heahfore in Old English

IPA: /ˈxæ͜ɑːx.fo.re/, [ˈhæ͜ɑːx.fo.re] [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: This first element of this word is customarily identified with hēah (“tall, high”), beginning with Franciscus Junius's 17th-century Etymologicum Anglicanum; the remainder is now usually held to be from either faru (“journey”) or fearr (“bull”), though the latter is less likely. Discussion of Liberman's alternative etymology Liberman instead suggests that this compound is from *hæg- (“pen”, see haga) + -fore (“inhabitant”), However, this etymology fails to explain the phonological shape of this word (a long vowel is required by Middle English forms in /ɛː/, while *hæg should become palatalised *hæġ, which would stymie breaking of /æ/ and devoicing of /x/. Additionally, this palatalisation would create an open syllable, resulting in /f/ being voiced to /v/), while his putative suffix -fore lacks a clear etymology and is not securely attested (elver is simply Middle English el (“eel”) + fare (“group of journeyers”); the word originally referred to a group of young eels). Furthermore, Liberman's semantic objections to the traditional etymology do not hold water. Old English hēah can mean "tall", and faran already means "to live (in a specified way)"; the word would simply mean "one who lives (while being) tall", originally being a generic term for any adult cow. Etymology templates: {{smallcaps|Haifer}} Haifer, {{af|enm|el|fare|nocat=1|t1=eel|t2=group of journeyers}} el (“eel”) + fare (“group of journeyers”), {{m+|ang|hēah}} Old English hēah Head templates: {{head|ang|nouns|||||g=f|g2=|g3=|head=hēahfore|sort=}} hēahfore f, {{ang-noun|f|head=hēahfore}} hēahfore f Inflection templates: {{ang-decl-noun-n-f|hēahfor}}, {{ang-decl-noun|hēahfore|hēahforan|hēahforan|hēahforan|hēahforan|hēahforena|hēahforan|hēahforum|num=|title=|type=weak}} Forms: hēahfore [canonical, feminine], weak [table-tags], hēahfore [nominative, singular], hēahforan [nominative, plural], hēahforan [accusative, singular], hēahforan [accusative, plural], hēahforan [genitive, singular], hēahforena [genitive, plural], hēahforan [dative, singular], hēahforum [dative, plural]

[Show JSON for post-processed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▼] [Hide JSON for post-processed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▲]

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "enm",
            "2": "heyfre"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle English: heyfre, haffer, hayfare, hayfre, hefere, heffere, heffre, heyfer, heyfor, heyfur; heekfar, hefker, hekfare, hekfere, hekfore (with fortition)\nEnglish: heifer (obsolete dialectal hefker, hekfer)\nScots: heifer\nYola: hiver",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle English: heyfre, haffer, hayfare, hayfre, hefere, heffere, heffre, heyfer, heyfor, heyfur; heekfar, hefker, hekfare, hekfere, hekfore (with fortition)\nEnglish: heifer (obsolete dialectal hefker, hekfer)\nScots: heifer\nYola: hiver"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Haifer"
      },
      "expansion": "Haifer",
      "name": "smallcaps"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "el",
        "3": "fare",
        "nocat": "1",
        "t1": "eel",
        "t2": "group of journeyers"
      },
      "expansion": "el (“eel”) + fare (“group of journeyers”)",
      "name": "af"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "hēah"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English hēah",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "This first element of this word is customarily identified with hēah (“tall, high”), beginning with Franciscus Junius's 17th-century Etymologicum Anglicanum; the remainder is now usually held to be from either faru (“journey”) or fearr (“bull”), though the latter is less likely.\nDiscussion of Liberman's alternative etymology\nLiberman instead suggests that this compound is from *hæg- (“pen”, see haga) + -fore (“inhabitant”), However, this etymology fails to explain the phonological shape of this word (a long vowel is required by Middle English forms in /ɛː/, while *hæg should become palatalised *hæġ, which would stymie breaking of /æ/ and devoicing of /x/. Additionally, this palatalisation would create an open syllable, resulting in /f/ being voiced to /v/), while his putative suffix -fore lacks a clear etymology and is not securely attested (elver is simply Middle English el (“eel”) + fare (“group of journeyers”); the word originally referred to a group of young eels). Furthermore, Liberman's semantic objections to the traditional etymology do not hold water. Old English hēah can mean \"tall\", and faran already means \"to live (in a specified way)\"; the word would simply mean \"one who lives (while being) tall\", originally being a generic term for any adult cow.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "hēahfore",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "weak",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-decl-noun-n-f",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahfore",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahforan",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahforan",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahforan",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahforan",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahforena",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahforan",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahforum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "nouns",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "hēahfore",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "hēahfore f",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "head": "hēahfore"
      },
      "expansion": "hēahfore f",
      "name": "ang-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hēahfor"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun-n-f"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hēahfore",
        "2": "hēahforan",
        "3": "hēahforan",
        "4": "hēahforan",
        "5": "hēahforan",
        "6": "hēahforena",
        "7": "hēahforan",
        "8": "hēahforum",
        "num": "",
        "title": "",
        "type": "weak"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "heifer"
      ],
      "id": "en-heahfore-ang-noun-4SBf1ZMc",
      "links": [
        [
          "heifer",
          "heifer"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "hēafaru"
        },
        {
          "word": "hēafru"
        },
        {
          "word": "hēahfru"
        },
        {
          "word": "hēhfore"
        },
        {
          "word": "hēhfaro"
        },
        {
          "word": "hēffere"
        },
        {
          "word": "hēhfare — Northumbrian"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈxæ͜ɑːx.fo.re/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈhæ͜ɑːx.fo.re]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "heahfore"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "enm",
            "2": "heyfre"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle English: heyfre, haffer, hayfare, hayfre, hefere, heffere, heffre, heyfer, heyfor, heyfur; heekfar, hefker, hekfare, hekfere, hekfore (with fortition)\nEnglish: heifer (obsolete dialectal hefker, hekfer)\nScots: heifer\nYola: hiver",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle English: heyfre, haffer, hayfare, hayfre, hefere, heffere, heffre, heyfer, heyfor, heyfur; heekfar, hefker, hekfare, hekfere, hekfore (with fortition)\nEnglish: heifer (obsolete dialectal hefker, hekfer)\nScots: heifer\nYola: hiver"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Haifer"
      },
      "expansion": "Haifer",
      "name": "smallcaps"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "el",
        "3": "fare",
        "nocat": "1",
        "t1": "eel",
        "t2": "group of journeyers"
      },
      "expansion": "el (“eel”) + fare (“group of journeyers”)",
      "name": "af"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "hēah"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English hēah",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "This first element of this word is customarily identified with hēah (“tall, high”), beginning with Franciscus Junius's 17th-century Etymologicum Anglicanum; the remainder is now usually held to be from either faru (“journey”) or fearr (“bull”), though the latter is less likely.\nDiscussion of Liberman's alternative etymology\nLiberman instead suggests that this compound is from *hæg- (“pen”, see haga) + -fore (“inhabitant”), However, this etymology fails to explain the phonological shape of this word (a long vowel is required by Middle English forms in /ɛː/, while *hæg should become palatalised *hæġ, which would stymie breaking of /æ/ and devoicing of /x/. Additionally, this palatalisation would create an open syllable, resulting in /f/ being voiced to /v/), while his putative suffix -fore lacks a clear etymology and is not securely attested (elver is simply Middle English el (“eel”) + fare (“group of journeyers”); the word originally referred to a group of young eels). Furthermore, Liberman's semantic objections to the traditional etymology do not hold water. Old English hēah can mean \"tall\", and faran already means \"to live (in a specified way)\"; the word would simply mean \"one who lives (while being) tall\", originally being a generic term for any adult cow.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "hēahfore",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "weak",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-decl-noun-n-f",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahfore",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahforan",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahforan",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahforan",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahforan",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahforena",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahforan",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hēahforum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "nouns",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "hēahfore",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "hēahfore f",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "head": "hēahfore"
      },
      "expansion": "hēahfore f",
      "name": "ang-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hēahfor"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun-n-f"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hēahfore",
        "2": "hēahforan",
        "3": "hēahforan",
        "4": "hēahforan",
        "5": "hēahforan",
        "6": "hēahforena",
        "7": "hēahforan",
        "8": "hēahforum",
        "num": "",
        "title": "",
        "type": "weak"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
        "Old English feminine n-stem nouns",
        "Old English feminine nouns",
        "Old English lemmas",
        "Old English nouns",
        "Old English terms with IPA pronunciation"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "heifer"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "heifer",
          "heifer"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈxæ͜ɑːx.fo.re/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈhæ͜ɑːx.fo.re]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "hēafaru"
    },
    {
      "word": "hēafru"
    },
    {
      "word": "hēahfru"
    },
    {
      "word": "hēhfore"
    },
    {
      "word": "hēhfaro"
    },
    {
      "word": "hēffere"
    },
    {
      "word": "hēhfare — Northumbrian"
    }
  ],
  "word": "heahfore"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-07-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-20 using wiktextract (e79c026 and b863ecc). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.

"heahfore" meaning in Old English

Noun