līm (nominative singular)
līmas (nominative plural)
līm (accusative singular)
līmas (accusative plural)
līmes (genitive singular)
līma (genitive plural)
līme (dative singular)
līmum (dative plural)

Middle English: lym, lim, lime, lyme
English: lime

From Proto-Germanic *līmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH-. Cognate with Middle Dutch līm (Dutch lijm), Old High German līm (German Leim), Old Norse lím (Swedish lim). The Proto-Indo-European root is also the source of Latin līmus (“mud”).


þeodcyning

þēodcyning (canonical masculine)
þēodcyning (nominative singular)
þēodcyningas (nominative plural)
þēodcyning (accusative singular)
þēodcyningas (accusative plural)
þēodcyninges (genitive singular)
þēodcyninga (genitive plural)
þēodcyninge (dative singular)
þēodcyningum (dative plural)
þēodkyning (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *þeudōkuningaz, equivalent to þēod (“people”) + cyning (“king”). Cognate with Old Saxon thiodkuning and Old Norse þjóðkonungr.


þrymm

þrymm (nominative singular)
þrymmas (nominative plural)
þrymm (accusative singular)
þrymmas (accusative plural)
þrymmes (genitive singular)
þrymma (genitive plural)
þrymme (dative singular)
þrymmum (dative plural)
þrym (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *þrumi, from Proto-Germanic *þrumjaz, akin to Old Norse þrymr.

Hwǣr cōm mearg? Hwǣr cōm mago? · Hwǣr cōm māþþumġyfa?
Hwǣr cōm symbla ġesetu? · Hwǣr sindon seledrēamas?
Ēalā beorht bune! · Ēalā byrnwiga!
Ēalā þēodnes þrym! · Hū sēo þrāg ġewāt,
ġenāp under nihthelm, · swā hēo nō wære.

Whither did the horse come? Whither did the man come? Whither did the treasure-giver come?
Whither did the seats of feasts come? Where are the hall-joys?
Alack and alas, bright cup! Alack and alas, mailed warrior!
Alack and alas, the army of the king! How did the time pass,
grow dark under the cover of night, as if it never did.

[...] þunar byð þragum hludast. Þrymmas syndan Cristes myccle.
Wyrd byð swiðost, winter byð cealdost [...]

… thunder is sometimes loudest. Christ’s glories are great.
Fate is strongest, winter is coldest …


þrym

þrym (nominative singular)
þrymas (nominative plural)
þrym (accusative singular)
þrymas (accusative plural)
þrymes (genitive singular)
þryma (genitive plural)
þryme (dative singular)
þrymum (dative plural)


þreat

þrēat (canonical masculine)
þrēat (nominative singular)
þrēatas (nominative plural)
þrēat (accusative singular)
þrēatas (accusative plural)
þrēates (genitive singular)
þrēata (genitive plural)
þrēate (dative singular)
þrēatum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: thræt, thrat, threte, thret

English: threat

Scots: thret, threte, threit

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Sē Antonius ġesēah þǣs Paules sāwle swā hwīte swā snāw stīgan tō heofonum betweoh engla þrēatas; ond tweġen lēon ādulfan his byrġenne on þǣs wēstenes sande; þǣr resteð Paules līchoma mid yfellīċe dūste bewrigen, ac on dōmes dæġe hē āriseð on wuldor.

Antonius saw Paul's soul, as white as snow, ascend to heaven among throngs of angels; and two lions dug his tomb in the sand of the desert. There lies Paul's body, covered by filthy dust, but on Judgement Day he will arise in glory.

violence, force, compulsion, oppression, punishment, retaliation, mistreatment


medusetl

head

medusetl n (nominative plural medusetlu)

medusetlu (nominative plural)
medusetl (nominative singular)
medusetlu (nominative plural)
medusetl (accusative singular)
medusetlu (accusative plural)
medusetles (genitive singular)
medusetla (genitive plural)
medusetle (dative singular)
medusetlum (dative plural)

c. 975–1025, Beowulf (Cotton MS Vitellius A XV), published 4th quarter 10th century–2nd half 16th century, page 132r, lines 4–6:

Shield Sheafson often deprived the warriors of many armies of their mead-benches.

Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum monegum mægþum meodosetla ofteah.

(poetic, hapax legomenon) mead-seat, mead-bench


frofor

frōfor (canonical feminine)
frōfra (nominative plural)
frōfor (nominative singular)
frōfra (nominative plural)
frōfre (nominative plural)
frōfre (accusative singular)
frōfra (accusative plural)
frōfre (accusative plural)
frōfre (genitive singular)
frōfra (genitive plural)
frōfre (dative singular)
frōfrum (dative plural)

Middle English: frovre, frother

English: frover, frother

Frōfre ne wēne, þæt mē ġēoc cyme gūðġewinnes, ǣr iċ mid yldum eal forweorðe…

I don't expect any consolation that I'll get help of warbattle before I would be completely perished with men…


druh

druh (nominative singular)
druhas (nominative plural)
druh (accusative singular)
druhas (accusative plural)
druhes (genitive singular)
druha (genitive plural)
druhe (dative singular)
druhum (dative plural)


hranrad

hranrād (canonical feminine)
hranrād (nominative singular)
hranrāda (nominative plural)
hranrāde (nominative plural)
hranrāde (accusative singular)
hranrāda (accusative plural)
hranrāde (accusative plural)
hranrāde (genitive singular)
hranrāda (genitive plural)
hranrāde (dative singular)
hranrādum (dative plural)
hronrād (alternative)

[ˈr̥ɑnˌrɑːd]

Kenning of hran (“whale”) + rād (“road”).


gombe

gombe (nominative singular)
gomban (nominative plural)
gomban (accusative singular)
gomban (accusative plural)
gomban (genitive singular)
gombena (genitive plural)
gomban (dative singular)
gombum (dative plural)

Unknown, but possibly borrowed from a Celtic language. See English gombeen, from Irish gaimbín (“monetary interest”), from Proto-Celtic *kambos (“twisted, crooked”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱambos, *(s)kambos (“crooked”). If so, cognate to Latin cambiō from cambium borrowed from Gaulish cambion, whence English change and exchange.


eafora

eaforan (nominative plural)
eafora (nominative singular)
eaforan (nominative plural)
eaforan (accusative singular)
eaforan (accusative plural)
eaforan (genitive singular)
eaforena (genitive plural)
eaforan (dative singular)
eaforum (dative plural)
eafera (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *aferô (“offspring; descendant”), from Proto-Germanic *abar, *abur (“after; behind”).


wuldor

ang-decl-noun

Declension of wuldor (strong a-stem)

wuldor (nominative singular)
wuldor (nominative plural)
wuldru (nominative plural)
wuldor (accusative singular)
wuldor (accusative plural)
wuldru (accusative plural)
wuldres (genitive singular)
wuldra (genitive plural)
wuldre (dative singular)
wuldrum (dative plural)
wulder (alternative)
wuldur (alternative)

Middle English: wulder

From Proto-West Germanic *wuldr, from Proto-Germanic *wuldrą (“shine, radiance, glory, splendor”), from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”).

inh

Iċ eom līġbysiġ, lāce mid winde, bewunden mid wuldre, wedre ġesomnad, fūs forðweġes, fȳre ġemelted, bearu blōwende, byrnende glēd.

I am busy with fire, sway with wind, wrapped with glory, gathered in good weather, ready to go forward, melted by fire, a blooming grove, a burning ember.


bearm

bearm (nominative singular)
bearmas (nominative plural)
bearm (accusative singular)
bearmas (accusative plural)
bearmes (genitive singular)
bearma (genitive plural)
bearme (dative singular)
bearmum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: barm, bærm, bearm, berm (early Southern and West Midlands), barme, barym (Late Middle English)
English: barm
Scots: berme, berm, barm

From Proto-West Germanic bearm, from Proto-Germanic *barmaz. Cognate with Old Norse baðmr (Danish barm, Swedish barm), Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (barms), Old High German barm, Old Saxon barm.


hulu

hulu (nominative singular)
hula (nominative plural)
hule (nominative plural)
hule (accusative singular)
hula (accusative plural)
hule (accusative plural)
hule (genitive singular)
hula (genitive plural)
hule (dative singular)
hulum (dative plural)

Ultimately from the zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to hide, conceal”). From the same root as helan (“to hide, conceal”).


seolh

sēolas (nominative plural)
seolh (nominative singular)
sēolas (nominative plural)
seolh (accusative singular)
sēolas (accusative plural)
sēoles (genitive singular)
sēola (genitive plural)
sēole (dative singular)
sēolum (dative plural)

English: seal

Scots: selch

⇒ Scots: selkie

→ English: selkie

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Swylċe ēac þēos eorþe is berende missenlīcra fugela ⁊ sǣwihta ⁊ hēr bēoþ oft fanġene seolas ⁊ hronas and mereswȳn; ⁊ hēr bēoþ oft numene missenlīcra cynna weolcsċylle ⁊ muscule, ⁊ on þām oft ġemette þā betstan meregrotan ǣlces hīwes.


walu

walu (nominative singular)
wala (nominative plural)
wale (nominative plural)
wale (accusative singular)
wala (accusative plural)
wale (accusative plural)
wale (genitive singular)
wala (genitive plural)
wale (dative singular)
walum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: wale, wælh
English: wale, weal
Scots: wale, wail

From Proto-West Germanic *walu, from Proto-Germanic *waluz.


waru

waru (nominative singular)
wara (nominative plural)
ware (nominative plural)
ware (accusative singular)
wara (accusative plural)
ware (accusative plural)
ware (genitive singular)
wara (genitive plural)
ware (dative singular)
warum (dative plural)

Middle English: ware

English: ware, -ware

Scots: ware, war, wair

From Proto-West Germanic *waru, *waʀu, from Proto-Germanic *warō, *wazō (“ware”), of uncertain origin.

unc

uncertain


waru

Middle English: ware

From Proto-West Germanic *waru, from Proto-Germanic *warō (“heed, attention, care”), from Proto-Indo-European *wor-. Cognate with Old Saxon wara, Old High German wara. Compare also Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 (warei).


waru

Middle English: ware

From Proto-West Germanic *waru, from Proto-Germanic *warō (“protection”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to defend”).


lofdæd

head

lofdǣd f (nominative plural lofdǣda or lofdǣde)

lofdǣd (canonical feminine)
lofdǣda (nominative plural)
lofdǣde (nominative plural)
lofdǣd (nominative singular)
lofdǣde (nominative plural)
lofdǣda (nominative plural)
lofdǣd (accusative singular)
lofdǣde (accusative singular)
lofdǣde (accusative plural)
lofdǣda (accusative plural)
lofdǣde (genitive singular)
lofdǣda (genitive plural)
lofdǣde (dative singular)
lofdǣdum (dative plural)

From lof (“praise, song of praise”) + dǣd (“deed, action; event, exploit”).


lof

lof (nominative singular)
lofu (nominative plural)
lof (accusative singular)
lofu (accusative plural)
lofes (genitive singular)
lofa (genitive plural)
lofe (dative singular)
lofum (dative plural)

Middle English: lof, lofe, love

English: lofe

Scots: lof, loif, lowe, loff

From Proto-West Germanic *lob.
Cognate with Old Saxon lof, Dutch lof, Old High German lob (German Lob), Old Norse lof (Swedish lov). Related to lēof, lufu, lofian.


lof

lōf (canonical masculine)
lōfas (nominative plural)
lōf (nominative singular)
lōfas (nominative plural)
lōf (accusative singular)
lōfas (accusative plural)
lōfes (genitive singular)
lōfa (genitive plural)
lōfe (dative singular)
lōfum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: lofe, loofe, love, loove

English: loof

Scots: lufe, luif

From Proto-West Germanic *lōfō, from Proto-Germanic *lōfô. Cognate with Icelandic lófi, Gothic 𐌻𐍉𐍆𐌰 (lōfa).

Hæfde sigora weard on þam wangstede wǣre betolden lēofne lēodfruman mid lōfe sīnum […]

(Can we date this quote?), (Please provide the book title or journal name):


gesceaphwil

head

ġesċeaphwīl f (nominative plural ġesċeaphwīla or ġesċeaphwīle)

ġesċeaphwīl (canonical feminine)
ġesċeaphwīla (nominative plural)
ġesċeaphwīle (nominative plural)
ġesċeaphwīl (nominative singular)
ġesċeaphwīla (nominative plural)
ġesċeaphwīle (nominative plural)
ġesċeaphwīle (accusative singular)
ġesċeaphwīla (accusative plural)
ġesċeaphwīle (accusative plural)
ġesċeaphwīle (genitive singular)
ġesċeaphwīla (genitive plural)
ġesċeaphwīle (dative singular)
ġesċeaphwīlum (dative plural)
ġesċæphwīl (alternative)

[jeˈʃæ͜ɑpˌʍiːl]

Him ða Scyld gewat / to gescæphwile.

Then Shield passed away at the destined time. (Beowulf l. 26)

(poetic) the fated moment, the destined time (of death)


frea

frēa (canonical masculine)
frēa (nominative singular)
frēan (nominative plural)
frēan (accusative singular)
frēan (accusative plural)
frēan (genitive singular)
frēana (genitive plural)
frēan (dative singular)
frēam (dative plural)
frēaum (dative plural)
frēo (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *frauwjō, from Proto-Germanic *frawjô, from Proto-Indo-European *proHwo-, a derivation from *per- (“to go forward”).
Cognate with Old Saxon frāho, Old High German frao, frō, Old Norse Freyr, Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰 (frauja), and via Proto-Indo-European with Latin prōvincia (English province).

10th century, Genesis B, line 655

Adam, my husband, this fruit is so sweet


faroþ

faroþ (nominative singular)
faroþas (nominative plural)
faroþ (accusative singular)
faroþas (accusative plural)
faroþes (genitive singular)
faroþa (genitive plural)
faroþe (dative singular)
faroþum (dative plural)
faroþ (nominative singular)
faroþ (nominative plural)
faroþ (accusative singular)
faroþ (accusative plural)
faroþes (genitive singular)
faroþa (genitive plural)
faroþe (dative singular)
faroþum (dative plural)
faroð (alternative)


leof

lēof (canonical masculine)
leaf (alternative)
līof (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: lef, leve, lefe, leffe, life, live, luf (Southern or West Midlands)
English: lief; ⇒ livelong
Scots: lief, lee
⇒ Yola: liveer

From Proto-Germanic *leubaz (“dear, beloved”). Cognate with Old Frisian liāf, Old Saxon liof, Old High German liob, Old Norse ljúfr, Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (liufs). Non-Germanic cognates include Polish luby (“dear, beloved”). Related to lufu (“love”).

inh

as a form of address, sir, can be applied to one or more people, regardless of gender.


burna

burna (nominative singular)
burnan (nominative plural)
burnan (accusative singular)
burnan (accusative plural)
burnan (genitive singular)
burnena (genitive plural)
burnan (dative singular)
burnum (dative plural)

Middle English: burne, bourne

English: bourn, burn

Scots: burn

From Proto-West Germanic *brunnō (“stream, brook”).


feorweg

feorweġ (canonical masculine)
feorweġ (nominative singular)
feorweġas (nominative plural)
feorweġ (accusative singular)
feorweġas (accusative plural)
feorweġes (genitive singular)
feorweġa (genitive plural)
feorweġe (dative singular)
feorweġum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: fur wei, ferre weye, fer way

From feorr (“far”) + weġ (“way”). Compare German Fernweg (“a long distance”).

a way or path leading to a distant destination; a long way or journey


frætwe

frætwa (nominative plural)
frætwe (nominative plural)
frætwa (accusative plural)
frætwe (accusative plural)
frætwa (genitive plural)
frætwum (dative plural)

Possibly contracted from for- + geatwe, a metathetical variant of getawa, with a sense of treasure being made and prepared. From Proto-Germanic *fratawō, from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂-.

Ða wæstmas, foldan frætwe.


lor

lor (nominative singular)
lor (accusative singular)
lores (genitive singular)
lore (dative singular)

Middle English: lore


sweostor

sweostor (nominative singular)
ġesweostor (nominative plural)
ġesweostra (nominative plural)
ġesweostru (nominative plural)
sweostor (accusative singular)
ġesweostor (accusative plural)
ġesweostra (accusative plural)
ġesweostru (accusative plural)
sweostor (genitive singular)
ġesweostra (genitive plural)
sweostor (dative singular)
ġesweostrum (dative plural)
swustor (alternative Mercian)
swester (alternative)
suoester (alternative)
soester (alternative)
swuster (alternative West-Saxon)
swæstar (alternative Anglian)
swestar (alternative Anglian)
swystor (alternative Anglian)
swystar (alternative Anglian)
sweoster (alternative)
swystar (alternative)
swyster (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: suster, cyster, cystyr, scyster, sister, sistir, soster, souster, sustir, syster, systir, systyr, swuster (Early Middle English), sussterr (Ormulum), zoster (Kent) (some forms influenced by Old Norse)
English: sister
→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)
→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)
→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)
Scots: sister, syster
Yola: zister

From Proto-West Germanic *swester, from Proto-Germanic *swestēr, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. Compare Old Frisian swester, Old Saxon swestar, Old High German swestar, Old Norse systir.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCC.XVII Hēr Ingild Īnes broþor forðferde, ⁊ heora swystor wǣron Cwēnburh ⁊ Cūþburh.
Year 717 In this year Ine's brother Ingild died; their sisters were Cwenburg and Cuthburg.


papan

inflection of pāpa:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of pāpa:
genitive/dative singular


pada

pāda (canonical masculine)
pāda (nominative singular)
pādan (nominative plural)
pādan (accusative singular)
pādan (accusative plural)
pādan (genitive singular)
pādena (genitive plural)
pādan (dative singular)
pādum (dative plural)

Possibly inherited from Proto-West Germanic *paidō, a variant of Proto-West Germanic *paidu (“cloak”). Equivalent to pād + -a.


pusa

pusan (nominative plural)
pusa (nominative singular)
pusan (nominative plural)
pusan (accusative singular)
pusan (accusative plural)
pusan (genitive singular)
pusena (genitive plural)
pusan (dative singular)
pusum (dative plural)
posa (alternative)

English: purse (not a direct descendant, but from burse, but the initial p- is due to interference from pusa)

From Proto-Germanic *pusô (“bag, wallet, scrip”). Akin to Old High German pfosa (“purse”), Old Norse posi (“bag, purse”), púss (“pocket, pouch”). More at pussy.

inh

late 10th century, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Sē rīċa and sē þearfa sind weġfērende on þisse weorolde. Sē rīċa birþ māre þonne hē behōfiġe tō his formetum, sē ōðer birþ ǣmtiġne pusan.

The rich and the poor are both wayfarers in this world. The rich carry more than they need for the journey, while the poor hold an empty sack.


teon

tēon (canonical neuter)
tīon (alternative)

From a merger of Etymology 3 with the reflex of Proto-West Germanic *teun.


hlæst

hlæst (nominative singular)
hlæst (nominative plural)
hlæst (accusative singular)
hlæst (accusative plural)
hlæstes (genitive singular)
hlæsta (genitive plural)
hlæste (dative singular)
hlæstum (dative plural)

Middle English: last

English: last

Scots: last

→ Middle French: last (south-western dialects)

→ Medieval Latin: lastum, lestum

⇒ Medieval Latin: lastagium, lestagium

Old French: lastage (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *hlastuz, cognate with Old Frisian hlest and Old High German hlast. Related to hladan.


gefræge

ġefrǣġe (canonical neuter)
ġefrǣġe (nominative singular)
ġefrǣġu (nominative plural)
ġefrǣġe (accusative singular)
ġefrǣġu (accusative plural)
ġefrǣġes (genitive singular)
ġefrǣġa (genitive plural)
ġefrǣġe (dative singular)
ġefrǣġum (dative plural)
ġefrēġe (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *gafrāgi, from Proto-Germanic *gafrēgiz. Cognate with Old Saxon gifrāgi. Equivalent to ġe- + *frǣġe. The noun is probably derived from the adjective.

(poetic) inquiry, a knowledge, information, hearsay


mistel

desctree

Middle English: mistel, mistell, mystil, mystill, mystyl
English: mistle
Scots: misle

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *mistil, from Proto-Germanic *mistilaz.


witt

witt (nominative plural)
witt (nominative singular)
witt (nominative plural)
witt (accusative singular)
witt (accusative plural)
wittes (genitive singular)
witta (genitive plural)
witte (dative singular)
wittum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: wit, witt, witte, wytt, wyt
English: wit
Yola: wut

From Proto-West Germanic *witi, from Proto-Germanic *witją, from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“see, know”).
Cognate with Old Frisian wit, Old Saxon wit, Old High German wizzi (whence German Witz), Old Norse vit (whence Swedish vett). Compare witan.


æmette

ǣmette (canonical feminine)
ǣmette (nominative singular)
ǣmettan (nominative plural)
ǣmettan (accusative singular)
ǣmettan (accusative plural)
ǣmettan (genitive singular)
ǣmettena (genitive plural)
ǣmettan (dative singular)
ǣmettum (dative plural)


beomodor

bēomōdor (canonical feminine)
bēomōdor (nominative singular)
bēomōdra (nominative plural)
bēomōdru (nominative plural)
bēomōdor (accusative singular)
bēomōdra (accusative plural)
bēomōdru (accusative plural)
bēomōdor (genitive singular)
bēomēder (genitive singular)
bēomōdra (genitive plural)
bēomēder (dative singular)
bēomōdrum (dative plural)

→? English: beemother (calque)

From Proto-West Germanic *bijamōder, equivalent to bēo + mōdor. Cognate with Old High German bīmuoter (“queen-bee”).


beowyrt

head

bēowyrt f (nominative plural bēowyrte or bēowyrta)

bēowyrt (canonical feminine)
bēowyrte (nominative plural)
bēowyrta (nominative plural)
bēowyrt (nominative singular)
bēowyrte (nominative plural)
bēowyrta (nominative plural)
bēowyrt (accusative singular)
bēowyrte (accusative singular)
bēowyrte (accusative plural)
bēowyrta (accusative plural)
bēowyrte (genitive singular)
bēowyrta (genitive plural)
bēowyrte (dative singular)
bēowyrtum (dative plural)

Middle English: beowurt

English: beewort

From bēo + wyrt. Calque of Latin apiastrum, apiāgō.

Acorus calamus
Acorus calamus#Translingual


beoceorl

bēoċeorl (canonical masculine)
bēoċeorl (nominative singular)
bēoċeorlas (nominative plural)
bēoċeorl (accusative singular)
bēoċeorlas (accusative plural)
bēoċeorles (genitive singular)
bēoċeorla (genitive plural)
bēoċeorle (dative singular)
bēoċeorlum (dative plural)

desc

⇒ Middle English: (partial calque) beman, bemon

English: beeman, bee-man

Likely an alteration of earlier bēocere assimilated as though from bēo + ċeorl.


imbe

From Proto-West Germanic *imbī, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *a(m)pi- (“stinging insect, bee”). Cognate with Middle Dutch imme (Dutch imme) and Old High German imbi (German Imme). The proposed Indo-European root would also be the source of Ancient Greek ἐμπίς (empís), Latin apis.


dran

drān (canonical feminine)
drān (nominative singular)
drāna (nominative plural)
drāne (nominative plural)
drāne (accusative singular)
drāna (accusative plural)
drāne (accusative plural)
drāne (genitive singular)
drāna (genitive plural)
drāne (dative singular)
drānum (dative plural)
drǣn (alternative)

Middle English: drane, drone

English: drone

Scots: dron

From Proto-West Germanic *drānu (“drone”).
Cognate with Old Saxon drān (Low German drōne), Old High German treno (dialectal German Dräne).


setl

setl (nominative singular)
setlu (nominative plural)
setl (accusative singular)
setlu (accusative plural)
setles (genitive singular)
setla (genitive plural)
setle (dative singular)
setlum (dative plural)
setl (nominative singular)
setlas (nominative plural)
setl (accusative singular)
setlas (accusative plural)
setles (genitive singular)
setla (genitive plural)
setle (dative singular)
setlum (dative plural)
seatl (alternative)
seatul (alternative)
sedl (alternative)
seld (alternative)
seotl (alternative)
seotul (alternative)
seþel (alternative)
seðl (alternative)
sitl (alternative)
sotl (alternative)
setel (alternative)
sætl (alternative)

Middle English: setle, selde (with metathesis)

English: settle, seld (with metathesis)

From a merger of two nouns of similar meaning, which came to be pronounced the same in West Saxon because of a sound change whereby -þl and -þm became -tl and -tm in some words (cf. botl, botm):
* Proto-West Germanic *seþl
* Proto-West Germanic *setl, from Proto-Germanic *setlaz.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCC.XCVII Hēr Rōmane Leone þām papan his tungan forcurfon ⁊ his ēagan āstungon, ⁊ hine of his setle āflīemdon, ⁊ þā sōna eft, Gode fultomiendum, hē meahte ġesēon ⁊ sprēcan ⁊ eft was papa swā hē ǣr wæs.

Year 797 In this year the Romans cut out the tongue of Pope Leo [III] and gouged out his eyes and drove him from his throne. And soon, through God's help, he was able to see and speak again, and became pope again just like he was.


werod

werod (nominative singular)
werod (nominative plural)
werod (accusative singular)
werod (accusative plural)
werodes (genitive singular)
weroda (genitive plural)
werode (dative singular)
werodum (dative plural)

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
On þām ġefeohte ēac swylċe Ðēodbald Æþelfriþes brōþor was ofslæġen mid ealle þȳ weorode þe hē lǣdde.

Likewise in that battle Theodbald, Aethelfrith's brother, was slain with the whole army that he led.


ræswa

rǣswa (canonical masculine)
rǣswa (nominative singular)
rǣswan (nominative plural)
rǣswan (accusative singular)
rǣswan (accusative plural)
rǣswan (genitive singular)
rǣswena (genitive plural)
rǣswan (dative singular)
rǣswum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *rēswô m (“counsellor”), compare *rēswō f (“counsel, deliberation”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to arrange; to advise”). Cognate with Old Norse ræsir (“leader, chief, king, prince”).


gebedda

ġebedda (canonical masculine)
ġebedda (nominative singular)
ġebeddan (nominative plural)
ġebeddan (accusative singular)
ġebeddan (accusative plural)
ġebeddan (genitive singular)
ġebeddena (genitive plural)
ġebeddan (dative singular)
ġebeddum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *gabaddjō. Cognate with Old Frisian bedda and Old Saxon gibeddio. Equivalent to ġe- + bedd + -a.

someone who lies in bed with someone else: bedfellow

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Sē þeġn wæs wuniende butan wīfes nēawiste, forþan þe his ġebedda ġefaren wæs of life.

The thane was living without the companionship of a woman, for his wife had departed from life.


bedd

bedd (nominative singular)
bedd (nominative plural)
bedd (accusative singular)
bedd (accusative plural)
beddes (genitive singular)
bedda (genitive plural)
bedde (dative singular)
beddum (dative plural)
bed (alternative)
bædd (alternative)

Middle English: bedde, bed

English: bed

Scots: bede, bed

From Proto-West Germanic *badi (oblique form *baddj-), from Proto-Germanic *badją (“resting-place”). Cognate with Old Frisian bed, Old Saxon beddi, Dutch beddi, Old High German betti, Old Norse beðr, Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌹 (badi).

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 2:10-11

He said to the lame man, "I say to you, arise, take your bed, and go to your house."

Hē cwæð tō þām laman, þē iċ seċġe, arīs, nim ðīn bed, and gā tō þīnum hūse.


holen

holnas (nominative plural)
holen (nominative singular)
holnas (nominative plural)
holen (accusative singular)
holnas (accusative plural)
holnes (genitive singular)
holna (genitive plural)
holne (dative singular)
holnum (dative plural)
holeġn (alternative)
holiġn (alternative)
holiġ (alternative)

desc

Middle English: holyn, holin, holy, holly

English: holly, hollen

Scots: holin, hollin, holyn

Middle English: holme, holm

English: holm


weorþ

weorþ (nominative plural)
weorþ (nominative singular)
weorþ (nominative plural)
weorþ (accusative singular)
weorþ (accusative plural)
weorþes (genitive singular)
weorþa (genitive plural)
weorþe (dative singular)
weorþum (dative plural)

Middle English: worth

Scots: wirth

English: worth

From Proto-Germanic *werþaz (“towards, opposite”), used substantively as a noun. Cognate with Old Frisian werth, Old Saxon werth, Old High German werd, German wert (adjective), Wert (noun), Dutch waard (adjective), Old Norse verðr (adjective), verð (noun) (Swedish värd), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (wairþs).

inh

Laws of King Ine
Oxan horn bið X pæninga weorð.

The worth of an ox's horn is ten pennies.


weorþmynd

weorþmynt (alternative)
wurþmynt (alternative)

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
Nū wylle wē ēow secgan sume Petres wundra him tō wurðmynte and ēow tō trymmincge...

Now will we tell you some of Peter's miracles to his honour, and your edification;...

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
Sy ðam Metodan Drihtne wurþmynt and lōf á on ecnysse. Amen we cweðað.

Be to the Lord Creator honour and praise ever to eternity. Amen we say.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint George, Martyr"
Nāst þū lā Geori þæt ūre godas swincað mid þē and ġit hī synd ġeþyldiġe þæt hī þe miltsion. Nū lǣre ic ðē swā swā lēofne sunu þæt ðū þæra cristenra lāre forlǣte mid ealle and tō mīnum rǣde hraðe ġebūge swā þæt ðū offriġe þām ārwurðan Appoline and þū mycelne wurðmynt miht swā beġitan.

Knowest thou not, O George, that our gods are striving with thee, and even yet they are patient, that they may pity thee; now I exhort thee, as a beloved son, that thou altogether quit the Christians' doctrine, and quickly incline to my counsel, so that thou sacrifice to the venerable Apollo, and thou mayest so obtain great honour.


winemæg

winemǣġ (canonical masculine)
winemāgas (nominative plural)
winemǣġ (nominative singular)
winemāgas (nominative plural)
winemǣġ (accusative singular)
winemāgas (accusative plural)
winemǣġes (genitive singular)
winemāga (genitive plural)
winemǣġe (dative singular)
winemāgum (dative plural)

Swā cwæð eardstapa, · earfeþa ġemyndiġ,
wrāþra wælsleahta, · winemǣga hryre:

So said an earth-stepper, mindful of hardships,
of wrathful slaughters, of kinsmen fall:


ærn

ærn (nominative plural)
earn (alternative)
ern (alternative)

Middle English: ern

From Proto-West Germanic *raʀn, from Proto-Germanic *razną. Cognate with Old Norse rann.


feorh

feorh (nominative singular)
feorh (nominative plural)
feorh (accusative singular)
feorh (accusative plural)
fēores (genitive singular)
fēora (genitive plural)
fēore (dative singular)
fēorum (dative plural)
feorh (nominative singular)
fēoras (nominative plural)
feorh (accusative singular)
fēoras (accusative plural)
fēores (genitive singular)
fēora (genitive plural)
fēore (dative singular)
fēorum (dative plural)
feorg (alternative)
ferh (alternative)

Middle English: fere, vore

From Proto-West Germanic *ferh, from Proto-Germanic *ferhwą. Cognate with Old Frisian ferch, Old Saxon ferah, Old High German ferah, Old Norse fjǫr, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌿𐍃 (fairƕus).

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 755

And he saved his life, though he was often wounded.

And hē his feorh ġenerede, and þēah hē wæs oft ġewundod.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Deposition of St. Martin, Bishop"
Sum unġesċādwīs mann hine selfne āhēng and his feorh forlēt.

Some irrational person hanged himself and lost his life.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Sæġde þæt hēo wǣre on bedde liċġendu and hire man fēores ne wēnde.

She said that she was confined to a bed and was not expected to live [literally "her life was not expected"].

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of the Innocents"
Sē enġel cwæþ tō Iōsēpe, "Þā sind forþfarene þe ymb þæs ċildes feorh sieredon."

The angel told Joseph, "Those who conspired against the child's life are dead."

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of the Apostles Peter and Paul"
Nero þā þā hē þæs folces ġeþeahte āscode wearþ tō fēore āfyrhted and mid flēame tō wuda ġetengde.

When Nero heard about their pact, he feared for his life and rushed away into the woods.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On þām ġewinne ofslōg Antipater his mōdor, Cassandres lāfe, þēah þe hēo earmlīċe hire fēores tō him wilnode.

In the war, Antipater killed his mother, Cassander's widow, though she pitifully begged him for her life.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On þām dæġe þe hīe feohtan sċoldon, him cōm ān swā miċel hǣtu and swā miċel þurst þæt hīe him heora fēores ne wēndon.

On the day that they were supposed to fight, they were hit with so much heat and thirst that they thought they were going to die [literally "they didn't expect their life"].

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Iċ wāt þæt þū nāwht ne forslāwode þæt þū þīn āgen feorh for þīnne swēor ne sealde ġif þū hine ġesāwe on hwelcum earfoþum.

I know you would not hesitate to give your own life for your father-in-law if you saw him in any trouble.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Ġif þū nū wǣre weġfērend and hæfde miċel gold on þē and þū þonne becōme on þēofsċole, þonne ne wēnde þū þē þīnes fēores.

If you were traveling and had a lot of gold on you and you ran into a gang of robbers, you would think you were going to die [literally "you would not expect your life"].

c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
Hingwar sende þā sōna siþþan Ēadmunde cyninge bēotlīċ ǣrende: þæt hē ābūgan sċolde tō his manrǣdene ġif hē rōhte his fēores.

After that, Ivar immediately sent a gloating message to King Edmund: that he should submit to serving Ivar if he valued his life.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Loth cwæþ tō þām engle, "Hēr is ān lȳtlu burg swīðe nēah þǣr iċ mæġ mīn feorh ġenerian. Hēo is ān lȳtlu, and þēah iċ mæġ þǣr on libban."

Lot told the angel, "There's a little town around here, very close by, where I can preserve my life. It's a little one, but I can live there."

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Þā Seneca þā onfunde þæt hē dēad bēon sċolde, þā bēad hē ealle his ǣhte wiþ his fēore. Þā nolde Nero þæs onfōn ne him his fēores ġeunnan.

When Seneca found out that he was about to die, he offered all his possessions in exchange for his life. But Nero wouldn't accept them or grant him his life.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Rōmāne hæfdon þā nīewlīċe ġesett þæt þā þe hætt beran mōston, þonne hīe hwelċ folc oferwunnen hæfdon, þæt þā mōston ǣġðer habban ġe feorh ġe frēodōm.

The Romans had recently passed a law that whenever they conquered a people, anyone who was allowed to wear a hat could keep both their life and their freedom.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Sē þe him ǣr ġeþūhte þæt nān sǣ wiþhabban ne meahte þæt hē hine mid sċipum and mid his fultume āfyllan ne meahte, hē wæs eft biddende ānes lȳtles troges æt ānum earmum menn þæt hē meahte his feorh ġenerian.

The same man (Xerxes) who had thought that no sea could stop him from covering it with his ships and his army wound up begging a poor person for their little boat so he could save his life.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þā fēng Philippus tō Mæcedonia rīċe, and hit ealle hwīle on miċelum plēo and on miċelum earfoþum hæfde, þæt ǣġðer ġe him man ūtane of ōðrum lande on wann, ġe ēac þæt his āgen folc ymb his fēorh sierede, þæt him þā æt nīehstan lēofre wæs þæt hē ūte wunne þonne hē æt hām wǣre.

Then Philip came to the throne of Macedon, and held it with great danger and struggle. Not only was he fighting against other countries, but even his own people were plotting against his life, until he would finally rather fight abroad than be at home.


folcstede

head

folcstede m (nominative plural folcstedas)

folcstedas (nominative plural)
folcstede (nominative singular)
folcstedas (nominative plural)
folcstede (accusative singular)
folcstedas (accusative plural)
folcstedes (genitive singular)
folcsteda (genitive plural)
folcstede (dative singular)
folcstedum (dative plural)

Nǣfre lǣċecynn on folcstede findan meahte, þāra þe mid wyrtum wunde ġehǣlde,…

I could never find physicians on a battlefield, who would heal a wound with herbs,…


heahweg

hēahweġ (canonical masculine)
hēahwegas (nominative plural)
hēahweġ (nominative singular)
hēahwegas (nominative plural)
hēahweġ (accusative singular)
hēahwegas (accusative plural)
hēahweġes (genitive singular)
hēahwega (genitive plural)
hēahweġe (dative singular)
hēahwegum (dative plural)

Middle English: heiȝwei

English: highway

Scots: hichway, heichway, heway, hieway


beot

bēot (canonical neuter)
bēot (nominative plural)
bēot (nominative singular)
bēot (nominative plural)
bēot (accusative singular)
bēot (accusative plural)
bēotes (genitive singular)
bēota (genitive plural)
bēote (dative singular)
bēotum (dative plural)

From earlier bihāt, second element cognate with Old Norse heit with very similar semantics.

bēotlic

arrogant, exulting, boastful, threatening

bēotlīce

arrogantly, exultingly, boastfully, threateningly

Beorn sċeal ġebīdan, · þonne hē bēot spriceð,
oþþæt collenferð · cunne ġearwe
hwider hreþra ġehyġd · hweorfan wille.

Man must pause when he tells a promise
until bold spirit would know clearly
where thought of hearts would turn.


sinc

sinc (nominative singular)
sinc (nominative plural)
sinc (accusative singular)
sinc (accusative plural)
sinces (genitive singular)
sinca (genitive plural)
since (dative singular)
sincum (dative plural)

sōhte seledrēoriġ · sinces bryttan,
hwǣr iċ feor oþþe nēah · findan meahte
þone þe in meoduhealle · mīne wisse

sought hall-sad a giver of treasure,
where I far or near could find
who in a mead-hall would know my men


heorot

heort (nominative singular)
heortas (nominative plural)
heort (accusative singular)
heortas (accusative plural)
heortes (genitive singular)
heorta (genitive plural)
heorte (dative singular)
heortum (dative plural)
heorut (alternative)
heort (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: hert, harte, hartt, heert, heort
English: hart
Scots: hert

From Proto-West Germanic *herut, from Proto-Germanic *herutaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kerud- (Ancient Greek κόρυδος (kórudos, “crested lark”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (Latin cervus (“horn”)). Germanic cognates include Old Saxon hirot, Old High German hiruz, and Old Norse hjǫrtr.

Heorot

the great mead hall described in Beowulf


aþum

āþum (canonical masculine)
āþum (nominative singular)
āþmas (nominative plural)
āþum (accusative singular)
āþmas (accusative plural)
āþmes (genitive singular)
āþma (genitive plural)
āþme (dative singular)
āþmum (dative plural)

Middle English: aþum, oþom, oþam, oþem


sweor

swēor (canonical masculine)
swēor (nominative singular)
swēoras (nominative plural)
swēor (accusative singular)
swēoras (accusative plural)
swēores (genitive singular)
swēora (genitive plural)
swēore (dative singular)
swēorum (dative plural)

Middle English: sweor

From Proto-Germanic *swehuraz, from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱuros. Cognate with Old High German swehur (German Schwäher), Middle Dutch sweer, Old Old Swedish svœr, Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍂𐌰 (swaihra). The Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit श्वशुर (śváśura), Ancient Greek ἑκυρός (hekurós), Latin socer, Old East Slavic свекръ (svekrŭ) (Russian свёкор (svjókor)). Compare sweġer.


sweor

sweor (nominative singular)
sweoras (nominative plural)
sweor (accusative singular)
sweoras (accusative plural)
sweores (genitive singular)
sweora (genitive plural)
sweore (dative singular)
sweorum (dative plural)
swer (alternative)
swior (alternative)
swyr (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *sweruz (“pole, pillar”), from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“stick, pole”).


mecefisc

mēċefisċ (canonical masculine)
mēċefisċ (nominative singular)
mēċefiscas (nominative plural)
mēċefisċ (accusative singular)
mēċefiscas (accusative plural)
mēċefisċes (genitive singular)
mēċefisca (genitive plural)
mēċefisċe (dative singular)
mēċefiscum (dative plural)


blæge

blǣġe (canonical feminine)
blǣġe (nominative singular)
blǣġan (nominative plural)
blǣġan (accusative singular)
blǣġan (accusative plural)
blǣġan (genitive singular)
blǣġena (genitive plural)
blǣġan (dative singular)
blǣġum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *blaigijǭ (“blay, bleak, gudgeon”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyk- (“to shine”).


aga

āga (canonical masculine)
āga (nominative singular)
āgan (nominative plural)
āgan (accusative singular)
āgan (accusative plural)
āgan (genitive singular)
āgena (genitive plural)
āgan (dative singular)
āgum (dative plural)


hragra

hrāgra (canonical masculine)
hrāgra (nominative singular)
hrāgran (nominative plural)
hrāgran (accusative singular)
hrāgran (accusative plural)
hrāgran (genitive singular)
hrāgrena (genitive plural)
hrāgran (dative singular)
hrāgrum (dative plural)
hrāhra (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *hraigrō, from Proto-Germanic *hraigrô.


wælniþ

wælnīþ (canonical masculine)
wælnīþas (nominative plural)


bece

bēċe (canonical feminine)
bēċe (nominative singular)
bēċan (nominative plural)
bēċan (accusative singular)
bēċan (accusative plural)
bēċan (genitive singular)
bēċena (genitive plural)
bēċan (dative singular)
bēċum (dative plural)
bœ̄ċe (alternative Anglian)

desctree

Middle English: beche
English: beech
Scots: beech


bece

beċe (canonical masculine)
beċas (nominative plural)
bæċ (alternative)
bæċe (alternative)

Alternative form of bæċ (“stream; brook”)


snoru

snoru (nominative singular)
snora (nominative plural)
snore (nominative plural)
snore (accusative singular)
snora (accusative plural)
snore (accusative plural)
snore (genitive singular)
snora (genitive plural)
snore (dative singular)
snorum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *snuʀu, from Proto-Germanic *snuzō (“daughter-in-law”), from Proto-Indo-European *snusós (“daughter-in-law”). Cognate with Old Frisian snore, Middle Dutch snare, Old High German snur, Old Norse snor. The Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit स्नुषा (snuṣā́), Ancient Greek νυός (nuós), Latin nurus, Proto-Slavic *snъxa (Russian сноха́ (snoxá)), Albanian nuse.

Swegr on hyre snore: and snoru on hyre swegere.

1874, W. Skeat, The Gospel according to Saint Luke, 12:53:

The mother in law against her daughter-in-law, and the daughter-in-law against her mother in law.