fyrst

fyrst (masculine nominative singular)
fyrst (feminine nominative singular)
fyrst (neuter nominative singular)
fyrstne (accusative masculine singular)
fyrste (accusative feminine singular)
fyrst (accusative neuter singular)
fyrstes (genitive masculine singular)
fyrstre (feminine genitive singular)
fyrstes (genitive neuter singular)
fyrstum (dative masculine singular)
fyrstre (dative feminine singular)
fyrstum (dative neuter singular)
fyrste (instrumental masculine singular)
fyrstre (feminine instrumental singular)
fyrste (instrumental neuter singular)
fyrste (masculine nominative plural)
fyrsta (feminine nominative plural)
fyrste (feminine nominative plural)
fyrst (neuter nominative plural)
fyrste (accusative masculine plural)
fyrsta (accusative feminine plural)
fyrste (accusative feminine plural)
fyrst (accusative neuter plural)
fyrstra (genitive masculine plural)
fyrstra (feminine genitive plural)
fyrstra (genitive neuter plural)
fyrstum (dative masculine plural)
fyrstum (dative feminine plural)
fyrstum (dative neuter plural)
fyrstum (instrumental masculine plural)
fyrstum (feminine instrumental plural)
fyrstum (instrumental neuter plural)
fyrsta (masculine nominative singular)
fyrste (feminine nominative singular)
fyrste (neuter nominative singular)
fyrstan (accusative masculine singular)
fyrstan (accusative feminine singular)
fyrste (accusative neuter singular)
fyrstan (genitive masculine singular)
fyrstan (feminine genitive singular)
fyrstan (genitive neuter singular)
fyrstan (dative masculine singular)
fyrstan (dative feminine singular)
fyrstan (dative neuter singular)
fyrstan (instrumental masculine singular)
fyrstan (feminine instrumental singular)
fyrstan (instrumental neuter singular)
fyrstan (masculine nominative plural)
fyrstan (feminine nominative plural)
fyrstan (neuter nominative plural)
fyrstan (accusative masculine plural)
fyrstan (accusative feminine plural)
fyrstan (accusative neuter plural)
fyrstra (genitive masculine plural)
fyrstena (genitive masculine plural)
fyrstra (feminine genitive plural)
fyrstena (feminine genitive plural)
fyrstra (genitive neuter plural)
fyrstena (genitive neuter plural)
fyrstum (dative masculine plural)
fyrstum (dative feminine plural)
fyrstum (dative neuter plural)
fyrstum (instrumental masculine plural)
fyrstum (feminine instrumental plural)
fyrstum (instrumental neuter plural)


beorn

beornas (nominative plural)
beorn (nominative singular)
beornas (nominative plural)
beorn (accusative singular)
beornas (accusative plural)
beornes (genitive singular)
beorna (genitive plural)
beorne (dative singular)
beornum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: beorn, bern, berne, beren, barn (merged with beron, baroun)

(English: baron)

Scots: bern, beirn

The origin is disputed. A phonetically exact correspondence exists in Old Norse bjǫrn (“bear”), from Proto-Germanic *bernuz (more at *berô), but the English word is never used for "bear", and the Old Norse word is never used for "warrior". While it is not implausible that the term for a wild animal could become a poetic term for a warrior, Germanic scholars have been reluctant to accept any relationship between the two. Some consider it to be a variant of Old English bearn (“child, offspring, son", hence "boy, servant”), while others derive it from a Proto-Germanic *beron- (“carrier”) (hence "servant; man, warrior", more at baron). Celtic origin has also been considered; thus, Rhys took this to be a Germanic reflex of the Celtic title Brennus, and Bradley connected British Bernicia (Welsh brenhin, brenin).
The word has the form biorn in early Old English attestations; it survives into early Middle English as beorn and takes the variant spellings bern, berne, burn, burne, bearn, bieren, beern, beerne in later Middle English. Middle English usage often interchanges it with baron. As berne, it survives into the 16th century in Scottish dialect, but becomes indistinguishable from bairn.

noncog

Biorn under beorge bordrand onswaf.

(please add an English translation of this quotation) (Beowulf 2559)

se beorn on waruþe scip gemette

the man found a ship on the strand. (Legend of St Andrew)


þwean

þwēan (canonical)
þwēan (infinitive)
þwēanne (infinitive)
þwēa (first-person present singular)
þwōg (first-person past singular)
þwōh (first-person past singular)
þwiehst (present second-person singular)
þwōge (past second-person singular)
þwiehþ (present singular third-person)
þwōg (past singular third-person)
þwōh (past singular third-person)
þwēaþ (plural present)
þwōgon (past plural)
þwēa (present singular)
þwōge (past singular)
þwēan (plural present)
þwōgen (past plural)
þweah (imperative past present singular)
þwēaþ (imperative past plural present)
þwēande (imperative present)
þwæġen (imperative past)
ġeþwæġen (imperative past)
þwagen (imperative past)
ġeþwagen (imperative past)
þweġen (imperative past)
ġeþweġen (imperative past)

From Proto-West Germanic *þwahan, from Proto-Germanic *þwahaną.


fealu

fealu (masculine nominative singular)
fealo (masculine nominative singular)
fealu (feminine nominative singular)
fealo (feminine nominative singular)
fealu (neuter nominative singular)
fealo (neuter nominative singular)
fealone (accusative masculine singular)
fealwe (accusative feminine singular)
fealu (accusative neuter singular)
fealo (accusative neuter singular)
fealwes (genitive masculine singular)
fealore (feminine genitive singular)
fealwes (genitive neuter singular)
fealwum (dative masculine singular)
fealore (dative feminine singular)
fealwum (dative neuter singular)
fealwe (instrumental masculine singular)
fealore (feminine instrumental singular)
fealwe (instrumental neuter singular)
fealwe (masculine nominative plural)
fealwa (feminine nominative plural)
fealwe (feminine nominative plural)
fealu (neuter nominative plural)
fealo (neuter nominative plural)
fealwe (accusative masculine plural)
fealwa (accusative feminine plural)
fealwe (accusative feminine plural)
fealu (accusative neuter plural)
fealo (accusative neuter plural)
fealora (genitive masculine plural)
fealora (feminine genitive plural)
fealora (genitive neuter plural)
fealwum (dative masculine plural)
fealwum (dative feminine plural)
fealwum (dative neuter plural)
fealwum (instrumental masculine plural)
fealwum (feminine instrumental plural)
fealwum (instrumental neuter plural)
fealwa (masculine nominative singular)
fealwe (feminine nominative singular)
fealwe (neuter nominative singular)
fealwan (accusative masculine singular)
fealwan (accusative feminine singular)
fealwe (accusative neuter singular)
fealwan (genitive masculine singular)
fealwan (feminine genitive singular)
fealwan (genitive neuter singular)
fealwan (dative masculine singular)
fealwan (dative feminine singular)
fealwan (dative neuter singular)
fealwan (instrumental masculine singular)
fealwan (feminine instrumental singular)
fealwan (instrumental neuter singular)
fealwan (masculine nominative plural)
fealwan (feminine nominative plural)
fealwan (neuter nominative plural)
fealwan (accusative masculine plural)
fealwan (accusative feminine plural)
fealwan (accusative neuter plural)
fealora (genitive masculine plural)
fealwena (genitive masculine plural)
fealora (feminine genitive plural)
fealwena (feminine genitive plural)
fealora (genitive neuter plural)
fealwena (genitive neuter plural)
fealwum (dative masculine plural)
fealwum (dative feminine plural)
fealwum (dative neuter plural)
fealwum (instrumental masculine plural)
fealwum (feminine instrumental plural)
fealwum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: falwe

English: fallow

From Proto-Germanic *falwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *pel-.
Cognate with Old Saxon falu, Middle Dutch valu, vale (Dutch vaal), Old High German falo (German fahl), Old Norse fǫlr. The common Germanic is cognate with Latin pallidus, Ancient Greek πελιτνός (pelitnós) and Old Armenian ալիք (alikʻ, “wave, gray hair”).

cog

Ðonne onwæcneð eft · winelēas guma,
ġesihð him biforan · fealwe wegas,

When the friendless man awakes again,
grey waves appear before him,


fæc

facu (nominative plural)
fæc (nominative singular)
facu (nominative plural)
fæc (accusative singular)
facu (accusative plural)
fæces (genitive singular)
faca (genitive plural)
fæce (dative singular)
facum (dative plural)

Middle English: fæc, fece

English: fack

From Proto-West Germanic *fak, from Proto-Germanic *faką (“division, piece, part”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to nail, fasten”).
Cognate with Old Frisian fek, Old Saxon fak (Dutch vak), Old High German fah (German Fach), Latin pangō.

der

a portion, period, or space of time; while; an interval


cempa

cempa (nominative singular)
cempan (nominative plural)
cempan (accusative singular)
cempan (accusative plural)
cempan (genitive singular)
cempena (genitive plural)
cempan (dative singular)
cempum (dative plural)

Middle English: kempe

English: kemp; Kemp (surname)

Scots: kemp

i

merger with Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">kappi</i>

Middle English: cæppe, keppe (merger with Old Norse kappi)

→ Old Norse: kempa f

Icelandic: kempa

Faroese: kempa

Norwegian Nynorsk: kjempe, kjempa

Middle Swedish: kämpa

Swedish: kämpe


leoþ

lēoþ (canonical neuter)
lēoþ (nominative singular)
lēoþ (nominative plural)
lēoþ (accusative singular)
lēoþ (accusative plural)
lēoþes (genitive singular)
lēoþa (genitive plural)
lēoþe (dative singular)
lēoþum (dative plural)

Middle English: leoþ, leod, led, lede

Scots: leed, lede

English: leed (dialectal); lidden (?)

From Proto-West Germanic *leuþ, from Proto-Germanic *leuþą, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₁w-. Cognate with Old High German liod (German Lied), Old Saxon lioð (Dutch lied), Old Norse ljóð (“verse, song”), Latin laus (“praise”).

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Iċ onġiete þæt iċ þē hæbbe āþrotenne mid þȳ langan spelle, for þon þē lyst nū lēoða.

I see I've bored you with that long argument, since you want poems now.


wæl

wæl (nominative singular)
walu (nominative plural)
wæl (accusative singular)
walu (accusative plural)
wæles (genitive singular)
wala (genitive plural)
wæle (dative singular)
walum (dative plural)

Middle English: wal

From Proto-Germanic *walaz, from Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to hit, to strike”). Cognate with Old Saxon wal, Old High German wal, and Old Norse valr.


andwlita

andwlita (nominative singular)
andwlitan (nominative plural)
andwlitan (accusative singular)
andwlitan (accusative plural)
andwlitan (genitive singular)
andwlitena (genitive plural)
andwlitan (dative singular)
andwlitum (dative plural)

Middle English: anlet, onlete

From Proto-Germanic *andawlitiz, equivalent to and (“against, off”) + wlītan (“to look, behold”). Cognate with Old Norse andlit (Swedish anlete, Norwegian Nynorsk andlet) and Old High German antlizzi (German Antlitz).


nipan

nīpan (canonical)
nīpan (infinitive)
nīpenne (infinitive)
nīpe (first-person present singular)
nāp (first-person past singular)
nīpst (present second-person singular)
nipe (past second-person singular)
nīpþ (present singular third-person)
nāp (past singular third-person)
nīpaþ (plural present)
nipon (past plural)
nīpe (present singular)
nipe (past singular)
nīpen (plural present)
nipen (past plural)
nīp (imperative past present singular)
nīpaþ (imperative past plural present)
nīpende (imperative present)
nipen (imperative past)
ġenipen (imperative past)

Uncertain. Has been connected with Lithuanian niáukti (“to become overcast, gloomy”), via a hypothetical English pre-form *(kʷ)niaukʷ-; however, this is rather ad hoc.


niman

niman (infinitive)
nimenne (infinitive)
nime (first-person present singular)
nam (first-person past singular)
nimest (present second-person singular)
nimst (present second-person singular)
nāme (past second-person singular)
nimeþ (present singular third-person)
nimþ (present singular third-person)
nam (past singular third-person)
nimaþ (plural present)
nāmon (past plural)
nime (present singular)
nāme (past singular)
nimen (plural present)
nāmen (past plural)
nim (imperative past present singular)
nimaþ (imperative past plural present)
nimende (imperative present)
numen (imperative past)
ġenumen (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: nimen, nymen
English: nim; numb (from past participle)
Scots: nim

From Proto-West Germanic *neman, from Proto-Germanic *nemaną, from Proto-Indo-European *nem-.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian nima, Old Saxon niman, Old Dutch neman, Old High German neman, Old Norse nema, Gothic 𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (niman). The Indo-European root was also the source of Old Irish nem (“present”), Latvian ņemt (“to take”), Albanian nëm (“to take, curse”), Ancient Greek νέμω (némō).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hæfdon ġeleornad mā cræfta hū hīe þā elpendas beswīcan mehton, mid þǣm þæt hīe nāmon trēowu, ⁊ slōgon on oþerne ende moniġe sċearpe īsene næġlas, ⁊ hīe mid flexe bewundon, ⁊ onbǣrndon hit, ⁊ beþyddan hit þonne on þone elpend hindan...

And they had learned more tricks through which they could ensnare the elephants; they took stakes and drove into the other end many sharp iron nails, and wrapped them in flax, and set them on fire, and then thrust them into the elephant from behind...


feower

Middle English: four, fore, feour, fower, fowwre, foure, fowr, vour
English: four
Geordie English: fower
Scots: fower
Yola: vour, voure, vowre

From Proto-West Germanic *feuwar, from Proto-Germanic *fedwōr, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres.


seofon

Middle English: seven, ceven, seofen, seoven, sevene, sevyn, sewyn, zeven, zeve (Kent)
English: seven
Middle Scots: sevin, sewin
Scots: seiven, seeven
Yola: zeven

From Proto-West Germanic *sebun.
Cognate with Old Saxon siƀun, Old High German sibun, Old Norse sjau, Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽 (sibun). Extra-Germanic cognates include Latin septem, Ancient Greek ἑπτά (heptá), Old Church Slavonic сєдмь (sedmĭ), Sanskrit सप्तन् (saptan), Old Irish secht.


hladan

hladan (infinitive)
hladenne (infinitive)
hlade (first-person present singular)
hlōd (first-person past singular)
hlætst (present second-person singular)
hlōde (past second-person singular)
hlætt (present singular third-person)
hlæt (present singular third-person)
hlōd (past singular third-person)
hladaþ (plural present)
hlōdon (past plural)
hlade (present singular)
hlōde (past singular)
hladen (plural present)
hlōden (past plural)
hlad (imperative past present singular)
hladaþ (imperative past plural present)
hladende (imperative present)
hlæden (imperative past)
ġehlæden (imperative past)
hladen (imperative past)
ġehladen (imperative past)

Middle English: laden

English: lade

Scots: lade, laid

From Proto-West Germanic *hlaþan, whence also Old Norse hlaða, Gothic *𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌽 (*hlaþan).


inne

ang-adv

inne (comparative innor, superlative innemest)

innor (comparative)
innemest (superlative)

Middle English: in

Mē is lēofre þæt iċ ūt gā þonne iċ inne belīfe.

c. 1000, unknown author, Vercelli Homily VII
Wīf sind tȳdru for þon þe hīe simle inne bēoþ, and nāht hefiġes ne wyrċaþ, and hīe oft baðiaþ, and simle on hnesċum beddum hīe restaþ.

Women are weak because they're always inside, they don't do any heavy work, they take baths all the time, and they always rest in soft beds.


nigon

desctree

Middle English: nyne, nine, nin, niȝen, neghen, neyen, nyen, niwon, niȝhenn
English: nine
Scots: nine, neen, nyn, nyne
Yola: neen

From Proto-West Germanic *nigun, an unexplained variant of *neun, from Proto-Germanic *newun, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥.

Nigon sīðum nigon bēoþ ān and hundeahtatiġ.


wæstm

wæstmas (nominative plural)
wæstm (nominative singular)
wæstmas (nominative plural)
wæstm (accusative singular)
wæstmas (accusative plural)
wæstmes (genitive singular)
wæstma (genitive plural)
wæstme (dative singular)
wæstmum (dative plural)

Middle English: wastum

From Proto-Germanic *wahstmaz, *wahsmaz, from the root of weaxan. Cognate with Old Saxon wastum.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
"Zachéus wæs sum rice mann, and cepte þæs Hælendes fær, and wolde geseon hwilc hé wære; ac he ne mihte for ðære menigu ðe him mid ferde, forðan ðe hé wæs scort on wæstme.
"Zacchæus was a rich man, and had observed the Saviour's course, and would see who he was; but he could not for the many that went with him, because he was short of stature.


scinan

sċīnan (canonical)
sċīnan (infinitive)
sċīnenne (infinitive)
sċīne (first-person present singular)
sċān (first-person past singular)
sċīnst (present second-person singular)
sċine (past second-person singular)
sċīnþ (present singular third-person)
sċān (past singular third-person)
sċīnaþ (plural present)
sċinon (past plural)
sċīne (present singular)
sċine (past singular)
sċīnen (plural present)
sċinen (past plural)
sċīn (imperative past present singular)
sċīnaþ (imperative past plural present)
sċīnende (imperative present)
sċinen (imperative past)
ġesċinen (imperative past)

Middle English: schinen, scinen, sinen, schynen, shinen, shynen, shyne, schyne, schine, shine, schyn, schinin, ssine
English: shine
Scots: shine, shyne

From Proto-West Germanic *skīnan, from Proto-Germanic *skīnaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₁y-.


gafol

gafol (nominative singular)
gafola (nominative plural)
gafole (nominative plural)
gafole (accusative singular)
gafola (accusative plural)
gafole (accusative plural)
gafole (genitive singular)
gafola (genitive plural)
gafole (dative singular)
gafolum (dative plural)
gafol (nominative singular)
gafolas (nominative plural)
gafol (accusative singular)
gafolas (accusative plural)
gafoles (genitive singular)
gafola (genitive plural)
gafole (dative singular)
gafolum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *gabulu (“fork”), from Proto-Celtic *gablā.


gafol

gafol (nominative singular)
gafol (nominative plural)
gafol (accusative singular)
gafol (accusative plural)
gafoles (genitive singular)
gafola (genitive plural)
gafole (dative singular)
gafolum (dative plural)

English: gavel

From Proto-Germanic *gabulą (“tribute”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ- (“to give”). Cognate with Old Norse gǫfga (“to worship, offer”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹 (gabei, “riches”), Latin habeō (“to own, possess, have”). More at give.


sittan

sittan (infinitive)
sittenne (infinitive)
sitte (first-person present singular)
sæt (first-person past singular)
sitst (present second-person singular)
sǣte (past second-person singular)
sitt (present singular third-person)
sit (present singular third-person)
sæt (past singular third-person)
sittaþ (plural present)
sǣton (past plural)
sitte (present singular)
sǣte (past singular)
sitten (plural present)
sǣten (past plural)
site (imperative past present singular)
sittaþ (imperative past plural present)
sittende (imperative present)
seten (imperative past)
ġeseten (imperative past)

Middle English: sitten, zitten, zitte (Kent)
English: sit
Scots: sit
Yola: zit

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sed-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *sédyeti
Proto-Germanic *sitjaną
Proto-West Germanic *sittjan
Old English sittan
From Proto-West Germanic *sittjan.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian sitta (West Frisian sitte), Old High German sizzen (German sitzen), Old Saxon sittian, Dutch zitten, Old Norse sitja (Icelandic sitja, Faroese sita, Swedish sitta), Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (sitan). The Proto-Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit सीदति (sīdati), Old Armenian նիստ (nist, “sitting”), Old Irish saidid (Irish suigh), Ancient Greek ἕζομαι (hézomai), Latin sedeō, Old Church Slavonic сѣдѣти (sěděti) (Russian сиде́ть (sidétʹ)).

etymon

Þonne iċ būgendre stefne styrme, stille on wīcum sittað hnīgende.

When I shout with bending voice, the still men sit bowing in dwellings.


fleon

flēon (canonical)
flēon (infinitive)
flēonne (infinitive)
flēo (first-person present singular)
flēah (first-person past singular)
flīehst (present second-person singular)
fluge (past second-person singular)
flīehþ (present singular third-person)
flēah (past singular third-person)
flēoþ (plural present)
flugon (past plural)
flēo (present singular)
fluge (past singular)
flēon (plural present)
flugen (past plural)
flēoh (imperative past present singular)
flēoþ (imperative past plural present)
flēonde (imperative present)
flogen (imperative past)
ġeflogen (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: flen, fleon
English: flee
Scots: flee
Yola: flaadhokes

From Proto-West Germanic *fleuhan, from Proto-Germanic *fleuhaną. Cognate with Old Frisian fliā, Old Saxon fliohan, Old Dutch flian, Old High German fliohan, Old Norse flýja, Gothic 𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þliuhan).

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
...ac onfōh mē nū þīnne āgene þēawa, for ic eom flēonde fram hym.

...but do Thou receive me now, Thine own servant, for I am fleeing from them.

Mid þē sind þā þing þe þū flīehst.

The things that you run from are with you.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
God ne ēht nānre wihte, for þȳ hine nān wiht ne mæġ flēon.

God doesn't chase anything, because nothing can run from him.


brucan

brūcan (canonical)
brūcan (infinitive)
brūcenne (infinitive)
brūce (first-person present singular)
brēac (first-person past singular)
brȳcst (present second-person singular)
bruce (past second-person singular)
brȳcþ (present singular third-person)
brēac (past singular third-person)
brūcaþ (plural present)
brucon (past plural)
brūce (present singular)
bruce (past singular)
brūcen (plural present)
brucen (past plural)
brūc (imperative past present singular)
brūcaþ (imperative past plural present)
brūcende (imperative present)
brocen (imperative past)
ġebrocen (imperative past)

Middle English: brouken

English: brook

Scots: brook, brouk

From Proto-West Germanic *brūkan (“to enjoy, use”).
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian brūka, Old Saxon brūkan, Old Dutch *brūkan, Old High German brūhhan, Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (brukjan). The Indo-European root was also the source of Latin fruor (“enjoy”).

inh

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Uton nū brūcan þisses undernmetes swā þā sċulon þe heora ǣfenġifl on helle ġefeċċan sċulon.

Now let's enjoy this breakfast as comrades who must fetch their dinner in hell.

to harness, take advantage of, employ, exploit


fif

desctree

Middle English: five, fife, fif, fyve, vif, vive
English: five
Scots: five, fif, fife, fyve
Yola: veeve


bindan

bindan (infinitive)
bindenne (infinitive)
binde (first-person present singular)
band (first-person past singular)
binst (present second-person singular)
bintst (present second-person singular)
bunde (past second-person singular)
bint (present singular third-person)
band (past singular third-person)
bindaþ (plural present)
bundon (past plural)
binde (present singular)
bunde (past singular)
binden (plural present)
bunden (past plural)
bind (imperative past present singular)
bindaþ (imperative past plural present)
bindende (imperative present)
bunden (imperative past)
ġebunden (imperative past)

Middle English: binden
English: bind
Scots: bind

From Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind”).

der

…þæt biþ in eorle · indryhten þēaw,
þæt hē his ferðlocan · fæste binde,
healde his hordcōfan; · hyċġe swā hē wille.

…that a noble habit is in a brave man,
 that he would tightly bind his spirit,
 keep his treasure-chamber; think as he want.


standan

standan (infinitive)
standenne (infinitive)
stande (first-person present singular)
stōd (first-person past singular)
stenst (present second-person singular)
stentst (present second-person singular)
stōde (past second-person singular)
stent (present singular third-person)
stōd (past singular third-person)
standaþ (plural present)
stōdon (past plural)
stande (present singular)
stōde (past singular)
standen (plural present)
stōden (past plural)
stand (imperative past present singular)
standaþ (imperative past plural present)
standende (imperative present)
standen (imperative past)
ġestanden (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: standen, stande, stonde, stonden
English: stand
→ Ido: standar
→ Norman: stanner, sténer
Sranan Tongo: tan
Scots: stand
Yola: sthoane, sthone, sthoan, stoane

From Proto-West Germanic *standan, from Proto-Germanic *standaną, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.
Cognate with Old Frisian stonda, Old Saxon standan, Old High German stantan, Old Norse standa, Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (standan). The Germanic source is cognate with Latin stare and Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi).

Sēo burg stōd bī þǣre sǣ.

Onġietan sċeal glēaw hæle · hū gǣstlīċ bið,
þonne ealle þisse worulde wela · wēste stondeð;

A wise man must understand how spiritual it is
when all wealth of this world stands empty;


helpan

helpan (infinitive)
helpenne (infinitive)
helpe (first-person present singular)
healp (first-person past singular)
hilpst (present second-person singular)
hulpe (past second-person singular)
hilpþ (present singular third-person)
healp (past singular third-person)
helpaþ (plural present)
hulpon (past plural)
helpe (present singular)
hulpe (past singular)
helpen (plural present)
hulpen (past plural)
help (imperative past present singular)
helpaþ (imperative past plural present)
helpende (imperative present)
holpen (imperative past)
ġeholpen (imperative past)

Middle English: helpen, help, elp, helpi, healpe, heolpe, halpen, hælpan
English: help
Scots: help
Yola: help

11th century, note from a copyist at the end of Ælfric's De Temporibus Anni
God helpe mīnum handum.

c. 992, Ælfric, The Assumption of the Holy Virgin Mary
On þissum wræcfullum līfe, wē sċulon earmra manna helpan.

In this life of exile, we should help poor people.

God ūre helpe.

c. 1013, Wulfstan, Sermon of the Wolf to the English:


þencan

þenċan (canonical)
þenċan (infinitive)
þenċenne (infinitive)
þenċe (first-person present singular)
þōhte (first-person past singular)
þenċest (present second-person singular)
þencst (present second-person singular)
þōhtest (past second-person singular)
þenċeþ (present singular third-person)
þencþ (present singular third-person)
þōhte (past singular third-person)
þenċaþ (plural present)
þōhton (past plural)
þenċe (present singular)
þōhte (past singular)
þenċen (plural present)
þōhten (past plural)
þenċ (imperative past present singular)
þenċaþ (imperative past plural present)
þenċende (imperative present)
þōht (imperative past)
ġeþōht (imperative past)

Middle English: thinken, thenchen, thenken, thynken, thinke, think
English: think
Scots: think, thynk

From Proto-West Germanic *þankijan, from Proto-Germanic *þankijaną.
Cognate with Old Frisian thenka, Old Saxon thenkian, Old Dutch thenken, Old High German denken, Old Norse þekkja, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þagkjan). All ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *teng- (“to think”).

Iċ þenċe, for þȳ iċ eom.

Ne magon wē þenċan þæt wē seċġan ne magon.

Betere is þæt man þenċe tō swīðe þonne tō lȳt.

It's better to think too much than too little.


lufian

lufian (infinitive)
lufienne (infinitive)
lufiġe (first-person present singular)
lufode (first-person past singular)
lufast (present second-person singular)
lufodest (past second-person singular)
lufaþ (present singular third-person)
lufode (past singular third-person)
lufiaþ (plural present)
lufodon (past plural)
lufiġe (present singular)
lufode (past singular)
lufiġen (plural present)
lufoden (past plural)
lufa (imperative past present singular)
lufiaþ (imperative past plural present)
lufiende (imperative present)
lufod (imperative past)
ġelufod (imperative past)

Middle English: loven, lofe, love, lovye, lovyen, lowen, lufe, lufen, luffe, luve, loviȝe, lovin, lufian, lufiæn, lufiȝe, lufiȝen, luvan, luven, luvie, luvien, luviȝe, luviȝen, luvyen (Early Middle English), lufenn (Ormulum)
English: love
Scots: luve

From Proto-West Germanic *lubōn, derived from the noun *lubu (“love”). Equivalent to lufu + -ian. Cognate with Old Frisian luvia, Old High German lubōn.

Ġif þū wille bēon ġelufod, lufa.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Second Sunday After Easter"
Sē Hǣlend cwæþ be him, "Iċ eom gōd hierde, and iċ oncnāwe mīn sċēap, and hīe oncnāwaþ mē." Þæt is, "Iċ lufiġe hīe, and hīe lufiaþ mē."

Jesus said about himself, "I'm a good shepherd, and I know my sheep, and they know me." That is, "I love them, and they love me."

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 6:5

When you pray, don't be like hypocrites. They love to pray standing in synagogues and on street corners so that people will see them.

Þonne ġē ēow ġebidden, ne bēoþ ġē swelċe līċetteras. Þā lufiaþ þæt hīe ġebidden hīe standende on ġesamnungum and strǣta hyrnum þæt menn hīe ġesēon.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 21:17

Peter felt hurt because he asked him a third time, "Do you love me?" And he told him, "Lord, you know everything; you know that I love you."

Þā wæs Petrus sāriġ for þām þe hē cwæþ þriddan sīðe tō him, "Lufast þū me?" And hē cwæþ tō him, "Dryhten, þū wāst eall þing; þū wāst þæt iċ þē lufiġe."


deor

dēor (canonical neuter)
dēor (nominative singular)
dēor (nominative plural)
dēor (accusative singular)
dēor (accusative plural)
dēores (genitive singular)
dēora (genitive plural)
dēore (dative singular)
dēorum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: deor, deure, dure, dier, dere

Scots: dere, deir

English: deer

From Proto-West Germanic *deuʀ, from Proto-Germanic *deuzą, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewsóm.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian diār, Old Saxon dior, Old Dutch dier, Old High German tior, Old Norse dýr, Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 (dius). The Indo-European root also led to Lithuanian dvēsti and Russian душа́ (dušá).


ceosan

ċēosan (canonical)
ċēosan (infinitive)
ċēosenne (infinitive)
ċēose (first-person present singular)
ċēas (first-person past singular)
ċīest (present second-person singular)
cure (past second-person singular)
ċīest (present singular third-person)
ċēas (past singular third-person)
ċēosaþ (plural present)
curon (past plural)
ċēose (present singular)
cure (past singular)
ċēosen (plural present)
curen (past plural)
ċēos (imperative past present singular)
ċēosaþ (imperative past plural present)
ċēosende (imperative present)
coren (imperative past)
ġecoren (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: chesen, chees, cheese, cheesen, chese, chesyn, cheose, cheys, chiese, chiesen, chyese, chose, chuse, cesen, cheosen
English: choose
Scots: chuise, cheese

From Proto-West Germanic *keusan, from Proto-Germanic *keusaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“taste, choose”).
Cognate with Old Frisian kiāsa, Old Saxon kiosan, Old High German kiosan, Old Norse kjósa, Gothic 𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (kiusan). The Indo-European root was also the source of Latin gustus (“taste”), Albanian desha (“chosen”).


stræl

strǣl (canonical feminine)
strǣl (nominative singular)
strǣla (nominative plural)
strǣle (nominative plural)
strǣle (accusative singular)
strǣla (accusative plural)
strǣle (accusative plural)
strǣle (genitive singular)
strǣla (genitive plural)
strǣle (dative singular)
strǣlum (dative plural)
strǣl (nominative singular)
strǣlas (nominative plural)
strǣl (accusative singular)
strǣlas (accusative plural)
strǣles (genitive singular)
strǣla (genitive plural)
strǣle (dative singular)
strǣlum (dative plural)

Middle English: stral, *strel

English: strale, streal, streel

⇒ Scots: strule (verb)


guþ

gūþ (canonical feminine)
gūþ (nominative singular)
gūþe (nominative plural)
gūþa (nominative plural)
gūþ (accusative singular)
gūþe (accusative singular)
gūþe (accusative plural)
gūþa (accusative plural)
gūþe (genitive singular)
gūþa (genitive plural)
gūþe (dative singular)
gūþum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *gunþi, from Proto-Germanic *gunþiz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰéntis (“killing, blow”). Shifted into the ō-stems at some point before i-umlaut; the inherited form *gȳþ occurs as the final element of names.
Germanic cognates include Old Norse gunnr ~ guðr. Old Saxon gūđ- and Old High German gund- appear in compounds.


fugol

fugol (nominative singular)
fuglas (nominative plural)
fugol (accusative singular)
fuglas (accusative plural)
fugles (genitive singular)
fugla (genitive plural)
fugle (dative singular)
fuglum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: fowel, fowele, foul, foghel, fuȝel, foȝel, foughel, fouel, fowl
English: fowl
Scots: foul, fule
Yola: fowlès (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *fugl, from Proto-Germanic *fuglaz.
Cognate with Old Frisian fugel, Old Saxon fugal, Old Dutch fogal, Old High German fogal, Old Norse fugl, Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 (fugls).


rowan

rōwan (canonical)
rōwan (infinitive)
rōwenne (infinitive)
rōwe (first-person present singular)
rēow (first-person past singular)
rōwest (present second-person singular)
rēowe (past second-person singular)
rōweþ (present singular third-person)
rēow (past singular third-person)
rōwaþ (plural present)
rēowon (past plural)
rēon (past plural)
rōwe (present singular)
rēowe (past singular)
rōwen (plural present)
rēowen (past plural)
rōw (imperative past present singular)
rōwaþ (imperative past plural present)
rōwende (imperative present)
rōwen (imperative past)
ġerōwen (imperative past)

Middle English: rowen
English: row
Scots: row


snotor

ang-adj

snotor (comparative snoterra, superlative snoterost or snoterest)

snoterra (comparative)
snoterost (superlative)
snoterest (superlative)
snotor (masculine nominative singular)
snotor (feminine nominative singular)
snotor (neuter nominative singular)
snotorne (accusative masculine singular)
snotore (accusative feminine singular)
snotor (accusative neuter singular)
snotores (genitive masculine singular)
snotorre (feminine genitive singular)
snotores (genitive neuter singular)
snotorum (dative masculine singular)
snotorre (dative feminine singular)
snotorum (dative neuter singular)
snotore (instrumental masculine singular)
snotorre (feminine instrumental singular)
snotore (instrumental neuter singular)
snotore (masculine nominative plural)
snotora (feminine nominative plural)
snotore (feminine nominative plural)
snotor (neuter nominative plural)
snotore (accusative masculine plural)
snotora (accusative feminine plural)
snotore (accusative feminine plural)
snotor (accusative neuter plural)
snotorra (genitive masculine plural)
snotorra (feminine genitive plural)
snotorra (genitive neuter plural)
snotorum (dative masculine plural)
snotorum (dative feminine plural)
snotorum (dative neuter plural)
snotorum (instrumental masculine plural)
snotorum (feminine instrumental plural)
snotorum (instrumental neuter plural)
snotora (masculine nominative singular)
snotore (feminine nominative singular)
snotore (neuter nominative singular)
snotoran (accusative masculine singular)
snotoran (accusative feminine singular)
snotore (accusative neuter singular)
snotoran (genitive masculine singular)
snotoran (feminine genitive singular)
snotoran (genitive neuter singular)
snotoran (dative masculine singular)
snotoran (dative feminine singular)
snotoran (dative neuter singular)
snotoran (instrumental masculine singular)
snotoran (feminine instrumental singular)
snotoran (instrumental neuter singular)
snotoran (masculine nominative plural)
snotoran (feminine nominative plural)
snotoran (neuter nominative plural)
snotoran (accusative masculine plural)
snotoran (accusative feminine plural)
snotoran (accusative neuter plural)
snotorra (genitive masculine plural)
snotorena (genitive masculine plural)
snotorra (feminine genitive plural)
snotorena (feminine genitive plural)
snotorra (genitive neuter plural)
snotorena (genitive neuter plural)
snotorum (dative masculine plural)
snotorum (dative feminine plural)
snotorum (dative neuter plural)
snotorum (instrumental masculine plural)
snotorum (feminine instrumental plural)
snotorum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-Germanic *snutraz, perhaps from the same Indo-European root as Ancient Greek νόος (nóos, “mind”). Cognate with Old High German snottar, Old Norse snotr, Gothic 𐍃𐌽𐌿𐍄𐍂𐍃 (snutrs).

wise, clever, prudent, intelligent, discerning, sagacious


gleaw

glēaw (comparative glēawra, superlative glēawast or glēawest or glēawost)

glēaw (canonical)
glēawra (comparative)
glēawast (superlative)
glēawest (superlative)
glēawost (superlative)
glēaw (masculine nominative singular)
glēaw (feminine nominative singular)
glēaw (neuter nominative singular)
glēawne (accusative masculine singular)
glēawe (accusative feminine singular)
glēaw (accusative neuter singular)
glēawes (genitive masculine singular)
glēawre (feminine genitive singular)
glēawes (genitive neuter singular)
glēawum (dative masculine singular)
glēawre (dative feminine singular)
glēawum (dative neuter singular)
glēawe (instrumental masculine singular)
glēawre (feminine instrumental singular)
glēawe (instrumental neuter singular)
glēawe (masculine nominative plural)
glēawa (feminine nominative plural)
glēawe (feminine nominative plural)
glēaw (neuter nominative plural)
glēawe (accusative masculine plural)
glēawa (accusative feminine plural)
glēawe (accusative feminine plural)
glēaw (accusative neuter plural)
glēawra (genitive masculine plural)
glēawra (feminine genitive plural)
glēawra (genitive neuter plural)
glēawum (dative masculine plural)
glēawum (dative feminine plural)
glēawum (dative neuter plural)
glēawum (instrumental masculine plural)
glēawum (feminine instrumental plural)
glēawum (instrumental neuter plural)
glēawa (masculine nominative singular)
glēawe (feminine nominative singular)
glēawe (neuter nominative singular)
glēawan (accusative masculine singular)
glēawan (accusative feminine singular)
glēawe (accusative neuter singular)
glēawan (genitive masculine singular)
glēawan (feminine genitive singular)
glēawan (genitive neuter singular)
glēawan (dative masculine singular)
glēawan (dative feminine singular)
glēawan (dative neuter singular)
glēawan (instrumental masculine singular)
glēawan (feminine instrumental singular)
glēawan (instrumental neuter singular)
glēawan (masculine nominative plural)
glēawan (feminine nominative plural)
glēawan (neuter nominative plural)
glēawan (accusative masculine plural)
glēawan (accusative feminine plural)
glēawan (accusative neuter plural)
glēawra (genitive masculine plural)
glēawena (genitive masculine plural)
glēawra (feminine genitive plural)
glēawena (feminine genitive plural)
glēawra (genitive neuter plural)
glēawena (genitive neuter plural)
glēawum (dative masculine plural)
glēawum (dative feminine plural)
glēawum (dative neuter plural)
glēawum (instrumental masculine plural)
glēawum (feminine instrumental plural)
glēawum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: gleu, glæu, gleaw, glew

From Proto-West Germanic *glauw, cognate with Old High German glau, Old Saxon glau, Old Norse glǫggr, gløggr.


slæpan

slǣpan (canonical)
slǣpan (infinitive)
slǣpenne (infinitive)
slǣpe (first-person present singular)
slēp (first-person past singular)
slǣpte (first-person past singular)
slǣpst (present second-person singular)
slēpe (past second-person singular)
slǣptest (past second-person singular)
slǣpþ (present singular third-person)
slēp (past singular third-person)
slǣpte (past singular third-person)
slǣpaþ (plural present)
slēpon (past plural)
slǣpton (past plural)
slǣpe (present singular)
slēpe (past singular)
slǣpte (past singular)
slǣpen (plural present)
slēpen (past plural)
slǣpten (past plural)
slǣp (imperative past present singular)
slǣpaþ (imperative past plural present)
slǣpende (imperative present)
slǣpen (imperative past)
ġeslǣpen (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: slepen, slæpen, sleepen, slepe
English: sleep
Sranan Tongo: sribi
Scots: sleep, sleip, slepe

From Proto-West Germanic *slāpan.
Cognate with Old Frisian slēpa (West Frisian sliepe), Old Saxon slāpan (Low German slapen), Old Dutch slāpan (Dutch slapen), Old High German slāfan (German schlafen), Gothic 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐌰𐌽 (slēpan).


þræl

þrǣl (canonical masculine)
þrǣl (nominative singular)
þrǣlas (nominative plural)
þrǣl (accusative singular)
þrǣlas (accusative plural)
þrǣles (genitive singular)
þrǣla (genitive plural)
þrǣle (dative singular)
þrǣlum (dative plural)

Middle English: thral, tharll, therll, thrall, thralle, threll, þral, þrall, þralle, þrel, ðral, þreal, þreall (Early Middle English)
English: thrall
Scots: thirl

Borrowed from Old Norse þræll, partly displacing the native word þēow.


þyncan

þynċan (canonical)
þynċan (infinitive)
þynċenne (infinitive)
þynċe (first-person present singular)
þūhte (first-person past singular)
þynċest (present second-person singular)
þyncst (present second-person singular)
þūhtest (past second-person singular)
þynċeþ (present singular third-person)
þyncþ (present singular third-person)
þūhte (past singular third-person)
þynċaþ (plural present)
þūhton (past plural)
þynċe (present singular)
þūhte (past singular)
þynċen (plural present)
þūhten (past plural)
þynċ (imperative past present singular)
þynċaþ (imperative past plural present)
þynċende (imperative present)
þūht (imperative past)
ġeþūht (imperative past)

English: think, methinks

From Proto-Germanic *þunkijaną. Cognate with Old Saxon thunkian, Old High German dunken, Old Norse þykkja, Gothic 𐌸𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þugkjan).

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 8:53

Hwæt þyncþ þē þæt þū sīe?

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Hwȳ ne sċolde mē swā þynċan?

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Saints Alexander, Eventius, and Theodosius"
Þā cwæþ Aureliānus, "Eom iċ hund ġeþūht?"

Then Aurelianus said, "Do I look like a dog?"

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Tīen þūsenda ġēara, þēah hit lang þynċe, āsċortaþ.

Ten thousand years, even if it seems long, runs out.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Passion of the Apostles Peter and Paul"
Simōn bræġd his hīw ætforan þām cāsere, swā þæt hē wearþ fǣrlīċe ġeþūht cnapa, and eft hārwenġe.

Simon changed his appearance in front of the emperor, so that he suddenly looked like a boy, then like a bearded old man.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 29:20

Jacob served him for seven years for Rachael, but it seemed to him like a few days because of the love that he had for her.

Iacōb him hīersumode seofon ġēar for Rācēle, and hit þūhte him fēawa daga for þǣre lufe þe hē tō hire hæfde.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Festival of St. Peter the Apostle"
Sē enġel cwæþ, "Begyrd þē and sċō þē and fylġ mē." Petrus þā him fylġde, and þūhte him swelċe hit swefn wǣre.

The angel said, "Put on your belt and shoes and follow me." Peter followed him, and it felt to him like he was dreaming.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 23:27

You're like whitewashed tombs, which look beautiful from the outside, while on the inside they're full of dead people's bones and all kinds of filth.

Ġē sind ġelīċe hwītum byrġenum, þā þynċaþ mannum ūtan wlitiga, and hīe sind innan fulla dēadra bāna and ealre fȳlðe.

c. 994, Ælfric, "Preface to Genesis"
Þā unġelǣredan prēostas, ġif hīe hwæt lȳtles understandaþ of þām Lǣdenbōcum, þonne þyncþ him sōna þæt hīe mæġen mǣre lārēowas bēon.

If uneducated priests understand anything at all from the Latin texts, they immediately think they can be famous teachers.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Octaves and Circumcision of our Lord"
Þa gesceafta ðe sind þwyrlice ġeðūhte, hí sind to wrace gesceapene yfel-dædum.

The creatures that are thought monstrous have been created for punishment of evil deeds.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
...and he, malchus, þa him swa wundorlice þuhte eall þæt he geseah and gehyrde...

And he, Malchus, when everything that he saw and heard seemed so wonderful to him,...

to seem, (impersonal, with dative subject) to think

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
Gif se Hælend gecure æt fruman getinge láreowas, and woruldlice uðwitan, and ðyllice to bodigenne sende, þonne wære geðuht swilce se soða geleafa ne asprunge ðurh Godes mihte, ac of woruldlicere getingnysse.

f Jesus had chosen at first eloquent teachers, and sent worldly philosophers, and the like to preach, then would it have appeared as if the true faith had not sprung up through God's might, but from worldly eloquence.


sculan

sċulan (canonical)
sċulan (infinitive)
sċeal (first-person present singular)
sċeolde (first-person past singular)
sċealt (present second-person singular)
sċeoldest (past second-person singular)
sċeal (present singular third-person)
sċeolde (past singular third-person)
sċulon (plural present)
sċeoldon (past plural)
sċyle (present singular)
sċeolde (past singular)
sċylen (plural present)
sċeolden (past plural)

Middle English: schulen
English: shall, should
Scots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)
Yola: shell, shall, shul

From Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to owe”).
Cognate with Old Frisian skela, Old Saxon skulan, Old High German sculan, Old Norse skulu, Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (skulan).

c. 992, Ælfric, "Likewise of Saint Peter"
Wē strange sċulon beran þāra unstrangena byrðenne.

Strong people like us should bear the burden of the weak.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The First Sunday in September"
Ġif wē gōd underfēngon of Godes handa, hwȳ ne sċulon wē ēac yfel underfōn?

If we've accepted good things from God's hand, why shouldn't we accept bad things too?

The Legend of St. Andrew
Ġēa hlāford, and hwæt ġif iċ swelcne mann ġemēte? Hwelċe mēde sċeal iċ him behātan?

Yes lord, and what if I find someone like that? What kind of reward should I promise them?

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Ne sċeal nān mann sēocne mannan and ġesārgodne swenċan, ac hine man sċeal lǣdan tō þām lǣċe þæt hē his tiliġe.

No one should harass a miserably sick person, but they should be taken to the doctor so they can be treated.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Deuteronomy 1:22

Let's send spies who can survey the land and tell us which way we should go and to what cities.

Uton sendan sċēaweras þæt sċēawiġen þæt land and cȳðen ūs on hwelcne weġ wē faran sċulon and tō hwelcum burgum.

Beowulf, line 455

c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Sēo burg þæs mōdes sċeal swīðe oft ġefrēdan hire fēonda speru.

The fortress of the mind must very often feel the spears of its enemies.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Þæt word willan næfþ nān bebēodendlīċ, for þon þe sē willa sċeal bēon ǣfre frī.

The word "to want" has no imperative, because the will must always be free.

c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
Þā behēoldon swīðe ġeorne þā ċeapmenn hine, and be him on ġeþance smēadon hwæt manna hē bēon sċolde.

The businessmen looked at him very closely and tried to figure out what kind of person he must be.

early 11th century, anonymous gloss of Ælfric's Latin Colloquy (c. 995)

Every day I have to plow a full acre or more.

Ǣlċe dæġe iċ sċeal erian fulne æcer oþþe mā.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript E, year 605

Augustine said, "If the Celts don't want peace with us, they'll have to perish at the hands [lit. "hand"] of the Saxons."

Augustīnus cwæþ, "Ġif Wēalas nyllaþ sibbe wiþ ūs, hīe sċulon æt Seaxena handa forweorðan."

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Hū, ne sæġde iċ ǣr þæt sē þe bær līċ ġefrēdan wolde, þæt hē hit sċolde mid barum handum ġefrēdan?

Didn't I say before that if you want to feel someone's bare body, you have to feel it with your bare hands?

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Ne wēne iċ, nū iċ lang spell hæbbe tō seċġenne, þæt iċ hīe on þisse bēċ ġeendian mæġe, ac iċ ōðre onġinnan sċeal.

Since I have some long stories to tell, I don't think I can finish them in this book, so I'll have to start another one.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Þēah þe hē cristen bēon sċolde, nolde hē nāne āre witan þǣre cristenan ǣfæstnesse.

Though he was supposedly a Christian, he refused to show any respect for the Christian religion.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Iċ wāt þæt þū ġehīerdest oft reċċan on ealdum lēasum spellum þætte Iob Sāturnes sunu sċolde bēon þæt hīehste god ofer eall ōðru godu, and hē sċolde bēon þæs heofones sunu and sċolde rīcsian on heofonum, and sċolden gigantas bēon eorðan suna and þā sċolden rīcsian ofer eorðan, and þā sċolden hīe bēon swelċe hīe wǣron ġesweostrenu bearn, for þon þe hē sċolde bēon heofones sunu and hīe eorðan, and þā sċolde þām gigantum ofþynċan þæt hē hæfde heora rīċe, wolden þā tōbrecan þone heofon under him. Þā sċolde hē sendan þunras and līeġete and windas, and tōweorpan eall heora ġeweorc mid, and hīe selfe ofslēan.

I know you've heard a lot of made-up old stories about how Jupiter, Saturn's son, was supposedly the supreme god over all other gods, and he was supposedly the son of the sky and supposedly ruled in the heavens, and giants supposedly were the sons of the Earth and supposedly ruled over Earth, and they were supposedly like cousins because he was supposed to be from the sky while the giants were from the Earth. Then the giants supposedly got jealous that he had their kingdom and wanted to destroy the sky from under him. Then he supposedly sent thunder and lightning and winds and destroyed all their work and killed the giants.

to be supposed to do something (used like "supposedly" or "they say...")

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 16:5

When the debtors had all been gathered together, he asked the first one, "How much do you owe my master?"

Þā þā gafolġieldan ġegaderode wǣron, þā sæġde hē þām forman, "Hū miċel sċealt þū mīnum hlāforde?"

(auxiliary) will (indicating the future)


þruh

þrūh (canonical feminine)
þrūh (nominative singular)
þrȳh (nominative plural)
þrūh (accusative singular)
þrȳh (accusative plural)
þrȳh (genitive singular)
þrūe (genitive singular)
þrūa (genitive plural)
þrūna (genitive plural)
þrȳh (dative singular)
þrūm (dative plural)
þrūh (nominative singular)
þrūh (nominative plural)
þrūh (accusative singular)
þrūh (accusative plural)
þrūges (genitive singular)
þrūga (genitive plural)
þrūge (dative singular)
þrūgum (dative plural)

Cognate with Old Norse þró (“hollowed receptacle, chest, trough”).


durran

durran (infinitive)
dearr (first-person present singular)
dorste (first-person past singular)
dearst (present second-person singular)
dorstest (past second-person singular)
dearr (present singular third-person)
dorste (past singular third-person)
durron (plural present)
dorston (past plural)
dyrre (present singular)
dorste (past singular)
dyrren (plural present)
dorsten (past plural)
dyrre (imperative past present singular)
durfaþ (imperative past plural present)

Middle English: durren

Scots: daur

English: dare

From Proto-West Germanic *durʀan, from Proto-Germanic *durzaną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰedʰórse.

Oft iċ sceolde āna · ūhtna ġehwylċe
mīne ċeare cwīþan. · Nis nū cwicra nān
þe iċ him mōdsefan · mīnne durre
sweotule āseċġan. · Iċ tō sōþe wāt…

Oft I had to bemoan my sorrow
alone at every dawn. There is no one alive
to whom I would dare
 openly tell my heart. I know as a truth…


weorpan

weorpan (infinitive)
weorpenne (infinitive)
weorpe (first-person present singular)
wearp (first-person past singular)
wierpst (present second-person singular)
wurpe (past second-person singular)
wierpþ (present singular third-person)
wearp (past singular third-person)
weorpaþ (plural present)
wurpon (past plural)
weorpe (present singular)
wurpe (past singular)
weorpen (plural present)
wurpen (past plural)
weorp (imperative past present singular)
weorpaþ (imperative past plural present)
weorpende (imperative present)
worpen (imperative past)
ġeworpen (imperative past)

Middle English: werpen

English: warp

Scots: warp

From Proto-Germanic *werpaną, from Proto-Indo-European *werb-.


gan

gān (canonical)
gān (infinitive)
gānne (infinitive)
gā (first-person present singular)
ēode (first-person past singular)
gǣst (present second-person singular)
ēodest (past second-person singular)
gǣþ (present singular third-person)
ēode (past singular third-person)
gāþ (plural present)
ēodon (past plural)
gā (present singular)
ēode (past singular)
gān (plural present)
ēoden (past plural)
gā (imperative past present singular)
gāþ (imperative past plural present)
gānde (imperative present)
gān (imperative past)
ġegān (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: gon, gan, ga, goo, goon, go
English: go
Geordie English: gan
Middle Scots: go, goe, gone
Scots: gan, gae, ga, gang
Yola: goe, gow, go, goeth (influnced by Irish silent -th)

From Proto-West Germanic *gān, from Proto-Germanic *gāną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁- (“to leave”). The verb was defective in Germanic and may only have existed in the present tense.

der

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, "Gospel of Saint John", chapter 21, verse 3

Then said Simon Peter to them. I want to go fishing. Then they said to him, and we want to go with you. And they went out and went in a ship, and caught nothing in the night.

Ðā cwæð Simon Petrus tō him, Ic wylle gān on fixað. Þā cwǣdon hī tō him, And wē wyllað gān mid þē. And hī ēodon ūt, and ēodon on scip, and ne fēngon nān þing on þǣre nihte.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
...hē wolde gān ūt of ðām porte...

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...swā hwǣr swā hē ēode and hī ealle āstōdon ansunde ætforan him þe on ðām fænne ǣr lagon.

...wheresoever he went, and they all rose up sound before him, who aforetime lay in the mire.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...and hē lēop sona cunniġende his fēðes hwæðer hē cūðe gān.

and he leapt up immediately, trying his power of motion, whether he could walk.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Sē wer meahte unēaðe þurh hine selfne ārīsan oþþe gān.

The man could barely get up or walk by himself.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 6:66

After that, many of his disciples turned back and no longer walked with him.

Siþþan maniġe his leornungcneohta ċierdon onbæc and lenġ ne ēodon mid him.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 24:38-39

In the days before the flood, people were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day when Noah entered the ark, and they didn't know until the flood came and took them all.

On þǣm dagum ǣr þǣm flōde wǣron menn etende and drincende, and wīfiġende and ġifte sellende, ōþ þone dæġ þe Nōe on þā earċe ēode, and hīe nysson ǣr sē flōd cōm and nam hīe ealle.


sweora

swēora (canonical masculine)
swēora (nominative singular)
swēoran (nominative plural)
swēoran (accusative singular)
swēoran (accusative plural)
swēoran (genitive singular)
swēorena (genitive plural)
swēoran (dative singular)
swēorum (dative plural)

English: swire

Scots: swire

From Proto-Germanic *swerhô. Cognate with Old Norse svíra.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Hē oft wȳsċte þæt ealle Rōmāne hæfden ānne swēoran, þæt hē hraðost forċeorfan meahte.

He often wished that all of Rome had one neck, so he could cut off all their heads with one blow.

(of water) the part where the distance between two shores is the least


swican

swīcan (canonical)
swīcan (infinitive)
swīcenne (infinitive)
swīce (first-person present singular)
swāc (first-person past singular)
swīcst (present second-person singular)
swice (past second-person singular)
swīcþ (present singular third-person)
swāc (past singular third-person)
swīcaþ (plural present)
swicon (past plural)
swīce (present singular)
swice (past singular)
swīcen (plural present)
swicen (past plural)
swīc (imperative past present singular)
swīcaþ (imperative past plural present)
swīcende (imperative present)
swicen (imperative past)
ġeswicen (imperative past)

English: swike

From Proto-West Germanic *swīkwan, from Proto-Germanic *swīkwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *swem(bʰ)- (“to bend, turn, swing”).
Cognate with Old Frisian swīka (“stay far from”), Old Saxon swīkan (“betray, languish”), Middle Dutch swiken (Dutch bezwijken (“give way, sink”)), Old High German swīhhan (dialectal German schweichen (“wander round, deceive”)), Old Norse svíkva (“betray”) (Swedish svika, Danish svige).


myltestre

head

myltestre f (nominative plural myltestran)

myltestran (nominative plural)
myltestre (nominative singular)
myltestran (nominative plural)
myltestran (accusative singular)
myltestran (accusative plural)
myltestran (genitive singular)
myltestrena (genitive plural)
myltestran (dative singular)
myltestrum (dative plural)


mæw

mǣw (canonical masculine)
mǣw (nominative singular)
mǣwas (nominative plural)
mǣw (accusative singular)
mǣwas (accusative plural)
mǣwes (genitive singular)
mǣwa (genitive plural)
mǣwe (dative singular)
mǣwum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: mewe, mawe, meau, mowe
English: mew (archaic)
Scots: maw (through confluence with Old Norse form)
→ Old French: maoe, mave, mauve
French: mauve
Old French: moette
French: mouette

From Proto-Germanic *maiwiz, a byform of Proto-Germanic *maiwaz. Cognate with West Frisian meau, miuw, Old Saxon mēu (Middle Low German meve, from which German Möwe), Dutch meeuw, Old Norse már, mór.

On gōdne dæġ ic ġefō crabban and telle mǣwas.

On a good day, I catch crabs and count seagulls.


eahta

From Proto-West Germanic *ahtō, from Proto-Germanic *ahtōu, from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw.
Cognate with Old High German ahto, Old Saxon ahto, Old Norse átta, Gothic 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿 (ahtau); and, outside the Germanic languages, with Sanskrit अष्ट (aṣṭa), Ancient Greek ὀκτώ (oktṓ), Latin octo, Albanian tetë, Old Irish ocht, Old Church Slavonic осмь (osmĭ).


eahta

eahta (nominative singular)
eahtan (nominative plural)
eahtan (accusative singular)
eahtan (accusative plural)
eahtan (genitive singular)
eahtena (genitive plural)
eahtan (dative singular)
eahtum (dative plural)

Middle English: eighte, eight, eiȝt, eiȝte, eyȝt, ahte, eahte, ehhte, ehte (Early Middle English), aghte, aucht, aughte (Northern)
English: eight
Sranan Tongo: aiti
Scots: echt, aucht
Yola: ayght, aught


hweorfan

hweorfan (infinitive)
hweorfenne (infinitive)
hweorfe (first-person present singular)
hwearf (first-person past singular)
hweorfest (present second-person singular)
hwurfe (past second-person singular)
hwierfþ (present singular third-person)
hweorfeþ (present singular third-person)
hwearf (past singular third-person)
hweorfaþ (plural present)
hwurfon (past plural)
hweorfe (present singular)
hwurfe (past singular)
hweorfen (plural present)
hwurfen (past plural)
hweorf (imperative past present singular)
hweorfaþ (imperative past plural present)
hweorfende (imperative present)
hworfen (imperative past)
ġehworfen (imperative past)

Middle English: wharven

English: wharve

From Proto-West Germanic *hwerban (“turn”). Cognate with Old Frisian hwerva, Old Saxon hwervan, Old High German werban, Old Norse hverfa.

Beorn sċeal ġebīdan, · þonne hē bēot spriceð,
oþþæt collenferð · cunne ġearwe
hwider hreþra ġehyġd · hweorfan wille.

Man must pause when he tells a promise
until bold spirit would know clearly
where thought of hearts would turn.

to travel, roam, go about, wander, move about


unnan

unnan (infinitive)
unnenne (infinitive)
ann (first-person present singular)
ūþe (first-person past singular)
anst (present second-person singular)
ūþest (past second-person singular)
ann (present singular third-person)
ūþe (past singular third-person)
unnon (plural present)
ūþon (past plural)
unne (present singular)
ūþe (past singular)
unnen (plural present)
ūþen (past plural)
unne (imperative past present singular)
unnaþ (imperative past plural present)
unnende (imperative present)
unnen (imperative past)

Middle English: unnen, one, unne, unnon

to grant or bestow (+ dat (person) + gen (thing))


earh

ēarwa (nominative plural)
earh (nominative singular)
ēarwa (nominative plural)
ēarwe (nominative plural)
ēarwe (accusative singular)
ēarwa (accusative plural)
ēarwe (accusative plural)
ēarwe (genitive singular)
ēarwa (genitive plural)
ēarwe (dative singular)
ēarwum (dative plural)

Middle English: arow, arwe, arowe, aruwe, arew, arewe
English: arrow
Scots: aerrow, arrae, arow, arowe

From Proto-West Germanic *arhu, from Proto-Germanic *arhwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érkʷo- (“bow, arrow”). Near cognates include Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 (arƕazna) and Old Norse ǫr; further cognates include Latin arcus (“bow”).


earh

earh (masculine nominative singular)
earh (feminine nominative singular)
earh (neuter nominative singular)
eargne (accusative masculine singular)
earge (accusative feminine singular)
earh (accusative neuter singular)
earges (genitive masculine singular)
eargre (feminine genitive singular)
earges (genitive neuter singular)
eargum (dative masculine singular)
eargre (dative feminine singular)
eargum (dative neuter singular)
earge (instrumental masculine singular)
eargre (feminine instrumental singular)
earge (instrumental neuter singular)
earge (masculine nominative plural)
earga (feminine nominative plural)
earge (feminine nominative plural)
earh (neuter nominative plural)
earge (accusative masculine plural)
earga (accusative feminine plural)
earge (accusative feminine plural)
earh (accusative neuter plural)
eargra (genitive masculine plural)
eargra (feminine genitive plural)
eargra (genitive neuter plural)
eargum (dative masculine plural)
eargum (dative feminine plural)
eargum (dative neuter plural)
eargum (instrumental masculine plural)
eargum (feminine instrumental plural)
eargum (instrumental neuter plural)
earga (masculine nominative singular)
earge (feminine nominative singular)
earge (neuter nominative singular)
eargan (accusative masculine singular)
eargan (accusative feminine singular)
earge (accusative neuter singular)
eargan (genitive masculine singular)
eargan (feminine genitive singular)
eargan (genitive neuter singular)
eargan (dative masculine singular)
eargan (dative feminine singular)
eargan (dative neuter singular)
eargan (instrumental masculine singular)
eargan (feminine instrumental singular)
eargan (instrumental neuter singular)
eargan (masculine nominative plural)
eargan (feminine nominative plural)
eargan (neuter nominative plural)
eargan (accusative masculine plural)
eargan (accusative feminine plural)
eargan (accusative neuter plural)
eargra (genitive masculine plural)
eargena (genitive masculine plural)
eargra (feminine genitive plural)
eargena (feminine genitive plural)
eargra (genitive neuter plural)
eargena (genitive neuter plural)
eargum (dative masculine plural)
eargum (dative feminine plural)
eargum (dative neuter plural)
eargum (instrumental masculine plural)
eargum (feminine instrumental plural)
eargum (instrumental neuter plural)


tir

tīr (canonical masculine)
tīr (nominative singular)
tīras (nominative plural)
tīr (accusative singular)
tīras (accusative plural)
tīres (genitive singular)
tīra (genitive plural)
tīre (dative singular)
tīrum (dative plural)

Middle English: tir

From Proto-Germanic *tīraz, from Proto-Indo-European *dey-.
Cognate with Old Norse tírr (“glory, honour”) and Old Saxon tīr (“glory, renown”). Compare Proto-Germanic *tiari- (“neat, splendid”), whence Old High German ziari (“neat, beautiful, splendid”), Old High German zierī (German Zier (“splendour, beauty”)), German zieren (“to decorate”).


seon

sēon (canonical)
sēon (infinitive)
sēonne (infinitive)
sēo (first-person present singular)
seah (first-person past singular)
siehst (present second-person singular)
sāwe (past second-person singular)
siehþ (present singular third-person)
seah (past singular third-person)
sēoþ (plural present)
sāwon (past plural)
sēo (present singular)
sāwe (past singular)
sēon (plural present)
sāwen (past plural)
seoh (imperative past present singular)
sēoþ (imperative past plural present)
sēonde (imperative present)
sewen (imperative past)
ġesewen (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: seen, sein, sien, seon, son, suen (chiefly early and West), zi (Kent)
English: see
Scots: se, sie, see
Yola: zee, zey, zie, ze, sau

From Proto-West Germanic *sehwan, from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną.
Cognate with Old Frisian sīa (West Frisian sjen), Old Saxon sehan (Low German sehn), Old Dutch sian (Dutch zien), Old High German sehan (German sehen), Old Norse sjá (Swedish se, Danish se, Icelandic sjá), Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 (saiƕan).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...and ðā syndon swȳþe fæġere and lustsumlīce on tō sēonne...

...and those are very beautiful and pleasant to look at...


seon

sēon (canonical)
sēon (infinitive)
sēonne (infinitive)
sēo (first-person present singular)
sāh (first-person past singular)
sīehst (present second-person singular)
sige (past second-person singular)
sīehþ (present singular third-person)
sāh (past singular third-person)
sēoþ (plural present)
sigon (past plural)
sēo (present singular)
sige (past singular)
sēon (plural present)
sigen (past plural)
sēoh (imperative past present singular)
sēoþ (imperative past plural present)
sēonde (imperative present)
siġen (imperative past)
ġesiġen (imperative past)
siwen (imperative past)
ġesiwen (imperative past)

Middle English: sihen

Scots: sye

English: sie

From Proto-West Germanic *sīhwan (“to strain, drip”).

inh

(intransitive) to run as a sore, ooze, trickle, drop, drip


wite

wīte (canonical neuter)
wītu (nominative plural)
wīte (nominative singular)
wītu (nominative plural)
wīte (accusative singular)
wītu (accusative plural)
wītes (genitive singular)
wīta (genitive plural)
wīte (dative singular)
wītum (dative plural)

→ Medieval Latin: wīta

From Proto-West Germanic *wītī, from Proto-Germanic *wītiją. Cognate with Old Frisian wīte, Old Saxon wīti, Old High German wīzi, Old Norse víti.

bisċopwīte

fine payable to a bishop, a bishop's fee for visiting

dolwīte

punishment for audacity, temerity or fool-hardiness

ġierdwīte

affliction caused by a rod (used of Moses' rod)

wītehūs

torture-house, prison, hell: amphitheatre (as place of torture and martyrdom)


deman

dēman (canonical)
dēman (infinitive)
dēmenne (infinitive)
dēme (first-person present singular)
dēmde (first-person past singular)
dēmest (present second-person singular)
dēmst (present second-person singular)
dēmdest (past second-person singular)
dēmeþ (present singular third-person)
dēmþ (present singular third-person)
dēmde (past singular third-person)
dēmaþ (plural present)
dēmdon (past plural)
dēme (present singular)
dēmde (past singular)
dēmen (plural present)
dēmden (past plural)
dēm (imperative past present singular)
dēmaþ (imperative past plural present)
dēmende (imperative present)
dēmed (imperative past)
ġedēmed (imperative past)

Middle English: demen

English: deem

Scots: deme

From Proto-West Germanic *dōmijan, from Proto-Germanic *dōmijaną.
Cognate with Old Frisian dēma, Old Saxon dōmian, Dutch doemen, Old High German tuomen, Old Norse dǿma (Danish dømme, Icelandic dæma), Gothic 𐌳𐍉𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (dōmjan).

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Ne sċeall nān godes þeġn for sċeattum riht dēman, ac healdan þone dōm ġif godes man sȳ...

Nor shall one of God's servants decide a law for wealth, but maintain the judgement if he is a man of God...

to sentence [with tō + dative = "to something"]


beran

beran (infinitive)
berenne (infinitive)
bere (first-person present singular)
bær (first-person past singular)
birest (present second-person singular)
birst (present second-person singular)
bǣre (past second-person singular)
bireþ (present singular third-person)
birþ (present singular third-person)
bær (past singular third-person)
beraþ (plural present)
bǣron (past plural)
bere (present singular)
bǣre (past singular)
beren (plural present)
bǣren (past plural)
ber (imperative past present singular)
beraþ (imperative past plural present)
berende (imperative present)
boren (imperative past)
ġeboren (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: beren, beoren, bearen, baren
English: bear
Scots: bere, beir
Yola: ber, baar

From Proto-West Germanic *beran, from Proto-Germanic *beraną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti.
Cognate with Old Frisian bera, Old Saxon beran, Old Dutch beran, Old High German beran, Old Norse bera, Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (bairan). The Indo-European root was also the source of Old Irish biru, Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō), Latin ferre.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...þā læġ þǣr sum creopere lama fram cildhāde sē wæs dæġhwāmlīce ġeboren tō þām beorhtan ġete þæt hē ælmessan underfencge æt þām infarendum...

Then lay there a cripple, lame from childhood, who was daily carried to the 'Beautiful' Gate, that he might receive alms from those entering.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Clement the Martyr"
Þā sē enġel ġelǣhte hine be þām feaxe and hine bær tō Babylōne.

Then the angel grabbed him by the hair and carried him to Babylon.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Sē rīċa and sē þearfa sind weġfērende on þisse weorolde. Sē rīċa birþ māre þonne hē behōfiġe tō his formetum, sē ōðer birþ ǣmtiġne pusan. For þȳ sċeal sē rīċa dǣlan his byrðenne wiþ þone þearfan: þonne wanaþ hē þā byrðenne his synna, and þām þearfan ġehilpþ.

The rich and the poor are both wayfarers in this world. The rich carry more than they need for the journey, while the poor hold an empty sack. That's why the rich should share their burden with the poor. That way they can lighten the burden of their sins, and help the poor.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
On þām dagum wæs Alexander ġeboren on Crēcum.

At that time, Alexander was born in Greece.


fet

Middle English: fet, feet

English: feet


dolg

dolg (nominative singular)
dolg (nominative plural)
dolg (accusative singular)
dolg (accusative plural)
dolges (genitive singular)
dolga (genitive plural)
dolge (dative singular)
dolgum (dative plural)

Middle English: dolh, dolȝ, dolc, dolke

From Proto-West Germanic *dolg, from Proto-Germanic *dulgą. Cognate with Old Frisian dolch, Old High German tolg.

…ac mē eċġa dolg ēacen weorðað þurh dēaðsleġe dagum and nihtum.

…but for me wounds of edges become widened through deathblows by days and nights.


earm

earm (nominative singular)
earmas (nominative plural)
earm (accusative singular)
earmas (accusative plural)
earmes (genitive singular)
earma (genitive plural)
earme (dative singular)
earmum (dative plural)

Middle English: arm
English: arm
Scots: airm
Yola: arrm

From Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-mos (“joint”).
Cognate with Old Frisian arm, Old Saxon arm, Dutch arm, Old High German arm (German Arm), Old Norse armr (Swedish arm), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms). The Proto-Indo-European root is also the source of Old Church Slavonic рамо (ramo) (Bulgarian ра́мо (rámo, “shoulder”)), Latin armus.


earm

earm (masculine nominative singular)
earm (feminine nominative singular)
earm (neuter nominative singular)
earmne (accusative masculine singular)
earme (accusative feminine singular)
earm (accusative neuter singular)
earmes (genitive masculine singular)
earmre (feminine genitive singular)
earmes (genitive neuter singular)
earmum (dative masculine singular)
earmre (dative feminine singular)
earmum (dative neuter singular)
earme (instrumental masculine singular)
earmre (feminine instrumental singular)
earme (instrumental neuter singular)
earme (masculine nominative plural)
earma (feminine nominative plural)
earme (feminine nominative plural)
earm (neuter nominative plural)
earme (accusative masculine plural)
earma (accusative feminine plural)
earme (accusative feminine plural)
earm (accusative neuter plural)
earmra (genitive masculine plural)
earmra (feminine genitive plural)
earmra (genitive neuter plural)
earmum (dative masculine plural)
earmum (dative feminine plural)
earmum (dative neuter plural)
earmum (instrumental masculine plural)
earmum (feminine instrumental plural)
earmum (instrumental neuter plural)
earma (masculine nominative singular)
earme (feminine nominative singular)
earme (neuter nominative singular)
earman (accusative masculine singular)
earman (accusative feminine singular)
earme (accusative neuter singular)
earman (genitive masculine singular)
earman (feminine genitive singular)
earman (genitive neuter singular)
earman (dative masculine singular)
earman (dative feminine singular)
earman (dative neuter singular)
earman (instrumental masculine singular)
earman (feminine instrumental singular)
earman (instrumental neuter singular)
earman (masculine nominative plural)
earman (feminine nominative plural)
earman (neuter nominative plural)
earman (accusative masculine plural)
earman (accusative feminine plural)
earman (accusative neuter plural)
earmra (genitive masculine plural)
earmena (genitive masculine plural)
earmra (feminine genitive plural)
earmena (feminine genitive plural)
earmra (genitive neuter plural)
earmena (genitive neuter plural)
earmum (dative masculine plural)
earmum (dative feminine plural)
earmum (dative neuter plural)
earmum (instrumental masculine plural)
earmum (feminine instrumental plural)
earmum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: arm
English: arm
Scots: arm

From Proto-Germanic *armaz, further etymology uncertain.
Cognate with Old Frisian erm, Old Saxon arm, Dutch arm, Old High German arm (German arm), Old Norse armr (Danish and Swedish arm), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms).

Ðonne sorg ond slǣp · somod ætgædre
earmne ānhogan · oft ġebindað,

Then sorrow and sleep together at once
oft bind the poor loner,


cniht

cniht (nominative singular)
cneohtas (nominative plural)
cniht (accusative singular)
cneohtas (accusative plural)
cnihtes (genitive singular)
cneohta (genitive plural)
cnihte (dative singular)
cneohtum (dative plural)

Middle English: knyght
English: knight
Scots: knicht
Yola: nickht

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On þām ġewinne, ⁊ on moneġum oþrum æfter þǣm, Hannibal ġecȳþde þone nīþ ⁊ þone hete þe hē beforan his fæder ġeswōr, þā hē nigonwintre cniht wæs, þæt hē næfre ne wurde Rōmana frēond.

In that battle, and in many others after that, Hannibal proved the hatred and hostility that he swore before his father when he was a nine-year-old boy, that he would never become a friend of the Romans.

male of high military rank, ranking below a baron, usually previously having worked as a page or squire


fremda

inflection of fremde:
nominative singular masculine weak

nominative and accusative plural feminine strong


monaþ

mōnaþ (canonical masculine)
mōnaþ (nominative singular)
mōnaþ (nominative plural)
mōnaþ (accusative singular)
mōnaþ (accusative plural)
mōnaþes (genitive singular)
mōnaþa (genitive plural)
mōnaþ (dative singular)
mōnaþum (dative plural)
mōnaþ (nominative singular)
mōnþas (nominative plural)
mōnaþ (accusative singular)
mōnþas (accusative plural)
mōnþes (genitive singular)
mōnþa (genitive plural)
mōnþe (dative singular)
mōnþum (dative plural)

Middle English: moneth, month, monþ, moneþ, monæþ
English: month
Scots: moneth

From Proto-West Germanic *mānōþ, from Proto-Germanic *mēnōþs.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm Rōmeburg ġetimbred wæs V hunde wintrum ⁊ XXXIII, Hannibal, Pena cyning, besǣt Saguntum Ispania burg...⁊ þǣr wæs sittende eahta mōnaþ, oþ hē hīe ealle hungre ācwealde, ⁊ þā burg tōwearp....

533 years after Rome was built, Hannibal, king of the Carthaginians, laid siege to Saguntum, a city in Hispania...and he sat there for eight months, until he killed them all with hunger, and destroyed the city...

Seofon mōnaþum lator iċ wæs of carcerne.

mōnaþfylen

mōnaþsēocnes


monaþ

Alternative form of manaþ; third-person singular present indicative of manian


hlæfdige

hlǣfdīġe (canonical feminine)
hlǣfdīġe (nominative singular)
hlǣfdīġan (nominative plural)
hlǣfdīġan (accusative singular)
hlǣfdīġan (accusative plural)
hlǣfdīġan (genitive singular)
hlǣfdīġena (genitive plural)
hlǣfdīġan (dative singular)
hlǣfdīġum (dative plural)

Middle English: lady, laddy, ladi, ladie, ladij, ladye, lavedi, lefdi, lefdy, levedi, levedy, lhevedi, lafdi, laffdiȝ, læfdi, lævedi, leafdi
English: lady (see there for further descendants)
Scots: lady, leddy
Yola: laady

From hlāf (“bread”) + a second element representing Proto-Germanic *daigijǭ (“kneader”) (compare dāg (“dough”), cf. dæge). See also hlāford.


til

til (masculine nominative singular)
tilu (feminine nominative singular)
tilo (feminine nominative singular)
til (neuter nominative singular)
tilne (accusative masculine singular)
tile (accusative feminine singular)
til (accusative neuter singular)
tiles (genitive masculine singular)
tilre (feminine genitive singular)
tiles (genitive neuter singular)
tilum (dative masculine singular)
tilre (dative feminine singular)
tilum (dative neuter singular)
tile (instrumental masculine singular)
tilre (feminine instrumental singular)
tile (instrumental neuter singular)
tile (masculine nominative plural)
tila (feminine nominative plural)
tile (feminine nominative plural)
tilu (neuter nominative plural)
tilo (neuter nominative plural)
tile (accusative masculine plural)
tila (accusative feminine plural)
tile (accusative feminine plural)
tilu (accusative neuter plural)
tilo (accusative neuter plural)
tilra (genitive masculine plural)
tilra (feminine genitive plural)
tilra (genitive neuter plural)
tilum (dative masculine plural)
tilum (dative feminine plural)
tilum (dative neuter plural)
tilum (instrumental masculine plural)
tilum (feminine instrumental plural)
tilum (instrumental neuter plural)
tila (masculine nominative singular)
tile (feminine nominative singular)
tile (neuter nominative singular)
tilan (accusative masculine singular)
tilan (accusative feminine singular)
tile (accusative neuter singular)
tilan (genitive masculine singular)
tilan (feminine genitive singular)
tilan (genitive neuter singular)
tilan (dative masculine singular)
tilan (dative feminine singular)
tilan (dative neuter singular)
tilan (instrumental masculine singular)
tilan (feminine instrumental singular)
tilan (instrumental neuter singular)
tilan (masculine nominative plural)
tilan (feminine nominative plural)
tilan (neuter nominative plural)
tilan (accusative masculine plural)
tilan (accusative feminine plural)
tilan (accusative neuter plural)
tilra (genitive masculine plural)
tilena (genitive masculine plural)
tilra (feminine genitive plural)
tilena (feminine genitive plural)
tilra (genitive neuter plural)
tilena (genitive neuter plural)
tilum (dative masculine plural)
tilum (dative feminine plural)
tilum (dative neuter plural)
tilum (instrumental masculine plural)
tilum (feminine instrumental plural)
tilum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-Germanic *tila-, whence also Old Frisian til, Old High German zil (German Ziel), Old Norse tilr, Gothic 𐍄𐌹𐌻 (til).

Til sceal mid tilum.

good (morally good; competent; useful, etc.)


til

Gewritu secgaþ ðæt seó wiht sý mid moncynne miclum ticlum sweotol and gesýne, sundorcræft hafaþ.

Writings say that those beings were to mankind of great service; they clearly and obviously had special powers.

Me on ðínum tile gelǽr ðæt ic teala cunne ðín sóðfæst weorc healdan.

Thy goodness teaches me that I should maintain your righteous work.


til

Middle English: til
English: til, till
Scots: til

Possibly from Old Norse til though the OED has it as "Germanic" and related to Old Norse til and to Old Frisian til

Ðá cueð til him ðe Hǽlend

ᛣᚱᛁᛋᛏᚹᚫᛋᚩᚾᚱᚩᛞᛁᚻᚹᛖᚦᚱᚫᚦᛖᚱᚠᚢᛋᚫᚠᛠᚱᚱᚪᚾᛣᚹᚩᛗᚢᚫᚦᚦᛁᛚᚫᛏᛁᛚᚪᚾᚢᛗ

Christ was on the cross, yet there in haste from afar came noble men unto him.

Krist wæs on rōdi, hweþræ þēr fūsæ fearran kwōmu æþþilæ til ānum.


hlaf

hlāf (canonical masculine)
hlāf (nominative singular)
hlāfas (nominative plural)
hlāf (accusative singular)
hlāfas (accusative plural)
hlāfes (genitive singular)
hlāfa (genitive plural)
hlāfe (dative singular)
hlāfum (dative plural)

Middle English: lof, lofe, loff, loof, looffe, love, hlaf, laf (Early Middle English)
English: loaf
→ Bengali: লোফ (lōph)
→ Marshallese: ļoob
→ Norwegian Bokmål: loff
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: loff
→ Scottish Gaelic: lofa
Scots: laif

From Proto-West Germanic *hlaib, from Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz, which see for cognates.


catt

catt (nominative singular)
cattas (nominative plural)
catt (accusative singular)
cattas (accusative plural)
cattes (genitive singular)
catta (genitive plural)
catte (dative singular)
cattum (dative plural)

Middle English: cat, catt, catte, cate, kat, katte, kaat
English: cat
Scots: cat
Yola: kaudès, kauddès, kaudes (plural)

From Proto-Germanic *kattuz. Cognate with Old Saxon katto, Old Norse kǫttr, Old High German kazzo. A related word also existed in the Germanic languages with the feminine gender, represented in Old English by catte. The word appears to be related to Late Latin cattus as well as to similar words in the Slavic and Celtic languages, but the ultimate source is uncertain. See cat for more.

Hēo hrīemþ. Iċ hrīeme. Sē catt hrīemþ.


catte

catte (nominative singular)
cattan (nominative plural)
cattan (accusative singular)
cattan (accusative plural)
cattan (genitive singular)
cattena (genitive plural)
cattan (dative singular)
cattum (dative plural)

Middle English: catte, katte

From Proto-Germanic *kattǭ. Cognate with Old Frisian katte, Old Saxon katta, Middle Dutch katte (Dutch kat), Old High German kazza (German Katze), Old Norse ketta (Swedish katta). The word existed in the Germanic languages in a masculine gender also, represented in Old English by catt. The word appears to be related to Late Latin cattus as well as to similar words in the Slavic and Celtic languages, but the ultimate source is uncertain. See cat for more.


hlaford

hlāford (canonical masculine)
hlāford (nominative singular)
hlāfordas (nominative plural)
hlāford (accusative singular)
hlāfordas (accusative plural)
hlāfordes (genitive singular)
hlāforda (genitive plural)
hlāforde (dative singular)
hlāfordum (dative plural)

Middle English: lord, lorde, lhord, lourd, lourde, laverd, lhoaverd, laford, laverd, loverd, louerd, lowerd (Early Middle English)
English: lord (see there for further descendants)
Scots: laird
→ English: laird
Yola: loard
→ Icelandic: lávarður (through laverd)

→ English: hlaford

→ Old Norse: lávarði

From earlier hlāfweard, from hlāf (“bread”) + weard (“ward”). See also hlǣfdīġe.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 6:24

No one can serve two masters. They will either hate one and love the other, or obey one and disobey the other. You can't serve God and money.

Ne mæġ nān mann twām hlāfordum þēowian: oþþe hē sōðlīċe ǣnne hataþ and ōðerne lufaþ, oþþe hē biþ ānum ġehīersum and ōðrum unġehīersum. Ne magon ġē Gode þēowian and weoroldwelan.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Nativiity of Our Lord"
Sē oxa oncnēow his hlāford, and sē assa his hlāfordes binne.

The ox knows his master, and the ass his master's bin.


dæge

dǣġe (canonical feminine)
dǣġe (nominative singular)
dǣġan (nominative plural)
dǣġan (accusative singular)
dǣġan (accusative plural)
dǣġan (genitive singular)
dǣġena (genitive plural)
dǣġan (dative singular)
dǣġum (dative plural)

Middle English: deye, deie, daie

English: dey

Scots: dey, deigh

desc

⇒ Middle English: dayerye, daerie, deierie, deiȝerie

English: dairy

Scots: dyrie

→ Medieval Latin: dayeria, daeria

From Proto-Germanic *daigijǭ (“kneader”): cognate with Old Norse deigja (“female servant”).

woman in charge of a dairy; dey, dairymaid


mund

head

mund f (nominative plural munda or munde)

munda (nominative plural)
munde (nominative plural)
mund (nominative singular)
munda (nominative plural)
munde (nominative plural)
munde (accusative singular)
munda (accusative plural)
munde (accusative plural)
munde (genitive singular)
munda (genitive plural)
munde (dative singular)
mundum (dative plural)

Middle English: mund, mound

English: mound, mund

From Proto-Germanic *mundō (“hand]; guard; security”). Cognate with Old Frisian mund, Old Saxon mund.

inh

(poetic) hand, palm as a measure of length. In this meaning is not used later than OE period [OED].


iergþu

ierġþu (canonical feminine)
ierġþu (nominative singular)
ierġþa (nominative plural)
ierġþe (nominative plural)
ierġþe (accusative singular)
ierġþa (accusative plural)
ierġþe (accusative plural)
ierġþe (genitive singular)
ierġþa (genitive plural)
ierġþe (dative singular)
ierġþum (dative plural)


crincgan

crinċġan (canonical)
crinċġan (infinitive)
crinċġenne (infinitive)
crinċġe (first-person present singular)
crang (first-person past singular)
cringst (present second-person singular)
crunge (past second-person singular)
cringþ (present singular third-person)
crang (past singular third-person)
crinċġaþ (plural present)
crungon (past plural)
crinċġe (present singular)
crunge (past singular)
crinċġen (plural present)
crungen (past plural)
crinċġ (imperative past present singular)
crinċġaþ (imperative past plural present)
crinċġende (imperative present)
crungen (imperative past)
ġecrungen (imperative past)

desc

Middle English: *crinchen, crenchen, crengen (merged with descendants of *crenċġan)

English: cringe

Origin obscure. Likely a merger of Old English cringan and *crenġan, *crenċġan, from Proto-Germanic *kringaną and *krangijaną respectively. Compare Old Frisian krenza, krinza (“to harm”).


tima

tīma (canonical masculine)
tīma (nominative singular)
tīman (nominative plural)
tīman (accusative singular)
tīman (accusative plural)
tīman (genitive singular)
tīmena (genitive plural)
tīman (dative singular)
tīmum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tyme, teme, teyme, tim, time, tym, tima, timæ, tyma (Early Middle English)
English: time (see there for further descendants)
Scots: time, teime, tim
Yola: deemes (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *tīmō, from Proto-Germanic *tīmô. Cognate with Old High German *zīmo, Old Norse tími. Related to Old English tīd.

On hwelcne tīman sċealt þū tō morgne onwæcnan?

What time do you have to wake up tomorrow?

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Hit is tīma tō erienne.

c. 897, Alfred the Great, translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Nū ūs is tīma þæt wē onwæcnen of slǣpe.

Now it's time for us to wake up from our sleep.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of the Innocents"
Þā cleopode hē þā tungolwītegan on sundorsprǣċe and ġeornlīċe hīe befrugnon on hwelcne tīman hīe ǣrest þone steorran ġesāwen.

He summoned the astrologers to private conversation and anxiously asked them at what time they first saw the star.


þolian

þolian (infinitive)
þolienne (infinitive)
þoliġe (first-person present singular)
þolode (first-person past singular)
þolast (present second-person singular)
þolodest (past second-person singular)
þolaþ (present singular third-person)
þolode (past singular third-person)
þoliaþ (plural present)
þolodon (past plural)
þoliġe (present singular)
þolode (past singular)
þoliġen (plural present)
þoloden (past plural)
þola (imperative past present singular)
þoliaþ (imperative past plural present)
þoliende (imperative present)
þolod (imperative past)
ġeþolod (imperative past)

Middle English: þolien
Scots: thole
English: thole

From Proto-West Germanic *þolēn, from Proto-Germanic *þulāną, from Proto-Indo-European *telh₂-.


ald

ald (masculine nominative singular)
ald (feminine nominative singular)
ald (neuter nominative singular)
aldne (accusative masculine singular)
alde (accusative feminine singular)
ald (accusative neuter singular)
aldes (genitive masculine singular)
aldre (feminine genitive singular)
aldes (genitive neuter singular)
aldum (dative masculine singular)
aldre (dative feminine singular)
aldum (dative neuter singular)
alde (instrumental masculine singular)
aldre (feminine instrumental singular)
alde (instrumental neuter singular)
alde (masculine nominative plural)
alda (feminine nominative plural)
alde (feminine nominative plural)
ald (neuter nominative plural)
alde (accusative masculine plural)
alda (accusative feminine plural)
alde (accusative feminine plural)
ald (accusative neuter plural)
aldra (genitive masculine plural)
aldra (feminine genitive plural)
aldra (genitive neuter plural)
aldum (dative masculine plural)
aldum (dative feminine plural)
aldum (dative neuter plural)
aldum (instrumental masculine plural)
aldum (feminine instrumental plural)
aldum (instrumental neuter plural)
alda (masculine nominative singular)
alde (feminine nominative singular)
alde (neuter nominative singular)
aldan (accusative masculine singular)
aldan (accusative feminine singular)
alde (accusative neuter singular)
aldan (genitive masculine singular)
aldan (feminine genitive singular)
aldan (genitive neuter singular)
aldan (dative masculine singular)
aldan (dative feminine singular)
aldan (dative neuter singular)
aldan (instrumental masculine singular)
aldan (feminine instrumental singular)
aldan (instrumental neuter singular)
aldan (masculine nominative plural)
aldan (feminine nominative plural)
aldan (neuter nominative plural)
aldan (accusative masculine plural)
aldan (accusative feminine plural)
aldan (accusative neuter plural)
aldra (genitive masculine plural)
aldena (genitive masculine plural)
aldra (feminine genitive plural)
aldena (feminine genitive plural)
aldra (genitive neuter plural)
aldena (genitive neuter plural)
aldum (dative masculine plural)
aldum (dative feminine plural)
aldum (dative neuter plural)
aldum (instrumental masculine plural)
aldum (feminine instrumental plural)
aldum (instrumental neuter plural)

English: old

From Proto-West Germanic *ald, from Proto-Germanic *aldaz (“grown-up”), originally a participle form of *alaną (“to grow up”), corresponding to Latin altus.


hafoc

hafoc (nominative singular)
hafocas (nominative plural)
hafoc (accusative singular)
hafocas (accusative plural)
hafoces (genitive singular)
hafoca (genitive plural)
hafoce (dative singular)
hafocum (dative plural)

Middle English: hauk, hafek, havek, havk, hawk, hawke, hafvek, hævek, heavek, hevek (Early Middle English)
English: hawk
Sranan Tongo: aka
Scots: hawk

→ Old Irish: sebac
Irish: seabhac
Manx: shawk
Scottish Gaelic: seabhag

→ Old Welsh: hebauc

Welsh: hebog

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *habuk.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian havek, Old Saxon havuk, Old Dutch havek, Old High German habuh, Old Norse haukr.

inh+

Iċ eom wunderliċu wiht, wrǣsne mīne stefne, hwīlum beorce swā hund, hwīlum blǣte swā gāt, hwīlum grǣde swā gōs, hwīlum ġielle swā hafoc,…

I am a wonderful thing, change my voice, sometimes bark like a hound, sometimes bleat like a goat, sometimes cry like a goose, sometimes yell like a hawk,…


leodan

lēodan (canonical)
lēodan (infinitive)
lēodenne (infinitive)
lēode (first-person present singular)
lēad (first-person past singular)
līetst (present second-person singular)
lude (past second-person singular)
līett (present singular third-person)
līet (present singular third-person)
lēad (past singular third-person)
lēodaþ (plural present)
ludon (past plural)
lēode (present singular)
lude (past singular)
lēoden (plural present)
luden (past plural)
lēod (imperative past present singular)
lēodaþ (imperative past plural present)
lēodende (imperative present)
loden (imperative past)
ġeloden (imperative past)

From Proto-West Germanic *leudan.
Cognates
Cognates include Old Saxon liodan, Old High German liotan, Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (liudan). The Indo-European root is also the source of Persian: رستن (rostan), Albanian lind (“to be born, to spring”) < lej (“to generate, produce, give birth to”), Ancient Greek ἐλεύθερος (eleútheros, “free, freeman”), Latin liber (“free”), Old Irish luss (“plant”).

Of ðam twige ludon reðe wæstme

from that branch sprang dire fruits. (Genesis A)


ic

iċ (canonical)
iċ (first-person nominative singular)
mē (accusative first-person singular)
mec (accusative first-person singular)
mē (dative first-person singular)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
þū (nominative second-person singular)
þē (accusative second-person singular)
þec (accusative second-person singular)
þē (dative second-person singular)
þīn (genitive second-person singular)
hit (accusative neuter nominative singular third-person)
him (dative neuter singular third-person)
his (genitive neuter singular third-person)
hē (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hine (accusative masculine singular third-person)
him (dative masculine singular third-person)
his (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hēo (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hīe (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hire (dative feminine genitive singular third-person)
wit (dual first-person nominative)
unc (accusative dual first-person)
uncit (accusative dual first-person)
unc (dative dual first-person)
uncer (dual first-person genitive)
ġit (dual nominative second-person)
inc (accusative dual second-person)
incit (accusative dual second-person)
inc (dative dual second-person)
incer (dual genitive second-person)
wē (first-person nominative plural)
ūs (accusative first-person plural)
ūsiċ (accusative first-person plural)
ūs (dative first-person plural)
ūre (first-person genitive plural)
ūser (first-person genitive plural)
ġē (nominative plural second-person)
ēow (accusative plural second-person)
ēowic (accusative plural second-person)
ēow (dative plural second-person)
ēower (genitive plural second-person)
hīe (accusative nominative plural third-person)
him (dative plural third-person)
heora (genitive plural third-person)

Southern Middle English: ich

English: ich (obsolete since 19th century)

Yola: ich (revived)

Northern Middle English: ik

Scots: ik (rare)

Later Middle English: I

English: I

Scots: A, I

From Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ik, unstressed form of *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Iċ lufiġe þē.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 6:20

It's me [literally I am it]. Don't be scared.

The Life of Saint Margaret
Iċ nylle nān word mā of þīnum mūðe ġehīeran.

I don't want to hear one more word out of your mouth.


leode

lēode (canonical feminine masculine plural)
lēode (nominative plural)
lēode (accusative plural)
lēoda (genitive plural)
lēodum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: lede, led, leed, leede, leyde, leod, leode, leude, lud, lude, lued, lyde, leoda, leodæ
English: lede (obsolete)
Scots: leid

Originally the plural of lēod, from Proto-West Germanic *liud(i), from Proto-Germanic *liudiz (“people”).

Ġēata lēode


weard

weard (nominative singular)
weardas (nominative plural)
weard (accusative singular)
weardas (accusative plural)
weardes (genitive singular)
wearda (genitive plural)
wearde (dative singular)
weardum (dative plural)

Middle English: warde, ward

Scots: ward

English: ward

From Proto-West Germanic *ward, from Proto-Germanic *wardaz, related to a stem-verb *warōną (“be on guard”) (whence warian).
Cognate with Old High German warta (“watch”) (German Warte (“watchtower”)), Old Saxon warda (Middle Dutch warde), Old Norse varða (“cairn”).


weard

weard (nominative singular)
wearda (nominative plural)
wearde (nominative plural)
wearde (accusative singular)
wearda (accusative plural)
wearde (accusative plural)
wearde (genitive singular)
wearda (genitive plural)
wearde (dative singular)
weardum (dative plural)

Middle English: warde, ward

Scots: ward

English: ward

From Proto-West Germanic *wardu, from Proto-Germanic *wardō.

guard, the action of looking out for danger


weard

weard (nominative singular)
weard (nominative plural)
weard (accusative singular)
weard (accusative plural)
weardes (genitive singular)
wearda (genitive plural)
wearde (dative singular)
weardum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *waiʀd, from Proto-Germanic *waizdaz.


heregeatwa

[H]eregeatu means literally ‘war-gear’ but it had a technical sense referring to the dues, originally consisting of war equipment, to be repaid to a lord on his tenant’s death.

2006 June 1 [1970], Richard Hamer, editor, A Choice of Anglo-Saxon Verse, Croydon: Faber & Faber, →ISBN, page 52:


bita

bitan (nominative plural)
bita (nominative singular)
bitan (nominative plural)
bitan (accusative singular)
bitan (accusative plural)
bitan (genitive singular)
bitena (genitive plural)
bitan (dative singular)
bitum (dative plural)

English: bit

From Proto-Germanic *bitô. See the verb *bītaną (“to bite”).
Cognate with Old Frisian bita, Old High German bizzo (German Bisse), Old Norse biti.


eorl

eorl (nominative singular)
eorlas (nominative plural)
eorl (accusative singular)
eorlas (accusative plural)
eorles (genitive singular)
eorla (genitive plural)
eorle (dative singular)
eorlum (dative plural)

Middle English: erl, ærl, eerl, eorl, erle, eryl, ȝerle, ȝierl, yerl
English: earl
Scots: yerl, yarl (merged with Old Norse jarl)
Yola: earle

From Proto-Germanic *erlaz, further origin unknown. Cognate with Old Saxon erl, Old High German erl, Old Norse jarl.

Anglo-Saxon of noble rank; a nobleman ranking above a thane; alderman

Iċ…, eald ǣfensceōp, eorlum bringe blisse in burgum.

I…, old evening scop, bring bliss in towns for brave men.


þegn

þeġn (canonical masculine)
þeġn (nominative singular)
þeġnas (nominative plural)
þeġn (accusative singular)
þeġnas (accusative plural)
þeġnes (genitive singular)
þeġna (genitive plural)
þeġne (dative singular)
þeġnum (dative plural)

Middle English: theyn, dain, thain, thayn, thein, þen, þein, þeyn, ðæin, þægen, þægn, þegen, þegn, þeȝn, þeign (Early Middle English)
English: thane
Scots: thane
→ Irish: taen

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *þegn.

inh+

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Iob, sē ēadiġa and sē ānrǣda godes þeġn, wæs swa fulfremed on eallum gōdnyssum þæt god sylf cwæþ bē him þæt his ġelīċa nǣre þā on þām līfe ofer eorþan.

Job, the prosperous and unwavering servant of god, was so perfect in all his good deeds that God Himself said that there was no one like him living on Earth.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Sebastian, Martyr"
Þa wurdon hi ealle þurh þæt wundor ablicgede and þæs þægnes gebedda ðe þa gebroþra heold wæs for six gearum for swiðlicre untrumnysse...

Then they were all astonished at that miracle; and the wife of the officer, who had charge of the brothers, for six years, through a severe sickness...


maþa

maþan (nominative plural)
maþa (nominative singular)
maþan (nominative plural)
maþan (accusative singular)
maþan (accusative plural)
maþan (genitive singular)
maþena (genitive plural)
maþan (dative singular)
maþum (dative plural)

Scots: mathe

From Proto-West Germanic *maþō, from Proto-Germanic *maþô, from Proto-Indo-European *mat-, *mot-, used for insects and vermin.
Cognate with Old Saxon maðo (Dutch made (“maggot, worm”)), Old High German mado (German Made (“maggot”)), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌰 (maþa); Old Norse had the diminutive form maðkr (dialectal English mawk; compare also maddock). The Indo-European root is also the source of Old Armenian մաթիլ (matʻil, “small louse”).


isern

īsern (canonical neuter)
īsern (nominative plural)
īsern (nominative singular)
īsern (nominative plural)
īsern (accusative singular)
īsern (accusative plural)
īsernes (genitive singular)
īserna (genitive plural)
īserne (dative singular)
īsernum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *īsarn, from Proto-Germanic *īsarną.
Cognates:
Cognates include Old Frisian īsern (West Frisian izer), Old Saxon īsarn (Low German Iesen), Old Dutch *īsarn (Dutch ijzer), Old High German īsarn (German Eisen), Old Norse járn (Swedish järn), Gothic 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 (eisarn), Old Irish īärn (Irish iarann, Welsh haearn).

Iċ eom ānhaga īserne wund, bille ġebennod, beadoweorca sæd, eċġum wēriġ.

I am a lone one wounded with iron, wounded by sword, sated of battle-works, weary by edges.

an instrument or tool made from iron, especially an iron sword