isern

īsern (canonical)
īsern (masculine nominative singular)
īsern (feminine nominative singular)
īsern (neuter nominative singular)
īserne (accusative masculine singular)
īserne (accusative feminine singular)
īsern (accusative neuter singular)
īsernes (genitive masculine singular)
īsernre (feminine genitive singular)
īsernes (genitive neuter singular)
īsernum (dative masculine singular)
īsernre (dative feminine singular)
īsernum (dative neuter singular)
īserne (instrumental masculine singular)
īsernre (feminine instrumental singular)
īserne (instrumental neuter singular)
īserne (masculine nominative plural)
īserna (feminine nominative plural)
īserne (feminine nominative plural)
īsern (neuter nominative plural)
īserne (accusative masculine plural)
īserna (accusative feminine plural)
īserne (accusative feminine plural)
īsern (accusative neuter plural)
īsernra (genitive masculine plural)
īsernra (feminine genitive plural)
īsernra (genitive neuter plural)
īsernum (dative masculine plural)
īsernum (dative feminine plural)
īsernum (dative neuter plural)
īsernum (instrumental masculine plural)
īsernum (feminine instrumental plural)
īsernum (instrumental neuter plural)
īserna (masculine nominative singular)
īserne (feminine nominative singular)
īserne (neuter nominative singular)
īsernan (accusative masculine singular)
īsernan (accusative feminine singular)
īserne (accusative neuter singular)
īsernan (genitive masculine singular)
īsernan (feminine genitive singular)
īsernan (genitive neuter singular)
īsernan (dative masculine singular)
īsernan (dative feminine singular)
īsernan (dative neuter singular)
īsernan (instrumental masculine singular)
īsernan (feminine instrumental singular)
īsernan (instrumental neuter singular)
īsernan (masculine nominative plural)
īsernan (feminine nominative plural)
īsernan (neuter nominative plural)
īsernan (accusative masculine plural)
īsernan (accusative feminine plural)
īsernan (accusative neuter plural)
īsernra (genitive masculine plural)
īsernena (genitive masculine plural)
īsernra (feminine genitive plural)
īsernena (feminine genitive plural)
īsernra (genitive neuter plural)
īsernena (genitive neuter plural)
īsernum (dative masculine plural)
īsernum (dative feminine plural)
īsernum (dative neuter plural)
īsernum (instrumental masculine plural)
īsernum (feminine instrumental plural)
īsernum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: iren, eren, irne, iron, isen
English: iron
→ Marshallese: aen
Scots: airn, ern, irne
Yola: eeren

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hæfdon ġeleornad mā cræfta hū hīe þā elpendas beswīcan mehton, mid þǣm þæt hīe nāmon trēowu, ⁊ slōgon on oþerne ende moniġe sċearpe īsene næġlas, ⁊ hīe mid flexe bewundon, ⁊ onbǣrndon hit, ⁊ beþyddan hit þonne on þone elpend hindan...

And they had learned more tricks through which they could ensnare the elephants; they took stakes and drove into the other end many sharp iron nails, and wrapped them in flax, and set them on fire, and then thrust them into the elephant from behind...


toþ

tōþ (canonical masculine)
tōþ (nominative singular)
tēþ (nominative plural)
tōþ (accusative singular)
tēþ (accusative plural)
tōþes (genitive singular)
tōþa (genitive plural)
tēþ (dative singular)
tōþum (dative plural)

Middle English: tothe, toth, tooth

Scots: tuth, tutht, tuith

English: tooth

From Proto-West Germanic *tanþ (by loss of the n and the resulting compensatory lengthening of the vowel).
Cognates:
Cognates with Old Frisian tōth, Old Saxon tand, Dutch tand, Old High German zan, zand (German Zahn), Old Norse tǫnn (Swedish tand), Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 (tunþus); and with Sanskrit दन्त (danta) (Hindi दांत (dānt)), Ancient Greek ὀδών (odṓn), Latin dens (French dent), Old Irish dét, Lithuanian dantìs.


cweþan

cweþan (infinitive)
cweþenne (infinitive)
cweþe (first-person present singular)
cwæþ (first-person past singular)
cwist (present second-person singular)
cwǣde (past second-person singular)
cwiþþ (present singular third-person)
cwiþ (present singular third-person)
cwæþ (past singular third-person)
cweþaþ (plural present)
cwǣdon (past plural)
cweþe (present singular)
cwǣde (past singular)
cweþen (plural present)
cwǣden (past plural)
cweþ (imperative past present singular)
cweþaþ (imperative past plural present)
cweþende (imperative present)
cweden (imperative past)
ġecweden (imperative past)

Middle English: quethen, cwethen, cweþen, cweðen, queðen, qwethyn, qweþe, queþen, quethe, queþe, queden, cwæthen
English: quethe (obsolete except in past tense quoth)
Scots: quethe (noun)
Yola: co, quo

From Proto-West Germanic *kweþan, from Proto-Germanic *kweþaną.

Hēo cwæþ þæt hēo wǣre lācnestre.

Cwæþ sē hræfn, "Nǣfre mā."

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 9:12

Then they said to him, "Where is he?" And he said, "I don't know."

Þā cwǣdon hīe tō him, "Hwǣr is hē?" Þā cwæþ hē, "Iċ nāt."

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Swithhun, Bishop"
...he næfre ær naht cweðan ne mihte...

...he had never before been able to speak,...

c. 992, Ælfric, "For Palm Sunday"
Þam folce wearð cūð þæt se Hælend arærde lytle ær Lazarum of deaðe, seðe læg stincende feower niht on byrgene: þa comon þa togeanes Criste þe geleaffulle wæron, mid þam wurðmynte, swa we ǣr cwædon.

It was known to the people that Christ a little before had raised Lazarus from death, who had lain stinking four nights in the grave: then those, who were believing, came to meet Christ with the honours which we have already mentioned.


trig

triġ (canonical neuter)
triġ (nominative singular)
triġu (nominative plural)
triġ (accusative singular)
triġu (accusative plural)
triġes (genitive singular)
triġa (genitive plural)
triġe (dative singular)
triġum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *trugaz, *trugą, *truh-, *trauh-, *trawją, from Proto-Indo-European *drAuk(')- (“a type of vessel”). Akin to Old English trōg (“trough”).


healdan

healdan (infinitive)
healdenne (infinitive)
healde (first-person present singular)
hēold (first-person past singular)
hielst (present second-person singular)
hieltst (present second-person singular)
hēolde (past second-person singular)
hielt (present singular third-person)
hēold (past singular third-person)
healdaþ (plural present)
hēoldon (past plural)
healde (present singular)
hēolde (past singular)
healden (plural present)
hēolden (past plural)
heald (imperative past present singular)
healdaþ (imperative past plural present)
healdende (imperative present)
healden (imperative past)
ġehealden (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: holden, halden, halde, halt
English: hold
Geordie English: ha'd
Scots: hald, hauld, haud, had
Yola: houle

[ˈhæ͜ɑɫ.dɑn]

From Proto-West Germanic *haldan, from Proto-Germanic *haldaną (“to watch, look after”).
Cognate with Old Frisian halda (West Frisian hâlde), Old Saxon haldan (Low German holen), Old Dutch haldan (Dutch houden), Old High German haltan (German halten), Old Norse halda (Swedish hålla, Danish holde), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (haldan).

inh

Old English Heptateuch, Genesis 4:9

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Nativiity of Our Lord"
Ðyllīce word María hēold ārǣfniġende on hire heortan.

Such words Mary held, pondering them in her heart.

Iċ… hlūde ċirme, healde mīne wīsan, hlēoþre ne mīþe,…

I… loudly cry out, hold my tone, don't hide a sound,…

to keep, hold, preserve something in a specific position or state

to keep to, maintain, observe a custom or habit

(intransitive) to maintain one’s position against an enemy


bur

būr (canonical neuter)
būr (nominative singular)
būras (nominative plural)
būr (accusative singular)
būras (accusative plural)
būres (genitive singular)
būra (genitive plural)
būre (dative singular)
būrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bour, boure, bowre, bowur, bur (Early Middle English)
English: bower
Scots: bour

From Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būrą. Cognate with Old Saxon būr, Old High German būr (German Bauer (“birdcage”)), Old Norse búr (Swedish bur).


eoh

eoh (nominative singular)
ēos (nominative plural)
eoh (accusative singular)
ēos (accusative plural)
ēos (genitive singular)
ēona (genitive plural)
ēo (dative singular)
ēom (dative plural)
ēoum (dative plural)
eoh (nominative singular)
eoh (nominative plural)
eoh (accusative singular)
eoh (accusative plural)
ēos (genitive singular)
ēona (genitive plural)
ēo (dative singular)
ēom (dative plural)
ēoum (dative plural)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Germanic *ehwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos.

The Old English rune poem
ᛖ byþ for eorlum æþelinga wyn...

The horse is for earls as a princely pleasure...


eoh

ēoh (canonical masculine)
ēoh (nominative singular)
ēohas (nominative plural)
ēoh (accusative singular)
ēohas (accusative plural)
ēohes (genitive singular)
ēoha (genitive plural)
ēohe (dative singular)
ēohum (dative plural)

A variant of īw, from Proto-West Germanic *īh.


hatan

hātan (canonical)
hātan (infinitive)
hātenne (infinitive)
hāte (first-person present singular)
hēt (first-person past singular)
hēht (first-person past singular)
hǣtst (present second-person singular)
hēte (past second-person singular)
hēhte (past second-person singular)
hǣtt (present singular third-person)
hǣt (present singular third-person)
hēt (past singular third-person)
hēht (past singular third-person)
hātaþ (plural present)
hēton (past plural)
hēhton (past plural)
hāte (present singular)
hēte (past singular)
hēhte (past singular)
hāten (plural present)
hēten (past plural)
hēhten (past plural)
hāt (imperative past present singular)
hātaþ (imperative past plural present)
hātende (imperative present)
hāten (imperative past)
ġehāten (imperative past)

Middle English: hoten, hoaten, haten
English: hote, hight
Scots: hate, hait

From Proto-West Germanic *haitan (“to command, name”).
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian hēta, Old Saxon hētan, Old High German heizzan, Old Norse heita (Swedish heta), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (haitan). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek κίειν (kíein, “put in motion”), Latin ciēre (“rouse, make active”) and Albanian cys (“to spur, set in motion”).

cog

c. 897, inscription on the Alfred Jewel
Ælfrēd mec hēht ġewyrċan.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint George, Martyr"
Hāt cuman tō mē þone cristenan mann...

Tell the Christian man to come to me,...

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
...and hēt hine warnian, ġif hē wolde libban, þæt hē nǣre on ðām mynstre nǣfre eft ġesewen...

...and gave orders to warn him, if he wished to live, that he should never be seen in the monastery again...

c. 970, Exeter Riddle 16

c. 900, Nine Herbs Charm
Una þū hāttest yldost wyrta
Una you are called the eldest of the herbs
Þis is sēo wyrt ðe wergulu hātte

This is the herb which is called wergulu

c. 890, King Alfred's Translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
On ðǣm bōcum ðe hātton Apocalypsin

c. 900, The Old English Boethius
Sum consul Boētius wæs hāten'

A certain consul who was called Boethius

c. 980', Ælfric's De Temporibus Anni
Seo heofen & sǣ & eorðe sind ġehātene middanġeard

The sky and sea and ground are called the Earth


targa

targa (nominative singular)
targan (nominative plural)
targan (accusative singular)
targan (accusative plural)
targan (genitive singular)
targena (genitive plural)
targan (dative singular)
targum (dative plural)

English: targe

→ Middle Welsh: taryan

Welsh: tarian

From Proto-Germanic *targǭ. Cognate with Old Norse targa, Old High German zarga (German Zarge).


hycgan

hyċġan (canonical)
hyċġan (infinitive)
hyċġenne (infinitive)
hyċġe (first-person present singular)
hogde (first-person past singular)
hyġst (present second-person singular)
hogdest (past second-person singular)
hyġþ (present singular third-person)
hogde (past singular third-person)
hyċġaþ (plural present)
hogdon (past plural)
hyċġe (present singular)
hogde (past singular)
hyċġen (plural present)
hogden (past plural)
hyġe (imperative past present singular)
hyċġaþ (imperative past plural present)
hyċġende (imperative present)
hogod (imperative past)
ġehogod (imperative past)

desc

Middle English: *huggen, *higgen, heoȝen

>? Scots: huke, huik

From Proto-West Germanic *huggjan, from Proto-Germanic *hugjaną (“think, consider”). Cognate with Old Saxon huggian, Old High German huggen, Old Norse hyggja, Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hugjan).

inh

…þæt biþ in eorle · indryhten þēaw,
þæt hē his ferðlocan · fæste binde,
healde his hordcōfan; · hyċġe swā hē wille.

…that a noble habit is in a brave man,
 that he would tightly bind his spirit,
 keep his treasure-chamber; think as he want.

"The Wife's Lament"
Ongunnon þæt þæs mannes māgas hyċġan þurh dierne ġeþōht þæt hīe tōdǣlden unc.

The person's relatives began to think of a secret plan to separate us.

to think about, to think of, to consider


hors

hors (nominative singular)
hors (nominative plural)
hors (accusative singular)
hors (accusative plural)
horses (genitive singular)
horsa (genitive plural)
horse (dative singular)
horsum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hors, horse, horsse, horce, ors
English: horse; hoss (see there for further descendants)
Scots: horse, hors

From Proto-West Germanic *hross, from Proto-Germanic *hrussą (“horse”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run”).


æx

æx (nominative singular)
æxe (nominative plural)
æxa (nominative plural)
æx (accusative singular)
æxe (accusative singular)
æxe (accusative plural)
æxa (accusative plural)
æxe (genitive singular)
æxa (genitive plural)
æxe (dative singular)
æxum (dative plural)

Middle English: ax, axe, ex, exe, æxæ, æxe
English: axe, ax
Scots: aix

From earlier *æces ← *ækysi ← *akusi, from Proto-West Germanic *akusi, from Proto-Germanic *akwisī. Cognate with Old Frisian axa, Old Saxon akus, Old High German accus, Old Norse øx, and Gothic 𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌶𐌹 (aqizi).


folc

folc (nominative singular)
folc (nominative plural)
folc (accusative singular)
folc (accusative plural)
folces (genitive singular)
folca (genitive plural)
folce (dative singular)
folcum (dative plural)

Middle English: folk, folke, foolk, fok, folck, folc, follc, volk
English: folk
Scots: fowk

Lēodhatan frēoġaþ hīe selfe, ac hīe ġeþēowiaþ þæt folc.

Dictators free themselves, but they enslave the people.

the people, especially the common people

"Iūdēum þyncþ þæt hīe sīen Godes ġecorene folc." "Hwā ne dēþ?"

"The Jews think they're God's chosen people." "Who doesn't?"

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Hīe sæġdon þām folce þæt heora godu him wǣren ierru, tō þȳ þæt hīe him þā ġīet swīðor blēoten þonne hīe ǣr dydon.

They told the public that their gods were angry at them, so they would sacrifice to them even more than they had before.

(in the singular or plural) people (multiple individuals)


sweord

sweord (nominative singular)
sweord (nominative plural)
sweord (accusative singular)
sweord (accusative plural)
sweordes (genitive singular)
sweorda (genitive plural)
sweorde (dative singular)
sweordum (dative plural)

Middle English: sword, swerd

English: sword

From Proto-Germanic *swerdą. Cognate with Old Frisian swerd, Old Saxon swerd, Old Dutch swert, Old High German swert, Old Norse sverð.


iw

īw (canonical masculine)
īw (nominative singular)
īwas (nominative plural)
īw (accusative singular)
īwas (accusative plural)
īwes (genitive singular)
īwa (genitive plural)
īwe (dative singular)
īwum (dative plural)

Middle English: ew, u, iw, iv, eev, hw, ewe
English: yew
Scots: yew, ewe
Yola: yew

From Proto-Germanic *īwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw-, a suffixed form of the base *h₁eyH- (“reddish, colourful”).
Cognate with Old High German īwa (German Eibe), Middle Low German īwe, Dutch ijf, Old Norse ýr (“bow, yew”). The Indo-European root is perhaps also the source of Old Irish ibar (Irish iúr), Proto-Balto-Slavic *eiwas (Lithuanian ievà), Proto-Slavic *jьva (Russian и́ва (íva, “willow”)), Latin ūva (“bunch of grapes”)).
The West Germanic languages have a variant *īhwaz with a guttural consonant, represented by Old English ēoh.


tiwesdæg

tīwesdæġ (canonical masculine)
tīwesdæġ (nominative singular)
tīwesdagas (nominative plural)
tīwesdæġ (accusative singular)
tīwesdagas (accusative plural)
tīwesdæġes (genitive singular)
tīwesdaga (genitive plural)
tīwesdæġe (dative singular)
tīwesdagum (dative plural)

Middle English: Tewesday, Tiwesday, Tisday, Tisdæi, Tywysday, tiwesday, twesday
English: Tuesday
Scots: Tysday
Yola: Tusedei, tuesdei

From Proto-West Germanic *Tīwas dag (“Tuesday”, literally “Tiw's Day”), a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies Martis, itself a translation of Ancient Greek Ἄρεως ἡμέρα (Áreōs hēméra) (interpretatio romana).


treow

trēow (canonical neuter)
trēow (nominative singular)
trēowu (nominative plural)
trēow (accusative singular)
trēowu (accusative plural)
trēowes (genitive singular)
trēowa (genitive plural)
trēowe (dative singular)
trēowum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tre, tree, treo, trew, trewe, treou, trow, trowe
English: tree
Scots: tree
Yola: tren (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *treu, from Proto-Germanic *trewą. Germanic cognates include Old Frisian trē, Old Saxon trio, Old Norse tré, Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 (triu).

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 19, verse 4

Then he ran in front and climbed (lit. ascended) up on a tree. From sycamores that he saw him. For which he would go from there.

Þā arn hē beforan and stāh ūp on ān trēow. Sicomorum þ hē hine ġesāwe. forþām þe hē wolde þanon faran...

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hæfdon ġeleornad mā cræfta hū hīe þā elpendas beswīcan mehton, mid þǣm þæt hīe nāmon trēowu, ⁊ slōgon on oþerne ende moniġe sċearpe īsene næġlas, ⁊ hīe mid flexe bewundon, ⁊ onbǣrndon hit, ⁊ beþyddan hit þonne on þone elpend hindan...

And they had learned more tricks through which they could ensnare the elephants; they took stakes and drove into the other end many sharp iron nails, and wrapped them in flax, and set them on fire, and then thrust them into the elephant from behind...

a piece of wood: beam, log, stake, staff, cudgel


treow

trēow (canonical feminine)
trēow (nominative singular)
trēowa (nominative plural)
trēowe (nominative plural)
trēowe (accusative singular)
trēowa (accusative plural)
trēowe (accusative plural)
trēowe (genitive singular)
trēowa (genitive plural)
trēowe (dative singular)
trēowum (dative plural)

English: truce

From Proto-West Germanic *treuwu, from Proto-Germanic *trewwō.
Cognate with Middle Dutch trouwe (Dutch trouw), Old Saxon treuwa, Old High German triuwa (German Treue).

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Ġef ðē þurh trēowa findon þā ðe þē findon, sile mē þā trēowa.

If it is by faith that they find Thee who do find Thee, give me that faith.

an assurance of faith; word, promise, engagement, covenant, league


bara

strong nominative/accusative feminine plural

inflection of bær:
weak nominative masculine singular


leod

lēod (canonical masculine)
lēod (nominative singular)
lēodas (nominative plural)
lēod (accusative singular)
lēodas (accusative plural)
lēodes (genitive singular)
lēoda (genitive plural)
lēode (dative singular)
lēodum (dative plural)

Cognate with Old Norse ljóði (“prince, leader”).


leod

lēod (canonical feminine)
lēod (nominative singular)
lēoda (nominative plural)
lēode (nominative plural)
lēode (accusative singular)
lēoda (accusative plural)
lēode (accusative plural)
lēode (genitive singular)
lēoda (genitive plural)
lēode (dative singular)
lēodum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *liudi, from Proto-Germanic *liudiz. Closely related to lēode and lēodan.
Cognates
Cognates include Old High German liut, Old Norse lýðr, and West Frisian -lju; and, outside the Germanic languages, Lithuanian liáudis (“common people”), Proto-Slavic *ľudъ (Russian люд (ljud)).

lēodbealu

lēodgryre

lēodriht

lēodweard

lēodhata

lēodbisċop

lēodbyġen

traffic in one's own compatriots, slave trade

lēodwynn

lēodhwæt


wyrd

wyrd (nominative singular)
wyrde (nominative plural)
wyrda (nominative plural)
wyrd (accusative singular)
wyrde (accusative singular)
wyrde (accusative plural)
wyrda (accusative plural)
wyrde (genitive singular)
wyrda (genitive plural)
wyrde (dative singular)
wyrdum (dative plural)

Middle English: werde, weerde, weird, werd, werede, werid, wierde, wired, wird, wirde, wired, wirid, word, wyerde, wyrde
English: werd, weard (obsolete)
Middle Scots: weird, werd
Scots: weird
→ English: weird

→ English: wyrd

From Proto-Germanic *wurdiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ti-, a verbal abstract from the root *wert- (“to turn”) (whence Latin vertere), related to the Old English verb weorþan (“to grow into, become”) (compare Dutch worden, German werden). Cognate with Old Saxon wurd, Old High German wurt, Old Norse urðr (“fate”) (Old Norse Urðr (“one of 3 norns”)).

Beowulf, line 455

Ne wyrcþ man his āgene wyrd, ac hēo hine.

You don't create your own fate, it creates you.

Wyrd wielt þisse weorolde, ac blindlīċe and būtan andġiete.

Fate controls this world, but blindly and without purpose.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' Metres of Boethius, lines 226-238

Nor needs any man expect that event, that the vile flesh the mind of any man, Altogether to it should ever turn; but the vices of every mind, and the thought of every man, leads the body Whither it will.

Ne þearf lēoda nān wēnan þǣre wyrde, þæt weriġe flǣsc þæt mōd monna ǣniġes, eallunga tō him æfter mæġ onwendan; ac þā unþēawas ǣlces mōdes, and þ inġeþonc ǣlces monnes þone līchoman līt þider hit wille.


gerefa

ġerēfa (canonical masculine)
ġerēfa (nominative singular)
ġerēfan (nominative plural)
ġerēfan (accusative singular)
ġerēfan (accusative plural)
ġerēfan (genitive singular)
ġerēfena (genitive plural)
ġerēfan (dative singular)
ġerēfum (dative plural)

Middle English: reve (via rēfa)

English: reeve

From Proto-West Germanic *garāfijō. By surface analysis, ġe- + rēfa.

a reeve or official with local jurisdiction under the king; the chief magistrate of a district


scirgerefa

sċīrġerēfa (canonical masculine)
sċīrġerēfa (nominative singular)
sċīrġerēfan (nominative plural)
sċīrġerēfan (accusative singular)
sċīrġerēfan (accusative plural)
sċīrġerēfan (genitive singular)
sċīrġerēfena (genitive plural)
sċīrġerēfan (dative singular)
sċīrġerēfum (dative plural)

Middle English: shirreve

English: sheriff, shrieve

Scots: shirra


hyse

hyssas (nominative plural)
hyse (nominative singular)
hyssas (nominative plural)
hyse (accusative singular)
hyssas (accusative plural)
hysses (genitive singular)
hyssa (genitive plural)
hysse (dative singular)
hyssum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *husjaz. It is remarkable that the expected alteration between nom.-acc. sg. *-Ce and oblique *-CC- or *-rġ- in ja-stems with light root syllables has only survived in this word and here (“army”), when hyse only occurs as a prefix and in poetry. All other such words have leveled their paradigm in favor of the oblique cases: bedd (“bed”), cynn (“kind”), hryċġ (“back”), nebb (“face”), nett (“net”), pytt (“pit”), ribb (“rib”), seċġ (“man,” poetic), webb (“web”), weċġ (“wedge”), wiċġ (“horse,” poetic). Of unknown derivation, possibly to be grouped here, are bridd (“baby bird”) and the poetic word ġiedd (“song, poem, saying”).


hord

hord (nominative plural)
hord (nominative singular)
hord (nominative plural)
hord (accusative singular)
hord (accusative plural)
hordes (genitive singular)
horda (genitive plural)
horde (dative singular)
hordum (dative plural)

Middle English: hord, hoord, horde, hurd, hurde
English: hoard
Scots: huird, hurd, hurde

A hoard, especially of valuable items, hidden for preservation.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
Sege us nu hwǣr se ealda hord sy þe þu digelice fundest and hine eall oþ nu bedyrndest...

Tell us now where the old treasure is which thou hast secretly found, and concealed it all until now?


scir

sċīr (canonical feminine)
sċīr (nominative singular)
sċīra (nominative plural)
sċīre (nominative plural)
sċīre (accusative singular)
sċīra (accusative plural)
sċīre (accusative plural)
sċīre (genitive singular)
sċīra (genitive plural)
sċīre (dative singular)
sċīrum (dative plural)

Middle English: shire, shiere, chire, ssire, schire, schyre
English: shire
→ Icelandic: skíri
Scots: shire

district (under an official or governor)

administrative region, shire (consisting of a number of hundreds or wapentakes, ruled jointly by an alderman and a sheriff)


scir

sċīr (canonical)
sċīr (masculine nominative singular)
sċīr (feminine nominative singular)
sċīr (neuter nominative singular)
sċīrne (accusative masculine singular)
sċīre (accusative feminine singular)
sċīr (accusative neuter singular)
sċīres (genitive masculine singular)
sċīrre (feminine genitive singular)
sċīres (genitive neuter singular)
sċīrum (dative masculine singular)
sċīrre (dative feminine singular)
sċīrum (dative neuter singular)
sċīre (instrumental masculine singular)
sċīrre (feminine instrumental singular)
sċīre (instrumental neuter singular)
sċīre (masculine nominative plural)
sċīra (feminine nominative plural)
sċīre (feminine nominative plural)
sċīr (neuter nominative plural)
sċīre (accusative masculine plural)
sċīra (accusative feminine plural)
sċīre (accusative feminine plural)
sċīr (accusative neuter plural)
sċīrra (genitive masculine plural)
sċīrra (feminine genitive plural)
sċīrra (genitive neuter plural)
sċīrum (dative masculine plural)
sċīrum (dative feminine plural)
sċīrum (dative neuter plural)
sċīrum (instrumental masculine plural)
sċīrum (feminine instrumental plural)
sċīrum (instrumental neuter plural)
sċīra (masculine nominative singular)
sċīre (feminine nominative singular)
sċīre (neuter nominative singular)
sċīran (accusative masculine singular)
sċīran (accusative feminine singular)
sċīre (accusative neuter singular)
sċīran (genitive masculine singular)
sċīran (feminine genitive singular)
sċīran (genitive neuter singular)
sċīran (dative masculine singular)
sċīran (dative feminine singular)
sċīran (dative neuter singular)
sċīran (instrumental masculine singular)
sċīran (feminine instrumental singular)
sċīran (instrumental neuter singular)
sċīran (masculine nominative plural)
sċīran (feminine nominative plural)
sċīran (neuter nominative plural)
sċīran (accusative masculine plural)
sċīran (accusative feminine plural)
sċīran (accusative neuter plural)
sċīrra (genitive masculine plural)
sċīrena (genitive masculine plural)
sċīrra (feminine genitive plural)
sċīrena (feminine genitive plural)
sċīrra (genitive neuter plural)
sċīrena (genitive neuter plural)
sċīrum (dative masculine plural)
sċīrum (dative feminine plural)
sċīrum (dative neuter plural)
sċīrum (instrumental masculine plural)
sċīrum (feminine instrumental plural)
sċīrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: schyre

English: shire (obsolete),

English: sheer (partly)

From Proto-Germanic *skīraz, from Proto-Germanic *skīriz (“pure, bright”).
Cognate with Old Frisian skire, Old Saxon skīr, Dutch schier (“white, grey”), German schier (“pure”)), Old Norse skírr (Swedish skir), Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐍃 (skeirs) Related to scinan.


hela

hēla (canonical masculine)
hēlan (nominative plural)

Middle English: hele, heele, heyle, heyll, hiele, hile
English: heel
Scots: heel
Yola: heel

From Proto-West Germanic *hą̄hilō. Cognate with Old Frisian hēla.


hela

Variant of ēalā, equivalent to *hē + lā.


rodfæstnian

rōdfæstnian (canonical)
rōdfæstnian (infinitive)
rōdfæstnienne (infinitive)
rōdfæstniġe (first-person present singular)
rōdfæstnode (first-person past singular)
rōdfæstnast (present second-person singular)
rōdfæstnodest (past second-person singular)
rōdfæstnaþ (present singular third-person)
rōdfæstnode (past singular third-person)
rōdfæstniaþ (plural present)
rōdfæstnodon (past plural)
rōdfæstniġe (present singular)
rōdfæstnode (past singular)
rōdfæstniġen (plural present)
rōdfæstnoden (past plural)
rōdfæstna (imperative past present singular)
rōdfæstniaþ (imperative past plural present)
rōdfæstniende (imperative present)
rōdfæstnod (imperative past)
ġerōdfæstnod (imperative past)


þorn

þorn (nominative singular)
þornas (nominative plural)
þorn (accusative singular)
þornas (accusative plural)
þornes (genitive singular)
þorna (genitive plural)
þorne (dative singular)
þornum (dative plural)

Middle English: thorn, thorne, thron, thurne, þorn, þorne, þron
English: thorn
Scots: thorn; torn (Shetland)
Yola: thoornes, thorns, thurns

From Proto-West Germanic *þornu (“thorn, sloe”).
Cognates
Germanic cognates include Old Saxon thorn (Low German Dorn, Doorn), Dutch doorn, Old High German thorn (German Dorn), Old Norse þorn (Swedish törne), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (þaurnus). The Indo-European root is also the source of Old Church Slavonic трънъ (trŭnŭ) (Russian тёрн (tjorn, “sloe, blackthorn”), Slovak tŕň), Sanskrit तृण (tṛṇa, “grass”).


Tiw

Tīw (canonical masculine)
Tīw (nominative singular)
Tīw (accusative singular)
Tīwes (genitive singular)
Tīwe (dative singular)

From Proto-West Germanic *Tīw, from Proto-Germanic *Tīwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *deywós (“god”).
Proto-Germanic cognate with Old Norse Týr, Old Frisian Tii, Old High German Ziu, Gothic *𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍅𐍃 (*teiws).
Proto-Indo-European cognate with Latin deus, Luwian 𒋾𒉿𒊍 (tiwaz), Lithuanian diẽvas, Sanskrit देव (devá).


Tiw

→ English: Tiw


fæstnian

fæstnian (infinitive)
fæstnienne (infinitive)
fæstniġe (first-person present singular)
fæstnode (first-person past singular)
fæstnast (present second-person singular)
fæstnodest (past second-person singular)
fæstnaþ (present singular third-person)
fæstnode (past singular third-person)
fæstniaþ (plural present)
fæstnodon (past plural)
fæstniġe (present singular)
fæstnode (past singular)
fæstniġen (plural present)
fæstnoden (past plural)
fæstna (imperative past present singular)
fæstniaþ (imperative past plural present)
fæstniende (imperative present)
fæstnod (imperative past)
ġefæstnod (imperative past)

Middle English: fastenen

English: fasten

From Proto-West Germanic *fastinōn. Equivalent to fæst + -nian.


mægþblæd

mæġþblæd (canonical neuter)
mæġþblæd (nominative singular)
mæġþbladu (nominative plural)
mæġþblæd (accusative singular)
mæġþbladu (accusative plural)
mæġþblædes (genitive singular)
mæġþblada (genitive plural)
mæġþblæde (dative singular)
mæġþbladum (dative plural)


gedwolgod

Ðes gedwolgod wæs arwurðe eac betwux eallum hæðenum on þam dagum.

This false god too was known among all the heathens of those days.


-had

-hād (canonical masculine)
-hād (nominative singular)
-hādas (nominative plural)
-hād (accusative singular)
-hādas (accusative plural)
-hādes (genitive singular)
-hāda (genitive plural)
-hāde (dative singular)
-hādum (dative plural)

Middle English: -had, -hod, -hed, -hede

English: -hood; -head

Scots: -heid

From Proto-West Germanic *haidu, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz (“state, condition”) (originally a noun, represented by Old English hād). Cognate with Old Saxon -hēd, Dutch -heid, Old High German -heit (German -heit).

der

ċild (“child”) + -had → ċildhād (“childhood”)

mæġeþ (“virgin”) + -had → mæġeþhād (“virginity”)

forming nouns of condition or quality, from nouns or adjectives


fæstnung

a ratification of something, especially a marital engagement


mearh

mēaras (nominative plural)
mearh (nominative singular)
mēaras (nominative plural)
mearh (accusative singular)
mēaras (accusative plural)
mēares (genitive singular)
mēara (genitive plural)
mēare (dative singular)
mēarum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *marh.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian mar (“horse”), merie (“mare”) (West Frisian merje (“mare”)), Old Saxon merge, meriha (“mare”), Dutch merrie (“mare”), Old High German marah (“horse”), meriha (“mare”) (German Mähre (“mare”)), Old Norse marr (“horse”) (Icelandic mar), merr (“mare”) (Swedish märr (“mare”)), Gothic *𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍃 (*marhs). Beyond Germanic, cognate to Irish marc and Welsh march (“horse”).


hæmed

hǣmed (canonical neuter)
hǣmed (nominative singular)
hǣmdu (nominative plural)
hǣmed (accusative singular)
hǣmdu (accusative plural)
hǣmdes (genitive singular)
hǣmda (genitive plural)
hǣmde (dative singular)
hǣmdum (dative plural)

A substantivised past participle of hǣman; compare ǣled for a similar formation.


dweorg

dweorg (nominative singular)
dweorgas (nominative plural)
dweorg (accusative singular)
dweorgas (accusative plural)
dweorges (genitive singular)
dweorga (genitive plural)
dweorge (dative singular)
dweorgum (dative plural)

Middle English: dwerf, dwergh, dwerw

English: dwarf

desctree

Scots: droich, droch, dwerch, duerch, duerche, dorche
→ Scottish Gaelic: troich

From Proto-Germanic *dwergaz.
Cognate with Old Frisian dwerch, Old Saxon dwerg, Old Dutch *dwerg, Old High German twerg, Old Norse dvergr.


fæmne

fǣmne (canonical feminine)
fǣmne (nominative singular)
fǣmnan (nominative plural)
fǣmnan (accusative singular)
fǣmnan (accusative plural)
fǣmnan (genitive singular)
fǣmnena (genitive plural)
fǣmnan (dative singular)
fǣmnum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *faimnijā (“girl”), related to (but not directly cognate with) Old Saxon fēmea, fēhmia, West Frisian faam, Icelandic feima (“maiden”). Unrelated to Latin fēmina (“female, woman”), and probably also to Latin famula (“female servant”).


gedwola

ġedwola (canonical masculine)
ġedwola (nominative singular)
ġedwolan (nominative plural)
ġedwolan (accusative singular)
ġedwolan (accusative plural)
ġedwolan (genitive singular)
ġedwolena (genitive plural)
ġedwolan (dative singular)
ġedwolum (dative plural)

From or related to the verb dwolian (“to make a mistake, be wrong”).

sē mennesca ġedwola


morgen

morgen (nominative singular)
morgnas (nominative plural)
morgen (accusative singular)
morgnas (accusative plural)
morgnes (genitive singular)
morgna (genitive plural)
morgne (dative singular)
morgnum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: morwe, morȝen, morwen, morn

English: morrow; morn

Scots: morrow, morra; morn

From Proto-West Germanic *morgin, *murgin.
Cognate with Old Frisian morgen, Old Saxon morgan, Old Dutch morgan, Old High German morgan, Old Norse morgunn. Compare also (from the alternative form *murginaz) Old Norse myrginn and Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃 (maurgins).

on morgen


monandæg

mōnandæġ (canonical masculine)
mōnandæġ (nominative singular)
mōnandagas (nominative plural)
mōnandæġ (accusative singular)
mōnandagas (accusative plural)
mōnandæġes (genitive singular)
mōnandaga (genitive plural)
mōnandæġe (dative singular)
mōnandagum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: Monday
English: Monday (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Monanday
Yola: Mondei

From Proto-West Germanic *mānini dag; equivalent to mōna + dæġ. Corresponding to Old Frisian mōnendei, mōnadei, Old Dutch *mānendag (Dutch maandag), Old High German mānetac (German Montag), Old Norse mánadagr (Icelandic mánudagur, Swedish måndag).


lagu

lagu (nominative singular)
laga (nominative plural)
lagu (accusative singular)
laga (accusative plural)
laga (genitive singular)
laga (genitive plural)
laga (dative singular)
lagum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: lai, laie, leye, laȝe, lawe

English: lay

From Proto-West Germanic *lagu (“water, sea”).
Cognate with Latin lacus (“hollow, pond”), Old Irish loch (“lake, pond”), Ancient Greek λάκκος (lákkos, “waterhole, pond, pit”).

cog

The Old English rune poem
ᛚ byþ lēodum langsum ġeþūht...

Sea is by princes thought long-enduring...


lagu

lagu (nominative singular)
laga (nominative plural)
lage (nominative plural)
lage (accusative singular)
laga (accusative plural)
lage (accusative plural)
lage (genitive singular)
laga (genitive plural)
lage (dative singular)
lagum (dative plural)

Middle English: laȝe, lawe

English: law

Scots: law

Borrowed (ca. 1000 C.E.) from Old Norse lǫg (“the things that are laid down, the laws”), originally a neuter plural but reanalysed as a feminine singular when it was borrowed into Old English. From the singular Proto-Germanic *lagą (“something laid”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-, the root of English lie, lay.
The Old Icelandic word means "something laid down or fixed", both in the literal sense of "layer, stratum" and in the figurative "agreed share", "fixed price", "partnership", etc. The plural had the collective sense of "[body of] law". The native Old English word replaced by the Old Norse loan was ǣ.


-ung

-ung (nominative singular)
-unga (nominative plural)
-unge (nominative plural)
-unge (accusative singular)
-unga (accusative plural)
-unge (accusative plural)
-unge (genitive singular)
-unga (genitive plural)
-unge (dative singular)
-ungum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: -ung, -unge, -unge, -inge, -ing

English: -ing

From Proto-West Germanic *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.
Cognate with Old Saxon -unga (Low German -inge, -ing), Old Dutch -inga, -unga (Dutch -ing), Old High German -unga (German -ung), Old Norse -ung, -ing (Swedish -ing).

forming nouns from verbs, denoting verbal action or an instance of it; or denoting a substance involved in the verbal action


Woden

Wōden (canonical masculine)
Wōden (nominative singular)
Wōden (accusative singular)
Wōdnes (genitive singular)
Wōdne (dative singular)

→ Latin: Wothen

Middle English: Woden

→ English: Woden (learned)

From Proto-Germanic *Wōdanaz. Cognate with Old Saxon Wōden, Old High German Wodan, Old Norse Óðinn. Doublet of Ōþen.

10th century, Codex Exoniensis 341, 28

Woden made idols, the Almighty made glory and the vast skies

Wōden worhte wēos, wuldor alwalda rūme roderas

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Henġest and Horsa wǣron Wihtġīlses suna, þæs fæder wæs Witta hāten, þæs fæder wæs Wihta hāten, þæs fæder wæs Wōden nemned, of þæs strīende maniġra mǣġða cyningcynn fruman lǣdde.

Hengest and Horsa were the sons of Wihtgyls, whose father was named Witta, whose father was named Wihta, whose father was named Woden, from whose lineage the royal families of many nations originated.


mægþhad

mǣġþhād (canonical masculine)
mǣġþhād (nominative singular)
mǣġþhādas (nominative plural)
mǣġþhād (accusative singular)
mǣġþhādas (accusative plural)
mǣġþhādes (genitive singular)
mǣġþhāda (genitive plural)
mǣġþhāde (dative singular)
mǣġþhādum (dative plural)


mægþhad

mæġþhād (canonical masculine)
mæġþhād (nominative singular)
mæġþhādas (nominative plural)
mæġþhād (accusative singular)
mæġþhādas (accusative plural)
mæġþhādes (genitive singular)
mæġþhāda (genitive plural)
mæġþhāde (dative singular)
mæġþhādum (dative plural)

Alteration of earlier mæġeþhād. See there for more.


æfen

ǣfen (canonical masculine)
ǣfen (nominative singular)
ǣfennas (nominative plural)
ǣfen (accusative singular)
ǣfennas (accusative plural)
ǣfennes (genitive singular)
ǣfenna (genitive plural)
ǣfenne (dative singular)
ǣfennum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: even, evene, even, efen
English: even
Yola: e'en

Form reflects Proto-West Germanic *āban, a byform or derivative of *ābanþ.
Cognate with Old Frisian ēvend, Old Saxon āƀand, Old Dutch āvont, Old High German ābant, Old Norse aptann.

mōnanǣfen

ġēolǣfen

eve: the day/evening/night before something


stod

Middle English: stode, stod, stude, stud
English: stud
Scots: stod, stud, stude, stuid
Yola: sthit

From Proto-Germanic *stōdą, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“stand, set”).
Cognate with Old High German stuot (“herd of horses”) (German Stute (“mare”)), Old Norse stóð (Swedish sto (“mare”)). The Indo-European root is also the source of Albanian shtazë (“animal, beast”) and Old Church Slavonic стадо (stado, “herd”).


stod

first/third-person singular preterite of standan


ægwyrt

ǣġwyrt (canonical feminine)
ǣġwyrt (nominative singular)
ǣġwyrta (nominative plural)
ǣġwyrte (nominative plural)
ǣġwyrte (accusative singular)
ǣġwyrta (accusative plural)
ǣġwyrte (accusative plural)
ǣġwyrte (genitive singular)
ǣġwyrta (genitive plural)
ǣġwyrte (dative singular)
ǣġwyrtum (dative plural)


fyst

fȳst (canonical feminine)
fȳst (nominative singular)
fȳste (nominative plural)
fȳsta (nominative plural)
fȳst (accusative singular)
fȳste (accusative singular)
fȳste (accusative plural)
fȳsta (accusative plural)
fȳste (genitive singular)
fȳsta (genitive plural)
fȳste (dative singular)
fȳstum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: fist, fust, fest, feest, vest
English: fist
Scots: fist, fyst
Yola: hist, fest

From Proto-West Germanic *fūsti, from Proto-Germanic *funstiz, from Proto-Indo-European *pnsti-, a variant of *pnksti-, *pn̥kʷsti (“fist”), a derivative of *pénkʷe (“five”). Cognate with Old Frisian fest (West Frisian fest), Old Saxon fūst, Dutch vuist, Old High German fūst (German Faust), and with Russian пясть (pjastʹ, “palm of the hand”), Polish pięść (“fist”), Serbo-Croatian pȇst (“fist”) and pȑst (“finger”), Lithuanian kumštis.


æppelleaf

æppellēaf (canonical neuter)
æppellēaf (nominative singular)
æppellēaf (nominative plural)
æppellēaf (accusative singular)
æppellēaf (accusative plural)
æppellēafes (genitive singular)
æppellēafa (genitive plural)
æppellēafe (dative singular)
æppellēafum (dative plural)


geolo

ġeolo (canonical)
ġeolo (masculine nominative singular)
ġeolu (masculine nominative singular)
ġeolo (feminine nominative singular)
ġeolu (feminine nominative singular)
ġeolo (neuter nominative singular)
ġeolu (neuter nominative singular)
ġeolone (accusative masculine singular)
ġeolwe (accusative feminine singular)
ġeolo (accusative neuter singular)
ġeolu (accusative neuter singular)
ġeolwes (genitive masculine singular)
ġeolore (feminine genitive singular)
ġeolwes (genitive neuter singular)
ġeolwum (dative masculine singular)
ġeolore (dative feminine singular)
ġeolwum (dative neuter singular)
ġeolwe (instrumental masculine singular)
ġeolore (feminine instrumental singular)
ġeolwe (instrumental neuter singular)
ġeolwe (masculine nominative plural)
ġeolwa (feminine nominative plural)
ġeolwe (feminine nominative plural)
ġeolo (neuter nominative plural)
ġeolu (neuter nominative plural)
ġeolwe (accusative masculine plural)
ġeolwa (accusative feminine plural)
ġeolwe (accusative feminine plural)
ġeolo (accusative neuter plural)
ġeolu (accusative neuter plural)
ġeolora (genitive masculine plural)
ġeolora (feminine genitive plural)
ġeolora (genitive neuter plural)
ġeolwum (dative masculine plural)
ġeolwum (dative feminine plural)
ġeolwum (dative neuter plural)
ġeolwum (instrumental masculine plural)
ġeolwum (feminine instrumental plural)
ġeolwum (instrumental neuter plural)
ġeolwa (masculine nominative singular)
ġeolwe (feminine nominative singular)
ġeolwe (neuter nominative singular)
ġeolwan (accusative masculine singular)
ġeolwan (accusative feminine singular)
ġeolwe (accusative neuter singular)
ġeolwan (genitive masculine singular)
ġeolwan (feminine genitive singular)
ġeolwan (genitive neuter singular)
ġeolwan (dative masculine singular)
ġeolwan (dative feminine singular)
ġeolwan (dative neuter singular)
ġeolwan (instrumental masculine singular)
ġeolwan (feminine instrumental singular)
ġeolwan (instrumental neuter singular)
ġeolwan (masculine nominative plural)
ġeolwan (feminine nominative plural)
ġeolwan (neuter nominative plural)
ġeolwan (accusative masculine plural)
ġeolwan (accusative feminine plural)
ġeolwan (accusative neuter plural)
ġeolora (genitive masculine plural)
ġeolwena (genitive masculine plural)
ġeolora (feminine genitive plural)
ġeolwena (feminine genitive plural)
ġeolora (genitive neuter plural)
ġeolwena (genitive neuter plural)
ġeolwum (dative masculine plural)
ġeolwum (dative feminine plural)
ġeolwum (dative neuter plural)
ġeolwum (instrumental masculine plural)
ġeolwum (feminine instrumental plural)
ġeolwum (instrumental neuter plural)


ælf

ælf (nominative singular)
ælfas (nominative plural)
ælf (accusative singular)
ælfas (accusative plural)
ælfes (genitive singular)
ælfa (genitive plural)
ælfe (dative singular)
ælfum (dative plural)


mines

masculine/neuter genitive singular of mīn


dagung

dagung (nominative singular)
dagunga (nominative plural)
dagunge (nominative plural)
dagunge (accusative singular)
dagunga (accusative plural)
dagunge (accusative plural)
dagunge (genitive singular)
dagunga (genitive plural)
dagunge (dative singular)
dagungum (dative plural)

Betwux hancred and dagunge.

Between cock-crow and dawn. (Saxon Chronicles)


dagian

dagian (infinitive)
dagienne (infinitive)
dagiġe (first-person present singular)
dagode (first-person past singular)
dagast (present second-person singular)
dagodest (past second-person singular)
dagaþ (present singular third-person)
dagode (past singular third-person)
dagiaþ (plural present)
dagodon (past plural)
dagiġe (present singular)
dagode (past singular)
dagiġen (plural present)
dagoden (past plural)
daga (imperative past present singular)
dagiaþ (imperative past plural present)
dagiende (imperative present)
dagod (imperative past)
ġedagod (imperative past)

Middle English: daȝiȝen, dawen

English: daw

Scots: daw

From Proto-West Germanic *dagēn, from Proto-Germanic *dagāną. Cognate with Middle Dutch dagen (Dutch dagen), Old High German tagēn (German tagen), Old Norse daga.

Ne ðis ne dagaþ eastan.

This dawns not from the east. (The Fight at Finnsburh)


agenslaga

āgenslaga (canonical masculine)
āgenslaga (nominative singular)
āgenslagan (nominative plural)
āgenslagan (accusative singular)
āgenslagan (accusative plural)
āgenslagan (genitive singular)
āgenslagena (genitive plural)
āgenslagan (dative singular)
āgenslagum (dative plural)

Middle English: aȝen-slaȝa

/ˈɑː.ɡenˌslɑ.ɡɑ/

[ˈɑː.ɣenˌslɑ.ɣɑ]


fic

fīc (canonical masculine)
fīc (nominative singular)
fīcas (nominative plural)
fīc (accusative singular)
fīcas (accusative plural)
fīces (genitive singular)
fīca (genitive plural)
fīce (dative singular)
fīcum (dative plural)

Middle English: fike, fyke

English: fike, fig


burg

byrġ (nominative plural)
burg (nominative singular)
byrġ (nominative plural)
burg (accusative singular)
byrġ (accusative plural)
byrġ (genitive singular)
burga (genitive plural)
byrġ (dative singular)
burgum (dative plural)

Middle English: burgh

Scots: burch, burgh

desc

English: borough, -borough, Brough, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury

→ English: burh (learned)

c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Wyrċaþ fæsten ymb þā burg.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þæt Ēstland is swīðe miċel, and þǣr biþ swīðe manega byrġ, and on ǣlcre byrġ biþ cyning.

Estonia is very large. There are a whole lot of towns, and every town has a king.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of St. Augustine's Soliloquies
Nāt iċ nā þȳ hwā Rōme burg timbrede þe iċ hit self ġesāwe, ac for þȳ þe hit man mē sæġde.

I don't know who built the city of Rome because I saw it myself, but because somebody told me.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Assumption of the Blessed Mary"
Sē Godes wiðersaca hine þā ġehāthierte and cwæþ, "Þā iċ fram fierde ġeċierre, iċ tōweorpe þās burg, and hīe ġesmēðe, and tō ierþlande āwende, swā þæt hēo biþ cornbǣru swīðor þonne manbǣru."

The adversary of God became furious and said, "When I return from the campaign, I will destroy this city, and level it, and turn it into farmland, so it is full of grain instead of people."

c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Sēo burg þæs mōdes sċeal swīðe oft ġefrēdan hire fēonda speru.

The fortress of the mind must very often feel the spears of its enemies.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 921

Then King Edward traveled to Colchester with the West Saxon army and repaired the fortress, and rebuilt it where it had been destroyed.

Þā fōr Ēadweard cyning mid Westseaxna fierde tō Colneċeastre and ġebētte þā burg and ġeednīewode þǣr hēo ǣr tōbrocen wæs.


agnian

āgnian (canonical)
āgnian (infinitive)
āgnienne (infinitive)
āgniġe (first-person present singular)
āgnode (first-person past singular)
āgnast (present second-person singular)
āgnodest (past second-person singular)
āgnaþ (present singular third-person)
āgnode (past singular third-person)
āgniaþ (plural present)
āgnodon (past plural)
āgniġe (present singular)
āgnode (past singular)
āgniġen (plural present)
āgnoden (past plural)
āgna (imperative past present singular)
āgniaþ (imperative past plural present)
āgniende (imperative present)
āgnod (imperative past)
ġeāgnod (imperative past)

Middle English: ahnien (early)

Hu miht ðu, ðonne, ðe agnian heora god? ― How then can you appropriate their good to yourself? (Alfred’s de Consolatione Philosophae)


slaga

slaga (nominative singular)
slagan (nominative plural)
slagan (accusative singular)
slagan (accusative plural)
slagan (genitive singular)
slagena (genitive plural)
slagan (dative singular)
slagum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *slagō. Cognate with Old High German slago. Agent noun of slēan.


blæd

blæd (nominative singular)
bladu (nominative plural)
blæd (accusative singular)
bladu (accusative plural)
blædes (genitive singular)
blada (genitive plural)
blæde (dative singular)
bladum (dative plural)

Middle English: blad, blade

Scots: blad, blaud, blaid

English: blade

From Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-tó-m, from *bʰleh₃-.
Cognate with Old Frisian bled (West Frisian bled), Old Saxon blad, Dutch blad, Old High German blat (German Blatt), Old Norse blað (Danish blad, Icelandic blað).

the broad, flat blade of a utensil (e.g., an oar or spade)


blæd

blǣd (canonical masculine)
blǣd (nominative singular)
blǣdas (nominative plural)
blǣd (accusative singular)
blǣdas (accusative plural)
blǣdes (genitive singular)
blǣda (genitive plural)
blǣde (dative singular)
blǣdum (dative plural)

From a conflation of Proto-Germanic *blēdaz, *blēdō (“flower, leaf”) and Proto-Germanic *blēdaz (“blowing, blast”). Cognate with Old High German blāt (“flower, blossom, prosperity; blowing, breeze, windgust”). Related to Old English blǣdre (“bubble, blister, pimple”), blǣst (“windgust”). More at bladder, blast, blow.

cog

Warað hine wræclāst, · nales wunden gold,
ferðloca frēoriġ, · nalæs foldan blǣd.

His path of exile not at all hold twisted gold,
the cold spirit, not at all earth's glory.

inspiration; breath, life, spirit; glory, splendor


æppel

æppla (nominative plural)
æppel (nominative singular)
æppla (nominative plural)
æppel (accusative singular)
æppla (accusative plural)
æppla (genitive singular)
æppla (genitive plural)
æppla (dative singular)
æpplum (dative plural)
æppel (nominative singular)
æpplas (nominative plural)
æppel (accusative singular)
æpplas (accusative plural)
æpples (genitive singular)
æppla (genitive plural)
æpple (dative singular)
æpplum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: appel, apple, appyl, appyll, appil, appill, appell, eppel, appul, appull, appulle, eappel, æppel, æpple, eappel (Early Middle English)
English: apple (see there for further descendants)
Scots: aipple

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *applu, from Proto-Germanic *apluz.


mægþ

mæġþ (canonical feminine)
mæġþ (nominative singular)
mæġþ (nominative plural)
mæġþ (accusative singular)
mæġþ (accusative plural)
mæġþ (genitive singular)
mæġþa (genitive plural)
mæġþ (dative singular)
mæġþum (dative plural)

Alteration of earlier mæġeþ, with irregular syncope. See there for more.


mægþ

mǣġþ (canonical feminine)
mǣġþ (nominative singular)
mǣġþa (nominative plural)
mǣġþe (nominative plural)
mǣġþe (accusative singular)
mǣġþa (accusative plural)
mǣġþe (accusative plural)
mǣġþe (genitive singular)
mǣġþa (genitive plural)
mǣġþe (dative singular)
mǣġþum (dative plural)

→ English: maegth (learned)

From mǣġ (“a relative”) + -þ (suffix forming abstract nouns). Compare the formation of modern English kindred.


mægþ

From Proto-Germanic *maigiþō (“shamelessness, wantonness, wickedness”), from *maigaz (“wicked, shameless”).


beallucas

[ˈbæɑ̯ɫːukɑs]


slean

slēan (canonical)
slēan (infinitive)
slēanne (infinitive)
slēa (first-person present singular)
slōg (first-person past singular)
slōh (first-person past singular)
sliehst (present second-person singular)
slōge (past second-person singular)
sliehþ (present singular third-person)
slōg (past singular third-person)
slōh (past singular third-person)
slēaþ (plural present)
slōgon (past plural)
slēa (present singular)
slōge (past singular)
slēan (plural present)
slōgen (past plural)
sleah (imperative past present singular)
slēaþ (imperative past plural present)
slēande (imperative present)
slæġen (imperative past)
ġeslæġen (imperative past)

Middle English: sleen, slayn

Scots: slay

English: slay

From Proto-West Germanic *slahan.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian slā, Old Saxon slahan (Low German slaan), Dutch slaan, Old High German slahan (German schlagen), Old Norse slá (Danish slå, Swedish slå), Gothic 𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (slahan).

c. 973, Æthelwold's translation of the Rule of Saint Benedict
Hē sċeal ġeþenċan þæt hit is āwriten, "Þām dysegan ne mæġ man mid wordum ġestīeran," and eft on ōðerre stōwe, "Sleah þīnne sunu mid ġierde, þonne ālīest þū his sāwle fram dēaðe."

He should remember that it is written, "A fool cannot be corrected with words," and in another place, "Strike your son with a rod, and you will save his soul from death."

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 26:67-8

Then they spat in his face and beat him with their fists. Some of them slapped him [literally "hit him with their broad hands"] and said, "Tell us, Messiah! Who is it that hit you?"

Þā spǣtton hīe on his ansīene and bēoton hine mid heora fȳstum. Sume hine slōgon mid heora brādum handum and cwǣdon, "Sæġe ūs, Crist, hwæt is sē þe þē slōg"?

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Exodus 9:25

The hail killed everything that was outside, both people and animals.

Sē hæġl slōg eall þā þing þe ūte wǣron, ǣġðer ġe menn ġe nīetenu.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Deuteronomy 28:31

Your ox will be slaughtered in front of you, and you won't get to taste it.

Man slihþ þīnne oxan beforan þe, and þū his ne ābītst.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Sē þrōwend is ǣtren and slihþ mid þām tæġle tō dēaðe.

The scorpion is venomous and stings things to death with its tail.

(of a snake, insect, or arachnid) to bite or sting

insect; or arachnid; insect; or arachnid


bearg

bearg (nominative singular)
beargas (nominative plural)
bearg (accusative singular)
beargas (accusative plural)
bearges (genitive singular)
bearga (genitive plural)
bearge (dative singular)
beargum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: barow, bareȝ, bareh, barew, barwe, borwȝ
English: barrow

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *barug, from Proto-Germanic *barugaz: cognate with Old Frisian barch (West Frisian baarch), Old Saxon barug (Dutch barg), Old High German barug (dialectal German Barch), Old Norse bǫrgr.


dohtor

dohtor (nominative singular)
dohtor (nominative plural)
dohtra (nominative plural)
dohtru (nominative plural)
dohtor (accusative singular)
dohtor (accusative plural)
dohtra (accusative plural)
dohtru (accusative plural)
dohtor (genitive singular)
dohtra (genitive plural)
dehter (dative singular)
dohtrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: doughter
English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda
Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter
Yola: doughtere, daughtere

From Proto-West Germanic *dohter. See there for more.


wyrt

wyrt (nominative singular)
wyrte (nominative plural)
wyrta (nominative plural)
wyrt (accusative singular)
wyrte (accusative singular)
wyrte (accusative plural)
wyrta (accusative plural)
wyrte (genitive singular)
wyrta (genitive plural)
wyrte (dative singular)
wyrtum (dative plural)

Middle English: wurt, worte, wort

English: wort

Middle Scots: *wort (attested in plural wortis)

Scots: wirt

desc

⇒ Middle English: wurten, worten (“resembling or pertaining to spice, herbal”, adj)

From Proto-West Germanic *wurti, from Proto-Germanic *wurt-, the oblique stem of *wrōts (whence root).
Cognate with Old Saxon wurt, Old High German wurz, Old Norse urt, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐍃 (waurts).

c. 992, Ælfric, "The 16th Sunday After Pentecost"
Wyrta sind īeðelīca ġesċeafta and þurh winterlīcne ċiele simle forsēariaþ.

Plants are tender creatures, and they always wither in the winter cold.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Sumra wyrta oþþe sumes wuda eard biþ on dūnum, sumra on merscum, sumra on mōrum, sumra on clūdum, sumra on barum sandum.

Some plants and trees have their home on hills, some in marshes, some on moors, some on rocks, some on bare sand.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Æppla, græs, and wyrta, and treowu forealdiaþ and forsēariaþ, and ōðru cumaþ, grēnu weaxaþ, and ġierwaþ and rīpaþ, for þæt hīe eft onġinnaþ sēarian.

Apples, grass, and plants, and trees grow old and wither, while others appear, grow green, reach maturity, and ripen, and with that they begin to wither as well.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Holus: "wyrt."

early 11th century, anonymous gloss of Ælfric's Latin Colloquy (c. 995)

"What else do you eat?" "Vegetables and eggs, fish and cheese, butter and beans."

"Hwæt māre itst þū?" "Wyrta and ǣġru, fisċ and ċīese, buteran and bēana."

If you drive me out of your society, you'll eat your vegetables uncooked and your meat raw. [Said by a cook.]

Ġif ġē mē ūt ādrīfaþ fram ēowrum ġefērsċipe, ġē etaþ ēowre wyrta grēne and ēowre flǣsċmetas hrēawe.

unknown date and author, monastic sign language guide
Ġesodenra wyrta tācn is þæt þū dō mid þīnre ōðerre handa niðewearde be þǣre sīdan swelċe þū sċearfian wille. Þonne þū grēne wyrta habban wille, þonne sete þū þīnne finger on þīne winestran hand.

The sign for cooked vegetables is that you take your hand and make a downward motion along your side as if you're cutting them up. When you want raw vegetables, place your finger on your left hand.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Dedication of a Church"
Hire olfendas bǣron sūðerne wyrta, and dīerwierðe ġimmas, and unġerīm goldes.

Her camels were carrying southern spices, precious gems, and endless gold.

Blickling Homilies, "Palm Sunday"
Marīa ġenam ān pund dīerwierðre smierenesse and smierede mid þæs Hǣlendes fēt and mid hire loccum drȳġde. Þā wæs eall þæt hūs ġefylled mid þon swētan stenċe. Þēos smierenes wæs ġeworht of eahtatīene cynna wyrtum.

Mary took a pound of precious ointment and rubbed it on Jesus' feet and dried them with her hair. Then the whole house was filled with the sweet smell. This ointment was made from 18 kinds of herbs.

c. 950–1050. Anonymous, "Daniel (Old English poem)", in Oxford, Boleian Library, Junius 11, ll. 497–499. Reprinted in 2013, Bintley, Michael D. J.; Shapland, Michael G. (eds.), Trees and Timber in the Anglo-Saxon World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, p. 219. Translation from the same.
Þuhte him þæt on foldan | fægre stode / wudubeam wlitig, | se wæs wyrtum fæst, / beorht on blædum.
It seemed to him that there stood, fair upon the earth, a peerless tree that was steadfast in its roots and bright in its fruits.

975–1025 (date of MS). Anonymous, Beowulf, in the Nowell Codex. Translated and reprinted in 1999. Heaney, Seamus (trans.), Beowulf: A New Verse Translation, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN, pp. 94–95, l. 1364.
wudu wyrtum fæst | wæter oferhelmað
Woods secured by roots cover over the water


wyrt

wyrt (nominative singular)
wyrta (nominative plural)
wyrte (nominative plural)
wyrte (accusative singular)
wyrta (accusative plural)
wyrte (accusative plural)
wyrte (genitive singular)
wyrta (genitive plural)
wyrte (dative singular)
wyrtum (dative plural)

Middle English: wort, worte

English: wort

Scots: wirt

From a merger of Proto-West Germanic *wurtiju (“spice”) and Proto-West Germanic *wurti (“herb”). Cognate with Old Saxon wurtia.


sunsunu

sunsuna (nominative plural)
sunsunu (nominative singular)
sunsuna (nominative plural)
sunsunu (accusative singular)
sunsuna (accusative plural)
sunsuna (genitive singular)
sunsuna (genitive plural)
sunsuna (dative singular)
sunsunum (dative plural)

Reduplication of sunu. For similar formations, compare Swedish sonson, dotterdotter, barnbarn.

grandson (lit., "son's son", specifically the son of one's son)


bochus

bōchūs (canonical neuter)
bōchūs (nominative singular)
bōchūs (nominative plural)
bōchūs (accusative singular)
bōchūs (accusative plural)
bōchūses (genitive singular)
bōchūsa (genitive plural)
bōchūse (dative singular)
bōchūsum (dative plural)

Middle English: bochous

English: bookhouse


beorg

beorg (nominative singular)
beorgas (nominative plural)
beorg (accusative singular)
beorgas (accusative plural)
beorges (genitive singular)
beorga (genitive plural)
beorge (dative singular)
beorgum (dative plural)

Middle English: bergh, berȝ, beruȝ, beruh, berw

English: barrow; bargh (Northern England)

Scots: burrae

Middle English: berȝe, beryhe, berye (via beorge (genitive))

English: berry

From Proto-Germanic *bergaz (“mountain”).
Cognate with Old Frisian berch, Old Saxon berg, Old High German berg (German Berg), Old Norse bjarg, Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲- (bairg-); and with Old Irish brí (“mountain”), Old Church Slavonic брѣгъ (brěgŭ) (Russian бе́рег (béreg)), Sanskrit बृहत् (bṛhát, “high”).


beor

Middle English: bere, beere

English: beer (see there for further descendants)

Scots: bere, beir, beer

From Proto-West Germanic *beuʀ, from Proto-Germanic *beuzą (“beer”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰews- (“dross, sediment, brewer's yeast”).

der

Gebeotedon beore druncne oret-mecgas, ðæt hie in beor-sele bidan woldon Grendles guðe

The sons of conflict, drunk on beer, promised that they would wait in the beer-hall for Grendel’s attack.


bealo

bealo (nominative singular)
bealo (nominative plural)
bealo (accusative singular)
bealo (accusative plural)
bealwes (genitive singular)
bealwa (genitive plural)
bealwe (dative singular)
bealwum (dative plural)


bealo

bealo (masculine nominative singular)
bealu (masculine nominative singular)
bealo (feminine nominative singular)
bealu (feminine nominative singular)
bealo (neuter nominative singular)
bealu (neuter nominative singular)
bealone (accusative masculine singular)
bealwe (accusative feminine singular)
bealo (accusative neuter singular)
bealu (accusative neuter singular)
bealwes (genitive masculine singular)
bealore (feminine genitive singular)
bealwes (genitive neuter singular)
bealwum (dative masculine singular)
bealore (dative feminine singular)
bealwum (dative neuter singular)
bealwe (instrumental masculine singular)
bealore (feminine instrumental singular)
bealwe (instrumental neuter singular)
bealwe (masculine nominative plural)
bealwa (feminine nominative plural)
bealwe (feminine nominative plural)
bealo (neuter nominative plural)
bealu (neuter nominative plural)
bealwe (accusative masculine plural)
bealwa (accusative feminine plural)
bealwe (accusative feminine plural)
bealo (accusative neuter plural)
bealu (accusative neuter plural)
bealora (genitive masculine plural)
bealora (feminine genitive plural)
bealora (genitive neuter plural)
bealwum (dative masculine plural)
bealwum (dative feminine plural)
bealwum (dative neuter plural)
bealwum (instrumental masculine plural)
bealwum (feminine instrumental plural)
bealwum (instrumental neuter plural)
bealwa (masculine nominative singular)
bealwe (feminine nominative singular)
bealwe (neuter nominative singular)
bealwan (accusative masculine singular)
bealwan (accusative feminine singular)
bealwe (accusative neuter singular)
bealwan (genitive masculine singular)
bealwan (feminine genitive singular)
bealwan (genitive neuter singular)
bealwan (dative masculine singular)
bealwan (dative feminine singular)
bealwan (dative neuter singular)
bealwan (instrumental masculine singular)
bealwan (feminine instrumental singular)
bealwan (instrumental neuter singular)
bealwan (masculine nominative plural)
bealwan (feminine nominative plural)
bealwan (neuter nominative plural)
bealwan (accusative masculine plural)
bealwan (accusative feminine plural)
bealwan (accusative neuter plural)
bealora (genitive masculine plural)
bealwena (genitive masculine plural)
bealora (feminine genitive plural)
bealwena (feminine genitive plural)
bealora (genitive neuter plural)
bealwena (genitive neuter plural)
bealwum (dative masculine plural)
bealwum (dative feminine plural)
bealwum (dative neuter plural)
bealwum (instrumental masculine plural)
bealwum (feminine instrumental plural)
bealwum (instrumental neuter plural)


cæg

cǣġ (canonical feminine)
cǣġ (nominative singular)
cǣġa (nominative plural)
cǣġe (nominative plural)
cǣġe (accusative singular)
cǣġa (accusative plural)
cǣġe (accusative plural)
cǣġe (genitive singular)
cǣġa (genitive plural)
cǣġe (dative singular)
cǣġum (dative plural)

Middle English: keye, kaye, keiȝe

English: key

Scots: key, kay

Saturnus sumra hæfde bōca cǣġa

Saturn had the keys of some books. (Dialogues of Salomon and Saturn)


gebed

ġebed (canonical neuter)
ġebedu (nominative plural)
ġebed (nominative singular)
ġebedu (nominative plural)
ġebed (accusative singular)
ġebedu (accusative plural)
ġebedes (genitive singular)
ġebeda (genitive plural)
ġebede (dative singular)
ġebedum (dative plural)

desctree

partially from Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">bedu</i>

Middle English: bede, bed, beed, beode, bode, boede, ȝebed, ibæd, ibed (partially from Old English bedu)
English: bead (bede)
Scots: bead, bede, beid

Hīe tō ġebede fēollon. ― They fell to prayer. (Cædmon’s Metrical Paraphrase)


ealu

ealu (nominative singular)
ealoþ (nominative plural)
ealu (accusative singular)
ealoþ (accusative plural)
ealoþ (genitive singular)
ealoþa (genitive plural)
ealoþ (dative singular)
ealoþum (dative plural)

Middle English: ale, ail
English: ale
Geordie English: yel
Scots: yill, ale, aill, ayll
⇒ Yola: aalhouse

From Proto-West Germanic *alu, from Proto-Germanic *alu, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut-.

Judges


blac

ang-adj

blāc (comparative blācra, superlative blācost)

blāc (canonical)
blācra (comparative)
blācost (superlative)
blāc (masculine nominative singular)
blāc (feminine nominative singular)
blāc (neuter nominative singular)
blācne (accusative masculine singular)
blāce (accusative feminine singular)
blāc (accusative neuter singular)
blāces (genitive masculine singular)
blācre (feminine genitive singular)
blāces (genitive neuter singular)
blācum (dative masculine singular)
blācre (dative feminine singular)
blācum (dative neuter singular)
blāce (instrumental masculine singular)
blācre (feminine instrumental singular)
blāce (instrumental neuter singular)
blāce (masculine nominative plural)
blāca (feminine nominative plural)
blāce (feminine nominative plural)
blāc (neuter nominative plural)
blāce (accusative masculine plural)
blāca (accusative feminine plural)
blāce (accusative feminine plural)
blāc (accusative neuter plural)
blācra (genitive masculine plural)
blācra (feminine genitive plural)
blācra (genitive neuter plural)
blācum (dative masculine plural)
blācum (dative feminine plural)
blācum (dative neuter plural)
blācum (instrumental masculine plural)
blācum (feminine instrumental plural)
blācum (instrumental neuter plural)
blāca (masculine nominative singular)
blāce (feminine nominative singular)
blāce (neuter nominative singular)
blācan (accusative masculine singular)
blācan (accusative feminine singular)
blāce (accusative neuter singular)
blācan (genitive masculine singular)
blācan (feminine genitive singular)
blācan (genitive neuter singular)
blācan (dative masculine singular)
blācan (dative feminine singular)
blācan (dative neuter singular)
blācan (instrumental masculine singular)
blācan (feminine instrumental singular)
blācan (instrumental neuter singular)
blācan (masculine nominative plural)
blācan (feminine nominative plural)
blācan (neuter nominative plural)
blācan (accusative masculine plural)
blācan (accusative feminine plural)
blācan (accusative neuter plural)
blācra (genitive masculine plural)
blācena (genitive masculine plural)
blācra (feminine genitive plural)
blācena (feminine genitive plural)
blācra (genitive neuter plural)
blācena (genitive neuter plural)
blācum (dative masculine plural)
blācum (dative feminine plural)
blācum (dative neuter plural)
blācum (instrumental masculine plural)
blācum (feminine instrumental plural)
blācum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: blac, blak

English: blake, bleak (partially)

From Proto-West Germanic *blaik, from Proto-Germanic *blaikaz.

c. 900, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Hē hæfde blæc feax, blācne andwlitan, and medmiċele nose þynne.

He had black hair, a pale face, and a small, thin nose.


bearneacen

bearnēacen (canonical)
bearnēacen (masculine nominative singular)
bearnēacenu (feminine nominative singular)
bearnēacnu (feminine nominative singular)
bearnēaceno (feminine nominative singular)
bearnēacno (feminine nominative singular)
bearnēacen (neuter nominative singular)
bearnēacenne (accusative masculine singular)
bearnēacene (accusative feminine singular)
bearnēacne (accusative feminine singular)
bearnēacen (accusative neuter singular)
bearnēacenes (genitive masculine singular)
bearnēacnes (genitive masculine singular)
bearnēacenre (feminine genitive singular)
bearnēacenes (genitive neuter singular)
bearnēacnes (genitive neuter singular)
bearnēacenum (dative masculine singular)
bearnēacnum (dative masculine singular)
bearnēacenre (dative feminine singular)
bearnēacenum (dative neuter singular)
bearnēacnum (dative neuter singular)
bearnēacene (instrumental masculine singular)
bearnēacne (instrumental masculine singular)
bearnēacenre (feminine instrumental singular)
bearnēacene (instrumental neuter singular)
bearnēacne (instrumental neuter singular)
bearnēacene (masculine nominative plural)
bearnēacne (masculine nominative plural)
bearnēacena (feminine nominative plural)
bearnēacna (feminine nominative plural)
bearnēacene (feminine nominative plural)
bearnēacne (feminine nominative plural)
bearnēacenu (neuter nominative plural)
bearnēacnu (neuter nominative plural)
bearnēaceno (neuter nominative plural)
bearnēacno (neuter nominative plural)
bearnēacene (accusative masculine plural)
bearnēacne (accusative masculine plural)
bearnēacena (accusative feminine plural)
bearnēacna (accusative feminine plural)
bearnēacene (accusative feminine plural)
bearnēacne (accusative feminine plural)
bearnēacenu (accusative neuter plural)
bearnēacnu (accusative neuter plural)
bearnēaceno (accusative neuter plural)
bearnēacno (accusative neuter plural)
bearnēacenra (genitive masculine plural)
bearnēacenra (feminine genitive plural)
bearnēacenra (genitive neuter plural)
bearnēacenum (dative masculine plural)
bearnēacnum (dative masculine plural)
bearnēacenum (dative feminine plural)
bearnēacnum (dative feminine plural)
bearnēacenum (dative neuter plural)
bearnēacnum (dative neuter plural)
bearnēacenum (instrumental masculine plural)
bearnēacnum (instrumental masculine plural)
bearnēacenum (feminine instrumental plural)
bearnēacnum (feminine instrumental plural)
bearnēacenum (instrumental neuter plural)
bearnēacnum (instrumental neuter plural)
bearnēacena (masculine nominative singular)
bearnēacna (masculine nominative singular)
bearnēacene (feminine nominative singular)
bearnēacne (feminine nominative singular)
bearnēacene (neuter nominative singular)
bearnēacne (neuter nominative singular)
bearnēacenan (accusative masculine singular)
bearnēacnan (accusative masculine singular)
bearnēacenan (accusative feminine singular)
bearnēacnan (accusative feminine singular)
bearnēacene (accusative neuter singular)
bearnēacne (accusative neuter singular)
bearnēacenan (genitive masculine singular)
bearnēacnan (genitive masculine singular)
bearnēacenan (feminine genitive singular)
bearnēacnan (feminine genitive singular)
bearnēacenan (genitive neuter singular)
bearnēacnan (genitive neuter singular)
bearnēacenan (dative masculine singular)
bearnēacnan (dative masculine singular)
bearnēacenan (dative feminine singular)
bearnēacnan (dative feminine singular)
bearnēacenan (dative neuter singular)
bearnēacnan (dative neuter singular)
bearnēacenan (instrumental masculine singular)
bearnēacnan (instrumental masculine singular)
bearnēacenan (feminine instrumental singular)
bearnēacnan (feminine instrumental singular)
bearnēacenan (instrumental neuter singular)
bearnēacnan (instrumental neuter singular)
bearnēacenan (masculine nominative plural)
bearnēacnan (masculine nominative plural)
bearnēacenan (feminine nominative plural)
bearnēacnan (feminine nominative plural)
bearnēacenan (neuter nominative plural)
bearnēacnan (neuter nominative plural)
bearnēacenan (accusative masculine plural)
bearnēacnan (accusative masculine plural)
bearnēacenan (accusative feminine plural)
bearnēacnan (accusative feminine plural)
bearnēacenan (accusative neuter plural)
bearnēacnan (accusative neuter plural)
bearnēacenra (genitive masculine plural)
bearnēacenena (genitive masculine plural)
bearnēacnena (genitive masculine plural)
bearnēacenra (feminine genitive plural)
bearnēacenena (feminine genitive plural)
bearnēacnena (feminine genitive plural)
bearnēacenra (genitive neuter plural)
bearnēacenena (genitive neuter plural)
bearnēacnena (genitive neuter plural)
bearnēacenum (dative masculine plural)
bearnēacnum (dative masculine plural)
bearnēacenum (dative feminine plural)
bearnēacnum (dative feminine plural)
bearnēacenum (dative neuter plural)
bearnēacnum (dative neuter plural)
bearnēacenum (instrumental masculine plural)
bearnēacnum (instrumental masculine plural)
bearnēacenum (feminine instrumental plural)
bearnēacnum (feminine instrumental plural)
bearnēacenum (instrumental neuter plural)
bearnēacnum (instrumental neuter plural)

/ˈbæ͜ɑrnˌæ͜ɑː.ken/

[ˈbæ͜ɑrˠnˌæ͜ɑː.ken]

bearn (“child”) + ēacen (“enlarged, pregnant”). Compare Old Norse barni aukinn (“pregnant with child”).

cog

Nū iċ wāt ġewiss þæt iċ eom bearnēacnu.

"Incer dohtor is fīf mōnaþa bearnēacnu," cwæþ sē lǣċe.

"Your daughter is five months pregnant," said the doctor.


agan

āgan (canonical)
āgan (infinitive)
āgenne (infinitive)
āh (first-person present singular)
āhte (first-person past singular)
āhst (present second-person singular)
āhtest (past second-person singular)
āh (present singular third-person)
āhte (past singular third-person)
āgon (plural present)
āhton (past plural)
āge (present singular)
āhte (past singular)
āgen (plural present)
āhten (past plural)
āge (imperative past present singular)
āgaþ (imperative past plural present)
āgende (imperative present)
āgen (imperative past)
ġeāgen (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: owen, ouen, own, owe, awen, aȝen
English: owe (present tense), ought (past tense), own (past participle)
Scots: aw, awe

From Proto-West Germanic *aigan, from Proto-Germanic *aiganą.

forþon ne mæġ wearþan wīs · wer, ǣr hē āge
wintra dǣl in woruldrīċe. · Wita sċeal ġeþyldiġ.

thus a man cannot become wise, before he would own
a part of years in world-kingdom. A wise man must be patient.


agan

āgān (canonical)
āgān (infinitive)
āgānne (infinitive)
āgā (first-person present singular)
āēode (first-person past singular)
āgǣst (present second-person singular)
āēodest (past second-person singular)
āgǣþ (present singular third-person)
āēode (past singular third-person)
āgāþ (plural present)
āēodon (past plural)
āgā (present singular)
āēode (past singular)
āgān (plural present)
āēoden (past plural)
āgā (imperative past present singular)
āgāþ (imperative past plural present)
āgānde (imperative present)
āgān (imperative past)

From Proto-West Germanic *uʀgān. Equivalent to ā- + gān.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 7:30

When she entered her house, she found the girl lying in her bed and the demon gone.

Þā hēo on hire hūs ēode, hēo ġemētte þæt mæġden on hire bedde liċġende and þæt dēofol ūt āgān.

to go out, (in the past participle) gone


-þ

-þ (nominative singular)
-þa (nominative plural)
-þe (nominative plural)
-þe (accusative singular)
-þa (accusative plural)
-þe (accusative plural)
-þe (genitive singular)
-þa (genitive plural)
-þe (dative singular)
-þum (dative plural)

Middle English: -the, -ðe, -ðhe, -eth, -ethe, -ith, -ithe, -th, -þ, -þe, -yth, -t, -te (following fricatives)
English: -th, -t
Scots: -th, -t

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-iþu, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō.

inh+

fūl (“foul, polluted”) + -þ → fȳlþ (“filth, foulness”)

earm (“poor”) + -þ → iermþ (“poverty”)

þēof (“thief”) + -þ → þīefþ (“theft”)

forming abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns; generally causing mutation of root or preceding vowels


-þ

-þ (nominative singular)
-þa (nominative plural)
-þ (accusative singular)
-þa (accusative plural)
-þa (genitive singular)
-þa (genitive plural)
-þa (dative singular)
-þum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe, -t, -te (following fricatives) (conflated with -þ < *-þiz)
English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-þu, from Proto-Germanic *-þuz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus.

fyrhþ


-þ

-þ (nominative singular)
-þe (nominative plural)
-þa (nominative plural)
-þ (accusative singular)
-þe (accusative singular)
-þe (accusative plural)
-þa (accusative plural)
-þe (genitive singular)
-þa (genitive plural)
-þe (dative singular)
-þum (dative plural)

Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe, -t, -te (following fricatives) (conflated with -þ < *-þuz)
English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-þi, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tis.

wifþ

(non-productive) forming abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns; generally causing mutation of root or preceding vowels


eam

ēam (canonical masculine)
ēamas (nominative plural)
ēam (nominative singular)
ēamas (nominative plural)
ēam (accusative singular)
ēamas (accusative plural)
ēames (genitive singular)
ēama (genitive plural)
ēame (dative singular)
ēamum (dative plural)

Middle English: em, eam, eem, eeme, eme, heme, nem, æem, æm, eom, heam, yem (Early Middle English), eame, eyme (Late Middle English)
English: eam, eme (dialectal)
Scots: eme

Contracted from earlier *ēahām, from Proto-West Germanic *auhaim (“maternal uncle”).
See also Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐍉 (awō, “grandmother”); Latin avus (“grandfather”), avunculus (“uncle”), dialectal Russian уй (uj, “maternal uncle”), Ukrainian вуй (vuj, “uncle”), all from Proto-Indo-European *awos, *h₂éwh₂os (“maternal uncle, maternal grandfather”). The word is cognate with Old Frisian ēm, Middle Dutch oom (Dutch oom), Old High German oheim (German Oheim, Ohm).


eam

From Proto-Germanic *immi (“I am”), a form of *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésmi (“am”). More at am.

Mercian and Early West Saxon form of eom


cild

ċild (canonical neuter)
ċild (nominative singular)
ċildru (nominative plural)
ċild (accusative singular)
ċildru (accusative plural)
ċildes (genitive singular)
ċildra (genitive plural)
ċilde (dative singular)
ċildrum (dative plural)
ċild (nominative singular)
ċild (nominative plural)
ċild (accusative singular)
ċild (accusative plural)
ċildes (genitive singular)
ċilda (genitive plural)
ċilde (dative singular)
ċildum (dative plural)

Middle English: child

English: child

Scots: child

From Proto-West Germanic *kilþ, *kelþ, from Proto-Germanic *kelþaz (“womb; fetus”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Basilius, Bishop"
He be-het þæt he wolde and se halga ge-bæd for þæt seoce cyld and him wæs sona bet.

He promised that he would, and the saint prayed for the sick child, and he was instantly better.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Þā ċildru rīdaþ on heora stafum and maniġfealde plegan plegaþ þǣr hīe hyriaþ ealdum mannum.

The children ride their sticks and play all kinds of games where they imitate adults.

c. 992, Ælfric, “The Deposition of St. Cuthbert, Bishop”
Sē ēadega Cūðbeorht, þā þā hē wæs eahtawintre ċild, rann swā swā him his nytenlīċe ield tyhte plegende mid his efnealdum.

The blessed Cuthbert, when he was an eight-year-old child, was running around like his innocent age urged him to do and playing with his peers.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 2:12

You will find a baby wrapped in swaddling clothes and lying in a manger.

Ġē ġemētaþ ān ċild hræġlum bewunden and on binne āleġd.


wurde

inflection of weorþan:
second-person subjunctive singular

inflection of weorþan:
preterite subjunctive singular


sunu

suna (nominative plural)
sunu (nominative singular)
suna (nominative plural)
sunu (accusative singular)
suna (accusative plural)
suna (genitive singular)
suna (genitive plural)
suna (dative singular)
sunum (dative plural)

Middle English: sone, sune

English: son

Scots: son

From Proto-West Germanic *sunu, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian sunu, Old Saxon sunu, Dutch zoon, Old High German sunu (German Sohn), Old Norse sonr (Swedish son), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 (sunus). The Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit सूनु (sūnu), Lithuanian sūnus, Proto-Slavic *synъ (Old Church Slavonic сꙑнъ (synŭ), Russian сын (syn)); and more distantly of Ancient Greek υἱύς (huiús), Old Irish suth (“birth, fruit”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint George, Martyr"
Nāst þū lā Geori þæt ūre godas swincað mid þē and ġit hī synd ġeþyldiġe þæt hī þe miltsion. Nū lǣre ic ðē swā swā lēofne sunu þæt ðū þæra cristenra lāre forlǣte mid ealle and tō mīnum rǣde hraðe ġebūge swā þæt ðū offriġe þām ārwurðan Appoline and þū mycelne wurðmynt miht swā beġitan.

Knowest thou not, O George, that our gods are striving with thee, and even yet they are patient, that they may pity thee; now I exhort thee, as a beloved son, that thou altogether quit the Christians' doctrine, and quickly incline to my counsel, so that thou sacrifice to the venerable Apollo, and thou mayest so obtain great honour.


hunig

desctree

Middle English: hony
English: honey (see there for further descendants)
Scots: honey, hony, huny, hinny
Yola: henee, honi

From Proto-West Germanic *hunag, from Proto-Germanic *hunagą. Cognate with Old Frisian hunig, Old Saxon honeg, and Old High German honag; also Old Norse hunang, from the alternative form *hunangą.


bearn

bearn (nominative singular)
bearn (nominative plural)
bearn (accusative singular)
bearn (accusative plural)
bearnes (genitive singular)
bearna (genitive plural)
bearne (dative singular)
bearnum (dative plural)

Middle English: barn
English: barn (obsolete, dialectal)
Geordie English: bairn
Scots: bairn
→ English: bairn
Yola: barrn

From Proto-Germanic *barną. Cognate with Old Frisian bern, Old Saxon barn, Old Dutch *barn, Old High German barn, Old Norse barn, Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽 (barn). Related to beran.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Swīðe wynsum hit biþ þæt man wīf hæbbe and bearn.

It is very pleasant to have a wife and children.

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Hīe wǣron twēntiġ ġēara samod ǣr þon þe hīe bearn hæfdon.

They were together for twenty years before they had a child.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, "Gospel of Saint John", chapter 13, verse 33

O children, now yet I am little time with you. You seek me; and as I told the Jews, You cannot go to there which I go; and now I tell you.

Lā bearn, nū gȳt ic eom ġehwǣde tīd mid ēow. Ġē mē sēceað; and swā ic þām Iudeon sǣde, Ġē ne magon faran þyder þe ic fare; and nū ic ēow secge.


bearn

first/third-person singular preterite of beirnan


bearn

Middle English: bern, barn, baryn, bærn, berne
English: barn
Scots: bern
Yola: barrn

Contraction of bereern, bereærn (literally “barley-place”), equivalent to bere + ærn.


carles wæn

Middle English: Charlewayn

English: Charles' Wain

From carles (“peasant's”) + wǣn (“wagon”).

Carles wæn ne gæþ næfre adune under ðyssere eorþan, swa swa oðre tunglan doþ

Carl’s Wain never goes under the earth as other constellations do

the Big Dipper; the Great Bear, Ursa Major


wægn

wæġn (canonical masculine)
wæġn (nominative singular)
wæġnas (nominative plural)
wæġn (accusative singular)
wæġnas (accusative plural)
wæġnes (genitive singular)
wæġna (genitive plural)
wæġne (dative singular)
wæġnum (dative plural)

Middle English: wayn, wain, wein, weyne, weine, wayne, wayen, wene, wen, waȝȝn, waynne, wane
English: wain
Scots: wain, wayn, wane

From Proto-Germanic *wagnaz. Cognate with Old Frisian wein, Old Saxon wagan, Old High German wagan, and Old Norse vagn. The Indo-European root is also the source of way and weigh.


riþ

Middle English: rīth

Middle English: rith

From Proto-West Germanic *rīþ, from Proto-Germanic *rīþiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃riHtís. Cognate with Old Frisian ryd, Middle Low German rid.


rimcræft

rīmcræft (canonical masculine)
rīmcræft (nominative singular)
rīmcræftas (nominative plural)
rīmcræft (accusative singular)
rīmcræftas (accusative plural)
rīmcræftes (genitive singular)
rīmcræfta (genitive plural)
rīmcræfte (dative singular)
rīmcræftum (dative plural)


gifu

ġifu (canonical feminine)
ġifu (nominative singular)
ġifa (nominative plural)
ġife (nominative plural)
ġife (accusative singular)
ġifa (accusative plural)
ġife (accusative plural)
ġife (genitive singular)
ġifa (genitive plural)
ġifena (genitive plural)
ġife (dative singular)
ġifum (dative plural)


fyr

fȳr (canonical neuter)
fȳr (nominative singular)
fȳr (nominative plural)
fȳr (accusative singular)
fȳr (accusative plural)
fȳres (genitive singular)
fȳra (genitive plural)
fȳre (dative singular)
fȳrum (dative plural)

Middle English: fyr, fier, vir, fer, fur
English: fire
→ Japanese: ファイヤー (faiyā)
Sranan Tongo: faya
Scots: fyre, feier
Yola: vire, vier

From Proto-West Germanic *fuir, from Proto-Germanic *fōr, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Another Vision"
Sē līeġ wæs mid manna sāwlum āfylled, and hīe āsprungon upp mid þām fȳre swā swā spearcan.

The flame was filled with people's souls, and they sprang up with the fire like sparks.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, year 473

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 14:54

He sat with the guards and warmed himself by the fire.

Hē sæt mid þām weardum and wiermde hine æt þǣm fȳre.


cræft

cræft (nominative singular)
cræftas (nominative plural)
cræft (accusative singular)
cræftas (accusative plural)
cræftes (genitive singular)
cræfta (genitive plural)
cræfte (dative singular)
cræftum (dative plural)

Middle English: craft, creft

English: craft

Scots: craft

From Proto-West Germanic *kraftu, from Proto-Germanic *kraftuz.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Ġȳt ġyf ðē þurh ōðerne creft hwilcne findan þā ðe þē findan, forġyf mē þone creft.

If by any other power they find Thee who do find Thee, give me that power.


regnboga

reġnboga (canonical masculine)
reġnboga (nominative singular)
reġnbogan (nominative plural)
reġnbogan (accusative singular)
reġnbogan (accusative plural)
reġnbogan (genitive singular)
reġnbogena (genitive plural)
reġnbogan (dative singular)
reġnbogum (dative plural)

Middle English: reynbowe, raynbowe, raynebowe, rayne-bowe, reinbow, reinbowe, rein-bowe, reynebawe, reynebow, reynebowe, rainbou, rainbow, rayn-boghe (Northern)
English: rainbow
Scots: rainbow

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *regnabogō, from Proto-Germanic *regnabugô. Cognate with Old Frisian reinboga, Old Saxon *reganbogo, Old Dutch *reganbogo, Old High German reginbogo, and Old Norse regnbogi. Equivalent to reġn (“rain”) + boga (“bow”).


agen

Variant of Old English ongēan (“again, eft, back”).

Se þe nis aġēn ēow, se is for ēow.

Þīn brōðor hæfþ ǣnig þing aġēn þē.


agen

Þe þē slihþ on þīn gewenge, wend ōðer aġēn.

Who strikes thee on thine cheek, offer also the other.

Þā wende hē on scype aġēn.


agen

āgen (canonical)
āgen (masculine nominative singular)
āgenu (feminine nominative singular)
āgnu (feminine nominative singular)
āgeno (feminine nominative singular)
āgno (feminine nominative singular)
āgen (neuter nominative singular)
āgenne (accusative masculine singular)
āgene (accusative feminine singular)
āgne (accusative feminine singular)
āgen (accusative neuter singular)
āgenes (genitive masculine singular)
āgnes (genitive masculine singular)
āgenre (feminine genitive singular)
āgenes (genitive neuter singular)
āgnes (genitive neuter singular)
āgenum (dative masculine singular)
āgnum (dative masculine singular)
āgenre (dative feminine singular)
āgenum (dative neuter singular)
āgnum (dative neuter singular)
āgene (instrumental masculine singular)
āgne (instrumental masculine singular)
āgenre (feminine instrumental singular)
āgene (instrumental neuter singular)
āgne (instrumental neuter singular)
āgene (masculine nominative plural)
āgne (masculine nominative plural)
āgena (feminine nominative plural)
āgna (feminine nominative plural)
āgene (feminine nominative plural)
āgne (feminine nominative plural)
āgenu (neuter nominative plural)
āgnu (neuter nominative plural)
āgeno (neuter nominative plural)
āgno (neuter nominative plural)
āgene (accusative masculine plural)
āgne (accusative masculine plural)
āgena (accusative feminine plural)
āgna (accusative feminine plural)
āgene (accusative feminine plural)
āgne (accusative feminine plural)
āgenu (accusative neuter plural)
āgnu (accusative neuter plural)
āgeno (accusative neuter plural)
āgno (accusative neuter plural)
āgenra (genitive masculine plural)
āgenra (feminine genitive plural)
āgenra (genitive neuter plural)
āgenum (dative masculine plural)
āgnum (dative masculine plural)
āgenum (dative feminine plural)
āgnum (dative feminine plural)
āgenum (dative neuter plural)
āgnum (dative neuter plural)
āgenum (instrumental masculine plural)
āgnum (instrumental masculine plural)
āgenum (feminine instrumental plural)
āgnum (feminine instrumental plural)
āgenum (instrumental neuter plural)
āgnum (instrumental neuter plural)
āgena (masculine nominative singular)
āgna (masculine nominative singular)
āgene (feminine nominative singular)
āgne (feminine nominative singular)
āgene (neuter nominative singular)
āgne (neuter nominative singular)
āgenan (accusative masculine singular)
āgnan (accusative masculine singular)
āgenan (accusative feminine singular)
āgnan (accusative feminine singular)
āgene (accusative neuter singular)
āgne (accusative neuter singular)
āgenan (genitive masculine singular)
āgnan (genitive masculine singular)
āgenan (feminine genitive singular)
āgnan (feminine genitive singular)
āgenan (genitive neuter singular)
āgnan (genitive neuter singular)
āgenan (dative masculine singular)
āgnan (dative masculine singular)
āgenan (dative feminine singular)
āgnan (dative feminine singular)
āgenan (dative neuter singular)
āgnan (dative neuter singular)
āgenan (instrumental masculine singular)
āgnan (instrumental masculine singular)
āgenan (feminine instrumental singular)
āgnan (feminine instrumental singular)
āgenan (instrumental neuter singular)
āgnan (instrumental neuter singular)
āgenan (masculine nominative plural)
āgnan (masculine nominative plural)
āgenan (feminine nominative plural)
āgnan (feminine nominative plural)
āgenan (neuter nominative plural)
āgnan (neuter nominative plural)
āgenan (accusative masculine plural)
āgnan (accusative masculine plural)
āgenan (accusative feminine plural)
āgnan (accusative feminine plural)
āgenan (accusative neuter plural)
āgnan (accusative neuter plural)
āgenra (genitive masculine plural)
āgenena (genitive masculine plural)
āgnena (genitive masculine plural)
āgenra (feminine genitive plural)
āgenena (feminine genitive plural)
āgnena (feminine genitive plural)
āgenra (genitive neuter plural)
āgenena (genitive neuter plural)
āgnena (genitive neuter plural)
āgenum (dative masculine plural)
āgnum (dative masculine plural)
āgenum (dative feminine plural)
āgnum (dative feminine plural)
āgenum (dative neuter plural)
āgnum (dative neuter plural)
āgenum (instrumental masculine plural)
āgnum (instrumental masculine plural)
āgenum (feminine instrumental plural)
āgnum (feminine instrumental plural)
āgenum (instrumental neuter plural)
āgnum (instrumental neuter plural)

desc

Middle English: aghen, oghn, aȝen, oȝen, awen, owen

English: own

Scots: awn, ain

Literally ‘owned’: originally the past participle of āgan. Corresponding to Old Dutch eigan (Dutch eigen), Old High German eigan (German eigen), Old Norse eiginn (Swedish egen).

Godes āgen bearn. ― God’s own child. (Cædmon’s Metrical Paraphrase)

late 10th century, Ælfric, "On Auguries"
Þas twa gesceafta habbað gesceadwisnysse and ælc man hæfð agenne freodom...

These two creations possess reason, and every man hath his own freedom...

āgenspræċ

one's own tongue, an idiom, the peculiarity of a language, idioma


agen

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Agnes, Virgin"
se fæder and seo modor mid mycelre blysse gelæhton hyre lic and gelæddon to heora agenum,...

Her father and her mother, with great joy, took her body, and brought it to their own house,...


gutt

gutt (nominative singular)
guttas (nominative plural)
gutt (accusative singular)
guttas (accusative plural)
guttes (genitive singular)
gutta (genitive plural)
gutte (dative singular)
guttum (dative plural)

Middle English: gut, gutt, gott

English: gut

Scots: gut

From Proto-West Germanic *gutt, a byform of Proto-West Germanic *gutō, from Proto-Germanic *gutô (“channel, trough, gutter”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”).


nese

From ne (“not”) + sīe (“let it be”). Compare ġīese (“"yes"; literally, "so be it"”), whence English yes. More at ne, wesan.

"Gospel of Saint John", chapter 9, verse 9

Some said, it is him; some said, No, but instead is similar to him. He said truly, it is me.

Sume cwǣdon, Hē hyt is; sume cwǣdon, Nese, ac is him ġelīc. Hē cwæþ sōðlīce, ic hit eom.


hengest

henġest (canonical masculine)
henġest (nominative singular)
henġestas (nominative plural)
henġest (accusative singular)
henġestas (accusative plural)
henġestes (genitive singular)
henġesta (genitive plural)
henġeste (dative singular)
henġestum (dative plural)

desc

⇒ Middle English: henxman, henxtman, henshman

English: henchman

→ Scots: hanchman

Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *hangist, from Proto-Germanic *hangistaz.

Ān hundred wildra horsa and sixtīene tame henġestas

a hundred wild horses and sixteen tame stallions. (Diplomatarium Anglicum)


aþ

āþ (canonical masculine)
āþ (nominative singular)
āþas (nominative plural)
āþ (accusative singular)
āþas (accusative plural)
āþes (genitive singular)
āþa (genitive plural)
āþe (dative singular)
āþum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: oth, ooth, ath
English: oath
Scots: aith
Yola: oathès (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *aiþ, from Proto-Germanic *aiþaz (“oath”).

he aþ swereþ þurh his selfes lif

c. 7th century, Cædmon, Caedmon's metrical paraphrase of parts of the Holy Scriptures:


eoten

eoten (nominative singular)
eotenas (nominative plural)
eoten (accusative singular)
eotenas (accusative plural)
eotenes (genitive singular)
eotena (genitive plural)
eotene (dative singular)
eotenum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: eten, eotend, eatant, yoten, geten

English: etten, ettin, eaton

Scots: etin, etyn, eattin, yetin

From Proto-West Germanic *etun, cognate with Old Norse jǫtunn (Swedish jätte, Danish jætte). Related to eat, see Proto-Germanic *etunaz.


ær

ang-adj

ǣr (comparative ǣrra, superlative ǣrest)

ǣr (canonical)
ǣrra (comparative)
ǣrest (superlative)
ǣr (masculine nominative singular)
ǣr (feminine nominative singular)
ǣr (neuter nominative singular)
ǣrne (accusative masculine singular)
ǣre (accusative feminine singular)
ǣr (accusative neuter singular)
ǣres (genitive masculine singular)
ǣrre (feminine genitive singular)
ǣres (genitive neuter singular)
ǣrum (dative masculine singular)
ǣrre (dative feminine singular)
ǣrum (dative neuter singular)
ǣre (instrumental masculine singular)
ǣrre (feminine instrumental singular)
ǣre (instrumental neuter singular)
ǣre (masculine nominative plural)
ǣra (feminine nominative plural)
ǣre (feminine nominative plural)
ǣr (neuter nominative plural)
ǣre (accusative masculine plural)
ǣra (accusative feminine plural)
ǣre (accusative feminine plural)
ǣr (accusative neuter plural)
ǣrra (genitive masculine plural)
ǣrra (feminine genitive plural)
ǣrra (genitive neuter plural)
ǣrum (dative masculine plural)
ǣrum (dative feminine plural)
ǣrum (dative neuter plural)
ǣrum (instrumental masculine plural)
ǣrum (feminine instrumental plural)
ǣrum (instrumental neuter plural)
ǣra (masculine nominative singular)
ǣre (feminine nominative singular)
ǣre (neuter nominative singular)
ǣran (accusative masculine singular)
ǣran (accusative feminine singular)
ǣre (accusative neuter singular)
ǣran (genitive masculine singular)
ǣran (feminine genitive singular)
ǣran (genitive neuter singular)
ǣran (dative masculine singular)
ǣran (dative feminine singular)
ǣran (dative neuter singular)
ǣran (instrumental masculine singular)
ǣran (feminine instrumental singular)
ǣran (instrumental neuter singular)
ǣran (masculine nominative plural)
ǣran (feminine nominative plural)
ǣran (neuter nominative plural)
ǣran (accusative masculine plural)
ǣran (accusative feminine plural)
ǣran (accusative neuter plural)
ǣrra (genitive masculine plural)
ǣrena (genitive masculine plural)
ǣrra (feminine genitive plural)
ǣrena (feminine genitive plural)
ǣrra (genitive neuter plural)
ǣrena (genitive neuter plural)
ǣrum (dative masculine plural)
ǣrum (dative feminine plural)
ǣrum (dative neuter plural)
ǣrum (instrumental masculine plural)
ǣrum (feminine instrumental plural)
ǣrum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-Germanic *airiz, originally a comparative form (=‘earlier’).


ær

Hēo becōm ānre niht ǣr mē.

Earge sweltaþ manigum sīðum ǣr heora dēaðum.

Cowards die many times before their deaths.


ær

forþon ne mæġ wearþan wīs · wer, ǣr hē āge
wintra dǣl in woruldrīċe. · Wita sċeal ġeþyldiġ.

thus a man cannot become wise, before he would own
a part of years in world-kingdom. A wise man must be patient.

Ne telle man nānne mann ġesǣliġne ǣr hē biþ dēad.

No one should be considered lucky until he is dead.

Ǣr þon þe hē hit cwæþ, nyste hē nā hwæt hē cweðan wolde.

Until he said it, he did not know what he was going to say.

c. 992, Ælfric, "THE PASSION OF THE APOSTLES PETER AND PAUL"
"Paulus cwæð to Petre, "Broðer, þu wære Gode gecoren ær ic,

Paul said to Peter, "Brother, thou wast chosen of God before me


ær

desctree

Middle English: er
English: ere
Scots: air
Yola: ear

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Purification of St. Mary"
Uton fon nu on þæt godspel ðær we hit ǣr forlēton.

Let us now resume the gospel where we previously left it.

c. 992, Ælfric, "For Palm Sunday"
Þam folce wearð cūð þæt se Hælend arærde lytle ær Lazarum of deaðe, seðe læg stincende feower niht on byrgene: þa comon þa togeanes Criste þe geleaffulle wæron, mid þam wurðmynte, swa we ǣr cwædon.

It was known to the people that Christ a little before had raised Lazarus from death, who had lain stinking four nights in the grave: then those, who were believing, came to meet Christ with the honours which we have already mentioned.


eofor

eofor (nominative singular)
eoforas (nominative plural)
eofor (accusative singular)
eoforas (accusative plural)
eofores (genitive singular)
eofora (genitive plural)
eofore (dative singular)
eoforum (dative plural)

Middle English: ēver

From Proto-West Germanic *ebur.
Cognate with Old Saxon ebur, Dutch ever, Old High German ebur (German Eber), Old Norse jǫfurr, also Latin aper.