f

A letter of the Old English alphabet, written in the Latin script.


c

a letter of the Old English alphabet, representing /k/ and /tʃ/


w

A letter of the Old English alphabet, written in the Latin script., used in modern texts


æ

letter of the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) alphabet, listed in 24th and final position by Byrhtferð (1011); Called æsċ (“ash tree”) after the Anglo-Saxon ᚫ rune


ƿ

Johnson (1828): WROUGHT. [ƿꞃoᵹꝺ, Sax. The preter. and part. pass. as it seems, of work ...]

wynn, a letter of the Old English alphabet, representing the sound /w/


þ

a letter of the Old English alphabet, representing /θ/, which was pronounced [θ] or [ð]


ᚠ

The Old English rune poem
ᚠ byþ frōfur fīra ġehwylċum...

the first letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /f/ and pronounced fēoh (“wealth”)


ᛋ

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /s/


C

A letter of the Old English alphabet representing the phonemes /k/ and /tʃ/


M

A letter of the Old English alphabet representing the phoneme /m/


Þ

thorn, a letter of the Old English alphabet, representing /θ/, which was pronounced [θ] or [ð]; the capital form of the letter þ


Ƿ

wynn, a letter of the Old English alphabet.


ᛗ

The Old English rune poem
ᛗ byþ on myrġþ his māgan lēof...

Man who is mirthful is dear to his kinsmen...

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /m/ and pronounced mann (“person, man”)


ᚢ

The Old English rune poem
ᚢ byþ ānmōd and oferhyrnded...

The aurochs is steadfast and great-horned...

the second letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /u/ and pronounced ūr (“aurochs”)


ᚦ

The Old English rune poem
ᚦ byþ þēarle sċearp, þeġna ġehwylċum...

Thorn is severely sharp to all warriors...

the third letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing ⟨þ⟩ and pronounced þorn (“thorn”); equivalent to the letter þ


ᚩ

the fourth letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /o/ and pronounced ōs (“god”)


ᚫ

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /æ/


ᚱ

The Old English rune poem
ᚱ byþ on recȳde rinca ġehwylċum / sēfte...

Journey is easy for warriors in the hall...

the fifth letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /r/ and pronounced rād (“journey”)


ᚳ

The Old English rune poem
ᚳ byþ cwicera ġehwām, cūþ on fȳre...

the sixth letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /k/ or /tʃ/ and pronounced ċēn (“torch”)


ᚷ

The Old English rune poem
ᚷ gumena byþ, glenġ and herenys...

the seventh letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing ⟨g⟩ and ⟨ġ⟩ and pronounced ġiefu (“gift”)


ᚹ

The Old English rune poem
ᚹ ne brūceþ þe can wēana lȳt...

Joy he has, he who knows little of woe...

the eighth letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /w/ and pronounced wynn (“joy”)


ᚻ

The Old English rune poem
ᚻ byþ hwītust corna...

the ninth letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /h/ and pronounced hæġl (“hail”)


ᚾ

The Old English rune poem
ᚾ byþ nearu on brēostan...

the tenth letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /n/ and pronounced nēod (“desire, need”)


ᛁ

The Old English rune poem
ᛁ byþ oferċeald, unġemeted slidor...

Ice is very cold and immeasurably slippery...

the eleventh letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /i/ and pronounced īs (“ice”)


ᛄ

the twelfth letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /j/


ᛇ

the thirteenth letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /e͜o(ː)/ or /ç/, depending on its use as a vowel or a consonant


ᛏ

The Old English rune poem
ᛏ biþ tācna sum...

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /t/


Æ

uppercase version of æ, letter of the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) alphabet, listed in 24th and final position by Byrhtferð (1011); Called æsc (“ash tree”) after the Anglo-Saxon ᚫ rune


ġ

palatalization
w:Old English palatalization

A modified version of g sometimes used in modern texts, representing a /ɡ/ that underwent palatalization, usually resulting in a pronunciation of /j/.


ᛟ

The Old English rune poem
ᛟ byþ oferlēof æġhylċum men...

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /œ/ and named ēþel (“homeland”)


Middle English: ~

c. 975–1025, Beowulf (Cotton MS Vitellius A XV), published 4th quarter 10th century–2nd half 16th century, page 132r, lines 4–6:

(translation from “A Translation of the Anglo-Saxon Poem of Beowulf With a Copious Glossary Preface and Philological Notes” by John M. Kemble, 1837, London: William Pickering, “Beowulf.”, page 1)

oft scyld scefing sceaþen[a] þreatum monegū mægþum meodo setla of teah egsode eorl syððan ærest wearð fea sceaft funden

Written on a letter, usually a vowel, in place of an omitted n or m.


Ċ

A modified version of C sometimes used in modern texts, representing an original /k/ that underwent palatalization.


ċ

A modified version of c sometimes used in modern texts, representing a /k/ that underwent palatalization.


ẏ

Middle English: ẏ

Oft did Scyld the son of Scéf tear the mead-thrones away from the hosts of his foes, from many tribes; the earl terrified them, after he first was found an out-cast.


ᚨ

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing vowel /æ/ and named æsċ (“ash”)


ᛒ

The Old English rune poem
ᛒ byþ blēda lēas...

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /b/ and pronounced beorc (“birch”)


ᛞ

The Old English rune poem
ᛞ byþ Drihtnes sond dēore mannum...

Day is the Lord's message, dear to men...

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /d/ and named dæġ (“day”)


ꞅ

Johnson (1828): To STARVE. v. n. [ꞅꞇeaꞃꝼan, Sax. sterven, Dut. to die.]


ᚪ

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /a/ and named āc (“oak”)


ᛖ

The Old English rune poem
ᛖ byþ for eorlum æþelinga wyn...

The horse is for earls as a princely pleasure...

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /e/ and named eoh (“horse”)


ᚣ

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing the vowel /y/


ᛈ

the fourteenth letter of the Old English runic alphabet, named peorþ and representing the sound /p/


ᛉ

The Old English rune poem
ᛉ seċġ eard hæfþ oftust on fenne...

Elk-sedge has its home most often in the fen...

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /ks/ and pronounced eolh (“elk”)


ᛝ

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /nɡ/


ᛠ

the final letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing the Latin digraph〈ea〉


ᛡ

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /j/ and /jo/


ꞃ

c. 975–1025, Beowulf (Cotton MS Vitellius A XV) (in Old English), published 4th quarter 10th century–2nd half 16th century, page 132r:


ꝺ

Johnson (1828): WROUGHT. [ƿꞃoᵹꝺ, Sax. The preter. and part. pass. as it seems, of work ...]


Used in modern text editions to break diphthongs.


ǣ

A letter of the Old English alphabet, written in the Latin script.


ᛚ

The Old English rune poem
ᛚ byþ lēodum langsum ġeþūht...

Sea is by princes thought long-enduring...

a letter of the Old English runic alphabet, representing /l/ and named lagu (“sea”)