Ethiopia

Ethiopia (nominative singular)
Ethiopian (accusative singular)
Ethiopian (genitive singular)
Ethiopian (dative singular)

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Đes ylca apostol and godspellere becōm, þurh Godes sande, æfter Drihtnes upstiġe tō heofenum, tō Ethiopian, þæt is ðǣra Silhearwena rīce, and ġemette þǣr tweġen drȳmen, Zoroes and Arfaxað, dweliende þæt folc mid heora drȳcræfte.

After the Lord's ascension to heaven, this same apostle and evangelist arrived in Ethiopia, that is, Silhearwena rice, through God's sending, where he met two sorcerers, Zoroes and Arfaxath, who were leading the people astray with their sorcery.


Syria

Syria (nominative singular)
Syrian (accusative singular)
Syrian (genitive singular)
Syrian (dative singular)


god

God (nominative singular)
God (accusative singular)
Godes (genitive singular)
Gode (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: god, God, godd, godde
English: god
Scots: god
Yola: gud

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *god, from Proto-Germanic *gudą. Originally neuter, then changed to masculine to reflect the change in religion to Christianity.


Scotland

Sċotland (canonical neuter)
Sċotland (nominative singular)
Sċotland (accusative singular)
Sċotlandes (genitive singular)
Sċotlande (dative singular)

land of the Scots in Hibernia, i.e. Ireland (a large island in Northern Europe)

land of the Scots in Britain, i.e. Scotland (a medieval kingdom in Northern Europe)


Rom

Rōm (canonical feminine)
Rōm (nominative singular)
Rōme (accusative singular)
Rōme (genitive singular)
Rōme (dative singular)
Rūm (alternative)

Middle English: Rome
English: Rome
Scots: Roum, Rome

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm þe Rōmeburg ġetimbred wæs IIII hunde wintra ⁊ II, þætte Cartaina þǣre burge ǣrendracan cōmon tō Rōme ⁊ him ġebudon þæt hīe frið him betwēonum hæfden...

Four hundred and two years after the city of Rome was built, ambassadors [from] the city of Carthage came to Rome and proposed that there be peace between them...

(historical) Rome, Ancient Rome (an ancient empire based out of the city of Rome, covering vast territories in Europe, Asia and Africa; in full, Roman Empire)


Asia

From Latin Asia, from Ancient Greek Ᾰ̓σῐ́ᾱ (Ăsĭ́ā), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀯𐀹𐀊 (a-si-wi-ja /aswijaː/), in turn probably from Hittite 𒀸𒋗𒉿 (aš-šu-wa /Aššuwa/, “northwest Anatolia”) of uncertain origin.

der

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Asia is befangen mid...þǣm gārseċġe sūþan ⁊ norþan ⁊ eastan...

Asia is surrounded by...the southern and northern and eastern sea...

Asia (the largest continent, located between Europe and the Pacific Ocean)

(historical) Asia (an ancient province of the Roman Empire in modern western Turkey, existing between 133 BC (during the Roman Republic) and the 7th century AD)


Daniel

Daniel (nominative singular)
Daniel (accusative singular)
Danieles (genitive singular)
Daniele (dative singular)
Danihel (alternative)

From Latin Dāniēl, from Ancient Greek Δᾱνῑήλ (Dānīḗl), from the Biblical Hebrew דָּנִיֵּאל (Daniyél, “Daniel”, literally “God is [my] judge”).

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCXXI Hēr Daniel ferde to Rōme ⁊ þȳ ilcan ġēare Īne ofslōh Cynewulf.

Year 721 In this year Daniel went to Rome, and in the same year Ine slew Cynewulf.

a male given name, equivalent to English Daniel


Rome

accusative/genitive/dative singular of Rōm


Ethiopian

accusative/genitive/dative singular of Ethiopia


Syrian

accusative/genitive/dative singular of Syria


Alexander

Alexander (nominative singular)
Alexander (accusative singular)
Alexandres (genitive singular)
Alexandre (dative singular)

From Latin Alexander, from Ancient Greek Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On þǣm dagum wæs Alexander ġeboren on Crēcum swā swā ān miċel ȳst cōme ofer ealne middenġeard.

In those days Alexander was born in Greece, like a great storm coming over all the Earth.


Alexandria

Alexandria (nominative singular)
Alexandrian (accusative singular)
Alexandrian (genitive singular)
Alexandrian (dative singular)

c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
[Commodus] hine ġesette tō hēahġerefan ofer Alexandrian
[Commodus] appointed him hēahġerefa over Alexandria


Marcus

Marcus (nominative singular)
Marcus (accusative singular)
Marces (genitive singular)
Marce (dative singular)


Aaron

From Latin Aarōn, from Biblical Hebrew אַהֲרֹן (Ahărōn).

c. 1050, Old English Hexateuch, Deuteronomy 9:20

And the Lord was very angry with Aaron and would have destroyed him; so I prayed for Aaron also at the same time.

Hē wæs yrre wiþ Aaron and wolde hine fordōn and ic ġebæd for hyne


Alexandrian

accusative/genitive/dative singular of Alexandria


Thomas

Borrowed from Latin Thōmās m, from Ancient Greek Θωμᾶς m (Thōmâs).

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 20:24

Now Thomas (also known as Didymus), one of the Twelve, was not with the disciples when Jesus came.

Witodlice Thomas, an of þam twelfum, þe ys gecweden Didimus, þæt ys Gelicost, on ure geþeode, he næs mid him, þa se Haelend com


Tigris

From Latin Tigris, from Ancient Greek Τίγρις (Tígris), an alternative form of Τίγρης (Tígrēs), from Old Persian 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 (Tigrā), from Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(ÍD)Idiqlat), from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(ÍD)Idigna, ^(ÍD)Idigina, literally “fast as an arrow”).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þonne west frām Tigris þǣre ēa oþ Eufrate þā ēa, þonne betweox þǣm ēan syndan þās land Babylonia, and Caldea, and Mesopotamia.

Then west from the River Tigris to the River Euphrates, then between the rivers are the lands of Babylon, Chaldea, and Mesopotamia


Italia

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hē [Pirrus] hæfde XX elpenda tō þǣm ġefeohte mid him, þe Rōmane ǣr na ne ne ġesawon: hē wæs sē forma mon þe hīe ǣrest on Italium brōhte.

And he [Pyrrhus] had twenty elephants with him in battle, which the Romans had never seen before; he was the first man to bring them to Italy.


Adam

Adam (nominative singular)
Adamas (nominative plural)
Adam (accusative singular)
Adamas (accusative plural)
Adames (genitive singular)
Adama (genitive plural)
Adame (dative singular)
Adamum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: Adam
English: Adam, Adams, Adams, McAdam, McAdams, McCaw, MacAdam, MacAdams, MacCaw
Tok Pisin: Adam
Scots: Adam

Learned borrowing from Latin Ādām, borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀδάμ (Adám), borrowed from Hebrew אָדָם, from א־ד־ם.


Andreas

From Latin Andreas, displaced by the Old French ancestor of Andrew after the Norman Conquest.


Englisc

Englisċ (canonical neuter)
Englisċ (nominative singular)
Englisċ (accusative singular)
Englisċes (genitive singular)
Englisċe (dative singular)
Ænglisċ (alternative)

Spricst þū Englisċ?

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript D
Hēr sind on þissum īeġlande fīf ġeþēodu: Englisċ, Bretwīelisċ, Sċyttisċ, Pihtisċ, and Bōclǣden.

Here on this island, there are five languages: English, British, Scottish, Pictish, and Latin.


Snotingaham

From Snot, name of a Saxon chieftain who conquered the settlement + -ing (“belonging to”) + hām (“home”).


Saul

Saul (nominative singular)
Saul (accusative singular)
Saules (genitive singular)
Saule (dative singular)

From Latin Saūl, from Koine Greek Σαούλ (Saoúl), from Biblical Hebrew שָׁאוּל (šāʾûl).


Babilonie

Babylon (the ancient capital of the kingdom of Babylonia, in modern Iraq)


Babilonige

Babilōniġe (canonical feminine)
Babilōniġe (nominative singular)
Babilōniġan (accusative singular)
Babilōniġan (genitive singular)
Babilōniġan (dative singular)

(historical) Babylon (an ancient city, the ancient capital of Babylonia in modern Iraq, built on the banks of the Euphrates)


Xerxis

Xerxis (nominative singular)
Xerxis (accusative singular)
Xerxises (genitive singular)
Xerxise (dative singular)

Borrowed from Latin Xerxes, from Ancient Greek Ξέρξης (Xérxēs).

Xerxes, the King of Persia from 485 BCE to 465 BCE


Sicilia

Sicilia (nominative singular)
Sicilia (accusative singular)
Sicilia (genitive singular)
Sicilia (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: Sicilie, Sicilye
English: Sicily

From Latin Sicilia from Ancient Greek Σικελία (Sikelía), from Σίκελος (Síkelos, “Sicel”), the name of the Sicel people.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Sicilia þæt īġland is þrȳsċȳte.

Sicily (an island and former kingdom in Europe)


Estland

Ēstland (canonical neuter)
Ēstland (nominative singular)
Ēstland (accusative singular)
Ēstlandes (genitive singular)
Ēstlande (dative singular)

Middle English: Ēstland

Derived from the plural noun Ēste (“the Estonians”), from the name of the Aestii tribe (see Wikipedia). The first element could also be an unattested singular form *Ēst, from the same source. In any case, the second element is land.

Estonia (a country in northeastern Europe, on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea)


Satan

Satan (nominative singular)
Satan (accusative singular)
Satanes (genitive singular)
Satane (dative singular)

From Latin Satan, from Ancient Greek Σατάν (Satán), from Hebrew שָׂטָן (satán, “adversary, accuser”).

der

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 1:13-14

And he was in the wilderness for forty days and forty nights, and was tempted by Satan; and he was with wild animals, and was served by angels.

And hē on wēstene wæs fēowertiġ dagas and fēowertiġ nihta, and hē wæs frām Satane ġecostnod; and hē mid wilddēorum wæs; and him englas þenodon.


Marian

accusative/genitive/dative singular of Marīa


Cumberland

Cumberland (nominative singular)
Cumberland (accusative singular)
Cumberlandes (genitive singular)
Cumberlande (dative singular)

English: Cumberland

From Cumbric *Cumbri + land, from Proto-Brythonic *kömrüɣ, plural of *kömroɣ. Cognate with Welsh Cymru.

Cumbria (a historical kingdom and county in Britain, Cumberland)


Isaac

Borrowed from Latin Isaāc, from Ancient Greek Ἰσαάκ (Isaák), from Biblical Hebrew יצחק (Yiṣḥāq, literally “he laughs”).

Old English Heptateuch, Genesis 22:2

"Take your only-begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and quickly go to the land of Visionis, and sacrifice him there upon a mountain."

"Nim þīnne āncennedan sunu Īsaac, þe þū lufast, and far tō þām lande Visionis hraþe, and ġeoffra hine þǣr uppan ānre dūne."


Scott

Sċott (canonical masculine plural)
Sċottas (nominative plural)
Sċottas (accusative plural)
Sċotta (genitive plural)
Sċottum (dative plural)

Middle English: Scot

English: Scot

From Latin Scōtī, or from the same source.


Augustus

Augustus (nominative singular)
Augustus (accusative singular)
Augustuses (genitive singular)
Augustuse (dative singular)
Agustus (alternative)


Harold

English: Harold

From Old Norse Haraldr, from Proto-Germanic *Harjawaldaz, from *harjaz (“army”) + *waldaz (“ruler, authority”), equivalent to here + weald. Doublet of native Hereweald.


Germania

land encompassing all of the Germanic speaking world

Alternative form of Ġermanie: Germania (a medieval region of Central Europe, occupied by those speaking Germanic languages, or a portion of it)


Abraham

Ābrahām (canonical masculine)
Ābrahām (nominative singular)
Ābrahām (accusative singular)
Ābrahāmes (genitive singular)
Ābrahāme (dative singular)
Habraham (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: Abraham
English: Abraham
Scots: Abraham, Aubrahaum, Aubrahawm, Awbrahawm

/ˈɑːb.rɑˌxɑːm/

[ˈɑːb.rɑˌhɑːm]


Maria

Marīa (canonical feminine)
Marīa (nominative singular)
Marīan (accusative singular)
Marīan (genitive singular)
Marīan (dative singular)

From Latin Maria, from Ancient Greek Μαρία (María), Μαριάμ (Mariám), from Aramaic מרים (Maryām), corresponding to the Hebrew מרים (Miryām).


Alda

Alda (nominative singular)
Aldan (accusative singular)
Aldan (genitive singular)
Aldan (dative singular)
Ealda (alternative)


Angel

Angel (nominative singular)
Angle (accusative singular)
Angle (genitive singular)
Angle (dative singular)

Anglia (peninsula in Jutland, in Schleswig in northermost Germany, where the Angles are supposed to have originated)


Beda

Beda (nominative singular)
Bedan (accusative singular)
Bedan (genitive singular)
Bedan (dative singular)
Bieda (alternative)

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCXXXIIII Hēr wæs sē mōna swylċe hē wǣre mid blōde begoten, ⁊ forðferdan Tātwine ⁊ Beda.

Year 734 In this year it was as if the moon was covered in blood, and Tatwine and Beda died.


Brett

Brett (nominative singular)
Brettas (nominative plural)
Brett (accusative singular)
Brettas (accusative plural)
Brettes (genitive singular)
Bretta (genitive plural)
Brette (dative singular)
Brettum (dative plural)
Bret (alternative)

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 491

Briton (native or inhabitant of Britain)

Breton (native or inhabitant of Brittany)


Carl

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCCLV Hēr hǣþene men ǣrest on Sċeapiġġe ofer winter sǣtan...⁊ þȳ ilcan ġēare [Aþelwulf cing] ferde to Rōme mid myċelre weorðnesse ⁊ þǣr wæs XII mōnoð wuniġende, ⁊ him þā hāmweard fōr ⁊ him þā Carl Francna cing his dohtor ġēaf him tō cwēne, ⁊ æfter þām tō his lēodum cōm...

Year 855 In this year the heathens stayed on Sheppey over the winter for the first time...And in the same year [King Athelwulf] went to Rome with honor, and stayed there for twelve months. And them he went home and King Carl [the Bald] of the Franks gave him his daughter as a queen, and after that Athelwulf returned to his people.

a male given name, equivalent to English Charles.


Carr

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCCXXXIII Hēr ġefeaht Eċġbriht cing wið XXXV sċiphlæsta æt Carrum ⁊ þǣr wearð myċel wæl ġesleġen, ⁊ þā Denisċan ahton wælstōwe ġeweald. ⁊ Hereferð ⁊ Wiġþeġn, tweġen bisċeopas, forðferdan, ⁊ Duda ⁊ Ōsmōd, tweġen ealdormenn, forðferdon.

Year 833 In this year King Edgebright fought against thirty-five shiploads of men at Charmouth, and many were slain, and the Danes took control of the battlefield. And two bishops, Herefrith and Wigthegn, and two aldermen, Duda and Osmod, died.

Charmouth (a village in Dorset, England).


Cent

Cent (nominative singular)
Cent (accusative singular)
Cent (genitive singular)
Cente (genitive singular)
Cent (dative singular)

Middle English: Kent, Kente, Kentt
English: Kent

From Latin Cantia, from a Celtic source probably meaning 'border' or 'coastal region'.


Cola

Cōla (canonical masculine)
Cōla (nominative singular)
Cōlan (accusative singular)
Cōlan (genitive singular)
Cōlan (dative singular)


Creme

On þes ilces gæres sende se Papa of Rome to ðise lande an cardinal, Iohan of Creme wæs gehaten.

In this same year sent the Pope of Rome to this land a cardinal, named John of Crema.


Este

Ēste (canonical masculine plural)
Ēste (nominative plural)
Ēste (accusative plural)
Ēsta (genitive plural)
Ēstum (dative plural)

From the name of the Aestii tribe (see Wikipedia).


Finn

Finn (nominative singular)
Finnas (nominative plural)
Finn (accusative singular)
Finnas (accusative plural)
Finnes (genitive singular)
Finna (genitive plural)
Finne (dative singular)
Finnum (dative plural)
Fin (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *finnaz. Compare Old Norse Finnr.


Geat

Ġēat (canonical masculine)
Ġēat (nominative singular)
Ġēatas (nominative plural)
Ġēat (accusative singular)
Ġēatas (accusative plural)
Ġēates (genitive singular)
Ġēata (genitive plural)
Ġēate (dative singular)
Ġēatum (dative plural)

→ English: Geat

From Proto-West Germanic *Gaut, from Proto-Germanic *gautaz (“Geat”).


God

God (nominative singular)
God (accusative singular)
Godes (genitive singular)
Gode (dative singular)

Middle English: God

English: God

Ġif God nǣre, þonne sċolde man hine āþenċan.

If God didn't exist, we would have to invent him.

Hwæt wāt iċ be Gode and be līfes andġiete? Iċ wāt þæt þēos weorold is.

What do I know about God and the meaning of life? I know that this world exists.


Leo

Leo (nominative singular)
Leon (accusative singular)
Leon (genitive singular)
Leone (dative singular)

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCC.XCVII Hēr Rōmane Leone þām papan his tungan forcurfon ⁊ his ēagan āstungon, ⁊ hine of his setle āflīemdon, ⁊ þā sōna eft, Gode fultomiendum, hē meahte ġesēon ⁊ sprēcan ⁊ eft was papa swā hē ǣr wæs.

Year 797 In this year the Romans cut out the tongue of Pope Leo [III] and gouged out his eyes and drove him from his throne. And soon, through God's help, he was able to see and speak again, and became pope again just like he was before.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCCXIII Hēr Wulfrǣd arċebisċeop mid bletsunge Leon þǣs papan hwearf eft tō his āgnum bisċeopdōme. ⁊ þȳ ġēare ġehergode Eċġbriht cing on Westwēalas frām ēasteweardum ōþ westwearde.

Year 813 In this year Archbishop Wulfred returned to his own bishopdom with the blessing of Pope Leo [III]. And in that year King Edgebright ravaged Cornwall from the east to the west.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCCXIIII Hēr Leo sē æþela papa ⁊ sē hālga forðferde, ⁊ æfter him Stephanus feng tō rīċe.

Year 814 In this year the noble and holy Pope Leo [III] died, and Stephen became pope after him.

a male given name, equivalent to English Leo


Perse

Perse (nominative plural)
Perse (accusative plural)
Persa (genitive plural)
Persea (genitive plural)
Persum (dative plural)
Perseum (dative plural)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þǣr wæs Persa X M ofslæġen ġehorsedra, ⁊ eahtatiġ M fēþena,⁊ eahtatiġ M ġefangenra.

There, 10,000 Persian cavalry were slain, and 80,000 infanty, and 80,000 were captured.


Regulus

Regulus (nominative singular)
Regulus (accusative singular)
Reguluses (genitive singular)
Regule (dative singular)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þā, æfter þǣm þe Cartainiense ġeflīemde wǣron, hīe 'wilnedon friþes tō Regule.

Then, after the Carthaginians were driven away, they asked Regulus for peace

a male given name, held by Marcus Atilius Regulus


Sola

Sōla (canonical masculine)
Sōla (nominative singular)
Sōlan (accusative singular)
Sōlan (genitive singular)
Sōlan (dative singular)


Abel

English: Abel

From Latin Abel, from Ancient Greek Ἅβελ (Hábel), from Hebrew הֶ֫בֶל

der

Hebrew הֶ֫בֶל

(biblical) Abel, the brother of Cain and the first murder victim


Arabia

Arabia (nominative singular)
Arabie (accusative singular)
Arabie (genitive singular)
Arabie (dative singular)

Arabia (a peninsula and region of Western Asia)


Irland

Īrland (canonical neuter)
Īrland (nominative singular)
Īrland (accusative singular)
Īrlandes (genitive singular)
Īrlande (dative singular)
Hīrland (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: Irlond, Yrloand
English: Ireland
→ Japanese: アイルランド (Airurando)
Scots: Irland
Yola: Erelhoan, Irelonde
→ Old French: Irlande, Yrlande
French: Irlande
Haitian Creole: Ilann
→ Greek: Ιρλανδία (Irlandía)
→ Persian: ایرلند (irland)
Norman: Irlande
Walloon: Irlande

Derived from Īras (“the Irish”) and land (“land, country”). The first element could also be an unattested singular form *Īr.

Ireland (an island and country in northwestern Europe)


Bretland

Bretland (nominative singular)
Bretland (accusative singular)
Bretlandes (genitive singular)
Bretlande (dative singular)

Britain (a large island in Northern Europe)


Palestina

Middle English: Palestyne

English: Palestine

From Latin Palaestīna (“Roman province of Palestine”), from Ancient Greek Παλαιστίνη (Palaistínē, “Philistia and the surrounding region”), from Hebrew פְּלֶשֶׁת (p'léshet, “Philistia, land of the Philistines”).


Tina

Tīna (canonical)
Tīna (nominative singular)
Tīnan (accusative singular)
Tīnan (genitive singular)
Tīnan (dative singular)
Tīne (alternative)

English: Tyne

Tyne (a river in the counties of Northumberland and Tyne and Wear, in north east England)


Tiw

Tīw (canonical masculine)
Tīw (nominative singular)
Tīw (accusative singular)
Tīwes (genitive singular)
Tīwe (dative singular)
Tuu (alternative)
Tīg (alternative Mercian)
Tiig (alternative Mercian)

From Proto-West Germanic *Tīw, from Proto-Germanic *Tīwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *deywós (“god”).
Proto-Germanic cognate with Old Norse Týr, Old Frisian Tii, Old High German Ziu, Gothic *𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍅𐍃 (*teiws).
Proto-Indo-European cognate with Latin deus, Luwian 𒋾𒉿𒊍 (tiwaz), Lithuanian diẽvas, Sanskrit देव (devá), and
Classical Persian دیوْ (dēw).


Woden

Wōden (canonical masculine)
Wōden (nominative singular)
Wōden (accusative singular)
Wōdnes (genitive singular)
Wōdne (dative singular)
*Wēden (alternative)
*Wœden (alternative)
Wodæn (alternative)
Woddan (alternative)

→ Latin: Wothen

Middle English: Woden

→ English: Woden (learned)

From Proto-Germanic *Wōdanaz. Cognate with Old Saxon Wōden, Old High German Wodan, Old Norse Óðinn. Doublet of Ōþen.

10th century, Codex Exoniensis 341, 28

Woden made idols, the Almighty made glory and the vast skies

Wōden worhte wēos, wuldor alwalda rūme roderas

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Henġest and Horsa wǣron Wihtġīlses suna, þæs fæder wæs Witta hāten, þæs fæder wæs Wihta hāten, þæs fæder wæs Wōden nemned, of þæs strīende maniġra mǣġða cyningcynn fruman lǣdde.

Hengest and Horsa were the sons of Wihtgyls, whose father was named Witta, whose father was named Wihta, whose father was named Woden, from whose lineage the royal families of many nations originated.


Fræna

Fræna (nominative singular)
Frænan (accusative singular)
Frænan (genitive singular)
Frænan (dative singular)


Lucas

Lūcas (canonical masculine)
Lūcas (nominative singular)
Lūcas (accusative singular)
Lūces (genitive singular)
Lūce (dative singular)


Nazareth

Nazareth (an ancient city in modern northern Israel)


Bret

Bret (nominative singular)
Brettas (nominative plural)
Bret (accusative singular)
Brettas (accusative plural)
Brettes (genitive singular)
Bretta (genitive plural)
Brette (dative singular)
Brettum (dative plural)


Nathan

From Latin Nāthan, from Ancient Greek Νάθαν (Náthan), originally from Biblical Hebrew נָתָן (Natán).


Dene

Dene (nominative plural)
Dene (accusative plural)
Dena (genitive plural)
Denum (dative plural)

Middle English: Dene, Dane

From Proto-West Germanic *Danī, from Proto-Germanic *daniz, cognate with Old Norse danir.


Norþweg

Norþweġ (canonical masculine)
Norþweġ (nominative singular)
Norþwegas (nominative plural)
Norþweġ (accusative singular)
Norþwegas (accusative plural)
Norþweġes (genitive singular)
Norþwega (genitive plural)
Norþweġe (dative singular)
Norþwegum (dative plural)

English: Norway

Originally a calque of Old Norse Norvegr ~ Norðvegr. Equivalent to norþ (“north”) + weġ (“way”).

Norway (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)


Bethleem

From Latin Bēthleëm, from Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém), from Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bet léchem)

Analecta Angla Saxonica
Eornostlīċe þā sē Hǣlend ācenned wæs on Iūdeseisċre Bethléém, on þǣs cyningum dagum Herodes, þā cōmon þā tungolwītegan fram ēastdǣle tō Hierusalem.

Truly, the Savior was born in Jewish Bethlehem, in the days of King Herod, after which the Wise Men came to Jerusalem from the east.


earendel

ēarendel (canonical masculine)
Ēarendel (alternative also name personal)
ēarendil (alternative)
ēorendel (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *Auziwandilaz, from *auzi (“dawn”) + *wandilaz (“fluctuating, variable, wandering”), perhaps via the intermediate forms *ēarwendel or *ēarwandel.

[aurora iam spargit polum] eorendel eallunga geondstret heofon

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


Herod

Herod (nominative singular)
Herod (accusative singular)
Herodes (genitive singular)
Herode (dative singular)

Analecta Angla Saxonica
Eornostlīċe þā sē Hǣlend ācenned wæs on Iūdeseisċre Bethleem, on þǣs cyningum dagum Herodes, þā cōmon þā tungolwītegan fram ēastdǣle tō Hierusalem.


Scylding

Sċylding (canonical masculine)
Sċylding (nominative singular)
Sċyldingas (nominative plural)
Sċylding (accusative singular)
Sċyldingas (accusative plural)
Sċyldinges (genitive singular)
Sċyldinga (genitive plural)
Sċyldinge (dative singular)
Sċyldingum (dative plural)
Sċilding (alternative)
Sċildung (alternative)
Sċyldung (alternative)

From Sċyld + -ing. Cognate with Old Norse Skjǫldungr.


Cain

Cain (nominative singular)
Cain (accusative singular)
Caines (genitive singular)
Caine (dative singular)

Derived from Hebrew קַיִן (Káyin, “craftsman”)

der+

(biblical) Cain (the brother of Abel and the first murderer)


Hereford

desctree

Middle English: Hereford, herford, Herford, Herforde, Herforþ
English: Hereford

Hereford (a city in Herefordshire, England)


Hannibal

Hannibal (nominative singular)
Hannibal (accusative singular)
Hannibales (genitive singular)
Hannibale (dative singular)
Hannibale (nominative singular)
Hannibalan (accusative singular)
Hannibalan (genitive singular)
Hannibalan (dative singular)

From Latin Hannibal, from Punic 𐤇𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋 (ḥnbʿl /ḥannībaʿl/, “May the Lord (Baal) grace me”).


Dunholm

Middle English:

English: Durham

→ Old French: Duresm

Middle French: Duresm

→ English: Duresm

→ Latin: Dunelmun

→ English: Dunelm

dun (“hill, mountain”) + holm (“islet”, from Old Norse holmr, from Proto-Germanic *hulmaz)

compound

Durham (the county town of County Durham)


Ella

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


Æþelbeorht

Æþelbeorht (nominative singular)
Æþelbeorht (accusative singular)
Æþelbeorhtes (genitive singular)
Æþelbeorhte (dative singular)
Æþelberht (alternative)
Æþelbyrht (alternative)
Æþelbriht (alternative)
Æþelbryht (alternative)
Æðelbyrht (alternative)

→ English: Albert

→ English: Authbert

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Đa was on þā tīd Æðelbyrht cyning hāten on Centrīċe, ⁊ mihtiġ: hē hæfde rīċe ōð ġemæro Humbre strēames, sē tōsċēadeð sūðfolce Angelþēode ⁊ nordfolc.

At that time the powerful Athelbert was king of the kingdom of Kent; his authority extended to the boundary of the Humber, which divides the southern English from the northern English.


Ida

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCXXXI Hēr wæs Ōsrīc ofsleġen, Norðanhymbra cyning, ⁊ feng Ċēolwulf to þām rīċe ⁊ heold VIII ġēr. ⁊ sē Ċēolwulf wæs Cūþing, Cūþa Cūðwining, Cūðwine Lēodwalding, Lēodwald Eċġwalding, Eċġwald Ealdhelming, Ealdhelm Ocing, Ocea Iding, Ida Eopping. ⁊ Brihtwald arċebisċeop ġefōr ⁊ and þȳ ilcan ġēare wæs Tatwine ġehālgod tō arċebisċeope.
Year 731 In this year Osric, king of the Northumbrians, was slain, and Ceolwulf ascended to the throne and held it for eight years. Ceolwulf was son of Cutha, Cutha son of Cuthwine, Cuthwine son of Leodwald, Leodwald son of Edgewald, Edgewald son of Ealdhelm, Ealdhelm son of Ocea, Ocea son of Ida, [and] Ida son of Eoppa. And in the same year Archbishop Brightwald died and Tatwine was ordained as archbishop.


Wederas

Wederas (nominative plural)
Wederas (accusative plural)
Wedera (genitive plural)
Wederum (dative plural)


Gardene

Gārdene (canonical masculine)
Gārdene (nominative plural)
Gārdene (accusative plural)
Gārdena (genitive plural)
Gārdenum (dative plural)

Hwæt wē Gārdena in ġeārdagum, þēodcyninga, þrym ġefrūnon, hū ðā æþelingas ellen fremedon.

c. 975–1025, Beowulf (Cotton MS Vitellius A XV), published 4th quarter 10th century–2nd half 16th century, page 129, lines 1-3:

Truly, we have heard about the might of the Spear-Danes, of great kings, how those noblemen performed brave deeds.


Gardena

/ˈɡɑːrˌdenɑ/


Beowulf

Bēowulf (canonical masculine)
Bēowulf (nominative singular)
Bēowulf (accusative singular)
Bēowulfes (genitive singular)
Bēowulfe (dative singular)
Bīowulf (alternative)

Origin uncertain, perhaps from bēo (“bee”) + wulf (“wolf”), literally “bee-hunter”, used as a kenning for “bear” or “woodpecker”. Compare also the alternative form Beadowulf, from beadu (“battle”) + wulf, which may be the original. Probably cognate with Old Norse Bjólfr (from earlier *Bíolfr, *Béolfr).


Scedenig

From Proto-Germanic *Skadinawjō, equivalent to sċeaþa + īeġ. Cognate with Old Norse Skáney.

Scandinavian Peninsula
Scandinavian Peninsula

Scania (a former province, historical region, and peninsula in Northern Europe in modern Sweden, occupying the southern tip of the Scandinavian Peninsula; belonging to Denmark in Old English times)


Wendlas

Wendlas (nominative plural)
Wendlas (accusative plural)
Wendla (genitive plural)
Wendlum (dative plural)
Wendelas (alternative)
Wenlas (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *wandilaz. Cognate with Old Norse Vendill.

(in the plural) the people of Vendil (the northern part of Jutland)

(in the plural) a possible, yet uncertain, reference to the Vandals


Becca

Becca (nominative singular)
Beccan (accusative singular)
Beccan (genitive singular)
Beccan (dative singular)


Cnut

Cnūt (canonical masculine)
Cnut (nominative singular)
Cnut (accusative singular)
Cnutes (genitive singular)
Cnute (dative singular)

Middle English: Knout, Knut

→ English: Cnut, Knut

Borrowed from Old Norse Knútr. Cognate with Danish Knud and English Canute.


Paulus

Paulus (nominative singular)
Paulus (accusative singular)
Paules (genitive singular)
Paule (dative singular)

From Latin Paulus, from paulus (“small”).


Ing

Ing (nominative singular)
Ing (accusative singular)
Inga (genitive singular)
Inga (dative singular)

8th or 9th century, Unknown, Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem:
Ing wæs ǣrest · mid Ēastdenum
ġesewen seċġum, · oþ hē sīþþan ēast
ofer wæġ ġewāt, · wæn after rann;
þus Heardingas · þone hæle nemdon.
Ing was first among the Eastern Danes seen by men, until he soon afterwards departed over the ways, a wain followed after. Thus bold men named this hero.


Eufrates

From Ancient Greek Εὐφράτης (Euphrátēs), from Old Persian 𐎢𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎬𐎢 (ʰUfrātuš), from Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (purattu), itself from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (^(ÍD)Buranun).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þonne west frām Tigris þǣre īe oþ Eufrates þā ēa, þonne betweox þǣm ēan syndan þās land Babylonia, and Caldea, and Mesopotamia.

Then west from the River Tigris to the River Euphrates, then between the rivers are the lands of Babylon, Chaldea, and Mesopotamia

The Euphrates (a river in the Middle East)


Philippus

Philippus (nominative singular)
Philippus (accusative singular)
Philippuses (genitive singular)
Philippuse (dative singular)

From Latin Philippus, from Ancient Greek Φίλιππος (Phílippos)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...⁊ hēo wæs Philippuses steoƿmōdor.


Petrus

Petrus (nominative singular)
Petrus (accusative singular)
Petres (genitive singular)
Petre (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: Peter, petir, Petir, petur, petre, peiter
English: Peter
Scots: Peter
Yola: Beedher, Peedher, Peether

From Latin Petrus, from Ancient Greek Πέτρος (Pétros), from πέτρος (pétros, “stone, rock”).


Eoforwic

Eoforwīc (canonical neuter)
Eoforwīc (nominative singular)
Eoforwīc (accusative singular)
Eoforwīces (genitive singular)
Eoforwīce (dative singular)
Eoferwīċ (alternative)
Ēorwīċ (alternative)
Euerwīċ (alternative)

Middle English: Everwik, Eborwike, Eoverwic, Everwic, Everwich, Everwike, Everwyk
→ Old French: Everwich
→ Old Italian: Verrvicche

→ Old Norse: Jórvík
Icelandic: Jórvík
→ Faroese: Jórvík (learned)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Jorvik (learned)
→ Swedish: Jorvik (learned)
→ Danish: Jorvig (learned)
→ Middle English: York, Yorke, Ȝork, Ȝorke, Ȝorc, Ȝeorc
English: York

A folk-etymological alteration, based on eofor (“boar”) and the common placename suffix wīc (“village”), of the earlier Latin Eborācum, from pre-Brythonic *Eborākom, from Proto-Celtic *eburos (“yew-tree”) (compare Welsh efwr, Breton evor).

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Hīe restaþ begen on Eoferwīc ċeastre on ānum portice.


Ispania

Ispānia (canonical feminine)
Ispānia (nominative singular)
Ispānia (accusative singular)
Ispānia (genitive singular)
Ispānia (dative singular)

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Ispania land is þrīsċīte...


Everard

English: Everett


Romane

Rōmāne (canonical masculine plural)
Rōmāne (nominative plural)
Rōmāne (accusative plural)
Rōmāna (genitive plural)
Rōmānum (dative plural)

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 11:48

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hē [Pirrus] hæfde XX elpenda tō þǣm ġefeohte mid him, þe Rōmane ǣr na ne ne ġesawon: hē wæs sē forma mon þe hīe ǣrest on Italium brōhte.

And he [Pyrrhus] had twenty elephants with him in battle, which the Romans had never seen before; he was the first man to bring them to Italy.


Eadwulf

[ˈæ͜ɑːdˌwuɫf]

From Proto-Germanic *Audawulfaz, equivalent to ēad (“happiness, prosperity”) and wulf (“wolf”).


Eadgar

Ēadgār (canonical masculine)
Ēadgār (nominative singular)
Ēadgār (accusative singular)
Ēadgāres (genitive singular)
Ēadgāre (dative singular)

English: Edgar

/ˈæ͜ɑːdˌɡɑːr/

From ēad (“happiness, prosperity”) + gār (“spear”).


Ægenwulf

Ǣġenwulf (canonical masculine)
Ægenwulf (nominative singular)
Ægenwulf (accusative singular)
Ægenwulfes (genitive singular)
Ægenwulfe (dative singular)

Analyzable as agan (“to possess, own”) + wulf, similar to Ægenbeald.


Ægen

Ǣġen (canonical masculine)
Ǣġen (nominative singular)
Ǣġen (accusative singular)
Ǣġenes (genitive singular)
Ǣġene (dative singular)

Shortened form of names including Ǣġenbeald and Ǣġenwulf.


Ægenbeald

Ǣġenbeald (canonical masculine)
Ǣġenbeald (nominative singular)
Ǣġenbeald (accusative singular)
Ǣġenbealdes (genitive singular)
Ǣġenbealde (dative singular)

Analyzable as agan (“to possess, own”) + beald (“bold, brave”). Latinized as Einboldus.


Ælf

From Proto-West Germanic *albī, from Proto-Germanic *albī (“river”).


Eanred

/ˈæ͜ɑːnˌred/


Anlaf

From Proto-Germanic *Anulaibaz. Cognate to Old Norse Óláfr.


Æþelred

Æþelred (nominative singular)
Æþelred (accusative singular)
Æþelredes (genitive singular)
Æþelrede (dative singular)

From Proto-Germanic *Aþalarēdaz, from *aþalaz (“noble”) + *rēdaz (“counsel”), equivalent to æþele + rǣd. Cognate with Old Norse Aðalráðr.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Ōsrēd, þe wæs Norþanhymbra cining, æfter wræcsīþe hām cumenum ġelǣht wæs ⁊ ofslagen on XVIII Kƚ Octoƀ ⁊ his līc liġþ æt Tīnamūþe. ⁊ Æþelrēd cining feng tō nīwan wīfe, sēo wæs Ælflēd ġehāten, on III Kƚ Octobr̃.

Osred, who was king of Northumbria, was apprehended and slain on the 17th of October after coming home from his exile, and his body lies at Tynemouth. And King Aethelred took a new wife, whose name was Aelfled, on the third of October.

a male given name meaning “Noble Counsel”, equivalent to English Ethelred, Aethelred, or Æthelred; variant forms Æðelred, Æþelrǣd


Æðelred

Æðelred (nominative singular)
Æðelred (accusative singular)
Æðelredes (genitive singular)
Æðelrede (dative singular)

a male given name, variant of Æþelred or Æþelrǣd, equivalent to English Ethelred, Aethelred, or Æthelred


Æþelhere

Æþelhere (nominative singular)
Æþelhere (accusative singular)
Æþelheres (genitive singular)
Æþelhere (dative singular)


Æðelhere

Æðelhere (nominative singular)
Æðelhere (accusative singular)
Æðelheres (genitive singular)
Æðelhere (dative singular)

a male given name, Alternative spelling of Æþelhere


Aldwine

Aldwine (nominative singular)
Aldwine (accusative singular)
Aldwines (genitive singular)
Aldwine (dative singular)
Ealdwine (alternative)

From Old English ald (“wise, old”) + wine (“friend”).


Noe

Noē (canonical masculine)
Noē (nominative singular)
Noē (accusative singular)
Noēs (genitive singular)
Noē (dative singular)

Borrowed from Latin Nōē, from Ancient Greek Νῶε (Nôe), from Hebrew נֹחַ (Nōaḥ).

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Sē wæs ġeboren on þǣre earce Noēs...
He was born aboard Noah's ark...


Bryttas

Bryttas (nominative plural)
Bryttas (accusative plural)
Brytta (genitive plural)
Bryttum (dative plural)


Salomon

Salomon (nominative singular)
Salomon (accusative singular)
Salomones (genitive singular)
Salomone (dative singular)

From Latin Salomōn, from Ancient Greek Σολομών (Solomṓn), from Biblical Hebrew שְׁלֹמֹה (šĕlōmōʰ), from שָׁלוֹם (šālōm, “peace”).

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Fēower hund and ðūsend cræta hē hæfde, and twelf ðūsend riddena; þrēo ðūsend biġspella hē ġesette, and fīf ðūsend lēoða; and asmēade bē ǣlċum trēowcynne, fram ðām hēagan ċederbēame, oðpæt hē cōm tō ðǣre lȳtlan ysopan. Ēac swylċe bē nȳtenum, and fixum, and fugelum hē smēade, and of eallum lēodum cōmon menn tō ġehȳrenne Salomones wīsdōm.

He had one thousand, four hundred chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen; he composed three thousand proverbs, and five thousand songs; and he contemplated on every kind of tree, from the tall cedar, to the little hyssop. Likewise, he contemplated animals, and fish, and birds, and people came from every tribe in order to hear Solomon's wisdom.


Sinai

From Vulgate Latin Sinai, from Ancient Greek Σινάι (Sinái), from Hebrew סִינַי (Sináy).

Sinai (a mountain in Sinai Peninsula, Egypt)


Dunstan

Dunstān (canonical masculine)
Dunstān (nominative singular)
Dunstān (accusative singular)
Dunstānes (genitive singular)
Dunstāne (dative singular)

English: Dunstan


Ine

Īne (canonical masculine)
Īne (nominative singular)
Īne (accusative singular)
Īnes (genitive singular)
Īne (dative singular)
Īnæ (alternative)

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
...wæs sē Īne Cēnrēding, Cēnrēd Ċeolwalding, Ċeolwald wæs Cynegilses broþur...
Ine was son of Cenred, Cenred son of Ceolwald, Ceolwald was Cynegils' brother....

Ine of Wessex; 7th/8th century King of Wessex.


Osmund

From ōs (“god, deity”) + mund (“protector, protection”).


Sodoma

Sodoma (nominative singular)
Sodoman (accusative singular)
Sodoman (genitive singular)
Sodoman (dative singular)

From Ancient Greek Σόδομα (Sódoma), from the Biblical Hebrew סְדֹם (s'dóm).

Sodom (ancient Biblical city in Canaan, destroyed due to its sinfulness)


Wigan

accusative/genitive/dative singular of Wīġa


Babilon

Babylon (an ancient city, the ancient capital of Babylonia in modern Iraq, built on the banks of the Euphrates)


Denemearc

Denemearc (nominative singular)
Denemearce (accusative singular)
Denemearce (genitive singular)
Denemearce (dative singular)
Denamearc (alternative)

From Dene + mearc, a calque of Old Norse Danmǫrk.


Eotaland

Ēotaland (canonical neuter)
Ēotaland (nominative singular)
Ēotaland (accusative singular)
Ēotalandes (genitive singular)
Ēotalande (dative singular)

From Proto-Germanic *Eutalandą, whence also Old Norse Jótland.


Wendelsæ

Wendelsǣ (canonical feminine masculine)
Wendelsǣ (nominative singular)
Wendelsǣ (accusative singular)
Wendelsǣ (genitive singular)
Wendelsǣ (dative singular)
Wendelsǣ (nominative singular)
Wendelsǣ (accusative singular)
Wendelsǣs (genitive singular)
Wendelsǣ (dative singular)

→ English: Wendel Sea

From Proto-West Germanic *Wandilsaiwi. By surface analysis, Wendel (“Vandal”) + sǣ (“sea”). Cognate with Old High German Wentilsēo.

surf

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Se westsūþende Europe landġemirce is in Ispania westeweardum et ðǣm gārseċġe, and mǣst æt þǣm iġlande, þætte Gaðes hātte, þǣr scīet sē Wendelsǣ up of þǣm gārseċġe; þǣr ēac Ercoles sȳla standað.

The southwestern end of Europe is in Hispania at the western ocean, and the westernmost part is at the island known as Gades, where the Mediterranean flows into the ocean and where the Pillars of Hercules stand.


Franca

Franca (nominative singular)
Francan (nominative plural)
Francan (accusative singular)
Francan (accusative plural)
Francan (genitive singular)
Francena (genitive plural)
Francan (dative singular)
Francum (dative plural)

Middle English: Frank

English: Frank

From Proto-West Germanic *frankō, from Proto-Germanic *frankô. Related to Frankish *Franko, Old High German Franko (German Franke), Old Norse Frakki (Icelandic Frakki), Latin francus (Old French franc).

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLXXX Hēr Ealdsexe ⁊ Francan ġefuhton.

Year 780 In this year the Saxons and French fought.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCCLV Hēr hǣþene men ǣrest on Sċeapiġġe ofer winter sǣtan...⁊ þȳ ilcan ġēare [Aþelwulf cing] ferde to Rōme mid myċelre weorðnesse ⁊ þǣr wæs XII mōnoð wuniġende, ⁊ him þā hāmweard fōr ⁊ him þā Carl Francna cing his dohtor ġēaf him tō cwēne, ⁊ æfter þām tō his lēodum cōm...

Year 855 In this year the heathens stayed on Sheppey over the winter for the first time...And in the same year [King Athelwulf] went to Rome with honor, and stayed there for twelve months. And them he went home and King Carl [the Bald] of the Franks gave him his daughter as a queen, and after that Athelwulf returned to his people.


Antiochia

Antiochia (nominative singular)
Antiochian (accusative singular)
Antiochian (genitive singular)
Antiochian (dative singular)

Antioch (a number of cities in Asia, named for a Macedonian general, Ἀντίοχος (Antíokhos))


Iohannes

Iōhannes (canonical masculine)
Iōhannes (nominative singular)
Iōhannes (accusative singular)
Iōhannes (genitive singular)
Iōhanne (dative singular)

From Late Latin Iōhannēs, variant of Latin Iōannēs, from Koine Greek Ἰωάννης (Iōánnēs), from Biblical Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yôḥānān).


Hierusalem

English: Jerusalem

Analecta Angla Saxonica
Eornostlīċe þā sē Hǣlend ācenned wæs on Iūdeseisċre Bethleem, on þǣs cyningum dagum Herodes, þā cōmon þā tungolwītegan fram ēastdǣle tō Hierusalem.

...hyt funde on Hierusalem on þæs Pontiscan Pilates domerne, eall swa hyt Nychodemus awrat, eall myd Ebresicum stafum on manegum bocum þus awryten.

11th century, Evangelium Nichodemi, University Library, Cambridge. MS Ii.2.11, 173v


Antiochian

accusative/genitive/dative singular of Antiochia


Lundene

inflection of Lunden:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of Lunden:
nominative/accusative plural


Ex

English: Exe

Exe (a river in Somerset and Devon, England)


Francland

Francland (nominative singular)
Francland (accusative singular)
Franclandes (genitive singular)
Franclande (dative singular)
Fronclond (alternative)
Froncland (alternative)

Middle English: Fronc-lond

English: Frankland

From Franca (“the Franks'”) + land. Compare Icelandic Frakkland (“France”).

the land of the Franks; France (a medieval kingdom in Western Europe)


Francrice

Francrīċe (canonical neuter)
Frankrīċe (nominative singular)
Frankrīcu (nominative plural)
Frankrīċe (accusative singular)
Frankrīcu (accusative plural)
Frankrīċes (genitive singular)
Frankrīca (genitive plural)
Frankrīċe (dative singular)
Frankrīcum (dative plural)
Francena riċe (alternative)

Middle English: Francrice

From Franca (“the Franks'”) + rīċe (“kingdom, realm”). Compare Dutch Frankrijk (“France”), German Frankreich (“France”), Norwegian Frankrike (“France”).

com

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Maurus þā ferde mid miċelre blisse, and his ġeferan samod, to Francena riċe

Maurus then went with much bliss, along with his companions, to France.


Dunn

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCXLI Hēr Æþelheard cing forðferde, ⁊ feng Cūþrēd tō Westseaxna rīċe, ⁊ heold XXVI wintra, ⁊ heardlīċe hē ġewann wiþ Æþelwald cing. ⁊ Cūþbriht wæs tō arċebisċeope ġehālgod, ⁊ Dunn bisċeop tō Hrofesċeastre.

Year 741 In this year King Aethelhard died, and Cuthred ascended to the West Saxon throne. He held it for 26 years, and fought bravely against King Aethelwald. And Cuthbright was ordained archbishop, and Dunn ordained bishop of Rochester.


Rin

Rīn (canonical feminine masculine)
Rīn (nominative singular)
Rīn (accusative singular)
Rīnes (genitive singular)
Rīne (dative singular)
Rīn (nominative singular)
Rīne (accusative singular)
Rīne (genitive singular)
Rīne (dative singular)

English: Rhine

From Proto-Germanic *Rīnaz, from Celtic. Utimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to flow”).


Orfeus

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ὀρφεύς (Orpheús).


Sodome

Sodome (nominative singular)
Sodoman (accusative singular)
Sodoman (genitive singular)
Sodoman (dative singular)


Ægypte

Ægypte (nominative plural)
Ægypte (accusative plural)
Ægypta (genitive plural)
Ægyptum (dative plural)
Egypte (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: Egipt
English: Egypt, Ægypt (archaic), Ægipt, Aegipt, Egipt, Egipte (obsolete)
→ Burmese: အီဂျစ် (igyac)
→ Chinese: 埃及 (Āijí)
→ Korean: 애굽 (Aegup)
→ Vietnamese: Ai Cập
→ Cornish: Ejyp
→ Gujarati: ઇજિપ્ત (ijipt)
→ Hindi: इजिप्ट (ijipṭ), इजिप्त (ijipt)
→ Iban: Ejip
→ Japanese: エジプト (Ejiputo)
→ Kannada: ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್ (ījipṭ)
→ Korean: 이집트 (Ijipteu)
→ Malayalam: ഈജിപ്റ്റ് (ījipṟṟ)
→ Maori: Īhipa
→ Marathi: इजिप्त (ijipta)
→ Navajo: Ííjip
→ Nepali: इजिप्ट (ijipṭa)
→ Odia: ଇଜିପ୍ଟ (ijipṭa)
→ Paiwan: Idjiputu
→ Thai: อียิปต์ (ii-yìp)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Affrica ⁊ Asia hiera landġemircu onginnað of Alexandria, Egypta burg...

The boundary between Africa and Asia begins in the Egyptian city of Alexandria...

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


Abba

Abba (nominative singular)
Abban (accusative singular)
Abban (genitive singular)
Abban (dative singular)


Agustus

Agustus (nominative singular)
Agustus (accusative singular)
Agustuses (genitive singular)
Agustuse (dative singular)


Iudas

Iūdas (canonical masculine)
Iūdas (nominative singular)
Iūdas (accusative singular)
Iūdes (genitive singular)
Iūde (dative singular)

From Latin Iūdās, from Ancient Greek Ἰούδας (Ioúdas), from Hebrew יְהוּדָה (y'hudá).


Dauid

Dauid (nominative singular)
Dauid (accusative singular)
Dauides (genitive singular)
Dauide (dative singular)

English: David

From Latin David, from Koine Greek Δαυίδ (Dauíd), from Biblical Hebrew דּוד (Dāwîḏ).

a male given name, equivalent to English David.


Engle

Engle (nominative plural)
Engle (accusative plural)
Engla (genitive plural)
Englum (dative plural)
Ængle (alternative)
Angle (alternative)
Ongle (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *angliz. The name is possibly derived from angol (“fishhook”), from Proto-West Germanic *angul, from Proto-Germanic *angulaz, referring to either the Angles' habitat on the Jutland coast, shaped like a fishhook, or the Angles' probable occupation as fishermen.


Tata

English: Tate

From Proto-West Germanic *tait, from Proto-Germanic *taitaz (“radiant, glad, cheerful, tender”)


Port

Port (nominative singular)
Port (accusative singular)

a male given name attributed to one of the Saxon invaders of Britain, apparently in an inference from Portesmūþa.


Eoferwicscir

Eoferwīċsċīr (canonical feminine)
Eoferwīċsċīr (nominative singular)
Eoferwīċsċīre (accusative singular)
Eoferwīċsċīre (genitive singular)
Eoferwīċsċīre (dative singular)


Hungerland

Hungerland (nominative singular)
Hungerland (accusative singular)
Hungerlandes (genitive singular)
Hungerlande (dative singular)


Mædmonaþ

Mǣdmōnaþ (canonical masculine)
Mēdmōnaþ (alternative)

the seventh month of the year according to the Anglo-Saxon calendar


Cædmon

Ultimately from Proto-Celtic *Katumandus (“battle+pony”).

a famous Northumbrian poet, the author of Cædmon's Hymn


Germanie

Ġermanie (canonical masculine plural)
Ġermanie (nominative plural)
Ġermanie (accusative plural)
Ġermania (genitive plural)
Ġermanium (dative plural)

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Breoton ist gārseċġes ēalond, ðæt wæs iū Albion hāten: is ġeseted betwyh norðdǣle and westdǣle, Ġermanie ⁊ Gallie ⁊ Hispanie þām mǣstum dǣlum Europe myċċle fæce onġeġn.

Britain is an island of the sea, which was formerly called Albion: is is situated between the north and west, opposite of and far from Germania and Gaul and Hispania, the largest divisions of Europe.

a geographic region of Europe, comprising the lands occupied by those who speak Germanic languages, or the part of this portion in Continental Europe.


Arius

From Latin Arīus, from Ancient Greek Ἄρειος (Áreios), from Ἄρης (Árēs).


Michahel

Michahel (nominative singular)
Michahel (accusative singular)
Michaheles (genitive singular)
Michahele (dative singular)
Mihahel (alternative)

English: Michael

From Latin Michaēl, from Ancient Greek Μῐχᾱήλ (Mĭkhāḗl), from Biblical Hebrew מִיכָאֵל (mîḵāʾēl, literally “who is like God?”)

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLVIII Hēr Bregowine wæs tō arċebisċeop ġehādod tō Sc̃e Michaheles mæssan.

Year 758 In this year Bregowine was ordained archbishop at Michaelmas.


Moyses

From Latin Mōȳsēs, from Ancient Greek Μωυσῆς (Mōusês), from Biblical Hebrew מֹשֶׁה (mōšê)

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Moyses, ðurh Godes mihte, āwende eal heora wæter tō rēadum blōde, and hē āfylde eal heora land mid froggon, and siððan mid gnættum, eft mid hundes lūsum, ðā flugon into heora mūðe and heora næsðyrlum; and sē Ælmihtiġa ðone mōdiġan cyning mid þām eaðelicum ġesċeaftum swā gėswencte...

Moses, through the power of God, turned all their water into red blood, and filled all of their land with frogs, and then with gnats, and afterwards with dogflies, which flew into their mouths and their nostrils; the Almighty punished their proud king in that way with every kind of creature...


Dena lagu

Dena lagu (nominative singular)
Dena lage (accusative singular)
Dena lage (genitive singular)
Dena lage (dative singular)


Adda

Adda (nominative singular)
Addan (accusative singular)
Addan (genitive singular)
Addan (dative singular)


Ælfric

Ælfrīċ (canonical masculine)
Ælfrīċ (nominative singular)
Ælfrīċ (accusative singular)
Ælfrīċes (genitive singular)
Ælfrīċe (dative singular)

→ English: Ælfric (learned)

→ Latin: Alfrīcus, Ælfrīcus, Elphrīcus

Middle English: Averi, Averie, Elfric

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
Joseph Bosworth
Oxford
Thomas Northcote Toller

ælf (“elf”) + rīc (“a powerful person, ruler”)

compound

Ælfric of Eynsham (c. 955–c. 1010), Benedictine abbot, student of Æthelwold of Winchester, and prolific writer in Old English of hagiography, homily, Biblical commentary, and other genres

Ælfric of Abingdon (died 1005), Archbishop of Canterbury 995–1005

Ælfric Bata (fl. 1005), disciple of Ælfric of Eynsham and monk


Angelcynn

Angelcynn (nominative singular)
Angelcynn (accusative singular)
Angelcynnes (genitive singular)
Angelcynne (dative singular)
Angelcyn (alternative)
Ongolcynn (alternative)

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Þonne is on ēasteweardre Cent myċel ēaland Tenet, þæt is syx hund hīda miċel æfter Angelcynnes ǣhte. Þæt ēalond tōsċēadeð Wantsumo strēam frām þām tōġeþēoddan lande. Sē is þrēora furlunga brād: ⁊ on twām stōwum is oferfernes, ⁊ ǣġhwæþer ende līð on sǣ.

Now to the east of Cent there is the great island of Thanet, which contains six hundreds hides by the English manner of reckoning. The island separates the Wantsum Channel from the adjacent land. It is three furlongs wide; and it can be crossed in two places, and at each end flows into the sea.

the Anglo-Saxon people; the English race

Her bebead ſe cyng þet man ſceolde ofer eall angel cynn ſcipu feaſtlice ƿircean.

p. 1154, “AD 1008”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636), Peterborough, folio 43, recto; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

That year, the king ordered that ships should be built unremittingly all over England.

England (a medieval kingdom in Northern Europe)


Matheus

Mathēus (canonical masculine)
Mathēus (nominative singular)
Mathēum (accusative singular)
Mathēī (genitive singular)
Matheō (dative singular)

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Æfter þyssere sprǣċe cōmon ðā drȳmen, and hæfdon him mid tweġen ormǣte dracan, ðǣra orðung ācwealde þæt earme mennisċ: ac sē apostol Matheus þā dracan ġeswefode, and siððan of ðām lande adrǣfde, swā þæt hī næfre siððan þǣr ġesewene nǣron.

After this speech came the sorcerers, who had two enormous dragons which them, whose breath killed that poor man: but the apostle Matthew lulled the dragons to sleep, and then drove them from the land, so that they have never been seen there since.


Hieremias

From Latin Hieremias, cognate with English Jeremy.

(biblical) Jeremiah (major prophet of the Hebrew Bible)


Orcadas

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Swylċe hē ēac Orcadas þā ēalond, þā wǣron ūt on gārseċġe būtan Brotone, tō Rōmwara rīċe ġeþēodde.

Likewise, he also added the islands of Orkney, which were out on the sea beyond Britain, to the Roman Empire.


Parthe

Parthe (nominative plural)
Parthe (accusative plural)
Partha (genitive plural)
Parthum (dative plural)


Affrica

Africa (the continent south of Europe and between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans)

The boundaries between Africa and Asia begin in the Egyptian city of Alexandria...

(historical) Africa (a former province of the Roman Empire, containing what is now Tunisia and portions of coastal Algeria and Libya)


Lunden

Lunden (nominative singular)
Lundene (accusative singular)
Lundene (genitive singular)
Lundene (dative singular)
*ᛚᚢᚾᛞᛖᚾ (alternative)

Middle English: Lunden, London

English: London

Norwegian Bokmål: London

→ Latin: Lundonia

desctree

→? Old French: Londres, Londrez
Middle French: Londres
French: Londres (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: Londres
Galician: Londres
Portuguese: Londres

Together with Middle Welsh Llundein cannot be directly from Latin Londinium, which would yield *Lynden via i-mutation. But both may continue Vulgar Latin *Lundeinju (Late British Latin) if the medial -i- of the original word was short.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Þā æfter him feng Mellitus to erċebisċopdōme þe ǣr wæs bisċop on Lundene...Ðā æfter feng tō þām erċebisċopdōme Iūstus...

Then after him Mellitus, who was previously bishop of London, ascended to the archbishopdom..then afterwards Justus ascended to the archbishopdom.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Efficacy of the Holy Mass"
Sē ealdormann sealde hine sumum Frīsan of Lundene.

The aldorman sold him to a Frisian from London.


Grendel

Grendel (nominative singular)
Grendel (accusative singular)
Grendles (genitive singular)
Grendle (dative singular)


Hama

Hāma (canonical masculine)
Hāma (nominative singular)
Hāman (accusative singular)
Hāman (genitive singular)
Hāman (dative singular)


Sigelhearwa

Siġelhearwa (canonical masculine)
Siġelhearwa (nominative singular)
Siġelhearwan (nominative plural)
Siġelhearwan (accusative singular)
Siġelhearwan (accusative plural)
Siġelhearwan (genitive singular)
Siġelhearwena (genitive plural)
Siġelhearwan (dative singular)
Siġelhearwum (dative plural)
siġelhearwa (alternative)
Sīlhearwa (alternative)
Siġylhearwa (alternative)
Sīllhearewa (alternative)
siġelwara (alternative)

From siġel (“sun”) + *hearwa (“worshiper”), a derivative related to herian (“to praise”).


Persida

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Hī ferdon, þurh wissunge þǣs Hālgan Gāstes, tō ðām earde þe is ġehāten Persida, and þǣr ġemetton ðā tweġen drȳmen, Zaroen and Arfaxað, þe ætflugon ðām apostole Mathēō, of ðǣra Silhearwena lande...

Through the guidance of the Holy Spirit, they went to the land known as Persia, and there encountered the two sorcerers Zaroen and Arfaxath, who had fled from the apostle Matthew in Ethiopia...


Ianuarius

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
On þone eahteðan ġeohheldæg bið þǣs mōnðes fruma þe mon nemneð Ianuarius, þæt is on ūre ġeþēode sē æftera geola.

On the eighth day of Christmas is the beginning of the month known as January, which in our language is After-Yule.


Iob

Borrowed from Latin Iōb, Ancient Greek Ἰώβ (Iṓb), from Biblical Hebrew אִיּוֹב (ʾiyyōḇ).

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Iōb, sē ēadiġa and sē ānrǣda godes þeġn, wæs swa fulfremed on eallum gōdnyssum þæt god sylf cwæþ bē him þæt his ġelīċa nǣre þā on þām līfe ofer eorþan.

Job, the prosperous and unwavering servant of god, was in all good deeds that God Himself said that there was no one like him living on Earth.


Æþelwulf

Æþelwulf (nominative singular)
Æþelwulf (accusative singular)
Æþelwulfes (genitive singular)
Æþelwulfe (dative singular)
Æþulf (alternative)
Aþelwulf (alternative)

English: Ethelwolf

From Proto-Germanic *Aþalawulfaz. Equivalent to æþele (“noble”) + wulf (“wolf”).

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Sē Aþelwulf wæs Eċġbrihting, Eċġbriht Ealhmunding, Ealhmund Eafing, Eafa Eopping, Eoppa Ingilding, Ingild wæs Ines brōþor...
Athelwulf was son of Edgebright, Edgebright son of Ealhmund, Ealhmund son of Eafa, Eafa son of Eoppa, Eoppa son of Ingild, Ingild was Ine's brother...


Moises

From Latin Mōsēs, Mōȳsēs, from Ancient Greek Μωυσῆς (Mōusês), from Biblical Hebrew מֹשֶׁה (mōšê).


Seaxe

Seaxe (nominative plural)
Seaxe (accusative plural)
Seaxna (genitive plural)
Seaxum (dative plural)

The older form is Seaxan, which is also quite common. The i-stem plural Seaxe formed sometime after i-umlaut had gone to completion, by analogy with other names of peoples such as Engle (“the Angles”), Mierċe (“the Mercians”), and Norþanhymbre (“the Northumbrians”).

Alternative form of Seaxan (“the Saxons”)


Seaxa

Seaxa (nominative singular)
Seaxan (nominative plural)
Seaxan (accusative singular)
Seaxan (accusative plural)
Seaxan (genitive singular)
Seaxna (genitive plural)
Seaxan (dative singular)
Seaxum (dative plural)


Hreþe

Hrēþe (canonical masculine)
*Hrēþa (alternative)

→ Latin: Rheda

From Proto-Germanic *Hrēþǭ. Cognate with Old High German *Hrouda, Hruada.


Grecland

Grēcland (canonical neuter)
Grēcland (nominative singular)
Grēcland (accusative singular)
Grēclandes (genitive singular)
Grēclande (dative singular)

desc

Middle English: Griccland, Griclond, Greclond

English: Greekland


Cerdic

Ċerdic (canonical masculine)
Ċerdic (nominative singular)
Ċerdic (accusative singular)
Ċerdices (genitive singular)
Ċerdice (dative singular)
Ċeardic (alternative)


Dudda

Dudda (nominative singular)
Duddan (accusative singular)
Duddan (genitive singular)
Duddan (dative singular)

English: Dudley (from Dudda + lēag)


Esla

Esla (nominative singular)
Eslan (nominative plural)
Eslan (accusative singular)
Eslan (accusative plural)
Eslan (genitive singular)
Eslena (genitive plural)
Eslan (dative singular)
Eslum (dative plural)

Possibly from esl (“shoulder”) (in the genitive). Otherwise, possibly a nickname for Elesa.


Ædre

Ǣdre (canonical feminine)
Ǣdre (nominative singular)
Ǣdran (accusative singular)
Ǣdran (genitive singular)
Ǣdran (dative singular)


Bebbe

Bebbe (nominative singular)
Bebban (accusative singular)
Bebban (genitive singular)
Bebban (dative singular)

a diminutive of the female given name Elisabeth


Ealhswiþ

Ealhswīþ (canonical feminine)
Ealhswīþ (nominative singular)
Ealhswīþ (accusative singular)
Ealhswīþe (accusative singular)
Ealhswīþe (genitive singular)
Ealhswīþe (dative singular)

English: Elswith, Elswyth

[ˈæ͜ɑɫx.swiːθ]


Iacob

Iācōb (canonical masculine)
Iācōb (nominative singular)
Iācōb (accusative singular)
Iācōbes (genitive singular)
Iācōbe (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: Iacob
⇒ English: Jacob
⇒ English: Jakob, Jaycob, Jaykob
⇒ English: Jake, Jack, Jay (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jeb (diminutive)
⇒ English: Coby, Koby, Kobe (diminutive)
→ Hawaiian: Iakobo, Iakoba, Iakopo, Iakopa
→ Maori: Hakopa

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἰακώβ (Iakṓb), from Biblical Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (yaʿaqóv, “he will/shall heel”).

der

Jacob (father of Joseph in the Hebrew Bible)


Waldhere

From Proto-West Germanic *Waldahari, from Proto-Germanic *Waldaharjaz, from *waldą (“might, power, authority”) + *harjaz (“army leader, commander, warrior”). Cognate to Old Northern French Waltier and Old High German Waltheri.

Waldere (alternative)
Wealdhere (alternative)

a male given name, equivalent to English Walter


Eadweard

Middle English: Edward

English: Edward

→ Norwegian: Edvard

→ Swedish: Edvard

→ Danish: Edvard

→ Icelandic: Eðvarð

→ Old Norse: Játvarðr

Icelandic: Játvarður

Faroese: Jatvarður

→ Old French: Edward

Middle French: Edward

French: Édouard

→ German: Eduard

→ Latin: Edwardus, Eduardus

Italian: Edoardo, Eduardo

Spanish: Eduardo

Portuguese: Eduardo

→ Irish: Éadbhard

/ˈæ͜ɑːdˌwæ͜ɑrd/

[ˈæ͜ɑːdˌwæ͜ɑrˠd]

From Proto-West Germanic *Audawardu, from Proto-Germanic *Audawarduz, from *audaz (“wealth, riches”) + *warduz (“guardian, watchman”).

a male given name, equivalent to English Edward


Eadric

English: Edrick, Edric

/ˈæ͜ɑːdˌriːk/

From Proto-West Germanic *Audarīk, from Proto-Germanic *Audarīks, from *audaz (“happiness, prosperity”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”). Cognate of Old High German Ōtrih and Old Norse Auðríkr.

Eadric the Wild; an 11th Century Anglo-Saxon Thegn.

Laws of Hlothhere and Eadric
Þis syndon þā dōmas ðe Hloþhære ⁊ Ēadrīc, Cantwara cyningas, asetton. Hloþhære ⁊ Ēadrīc, Cantwara cyningas, ēcton þā ǣ, þā ðe heora aldoras ǣr ġeworhten, ðyssum dōmum þe hȳr efter sæġeþ.

These are the laws that Hlothhere and Eadric, kings of Kent, laid down. Hlothhere and Eadric, kings of Kent, added these laws listed hereafter to the laws their ancestors created.

Eadric of Kent; an Anglo-Saxon King of Kent.


Wealas

Wēalas (canonical masculine plural)
Wēalas (nominative plural)
Wēalas (accusative plural)
Wēala (genitive plural)
Wēalum (dative plural)
Wālas (alternative)

Middle English: Wales

English: Wales

Scots: Wales

→ Catalan: Gal·les

→ Old French: Gales (see there for further descendants)

/ˈwæ͜ɑː.lɑs/

From plural of wealh (“Celt, Welsh person”). Compare the second element in Cornwall, and also Gaul.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCX Hēr Beorhtfriþ ealdormon feaht wiþ Peohtas, ⁊ Īne ⁊ Nun his mæġ ġefuhton wiþ Gerente Wāla cyninge.

Year 710 In this year Prince Brightfrith fought against the Picts, and Ine and his kinsman Nun fought against Gerent, king of the Welsh.

Wales (a medieval principality and region of the Kingdom of England)


Israhel

Israhel (nominative singular)
Israhelas (nominative plural)
Israhel (accusative singular)
Israhelas (accusative plural)
Israheles (genitive singular)
Israhela (genitive plural)
Israhele (dative singular)
Israhelum (dative plural)

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Þā æt nēxtan forlēt Pharao Israhela folc of his earde siðian mid miċċlum ǣhtum, and God ġesette ðone foresǣdan Moysen his folce tō heretogan, and his broðer Aaron tō sacerde; and hī lǣddon þæt folce tō ðǣre Rēadan sǣ mid miċelre fyrdinge, þæt wǣron six hund þūsenda wīgendra manna, buton wīfum and ċildum.

Then at last Pharaoh allowed the people of Israel to leave his land with much livestock, and God appointed the aforementioned Moses as the leader of his people, and his brother Aaron as priest; and they led the people to the Red Sea with a great host, which numbered six hundred thousand warriors, not counting women and children.


Seaxland

Seaxland (nominative singular)
Seaxland (accusative singular)
Seaxlandes (genitive singular)
Seaxlande (dative singular)

Saxony (a historical region and former duchy in north-central Germany)


Freslond

Frēslond (canonical neuter)
Frēslond (nominative singular)
Frēslond (accusative singular)
Frēslondes (genitive singular)
Frēslonde (dative singular)
Frȳsland (alternative)

Middle English: Frysland, Frislond

English: Friesland


Sweoland

Swēoland (canonical neuter)
Swēoland (nominative singular)
Swēoland (accusative singular)
Swēolandes (genitive singular)
Swēolande (dative singular)

Swēo (“Swede”) + land (“land”). Cognate with Swedish Svealand (“the central region of Sweden”).

cog

Sweden (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)


Sweorice

Swēorīċe (canonical neuter)
Swēorīċe (nominative singular)
Swēorīċu (nominative plural)
Swēorīċe (accusative singular)
Swēorīċu (accusative plural)
Swēorīċes (genitive singular)
Swēorīċa (genitive plural)
Swēorīċe (dative singular)
Swēorīċum (dative plural)

Swēo (“Swede”) + rīċe (“kingdom”). Cognate with Swedish Sverige, Svea rike.


Duda

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCCXXXIII Hēr ġefeaht Eċġbriht cing wið XXXV sċiphlæsta æt Carrum ⁊ þǣr wearð myċel wæl ġesleġen, ⁊ þā Denisċan ahton wælstōwe ġeweald. ⁊ Hereferð ⁊ Wiġþeġn, tweġen bisċeopas, forðferdan, ⁊ Duda ⁊ Ōsmōd, tweġen ealdormenn, forðferdon.

Year 833 In this year King Edgebright fought against thirty-five shiploads of men at Charmouth, and many were slain, and the Danes took control of the battlefield. And two bishops, Herefrith and Wigthegn, and two aldermen, Duda and Osmod, died.


Earendel

Ēarendel (canonical masculine)
ēarendel (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *Auziwandilaz, from *auzi (“dawn”) + *wandilaz (“fluctuating, variable, wandering”), perhaps via the intermediate forms *Ēarwendel or *Ēarwandel.

As a student in 1914 studying the famous Exeter Book anthology of Old English poems, Tolkien found the phrase Eala Earendel engla beorhtost ("Hail Morningstar brightest of angels") in the poem Christ I, from which he drew the name Eärendel and invented a whole mythology about a legendary mariner in his ship of the air sailing over the western seas and through the starry heavens, whose role it is to reconcile gods and men.

2014, Mark Atheron, “Old English”, in Stuart D. Lee, editor, A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien:


Oxnaford

Oxnaford (nominative singular)
Oxnaford (accusative singular)
Oxnafordes (genitive singular)
Oxnaforda (dative singular)
Oxnaforde (dative singular)
Oxenaford (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: Oxenford, Oxeford, Oxenfoord, Oxenforde, Oxenforthe, Oxforde, Oxineford, Oxinford, Oxneford, Oxynford, Ocsenford, Oxeneford, Oxenevord, Oxnefort (Early Middle English)
English: Oxford (obsolete Oxeford)
Middle Scots: Oxinfurd, Oxinfurde, Oxinfuird
Scots: Oxford
→ Old French: Ocsenefort, Oxeford, Oxeneforde, Oxenefort

From oxna (“oxen's”, genitive plural of oxa) + ford.

compound

genitive plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">oxa</i>


Wan

Wan (nominative singular)
Wan (accusative singular)


Wine

Wine (nominative singular)
Wine (accusative singular)
Wines (genitive singular)
Wine (dative singular)


Haman

accusative/genitive/dative singular of Hāma


Bruning

English: Browning


Rine

dative/accusative/genitive singular of Rīn


Hild

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
⁊ þȳ ilcan ġēare forþferde Hild abbodesse on Strēonesheale.
And in the same year Abbess Hild died in Whitby.


Aldred

Aldrēd (canonical masculine)
Aldrēd (nominative singular)
Aldrēd (accusative singular)
Aldrēdes (genitive singular)
Aldrēde (dative singular)
Ældred (alternative)
Ealdrǣd (alternative)

From ald (“old, wise”) and rēd (“counsel, advice”).


Merce

Merċe (canonical masculine plural)
Merċe (nominative plural)
Merċe (accusative plural)
Mercna (genitive plural)
Merċum (dative plural)


Wealhþeow

/ˈwæ͜ɑlxˌθe͜oːw/

[ˈwæ͜ɑɫxˌθe͜oːw]

From wealh (“foreigner, slave, Celt”) + þēow (“servant”).


Goda

Gōda (canonical masculine)
Gōda (nominative singular)
Gōdan (accusative singular)
Gōdan (genitive singular)
Gōdan (dative singular)


Walas

Wālas (canonical masculine plural)
Wālas (nominative plural)
Wālas (accusative plural)
Wāla (genitive plural)
Wālum (dative plural)


Snotingahamscir

Snotingahāmsċīr (canonical feminine)
Snotingahāmsċīr (nominative singular)
Snotingahāmsċīre (accusative singular)
Snotingahāmsċīre (genitive singular)
Snotingahāmsċīre (dative singular)


Seaxneat

Seaxnēat (canonical masculine)
*Seaxnet (alternative)

→ English: Seaxneat (learned) (based on the reconstruction)

/ˈsæ͜ɑksˌnæ͜ɑːt/

Compare Old Saxon Saxnote. The etymology is uncertain, probably from seax (“dagger”) and ġenēat (“companion, follower, follower in battle; dependant, vassal, tenant who works for a lord”). His name is thought to mean either "companion of the Saxons" or "dagger companion", as the term seax could mean either a dagger or the Saxon people which carried it.

a legendary king or god of the Anglo-Saxons, said to be the ancestor of the kings of Essex


Wendle

Wendle (nominative plural)
Wendle (accusative plural)
Wendla (genitive plural)
Wendlum (dative plural)
Wandali (alternative)
Wandale (alternative)
Wænle (alternative)

Middle English: Wandales

From Proto-Germanic *wandaliz, *wandilaz.


Penda

Penda (nominative singular)
Pendan (accusative singular)
Pendan (genitive singular)
Pendan (dative singular)

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Penda wæs Pybbing, Pybba Creoding, Creoda Cynewalding, Cynewald Cnebbing, Cnebba Iceling, Icel Eomæring, Eomær Angelþēowing, Angelþēow Offing, Offa Wærmunding, Wærmund Wihtlæging, Wihtlæg Wodening.
Penda was son of Pybba, Pybba was son of Creoda, Creoda was son of Cynewald, Cynewald was son of Cnebba, Cnebba was son of Icel, Icel was son of Eomer, Eomer was son of Angeltheow, Angeltheow was son of Offa, Offa was son of Wermund, Wermund was son of Wihtlæg, and Wihtlæg was son of Woden.


Peohtas

Peohtas (nominative plural)
Peohtas (accusative plural)
Peohta (genitive plural)
Peohtum (dative plural)
Pehtas (alternative)
Pihtas (alternative)
Pyhtas (alternative)

Probably from Celtic/Pictish; see Pictus.


Mul

Apparently from the common noun mūl (“mule”).

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DC.LXXXVI Hēr Mūl ⁊ Ceadwalla Cent ⁊ Wiht forhergodan.
Year 686 In this year Mul and Cædwalla laid waste to Kent and Wight.


Temes

desctree

Middle English: Temese, Tamis, Tamise, Thamyse, Tæmese, Tames, Tamese, Temes, Tammes, Tempse, Temse, Themse, Themese, Themise, Temze, Temeze
English: Thames

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
⁊ hīe Bealdrēd þone cyning norþ ofer Temese ādrifon ⁊ Cantware him tō ċirdon...

And they drove King Bealdred north over the Thames, and turned back to Kent...


Fearr

Fearr (nominative singular)
Fearr (accusative singular)
Fearres (genitive singular)
Fearre (dative singular)

From fearr (“bull”), a semantic loan from Latin Taurus.


Sceapieg

Sċēapīeġ (canonical feminine)
Sċēapīeġ (nominative singular)
Sċēapīeġe (accusative singular)
Sċēapīeġe (genitive singular)
Sċēapīeġe (dative singular)
Sċēapīġ (alternative)

Middle English:

English: Sheppey

/ˈʃæ͜ɑːpˌi͜yːj/

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCCLV Hēr hǣþene men ǣrest on Sċeapiġġe ofer winter sǣtan...⁊ þȳ ilcan ġēare [Aþelwulf cing] ferde to Rōme mid myċelre weorðnesse ⁊ þǣr wæs XII mōnoð wuniġende, ⁊ him þā hāmweard fōr ⁊ him þā Carl Francna cing his dohtor ġēaf him tō cwēne, ⁊ æfter þām tō his lēodum cōm...

Year 855 In this year the heathens stayed on Sheppey over the winter for the first time...And in the same year [King Athelwulf] went to Rome with much honor, and stayed there for twelve months. And them he went home and King Carl [the Bald] of the Franks gave him his daughter as a queen, and after that Athelwulf returned to his people.


Swiþhun

English: Swithun, Swithin

The first element is swīþ (“strong”), the second cognate with German Hüne (“giant”). The ethnonym Hun was adopted by Germanic languages with this meaning.

a male given name, notably held by Saint Swithun of Winchester


Finna land

Finna land (nominative singular)
Finna land (accusative singular)
Finna landes (genitive singular)
Finna lande (dative singular)


Romana rice

Rōmāna rīċe (canonical neuter)
Rōmāna rīċe (nominative singular)
Rōmāna rīċe (accusative singular)
Rōmāna rīċes (genitive singular)
Rōmāna rīċe (dative singular)

From the genitive form of Rōmāne + rīċe. Literally "empire of the Romans."

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Deposition of St. Martin, Bishop"
Hē wæs āfēded on Rōmāna rīċe.

Roman Empire
Roman Empire#English:_Q2277

(historical) Roman Empire (an ancient empire based out of the city of Rome, covering vast territories in Europe, Asia and Africa)


Ælfhelm

Ælfhelm (nominative singular)
Ælfhelm (accusative singular)
Ælfhelmes (genitive singular)
Ælfhelme (dative singular)

⇒ Middle English: Alfelmestuna

English: Alphamstone


Eadbeald

Ēadbeald (canonical masculine)
Ēadbald (alternative)

/ˈæ͜ɑːdˌbæ͜ɑld/

[ˈæ͜ɑːdˌbæ͜ɑɫd]

From ēad (“happiness, prosperity”) and beald (“brave, bold”).

Eadbald of Kent; an Anglo-Saxon King of Kent.


Eadbald

Ēadbald (canonical masculine)
Ēadbeald (alternative)

/ˈæ͜ɑːdˌbɑld/

[ˈæ͜ɑːdˌbɑɫd]

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Þā wæs æfter Æðelbehrtes fōrðfore, Ēadbald his sunu feng to ðām rīċe...

Then, after Aethelberht's death, his son Eadbald ascended to the throne...


Engla land

Engla land (nominative singular)
Engla land (accusative singular)
Engla landes (genitive singular)
Engla lande (dative singular)
Ængla land (alternative)
Englaland (alternative)

⇒ German: England

Middle English: Engelond, Engeland, Englelond, England, Engle lond, Englene lond (Early Middle English), Ingelond, Inglond, Ingland (Late Middle English)
English: England (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Ingland, England
Yola: Engelhoan
→ Latin: Angliterra (calque) (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle High German: Engellant, Engelant, Engenlant (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Welsh: Englont, Inglont

→ Old French: Engleterre (calque)
Middle French: Angleterre
> French: Angleterre (inherited)
Italian: Inghilterra
→ Arabic: إِنْجِلْتِرَا (ʔinjiltirā)
→ Maltese: Ingilterra
→ Ottoman Turkish: انكلتره
> Turkish: İngiltere (inherited)
→ Azerbaijani: İngiltərə
> Norman: Angliétèrre (inherited)

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *angliz
Old English Engle
Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ-
Proto-Indo-European *-om
Proto-Germanic *landą
Proto-West Germanic *land
Old English land
Old English Engla land
From the genitive of Engle (“Angles”) + land (“land”). Literally "land of the Angles."

etymon

England (a medieval kingdom in Northern Europe)


Crecas

Crēcas (canonical masculine plural)
Crēcas (nominative plural)
Crēcas (accusative plural)
Crēca (genitive plural)
Crēcum (dative plural)
Grēcas (alternative)
Crēce (alternative)
Grēce (alternative)

Middle English: Greke

English: Greek

From Proto-West Germanic *Krēkō (“Greeks”).

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Þā hē ārīsende wæs, þā ġefēlde hē his līchaman healfne dǣl mid þǣre ādle ġeslæġen bēon þe Crēcas nemnaþ paralysis and wē cweðaþ lyftādl.

As he was getting up, he felt half his body being struck with the affliction that the Greeks call paralysis and we call "air sickness."

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
On þām dagum wæs Alexander ġeboren on Crēcum.

At that time, Alexander was born in Greece.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Þȳ ilcan ġēare Claudius oferwann Gotan and hīe ādrāf ūt of Crēcum.

The same year, Claudius defeated the Goths and drove them out of Greece.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Binnan fīf and twēntiġ ġēara Philippus ġeēode ealle þā cynerīċu þe on Crēcum wǣron.

Within twenty-five years, Phillip conquered all the kingdoms in Greece.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm Fulvius sē consul fōr mid firde on Crēce, tō þām beorgum þe man Olympus hǣt.

After that, consul Fulvius went with an army to Greece, to the mountain that is called Olympus.


Crecisc

Crēċisċ (canonical neuter)
Crēċisċ (nominative singular)
Crēċisċ (accusative singular)
Crēċisċes (genitive singular)
Crēċisċe (dative singular)
Grēċisċ (alternative)


Bryne

Bryne (nominative singular)
Bryne (accusative singular)
Brynes (genitive singular)
Bryne (dative singular)

From Old English bryne (“fire, ferver, passion”).


Gota

Gota (nominative singular)
Gotan (nominative plural)
Gotan (accusative singular)
Gotan (accusative plural)
Gotan (genitive singular)
Gotena (genitive plural)
Gotan (dative singular)
Gotum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *gotō, from Proto-Germanic *gutô.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Hū Gotan Ġewunnon Rōmāna Rīċe

How the Goths Conquered the Roman Empire


Hobbe

Middle English: Hobb


Portesmuða

Portesmūða (canonical masculine)
Portesmuða (nominative singular)
Portesmuðan (accusative singular)
Portesmuðan (genitive singular)
Portesmuðan (dative singular)

Middle English: Portesmuða

English: Portsmouth


Aulixes

a male given name of historical usage, from Greek epic poetry, Odysseus


Normandig

Normandiġ (canonical feminine)
Normandīġ (canonical feminine)
Normandiġ (nominative singular)
Normandiġe (accusative singular)
Normandiġe (genitive singular)
Normandiġe (dative singular)
Normandīġ (nominative singular)
Normandīġe (accusative singular)
Normandīġe (genitive singular)
Normandīġe (dative singular)

Middle English: Normandye

English: Normandy


Eowland

Eowland (nominative singular)
Eowland (accusative singular)
Eowlandes (genitive singular)
Eowlande (dative singular)


Sæfern

Sæfern (nominative singular)
Sæferne (accusative singular)
Sæferne (genitive singular)
Sæferne (dative singular)

Middle English: Severne

English: Severn


Sæfernmuþa

Sæfernmūþa (canonical masculine)
Sæfernmūþa (nominative singular)
Sæfernmūþan (accusative singular)
Sæfernmūþan (genitive singular)
Sæfernmūþan (dative singular)


Frig

Frīġ (canonical feminine)
Frīġ (nominative singular)
Frīġe (accusative singular)
Frīġe (genitive singular)
Frīġe (dative singular)

From Proto-West Germanic *Frīju, from Proto-Germanic *Frijjō.

Frigg, the Germanic goddess of love, wife of Odin (Old English Wōden).


Exanceaster

Exanċeaster (canonical neuter)
Exanċeaster (nominative singular)
Exanċeastre (accusative singular)
Exanċeastre (genitive singular)
Exanċeastre (dative singular)
Exanceaster (alternative)
Eaxanċeaster (alternative)
Eaxanceaster (alternative)
Escanċeaster (alternative)
Escanceaster (alternative)
Eaxeċester (alternative)
Eaxecester (alternative)
Eaxanċester (alternative)
Eaxancester (alternative)
Exaċester (alternative)
Exacester (alternative)
Exeċester (alternative)
Execester (alternative)
Exanċester (alternative)
Exancester (alternative)
Exċester (alternative)
Exa (alternative)
Exe (alternative)
Eaxnc (alternative)
Eaxcestr (alternative)
Eaxa (alternative)
Eaxc (alternative)

Middle English: Exchestre

English: Exeter

From Ex (“River Exe”) + ċeaster (“fortress, fortified town”), in some forms influenced by Latin Isca, both from Proto-Brythonic *Uɨsk.

affix

Exeter (a cathedral city in modern Devon, England)


West-Seaxe

West-Seaxe (nominative plural)
West-Seaxe (accusative plural)
West-Seaxena (genitive plural)
West-Seaxum (dative plural)


Iraland

Īraland (canonical neuter)
Īraland (nominative singular)
Īraland (accusative singular)
Īralandes (genitive singular)
Īralande (dative singular)


Penwihtsteort

Penwihtsteort (nominative singular)
Penwihtsteort (accusative singular)
Penwihtsteortes (genitive singular)
Penwihtsteorte (dative singular)

Land's End (a headland in western Cornwall), the westernmost place in England.


Oustrefeld

English: Austerfield


Sæward

Sǣward (canonical masculine)
Sǣward (nominative singular)
Sǣward (accusative singular)
Sǣwardes (genitive singular)
Sǣwarde (dative singular)

[ˈsæːˌwɑrˠd]


Arwald

Ārwald (canonical masculine)
Arwald (nominative singular)
Arwald (accusative singular)
Arwaldes (genitive singular)
Arwalde (dative singular)

From ār (“honour, glory”) and weald (“power, authority”).


Swiþhelm

Swīþhelm (canonical masculine)
Swīþhelm (nominative singular)
Swīþhelm (accusative singular)
Swīþhelmes (genitive singular)
Swīþhelme (dative singular)

From swīþ (“strong, mighty”) and helm (“protection, defense”).

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
In ðā ilcan tīd wǣron in Ēastseaxna mǣġðe æfter Swiðhelme, bī þǣm wē ǣr beforan sǣġdon, tweġen cyningas Siġhere ⁊ Sebbe, þēah hē hēo Wulfhere Mercna cyninge underþēodde wǣren in hērnesse.

At this time there were two kings in the nation of the East-Saxons, Sighere and Sebbe, who came after Swithhelm, whom we have mentioned before, though they were subjects of Wulfhere, king of Mercia.


Wuffa

Wuffa (nominative singular)
Wuffan (accusative singular)
Wuffan (genitive singular)
Wuffan (dative singular)
Uffa (alternative)


Sexred

Sexrēd (canonical masculine)
Sexrēd (nominative singular)
Sexrēd (accusative singular)
Sexrēdes (genitive singular)
Sexrēde (dative singular)
Sexræd (alternative)


Seaxan

Seaxan (nominative plural)
Seaxan (accusative plural)
Seaxna (genitive plural)
Seaxum (dative plural)
Seaxe (alternative)
Saxan (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sek-
Proto-Germanic *sahsą
Proto-West Germanic *sahs
Proto-West Germanic *sahsō
Old English Seaxan
From Proto-West Germanic *sahsan.

etymon

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript E, year 605

Augustine said, "If the Celts don't want peace with us, they'll have to perish at the hands [lit. "hand"] of the Saxons."

Augustīnus cwæþ, "Ġif Wēalas nyllaþ sibbe wiþ ūs, hīe sċulon æt Seaxna handa forweorðan."


Mierce

Mierċe (canonical masculine plural)
Mierċe (nominative plural)
Mierċe (accusative plural)
Miercna (genitive plural)
Mierċum (dative plural)
Merċe (alternative Anglian)
Myrċe (alternative)
Mearce (alternative)

Literally, “border people”, from mearc (“border”).

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
And of Engle cōman Ēastengle ⁊ Middelengle ⁊ Myrċe ⁊ eall Norðhembra cynn...

And from Anglia came the East Angles and the Middle Angles and the Mercians and all the Northumbrians...

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCXVI ⁊ on þām ilcan ġēare Ċeolrēd Miercna cyning forþferde, ⁊ his līċ resteþ on Licetfelda.

Year 716 In this year Ceolred, king of Mercia, died, and his body rests in Litchfield.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLXXIII Hēr ōþēowde rēad Crīstes mǣl on heofonum æfter sunnan setlgange. ⁊ þȳ ġēare ġefuhtan Myrċe ⁊ Cantware æt Ottanforda.

Year 773 In this year a red crucifix appeared in the heavens after the setting of the sun. And in that year, Mercia and Kent fought at Otford.


Norþanhymbre

Norþanhymbre (nominative plural)
Norþanhymbre (accusative plural)
Norþanhymbra (genitive plural)
Norþanhymbrum (dative plural)
Norþhymbre (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: Northhumbre, Norðhumbre, Norþhumber, Norþhumbre, Northumbre
English: Northumber (obsolete)

Derived from norþan (“from the north”) + Humbre (“the Humber”), thus meaning 'people from north of the Humber'.

Kingdom of Northumbria
Kingdom of Northumbria#English

Northumbria (an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the Northeast of England; in full, Kingdom of Northumbria)


Frysa

Frȳsa (canonical masculine)
Frȳsa (nominative singular)
Frȳsan (nominative plural)
Frȳsan (accusative singular)
Frȳsan (accusative plural)
Frȳsan (genitive singular)
Frȳsena (genitive plural)
Frȳsan (dative singular)
Frȳsum (dative plural)


Cantware

Cantware (nominative plural)
Cantware (accusative plural)
Cantwara (genitive plural)
Cantwarum (dative plural)
Cantuare (alternative)

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 488

In this year Ash came to the throne, and he was the king of Kent for 23 years.

Hēr Æsċ fēng tō rīċe, and wæs þrēo and twēntiġ wintra Cantwara cyning.


Cantwara burg

Cantwara burg (nominative singular)
Cantwara burg (accusative singular)
Cantwara byriġ (genitive singular)
Cantwara byriġ (dative singular)
Cantwara burh (alternative)
Contwaraburg (alternative)
Cænt (alternative)

Middle English: Caunterbury, Canterbiri, Canterburi, Canterbury, Canturbery, Caunterbery, Caunterbiri, Caunterbiry, Caunterburi, Cawnterbery, Kanterburi, Kaunterburi
English: Canterbury
→ Old French: Canterbiri, Cantorebiri, Cantuorbiri
French: Cantorbéry
→ Middle Welsh: Kawntlberi

→ Medieval Latin: Cantuaria

From the genitive of Cantware (“Kent or the people of Kent”) + burg (“city”).


Eastengle

Ēastengle (canonical masculine plural)
Ēastengle (nominative plural)
Ēastengle (accusative plural)
Ēastengla (genitive plural)
Ēastenglum (dative plural)

[ˈæ͜ɑːstˌeŋ.ɡle]

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 838

Herebryht and many others were killed by pagans in Mercia, and the same year many more people in Lindsey and East Anglia and Kent were killed by the pagan army.

Herebeorht wæs ofslæġen fram hǣðnum mannum and maniġe mid him on Miersċwarum and þȳ ilcan ġēare eft on Lindesiġe and on Ēastenglum and on Cantwarum wurdon maniġe menn ofslæġene fram þām herġe.


Cantwara byrig

genitive/dative singular of Cantwara burg


Wyrd

The word wyrd used as a name. From Proto-Germanic *wurdiz (“fate”). Cognate with Old Norse Urðr (“one of the three Norns”).


Hælend

Hǣlend (canonical masculine)
Hǣlend (nominative singular)
Hǣlend (accusative singular)
Hǣlendes (genitive singular)
Hǣlende (dative singular)

From hǣlend (“savior”). Cognate with Old Saxon hēliand, Old High German heilant.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 19:19

Pilate wrote an inscription and placed it over the cross. It read, THIS IS JESUS OF NAZARETH, KING OF THE JEWS.

Pīlātus wrāt oferġewrit and sette ofer his rōde. Þǣr wæs on ġewriten, ÞIS IS SĒ NĀZARENESCA HǢLEND, IŪDĒA CYNING.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 1:17

The Law was given through Moses, grace and truth come through Jesus Christ.

Ǣ wæs ġeseald þurh Mōȳsen, and ġiefu and sōþfæstnes is ġeworden þurh Hǣlend Crist.


Iude

Iude (nominative singular)
Iudeas (nominative plural)
Iude (accusative singular)
Iudeas (accusative plural)
Iudes (genitive singular)
Iudea (genitive plural)
Iude (dative singular)
Iudeum (dative plural)


Dufenal

Name of Scottish kings and an early saint, from Old Irish Domnall or Proto-Brythonic *Duβnowal, from Proto-Celtic *Dubnowalos (“prince/chief of the world”).


Norþmann

Norþmann (nominative singular)
Norþmenn (nominative plural)
Norþmann (accusative singular)
Norþmenn (accusative plural)
Norþmannes (genitive singular)
Norþmanna (genitive plural)
Norþmenn (dative singular)
Norþmannum (dative plural)

Composed of norþ + mann. Perhaps either derived from or the source of Old Norse norðmaðr.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLXXXVII Hēr nam Byrhtrīc cing Offan dohtor Ēadburge. ⁊ on his dagum cōman ǣrest III sċipa Norðmanna, ⁊ þā sē ġerēfa þǣr tō rād, ⁊ hīe wolde drīfan tō þǣs cinges tūne... Þæt wǣron þā ǣrestan sċipu Denisċra manna þe Angelcynnes land ġesōhte.

Year 787 In this King Brightric kidnapped Offa's daughter Eadburg. And in those days came the first three Norse ships [literally: 'ships of the Norse'], intending to drive off the reeve and raid the king's town...Those were the first Danish ships to come to the land of the Angles.


Bryten

Bryten (nominative singular)
Brytene (accusative singular)
Brytene (genitive singular)
Brytene (dative singular)


Breoton

Breoton (nominative singular)
Breotone (accusative singular)
Breotone (genitive singular)
Breotone (dative singular)


Brytland

Brytland (nominative singular)
Brytland (accusative singular)
Brytlandes (genitive singular)
Brytlande (dative singular)


Centland

Centland (nominative singular)
Centland (accusative singular)
Centlandes (genitive singular)
Centlande (dative singular)
Centlond (alternative)


Cwenland

Cwēnland (canonical neuter)
Cwēnland (nominative singular)
Cwēnland (accusative singular)
Cwēnlandes (genitive singular)
Cwēnlande (dative singular)


Halgoland

Hālgoland (canonical neuter)
Hālgoland (nominative singular)
Hālgoland (accusative singular)
Hālgolandes (genitive singular)
Hālgolande (dative singular)


Langaland

Langaland (nominative singular)
Langaland (accusative singular)
Langalandes (genitive singular)
Langalande (dative singular)

[ˈlɑŋ.ɡɑˌlɑnd]

Langeland, a Danish island located between the Great Belt and Bay of Kiel


Wihtland

Wihtland (nominative singular)
Wihtland (accusative singular)
Wihtlandes (genitive singular)
Wihtlande (dative singular)


Wiht

Wiht (nominative singular)
Wihte (accusative singular)
Wihte (genitive singular)
Wihte (dative singular)
Wieht (alternative)

From Latin Vectis (c. 150), probably of Brythonic origin.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
⁊ ēac ymbe Wiht ðæt iġland swȳþost hē mē sende on ġewrītum.

And above all he sent to me in writing about the island of Wight.


Earnwulf

Earnwulf (nominative singular)
Earnwulf (accusative singular)
Earnwulfes (genitive singular)
Earnwulfe (dative singular)
Earnulf (alternative)

[ˈæ͜ɑrˠnˌwuɫf]

From Proto-Germanic *Arôwulfaz, equivalent to earn (“eagle”) + wulf (“wolf”)


Wulfstan

Wulfstān (canonical masculine)
Wulfstān (nominative singular)
Wulfstān (accusative singular)
Wulfstānes (genitive singular)
Wulfstāne (dative singular)

Middle English: Wolston, Wulston

desc

surname; conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">*Wulfrīċestūn</i>

English: Wolston, Woolston (surname; conflated with *Wulfrīċestūn)


Goldwine

Middle English: Goldwyn (surname)

English: Goldwyn (surname)


Geofon

Ġeofon (canonical feminine)
Ġeofon (nominative singular)
Ġeofon (accusative singular)
Ġeofones (genitive singular)
Ġeofone (dative singular)
Ġeofen (alternative)
Ġifen (alternative)
Ġyfen (alternative)


Bryt

Bryt (nominative singular)
Brytas (nominative plural)
Bryt (accusative singular)
Brytas (accusative plural)
Brytes (genitive singular)
Bryta (genitive plural)
Bryte (dative singular)
Brytum (dative plural)

Briton, British person (especially someone Celtic)


Westseaxan

Westseaxan (nominative plural)
Westseaxan (accusative plural)
Westseaxna (genitive plural)
Westseaxum (dative plural)
Wesseaxe (alternative)
Westseaxe (alternative)
Westsexan (alternative)
Weastseaxan (alternative)

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Of Seaxum, þæt is of þām lande þe mon hāteð Ealdseaxan, cōman Ēastseaxan ⁊ Sūðseaxan ⁊ Westseaxan.

From the Saxons, that is, from the land known as Old Saxony, came the East-Saxons and South-Saxons and West-Saxons.


Westseaxe

Westseaxe (nominative plural)
Westseaxe (accusative plural)
Westseaxna (genitive plural)
Westseaxum (dative plural)


Ealdseaxan

Ealdseaxan (nominative plural)
Ealdseaxan (accusative plural)
Ealdseaxna (genitive plural)
Ealdseaxum (dative plural)
Ealdseaxe (alternative)

/ˈæ͜ɑldˌsæ͜ɑk.sɑn/

[ˈæ͜ɑɫdˌsæ͜ɑk.sɑn]

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
An. DCCLXXX Hēr Ealdsexe ⁊ Francan ġefuhton.

Year 780 In this year the Saxons and French fought.

Þȳ ilcan ġēare ġegaderode miċel sċiphere on Ealdseaxum, and þǣr wearþ miċel ġefeoht—twā on ġēare—and þā Seaxan hæfdon siġe, and þǣr wǣron Frīsan mid.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 885

The same year, a large naval force assembled in Saxony [against the Franks], and there was a great battle—the second in one year—and the Saxons won, and there were Frisians with them.


Mægelan

English: Milan


Eadmund

Ēadmund (canonical masculine)
Ēadmund (nominative singular)
Ēadmund (accusative singular)
Ēadmundes (genitive singular)
Ēadmunde (dative singular)

Middle English: Edmund

English: Edmund

→ Old Swedish: Ø̄dmunder (calque)

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="ga">Éadmond</i>

→ Irish: Éamonn (obsolete Éadmond)

→ English: Eamon

→ Anglo-Norman: Edmond

→ English: Edmond

→ French: Edmond

Equivalent to ēad (“happiness, prosperity”) + mund (“protection”).


Ingwi

Ingwi (nominative singular)
Ingwin (accusative singular)
Ingwin (genitive singular)
Ingwin (dative singular)

9th century, unknown author, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
Ingui Angenwiting
Ingwi of Angenwit


Wihtwara

-wara (nominative plural)
-ware (nominative plural)
-wara (accusative plural)
-ware (accusative plural)
-wara (genitive plural)
-warum (dative plural)


Wihtware

Wihtware (nominative plural)
Wihtware (accusative plural)
Wihtwara (genitive plural)
Wihtwarum (dative plural)
Wihtwaras (nominative plural)
Wihtwaras (accusative plural)
Wihtwara (genitive plural)
Wihtwarum (dative plural)
Wihtwaran (nominative plural)
Wihtwaran (accusative plural)
Wihtwarena (genitive plural)
Wihtwarum (dative plural)
Wihtwara (nominative plural)
Wihtware (nominative plural)
Wihtwara (accusative plural)
Wihtware (accusative plural)
Wihtwara (genitive plural)
Wihtwarum (dative plural)
Wihtwaras (alternative)
Wihtwaran (alternative)
Wihtwaru (alternative)

(used in the plural) the inhabitants or residents of a the Isle of Wight


Wihtsæta

Wihtsǣta (canonical feminine masculine)
Wihtsǣta (nominative singular)
Wihtsǣtan (nominative plural)
Wihtsǣtan (accusative singular)
Wihtsǣtan (accusative plural)
Wihtsǣtan (genitive singular)
Wihtsǣtena (genitive plural)
Wihtsǣtan (dative singular)
Wihtsǣtum (dative plural)
Wihtsǣte (nominative plural)
Wihtsǣte (accusative plural)
Wihtsǣtena (genitive plural)
Wihtsǣtum (dative plural)

a resident or inhabitant of the Isle of Wight


Portesmuþa

Portesmūþa (canonical masculine)
Portesmuþa (nominative singular)
Portesmuþan (accusative singular)
Portesmuþan (genitive singular)
Portesmuþan (dative singular)

desc

Middle English: Portesmuþe, Portesmouþe, Portesmouthe, Portsmouthe

English: Portsmouth

Scots: Portsmou

Yola: *Po(r)smowth(e), *Po(r)smowdh(e)


færeldfreols

færeldfrēols (canonical masculine)
færeldfrēols (nominative singular)
færeldfrēolsas (nominative plural)
færeldfrēols (accusative singular)
færeldfrēolsas (accusative plural)
færeldfrēolses (genitive singular)
færeldfrēolsa (genitive plural)
færeldfrēolse (dative singular)
færeldfrēolsum (dative plural)


Wisle

Wīsle (canonical feminine)
Wīsle (nominative singular)
Wīslan (accusative singular)
Wīslan (genitive singular)
Wīslan (dative singular)


Wislemuþa

Wīslemūþa (canonical masculine)
Wīslemūþa (nominative singular)
Wīslemūþan (accusative singular)
Wīslemūþan (genitive singular)
Wīslemūþan (dative singular)


Wisleland

Wīsleland (canonical masculine)
Wīsleland (nominative singular)
Wīsleland (accusative singular)
Wīslelandes (genitive singular)
Wīslelande (dative singular)
Wīslelond (alternative)

the land around the river Vistula in what is now Poland


Ohthere

The first element is uncertain but probably related to Old Norse ótti (“fear”), the second is here (“warrior”), a common element in given names. Cognate with Old Norse Óttarr.


Seaxneating

Seaxnēating (canonical masculine)
Seaxnēating (nominative singular)
Seaxnēatingas (nominative plural)
Seaxnēating (accusative singular)
Seaxnēatingas (accusative plural)
Seaxnēatinges (genitive singular)
Seaxnēatinga (genitive plural)
Seaxnēatinge (dative singular)
Seaxnēatingum (dative plural)
Seaxneting (alternative)

[ˈsæ͜ɑks.næ͜ɑː.tiŋɡ]


Angelcirice

Angelċiriċe (canonical feminine)
Angelċiriċe (nominative singular)
Angelċirican (accusative singular)
Angelċirican (genitive singular)
Angelċirican (dative singular)
Angelċyriċe (alternative)
Ongelċiriċe (alternative)


Ciricburg

Ċiriċburg (canonical feminine)
Ċiriċburg (nominative singular)
Ċiriċburg (accusative singular)
Ċiriċburge (genitive singular)
Ċiriċbyrġ (dative singular)
Ċiriċburh (alternative)

Equivalent to ċiriċe (“church”) + burh (“fort, town”).


Wodening

Wōdening (canonical masculine)
Wodning (alternative)

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Penda wæs Pybbing, Pybba Creoding, Creoda Cynewalding, Cynewald Cnebbing, Cnebba Iceling, Icel Eomæring, Eomær Angelþēowing, Angelþēow Offing, Offa Wærmunding, Wærmund Wihtlæging, Wihtlæg Wodening.
Penda was son of Pybba, Pybba son of Creoda, Creoda son of Cynewald, Cynewald son of Cnebba, Cnebba son of Icel, Icel son of Eomer, Eomer son of Angeltheow, Angeltheow son of Offa, Offa son of Wermund, Wermund son of Wihtlæg, and Wihtlæg son of Woden.


Sweo

Swēo (canonical masculine)
Swēo (nominative singular)
Swēon (nominative plural)
Swēon (accusative singular)
Swēon (accusative plural)
Swēon (genitive singular)
Swēona (genitive plural)
Swēon (dative singular)
Swēom (dative plural)
Swēoum (dative plural)


Mimming

Mimming (nominative singular)
Mimming (accusative singular)
Mimminges (genitive singular)
Mimminge (dative singular)

(mythology) a sword forged by Weland, a smith of legend


Weland

Wēland (canonical masculine)
Wēland (nominative singular)
Wēland (accusative singular)
Wēlandes (genitive singular)
Wēlande (dative singular)
Wēlund (alternative)

Compare Old Norse Vǫlundr and the Latin phrase Wielandia fabrica (“Waylandian craftsmanship”) (Waltharius), which corresponds to the Anglo-Saxon phrase Wēlandes weorc in the poem Waldere.

Þā sæt Wēland and smiðode þām cyninge ǣlċe dæġe of golde and of seolfre and of ǣlcum ōðrum þinge þe man smiðian mæġ.

Wayland sat there and forged for the king every day of gold and of silver and of everything that can be forged.

unknown date, unknown author, "Waldere," lines 2-5

Surely Wayland's work shall not fail any man holding Mimung in hand: often in battle warrior after warrior has fallen bloodstained at the hard sword.

Hūru Wēlandes weorc ne ġeswīcþ manna ǣnigum þāra þe Mimming cann heardne ġehealdan: oft æt hilde ġedrēas swātfāh and sweordwund seċġ æfter seċġum.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Hwǣr sind nū þæs wīsan Wēlandes bān þæs goldsmiðes þe wæs ġeō mǣrest? Hwā wāt nū on hwelcum hlǣwa hrusan hīe þeċċen?

Where are now the bones of the wise Wayland, the goldsmith who long ago was so renowned? Who knows in which mound they cover the earthen floor?


Eotol

From Proto-West Germanic [Term?] and ultimately from Latin Italia (which itself was later borrowed into Old English as Italia, a doublet of this term). It appears not to be an Anglo-Saxon-era borrowing, as it shows the marks of a lengthy chain of vowel changes that can only be explained by a native evolution from a much earlier borrowing predating the Middle Ages.


Hagena

Hagena (nominative singular)
Hagenan (nominative plural)
Hagenan (accusative singular)
Hagenan (accusative plural)
Hagenan (genitive singular)
Hagenena (genitive plural)
Hagenan (dative singular)
Hagenum (dative plural)

Compare Latin Hagano, a loan from Old High German.

Hagen, a Burgundian hero of Germanic legend.


Deorby

Dēorbȳ (canonical neuter)
Dēorbȳ (nominative singular)
Dēorbȳ (accusative singular)
Dēorbȳes (genitive singular)
Dēorbȳe (dative singular)
Dēora bȳ (alternative)
Dēorabȳ (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: Derby, Darby, Derbi
English: Derby

From dēor, dēora (“animal, animals'”) + bȳ (“dwelling, habitation”), literally “habitation of the animals”.


Deorbyscir

Dēorbȳsċīr (canonical feminine)
Dēorbȳsċīr (nominative singular)
Dēorbȳsċīre (accusative singular)
Dēorbȳsċīre (genitive singular)
Dēorbȳsċīre (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: Derbyschire, Darbyschir, Darbyschire, Derbeschire, Derbischire, Derbischyre, Derbyschyre, Derbyshire, Derbyshyre
English: Derbyshire


Gleawceaster

Glēawċeaster (canonical feminine)
Glēawċeaster (nominative singular)
Glēawċeastre (accusative singular)
Glēawċeastre (genitive singular)
Glēawċeastre (dative singular)
Glǣaweċeaster (alternative)
Glēawanċeaster (alternative)
Glēawċester (alternative)
Glēaweċeaster (alternative)
Gleweċeaster (alternative)
Glewċester (alternative)

Middle English: Glowchestre

English: Gloucester


Gleawceasterscir

Glēawċeastersċīr (canonical feminine)
Glēawċeastersċīr (nominative singular)
Glēawċeastersċīre (accusative singular)
Glēawċeastersċīre (genitive singular)
Glēawċeastersċīre (dative singular)

Middle English: *Glowchestre schire

English: Gloucestershire

/ˈɡlæ͜ɑːw.t͡ʃæ͜ɑs.terˌʃiːr/


Suþhamtun

Sūþhāmtūn (canonical masculine)
Sūþhāmtūn (nominative singular)
Sūþhāmtūn (accusative singular)
Sūþhāmtūnes (genitive singular)
Sūþhāmtūne (dative singular)


Baþanceaster

Baþanċeaster (canonical feminine)
Baþanċeaster (nominative singular)
Baþanċeastre (accusative singular)
Baþanċeastre (genitive singular)
Baþanċeastre (dative singular)
Baðanċeaster (alternative)