nu

From Proto-West Germanic *nū, from Proto-Germanic *nu.


and

desctree

Middle English: and, annd, ant, an, en, ⁊, &
English: and
Scots: an
Yola: an, an', and

From Proto-Germanic *anda, *andi, probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old Frisian and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

der

ond (alternative)
end (alternative)
ᚪᚾᛞ (alternative)
ᛖᚾᛞ (alternative)

Þonne iċ mec onhebbe ond hī onhnīgaþ tō mē, moniġe mid miltse, þǣr iċ monnum sceal īċan upcyme ēadiġnesse.

When I raise myself up and they bow down to me, many with mercy, then I shall increase rising of happiness for men.


ah

(Anglian) Alternative form of ac (“but”)


ne

desctree

Middle English: ne, ny, ni (rare)
English: ne (obsolete)
Scots: ne (obsolete)

Þurh þissa þinga ġehāt sind cumene tō anwealde unmenn. Ac hīe lēogaþ, ne ġelǣstaþ hīe þæt ġehāt, ne hīe nǣfre nyllaþ!

By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to power. But they lie, they do not fulfill that promise, and they never will!

c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
Sē enġel him cwæþ tō, "Ne cyss þū mīne fēt, ne þū mē ne hrepe."

The angel said to him, "Don't kiss my feet, and don't touch me."

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of The Consolation of Philosophy
Nān mann hine ne cann, ne hē nānne mann ne furðum þæt ġeþēode.

No one knows him, and he doesn't know anyone or even the language.

(in negative phrases) or, and not (optionally translated as "nor")

Iċ næbbe ne frīend ne fīend. Wrace iċ hæbbe.

I don't have friends or enemies. I have revenge.

c. 995, Ælfric, Excerptiones de Arte Grammatica Anglice
Neutrum is nāþor cyn, ne werlīces ne wīflīces...

Neuter is neither gender, neither masculine, nor feminine...

ne... ne... is used to mean "[not...] or..." (optionally translated as "neither... nor...")


English: no

Geordie English: ne, naw

Scots: nae, naw

From Proto-West Germanic *nai (“never”), equivalent to a contraction of ne (“not”) and ā (“ever”).

c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent"
Māre wundor is þæt God Ælmihtiġ ǣlce dæġe fētt ealne middanġeard þonne þæt wundor wǣre þæt hē þā ġefylde fīf þūsende manna mid fīf hlāfum—ac þæs wundrodon menn nā for þȳ þæt hit māre wundor wǣre, ac for þȳ þæt hit wæs unġewunelīċ.

It's more of a miracle that God Almighty feeds the whole world every day than that he fed five thousand people with five loaves of bread—but that amazed people not because it was more miraculous, but because it was unusual.


ge

Middle English: gea, ȝe, ȝa, ȝi, ye

From Proto-Germanic *jahw, from *ja + *-hw.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Gyf þonne ǣfre gebyreð þæt þū þē ful hālne and ful trumne ongytst, and hæafst æalle þīne frēond myd þē, ǣġðer ge on mōde ge on līchaman, and on ðām ilcan worce and on ðām ylcan willum ðe ðē best lyst dōn, hweðer þū ðonne wille bēon āwiht blīðe?

If then it ever happen that thou shalt find thyself full whole and full strong, and hast all thy friends with thee, both in mind and in body, and in that same work and in that same will which pleaseth thee best to do, wilt thou then be happy at all?

and; often doubled as ġe... ġe... ("both... and...")


ac

Middle English: ac, ak, ah

ah (alternative)
ach (alternative)
oc (alternative)

Sēo æx forġiett, ac þæt trēow ġeman.

The axe forgets, but the tree remembers.

Ne ġēotaþ wē tēaras, ac blōd.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Nōn egō, sed tū: “Nā iċ, ac þū.” Nōn bōs est, sed equus: “Nis hit nā oxa, ac is hors.”

Non ego, sed tu: “Not me, you.” Non bos est, sed equus: “It's not an ox, it's a horse.”

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
and gif we forleosað þas lænan woruld-þingc, þonne sceole we witan þæt ure wunung nis na her ac is on heofonum gif we hopiað to gode.

and if we lose the transitory things of this world, then should we know that our dwelling is not here, but is in heaven, if we hope in God.

but instead: in this sense ac should sometimes be translated as "but," but most often it is best left untranslated


þe

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
...ac mē tōdæġ swā wundorlīce is ġelumpen þæt ic þurh nān þincg ne mæġ ġecnāwan hwæðer þys sȳ Ephesa byriġ þe elles ǣniġ ōþer;...

But to-day it has befallen me so wonderfully that I cannot by any means recognise whether this be the city of the Ephesians or else any other.


butan

From Proto-West Germanic *biūtan, from *bī (“by”) + *ūtan, dative of Proto-West Germanic *ūtō (“exterior, outside”) (from Proto-Germanic *ūt (“out”)), corresponding to be- + ūtan.

der

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Universal Faith"
Būtan ġē hit ġelīefen, ne magon ġē hit understandan.

Unless you believe it, you can't understand it.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent Sunday"
On ōðre wīsan wē sċēawiaþ mētinge and on ōðre wīsan stafas. Ne gǣþ nā māre tō mētinge būtan þæt þū hit ġesēo and herie. Nis nā ġenōg þæt þū stafas sċēawiġe būtan þū hīe ēac rǣde and þæt andġiet understande.

We look at pictures in one way and letters in another. You don't do anything with a painting except see it and praise it. Looking at letters is not enough unless you also read them and understand the meaning.

Hwæt is līf būtan swefn?

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Sēo leofaþ nū þē, þē ānum, for þon þe hēo nāwiht elles ne lufaþ būtan þē.

Now she lives for you, only you, because she loves nothing else but you.


hu

desctree

Middle English: how, hou, howe, hu, hwu, whu, wou, wu
English: how
Geordie English: hoo
Scots: hoo, how, foo
Yola: fowe, how

From Proto-Germanic *hwō. Cognate with Old Frisian hū, Old Saxon hū (Dutch hoe), Old High German wuo.

Iċ leornode hū man wæġn ġebētt.

Hīe āscodon hū hīe helpan meahten.

Iċ him sæġde hū iċ wǣre æt hām ealne dæġ and ne ġehīerde nāwiht.

I told them how I'd been at home all day and hadn't heard a thing.

Þæt is tō wundriġenne hū hīe þā bryċġe swā hrædlīċe ġefyldon.

It's amazing how they completed the bridge so quickly.

that, the fact that (introducing direct statements)


ær

From Proto-Germanic *airiz, originally a comparative form (=‘earlier’).

forþon ne mæġ wearþan wīs · wer, ǣr hē āge
wintra dǣl in woruldrīċe. · Wita sċeal ġeþyldiġ.

thus a man cannot become wise, before he would own
a part of years in world-kingdom. A wise man must be patient.

Ne telle man nānne mann ġesǣliġne ǣr hē biþ dēad.

No one should be considered lucky until he is dead.

Ǣr þon þe hē hit cwæþ, nyste hē nā hwæt hē cweðan wolde.

Until he said it, he did not know what he was going to say.

c. 992, Ælfric, "THE PASSION OF THE APOSTLES PETER AND PAUL"
"Paulus cwæð to Petre, "Broðer, þu wære Gode gecoren ær ic,

Paul said to Peter, "Brother, thou wast chosen of God before me


siþ

Middle English: *siþe

Yola: zeeth

⇒ Old English: sīþlīċe

Middle English: siþeli, siddele

From Proto-Germanic *sīþuz. Cognate with Old High German sīd and Old Norse síðr.


swa

swā (canonical)
swǣ (alternative)
swē (alternative)

Middle English: so, swo, zo (Kent)
English: so
Geordie English: se
Scots: sae
Yola: zo, zoo, sae

From Proto-West Germanic *swā. See there for more.

Iċ bēo simle swā iċ eom.

Exeter Book, Riddle 24

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, year 473

like, as, the way (often doubled as "swā swā")


þæt

Middle English: that
English: that
Scots: that
Yola: at, et, thet, that, th', y'at

þet (alternative)
ꝥ (alternative)
ðæt (alternative)
ðat (alternative)
ᚦᚫᛏ (alternative)

þinċeð him on mōde · þæt hē his mondryhten
clyppe ond cysse, · ond on cnēo leċġe

it seems to him on mind that he would his man-lord
hug and kiss, and on knee would put.

Ful oft mec ġesīþas sendað æfter hondum, þæt mec weras ond wīf wlonce cyssað.

Very oft companions send me from hand to hand so that proud men and women kiss me.

Hū meaht þū swā swīðe þenċan þæt þū ne beġiete hēafodeċe?

How can you think so much without getting a headache?


þæs

Middle English: þæs, þas

English: thes (obsolete)


þy

þȳ (canonical)
þī (alternative)
þē (alternative)

Middle English: þi, the

English: the

Scots: the

From an earlier *þiu, apparently formed from the demonstrative base *þi- with the nominal instrumental ending -ō. Cognate with Old Frisian þiu, Old Saxon þiu, Old High German diu, Old Norse því, Gothic 𐌸𐌴 (þē).

for the reason that, by reason of; because, since; then


þa

þā (canonical)
ðā (alternative)
þǣ (alternative)
ðǣ (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *þai, which shares the same root as Old English þæt.

early 11th century C.E. Ælfwine’s Prayerbook

she was 14 years old when she gave birth to Christ

hio wæs feowortyne geara eald þa hio Crist acende


eala

ēalā (canonical)
ēlā (alternative)
ēawlā (alternative)
ǣlā (alternative)
ǣalā (alternative)
hēlā (alternative)
hiġla (alternative)
ēale (alternative)

Middle English: halloo, halow

English: hallo, hello

Perhaps from a compound whose elements answer to ēa (“oh!, ah!”) + lā (“lo”). Compare Old Frisian ēala (“hail!, hello!”).

c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Ēalā wǣre hē āwðer oþþe hāt oþþe ċeald.


gif

ġif (canonical)
gyf (alternative)
gyfe (alternative)

Middle English: if, yif, yef
English: if, yif
Scots: gif, gyf, gin
Yola: yith, if

From Proto-West Germanic *jabē, *jabu, from Proto-Germanic *jabai (“when, if”) with anomalous apocope. The expected form is attested once as ġyfe in the early 7th-century Law of Æthelberht, if not simply a scribal error.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint George, Martyr"
...ac hi ge-eacniacð heora wita, gif hi ær ende ne cyrrað.

...but they add to their punishments, if they turn not before the end..


oþ

late 10th century, Ælfric, "On the Festival of Saint Peter the Apostle"
Hīe ēodon forþ ōþ þæt hīe cōmon tō ānum wīċe.

They kept walking until they came to a street.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
Sege us nu hwǣr se ealda hord sy þe þu digelice fundest and hine eall oþ nu bedyrndest...

Tell us now where the old treasure is which thou hast secretly found, and concealed it all until now?


þonne

Middle English: then(ne), than(ne)

English: then, than

Scots: than, then, an

⇒ Scots: thance

From Proto-West Germanic *þannē, extension of *þan, from Proto-Germanic *þan (“then”), from Proto-Indo-European *só.

þanne (alternative)
þænne (alternative)
ðonne (alternative)

Þonne iċ mec onhebbe ond hī onhnīgaþ tō mē, moniġe mid miltse, þǣr iċ monnum sceal īċan upcyme ēadiġnesse.

When I raise myself up and they bow down to me, many with mercy, then I shall increase rising of happiness for men.


hwæþer

Middle English: whether

Scots: quhether, quhither, whedder

English: whether

From Proto-West Germanic *hwaþar, see also Old High German wedar, Old Norse hvaðarr.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...and hē lēop sona cunniġende his fēðes hwæðer hē cūðe gān.

and he leapt up immediately, trying his power of motion, whether he could walk.


oþþe

Middle English: oththe, other, or

English: or

Scots: or

Probably an alteration of earlier ofþe (“or”), from Proto-Germanic *efþau (“or”). Cognate with Old Frisian jeftha, joftha (“or”), Old Saxon eftha, Old High German odo; compare different ablaut-grades in Old English eþþa, Old Norse eða. Ultimately thought to be a Germanic suffixed dual form of the base of if.

eþþa (alternative)
ofþe (alternative)
oððe (alternative)
oþþon (alternative)
oþþa (alternative)

Sind foxas hundas oþþe cattas?

sōhte seledrēoriġ · sinces bryttan,
hwǣr iċ feor oþþe nēah · findan meahte
þone þe in meoduhealle · mīne wisse

sought hall-sad a giver of treasure,
where I far or near could find
who in a mead-hall would know my men

late 9th century, https://earlyenglishlaws.ac.uk/law/iiiii-eg The Laws of Edgar
Oþþe on bōclande oþþe on folclande...
Either in bookland or in folkland...

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Oþþe hīe hit nyton, oþþe hīe hit witan nyllaþ.

Either they don't know it, or they don't want to know it.


þeah

English: though

From Proto-West Germanic *þauh, from Proto-Germanic *þauh, corresponding to Proto-Germanic *þau (“in that case”) + *-uh (“and”) (cognate with Latin -que).

Oft him ānhaga · āre gebīdeð,
Metudes miltse, · þēah þe hē mōdċeariġ

A loner oft waits a grace for himself,
Creator's mercy, even if he is sorrowful


siþþan

Middle English: sitthen

English: sithen

Scots: syne

Middle English: sitthens

English: sithence, sithens

Middle English: syns

English: since

From an earlier (unrecorded) form *sīþ þon (“subsequent to that”), with contraction and corresponding shortening of long vowel.

syððan (alternative)
syþþan (alternative)

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
Min leofe cild, nis nu todæg se casere on eorþan lifigende þe decius sy genemned, se casere þe þu embe axast, he wæs gefyrn worulde and swiðe fela geara synd nu agane syððan he gewat of þysan life;..

My dear child, there is not today the emperor living on earth who is named Decius; the emperor whom thou askest about, he lived in the world long ago, and very many years are now past since he departed from this life.


þenden

From Proto-Germanic *þandê, from *þana (“at that, at that time, then”), *þan. Cognate with Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 (þandē, “while, as long as, because”) and Old High German thanta, danta (“because”). More at then and than.


oþþæt

From ōþ + þæt. Compare Old Saxon untat, Old High German untaz.

Beorn sċeal ġebīdan, · þonne hē bēot spriceð,
oþþæt collenferð · cunne ġearwe
hwider hreþra ġehyġd · hweorfan wille.

Man must pause when he tells a promise
until bold spirit would know clearly
where thought of hearts would turn.


þæs þe

Iċ nǣfre ǣr þē ne ġeseah, hūru þæs þe iċ ġemunan mæġ.

I've never seen you before, at least as far as I can remember.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Ne mæġ iċ þē nāwht helan þæs þe iċ wāt.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Eugenia, Virgin"
Þa æfter þrym gearum þæs þe heo gecyrred wæs

Then after three years since her conversion,...

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
Ic sæcge ðe to soðan þæt þu scealt gewitan on ðam sixteoðan geare þæs þe þu munuc wurde...

I say to thee, in sooth, that thou shalt depart, in the sixteenth year since thou becamest a monk...


ealswa

/ˈæ͜ɑlˌswɑː/


eallswa

eallswā (canonical)
ealswā (alternative)

Middle English: as, ase, als, os, also

English: as, also

Early Scots: allswa

Middle Scots: alswa, alsua

Scots: als, alsa, alse

/ˈæ͜ɑllˌswɑː/

[ˈæ͜ɑɫˌswɑː]

From Proto-West Germanic *allswā, equivalent to eall + swā. Cognate with Old Frisian alsa (“all so”), Old Saxon also (“all so”), Old High German alsō (“so, all so”).


næs

From nals, nālæs, nāles, nālles (“not at all, by no means, absolutely not”), from a blend of nā (“never”) + ealles (“completely”). Cognate with Old Frisian nās (“not, not at all”).


nymþe

Possibly a fossilized dative/instrumental form of Proto-West Germanic *numþi


nefne

Probably cognate with Old Saxon neba, nebo, nebu (“except, unless”), Old Norse nema (“except, unless”).


soþlice

sōþlīċe (canonical)
sōðlīċe (alternative)

From Proto-West Germanic *sanþalīkā, a variant of *sanþalīkō, equivalent to sōþ + -līċe, or sōþlīċ + -e.


for þon þe

Middle English: forthan

English: forthan

for þām þe (alternative)
for þām (alternative)
for (alternative)

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
...ac onfōh mē nū þīnne āgene þēawa, for ic eom flēonde fram hym.

...but do Thou receive me now, Thine own servant, for I am fleeing from them.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Iċ onġiete þæt iċ þē hæbbe āþrotenne mid þȳ langan spelle, for þon þē lyst nū lēoða.

I see I've bored you with that long argument, since you want poems now.


þa hwile þe

[θɑː ˈʍiː.le θe]

Literally "for the time that...", using the accusative of duration.

"Gospel of Saint John", chapter 9, verse 4

It behoves me to work work of that which sent to me, while it is day; night comes, then no one can work.

Mē ġebȳrað tō wyrceanne þæs weorc þe mē sende, þā hwīle þe hit dæġ is; niht cymþ, þonne nān man wyrcan ne mæġ.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Iċ rēd þā hwīle þe þū ǣte.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of The Consolation of Philosophy
Þæt is nū hraðost tō seċġenne þæt iċ wilnode weorþfullīċe tō libbenne þā hwīle þe iċ lifde, and æfter mīnum līfe þām mannum tō lǣfanne þe æfter mē wǣren mīne ġemynd on gōdum weorcum.

In short, I wanted to live honorably as long as I lived, and to leave behind, for those who would come after me, the memory of me in good works.


swelce

swelċe (canonical)
swilċe (alternative)
swylċe (alternative)

Þonne weorold endaþ, þonne biþ hit swelċe hēo nǣfre nǣre.

When the world ends, it will be like it never existed.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Man ġeseah swelċe sē heofon burne.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Man ġeseah swelċe ān fȳren hring norðan cōme.

It looked like a ring of fire was coming from the north.

Blickling Homilies, "The Dedication of St. Michael's Church"
Þā līeġeta flugon swelċe fȳrena strǣla.

The lightning bolts fell like flaming arrows.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Assumption of St. John the Apostle"
Drusiana þa ārās swilce of slǣpe āwreht, and, carfull be ðæs apostoles hæse, hām ġewende.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
Hē ārās þā ġesund, swelċe of slǣpe āwreaht, and begann tō wundrienne hū hē wurde þæder ġebrōht.

Then he got up safe and sound, as if woken from sleep, and began to wonder how he got there.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Assumption of St. John the Apostle"
Ða het se apostol ða bære settan, and cwæð, "Min Drihten, Hælend Crist! Arære ðe, Drusiana; aris, and ġecyrr hām, and gearca ús gereordunge on þinum hūse." Drusiana þa arás swilce of slæpe awreht, and, carfull be ðæs apostoles hæse, hām gewende.

Then the apostle bade them set down the bier, and said, "My Lord, Jesus Christ! Raise thee, Drusiana; arise, and return home, and prepare refection for us in thy house." Drusiana then arose as if from sleep awakened, and, mindful of the apostle's command, returned home.

c. 1005, Ælfric's Letter to Sigeweard
Hū mæġ sē mann wel faran þe his mōd āwent fram eallum þissum bōcum, and biþ him swā ānwille þæt him lēofre biþ þæt hē libbe ǣfre be his āgnum dihte āsċīred fram þissum, swelċe hē ne cunne Cristes ġesetnessa?
How can someone do well if they turn their mind from all these books [stuff that Ælfric wrote], if they're so stubborn that they would rather live their life always making their own separate judgments, as if they don't know the laws of Christ?


syððan

c. 975–1025, Beowulf (Cotton MS Vitellius A XV), published 4th quarter 10th century–2nd half 16th century, page 132r, lines 4–6:

Oft did Scyld the son of Scéf tear the mead-thrones away from the hosts of his foes, from many tribes; the earl terrified them, after he first was found an out-cast.

oft scyld scefing sceaþen[a] þreatum monegū mægþum meodo setla of teah egsode eorl syððan ærest wearð fea sceaft funden


þy læs

Middle English: les te (from late variant þȳ lǣs þe)

English: lest

Þū sċealt dōn þætte þū meaht, þȳ lǣs þē hit lator hrēowe.

You have to do what you can, so you don't regret it later.

Spara ūs, Dryhten, spara þīnum folce, and ne sele þīn ierfe þām hǣðenum, þȳ lǣs hīe cweðen “Hwǣr is þāra cristenena god?”

Spare us, Lord, spare your people, and don't give your inheritance to the pagans! Don't let them say, “Where is the god of the Christians?”


na þæt

c. 994, Ælfric, "Letter to Wulfsige"
Presbyter is mæsseprēost oþþe ealdwita. Nā þæt ǣlċ eald sīe, ac þæt hē eald sīe on wīsdōme.

A presbyter is a priest or an elder. Not that they're all old, but they're old in wisdom.


forþy

Middle English: forthi

English: forthy

Middle Scots: for-thi, for-thy

Scots: for-thy

From for (“for”) + þȳ (“by that”), instrumental case of þæt (“that”). Cognate with Old Norse for því (“for this cause”).


swa swa

Reduplication of swā, from Proto-West Germanic *swā. Compare Old High German sōsō and sōse.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Lōca nu þæt þū ofergemet ne wilnige, nū ðū hī tōgædere metest. Woldest þū cunnan God swā swā Alipius?

Look to it now that thy desire be not beyond measure, now that thou comparest them together. Wouldst thou know God just as thou dost Alypius?

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St. Julian and his wife Basilissa"
Iulianus sæde ure geþanc is swa swa hit wæs...

Julianus said, ' our opinion is just as it was;...

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint George, Martyr"
Nāst þū lā Geori þæt ūre godas swincað mid þē and ġit hī synd ġeþyldiġe þæt hī þe miltsion. Nū lǣre ic ðē swā swā lēofne sunu þæt ðū þæra cristenra lāre forlǣte mid ealle and tō mīnum rǣde hraðe ġebūge swā þæt ðū offriġe þām ārwurðan Appoline and þū mycelne wurðmynt miht swā beġitan.

Knowest thou not, O George, that our gods are striving with thee, and even yet they are patient, that they may pity thee; now I exhort thee, as a beloved son, that thou altogether quit the Christians' doctrine, and quickly incline to my counsel, so that thou sacrifice to the venerable Apollo, and thou mayest so obtain great honour.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Preface"
Swa swa ælmihtig wyrhta, he wyrcð his weorc þurh his gecorenan, na swylce he behofige ures fultumes, ac þæt we geearnion þæt ece lif þurh his weorces fremminge.

As an almighty worker he works his work through his chosen, not because he has need of our aid, but that we may earn eternal life by the performance of his work.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
Swā swā hī ǣr mid nette fixodon on sǣlicum yðum, swa dyde Crist þæt hī siððan mid his heofonlican lāre manna sawla gefixodon; forðan ðe hī ætbrudon folces menn fram flæsclicum lustum, and fram woruldlicum gedwyldum to staðolfæstnysse lybbendra eorðan, þæt is to ðam ecan eðle, be ðam cwæð se witega þurh Godes Gast, "Ic asende mine fisceras, and hī gefixiað hī; mine huntan, and hī huntiað hī of ælcere dune and of ælcere hylle."

As they before with a net had fished on the sea waves, so Christ caused them afterwards by his heavenly lore to fish for the souls of men; for they withdrew the people from fleshly lusts, and from worldly errors to the stability of the earth of the living, that is, to the eternal country, of which the prophet, through God's Spirit, said, "I will send my fishers, and they shall fish for them; my hunters, and they shall hunt them from every down and from every hill."

c. 992, Ælfric, "Preface"
Þonne cymð se Antecrist, se bið mennisc mann and soð deofol, swā swā ure Hælend is soðlice mann and God on anum hade.

Then Antichrist shall come, who is human man and true devil, as our Saviour is truly man and God in one person.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Preface"
Eft cwæð se Ælmihtiga to þam witegan Isaiam, "Clypa and ne geswic ðu, ahefe þine stemne swā swā byme, and cyð minum folce heora leahtras, and Iacobes hirede heora synna."

Again the Almighty spake to the prophet Isaiah, "Cry and cease thou not, raise thy voice as a trumpet, and declare to my people their crimes, and to the family of Jacob their sins."

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Nativity of our Lord"
Hī comon ða hrædlice, and gemetton Marīan, and Ioseph, and þæt cild geled on anre binne, swa swa him se engel cydde.

They came then quickly, and found Mary, and Joseph, and the child laid in a bin, as the angel had announced to them.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Nativity of our Lord"
And þa hyrdas gecyrdon ongean wuldrigende and herigende God, on eallum ðam ðingum ðe hī gehyrdon and gesāwon, swa swa him gesæd wæs.

And the shepherds returned glorifying and praising God for all those things which they had heard and seen, as had been told unto them.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Nativity of our Lord"
Swa swa on ðam timan be ðæs caseres gebanne gehwilce ænlipige on heora burgum be him sylfum cendon, swa eac nu us cyðað lāreowas Cristes gebann, þæt we ūs gegadrian to his halgan gelaðunge, and on ðære ures geleafan gafol mid estfullum mode him agifan, þæt ure naman beon awritene on lifes bec mid his gecorenum.

As at that time, according to the emperor's proclamation, each one singly, in their cities, declared concerning himself, so also now do our teachers make known to us Christ's proclamation, that we gather us to his holy congregation, and therein, with devout mind, pay to him the tribute of our faith, that our names may be written in the book of life with his chosen.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Nativity of our Lord"
Marīa wæs ða cuma ðær, swā swā þæt godspel ūs segð; and for ðæs folces geðryle wæs þæt gesthus ðearle genyrwed.

Mary was there a stranger, as the gospel tells us; and through the concourse of people the inn was greatly crowded.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Nativity of our Lord"
Þa hyrdas gesawon, and oncneowon be ðam cilde, swā swā him gesǣd wæs.

The shepherds saw and recognized the child, as had to them been told.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Prayer of Moses (Mid-Lent)"
Swa swa sume menn doð þe dyslice fæstað ofer heora mihte on gemænelicum lenctene, swa swa we sylfe gesawon oðþæt hi seoce wurdon.

Even as some men do who foolishly fast beyond their strength in the catholic Lent, even as we ourselves have seen, until they have fallen sick.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, year 473

c. 992, Ælfric, "Preface"
For þisum antimbre ic gedyrstlæhte, on Gode truwiende, þæt ic ðas gesetnysse undergann, and eac forðam þe menn behofiað godre lare swiðost on þisum timan þe is geendung þyssere worulde, and beoð fela frecednyssa on mancynne ærðan þe se ende becume, swa swa ure Drihten on his godspelle cwæð to his leorning-cnihtum, "Ðonne beoð swilce gedreccednyssa swilce næron næfre ær fram frymðe middangeardes.

For this cause I presumed, trusting in God, to undertake this task, and also because men have need of good instruction, especially at this time, which is the ending of this world, and there will be many calamities among mankind before the end cometh, according to what our Lord in his gospel said to his disciples, "Then shall be such tribulations as have never been from the beginning of the world.


gelice

desctree

Middle English: yliche, ylyche, iliche, ilyche, ylike, ylyke, ilyke, ileche, eliche, elyche, yeliche, ilice, ȝelice, gelice, ilike, illike, elike, ylyk, elyk
English: alike
Scots: ylike, ylyke, elike, elyke
Yola: alike

From Proto-West Germanic *galīkē, from Proto-Germanic *galīkê, from *galīkaz + *-ê. Compare also the formations at Proto-West Germanic *galīkō. By surface analysis, ġelīċ + -e.


nahwæþer

nāhwæþer (canonical)
nāþor (alternative)
nāwþer (alternative)
nāþer (alternative)

Middle English: nouther, nauther, nother, nather
English: nother, nauther, nor
Scots: nouther
Yola: noor, nore, nor, nar


ær þon þe

ǣr þon þe (canonical)
ǣr þām þe (alternative)

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Clement the Martyr"
Þa geendodum dagum þære freols-tide, com seo sǽ færlice swegende, and þæt folc swiðlice aweg efste, and þæt wíf ðurh ða færlican styrunge ne gymde hire cildes ǽrðan þe heo to lánde becom.

When the days of the festival were ended, the sea came suddenly sounding, and the folk hastened away with all speed, and the woman, through the sudden tumult, heeded not her child before she came to land.

Genesis 45:28

And he said, "I have enough if my son Joseph is still alive. I'll go and see him before I die."

And hē cwæþ "Iċ hæbbe ġenōg ġif Iosep mīn sunu ġīet leofaþ. Iċ fare and ġesēo hine ǣr þām þe iċ swelte."


mid þy

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' Metres of Boethius, lines 85-89

By that is betokened, that his trust shall, and his mind, more upwards than downwards aspire to the heavens.

Mid þȳ is ġetācnod þæt his trēowa sceal, and his mōdġeþonc, mā up þonne niþer habban tō heofonum.


forþon

forþǣm (alternative)
forþām (alternative)
forðon (alternative)
forþan (alternative)


æfter þam þe

æfter þām þe (canonical)
æfter þon þe (alternative)
æfter þām (alternative)
æfter (alternative)

Middle English: after

English: after

From æfter + þām + þe, meaning "after the (time) that".


forþamþe

From forþam (“because (a variant of forþon)”) + þe (“that, which”)

com

because (a variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">forþon</i>)

Laws of King Ine
Ðonne mon bēam on wuda forbǣrne, ⁊ weorðe yppe on þone ðe hit dȳde, ġielde hē fulwīte: ġeselle LX sċill., forþamþe fȳr bið þēof.

If a man burns up a tree in a forest, and it becomes known who did it, he shall pay a full fine: he shall pay sixty shillings, for fire is a thief.