wifer

wifer (nominative singular)
wifras (nominative plural)
wifer (accusative singular)
wifras (accusative plural)
wifres (genitive singular)
wifra (genitive plural)
wifre (dative singular)
wifrum (dative plural)
wiber (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *wibr, from Proto-Germanic *wibraz (“missile”), from Proto-Indo-European *weyp-, *weyb- (“to oscillate; swing”). Cognate with Old Norse vifr (“sword”).


wælcyrge

wælcyrġe (canonical feminine)
wælcyrġe (nominative singular)
wælcyrġan (nominative plural)
wælcyrġan (accusative singular)
wælcyrġan (accusative plural)
wælcyrġan (genitive singular)
wælcyrġena (genitive plural)
wælcyrġan (dative singular)
wælcyrġum (dative plural)
uualcyrġe (alternative Early Old-English)
wælcyrġe (alternative Early Old-English)
wælcyriġe (alternative Early Old-English)
walcrigge (alternative Early Old-English)
walcyrġe (alternative Early Old-English)
wælcerie (alternative)
wælcyrie (alternative)
wælkyrie (alternative)

Middle English: walkirie, walkyrie

From Proto-Germanic *walakuzjǭ, either by descent or through Old Norse valkyrja. Equivalent to wæl + cyre.

glossing Eurynis, Allecto, Bellona, Gorgo (wælkyrian eagan =oculos gorgoneos)

her syndan wiccan & wælcyrian. (Wulfstan, Sermo ad Anglos, ca. 1015)


bosm

bōsm (canonical masculine)
bōsm (nominative singular)
bōsmas (nominative plural)
bōsm (accusative singular)
bōsmas (accusative plural)
bōsmes (genitive singular)
bōsma (genitive plural)
bōsme (dative singular)
bōsmum (dative plural)
bōsum (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: bosom, bosum, bosem
English: bosom
Scots: bosum, bosome

Ðū wuldres þrym bōsme gebære.

You bear the majesty of Glory on your breast.

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Herodes hēt tīon þā ċild of hira mōdor brēostum ond bōsmum, ond þonne man þā ċild cwealde, þonne spiwon hīe þā meoloc ǣr þæt blōd.

Herod ordered that the children be torn from their mothers' breasts and bosoms, and when they were killed they spat out the milk before the blood.


ceoce

ċēoce (canonical feminine)
ċēoce (nominative singular)
ċēocan (nominative plural)
ċēocan (accusative singular)
ċēocan (accusative plural)
ċēocan (genitive singular)
ċēocena (genitive plural)
ċēocan (dative singular)
ċēocum (dative plural)
ċēce (alternative Anglian)

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ċēace</i>

Middle English: cheke, cheek, cheeke, cheoke, chieke, chike, choke, chooke, chyke (merged with ċēace)
English: cheek; choke
Scots: cheek

From Proto-West Germanic *keukā (“jaw, cheek”).


nepte

nepte (nominative singular)
neptan (nominative plural)
neptan (accusative singular)
neptan (accusative plural)
neptan (genitive singular)
neptena (genitive plural)
neptan (dative singular)
neptum (dative plural)
nefte (alternative)
næpte (alternative)

desc

Middle English: nepte, neppe, nepe, nept

English: nep


fanan

inflection of fana:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of fana:
genitive/dative singular


meteseax

meteseax (nominative singular)
meteseax (nominative plural)
meteseax (accusative singular)
meteseax (accusative plural)
meteseaxes (genitive singular)
meteseaxa (genitive plural)
meteseaxe (dative singular)
meteseaxum (dative plural)
metseax (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *matisahs (“food knife”). Equivalent to mete + seax.


ribban

accusative/genitive/dative singular of ribbe


talentan

inflection of talente:
nominative plural

inflection of talente:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of talente:
genitive/dative singular


earsþerl

earsþerl (nominative singular)
earsþerlu (nominative plural)
earsþerl (accusative singular)
earsþerlu (accusative plural)
earsþerles (genitive singular)
earsþerla (genitive plural)
earsþerle (dative singular)
earsþerlum (dative plural)

[ˈæ͜ɑrˠsˌθerˠl]


þyrel

þyrel (nominative singular)
þyrelu (nominative plural)
þyrel (accusative singular)
þyrelu (accusative plural)
þyreles (genitive singular)
þyrela (genitive plural)
þyrele (dative singular)
þyrelum (dative plural)
þiril (alternative)
þirel (alternative)
þryl (alternative)
þyrl (alternative)
þerl (alternative in-compounds)

desctree

Middle English: thirl, ðirl, thirle, thrile, thrill, thurl, þirile, þroll, þurl, þurle
English: thirl, thurl
Scots: thirl
⇒ Yola: thorelucke

From Proto-West Germanic *þurhil, from Proto-Germanic *þurhilą, from Proto-Indo-European *ter- (“through, over”), equivalent to þurh (“through”) + -el. More at through.

der

hole (perforation); an opening or aperture


geahl

ġeahl (canonical masculine)
ġeagl (alternative)

English: jowl


heoru

heorwas (nominative plural)
heoru (nominative singular)
heorwas (nominative plural)
heoru (accusative singular)
heorwas (accusative plural)
heorwes (genitive singular)
heorwa (genitive plural)
heorwe (dative singular)
heorwum (dative plural)
heoro (alternative)
hioro (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *heru, from Proto-Germanic *heruz. Cognate with Old Norse hjǫrr (“sword”).


mealt

mealt (nominative singular)
mealt (nominative plural)
mealt (accusative singular)
mealt (accusative plural)
mealtes (genitive singular)
mealta (genitive plural)
mealte (dative singular)
mealtum (dative plural)
malt (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: malt, malte, maltt, mault, maulte
English: malt
Scots: maut
Yola: mault

From Proto-West Germanic *malt, from Proto-Germanic *maltą.


forcel

forcel (nominative singular)
forclas (nominative plural)
forcel (accusative singular)
forclas (accusative plural)
forcles (genitive singular)
forcla (genitive plural)
forcle (dative singular)
forclum (dative plural)
feorcol (alternative)

Probably a conflation of Proto-Germanic *furklaz (“small fork”), from Latin furcula (“small fork”), and Proto-Germanic *ferkalaz, *furkaz (“stake, stick, pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *perg- (“board, beam, trunk”), related to Old Saxon fercal, ferkal (“bolt, bar, lock”), Old Norse forkr (“iron-clad pole used for propelling a boat”), Lithuanian pérgas (“dugout”).


wicu

wicu (nominative singular)
wica (nominative plural)
wice (nominative plural)
wice (accusative singular)
wica (accusative plural)
wice (accusative plural)
wice (genitive singular)
wica (genitive plural)
wice (dative singular)
wicum (dative plural)


hærn

hærnas (nominative plural)
hærn (nominative singular)
hærnas (nominative plural)
hærn (accusative singular)
hærnas (accusative plural)
hærnes (genitive singular)
hærna (genitive plural)
hærne (dative singular)
hærnum (dative plural)

Scots: harn

From Proto-West Germanic *hirʀnī, from Proto-Germanic *hirzniją, *hirsniz (“brain”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-s-on-, from *ḱerh₂- (reduced *ḱr̥h₂-).


hærn

head

hærn f (nominative plural hærna or hærne)

hærna (nominative plural)
hærne (nominative plural)
hærn (nominative singular)
hærna (nominative plural)
hærne (nominative plural)
hærne (accusative singular)
hærna (accusative plural)
hærne (accusative plural)
hærne (genitive singular)
hærna (genitive plural)
hærne (dative singular)
hærnum (dative plural)

From earlier hræn, from Proto-West Germanic *hraʀnu, from Proto-Germanic *hraznō, from Proto-Indo-European *krosnéh₂, from *kres- (“spring, wave”).


færgripe

fǣrgripe (canonical masculine)
fǣrgripe (nominative singular)
fǣrgripas (nominative plural)
fǣrgripe (accusative singular)
fǣrgripas (accusative plural)
fǣrgripes (genitive singular)
fǣrgripa (genitive plural)
fǣrgripe (dative singular)
fǣrgripum (dative plural)

From fǣr (“sudden attack”) + gripe (“grip, seizure”).

compound

Þryþswyþ beheold mæg Higelaces hu se manscaða under færgripum gefaran wolde.

The mighty one, Hygelac's kinsman, saw how the killer meant to proceed with a sudden strike. (Beowulf, ll. 736-8)


agendfrea

/ˈɑː.ɡendˌfræ͜ɑː/

[ˈɑː.ɣendˌfræ͜ɑː]


batweard

bātweard (canonical masculine)
bātweard (nominative singular)
bātweardas (nominative plural)
bātweard (accusative singular)
bātweardas (accusative plural)
bātweardes (genitive singular)
bātwearda (genitive plural)
bātwearde (dative singular)
bātweardum (dative plural)

/ˈbɑːtˌwæ͜ɑrd/

[ˈbɑːtˌwæ͜ɑrˠd]

From bāt (“boat, ship, vessel”) + weard (“ward, guardian, keeper”).

Beowulf, lines 1900-1901

He gave the ship's watchman a bound gold sword.

He þæm batwearde bunden golde swurd gesealde.

ship's watchman; keeper or commander of a ship


freondlaþu

frēondlaþu (canonical feminine)
frēondlaþu (nominative singular)
frēondlaþa (nominative plural)
frēondlaþe (nominative plural)
frēondlaþe (accusative singular)
frēondlaþa (accusative plural)
frēondlaþe (accusative plural)
frēondlaþe (genitive singular)
frēondlaþa (genitive plural)
frēondlaþe (dative singular)
frēondlaþum (dative plural)

frēond (“friend”) + *laþu (“invitation”)


earmhread

/ˈæ͜ɑrmˌxræ͜ɑːd/

[ˈæ͜ɑrˠmˌr̥æ͜ɑːd]


eorclanstan

eorclanstān (canonical masculine)
eorcnanstān (alternative)


byrla

byrla (nominative singular)
byrlan (nominative plural)
byrlan (accusative singular)
byrlan (accusative plural)
byrlan (genitive singular)
byrlena (genitive plural)
byrlan (dative singular)
byrlum (dative plural)
birla (alternative)

From *byril + -a, from Proto-West Germanic *biril. Cognate with Old High German biril (“a large basket, pot”). More at barrel.


rimere

rīmere (canonical masculine)
rīmere (nominative singular)
rīmeras (nominative plural)
rīmere (accusative singular)
rīmeras (accusative plural)
rīmeres (genitive singular)
rīmera (genitive plural)
rīmere (dative singular)
rīmerum (dative plural)

Middle English: rymare

English: rimer

From Proto-Germanic *rīmą (“number”) + Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz (nominal agent suffix), equivalent to Old English rīm (“enumeration”) + -ere (“-er”). Related to Old English rīman (“to count, number, reckon, enumerate, calculate, compute”). More at rime.

cog

one who computes, counts, or calculates; a reckoner


feormfultum

From feorm (“food”) + fultum (“support, assistance”)

com

purveyance, assistance in acquiring food


dwimor

dwimor (nominative plural)
dwimor (nominative singular)
dwimor (nominative plural)
dwimor (accusative singular)
dwimor (accusative plural)
dwimores (genitive singular)
dwimora (genitive plural)
dwimore (dative singular)
dwimorum (dative plural)
dwimer (alternative)
dwymer (alternative)
dwymor (alternative)

Middle English: dweomer, dwimer

English: dweomer, dwimmer

From Proto-Germanic *dwemrą (“vapour, smoke, apparition”), from Proto-Germanic *dwemaną (“to smoke”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”).


þeo

þēo (canonical masculine)
þēo (nominative singular)
þeowas (nominative plural)
þēo (accusative singular)
þeowas (accusative plural)
þeowes (genitive singular)
þeowa (genitive plural)
þeowe (dative singular)
þeowum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *þeu, from Proto-Germanic *þewaz, probably from earlier *þegwaz, *þehwaz (“runner, gofer”), likely from Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to run”). Cognate with Old High German dio, Proto-Norse ᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (þewaʀ) (whence Old Norse -þér).


healsfang

healsfang (nominative singular)
healsfang (nominative plural)
healsfang (accusative singular)
healsfang (accusative plural)
healsfanges (genitive singular)
healsfanga (genitive plural)
healsfange (dative singular)
healsfangum (dative plural)

/ˈxæ͜ɑlsˌfɑnɡ/

[ˈhæ͜ɑɫsˌfɑŋɡ]

a fine prescribed in substitution for capital and other punishments, preferential share of the wergeld


wærc

wærċ (canonical masculine)
wærċ (nominative singular)
wærċas (nominative plural)
wærċ (accusative singular)
wærċas (accusative plural)
wærċes (genitive singular)
wærċa (genitive plural)
wærċe (dative singular)
wærċum (dative plural)
werċ (alternative)
wræċ (alternative)

Middle English: warch, wark, werk (unassibilated forms due to influence from Old Norse verkr)

English: wark

Scots: werk, wark

From Proto-Germanic *warkiz (“ache, pain”), from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ-, *wreǵ- (“to work, act”). Cognate with Old Norse verkr (“pain”).


heortece

heorteċe (canonical masculine)
heorteċe (nominative singular)
heorteċas (nominative plural)
heorteċe (accusative singular)
heorteċas (accusative plural)
heorteċes (genitive singular)
heorteċa (genitive plural)
heorteċe (dative singular)
heorteċum (dative plural)

Middle English: heorte-ece, heorteece

English: heartache


æce

From Proto-West Germanic *aki, from Proto-Germanic *akiz (“ache, pain”).


ece

eċe (canonical masculine)
eċe (nominative singular)
eċas (nominative plural)
eċe (accusative singular)
eċas (accusative plural)
eċes (genitive singular)
eċa (genitive plural)
eċe (dative singular)
eċum (dative plural)
aċe (alternative)
æċe (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: ache, ake, eche
English: ache
Scots: ake

From Proto-West Germanic *aki, from Proto-Germanic *akiz (“ache, pain”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eg- (“fault, guilt, sin”).


readan

/ˈræ͜ɑː.dɑn/

inflection of rēada:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of rēada:
genitive/dative singular


egan

inflection of ēge:
nominative/accusative plural

inflection of ēge:
genitive/dative singular


groma

grōma (canonical masculine)
grōma (nominative singular)
grōman (nominative plural)
grōman (accusative singular)
grōman (accusative plural)
grōman (genitive singular)
grōmena (genitive plural)
grōman (dative singular)
grōmum (dative plural)

Middle English: grome, grom, groome

English: groom

→ Dutch: groom

Scots: grome, grume, greem

→ Old French: gromme, groume

⇒ Old French: groumet

Middle French: gourmet

French: gourmet

→ English: gourmet

→ Icelandic: grómr, gromr

From *grōm (“womb”) + -a (agent noun suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *grōm (“belly, womb”).


onsang

onsang (nominative singular)
onsangas (nominative plural)
onsang (accusative singular)
onsangas (accusative plural)
onsanges (genitive singular)
onsanga (genitive plural)
onsange (dative singular)
onsangum (dative plural)


ragu

ragu (nominative singular)
raga (nominative plural)
rage (nominative plural)
rage (accusative singular)
raga (accusative plural)
rage (accusative plural)
rage (genitive singular)
raga (genitive plural)
rage (dative singular)
ragum (dative plural)

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *ragō (“lichen, beard”) and related to Proto-Germanic *rūhaz (whence rough) and Proto-Germanic *rawwō (whence rag), therefore from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewk- (“to pluck”). However compare Russian ракита (rakita, “broom, willow tree”), which could be from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erkʷ- (“bend”).


hrop

hrōp (canonical masculine)
hrōp (nominative singular)
hrōpas (nominative plural)
hrōp (accusative singular)
hrōpas (accusative plural)
hrōpes (genitive singular)
hrōpa (genitive plural)
hrōpe (dative singular)
hrōpum (dative plural)

Middle English: rop


synne

inflection of synn:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of synn:
nominative/accusative plural


slota

slota (nominative singular)
slotan (nominative plural)
slotan (accusative singular)
slotan (accusative plural)
slotan (genitive singular)
slotena (genitive plural)
slotan (dative singular)
slotum (dative plural)
sloca (alternative)

Middle English: *slot

English: slot (“a small piece”)

Unknown. If sloca be the original form, then perhaps related to or derived from Proto-Germanic *slukiz (“throat, gulp”), Proto-Germanic *slūkaną (“to swallow”).


ciese

ċīese (canonical masculine)
ċīese (nominative singular)
ċīesas (nominative plural)
ċīese (accusative singular)
ċīesas (accusative plural)
ċīeses (genitive singular)
ċīesa (genitive plural)
ċīese (dative singular)
ċīesum (dative plural)
ċǣse (alternative)
ċēse (alternative)
ċȳse (alternative)
cȳsa (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: chese, cheese, chesse, cheys, chiese, chise, cæse, ceose, cuse, cyse (Early Middle English)
English: cheese (see there for further descendants)
Scots: cheese

From Proto-West Germanic *kāsī, borrowed from Latin cāseus.


gerihte

ġerihte (canonical neuter)
ġerihtu (nominative plural)
ġerihte (nominative singular)
ġerihtu (nominative plural)
ġerihte (accusative singular)
ġerihtu (accusative plural)
ġerihtes (genitive singular)
ġerihta (genitive plural)
ġerihte (dative singular)
ġerihtum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *garihtiją (“right, justice”). Cognate with Old High German girihti. More at right.


neoda

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of nēod


hweg

hwēġ (canonical neuter)
hwēġ (nominative singular)
hwēġ (nominative plural)
hwēġ (accusative singular)
hwēġ (accusative plural)
hwēġes (genitive singular)
hwēġa (genitive plural)
hwēġe (dative singular)
hwēġum (dative plural)


hwæg

hwǣġ (canonical neuter)
hwǣġ (nominative singular)
hwǣġ (nominative plural)
hwǣġ (accusative singular)
hwǣġ (accusative plural)
hwǣġes (genitive singular)
hwǣġa (genitive plural)
hwǣġe (dative singular)
hwǣġum (dative plural)
hwæiġ (alternative)
hwēġ (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: whey, wheyy, whei, wheye, wheyȝe, wey, whay, qwhey, weyȝe, whaye, wege
English: whey (whig)
Scots: quhaye, quhay, quhey, whey, fey

From Proto-Germanic *hwajją, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to pile up, build”).


gehat

ġehāt (canonical neuter)
ġehāt (nominative singular)
ġehāt (nominative plural)
ġehāt (accusative singular)
ġehāt (accusative plural)
ġehātes (genitive singular)
ġehāta (genitive plural)
ġehāte (dative singular)
ġehātum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *gahait, from Proto-Germanic *gahaitą. Cognate with Old High German giheiz, Old Norse heit, Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 (gahait).

ġehāt ġehātan

ġehāt ġelǣstan


sapan

inflection of sāpe:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of sāpe:
genitive/dative singular


wisan

inflection of wisa:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of wisa:
nominative/accusative plural

inflection of wise:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of wise:
nominative/accusative plural


horu

horwas (nominative plural)
horu (nominative singular)
horwas (nominative plural)
horu (accusative singular)
horwas (accusative plural)
horwes (genitive singular)
horwa (genitive plural)
horwe (dative singular)
horwum (dative plural)

Middle English: hore, horwe

⇒ Middle English: horowe (adj)

desc

⇒ Middle English: horuthe, horthe (“filth”)

From Proto-West Germanic *horhu, from Proto-Germanic *hurhwą (“manure; filth”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer- (“dark; grey; dirty”).


meda

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of mēd


loh

lōh (canonical neuter)
lōh (nominative singular)
lōh (nominative plural)
lōh (accusative singular)
lōh (accusative plural)
lōges (genitive singular)
lōga (genitive plural)
lōge (dative singular)
lōgum (dative plural)


sæla

genitive/nominative/accusative plural of sǣl


infaru

infara (nominative plural)
infaru (nominative singular)
infara (nominative plural)
infare (nominative plural)
infare (accusative singular)
infara (accusative plural)
infare (accusative plural)
infare (genitive singular)
infara (genitive plural)
infare (dative singular)
infarum (dative plural)

From in- + faru. Related to infare (“entrance, ingress”), infaran (“to go into, enter”), and inswogan (“invade”).

an invasion, incursion, inroad, march into a country


wraca

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of wracu


tungolcræft

tungolcræft (nominative singular)
tungolcræft (accusative singular)
tungolcræftes (genitive singular)
tungolcræfte (dative singular)

Middle English: tungolcraft


þeodwiga

head

þēodwiga f (nominative plural þēodwigan)

þēodwiga (canonical feminine)
þēodwigan (nominative plural)

þēod (“nation, people, tribe, race”) + wiga (“warrior, fighter”)


scrutnung

head

sċrūtnung f (nominative plural sċrūtnunga)

sċrūtnung (canonical feminine)
sċrūtnunga (nominative plural)
sċrūdnung (alternative)

Likely from Old High German scrodon, scruton (“inquiry, investigation”) (+ -ung), from Proto-Germanic *skrūdą, said to have come from Proto-Indo-European *skrew-. Related to Old English sċrūtnian (“to examine, scrutinize, consider, investigate”).

cog

an examination, investigation, inquiry, search


monn

monn (nominative singular)
menn (nominative plural)
monn (accusative singular)
menn (accusative plural)
monnes (genitive singular)
monna (genitive plural)
menn (dative singular)
monnum (dative plural)


næs

næs (nominative singular)
næssas (nominative plural)
næs (accusative singular)
næssas (accusative plural)
næsses (genitive singular)
næssa (genitive plural)
næsse (dative singular)
næssum (dative plural)

English: ness

From Proto-Germanic *nasją (“promontory; ness”).


hæring

hǣring (canonical masculine)
hǣring (nominative singular)
hǣringas (nominative plural)
hǣring (accusative singular)
hǣringas (accusative plural)
hǣringes (genitive singular)
hǣringa (genitive plural)
hǣringe (dative singular)
hǣringum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hering, hereng, heiring, herring, hæring, haring (Early Middle English)
English: herring
Scots: hering, herring, herrin, haring
Yola: hereen, heereen


ciele

ċiele (canonical masculine)
ċiele (nominative singular)
ċielas (nominative plural)
ċiele (accusative singular)
ċielas (accusative plural)
ċieles (genitive singular)
ċiela (genitive plural)
ċiele (dative singular)
ċielum (dative plural)
ċile (alternative)
ċyle (alternative)
ċæle (alternative Anglian)
ċele (alternative Anglian)
ċhele (alternative Anglian)

Middle English: chele, chile

English: chill (see there for further descendants)

Scots: chill

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *kali, from Proto-Germanic *kaliz.


clea

clēa (canonical feminine)
clēa (nominative singular)
clēa (nominative plural)
clawe (accusative singular)
clēa (accusative plural)
clawe (genitive singular)
clawa (genitive plural)
clawe (dative singular)
clēam (dative plural)
cla (alternative)
clā (alternative)
cleo (alternative)
clēo (alternative)

Middle English: cle

English: cley

From Proto-West Germanic *klau, a variant of *klawu.


forþscype

forþsċype (canonical masculine)
forþsċype (nominative singular)
forþsċypas (nominative plural)
forþsċype (accusative singular)
forþsċypas (accusative plural)
forþsċypes (genitive singular)
forþsċypa (genitive plural)
forþsċype (dative singular)
forþsċypum (dative plural)
forþsċiepe (alternative)


sceotend

sċēotend (canonical masculine)
sċēotend (nominative singular)
sċēotend (nominative plural)
sċēotende (nominative plural)
sċēotendas (nominative plural)
sċēotend (accusative singular)
sċēotend (accusative plural)
sċēotende (accusative plural)
sċēotendas (accusative plural)
sċēotendes (genitive singular)
sċēotendra (genitive plural)
sċēotende (dative singular)
sċēotendum (dative plural)

Middle English: shetend, shetynde


hornreced

hornreċed (canonical neuter)
hornreċed (nominative singular)
hornreċed (nominative plural)
hornreċed (accusative singular)
hornreċed (accusative plural)
hornreċedes (genitive singular)
hornreċeda (genitive plural)
hornreċede (dative singular)
hornreċedum (dative plural)


mundbyrd

From mund + byrd. Compare Old High German mundiburd and Old Saxon mundburd.


beadwa

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of beadu


geþing

ġeþing (canonical neuter)
geþing (nominative singular)
geþing (nominative plural)
geþing (accusative singular)
geþing (accusative plural)
geþinges (genitive singular)
geþinga (genitive plural)
geþinge (dative singular)
geþingum (dative plural)


ierre

ierre (nominative singular)
ierru (nominative plural)
ierre (accusative singular)
ierru (accusative plural)
ierres (genitive singular)
ierra (genitive plural)
ierre (dative singular)
ierrum (dative plural)
eorre (alternative)
erre (alternative)
yrre (alternative)
irre (alternative)
iorre (alternative Anglian)

Godes yrre bær


hælu

hǣlu (canonical feminine)
hǣlu (nominative singular)
hǣlu (nominative plural)
hǣle (nominative plural)
hǣlu (accusative singular)
hǣle (accusative singular)
hǣlu (accusative plural)
hǣle (accusative plural)
hǣlu (genitive singular)
hǣle (genitive singular)
hǣla (genitive plural)
hǣlu (dative singular)
hǣle (dative singular)
hǣlum (dative plural)
hǣlo (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: hele, hale, heale, heel, heele, helle, hel, ȝel, ȝele, eale, hæle (Early Middle English)
English: heal
Scots: heal, hele
Yola: heale, heall, heal, hele

From Proto-West Germanic *hailī, equivalent to hāl + -u.


unlust

unlust (nominative singular)
unlustas (nominative plural)
unlust (accusative singular)
unlustas (accusative plural)
unlustes (genitive singular)
unlusta (genitive plural)
unluste (dative singular)
unlustum (dative plural)

Middle English: unlust

English: unlust

From Proto-Germanic *unlustuz. Equivalent to un- + lust. Cognate with Gothic 𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (unlustus, “apathy, listlessness”) and German Unlust (“lack of desire, aversion”).

cog

absence of desire; disgust, disinclination, listlessness

want of pleasure; joylessness, weariness


galgan

inflection of galga:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of galga:
nominative/accusative plural


alh

alh (nominative singular)
alas (nominative plural)
alh (accusative singular)
alas (accusative plural)
ales (genitive singular)
ala (genitive plural)
ale (dative singular)
alum (dative plural)


fruman

inflection of fruma:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of fruma:
genitive/dative singular


slah

slāh (canonical feminine)
slāh (nominative singular)
slān (nominative plural)
slān (accusative singular)
slān (accusative plural)
slān (genitive singular)
slāna (genitive plural)
slān (dative singular)
slāum (dative plural)
slām (dative plural)
slāg (alternative)
slā (alternative)

Middle English: sla, slo

English: sloe

Scots: slae

From Proto-West Germanic *slaihā, from Proto-Germanic *slaihǭ.


eale

inflection of eal:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of eal:
nominative/accusative plural


wigan

From Proto-West Germanic *wīgan, from Proto-Germanic *wiganą. Cognate with Old High German wīgan, Old Norse vega.

inflection of wiga:
accusative/dative singular

inflection of wiga:
nominative/accusative plural


gund

desctree

Middle English: gounde, gownde
English: gound (dialectal gund)

From Proto-West Germanic *gund, from Proto-Germanic *gundaz (“sore, boil”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰendʰ- (“ulcer, sore, abscess, boil”). Cognate with Old High German gunt (“purulent matter”), dialectal Norwegian gund (“the scab of an ulcer”).


guþa

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of gūþ


unwita

unwita (nominative singular)
unwitan (nominative plural)
unwitan (accusative singular)
unwitan (accusative plural)
unwitan (genitive singular)
unwitena (genitive plural)
unwitan (dative singular)
unwitum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *unwitō. Cognate with Old High German unwizzo. Equivalent to un- + wita, literally "un-knower."


liss

liss (nominative singular)
lissa (nominative plural)
lisse (nominative plural)
lisse (accusative singular)
lissa (accusative plural)
lisse (accusative plural)
lisse (genitive singular)
lissa (genitive plural)
lisse (dative singular)
lissum (dative plural)
līþs (alternative)
líðs (alternative)

From earlier līþs, from líþe (“gentle, mild”)


bearo

bearo (nominative singular)
bearwas (nominative plural)
bearo (accusative singular)
bearwas (accusative plural)
bearwes (genitive singular)
bearwa (genitive plural)
bearwe (dative singular)
bearwum (dative plural)


werre

desctree

Middle English: werre, ware, wær, weer, weorre, wer, were, werr, weyr, worre
English: war
Scots: wer, weir, war

From Old Northern French werre, from Medieval Latin werra, borrowed from Frankish *werru (“confusion; quarrel”),.

(Late Old English) war (large-scale military conflict)


yrfe

yrfe (nominative singular)
yrfu (nominative plural)
yrfe (accusative singular)
yrfu (accusative plural)
yrfes (genitive singular)
yrfa (genitive plural)
yrfe (dative singular)
yrfum (dative plural)


elne

inflection of eln:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of eln:
genitive/dative singular


wiln

wīln (canonical feminine)
wīlna (nominative plural)
wīln (nominative singular)
wīlna (nominative plural)
wīlne (nominative plural)
wīlne (accusative singular)
wīlna (accusative plural)
wīlne (accusative plural)
wīlne (genitive singular)
wīlna (genitive plural)
wīlne (dative singular)
wīlnum (dative plural)
wȳln (alternative)

A contraction of *wīelen; equivalent to wealh (“Welsh person, slave”) + -en (feminine suffix).

af

T. Northcote Toller
w:T. Northcote Toller

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
w:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


wangan

inflection of wange:
nominative/accusative plural

inflection of wange:
genitive/dative singular


numa

numa (nominative singular)
numan (nominative plural)
numan (accusative singular)
numan (accusative plural)
numan (genitive singular)
numena (genitive plural)
numan (dative singular)
numum (dative plural)


scyldwite

head

sċyldwīte n (nominative plural sċyldwītu)

sċyldwīte (canonical neuter)
sċyldwītu (nominative plural)
sċyldwīte (nominative singular)
sċyldwītu (nominative plural)
sċyldwīte (accusative singular)
sċyldwītu (accusative plural)
sċyldwītes (genitive singular)
sċyldwīta (genitive plural)
sċyldwīte (dative singular)
sċyldwītum (dative plural)


ælfen

ælfen (nominative singular)
ælfenna (nominative plural)
ælfenne (nominative plural)
ælfenne (accusative singular)
ælfenna (accusative plural)
ælfenne (accusative plural)
ælfenne (genitive singular)
ælfenna (genitive plural)
ælfenne (dative singular)
ælfennum (dative plural)


elfen

elfen (nominative singular)
elfenna (nominative plural)
elfenne (nominative plural)
elfenne (accusative singular)
elfenna (accusative plural)
elfenne (accusative plural)
elfenne (genitive singular)
elfenna (genitive plural)
elfenne (dative singular)
elfennum (dative plural)


traht

trahtas (nominative plural)
traht (nominative singular)
trahtas (nominative plural)
traht (accusative singular)
trahtas (accusative plural)
trahtes (genitive singular)
trahta (genitive plural)
trahte (dative singular)
trahtum (dative plural)
tract (alternative)

From trahtnian, trahtian (“to treat, comment on, expound, consider”), from Proto-Indo-European *derk- (“to see, behold, observe, notice”), cognate with Old High German trahta.

der

c. 992, Ælfric, "The First Sunday in Lent"
Nu bidde ic eow þæt ge beon geðyldige on eowerum geðance, ōðþæt we ðone traht mid Godes fylste oferrædan magon.

Now I pray you to be patient in your thoughts till, with God's assistance, we can read over the text.

text, passage, exposition, treatise, commentary


scos

inflection of sċōh:
nominative/accusative plural


flett

flett (nominative plural)
flett (nominative singular)
flett (nominative plural)
flett (accusative singular)
flett (accusative plural)
flettes (genitive singular)
fletta (genitive plural)
flette (dative singular)
flettum (dative plural)
fled (alternative)
flet (alternative)

Middle English: flet
English: flet

From Proto-West Germanic *flatti, from Proto-Germanic *flatją (“floor”), from *flataz (“flat”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”). Akin to Old Frisian flet, flette (“dwelling, house”).

cog

Heó on flett gecrong.

Gif ðæt flett geblódgad wyrþe.

a dwelling, habitation, house, cottage, hall


gnast

gnāst (canonical masculine)
gnāst (nominative singular)
gnāstas (nominative plural)
gnāst (accusative singular)
gnāstas (accusative plural)
gnāstes (genitive singular)
gnāsta (genitive plural)
gnāste (dative singular)
gnāstum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: gnast, gnost, gnoste, knast
English: gnast (obsolete)
⇒? English: snaste, snast, snaist, snaast, sneeste, sneest, snace, snaice, sneeze, snaich

⇒ Old English: fȳrgnāst

From Proto-West Germanic *gahnaistō, from Proto-Germanic *gahnaistô (“spark”), from Proto-Germanic *ga- + Proto-Germanic *hnaistô (“spark”), perhaps from the ultimate (imitative) source of German knistern (“to crackle”).

onomatopoeic

imitative


hwicce

hwiċċe (canonical feminine)
hwiċċe (nominative singular)
hwiċċan (nominative plural)
hwiċċan (accusative singular)
hwiċċan (accusative plural)
hwiċċan (genitive singular)
hwiċċena (genitive plural)
hwiċċan (dative singular)
hwiċċum (dative plural)
huiċe (alternative)
hwiċe (alternative)

Middle English: whucce, hucche

English: hutch, Whitcher

From a Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”), from which also derives English hide (noun and verb) and sky.


adle

inflection of ādl:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of ādl:
genitive/dative singular


holdscipe

holdsċipe (nominative singular)
holdsċipas (nominative plural)
holdsċipe (accusative singular)
holdsċipas (accusative plural)
holdsċipes (genitive singular)
holdsċipa (genitive plural)
holdsċipe (dative singular)
holdsċipum (dative plural)

Eallra ðæra manna land hí fordydon ðe wǽron innan ðæs cynges holdscipe

They destroyed the lands of all those men that were in king's allegiance. (Chr. 1087; Erl. 224, 15.)


dustsceawung

[ˈduːstˌʃæ͜ɑː.wuŋɡ]

From dūst (“dust”) + sċēawung (“inspection, contemplation”) (see scavage for more).

affix

He þa swa geomor, & swa gnorngende, gewāt from þære dustsceawunga & hine þa onwende from ealre þisse worlde begangum,
1880, translation by Richard Morris:

He then, so sad and sorrowful, departed from the ‘dust-spectacle’ (contemplation of the dust), and turned himself away from all the affairs of this world;
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


dwild

dwild (nominative singular)
dwild (nominative plural)
dwild (accusative singular)
dwild (accusative plural)
dwildes (genitive singular)
dwilda (genitive plural)
dwilde (dative singular)
dwildum (dative plural)
dwyld (alternative)


hilda

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of hild


cyn

Alternative form of cynn (“type, kind, species, kin”)


flema

flēma (canonical feminine)
flēma (nominative singular)
flēman (nominative plural)
flēman (accusative singular)
flēman (accusative plural)
flēman (genitive singular)
flēmena (genitive plural)
flēman (dative singular)
flēmum (dative plural)


genip

ġenip (canonical neuter)
ġenipu (nominative plural)
ġenip (nominative singular)
ġenipu (nominative plural)
ġenip (accusative singular)
ġenipu (accusative plural)
ġenipes (genitive singular)
ġenipa (genitive plural)
ġenipe (dative singular)
ġenipum (dative plural)

ge- + nip, cognate with Old High German nebul, Old Norse nifl, from Proto-Indo-European *nébʰos.

Wearþ genip, and ofersceadede híg (facta est nūbes, et obumbrāvit eos), Lk. Bos. 9, 34.

Ðæt genip stód æt ðæs geteldes dura (the cloud stood at the door of the tabernacle), Ex. 33, 10: Cd. 8; Th. 9, 9; Gen. 139.

Moises eóde to ðam genipe (Moyses accessit ad calīgĭnem), Ex. 20, 21.

Com stefen of ðam genipe (vox facta est de nūbe), Lk. Bos. 9, 35.

On ðæt genip (in nūbem), Lk. Bos. 9, 34.

In ðæt neowle genip (into the deep darkness), Cd. 223; Th. 292, 25; Sat. 445: 217; Th. 275, 31; Sat. 180: Exon. 93 b; Th. 351, 12; Sch. 79.

Ofer flóda genipu (over the mists of floods), Beo. Th. 5608; B. 2808: 2724; B. 1360.

Ðú ðe gesetst genipu upastínesse ðínne oððe ðínne upstíge (qui pōnis nūbem ascensum tuum), Ps. Lamb. 103, 3: Ps. Spl. 77, 27.

Sweart wolcen and genip (atra nubes), Nar. 23, 23.

Wolcnu & genipu (nubes), Ps. L. 17, 13.

Winterbiter weder and wolcna genipu, Az. 105. (1 a)

Gyf strongra storm and genip swíþor þreáde (si procella fortior aut nimbus perurgeret), Bd. 4, 3; Sch. 361, 3.

Þá wæs swýðe mycel genip geworden in þám wolcnum, and unmǽte rénas ríndon collecto (in nubibus aere immensa nimis pluvia erupit), Gr. D. 196, 1.


tife

tifan (nominative plural)
tife (nominative singular)
tifan (nominative plural)
tifan (accusative singular)
tifan (accusative plural)
tifan (genitive singular)
tifena (genitive plural)
tifan (dative singular)
tifum (dative plural)


edwist

edwiste (nominative plural)
ædwist (alternative)

Ic adilegie ealle ða edwiste, ðe ic geworhte.

I will benothing all beings that I have made. (Gen. 7:4)


gearwe

ġearwe (canonical feminine)
ġearwe (nominative singular)
ġearwan (nominative plural)
ġearwan (accusative singular)
ġearwan (accusative plural)
ġearwan (genitive singular)
ġearwena (genitive plural)
ġearwan (dative singular)
ġearwum (dative plural)
ġearuuae (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: yarwe, ȝarewe, ȝarow, ȝarowe, ȝarwe, ȝorow, yare, yarewe, yarou, yarow, yarowe
English: yarrow; >? yarr
>? Scots: yarr

Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Nicoline van der Sijs

From Proto-West Germanic *garwā, perhaps derived from *garu (“prepared, ready (of food”)), as the plant was used medicinally for digestion.


gearwe

ġearwe (canonical feminine plural)
ġearwe (nominative plural)
ġearwe (accusative plural)
ġearwa (genitive plural)
ġearwum (dative plural)

English: gear (influenced by Old Norse gervi)

Of North Germanic origin, probably Old Norse gervi.


galdre

galdre (nominative singular)
galdras (nominative plural)
galdre (accusative singular)
galdras (accusative plural)
galdres (genitive singular)
galdra (genitive plural)
galdre (dative singular)
galdrum (dative plural)
galdere (alternative)

From galdor (“enchantment”) + -ere (“agent suffix”).


niþgeteon

head

nīþġetēon n (nominative plural nīþġetēon)

nīþġetēon (canonical neuter)
nīþġetēon (nominative plural)

From nīþ (“strife, enmity, attack, war: evil, hatred, spite”) + ġetēon (“to draw, lead, incite, excite”).

compound

Sigor eft áhwearf of norþmonna níðgeteóne, æsctír wera.

Victory after turning back the attack of the Northmen, battle-glory of the troop. (Cd. Th. 124, 24 ; Gen. 2067.)

an attack, malice with intent to wound or kill


æsctir

æsċtīr (canonical masculine)
æsċtīras (nominative plural)

From æsċ (“ash, spear, lance, ship”) + tīr (“fame, glory, honor”).


fyrwit

fyrwit (nominative singular)
fyrwit (nominative plural)
fyrwit (accusative singular)
fyrwit (accusative plural)
fyrwittes (genitive singular)
fyrwitta (genitive plural)
fyrwitte (dative singular)
fyrwittum (dative plural)


tæppestre

head

tæppestre f (nominative plural tæppestran)

tæppestran (nominative plural)
tæppestre (nominative singular)
tæppestran (nominative plural)
tæppestran (accusative singular)
tæppestran (accusative plural)
tæppestran (genitive singular)
tæppestrena (genitive plural)
tæppestran (dative singular)
tæppestrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tappestere, tapestere, tapister, tappester, tappster, tapstare, tapster, tapstere
English: tapster
⇒ English: tapstress

From tæppa + -estre; compare tæppere (“barkeep, tavern-keeper”).

a female tavern-keeper, tapster, barmaid


tæppere

tæppere (nominative singular)
tæpperas (nominative plural)
tæppere (accusative singular)
tæpperas (accusative plural)
tæpperes (genitive singular)
tæppera (genitive plural)
tæppere (dative singular)
tæpperum (dative plural)

English: tapper


sess

sess (nominative singular)
sessas (nominative plural)
sess (accusative singular)
sessas (accusative plural)
sesses (genitive singular)
sessa (genitive plural)
sesse (dative singular)
sessum (dative plural)
ses (alternative)
sæs (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *sess, from Proto-Germanic *sessaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sedstós.


swingel

swinġel (canonical feminine)
swinġel (nominative singular)
swinġella (nominative plural)
swinġelle (nominative plural)
swinġelle (accusative singular)
swinġella (accusative plural)
swinġelle (accusative plural)
swinġelle (genitive singular)
swinġella (genitive plural)
swinġelle (dative singular)
swinġellum (dative plural)

Middle English: swingel

English: swingel, swingle

Scots: swingill, swyngill

From Proto-West Germanic *swingillju, from Proto-Germanic *swingiljō.


lifen

lifen (nominative singular)
lifna (nominative plural)
lifne (nominative plural)
lifne (accusative singular)
lifna (accusative plural)
lifne (accusative plural)
lifne (genitive singular)
lifna (genitive plural)
lifne (dative singular)
lifnum (dative plural)
leofen (alternative)
libn (alternative)

Related to Proto-Germanic *lībą. Akin to Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (libains).

that by which one lives, support, sustenance


hyde

inflection of hȳd:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of hȳd:
nominative/accusative plural


hinderling

hinderling (nominative singular)
hinderlingas (nominative plural)
hinderling (accusative singular)
hinderlingas (accusative plural)
hinderlinges (genitive singular)
hinderlinga (genitive plural)
hinderlinge (dative singular)
hinderlingum (dative plural)

English: hinderling

From By surface analysis, hinder- + -ling (diminutive suffix).


leorningcild

leorningċild (canonical neuter)
leorningċild (nominative singular)
leorningċild (nominative plural)
leorningċildru (nominative plural)
leorningċildra (nominative plural)
leorningċild (accusative singular)
leorningċild (accusative plural)
leorningċildru (accusative plural)
leorningċildra (accusative plural)
leorningċildes (genitive singular)
leorningċilda (genitive plural)
leorningċildra (genitive plural)
leorningċilde (dative singular)
leorningċildum (dative plural)
leorningċildrum (dative plural)

From leornung (“study, learning”) + ċild (“child, youth”).


fyndel

fyndela (nominative plural)
fyndel (nominative singular)
fyndele (nominative plural)
fyndela (nominative plural)
fyndel (accusative singular)
fyndele (accusative singular)
fyndele (accusative plural)
fyndela (accusative plural)
fyndele (genitive singular)
fyndela (genitive plural)
fyndele (dative singular)
fyndelum (dative plural)

desc

remodelled after <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">-els</i>

Middle English: fyndels (remodelled after -els)

remodelled after <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">-al</i>

English: findal (remodelled after -al)

Gyf hī hyra fyndele þrīstfulle ġecuran, ...

If they their bold device chose (Angl. xiii. 369, 54)


stret

strēt (canonical feminine)
strēt (nominative singular)
strēta (nominative plural)
strēte (nominative plural)
strēte (accusative singular)
strēta (accusative plural)
strēte (accusative plural)
strēte (genitive singular)
strēta (genitive plural)
strēte (dative singular)
strētum (dative plural)


agend

āgend (canonical masculine)
āgend (nominative singular)
āgend (nominative plural)
āgende (nominative plural)
āgendas (nominative plural)
āgend (accusative singular)
āgend (accusative plural)
āgende (accusative plural)
āgendas (accusative plural)
āgendes (genitive singular)
āgendra (genitive plural)
āgende (dative singular)
āgendum (dative plural)


eorcnanstan

eorcnanstān (canonical masculine)
eorcnanstān (nominative singular)
eorcnanstānas (nominative plural)
eorcnanstān (accusative singular)
eorcnanstānas (accusative plural)
eorcnanstānes (genitive singular)
eorcnanstāna (genitive plural)
eorcnanstāne (dative singular)
eorcnanstānum (dative plural)
earcnanstān (alternative)
eorcanstān (alternative)
eorclanstān (alternative)

→ English: arkenstone (Tolkien)

Compound of eorcnan (“special, noble”) + stān (“stone”). Cognate with Old Norse jarknasteinn, which is generally regarded as a loan from Old English.
Translates margarita in 9th century biblical glosses but is used generically as "precious stone, gem" in Beowulf (line 1208) and The Ruin (v. 36).


binna

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of binn


fealca

fealca (nominative singular)
fealcan (nominative plural)
fealcan (accusative singular)
fealcan (accusative plural)
fealcan (genitive singular)
fealcena (genitive plural)
fealcan (dative singular)
fealcum (dative plural)
*falca (alternative)

Middle English: falk (in placenames and personal names); fylkere

Scots: falk, fauk, faik; facky, feckie

From Proto-West Germanic *falkō, from Proto-Germanic *falkô (“hawk, falcon”).


reaf

rēaf (canonical neuter)
rēaf (nominative singular)
rēaf (nominative plural)
rēaf (accusative singular)
rēaf (accusative plural)
rēafes (genitive singular)
rēafa (genitive plural)
rēafe (dative singular)
rēafum (dative plural)

Middle English: ræf, raf, ref, reif

English: reif

Scots: reif

From Proto-West Germanic *raub, from Proto-Germanic *raubaz.


berend

carrier, bearer (often used in compounds)


scima

sċīma (canonical masculine)
sċīma (nominative singular)
sċīman (nominative plural)
sċīman (accusative singular)
sċīman (accusative plural)
sċīman (genitive singular)
sċīmena (genitive plural)
sċīman (dative singular)
sċīmum (dative plural)

⇒ Middle English: schim, schym (adj)

>? English: stime

>? Scots: styme

→? English: stymie


hiwisce

hīwisċe (canonical neuter)
hīwisċe (nominative singular)
hīwisċu (nominative plural)
hīwisċe (accusative singular)
hīwisċu (accusative plural)
hīwisċes (genitive singular)
hīwisċa (genitive plural)
hīwisċe (dative singular)
hīwisċum (dative plural)
hēwisse (alternative)

Middle English: Hiwis

English: Huish

From Proto-West Germanic *hīwiskī. Cognate with Old Frisian hīskithe (“household unit, household”), Old High German hīwiski (“household, family”), Old Norse hýski (“domestic unit, household”).


efes

efes (nominative singular)
efesa (nominative plural)
efese (nominative plural)
efese (accusative singular)
efesa (accusative plural)
efese (accusative plural)
efese (genitive singular)
efesa (genitive plural)
efese (dative singular)
efesum (dative plural)
efis (alternative)
yfes (alternative)
œfes (alternative)
efesċ (alternative)
ofesċ (alternative)
œfesċ (alternative)
œfis (alternative)
efœsċ (alternative)
œfisċ (alternative)
efisċ (alternative)
*ofes (alternative)
*efos (alternative)

Middle English: eves, oves

English: eaves

⇒ English: eave

From Proto-West Germanic *ubisu, from Proto-Germanic *ubiswō.

esing

Middle English: evesung, evesing, esing; Scots


upgang

upgang (nominative singular)
upgangas (nominative plural)
upgang (accusative singular)
upgangas (accusative plural)
upganges (genitive singular)
upganga (genitive plural)
upgange (dative singular)
upgangum (dative plural)
upgong (alternative)

Middle English: upgang

English: upgang

From Proto-West Germanic *uppgang. Equivalent to up- + gang.


loþa

loþan (nominative plural)
loþa (nominative singular)
loþan (nominative plural)
loþan (accusative singular)
loþan (accusative plural)
loþan (genitive singular)
loþena (genitive plural)
loþan (dative singular)
loþum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *luþô (“coarse woolen cloth”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)lūt-, *lūd- (“weak, languid”). Cognate with Old Frisian lotha (“thick robe”), Old Saxon lotho (“thick wool robe”), Old High German lodo, ludo (“thick woolen cloth”).


tyge

tyġe (canonical masculine)
tyġe (nominative singular)
tyġas (nominative plural)
tyġe (accusative singular)
tyġas (accusative plural)
tyġes (genitive singular)
tyġa (genitive plural)
tyġe (dative singular)
tyġum (dative plural)


bollan

inflection of bolla:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of bolla:
nominative/accusative plural


suht

suht (nominative singular)
suhte (nominative plural)
suhta (nominative plural)
suht (accusative singular)
suhte (accusative singular)
suhte (accusative plural)
suhta (accusative plural)
suhte (genitive singular)
suhta (genitive plural)
suhte (dative singular)
suhtum (dative plural)

Middle English: suht, souȝt, soght; golsouȝt; lungessouth

Scots: gulsoch; lungasüte

From Proto-West Germanic *suhti, from Proto-Germanic *suhtiz. Equivalent to sēoc + -þ. Cognate with Old Saxon suht, Old High German suht, Old Norse sótt, Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (sauhts).


swima

swīma (canonical masculine)
swīma (nominative singular)
swīman (nominative plural)
swīman (accusative singular)
swīman (accusative plural)
swīman (genitive singular)
swīmena (genitive plural)
swīman (dative singular)
swīmum (dative plural)

Middle English: swyme

English: swim

From Proto-West Germanic *swīmō, from Proto-Germanic *swīmô, from Proto-Germanic *swīmāną (“to move, sway”).

der

swimming in the head, dizziness, giddiness, vertigo


breahtm

breahtm (nominative singular)
breahtmas (nominative plural)
breahtm (accusative singular)
breahtmas (accusative plural)
breahtmes (genitive singular)
breahtma (genitive plural)
breahtme (dative singular)
breahtmum (dative plural)
bearhtm (alternative)
byrhtm (alternative)
brehtm (alternative)
beorhtm (alternative)
bryhtm (alternative)
beorht (alternative)

Ȳþde swā þisne eardġeard · ælda Sċyppend
oþþæt burgwara · breahtma lēase
eald enta ġeweorc · īdlu stōdon.

Thus, Creator of men was destroying this world
until works of old giants, lacking of
citizens' noises, stood empty.

a noise; tumult; clamour; revelry, music; sound; cry


tætte

tætte (nominative singular)
tættan (nominative plural)
tættan (accusative singular)
tættan (accusative plural)
tættan (genitive singular)
tættena (genitive plural)
tættan (dative singular)
tættum (dative plural)
*tædde (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *tattā (“tuft, patch”).


recels

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Him mon brōhte gold tō ġefe, on þǣm wæs ġetācnod þæt hē wæs sōð cyning. Ōðer him brōhte reċels, on þǣm wæs ġetācnod þæt hē wæs sōð god. Sē þridda him brōhte myrran þā wyrt, on þǣm wæs ġetācnod þæt hē wæs dēadlīċ mon, ond þæt hē þurh his ānes dēað ealle ġelēaffulle men ġefrēode fram ēċum dēade.

One man brought gold to give to him, which signified that he was a true king. The second brought him incense, which signified that he was the true god. The third brought him the myrrh-plant, which signified that he was a mortal man, and that through his death alone, he freed all faithful men from eternal death.


frigu

Possibly from Proto-West Germanic *frīju, *frijōn (“to love”).


dyncge

dynċġe (canonical feminine)
dynċġan (nominative plural)
dynċġe (nominative singular)
dynċġan (nominative plural)
dynċġan (accusative singular)
dynċġan (accusative plural)
dynċġan (genitive singular)
dynċġena (genitive plural)
dynċġan (dative singular)
dynċġum (dative plural)
dinċġe (alternative)
denġe (alternative)

→ Latin: dingia (Anglo-Latin)

From Proto-West Germanic *dungijā (“dunghill, hill”).


filmene

inflection of filmen:
dative/genitive singular

inflection of filmen:
accusative singular/plural


stæg

stæġ (canonical neuter)
stæġ (nominative singular)
stagu (nominative plural)
stæġ (accusative singular)
stagu (accusative plural)
stæġes (genitive singular)
staga (genitive plural)
stæġe (dative singular)
stagum (dative plural)

Middle English: stay

English: stay

Scots: stay

From Proto-West Germanic *stag, from Proto-Germanic *stagą (“stay, rope”).


seonu

seonu (nominative singular)
seonwa (nominative plural)
seonwe (nominative plural)
seonwe (accusative singular)
seonwa (accusative plural)
seonwe (accusative plural)
seonwe (genitive singular)
seonwa (genitive plural)
seonwe (dative singular)
seonwum (dative plural)


besma

besma (nominative singular)
besman (nominative plural)
besman (accusative singular)
besman (accusative plural)
besman (genitive singular)
besmena (genitive plural)
besman (dative singular)
besmum (dative plural)
besema (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: besme, beseme, besome, bisme, besm, besom, besowme, besum, besume, besumme, bysme (Late Middle English)
English: besom
Scots: besom, bisom

From Proto-West Germanic *besmō (“branch, rod, broom”).


geræd

ġerǣd (canonical neuter)
ġerād (alternative)


gerad

ġerād (canonical neuter)
ġerād (nominative singular)
ġerād (nominative plural)
ġerād (accusative singular)
ġerād (accusative plural)
ġerādes (genitive singular)
ġerāda (genitive plural)
ġerāde (dative singular)
ġerādum (dative plural)
geræd (alternative)

Middle English: rode

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
...and hēo ðonne þē fluge and nolde þē lufian and nān ōðer ġerād būtan þū woldest ǣlce ōðer lufe ālētan for hyre lufe, woldest þū þonne swā dōn swā hēo wylnode?

...and if she fled from thee and would reciprocate thy love on no other condition than that thou wouldst renounce every other love for hers alone, wouldst thou then do as she wished?


wincel

winċel (canonical masculine)
winclas (nominative plural)
winċel (nominative singular)
winclas (nominative plural)
winċel (accusative singular)
winclas (accusative plural)
wincles (genitive singular)
wincla (genitive plural)
wincle (dative singular)
winclum (dative plural)

Middle English: *winkel, *winkle

English: winkle

Scots: wingle

From Proto-West Germanic *winkil (“angle, corner”), from Proto-Indo-European *weng- (“to bend, bow, arch, curve”). Cognate with Old Frisian winkel (“corner”), Old High German winkil (“corner”), German Winkel (“corner”).

der

periwinkle

Middle English: *pinewinkel, *periwinkle


earfoþnes

earfoþnes (nominative singular)
earfoþnessa (nominative plural)
earfoþnesse (nominative plural)
earfoþnesse (accusative singular)
earfoþnessa (accusative plural)
earfoþnesse (accusative plural)
earfoþnesse (genitive singular)
earfoþnessa (genitive plural)
earfoþnesse (dative singular)
earfoþnessum (dative plural)
earfoþness (alternative)
earfoþniss (alternative)
earfoþnys (alternative)

Middle English: ærfeðnesse


gisl

ġīsl (canonical masculine)
ġīsl (nominative singular)
ġīslas (nominative plural)
ġīsl (accusative singular)
ġīslas (accusative plural)
ġīsles (genitive singular)
ġīsla (genitive plural)
ġīsle (dative singular)
ġīslum (dative plural)
ġīsel (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *gīsl, from Proto-Germanic *gīslaz, a loanword from Proto-Celtic *geistlos. Cognate with Old Saxon gīsal, Old Dutch *gīsal, Old High German gīsal, Old Norse gísl.

Hū lange hieltst þū ūs tō ġīslum?

How long are you going to hold us hostage?

Wē ġīslas wurdon on þone hrōf ġebrōht þæt man ġesāwe þæt wē ġīet lifden.

They took us hostages up on the roof so people could see that we were still alive.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Hē ġenīedde bēġen þā cyningas þæt hīe sealdon heora suna tō ġīslum.

He forced both the kings to give their sons as hostages.


sunnan

accusative/genitive/dative singular of sunna


sunnanæfen

sunnanǣfen (canonical masculine)
sunnanǣfen (nominative singular)
sunnanǣfennas (nominative plural)
sunnanǣfen (accusative singular)
sunnanǣfennas (accusative plural)
sunnanǣfennes (genitive singular)
sunnanǣfenna (genitive plural)
sunnanǣfenne (dative singular)
sunnanǣfennum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *sunnōn āband. Cognate with Old High German sunnūnāband (whence German Sonnabend (“Saturday”)).


forda

inflection of ford:
nominative/accusative plural

inflection of ford:
genitive singular/plural


tosca

tosċa (canonical masculine)
tosċa (nominative singular)
tosċan (nominative plural)
tosċan (accusative singular)
tosċan (accusative plural)
tosċan (genitive singular)
tosċena (genitive plural)
tosċan (dative singular)
tosċum (dative plural)
toxa (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *toskō, from Proto-Germanic *tuskô, which Pokorny derives from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂w- (“to burn”), see also Ancient Greek δαίω (daíō), Welsh deifio, Proto-Germanic *teuną.


ærendgast

→ English: errand-ghost

a spiritual or spirit messenger; an angel


salor

salor (nominative singular)
saloras (nominative plural)
salor (accusative singular)
saloras (accusative plural)
salores (genitive singular)
salora (genitive plural)
salore (dative singular)
salorum (dative plural)
solor (alternative)
soler (alternative)

Middle English: soler, solar

Scots: salur, saller, sellar, cellar

English: solar

From Proto-West Germanic *salaʀ, from Proto-Germanic *salaz, *salą, *saliz (“house, room”). In the sense of "upper room, raised platform", influenced by Latin solarium.


nafogar

nafogār (canonical masculine)
nafogār (nominative singular)
nafogāras (nominative plural)
nafogār (accusative singular)
nafogāras (accusative plural)
nafogāres (genitive singular)
nafogāra (genitive plural)
nafogāre (dative singular)
nafogārum (dative plural)


brægen

bræġen (canonical neuter)
bræġen (nominative singular)
bræġnu (nominative plural)
bræġen (accusative singular)
bræġnu (accusative plural)
bræġnes (genitive singular)
bræġna (genitive plural)
bræġne (dative singular)
bræġnum (dative plural)


gop

gop (nominative singular)
gopas (nominative plural)
gop (accusative singular)
gopas (accusative plural)
gopes (genitive singular)
gopa (genitive plural)
gope (dative singular)
gopum (dative plural)

Uncertain. Compare Old English ġēopan (“to acquire, receive”), Old Norse hergopa (“female captive of war”), Old Norse gopi (“vain fellow”). Alternatively, compare Old English ġeap, gæp (“crooked, sly, crafty”).


nied

nīed (canonical feminine)
nīed (nominative singular)
nīede (nominative plural)
nīeda (nominative plural)
nīed (accusative singular)
nīede (accusative singular)
nīede (accusative plural)
nīeda (accusative plural)
nīede (genitive singular)
nīeda (genitive plural)
nīede (dative singular)
nīedum (dative plural)
nȳd (alternative)
nēd (alternative)
nēad (alternative)

Middle English: nede

English: need

Scots: nede

a situation of distress or lack of something


plætt

plætt (nominative singular)
plættas (nominative plural)
plætt (accusative singular)
plættas (accusative plural)
plættes (genitive singular)
plætta (genitive plural)
plætte (dative singular)
plættum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *plattaz, *plataz (“slap, strike, blow”), from Proto-Indo-European *blod-.
Cognate with Middle Dutch plat (“blow, smack, slap”), Middle Low German plat (“a smack”), Middle High German blaz, plaz (“a smack”).


sceada

sċēada (canonical masculine)
sċēada (nominative singular)
sċēadan (nominative plural)
sċēadan (accusative singular)
sċēadan (accusative plural)
sċēadan (genitive singular)
sċēadena (genitive plural)
sċēadan (dative singular)
sċēadum (dative plural)

q

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ġesċēad</i>

Middle English: sched, schode, schede (conflated with ġesċēad)

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">shode</i>

English: shed (dialectal shode)

Scots: shed

Origin obscure. Possibly from an earlier *scēadel, from Proto-West Germanic *skaidilu (“part in the hair, crown, summit”) ; if so, then cognate with Old Dutch skēthila, Old High German sceitila, skeitila. Otherwise, equivalent to sċēadan + -a. In any case, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, part, separate, divide”).

unk

obscure


andgiet

andġiet (canonical neuter)
andġiet (nominative singular)
andġietu (nominative plural)
andġiet (accusative singular)
andġietu (accusative plural)
andġietes (genitive singular)
andġieta (genitive plural)
andġiete (dative singular)
andġietum (dative plural)
andġit (alternative)
andġyt (alternative)
onġit (alternative)

Derived from onġietan (“to understand or perceive”), earlier *andġetan.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent Sunday"
On ōðre wīsan wē sċēawiaþ mētinge and on ōðre wīsan stafas. Ne gǣþ nā māre tō mētinge būtan þæt þū hit ġesēo and herie. Nis nā ġenōg þæt þū stafas sċēawiġe būtan þū hīe ēac rǣde and þæt andġiet understande.

We look at pictures in one way and letters in another. You don't do anything with a painting except see it and praise it. Looking at letters is not enough unless you also read them and understand the meaning.


wih

wīh (canonical neuter)
wīh (nominative singular)
wīh (nominative plural)
wīh (accusative singular)
wīh (accusative plural)
wīhes (genitive singular)
wīha (genitive plural)
wīhe (dative singular)
wīhum (dative plural)


cros

desctree

Middle English: cross, cros, croz, crosse, crosce
English: cross
→ Japanese: クロス (kurosu)
Scots: cross, cros


sealf

sealf (nominative singular)
sealfa (nominative plural)
sealfe (nominative plural)
sealfe (accusative singular)
sealfa (accusative plural)
sealfe (accusative plural)
sealfe (genitive singular)
sealfa (genitive plural)
sealfe (dative singular)
sealfum (dative plural)

Middle English: salve, salf, salfe, salff, salffe, salwe, selve, scealfe, sealfe, sealve (Early Middle English), sallfe (Ormulum)
English: salve
Scots: saw


iegland

īeġland (canonical neuter)
īeġland (nominative singular)
īeġland (nominative plural)
īeġland (accusative singular)
īeġland (accusative plural)
īeġlandes (genitive singular)
īeġlanda (genitive plural)
īeġlande (dative singular)
īeġlandum (dative plural)
īġland (alternative)
īġlond (alternative)

Middle English: ilond, yland, ylonde
English: island
Scots: iland, yland, island
Yola: eeeloan, eeloan, eelone, iloan, ilone

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *auwjuland, from Proto-Germanic *awjōlandą, equivalent to īeġ (“island”) + land (“land”). Cognate with Old Frisian alond, āland, eiland, Old Norse eyland.


bence

inflection of benċ:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of benċ:
nominative/accusative plural


lanu

lanu (nominative singular)
lana (nominative plural)
lane (nominative plural)
lane (accusative singular)
lana (accusative plural)
lane (accusative plural)
lane (genitive singular)
lana (genitive plural)
lane (dative singular)
lanum (dative plural)
lane (alternative weak)
lone (alternative weak)

desctree

Middle English: lane, lone
English: lane (dialectal loan)
⇒ English: lonnen, loanen, lonnin
→ Middle Scots: lane
→ Welsh: lôn
Scots: lone, loan
Yola: laane
→ Irish: lána

From Proto-West Germanic *lanu, from Proto-Germanic *lanō (“lane, passageway”). Cognate with Old Frisian lane, lone, lona, Old Saxon lana, Old Norse lǫn.


femne

fēmne (canonical feminine)
fēmne (nominative singular)
fēmnan (nominative plural)
fēmnan (accusative singular)
fēmnan (accusative plural)
fēmnan (genitive singular)
fēmnena (genitive plural)
fēmnan (dative singular)
fēmnum (dative plural)


freodom

frēodōm (canonical masculine)
frēodōm (nominative singular)
frēodōmas (nominative plural)
frēodōm (accusative singular)
frēodōmas (accusative plural)
frēodōmes (genitive singular)
frēodōma (genitive plural)
frēodōme (dative singular)
frēodōmum (dative plural)
frīodōm (alternative)
frȳdōm (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: fredom, fredome, freedom, freedome, freodom
English: freedom
Scots: freedom

From Proto-West Germanic *frijadōm (“freedom”). Equivalent to frēo + -dōm.

inh

late 10th century, Ælfric, "On Auguries"
Þās twā ġesċeafta habbað ġesċēadwīsnysse and ælċ man hæfð āgenne frēodom...

These two creations possess reason, and every man hath his own freedom...


cumb

English: combe, coombe, coomb

From Proto-Germanic *kumbaz; liken Dutch kom (“bowl, basin”), Welsh cwm (“a hollow valley”), Sanskrit कुम्भ (kumbha, “a pot, jug”).

In cumb, of ðam cumbe

Cumb fulne líðes aloþ, and cumb fulne Welisces aloþ

a coomb full of mild ale and a coomb full of Welsh ale

a measure of volume (uncertain for liquid but dry is said to be 4 bushels)


stala

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of stalu


wimpel

desc

Middle English: wympel, wimpel, wympil, wimpul

English: wimple

Scots: wympill, wempill, wompyll, wimple

Wimple goldgewefenum

A gold woven wimple. (Hpt. Gl. 506, 63.)

a veil, an article of women's dress; a covering for the neck, a cloak, a hood


rudu

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”)


wena

wēna (canonical masculine)
wēna (nominative singular)
wēnan (nominative plural)
wēnan (accusative singular)
wēnan (accusative plural)
wēnan (genitive singular)
wēnena (genitive plural)
wēnan (dative singular)
wēnum (dative plural)

By surface analysis, wēnan + -a or wēn + -a, with West Germanic parallels in given names (Latin Audoënus, Latin Gondoënus)

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Epiphany of the Lord"
Þa ðe ne gelyfað ðurh agenne cyre hí scoriað, na ðurh gewyrd, forðan ðe gewyrd nis nan ðing buton leas wēna; ne nan ðing soðlice be gewyrde ne gewyrð, ac ealle ðing þurh Godes dom beoð geendebyrde, seðe cwæð þurh his witegan, "Ic afandige manna heortan, and heora lendena, and ælcum sylle æfter his færelde, and æfter his agenre afundennysse.""

Those who believe not through their own choice perish, not through destiny, for destiny is nothing but a false imagination; for nothing takes place by destiny, but all things are ordered by the doom of God, who said through his prophet, "I try the hearts of men, and their loins, and give to everyone according to his course, and according to his own invention."


hellewite

hellewīte (canonical neuter)
hellewīte (nominative singular)
hellewītu (nominative plural)
hellewīte (accusative singular)
hellewītu (accusative plural)
hellewītes (genitive singular)
hellewīta (genitive plural)
hellewīte (dative singular)
hellewītum (dative plural)

Middle English: hellewite, helle wite

From Proto-West Germanic *halljuwītī, from Proto-Germanic *haljōwītiją. Equivalent to hell (“hell”) + wīte (“punishment”).

the torments of hell; eternal punishment, hellfire


hellegeat

helleġeat (canonical neuter)
hellegatu (alternative)
hellegata (alternative)
hellegate (alternative)
hellegætu (alternative)


wunda

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of wund


færbu

This is a ghost word resulting from a misinterpretation of two words, fær (“movement, demeanour”) and bū (“both”), as one; the origin of which appears to be Samuel Fox's King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon version of Boethius, which Bosworth & Toller's An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary then cited. The sequence appears in the poetic verse "... habbað blīoh and fær bū unġelīċe" ("... (they) have appearance and demeanor, both unlike"), which would be metrically deficient, per the rules of Old English Meter, if bū were not part of the off verse and stressed such that it can alliterate with blīoh. In any case, færbu could not be the reflex, by regular sound change, of Proto-Germanic *farwō, whence German Farbe, the latter of which seems to be the basis of this misinterpretation.


brydguma

brȳdguma (canonical masculine)
brȳdguma (nominative singular)
brȳdguman (nominative plural)
brȳdguman (accusative singular)
brȳdguman (accusative plural)
brȳdguman (genitive singular)
brȳdgumena (genitive plural)
brȳdguman (dative singular)
brȳdgumum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bridegome, bredgome, bridegoome, bridgom, bridgume, brudgume, brydegome, bryd-gome, brydgrome
English: bridegroom
Scots: bridegreem
Yola: breedegroom

Compound of brȳd + guma, from Proto-West Germanic *brūdigumō. Cognates include Old Frisian brēdgoma, Old Saxon brūdigomo, Old High German brūtigomo, and Old Norse brúðgumi.


unlar

head

unlār f (nominative plural unlāra, unlāre)

unlār (canonical feminine)
unlāra (nominative plural)
unlāre (nominative plural)
unlār (nominative singular)
unlāra (nominative plural)
unlāre (nominative plural)
unlāre (accusative singular)
unlāra (accusative plural)
unlāre (accusative plural)
unlāre (genitive singular)
unlāra (genitive plural)
unlāre (dative singular)
unlārum (dative plural)


utgang

ūtgang (canonical masculine)
ūtgang (nominative singular)
ūtgangas (nominative plural)
ūtgang (accusative singular)
ūtgangas (accusative plural)
ūtganges (genitive singular)
ūtganga (genitive plural)
ūtgange (dative singular)
ūtgangum (dative plural)

Middle English: outgang

English: outgang

From Proto-Germanic *ūtgangaz. Cognate with Old Frisian ūtgong, Old Saxon ūtgang, Old Dutch *ūtgang, Old High German ūzgang, Old Norse útgangr. Equivalent to ūt- + gang.


gerim

ġerīm (canonical neuter)
ġerīm (nominative plural)
ġerīm (nominative singular)
ġerīm (nominative plural)
ġerīm (accusative singular)
ġerīm (accusative plural)
ġerīmes (genitive singular)
ġerīma (genitive plural)
ġerīme (dative singular)
ġerīmum (dative plural)


hwelp

hwelp (nominative singular)
hwelpas (nominative plural)
hwelp (accusative singular)
hwelpas (accusative plural)
hwelpes (genitive singular)
hwelpa (genitive plural)
hwelpe (dative singular)
hwelpum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: whelp, quelp, quelpe, qwelp, qwelpe, welp, welpe, whelpe, ȝwelp, hwelp, hweolp, whellp (Early Middle English)
English: whelp
Scots: whalp, whaulp

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 15:27

The puppies eat from the crumbs that fall from their owners' tables.

Þā hwelpas etaþ of þām crumum þe of heora hlāforda bēodum feallaþ.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Sēo lēo bringþ hungrigum hwelpum hwæt tō etenne.

The lion brings hungry cubs something to eat.

The Life of Malchus
Wē ġesāwon þā lēon on þām eorþsċræfe mid hire hwelpum.

We saw the lion in the cave with its cubs.


water

water (nominative singular)
watru (nominative plural)
water (accusative singular)
watru (accusative plural)
watres (genitive singular)
watra (genitive plural)
watre (dative singular)
watrum (dative plural)


hwerhwette

hwerhwette (nominative singular)
hwerhwettan (nominative plural)
hwerhwettan (accusative singular)
hwerhwettan (accusative plural)
hwerhwettan (genitive singular)
hwerhwettena (genitive plural)
hwerhwettan (dative singular)
hwerhwettum (dative plural)

Unknown. Possibly related to Latin cucurbita and Sanskrit कर्कटी (karkaṭī), whence Hindi ककड़ी (kakṛī), all in the sense "cucumber".


tilung

tilung (nominative singular)
tilunga (nominative plural)
tilunge (nominative plural)
tilunge (accusative singular)
tilunga (accusative plural)
tilunge (accusative plural)
tilunge (genitive singular)
tilunga (genitive plural)
tilunge (dative singular)
tilungum (dative plural)
teolung (alternative)
tielung (alternative)
tiolung (alternative)

English: tilling

c. 1000, Ælfric of Eynsham (tr.), Hexameron of St. Basil

Truly, the birds that live in the waters are web-footed by God's forethought, so that they can swim and seek food for themselves. Some, such as swans, are long-necked, so that they can reach food on the ground. And those that live on flesh are claw-footed, sharp-billed so that they can bite with short necks, and swifter in flight, such that they can properly perform the labors of their life.

Đa fugelas sōðlīċe ðe on flōdum wuniað, syndon flaxfōte, bē Godes foresċeawunge, ðæt hī swimman magon and sēcan him fōdan. Sume bēoð langswēorede swā swā swanas and ylfettan ðæt hī aræċan him magon mete bē ðām grunde. And ða ðe bē flǣsċe lybbað, syndon clyferfēte and sċearpe ġebilode, ðæt hī bītan magon on sċeortum swuran and swyftran on flihte, ðæt hī ġelimplīċe bēon tō heora līfes tilungum.

gain from labor, acquisition, fruit obtained via tilling


efor

eforas (nominative plural)
eofor (alternative)


ælde

ælde (nominative plural)
ælde (accusative plural)
ælda (genitive plural)
ældum (dative plural)


husbonde

feminine form of hūsbonda; the mistress of a house


geneat

ġenēat (canonical masculine)
ġenēat (nominative singular)
ġenēatas (nominative plural)
ġenēat (accusative singular)
ġenēatas (accusative plural)
ġenēates (genitive singular)
ġenēata (genitive plural)
ġenēate (dative singular)
ġenēatum (dative plural)
ġenāeot (alternative)

Middle English: net, niet

→ Medieval Latin: neatus

→ English: geneat (learned)

From Proto-West Germanic *ganaut, from Proto-Germanic *ganautaz, equivalent to ġe- + nēat.


wiþersaca

wiþersaca (nominative singular)
wiþersacan (nominative plural)
wiþersacan (accusative singular)
wiþersacan (accusative plural)
wiþersacan (genitive singular)
wiþersacena (genitive plural)
wiþersacan (dative singular)
wiþersacum (dative plural)
wiðersaca (alternative)

Middle English: withersake

English: withersake

From Proto-West Germanic *wiþrasakō, equivalent to wiþer- + saca.

11th century, Wulfstan's Homilies, De Anticristo, Junius MSS 121 https://web.archive.org/web/20171016224914/http://webpages.ursinus.edu/jlionarons/wulfstan/frameset3.html

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


wiþercrist

From wiþer- (“anti-”) + crist (“Christ”).


tinne

inflection of tinn:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of tinn:
genitive/dative singular


racente

racentan (nominative plural)
racente (nominative singular)
racentan (nominative plural)
racentan (accusative singular)
racentan (accusative plural)
racentan (genitive singular)
racentena (genitive plural)
racentan (dative singular)
racentum (dative plural)
racete (alternative)

Middle English: rakente, racand, rakand, rakynt, rekand, rekanth, rekenth, recawnt (conflated with Old Norse rekendr, rekendi)
English: rackan, racon, rackin, racken, reckan, recon, reckin, reckon

From Proto-West Germanic *rakantā, from Proto-Germanic *rakantǭ (“fetter, bond”), from Proto-Indo-European *reǵ- (“to bind”).


weler

weler (nominative singular)
weleras (nominative plural)
weler (accusative singular)
weleras (accusative plural)
weleres (genitive singular)
welera (genitive plural)
welere (dative singular)
welerum (dative plural)
weler (nominative singular)
welera (nominative plural)
welere (nominative plural)
welere (accusative singular)
welera (accusative plural)
welere (accusative plural)
welere (genitive singular)
welera (genitive plural)
welere (dative singular)
welerum (dative plural)
welur (alternative)
welor (alternative)
weolor (alternative)
weolur (alternative)
weoler (alternative)

From a metathetic alteration of Proto-Germanic *werulō, a diminutive of Proto-Germanic *weruz (“lip”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“high, raised area, tuber, lump, blister”).

God ġesċōp ūs twā ēagan and twā ēaran, twā nosþyrlu and twēġen weoloras, twā handa and twēġen fēt.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Preface to Genesis":

God made us two eyes and two ears, two nostrils and two lips, two hands and two feet.


plegan

inflection of plega:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of plega:
nominative/accusative plural


fleah

flēah (canonical masculine)
flēah (nominative singular)
flēas (nominative plural)
flēah (accusative singular)
flēas (accusative plural)
flēas (genitive singular)
flēana (genitive plural)
flēa (dative singular)
flēam (dative plural)
flēaum (dative plural)
flēa (alternative)
flǣh (alternative)
fleah (alternative)
flēo (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: fle, flee, flei, fleigh, fley
English: flea (dialectal fleck)
Scots: flech, flaich, fle, flae
Yola: fleen (plural)

From Proto-Germanic *flauhaz, from Proto-Indo-European *plówkos, a variant of *plúsis (“flea”). Cognate with Old High German flōh, Old Norse fló.


ysle

ysle (nominative singular)
yslan (nominative plural)
yslan (accusative singular)
yslan (accusative plural)
yslan (genitive singular)
yslena (genitive plural)
yslan (dative singular)
yslum (dative plural)
ysel (alternative)

desc

Middle English: iselle, isyl, usle, ysel

English: izle

Cognate with Middle High German usele, üsele (“ashes”) and Icelandic usli (“conflagration, field of burning embers”).

cog

Hē geseah hū ða ysla up flugon mid ðam smīce

Heora wyrtruma bið swā swā windige ysla

Ða yslan

In onlīcnesse uppāstīgendra yselena [v.l. ysla]

Ic eom yslum and axum geanlīcod

Bearwas wurdon tō axan and tō yslan

Gebringeþ bān and yslan, ādes lāfe, eft ætsomne


ielfetu

ielfetu (nominative singular)
ielfeta (nominative plural)
ielfete (nominative plural)
ielfete (accusative singular)
ielfeta (accusative plural)
ielfete (accusative plural)
ielfete (genitive singular)
ielfeta (genitive plural)
ielfete (dative singular)
ielfetum (dative plural)
ælbitu (alternative)
ilfetu (alternative)
ylfetu (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *albut (“swan”).


ielfete

ielfete (nominative singular)
ielfetan (nominative plural)
ielfetan (accusative singular)
ielfetan (accusative plural)
ielfetan (genitive singular)
ielfetena (genitive plural)
ielfetan (dative singular)
ielfetum (dative plural)
ielfette (alternative)
ilfete (alternative)
ylfete (alternative)


æta

From Proto-Germanic *ētijô. Equivalent to
etan (“to eat”) + -a (agent suffix).


plog

plōg (canonical masculine)
plōg (nominative singular)
plōgas (nominative plural)
plōg (accusative singular)
plōgas (accusative plural)
plōges (genitive singular)
plōga (genitive plural)
plōge (dative singular)
plōgum (dative plural)
plōh (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: plough, ploug, plouh, plogh, plog, ploh, ploch, plugh, pleugh, plue, pleu (northern)
English: plough, plow (US) (see there for further descendants)
Scots: pleuch, plou
Yola: pleough, plowe, plou

From Proto-Germanic *plōgaz, *plōguz (“plough”). Compare Old Frisian ploch, Old High German pfluog, Old Norse plógr.

the measure of land that can be ploughed in one day, ploughland


weoh

wēoh (canonical neuter)
wēoh (nominative singular)
wēoh (nominative plural)
wēoh (accusative singular)
wēoh (accusative plural)
wēohes (genitive singular)
wēoha (genitive plural)
wēohe (dative singular)
wēohum (dative plural)
wīh (alternative)
wīoh (alternative)
wīġ (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *wīh (“sacred place or thing”). Compounds with wīġ- or weoh (short vowel) use the noun from *wīhą (“idol”), while those with wēoh- (long vowel) derive from the adjective *wīhaz (“holy”). More at witch, Weihnachten and victim.


swinn

swinn (nominative singular)
swinnas (nominative plural)
swinn (accusative singular)
swinnas (accusative plural)
swinnes (genitive singular)
swinna (genitive plural)
swinne (dative singular)
swinnum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *swin- (“to sound; sound, melody”), from Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”). Cognate with Latin sonō (“sound, resound”), Latin sonus (“sound, noise”).


geswin

ġeswin (canonical neuter)
ġeswin (nominative singular)
ġesweonu (nominative plural)
ġeswin (accusative singular)
ġesweonu (accusative plural)
ġeswines (genitive singular)
ġesweona (genitive plural)
ġeswine (dative singular)
ġesweonum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *gaswiną, *swiną (“sound, melody”), from Proto-Germanic *swin- (“to sound”).


rodu

rodu (nominative singular)
roda (nominative plural)
rode (nominative plural)
rode (accusative singular)
roda (accusative plural)
rode (accusative plural)
rode (genitive singular)
roda (genitive plural)
rode (dative singular)
rodum (dative plural)

Middle English: *rode

English: royd (Yorkshire)

From Proto-West Germanic *rodu, variant of *rod, from Proto-Germanic *rudą, from *reudaną (“to clear”); compare rēodan.


hænep

hænep (nominative singular)
hænep (accusative singular)
hænepes (genitive singular)
hænepe (dative singular)


nowend

nōwend (canonical masculine)
nōwend (nominative singular)
nōwend (nominative plural)
nōwende (nominative plural)
nōwendas (nominative plural)
nōwend (accusative singular)
nōwend (accusative plural)
nōwende (accusative plural)
nōwendas (accusative plural)
nōwendes (genitive singular)
nōwendra (genitive plural)
nōwende (dative singular)
nōwendum (dative plural)

From *nō, *nōw (“ship”) + -end (agent suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *nō (“ship”).


spane

spane (nominative singular)
spanan (nominative plural)
spanan (accusative singular)
spanan (accusative plural)
spanan (genitive singular)
spanena (genitive plural)
spanan (dative singular)
spanum (dative plural)
spanu (alternative)

Middle English: *spane, *spene

English: spene, speen (dialectal)

From Proto-Germanic *spanô, *spenô. See English spean.


sceawung

English: scavage (in part)

/ˈʃæ͜ɑː.wunɡ/

[ˈʃæ͜ɑː.wuŋɡ]

From sċēawian + -ung. Cognate with Dutch schouwing (“viewing; inspection; contemplation; showing”).


æs

ǣs (canonical neuter)
ǣs (nominative singular)
ǣs (nominative plural)
ǣs (accusative singular)
ǣs (accusative plural)
ǣses (genitive singular)
ǣsa (genitive plural)
ǣse (dative singular)
ǣsum (dative plural)

Middle English: ēs, ese, hes

English: yess, iss, easse; eaceworm

From Proto-Germanic *ēsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ēdsto-. Cognate with West Frisian ies (“bait, carrion”), Dutch aas (“bait, carrion”) and German Aas (“bait, carrion”).


biliþ

This is a ghost word resulting from a misinterpretation of the spelling biliðe in the Old English Daniel poem as it appears in the Junius Manuscript, folio 187; the ultimate origin of which appears to be Edward Lye's Dictionarium Saxonico et Gothico-Latinum. However, the spelling is most likely actually a corruption of blīþe (“happy”), as part of the phrase "Blīþe wǣron eorlas Ebrēa" ("Happy were the Hebrew men"). The extra vowel may have been from association with bilewit, although there are no other such examples for this root. Despite its prevalence in the continental West Germanic languages, it would appear that neither Proto-West Germanic *biliþī nor any of its derivatives survived into Old English.


gefær

ġefǣr (canonical masculine)
ġefǣr (nominative singular)
ġefǣras (nominative plural)
ġefǣr (accusative singular)
ġefǣras (accusative plural)
ġefǣres (genitive singular)
ġefǣra (genitive plural)
ġefǣre (dative singular)
ġefǣrum (dative plural)

From ġe- + fǣr. Cognate to Old Saxon gifār, Dutch gevaar, German Gefahr.


gefær

ġefær (canonical neuter)
ġefær (nominative singular)
ġefaru (nominative plural)
ġefær (accusative singular)
ġefaru (accusative plural)
ġefæres (genitive singular)
ġefara (genitive plural)
ġefære (dative singular)
ġefarum (dative plural)
ġefer (alternative)

From ġe- + fær, from Proto-Germanic *farą, from the same source as Old English faran

Ðisses fugles gefær, this birds course

Ðæs ðe hie feónda gefær fyrmest gesǽgon, after they first saw the enemies' march

way, journey, course, expedition; a (collective) going


neodlaþu

From nēod (“desire, eagerness, earnest”) + laþu (“inviation, summons”).

compound

an urgent summons; an earnest, hospitable invitation; a wish


wordlaþu

wordlaþu (nominative singular)
wordlaþa (nominative plural)
wordlaþe (nominative plural)
wordlaþe (accusative singular)
wordlaþa (accusative plural)
wordlaþe (accusative plural)
wordlaþe (genitive singular)
wordlaþa (genitive plural)
wordlaþe (dative singular)
wordlaþum (dative plural)


laþu

laþu (nominative singular)
laþa (nominative plural)
laþe (nominative plural)
laþe (accusative singular)
laþa (accusative plural)
laþe (accusative plural)
laþe (genitive singular)
laþa (genitive plural)
laþe (dative singular)
laþum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *laþu, from Proto-Germanic *laþō.


æwisc

ǣwisċ (canonical feminine)
ǣwisċ (nominative singular)
ǣwisċa (nominative plural)
ǣwisċe (nominative plural)
ǣwisċe (accusative singular)
ǣwisċa (accusative plural)
ǣwisċe (accusative plural)
ǣwisċe (genitive singular)
ǣwisċa (genitive plural)
ǣwisċe (dative singular)
ǣwisċum (dative plural)
āwisċ (alternative)
ēawisċ (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *aiwiskō, *aiwiskiją.


canc

Middle English: *cank, cang

English: cank (dialectal)

⇒? Scots: kang

From Proto-West Germanic *kank, from Proto-Germanic *kanką (“laughter”), from Proto-Indo-European *geng-, *genǵ- (“to mock, insult”).


gecanc

From Proto-Germanic *gakanką, *kanką (“laughter”), from Proto-Indo-European *gang-, *ganǵ- (“to mock, insult”), equivalent to ġe- + canc.


gewand

ġewand (canonical neuter)
ġewand (nominative singular)
ġewand (nominative plural)
ġewand (accusative singular)
ġewand (accusative plural)
ġewandes (genitive singular)
ġewanda (genitive plural)
ġewande (dative singular)
ġewandum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *gawand, equivalent to ġe- + *wand, related to Old English wandian (“to hesitate”). Cognate with Old Saxon giwand (“end, turning point, doubt, objection”), Old High German giwant (“state, condition”).


nihtegale

nihtegale (nominative singular)
nihtegalan (nominative plural)
nihtegalan (accusative singular)
nihtegalan (accusative plural)
nihtegalan (genitive singular)
nihtegalena (genitive plural)
nihtegalan (dative singular)
nihtegalum (dative plural)
nectigalæ (alternative)
næctegale (alternative)
nectægalæ (alternative)
nictigalæ (alternative)
nehtegale (alternative)
nihtegala (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: nyghtgale, niȝtegale, nightegale, nightgale
English: nightgale (obsolete)
Scots: nychtgale

⇒ Middle English: nyghtyngale, nightingale, niȝtingale, nyhtingale, nyȝtyngale, nightyngale
English: nightingale
Scots: nichtingale

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *nahtigalā.


nihthræfn

From niht + hræfn. Compare Old Saxon nahthraƀan.


speld

head

speld n (nominative plural speld or speldra)

speld (nominative plural)
speldra (nominative plural)
speld (nominative singular)
speld (nominative plural)
speldra (nominative plural)
speld (accusative singular)
speld (accusative plural)
speldra (accusative plural)
speldes (genitive singular)
spelda (genitive plural)
spelde (dative singular)
speldum (dative plural)

Middle English: speld, spelde

English: speld, spell, spill

a thin piece of wood used as a torch; torch


snas

snās (canonical feminine)
snās (nominative singular)
snāsa (nominative plural)
snāse (nominative plural)
snāse (accusative singular)
snāsa (accusative plural)
snāse (accusative plural)
snāse (genitive singular)
snāsa (genitive plural)
snāse (dative singular)
snāsum (dative plural)
snaas (alternative)
snǣs (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *snaisu, from Proto-Germanic *snaisō (“twig, stick, spit”), from Proto-Indo-European *sneyt- (“to cut”).


swæcc

swæcc (nominative singular)
swæccas (nominative plural)
swæcc (accusative singular)
swæccas (accusative plural)
swæcces (genitive singular)
swæcca (genitive plural)
swæcce (dative singular)
swæccum (dative plural)
swæc (alternative)
swecc (alternative)
swicc (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *swakku, *swakkī, from Proto-Germanic *swakkuz, *swikkiz, *swakiz (“smell, odour”), from Proto-Indo-European *sweg-, *swekn- (“to smell”). Seems to have adopted a-stem inflections by EWS.


molda

desctree

Middle English: molde
English: mold, mould

From Proto-West Germanic *moldō, from Proto-Indo-European *ml̥Hdʰṓ.


oht

ōht (canonical feminine)
ōht (nominative singular)
ōhta (nominative plural)
ōhte (nominative plural)
ōhte (accusative singular)
ōhta (accusative plural)
ōhte (accusative plural)
ōhte (genitive singular)
ōhta (genitive plural)
ōhte (dative singular)
ōhtum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *ą̄htu (“persecution, fate, destiny, fear”).


metesacca

metesacca (nominative singular)
metesaccan (nominative plural)
metesaccan (accusative singular)
metesaccan (accusative plural)
metesaccan (genitive singular)
metesaccena (genitive plural)
metesaccan (dative singular)
metesaccum (dative plural)
metsacca (alternative)


metesocn

metesōcn (canonical feminine)
metesocn (nominative singular)
metesocna (nominative plural)
metesocne (nominative plural)
metesocne (accusative singular)
metesocna (accusative plural)
metesocne (accusative plural)
metesocne (genitive singular)
metesocna (genitive plural)
metesocne (dative singular)
metesocnum (dative plural)


meteswamm

meteswamm (nominative singular)
meteswammas (nominative plural)
meteswamm (accusative singular)
meteswammas (accusative plural)
meteswammes (genitive singular)
meteswamma (genitive plural)
meteswamme (dative singular)
meteswammum (dative plural)


metetid

metetīd (canonical feminine)
metetid (nominative singular)
metetide (nominative plural)
metetida (nominative plural)
metetid (accusative singular)
metetide (accusative singular)
metetide (accusative plural)
metetida (accusative plural)
metetide (genitive singular)
metetida (genitive plural)
metetide (dative singular)
metetidum (dative plural)


meteþegn

meteþeġn (canonical masculine)
meteþeġn (nominative singular)
meteþeġnas (nominative plural)
meteþeġn (accusative singular)
meteþeġnas (accusative plural)
meteþeġnes (genitive singular)
meteþeġna (genitive plural)
meteþeġne (dative singular)
meteþeġnum (dative plural)

a food-officer; one whose duty is to look after food; sewer


afol

afol (nominative singular)
afol (nominative plural)
afol (accusative singular)
afol (accusative plural)
afoles (genitive singular)
afola (genitive plural)
afole (dative singular)
afolum (dative plural)
abal (alternative)

Middle English: afel

From Proto-West Germanic *afl, from Proto-Germanic *aflą (“power”).


dolh

dolh (nominative singular)
dolh (nominative plural)
dolh (accusative singular)
dolh (accusative plural)
dolges (genitive singular)
dolga (genitive plural)
dolge (dative singular)
dolgum (dative plural)

Middle English: dolh


ceafl

ċeafl (canonical masculine)
ceafl (nominative singular)
ceaflas (nominative plural)
ceafl (accusative singular)
ceaflas (accusative plural)
ceafles (genitive singular)
ceafla (genitive plural)
ceafle (dative singular)
ceaflum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: chavel, chevel, chaule, chawel, chavyl, chawil, chawyl, chavalle, chaul, chewil, chawle, chawl, chefle, chafle (Early Middle English), jawe, jawle (influenced by the syn. joue)
English: jowl, chavel
Scots: chowl, chow, chew
Yola: choule

From Proto-West Germanic *kafl (“jaw, cheek”).

inh

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Twenty-First Sunday After Pentecost"
Mīn hēafod hē hæfþ mid his ċeaflum befangen.


midde

middan (nominative plural)
midde (nominative singular)
middan (nominative plural)
middan (accusative singular)
middan (accusative plural)
middan (genitive singular)
middena (genitive plural)
middan (dative singular)
middum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *midjǭ (“middle, center”).

the middle (used only in the phrase "on middan")


neora

nēora (canonical masculine)
nēora (nominative singular)
nēoran (nominative plural)
nēoran (accusative singular)
nēoran (accusative plural)
nēoran (genitive singular)
nēorena (genitive plural)
nēoran (dative singular)
nēorum (dative plural)
*nīora (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: nēre, neere
English: near (dialectal)
Scots: neer, nere, neir

⇒ Middle English: kidenēre, kidnēre

English: kidney

From Proto-West Germanic *neurō, from Proto-Germanic *neurô (“kidney, testicle”).


gælsa

gǣlsa (canonical masculine)
gǣlsa (nominative singular)
gǣlsan (nominative plural)
gǣlsan (accusative singular)
gǣlsan (accusative plural)
gǣlsan (genitive singular)
gǣlsena (genitive plural)
gǣlsan (dative singular)
gǣlsum (dative plural)

Ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *gailisōn (“to be wanton, live luxuriously, be voluptuous”), from Proto-Germanic *gailaz (“luxurious, voluptious, extravagant”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰoylo- (“to foam, be arrogant, be boisterous, be violent”).


beobread

bēobrēad (canonical neuter)
bēobrēad (nominative singular)
bēobrēadru (nominative plural)
bēobrēad (accusative singular)
bēobrēadru (accusative plural)
bēobrēades (genitive singular)
bēobrēadra (genitive plural)
bēobrēade (dative singular)
bēobrēadrum (dative plural)
bīobrēad (alternative)
bībrēad (alternative)

desc

Middle English: beobread, beobræd, beoblæd (error)

English: beebread

/ˈbe͜oːˌbræ͜ɑːd/

the pollen of flowers collected by bees and mixed with honey for the food of the larvae; beebread


hoga

hoga (nominative singular)
hogan (nominative plural)
hogan (accusative singular)
hogan (accusative plural)
hogan (genitive singular)
hogena (genitive plural)
hogan (dative singular)
hogum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *hugô ("thought"; < Proto-Germanic *hugōną (“to think, consider”)), n-stem variant of Proto-Germanic *hugiz, *huguz (“mind, spirit, understanding”).

gloss

"thought"; < Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hugōną</i> (“to think, consider”)

deliberate thought; care; effort; thoughtfulness


fealh

fealh (nominative singular)
fealga (nominative plural)
fealge (nominative plural)
fealge (accusative singular)
fealga (accusative plural)
fealge (accusative plural)
fealge (genitive singular)
fealga (genitive plural)
fealge (dative singular)
fealgum (dative plural)


ceahhe

ċeahhe (canonical feminine)
ċeahhe (nominative singular)
ċeahhan (nominative plural)
ċeahhan (accusative singular)
ċeahhan (accusative plural)
ċeahhan (genitive singular)
ċeahhena (genitive plural)
ċeahhan (dative singular)
ċeahhum (dative plural)

Middle English: ka, ca, coo, koo; choughe, chowghe

Scots: ka, kae, kaae

English: chough

From Proto-West Germanic *kahu (“jackdaw, crow”), ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative


clacu

clacu (nominative singular)
claca (nominative plural)
clace (nominative plural)
clace (accusative singular)
claca (accusative plural)
clace (accusative plural)
clace (genitive singular)
claca (genitive plural)
clace (dative singular)
clacum (dative plural)

Middle English: clake, clak, clack

From Proto-West Germanic *klaku, from Proto-Germanic *klakō (“din, noise”), from Proto-Indo-European *glag- (“to make a sound”). Cognate with Middle High German klac (“a bang, crack, split”), Old Norse klaka (“chirping, cackling”).


hearg

hearg (nominative singular)
hearga (nominative plural)
hearg (accusative singular)
hearga (accusative plural)
hearga (genitive singular)
hearga (genitive plural)
hearga (dative singular)
heargum (dative plural)
hearh (alternative)
hearch (alternative)
herh (alternative)
heriġ (alternative)
herg (alternative)
here (alternative)

gl

byform of Middle English <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">halwe</i>

Middle English: harogh (byform of Middle English halwe)

Middle English: Harwe, Harrough

English: Harrow

From Proto-West Germanic *harug, from Proto-Germanic *harugaz (“stoneheap, pile of stone; altar”).


getæsu

ġetǣsu (canonical feminine)
ġetǣsu (nominative singular)
ġetǣsu (nominative plural)
ġetǣsa (nominative plural)
ġetǣsu (accusative singular)
ġetǣse (accusative singular)
ġetǣsu (accusative plural)
ġetǣsa (accusative plural)
ġetǣsu (genitive singular)
ġetǣse (genitive singular)
ġetǣsu (genitive plural)
ġetǣsa (genitive plural)
ġetǣsu (dative singular)
ġetǣse (dative singular)
ġetǣsu (dative plural)
ġetǣsum (dative plural)

From ġe- + *tǣsu, from Proto-Germanic *taisį̄ (“foredeal, advantage, profit”).


dufe

dūfe (canonical feminine)
dūfe (nominative singular)
dūfan (nominative plural)
dūfan (accusative singular)
dūfan (accusative plural)
dūfan (genitive singular)
dūfena (genitive plural)
dūfan (dative singular)
dūfum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: douve, dove, duve, dowve, dowe, doufe, douf
English: dove
Scots: doo, dow

From Proto-West Germanic *dūbā, from Proto-Germanic *dūbǭ.


anfloga

... || gielleð anfloga / hweteð on hwælweg || hreþer unwearnum / ofer holma gelagu ...

The lone-flyer yells, and whets the undefended heart for the whale-way, across the ocean's water.
The translation accuracy of these lines is debated. See e.g. The Central Crux of The Seafarer for an interpretation.

(poetic) Solitary flyer, lone fugitive, attacking flyer, approaching flyer (exact meaning debated)


beall

beall (nominative singular)
beallas (nominative plural)
beall (accusative singular)
beallas (accusative plural)
bealles (genitive singular)
bealla (genitive plural)
bealle (dative singular)
beallum (dative plural)

Middle English: bal, ball, balle
English: ball
Scots: baw, ba, baa, ball
Yola: ball

From Proto-West Germanic *ballō or *ballu, from Proto-Germanic *ballô or *balluz.


bealluc

bealluc (nominative singular)
beallucas (nominative plural)
bealluc (accusative singular)
beallucas (accusative plural)
bealluces (genitive singular)
bealluca (genitive plural)
bealluce (dative singular)
beallucum (dative plural)

Middle English: ballok, ballock, balok, balock, balloq, balloc
English: ballock, bollock, balk
Scots: ballok

[ˈbæ͜ɑɫ.ɫuk]


hriþerhyrde

hrīþerhyrde (canonical masculine)
hryþerhyrde (alternative)
hryðerhyrde (alternative)


þel

þel (nominative singular)
þelu (nominative plural)
þel (accusative singular)
þelu (accusative plural)
þeles (genitive singular)
þela (genitive plural)
þele (dative singular)
þelum (dative plural)

Middle English: thele


andfang

andfang (nominative singular)
andfangas (nominative plural)
andfang (accusative singular)
andfangas (accusative plural)
andfanges (genitive singular)
andfanga (genitive plural)
andfange (dative singular)
andfangum (dative plural)


usc

ūsc (canonical masculine)
ūscas (nominative plural)
ūsc (nominative singular)
ūscas (nominative plural)
ūsc (accusative singular)
ūscas (accusative plural)
ūsces (genitive singular)
ūsca (genitive plural)
ūsce (dative singular)
ūscum (dative plural)
wūsc (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *wunskaz (“wish, desire”). Whence also Old High German wunsc.


angan

inflection of anga:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of anga:
nominative/accusative plural


cuþa

cūþa (canonical masculine)
cūþa (nominative singular)
cūþan (nominative plural)
cūþan (accusative singular)
cūþan (accusative plural)
cūþan (genitive singular)
cūþena (genitive plural)
cūþan (dative singular)
cūþum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *kunþō. Cognate with Old High German kundo.


scric

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *skrīkijaną (“to cry out”), in reference to the shrike's call


steda

stēda (canonical masculine)
stēda (nominative singular)
stēdan (nominative plural)
stēdan (accusative singular)
stēdan (accusative plural)
stēdan (genitive singular)
stēdena (genitive plural)
stēdan (dative singular)
stēdum (dative plural)
stœ̄da (alternative Anglian)

Middle English: stede

English: steed

Scots: sted, stede, steid


orþanc

orþanc (nominative singular)
orþancas (nominative plural)
orþanc (accusative singular)
orþancas (accusative plural)
orþances (genitive singular)
orþanca (genitive plural)
orþance (dative singular)
orþancum (dative plural)
orþonc (alternative)
orðanc (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *uzþankaz. Cognate with Old High German urdank. Equivalent to or- + þanc.

something made therewith: contrivance, invention


rocc

rocc (nominative singular)
roccas (nominative plural)
rocc (accusative singular)
roccas (accusative plural)
rocces (genitive singular)
rocca (genitive plural)
rocce (dative singular)
roccum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: rokke, rokk, rok
English: rock
Scots: rok
Yola: ruck

Probably from Medieval Latin rocca, of uncertain ultimate origin; possibly Celtic. Related to Middle Low German rocke (“rock ledge”).


rocc

roccas (nominative plural)
roc (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *rukkaz (“garment; apron”).

inh

an upper garment, such as a tunic, smock, or shirt


rocc

Derived from Proto-Germanic *rukjaną (“to ruminate”), from Proto-Indo-European *rewg- (“to vomit; belch; burp”).


myl

From a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind, mill”) and related to Old Norse melr (“sandbank”), Proto-Germanic *mildijaz (“soft”).


gesig

ġesig (canonical neuter)
ġesig (nominative singular)
ġesigu (nominative plural)
ġesig (accusative singular)
ġesigu (accusative plural)
ġesiges (genitive singular)
ġesiga (genitive plural)
ġesige (dative singular)
ġesigum (dative plural)


trega

trega (nominative singular)
tregan (nominative plural)
tregan (accusative singular)
tregan (accusative plural)
tregan (genitive singular)
tregena (genitive plural)
tregan (dative singular)
tregum (dative plural)

English: treȝe, treiȝe, trei, trey, tray

English: tray

From Proto-West Germanic *tregō, from Proto-Germanic *tregô. Cognate with Old Saxon trego, Old Norse tregi, Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐍉 (trigō).


wilna

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of wīln


nið

nīð (canonical masculine)
nīð (nominative singular)
nīðas (nominative plural)
nīð (accusative singular)
nīðas (accusative plural)
nīðes (genitive singular)
nīða (genitive plural)
nīðe (dative singular)
nīðum (dative plural)


crawe

crāwe (canonical feminine)
crāwe (nominative singular)
crāwan (nominative plural)
crāwan (accusative singular)
crāwan (accusative plural)
crāwan (genitive singular)
crāwena (genitive plural)
crāwan (dative singular)
crāwum (dative plural)
crāuuae (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: crowe, crawe, crow, crauw, craw
English: crow
Geordie English: craw
Scots: craw
Yola: croowe, crowe, crouw

From Proto-West Germanic *krāā. Cognate with West Frisian krie, Dutch kraai, and German Krähe.


gemyþ

From Proto-Germanic *gamunþiją, equivalent to ġe- + mūþ. More at ġemȳþe.


gemyþe

ġemȳþe (canonical neuter)
ġemȳþe (nominative singular)
ġemȳþu (nominative plural)
ġemȳþe (accusative singular)
ġemȳþu (accusative plural)
ġemȳþes (genitive singular)
ġemȳþa (genitive plural)
ġemȳþe (dative singular)
ġemȳþum (dative plural)
ġemȳþ (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *gamunþī. Equivalent to ġe- + mūþ.


gefædera

head

ġefædera m (nominative plural ġefæderan)

ġefædera (canonical masculine)
ġefæderan (nominative plural)
ġefædera (nominative singular)
ġefæderan (nominative plural)
ġefæderan (accusative singular)
ġefæderan (accusative plural)
ġefæderan (genitive singular)
ġefæderena (genitive plural)
ġefæderan (dative singular)
ġefæderum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *gafadurjō, equivalent to ġe- + fædera. Akin to Low Low German Gevadder, Gevader, Old High German gifatero (German Gevatter), Middle Dutch gevadere (Dutch gevader).