See drefan in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dreven"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: dreven",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: dreven"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dreve"
},
"expansion": "English: dreve",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: dreve"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*drōbijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *drōbijan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*drōbijaną",
"t": "to disturb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drōbijaną (“to disturb”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "drōf",
"3": "-an"
},
"expansion": "drōf + -an",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "drōƀjan"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon drōƀjan",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "druoven"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch druoven",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "droeven"
},
"expansion": "Dutch droeven",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "truoben"
},
"expansion": "Old High German truoben",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "trüben"
},
"expansion": "German trüben",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌳𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (drōbjan)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *drōbijan, from Proto-Germanic *drōbijaną (“to disturb”); equivalent to drōf + -an. Cognate with Old Saxon drōƀjan, Old Dutch druoven (Dutch droeven), Old High German truoben (German trüben), Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (drōbjan).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drēfan",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "1",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfdest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfeþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfdon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drēf",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ġedrēfed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "drēfan"
},
"expansion": "drēfan",
"name": "ang-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "drēfan<w1>"
},
"name": "ang-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "80 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "80 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English terms suffixed with -an",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "72 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to stir up, agitate, move"
],
"id": "en-drefan-ang-verb-moPEZ6Ed",
"links": [
[
"stir up",
"stir up"
],
[
"agitate",
"agitate"
],
[
"move",
"move"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to trouble, disturb, afflict"
],
"id": "en-drefan-ang-verb-~~ZEPsI3",
"links": [
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"disturb",
"disturb"
],
[
"afflict",
"afflict"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdreː.fɑn/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈdreː.vɑn]"
}
],
"word": "drefan"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English class 1 weak verbs",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms suffixed with -an",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dreven"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: dreven",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: dreven"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dreve"
},
"expansion": "English: dreve",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: dreve"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*drōbijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *drōbijan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*drōbijaną",
"t": "to disturb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drōbijaną (“to disturb”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "drōf",
"3": "-an"
},
"expansion": "drōf + -an",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "drōƀjan"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon drōƀjan",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "druoven"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch druoven",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "droeven"
},
"expansion": "Dutch droeven",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "truoben"
},
"expansion": "Old High German truoben",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "trüben"
},
"expansion": "German trüben",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌳𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (drōbjan)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *drōbijan, from Proto-Germanic *drōbijaną (“to disturb”); equivalent to drōf + -an. Cognate with Old Saxon drōƀjan, Old Dutch druoven (Dutch droeven), Old High German truoben (German trüben), Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (drōbjan).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drēfan",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "1",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfan",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfenne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfdest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfeþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfdon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drēf",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfaþ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drēfed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ġedrēfed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "drēfan"
},
"expansion": "drēfan",
"name": "ang-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "drēfan<w1>"
},
"name": "ang-conj"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to stir up, agitate, move"
],
"links": [
[
"stir up",
"stir up"
],
[
"agitate",
"agitate"
],
[
"move",
"move"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to trouble, disturb, afflict"
],
"links": [
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"disturb",
"disturb"
],
[
"afflict",
"afflict"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdreː.fɑn/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈdreː.vɑn]"
}
],
"word": "drefan"
}
Download raw JSONL data for drefan meaning in Old English (4.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.