writan

wrītan (canonical)
wrītan (infinitive)
wrītenne (infinitive)
wrīte (first-person present singular)
wrāt (first-person past singular)
wrītst (present second-person singular)
write (past second-person singular)
wrītt (present singular third-person)
wrīt (present singular third-person)
wrāt (past singular third-person)
wrītaþ (plural present)
writon (past plural)
wrīte (present singular)
write (past singular)
wrīten (plural present)
writen (past plural)
wrīt (imperative past present singular)
wrītaþ (imperative past plural present)
wrītende (imperative present)
writen (imperative past)
ġewriten (imperative past)

Middle English: writen; (ritten)

Scots: writ, wryte, wret; (rit)

English: write

From Proto-West Germanic *wrītan, from Proto-Germanic *wrītaną.


fleogan

flēogan (canonical)
flēogan (infinitive)
flēogenne (infinitive)
flēoge (first-person present singular)
flēag (first-person past singular)
flēah (first-person past singular)
flīeġst (present second-person singular)
fluge (past second-person singular)
flīeġþ (present singular third-person)
flēag (past singular third-person)
flēah (past singular third-person)
flēogaþ (plural present)
flugon (past plural)
flēoge (present singular)
fluge (past singular)
flēogen (plural present)
flugen (past plural)
flēog (imperative past present singular)
flēoh (imperative past present singular)
flēogaþ (imperative past plural present)
flēogende (imperative present)
flogen (imperative past)
ġeflogen (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: flien, fleȝhenn, flyyn, fleye, flye, fliȝe, flei, fley, flyen, fleen, flen
English: fly
Scots: fle
Yola: vlee

From Proto-West Germanic *fleugan, from Proto-Germanic *fleuganą, from Proto-Indo-European *plewk-.
Cognate with Old Frisian fliāga (West Frisian fleane), Old Saxon fliogan (Low German flegen), Old Dutch fliogan (Dutch vliegen), Old High German fliogan (German fliegen), Old Norse fljúga (Swedish flyga). The Proto-Indo-European root is also the source of Lithuanian plaũkti (“swim”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Efne þā on middere nihte wearþ myċel eorþstyrung, and godes enċġel flēah fǣrlīċe tō þām cwearterne...

Behold! then, at midnight, there was a great earthquake, and the angel of god flew suddenly to the prison...

(figurative, by extension) to move quickly


hweol

hwēol (canonical neuter)
hwēol (nominative singular)
hwēol (nominative plural)
hwēol (accusative singular)
hwēol (accusative plural)
hwēoles (genitive singular)
hwēola (genitive plural)
hwēole (dative singular)
hwēolum (dative plural)

Middle English: whel, ȝweol, hwel, qweel, qwel, qwele, qwell, qweyll, wele, wheel, wheele, whele, whelle, wheol, wheyle, wheylle
English: wheel
→ Maori: wīra
Middle Scots: quhel, quhele, quheil, quheile
Scots: wheel
Yola: wheel

From Proto-Germanic *hweulō, plural of *hwehwlą, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷléh₂, plural of *kʷekʷlóm, *kʷékʷlos, derived from the root *kʷel- (“going around”). Cognate with Old Frisian hwēl, Old Saxon hwiol, and Old Norse hvél. Extra-Germanic cognates include Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos).


sprecan

sprecan (infinitive)
sprecenne (infinitive)
sprece (first-person present singular)
spræc (first-person past singular)
spricst (present second-person singular)
sprǣce (past second-person singular)
spricþ (present singular third-person)
spræc (past singular third-person)
sprecaþ (plural present)
sprǣcon (past plural)
sprece (present singular)
sprǣce (past singular)
sprecen (plural present)
sprǣcen (past plural)
sprec (imperative past present singular)
sprecaþ (imperative past plural present)
sprecende (imperative present)
sprecen (imperative past)
ġesprecen (imperative past)

Middle English: speken
English: speak
Scots: speke, speik

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
Saga mē, hwylc man ǣrest wǣre wið hund sprecende?

Tell me, who was the first man who spoke with a dog?

c. 890s, The Voyage of Ohthere and Wulfstan
Þā Finnas, him þūhte, and þā Beormas sprǣcon nēah ān ġeþēode.

The Sami, it seemed to him, and the Bjarmians spoke almost the same language.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 4:27

His disciples were amazed that he was talking to a woman, though none of them said "What are you looking for?" or "What are you saying to her?"

His leornungcneohtas wundrodon þæt hē wiþ wīf spræc, þēah heora nān ne cwæþ "Hwæt sēcst þū?" oþþe "Hwæt spricst þū wiþ hīe?"

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Paul the Apostle"
Petrus āna spræc for ealne þone hēap.

Peter by himself spoke for the whole group.


berstan

berstan (infinitive)
berstenne (infinitive)
berste (first-person present singular)
bærst (first-person past singular)
birst (present second-person singular)
burste (past second-person singular)
birst (present singular third-person)
bærst (past singular third-person)
berstaþ (plural present)
burston (past plural)
berste (present singular)
burste (past singular)
bersten (plural present)
bursten (past plural)
berst (imperative past present singular)
berstaþ (imperative past plural present)
berstende (imperative present)
borsten (imperative past)

Middle English: bresten, bersten

English: burst, bust

Scots: brist, bryst

From Proto-West Germanic *brestan (with e-r metathesis in West Germanic), from Proto-Germanic *brestaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰres- (“to burst, break, crack, split, separate”).
Cognate with Old Frisian bersta (West Frisian boarste), Old Saxon brestan (Low German basten), Dutch bersten, barsten, Old High German brestan German bersten), Old Norse bresta (Danish briste, Norwegian Bokmål briste, Swedish brista).

der

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Æfter þisum ġebede, bærst ūt of heofonum swȳþe fǣrlīċ fȳr and forbernde þæt templ, and ealle þā godas grundlunga suncon intō þǣre eorþan, and ne ætēowdon siþþan.

After this prayer, a very sudden fire burst out of the heavens and burned up the temple, and all the gods sunk completely into the earth, and have not appeared since.


ridan

rīdan (canonical)
rīdan (infinitive)
rīdenne (infinitive)
rīde (first-person present singular)
rād (first-person past singular)
rītst (present second-person singular)
ride (past second-person singular)
rītt (present singular third-person)
rīt (present singular third-person)
rād (past singular third-person)
rīdaþ (plural present)
ridon (past plural)
rīde (present singular)
ride (past singular)
rīden (plural present)
riden (past plural)
rīd (imperative past present singular)
rīdaþ (imperative past plural present)
rīdende (imperative present)
riden (imperative past)
ġeriden (imperative past)

Middle English: riden

English: ride

From Proto-West Germanic *rīdan, from Proto-Germanic *rīdaną.

Sē ridda rād on horse.

The Fonthill Letter
Wihtbord rād mid mē, and Beorhthelm rād þæder mid Æðelme.
Wihtbord rode with me, and Byrhthelm rode there with Æthelm.


sweltan

sweltan (infinitive)
sweltenne (infinitive)
swelte (first-person present singular)
swealt (first-person past singular)
swilst (present second-person singular)
swiltst (present second-person singular)
swulte (past second-person singular)
swilt (present singular third-person)
swealt (past singular third-person)
sweltaþ (plural present)
swulton (past plural)
swelte (present singular)
swulte (past singular)
swelten (plural present)
swulten (past plural)
swelt (imperative past present singular)
sweltaþ (imperative past plural present)
sweltende (imperative present)
swolten (imperative past)
ġeswolten (imperative past)

Middle English: swelten

English: swelt

Scots: swelt

desctree

Middle English: swelten, swelte, squelt, suelt, sweltan
English: swelt
Scots: swelt, swalt

From Proto-West Germanic *sweltan, from Proto-Germanic *sweltaną. Cognate with Old Saxon sweltan, Old Dutch *sweltan, Old High German swelzan, Old Norse svelta, Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌰𐌽 (swiltan).

Far þū wel! Ealle menn sċulon sweltan.


snaw

snāw (canonical masculine)
snāw (nominative singular)
snāwas (nominative plural)
snāw (accusative singular)
snāwas (accusative plural)
snāwes (genitive singular)
snāwa (genitive plural)
snāwe (dative singular)
snāwum (dative plural)

Middle English: snow, snaw, snowe, snawe, snowȝ, snoȝ, snogh, snou
English: snow
Scots: snaw
Yola: sneow, sneew, snowe, snow

From Proto-Germanic *snaiwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *snóygʷʰos.

baþian brimfuglas, · brǣdan feþra,
hrēosan hrīm ond snāw, · hagle ġemenġed.

bathe of sea-birds, spread of feathers,
fall of frost and snow, mingled with hail.


arian

ārian (canonical)
ārian (infinitive)
ārienne (infinitive)
āriġe (first-person present singular)
ārode (first-person past singular)
ārast (present second-person singular)
ārodest (past second-person singular)
āraþ (present singular third-person)
ārode (past singular third-person)
āriaþ (plural present)
ārodon (past plural)
āriġe (present singular)
ārode (past singular)
āriġen (plural present)
āroden (past plural)
āra (imperative past present singular)
āriaþ (imperative past plural present)
āriende (imperative present)
ārod (imperative past)
ġeārod (imperative past)

desc

Middle English: oren, aren, arenn (Ormulum)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *aiʀēn, from Proto-Germanic *aizāną (“to spare; protect; honour”); equivalent to ār (“honour”) + -ian.

inh

Nænegum arað leode Deniga ac he lust wigeð, swefeð ond sændeþ.

He spares none of the Danish people, but carries on his delight, slaying and dispatching.


geatwa

Possibly a metathetical form of ġetawa (“instrument”) from ġe- + tawian, with a sense of equipment being made and prepared. Identical in formation to frætwe (“treasure, ornaments”). More at taw and tool.


fryhtu

Middle English: fright, friȝt

English: fright

Scots: fricht


fyrhtu

desctree

Middle English: fright, friȝt, freyhte, fyrht, furht, frigt, fryȝt
English: fright
Scots: fricht

From Proto-West Germanic *furhtī, from Proto-Germanic *furhtį̄.


hlihhan

hlihhan (infinitive)
hlihhenne (infinitive)
hlihhe (first-person present singular)
hlōg (first-person past singular)
hlōh (first-person past singular)
hlihst (present second-person singular)
hlōge (past second-person singular)
hlihþ (present singular third-person)
hlōg (past singular third-person)
hlōh (past singular third-person)
hlihhaþ (plural present)
hlōgon (past plural)
hlihhe (present singular)
hlōge (past singular)
hlihhen (plural present)
hlōgen (past plural)
hlih (imperative past present singular)
hlihhaþ (imperative past plural present)
hlihhende (imperative present)
hlæġen (imperative past)
ġehlæġen (imperative past)


glæm

glǣm (canonical masculine)
glǣm (nominative singular)
glǣmas (nominative plural)
glǣm (accusative singular)
glǣmas (accusative plural)
glǣmes (genitive singular)
glǣma (genitive plural)
glǣme (dative singular)
glǣmum (dative plural)

Middle English: gleme

English: gleam

Scots: glem, gleme, gleim

From Proto-West Germanic *glaimi, from Proto-Germanic *glaimiz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰley- (“to shine”), from *ǵʰel- (“to shine, shimmer”).


flæsc

flǣsċ (canonical neuter)
flǣsċ (nominative singular)
flǣsċ (nominative plural)
flǣsċ (accusative singular)
flǣsċ (accusative plural)
flǣsċes (genitive singular)
flǣsċa (genitive plural)
flǣsċe (dative singular)
flǣsċum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: flesh
English: flesh
Scots: flesch
Yola: vleash, vlesh

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Eft cwæþ Mōȳses be þām ilcan, "Mīn sweord itt flǣsċ."

Moses also said about the same thing, "My sword eats flesh."

late 10th century, Life of Malchus
Uncer mete wæs healfsoden flǣsċ and uncer wǣta wæs olfenda meolc.

Our food was half-cooked meat and our drink was camel milk.


hæte

hǣte (canonical feminine)
hǣte (nominative singular)
hǣtan (accusative singular)
hǣtan (genitive singular)
hǣtan (dative singular)


glæs

glæs (nominative singular)
glasu (nominative plural)
glæs (accusative singular)
glasu (accusative plural)
glæses (genitive singular)
glasa (genitive plural)
glæse (dative singular)
glasum (dative plural)

Middle English: glas
English: glass (see there for further descendants)
Scots: gless, glass

From Proto-West Germanic *glas, from Proto-Germanic *glasą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel- (“to shine, shimmer, glow”). Compare Old Saxon glas, Old Dutch glas, Old High German glas, Old Norse gler.


gearn

ġearn (canonical neuter)
ġearn (nominative singular)
ġearn (nominative plural)
ġearn (accusative singular)
ġearn (accusative plural)
ġearnes (genitive singular)
ġearna (genitive plural)
ġearne (dative singular)
ġearnum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: yarn, ȝarn, ȝern, ȝerne, jarne, yarne, yeern
English: yarn
Scots: yairn

conflated with Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">garn</i>

Middle English: garn, garne (conflated with Old Norse garn)
English: garn (obsolete)

From Proto-Germanic *garną, whence also Old Saxon garn, Old High German garn, Old Norse garn. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰorn-, *ǵʰer- (“tharm, gut, intestine”).


deaþ

dēaþ (canonical masculine)
dēaþ (nominative singular)
dēaþas (nominative plural)
dēaþ (accusative singular)
dēaþas (accusative plural)
dēaþes (genitive singular)
dēaþa (genitive plural)
dēaþe (dative singular)
dēaþum (dative plural)

Middle English: deeth, deð, dæð, dæþ, deth, deþ, deeþ, deþe, dethe
English: death
Scots: deith, daith

From Proto-West Germanic *dauþu, from Proto-Germanic *dauþuz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰautus. Cognate with Old Frisian dāth, Old Saxon dōth, Old Dutch *dōth, Old High German tōd, Old Norse dauðr, Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 (dauþus).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Sebastian, Martyr"
...ac hī þurhwunodon swā þēah on þām ġewinne ōð dēað.

...but they nevertheless continued in that warfare till death.


godspel

godspel (nominative singular)
godspel (nominative plural)
godspel (accusative singular)
godspel (accusative plural)
godspelles (genitive singular)
godspella (genitive plural)
godspelle (dative singular)
godspellum (dative plural)


seolfor

seolfor (nominative singular)
seolfor (nominative plural)
seolfor (accusative singular)
seolfor (accusative plural)
seolfres (genitive singular)
seolfra (genitive plural)
seolfre (dative singular)
seolfrum (dative plural)

Middle English: silver, selver, seolver, sulver, sylver
English: silver, ☽, ☾ (alchemy)
Jamaican Creole: silva
→ Maori: hiriwa
→ Zulu: isiliva
Scots: silver, siller

From Proto-West Germanic *silubr, whence also Old High German silbar, Old Norse silfr.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...Næbbe ic seolfor ne gold, ic þē dō þæt ic hæbbe...

...I have neither silver nor gold, I give thee that I have...


dema

dēma (canonical masculine)
dēma (nominative singular)
dēman (nominative plural)
dēman (accusative singular)
dēman (accusative plural)
dēman (genitive singular)
dēmena (genitive plural)
dēman (dative singular)
dēmum (dative plural)

Middle English: deme

dēman (“to judge”) + -a (agent-noun suffix)


hæþ

hǣþ (canonical feminine)
hǣþ (nominative singular)
hǣþa (nominative plural)
hǣþe (nominative plural)
hǣþe (accusative singular)
hǣþa (accusative plural)
hǣþe (accusative plural)
hǣþe (genitive singular)
hǣþa (genitive plural)
hǣþe (dative singular)
hǣþum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: heeth, heth, hethe, hath, hathe, hoth, hothe
English: heath, heather
Scots: haithe (in compounds)

From Proto-West Germanic *haiþi. Cognate with Middle Dutch hede (Dutch hei), Old High German heida (German Heide), Old Norse heiðr, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹 (haiþi).


wæpen

wǣpen (canonical neuter)
wǣpnu (nominative plural)
wǣpen (nominative singular)
wǣpnu (nominative plural)
wǣpen (accusative singular)
wǣpnu (accusative plural)
wǣpnes (genitive singular)
wǣpna (genitive plural)
wǣpne (dative singular)
wǣpnum (dative plural)


sibb

sibb (nominative singular)
sibba (nominative plural)
sibbe (nominative plural)
sibbe (accusative singular)
sibba (accusative plural)
sibbe (accusative plural)
sibbe (genitive singular)
sibba (genitive plural)
sibbe (dative singular)
sibbum (dative plural)

Middle English: sibbe, sib

English: sib

Scots: sib

→ Norn: sib (?)

From Proto-Germanic *sibjō, cognate with German Sippe, from Proto-Indo-European *swé, also found in the ethnonym Suebi.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The First Sunday after Easter"
Se Hælend cwæð to him, "Beo sibb betwux ēow." For sibbe com Crist to mannum, and sibbe he bead and tæhte, and nis nan ðing him gecwēme þe bið būtan sibbe ġedōn.

Jesus said to them, "Peace be among you." For peace Christ came to men, and peace he enjoined and taught, and nothing is to him acceptable which is done without peace.


eorþe

eorþe (nominative singular)
eorþan (nominative plural)
eorþan (accusative singular)
eorþan (accusative plural)
eorþan (genitive singular)
eorþena (genitive plural)
eorþan (dative singular)
eorþum (dative plural)

Middle English: erthe, eerthe, eorthe, eorþe, oerþe, oerþ, ereth, erth, erþ, erþe, irthe, yrþe, orþe, ȝorthe, horþe, horðe, urþe, urthe, hurde, erde, earþe, erðe, eorðe, eorth, herðe (Early Middle English)
English: earth, Earth
Scots: erd (influenced by erd)
Yola: erth, eart, eard, eorth, eord

From Proto-West Germanic *erþu, from Proto-Germanic *erþō.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexameron

The Earth isn't on top of anything: it floats in the air.

Sēo eorðe ne liġþ on nānum þinge, ac hēo stent on lofte.


þurh

Middle English: thurgh, thruh, thorouȝ, thoruh, thuruh, thurh, thrugh, thruch, thoruȝ, þoruȝ, trugh
English: through, thorough
Scots: throuch, thorow
Yola: trugh, draugh

From Proto-Germanic *þurhw, from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to pass through”).

der

Þā cempan cōmon hēr þurh and ofslōgon ealle.

The soldiers came through here and killed everyone.

Þurh reġn and snāw and þā þīestran dene, iċ þē wille beran, þæt iċ līfes āscunga ne āsciġe.

Through rain and snow and the dark valley, I want to carry you, without asking the questions of life.

Candel ne forlīest nāwiht þurh þæt þe hēo ōðre candle æleþ.

A candle loses nothing by lighting another candle.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Sē wer meahte unēaðe þurh hine selfne ārīsan oþþe gān.

The man could barely get up or walk by himself.


muþ

mūþ (canonical masculine)
mūþ (nominative singular)
mūþas (nominative plural)
mūþ (accusative singular)
mūþas (accusative plural)
mūþes (genitive singular)
mūþa (genitive plural)
mūþe (dative singular)
mūþum (dative plural)

Middle English: mouth

English: mouth

Scots: mooth

From Proto-West Germanic *munþ.
Cognates
Cognates include Old Frisian mūth, mund, mond (North Frisian müth, West Frisian mûn), Old Saxon mūth, Old Dutch mund (Dutch mond), Old High German mund (German Mund), Old Norse muðr, munnr (Danish mund, Icelandic munnur, Norwegian munn, Swedish mun), Gothic 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (munþs).

Iċ þurh mūþ sprece mongum reordum,…

I speak with many voices through mouth,…


beon

bēon (canonical)
bēon (infinitive)
bēonne (infinitive)
bēo (first-person present singular)
bist (present second-person singular)
biþ (present singular third-person)
bēoþ (plural present)
bēo (present singular)
bēon (plural present)
bēo (imperative past present singular)
bēoþ (imperative past plural present)
bēonde (imperative present)
bēon (imperative past)
ġebēon (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: been, be, bean, ben, beon, boen, seen, sen
English: be; been (dialectal)
Scots: be
Yola: ba, bee, be, b'

From Proto-West Germanic *beun, from Proto-Germanic *beuną (“to be”), related to būan (“to dwell”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰew-, *bʰuH-. The past tense forms are from Proto-Germanic *wesaną (from which also wesan), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Sē ðe gōd bēon wile, clypiġe tō ðām þe ǣfre is gōd, þæt hē hine gōdne ġewyrċe.

Let the one who wishes to be good call to the one who is always good so that he [the good one] will make him [the wisher] good.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of The Consolation of Philosophy
Þā cwæþ hē, "Wāst þū hwæt mann sīe?" Þā cwæþ iċ, "Iċ wāt þæt hit biþ sāwol and līchama."

Then he said, "Do you know what a person is?" So I said, "I know it's a soul and a body."

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Lord's Ascension"
Eft hē cwæð, "Iċ bēo mid ēow eallum dagum, ōð þisre worulde ġeendunge," sēðe lyfað and rīxað mid þām Ælmihtiġan Fæder and ðām Hālġum Gāste ā on ēċnysse. Āmen.

Again he said, "I will be with you on all days, until the ending of this world," who liveth and reigneth with the Almighty Father and the Holy Ghost ever to eternity. Amen.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of the Blessed Stephen Protomartyr"
Ǣlċ lof bið on ende ġesungen.

Blickling Homilies, "St. Andrew"
Wē bēoþ mid þē swā hwæder swā þū færest.


beon

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

inflection of bēo:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of bēo:
nominative/accusative plural


þurst

þurst (nominative singular)
þurstas (nominative plural)
þurst (accusative singular)
þurstas (accusative plural)
þurstes (genitive singular)
þursta (genitive plural)
þurste (dative singular)
þurstum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: þurst, thurst, thorst, thirst

English: thirst

Scots: thrist

From Proto-West Germanic *þurstu, from Proto-Germanic *þurstuz, from Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”).
Cognates include Ancient Greek τέρσομαι (térsomai), Albanian djersë (“sweat”), Sanskrit तृष्यति (tṛṣyati) and Latin terra.
The alternative form þyrst has the vocalism of þyrstan.


þistel

þistlas (nominative plural)
þistel (nominative singular)
þistlas (nominative plural)
þistel (accusative singular)
þistlas (accusative plural)
þistles (genitive singular)
þistla (genitive plural)
þistle (dative singular)
þistlum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: thistel, þistel, thystyl, þistil, thestel, thystylle, thystyll, þestel, thistill, þystel, þissle, thystul
English: thistle
Scots: thrissel

From Proto-West Germanic *þistil. Cognate with Old High German distil, Old Norse þistill.


heofon

heofon (nominative singular)
heofonas (nominative plural)
heofon (accusative singular)
heofonas (accusative plural)
heofones (genitive singular)
heofona (genitive plural)
heofone (dative singular)
heofonum (dative plural)
heofon (nominative singular)
heofona (nominative plural)
heofone (nominative plural)
heofone (accusative singular)
heofona (accusative plural)
heofone (accusative plural)
heofone (genitive singular)
heofona (genitive plural)
heofone (dative singular)
heofonum (dative plural)

Middle English: hevene, efne, even, evne, heaven, hefne, heoven, heovene, heven, hevyn, hewn, hewne, hæfene, hæfne, hæven, heffne, heofen, heofne, heofon, hoven (Early Middle English), heeven, hefen, heiven, heivin, hevin, hewuyn, heyven, hewen, hewyn (Northern)
English: heaven, Heaven
Scots: heiven, Heiven
Yola: heaaven, heoven

From Proto-West Germanic *hebn. Probably related to both Proto-West Germanic *himil and Proto-Germanic *himinaz, but the origins of the relationship are mysterious.

Eall þā lēaf sind brūn, and sē heofon grǣġ.

All the leaves are brown, and the sky is gray.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Sē heofon bringþ lēohte dagas and eft behileþ þæt lēoht mid þīestrum.

The sky brings bright days and then hides the light with darkness.

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Æfter þisum ġebede, bærst ūt of heofonum swȳþe fǣrlīċ fȳr and forbernde þæt templ, and ealle þā godas grundlunga suncon intō þǣre eorþan, and ne ætēowdon siþþan.

After this prayer, a very sudden fire burst out of the heavens and burned up the temple, and all the gods sunk completely into the earth, and have not appeared since.


þeod

þēod (canonical feminine)
þēod (nominative singular)
þēoda (nominative plural)
þēode (nominative plural)
þēode (accusative singular)
þēoda (accusative plural)
þēode (accusative plural)
þēode (genitive singular)
þēoda (genitive plural)
þēode (dative singular)
þēodum (dative plural)

Middle English: thede, þeode, þeod, þede, theode, thed
Scots: thede, theid

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...on þǣm twām Ægyptum [sindon] fēower and twēntiġ þēoda.

...in the two Egypts, there are twenty-four peoples.

1000-1020, Wulfstan archbishop of York Homilies
and hēo mihton sprecan on ǣghwylcere þēode ðe betwux heofonum and eorðan wǣre

and they could speak in every language there was between heaven and earth

(poetic) (in compounds) arch-, main, great


þeof

þēof (canonical masculine)
þēof (nominative singular)
þēofas (nominative plural)
þēof (accusative singular)
þēofas (accusative plural)
þēofes (genitive singular)
þēofa (genitive plural)
þēofe (dative singular)
þēofum (dative plural)

Middle English: thef, theef, theff, thyef, þef, þeef, þief, þyef, þeof, thefe
English: thief
Scots: thef, theif, thief

From Proto-Germanic *þeubaz. Cognate with Old Frisian thiāf, Old Saxon thiof, Old High German diob, Old Norse þjófr, Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (þiufs).

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Is nū ēac to witenne þæt man witnaþ foroft þā ārlēasan sċeaþan and þā swicolan þēofas...

It is also now known that we very often punish the honorless robbers and the treacherous thieves...


synn

synn (nominative singular)
synna (nominative plural)
synne (nominative plural)
synne (accusative singular)
synna (accusative plural)
synne (accusative plural)
synne (genitive singular)
synna (genitive plural)
synne (dative singular)
synnum (dative plural)

Middle English: synne, cynne, sin, sine, sinne, sunne, syn, synn, senne, zen, zenne (Kent), seonne (Early Middle English)
English: sin
Scots: sin

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *sunnju (“concern”), from Proto-Germanic *sunjō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.
Cognates include Old High German sunna (“justification”), Old Norse syn (“denial”), and Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 (sunja, “truth”). Replaced the reflex of Proto-West Germanic *sundi, which provides the word for "sin" in most other West Germanic languages.

inh+

Þū eart on cwearterne þīnra āgenra synna.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
Seo eahteoðe leahter is superbia gehaten þæt is on ænglisc modignyss gecweden. Seo is ord and ende ælcere synne. Seo geworhte englas to atelicum deoflum...

The eighth sin is called Superbia that is called Pride, in English, which is the beginning and end of every sin; it made angels into horrible devils,...


scield

sċield (canonical masculine)
sċield (nominative singular)
sċieldas (nominative plural)
sċield (accusative singular)
sċieldas (accusative plural)
sċieldes (genitive singular)
sċielda (genitive plural)
sċielde (dative singular)
sċieldum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: scheld, sheld, shild, shelde

Scots: scheld, scheild

English: shield


scamian

sċamian (canonical)
sċamian (infinitive)
sċamienne (infinitive)
sċamiġe (first-person present singular)
sċamode (first-person past singular)
sċamast (present second-person singular)
sċamodest (past second-person singular)
sċamaþ (present singular third-person)
sċamode (past singular third-person)
sċamiaþ (plural present)
sċamodon (past plural)
sċamiġe (present singular)
sċamode (past singular)
sċamiġen (plural present)
sċamoden (past plural)
sċama (imperative past present singular)
sċamiaþ (imperative past plural present)
sċamiende (imperative present)
sċamod (imperative past)
ġesċamod (imperative past)

From Proto-West Germanic *skamēn, from Proto-Germanic *skamāną.

c. 1013, Wulfstan, Sermon of the Wolf to the English
And þȳ is nū ġeworden wīde and sīde tō full yfelum ġewunan, þæt menn swīðor sċamaþ nū for gōddǣdum þonne for misdǣdum.

And so a very bad habit has now spread all over the country: these days, people are more ashamed of good deeds than bad deeds.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Mā manna hæfþ miċelne ġielp and miċel wuldor and miċelne weorþsċipe for dysiġes folces wēnan þonne hæbbe for his ġewyrhtum. Ac sæġe mē nū hwæt unġerisenlīcre sīe þonne þæt, oþþe for hwȳ hīe ne mæġen heora mā sċamian þonne fæġnian þonne hīe ġehīeraþ þæt him man on līeġþ.

More people have glory and honor because of stupid people's opinions than because they actually deserve it. But tell me now, what could be emptier than that? Why don't they feel more ashamed of themselves than proud when they hear the false things that people say about them?

to be ashamed or embarrassed (+genitive of cause) (often impersonal with dative or accusative subject)


scamu

sċamu (canonical feminine)
sċamu (nominative singular)
sċama (nominative plural)
sċame (nominative plural)
sċame (accusative singular)
sċama (accusative plural)
sċame (accusative plural)
sċame (genitive singular)
sċama (genitive plural)
sċame (dative singular)
sċamum (dative plural)

Middle English: schame, schome

Scots: scham, schame

English: shame; >? sham

From Proto-Germanic *skamō. Cognate with Old Frisian skome, Old Saxon skama, Old Dutch skama, Old High German scama, Old Norse skǫmm.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Ġenōh lange ic wæs on þām bysmore and on þǣre sceame, þe hȳ mē on ġebrōhton;...

Long enough have I been in the reproach and shame which they brought on me;...


magan

magan (infinitive)
magenne (infinitive)
mæġ (first-person present singular)
meahte (first-person past singular)
mehte (first-person past singular)
meaht (present second-person singular)
meahtest (past second-person singular)
mehtest (past second-person singular)
mæġ (present singular third-person)
meahte (past singular third-person)
mehte (past singular third-person)
magon (plural present)
meahton (past plural)
mehton (past plural)
mæġe (present singular)
meahte (past singular)
mehte (past singular)
mæġen (plural present)
meahten (past plural)
mehten (past plural)
magende (imperative present)

desctree

mostly from analogical <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">*mugan</i>

Middle English: mowen (mostly from analogical *mugan)
English: may
Scots: mey, may, ma
Yola: mye, mey, mai, maa, ma, meigh

From Proto-West Germanic *magan, from Proto-Germanic *maganą. See there for cognates.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
Þā ġecwæð sē abbod and ealle þā ġebrōðra þæt þēr ne mihte nā mā munuca wunian...

Then said the abbot and all the brothers, that no more monks could dwell there...

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Swithhun, Bishop"
...he næfre ær naht cweðan ne mihte...

...he had never before been able to speak,...

Early 11th century, Wulfstan, "Secundum Lucam"
Uton helpan ūre selfra þā hwīle þe wē magon, þȳ lǣs wē forweorðen þonne wē lǣst wēnen.

Let us help ourselves while we can, lest we perish when we least expect it.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Of the Catholic Faith"
Būtan ġē hit ġelīefen, ne magon ġē hit understandan.

Unless you believe it, you cannot understand it.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 45:3

And he said to his brothers, "I am Joseph! Is our father still alive?" But, out of fear, his brothers could not answer him.

And hē cwæþ tō his ġebrōðrum, "Iċ eom Iosep! Leofaþ ūre fæder nū ġīet?" Þā ne meahton his ġebrōðru him for eġe ġeandwyrdan.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 26:8-9

This ointment could have been sold for a lot of money and given to the poor.

Þēos sealf meahte bēon ġeseald tō miċelum weorðe and þearfum ġedǣledu.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 14:37

Then he came and found them asleep, and said to Peter, "Simon, are you asleep? Could'nt you stay awake for one hour?"

Þā cōm hē and fand hīe slāpende, and cwæþ tō Petre, "Simon, slǣpst þū? Ne meahtest þū āne tīde wacian?"

c. 992, Ælfric, "Palm Sunday: On the Lord's Passion"
Swā fela þūsenda engla meahton ēaðe bewerian Crist wiþ þām unmannum, mid heofonlīcum wǣpnum, ġif hē þrōwian nolde selfwilles for ūs.

That many thousands of angels could have easily defended Christ against those brutes [the men who came to arrest Jesus], with weapons from heaven, if he didn't want to suffer voluntarily for us.

(auxiliary, with an infinitive) can, to be able

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The First Sunday After Easter"
God is ælmihtiġ, and mæġ eall þæt hē wile.

God is all-mighty, and can do anything he wants.

Durham Proverbs, no. 22

(transitive) can (do something), to be able (to do something)

Nine Herbs Charm, https://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/ascp/a43_02.htm
Þū meaht wiþ þām lāþan / þe ġeond land færeþ.

You avail against the loathsome one going around the land.

"Hu meaht þu?" "Ic mæg wel."

(intransitive) To get along; to be in any state, or pass through any experience (often with a qualifier denoting the nature of one's state)


bælg

Middle English: bely, beli, baly, belwe, balyw, belgh
English: belly, ballow, bellows
Scots: belly, bally
Yola: bellee, belooze


geoguþ

ġeoguþ (canonical feminine)
ġeoguþ (nominative singular)
ġeoguþa (nominative plural)
ġeoguþe (nominative plural)
ġeoguþe (accusative singular)
ġeoguþa (accusative plural)
ġeoguþe (accusative plural)
ġeoguþe (genitive singular)
ġeoguþa (genitive plural)
ġeoguþe (dative singular)
ġeoguþum (dative plural)

Middle English: youthe
English: youth (obsolete yought)
Middle Scots: ȝouthe, ȝouth, ȝowth, ȝewth, youth
Scots: youth

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *jugunþi, from Proto-Germanic *jugunþiz. Cognate with Old Frisian jogethe, Old Saxon juguth, Old Dutch iuginde, and Old High German jugund.

inh+

Ġemon hē seleseċġas · ond sincþege,
hū hine on ġeoguðe · his goldwine
wenede tō wiste · Wyn eal ġedrēas.

He remembers hall-men and takings of treasures,
how his goldfriend accustomed him
to feast on youth. Mirth has completely perished.


niþ

nīþ (canonical masculine)
nīþ (nominative singular)
nīþas (nominative plural)
nīþ (accusative singular)
nīþas (accusative plural)
nīþes (genitive singular)
nīþa (genitive plural)
nīþe (dative singular)
nīþum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: nith, nithe, niþ, nuþ, nyth, nyþe, nið, nuð (Early Middle English)

From Proto-West Germanic *nīþ, from Proto-Germanic *nīþą. Cognate with Old Saxon nīth, Dutch nijd, Old High German nīd (German Neid), Old Norse níð (regional Swedish nid), Gothic 𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸 (neiþ).

nīþful

envious, quarrelsome, ill-disposed, evil, nithful

nīþhete

hostility, evil intent: affliction, torment; foe

nīþwundor

dire wonder, fearful portent, nithwonder

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On þām ġewinne, ⁊ on moneġum oþrum æfter þǣm, Hannibal ġecȳþde þone nīþ ⁊ þone hete þe hē beforan his fæder ġeswōr, þā hē nigonwintre cniht wæs, þæt hē næfre ne wurde Rōmana frēond.

In that battle, and in many others after that, Hannibal proved the hostility and hatred that he swore before his father when he was a nine-year-old boy, that he would never become a friend of the Romans.


forliger

forliġer (canonical)
forliġer (masculine nominative singular)
forliġer (feminine nominative singular)
forliġer (neuter nominative singular)
forliġerne (accusative masculine singular)
forliġere (accusative feminine singular)
forliġer (accusative neuter singular)
forliġeres (genitive masculine singular)
forliġerre (feminine genitive singular)
forliġeres (genitive neuter singular)
forliġerum (dative masculine singular)
forliġerre (dative feminine singular)
forliġerum (dative neuter singular)
forliġere (instrumental masculine singular)
forliġerre (feminine instrumental singular)
forliġere (instrumental neuter singular)
forliġere (masculine nominative plural)
forliġera (feminine nominative plural)
forliġere (feminine nominative plural)
forliġer (neuter nominative plural)
forliġere (accusative masculine plural)
forliġera (accusative feminine plural)
forliġere (accusative feminine plural)
forliġer (accusative neuter plural)
forliġerra (genitive masculine plural)
forliġerra (feminine genitive plural)
forliġerra (genitive neuter plural)
forliġerum (dative masculine plural)
forliġerum (dative feminine plural)
forliġerum (dative neuter plural)
forliġerum (instrumental masculine plural)
forliġerum (feminine instrumental plural)
forliġerum (instrumental neuter plural)
forliġera (masculine nominative singular)
forliġere (feminine nominative singular)
forliġere (neuter nominative singular)
forliġeran (accusative masculine singular)
forliġeran (accusative feminine singular)
forliġere (accusative neuter singular)
forliġeran (genitive masculine singular)
forliġeran (feminine genitive singular)
forliġeran (genitive neuter singular)
forliġeran (dative masculine singular)
forliġeran (dative feminine singular)
forliġeran (dative neuter singular)
forliġeran (instrumental masculine singular)
forliġeran (feminine instrumental singular)
forliġeran (instrumental neuter singular)
forliġeran (masculine nominative plural)
forliġeran (feminine nominative plural)
forliġeran (neuter nominative plural)
forliġeran (accusative masculine plural)
forliġeran (accusative feminine plural)
forliġeran (accusative neuter plural)
forliġerra (genitive masculine plural)
forliġerena (genitive masculine plural)
forliġerra (feminine genitive plural)
forliġerena (feminine genitive plural)
forliġerra (genitive neuter plural)
forliġerena (genitive neuter plural)
forliġerum (dative masculine plural)
forliġerum (dative feminine plural)
forliġerum (dative neuter plural)
forliġerum (instrumental masculine plural)
forliġerum (feminine instrumental plural)
forliġerum (instrumental neuter plural)


niwe

nīwe (canonical)
nīwe (masculine nominative singular)
nīwu (feminine nominative singular)
nīwo (feminine nominative singular)
nīwe (neuter nominative singular)
nīwne (accusative masculine singular)
nīwe (accusative feminine singular)
nīwe (accusative neuter singular)
nīwes (genitive masculine singular)
nīwre (feminine genitive singular)
nīwes (genitive neuter singular)
nīwum (dative masculine singular)
nīwre (dative feminine singular)
nīwum (dative neuter singular)
nīwe (instrumental masculine singular)
nīwre (feminine instrumental singular)
nīwe (instrumental neuter singular)
nīwe (masculine nominative plural)
nīwa (feminine nominative plural)
nīwe (feminine nominative plural)
nīwu (neuter nominative plural)
nīwo (neuter nominative plural)
nīwe (accusative masculine plural)
nīwa (accusative feminine plural)
nīwe (accusative feminine plural)
nīwu (accusative neuter plural)
nīwo (accusative neuter plural)
nīwra (genitive masculine plural)
nīwra (feminine genitive plural)
nīwra (genitive neuter plural)
nīwum (dative masculine plural)
nīwum (dative feminine plural)
nīwum (dative neuter plural)
nīwum (instrumental masculine plural)
nīwum (feminine instrumental plural)
nīwum (instrumental neuter plural)
nīwa (masculine nominative singular)
nīwe (feminine nominative singular)
nīwe (neuter nominative singular)
nīwan (accusative masculine singular)
nīwan (accusative feminine singular)
nīwe (accusative neuter singular)
nīwan (genitive masculine singular)
nīwan (feminine genitive singular)
nīwan (genitive neuter singular)
nīwan (dative masculine singular)
nīwan (dative feminine singular)
nīwan (dative neuter singular)
nīwan (instrumental masculine singular)
nīwan (feminine instrumental singular)
nīwan (instrumental neuter singular)
nīwan (masculine nominative plural)
nīwan (feminine nominative plural)
nīwan (neuter nominative plural)
nīwan (accusative masculine plural)
nīwan (accusative feminine plural)
nīwan (accusative neuter plural)
nīwra (genitive masculine plural)
nīwena (genitive masculine plural)
nīwra (feminine genitive plural)
nīwena (feminine genitive plural)
nīwra (genitive neuter plural)
nīwena (genitive neuter plural)
nīwum (dative masculine plural)
nīwum (dative feminine plural)
nīwum (dative neuter plural)
nīwum (instrumental masculine plural)
nīwum (feminine instrumental plural)
nīwum (instrumental neuter plural)


wiht

wiht (nominative singular)
wihte (nominative plural)
wihta (nominative plural)
wiht (accusative singular)
wihte (accusative singular)
wihte (accusative plural)
wihta (accusative plural)
wihte (genitive singular)
wihta (genitive plural)
wihte (dative singular)
wihtum (dative plural)
wiht (nominative singular)
wihtu (nominative plural)
wiht (accusative singular)
wihtu (accusative plural)
wihtes (genitive singular)
wihta (genitive plural)
wihte (dative singular)
wihtum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: wight, wiȝt
English: wight, whit
Scots: wicht, wycht

From a fusion of Proto-Germanic *wihtiz (feminine) and *wihtą (neuter), both meaning "thing". These words became *wihti and *wiht in West Germanic and then merged in prehistoric Old English by regular sound change.
Cognate with Old Saxon wiht (Low German Wicht), Old Dutch wiht (Dutch wicht), Old High German wiht (German Wicht), Old Norse vætr (Swedish vätte), and Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (waihts) and 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄 (waiht).

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
God ne ēht nānre wihte, for þȳ hine nān wiht ne mæġ flēon.

God doesn't chase anything, because nothing can run from him.


wiht

Middle English: weght, weghte, weighte, weihte, weit, wighte
English: weight
Scots: wecht, weicht
Yola: waaight

From Proto-West Germanic *wihti.
Cognate with Middle Low German wicht, Dutch wicht, gewicht, Old Norse vætt (compare also Danish vægt, Norwegian vekt); Old High German giwihti (German Gewicht).


scieldan

sċieldan (canonical)
sċieldan (infinitive)
sċieldenne (infinitive)
sċielde (first-person present singular)
sċielde (first-person past singular)
sċieldest (present second-person singular)
sċielst (present second-person singular)
sċieltst (present second-person singular)
sċieldest (past second-person singular)
sċieldeþ (present singular third-person)
sċielt (present singular third-person)
sċielde (past singular third-person)
sċieldaþ (plural present)
sċieldon (past plural)
sċielde (present singular)
sċielde (past singular)
sċielden (plural present)
sċielden (past plural)
sċield (imperative past present singular)
sċieldaþ (imperative past plural present)
sċieldende (imperative present)
sċielded (imperative past)
ġesċielded (imperative past)


bæc

bæc (nominative singular)
bacu (nominative plural)
bæc (accusative singular)
bacu (accusative plural)
bæces (genitive singular)
baca (genitive plural)
bæce (dative singular)
bacum (dative plural)

Middle English: bak, back

English: back

Scots: bak, back, bake

From Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "De libro regum"
...Hieu hine scēt bæftan his bæce þæt him tōbærst sēo heorte.

...Jehu shot him behind his back, so that his heart burst.


bæc

bæċ (canonical feminine masculine neuter)
bæċ (nominative singular)
bacas (nominative plural)
bæċ (accusative singular)
bacas (accusative plural)
bæċes (genitive singular)
baca (genitive plural)
bæċe (dative singular)
bacum (dative plural)
bæċ (nominative singular)
bacu (nominative plural)
bæċ (accusative singular)
bacu (accusative plural)
bæċes (genitive singular)
baca (genitive plural)
bæċe (dative singular)
bacum (dative plural)
bæċ (nominative singular)
bæċa (nominative plural)
bæċe (nominative plural)
bæċe (accusative singular)
bæċa (accusative plural)
bæċe (accusative plural)
bæċe (genitive singular)
bæċa (genitive plural)
bæċe (dative singular)
bæċum (dative plural)

Middle English: bæcche, bæche, bache

English: beach, batch

From Proto-West Germanic *baki, from Proto-Germanic *bakiz.


bæc

Middle English: *bak

⇒ Middle English: bakmonger

From Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką (“baking”).


bæc

bæċ (canonical feminine)
bæċ (nominative singular)
bæċa (nominative plural)
bæċe (nominative plural)
bæċe (accusative singular)
bæċa (accusative plural)
bæċe (accusative plural)
bæċe (genitive singular)
bæċa (genitive plural)
bæċe (dative singular)
bæċum (dative plural)

Middle English: bach, bache (Late Middle English)

English: batch

Scots: batch


æfre

Middle English: evre, evere, ever, evir

Scots: evire, evir

English: ever

Not found in other Germanic languages. Possibly representing ā (“always, ever”) + in fēore (“in life”), the final element being the dative form of Old English feorh (“life, existence”). Compare similar Old English construction ā tō fēore (“ever in life”).

compound

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Gyf þonne ǣfre gebyreð þæt þū þē ful hālne and ful trumne ongytst, and hæafst æalle þīne frēond myd þē, ǣġðer ge on mōde ge on līchaman, and on ðām ilcan worce and on ðām ylcan willum ðe ðē best lyst dōn, hweðer þū ðonne wille bēon āwiht blīðe?

If then it ever happen that thou shalt find thyself full whole and full strong, and hast all thy friends with thee, both in mind and in body, and in that same work and in that same will which pleaseth thee best to do, wilt thou then be happy at all?


andswaru

andswaru (nominative singular)
andswara (nominative plural)
andsware (nominative plural)
andsware (accusative singular)
andswara (accusative plural)
andsware (accusative plural)
andsware (genitive singular)
andswara (genitive plural)
andsware (dative singular)
andswarum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: andsware, answere, answar, answer

English: answer

Scots: answer

From Proto-West Germanic *andaswaru, from Proto-Germanic *andaswarō. Equivalent to and- + swaru.


ufan

From Proto-Germanic *ubanē, from Proto-Germanic *upp (“up”). Cognate with Old High German obana (German oben).

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of the Apostles Simon and Jude"
...mid ðǣre hē wæs ofset fram ðām hnolle ufan ōð his fōtwylmas neoðan.

...with which he was afflicted from the crown above to the soles of his feet below.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Palm Sunday. On The Lord's Passion"
Efne ðā tōbserst þæs temples wāhryft, fram ðǣre fyrste ufan ōð ðā flōr neoðan,...

Lo then the temple's veil burst asunder, from the summit above down to the floor beneath,...

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
Ic ðē secge, forðon hē behelað eal þæt him be ufan bið.

I tell thee, because it concealeth all that is above it

Caedmon's metrical paraphrase
...And ǣrest āmet ufan tō grunde and hū sīd sē swarta ēðm sēo.

...and first measure from above to its ground, how wide the black vapour is.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The First Sunday in September"
Þæt fȳr cōm ufan ðe þā scēp forbærnde, ac hit ne cōm nā of heofenum, þēah ðe hit swā ġehīwod wǣre...

The fire came from above that burned up the sheep, but it came not from heaven, though it was so feigned...

The Dialogue of Adrian and Ritheus
Ic ðē secge, for ðām ðe hēo locað ufan on helle.

I tell thee, because it looketh down on hell.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Ðā siððan hē yrre wæs and ġewundod, hē ofsloh micel þæs folces: þæt ǣġðer ġe þā forwurdon, þe him on ufan wǣran, ġe ēac þā ōðre elpendas sticade and gremede, þæt þā ēac mǣst ealle forwurdon, þe þǣr on ufan wǣron.

Then afterwards he was angry and wounded, he slew many of the people: that both those perished, which were upon on him, and also stabbed and irritated the other elephants, that those also nearly perished, which were upon on there.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Phillippus him dyde heora wīġ unweorð, ōð hyne ān Cwēne scēat þurh þæt þēoh, þæt þæt hors wæs dēad, þe hē on ufan sæt.

Phillippus did them their battle ignoble, until a queen shot him through the thigh, that the horse was dead, which he sat on at the top.


betweonum

Originally a phrase made up of be (“by”) + twēonum (“the two”, dative plural noun). Very rarely, these elements were still used as separate words: be sǣm twēonum ("between two seas," Beowulf 858).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm þe Rōmeburg ġetimbred wæs IIII hunde wintra ⁊ II, þætte Cartaina þǣre burge ǣrendracan cōmon tō Rōme ⁊ him ġebudon þæt hīe frið him betwēonum hæfden...

Four hundred and two years after the city of Rome was built, messengers [from] the city of Carthage came to Rome and proposed that there be peace between them...


þonne

From Proto-West Germanic *þannē, extension of *þan, from Proto-Germanic *þan (“then”), from Proto-Indo-European *só.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Wōst þū þonne gyt genōh be Gode, gyf hē þē byð cūð swā þē is nū þes mōnan færeld — on hwilcum tungle hē nū is, oððe on hwilce hē þanon gēð?

Then wouldst thou know enough about God, if He should be as well known to thee as the motion of the moon—in what constellation it now is, or into which it is going next?


þonne

Middle English: then(ne), than(ne)

English: then, than

Scots: than, then, an

⇒ Scots: thance

Þonne iċ mec onhebbe ond hī onhnīgaþ tō mē, moniġe mid miltse, þǣr iċ monnum sceal īċan upcyme ēadiġnesse.

When I raise myself up and they bow down to me, many with mercy, then I shall increase rising of happiness for men.


ærende

ǣrende (canonical neuter)
ǣrende (nominative singular)
ǣrendu (nominative plural)
ǣrende (accusative singular)
ǣrendu (accusative plural)
ǣrendes (genitive singular)
ǣrenda (genitive plural)
ǣrende (dative singular)
ǣrendum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: erende, erand, arend, ernde, arnde
English: errand
Scots: erand, eirand, earand
Yola: erroane, errone


æfter

From Proto-Germanic *after, whence also Old High German aftar, Old Norse aptr. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epoteros (“further behind, further away”), comparative form of *h₂epó (“off, behind”).

inh

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Eugenia, Virgin"
Þa æfter þrym gearum þæs þe heo gecyrred wæs...

Then after three years since her conversion,...

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of All Saints"
We mihton ðas halgan rædinge menigfealdlicor trahtnian, æfter Augustines smeagunge, ac us twynað hwæðer ge magon maran deopnysse ðæron þearflice tocnawan; ac uton biddan mid inweardre heortan þone Ælmihtigan Wealdend, seðe ús mid menigfealdre mærsunge ealra his halgena nu to-dæg geblissode, þæt he us getiðige genihtsumnysse his miltsunge þurh heora menigfealdan þingrædena, þæt we on écere gesihðe mid him blission, swa swa we nu mid hwilwendlicere þenunge hí wurðiað.

We might more elaborately expound this holy text, according to the interpretation of Augustine, but we doubt whether ye can accurately judge of greater deepness therein; but let us with inward heart pray to the Almighty Ruler, who has gladdened us to-day with the manifold celebration of all his saints, that he grant us abundance of his mercy through their manifold intercessions, so that we ever in their sight may rejoice with them, as we now with transitory service honour them.


æfter

ang-adv

æfter (comparative æftera, superlative æftemest)

æftera (comparative)
æftemest (superlative)

Middle English: after, efter

English: after

Geordie English: efter

Scots: efter, eftir


beod

bēod (canonical masculine)
bēod (nominative singular)
bēodas (nominative plural)
bēod (accusative singular)
bēodas (accusative plural)
bēodes (genitive singular)
bēoda (genitive plural)
bēode (dative singular)
bēodum (dative plural)

Middle English: beod, bied


bufan

Middle English: boven, bove

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *biobanā; equivalent to be + ufan.

inh+

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...and būfan þām māran wealle, ofer eallne þone ymbgong, hē is mid stǣnenum wīġhūsum beworht.

...and above the greater wall, over the whole circumference, it is built with stone towers.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Third Sunday after the Lord's Epiphany"
We rædað on Cristes acennednysse þæt heofonlice englas wæron gesewene būfan ðam acennedan cilde, and hí ðisne lófsang mid micclum dreame gesungon, "Gloria in excelsis Deo, and in terra pax hominibus bone uoluntatis:" þæt is on urum gereorde, "Sy wuldor Gode on heannyssum, and on eorðan sibb ðam mannum ðe synd gódes willan."
We read that at Christ's birth heavenly angels were seen above the born child, and that they with great delight sung this hymn, "Gloria in excelsis Deo, and in terra pax hominibus bonæ voluntatis:" that is in our tongue, "Be glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to those men who are of good will."


betest

desctree

Middle English: beste, betst, bettst, bezst, best
English: best
Scots: best

From Proto-Germanic *batistaz, superlative of *bataz. Compare Old Frisian betsta, Old Saxon betst, best, Old High German bezzisto, Old Norse beztr, Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (batists).


nearu

ang-adj

nearu (comparative nearora, superlative nearwost)

nearora (comparative)
nearwost (superlative)
nearu (masculine nominative singular)
nearo (masculine nominative singular)
nearu (feminine nominative singular)
nearo (feminine nominative singular)
nearu (neuter nominative singular)
nearo (neuter nominative singular)
nearone (accusative masculine singular)
nearwe (accusative feminine singular)
nearu (accusative neuter singular)
nearo (accusative neuter singular)
nearwes (genitive masculine singular)
nearore (feminine genitive singular)
nearwes (genitive neuter singular)
nearwum (dative masculine singular)
nearore (dative feminine singular)
nearwum (dative neuter singular)
nearwe (instrumental masculine singular)
nearore (feminine instrumental singular)
nearwe (instrumental neuter singular)
nearwe (masculine nominative plural)
nearwa (feminine nominative plural)
nearwe (feminine nominative plural)
nearu (neuter nominative plural)
nearo (neuter nominative plural)
nearwe (accusative masculine plural)
nearwa (accusative feminine plural)
nearwe (accusative feminine plural)
nearu (accusative neuter plural)
nearo (accusative neuter plural)
nearora (genitive masculine plural)
nearora (feminine genitive plural)
nearora (genitive neuter plural)
nearwum (dative masculine plural)
nearwum (dative feminine plural)
nearwum (dative neuter plural)
nearwum (instrumental masculine plural)
nearwum (feminine instrumental plural)
nearwum (instrumental neuter plural)
nearwa (masculine nominative singular)
nearwe (feminine nominative singular)
nearwe (neuter nominative singular)
nearwan (accusative masculine singular)
nearwan (accusative feminine singular)
nearwe (accusative neuter singular)
nearwan (genitive masculine singular)
nearwan (feminine genitive singular)
nearwan (genitive neuter singular)
nearwan (dative masculine singular)
nearwan (dative feminine singular)
nearwan (dative neuter singular)
nearwan (instrumental masculine singular)
nearwan (feminine instrumental singular)
nearwan (instrumental neuter singular)
nearwan (masculine nominative plural)
nearwan (feminine nominative plural)
nearwan (neuter nominative plural)
nearwan (accusative masculine plural)
nearwan (accusative feminine plural)
nearwan (accusative neuter plural)
nearora (genitive masculine plural)
nearwena (genitive masculine plural)
nearora (feminine genitive plural)
nearwena (feminine genitive plural)
nearora (genitive neuter plural)
nearwena (genitive neuter plural)
nearwum (dative masculine plural)
nearwum (dative feminine plural)
nearwum (dative neuter plural)
nearwum (instrumental masculine plural)
nearwum (feminine instrumental plural)
nearwum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: narwe
English: narrow
Scots: naro, narow, narrow
Yola: narrowe

From Proto-Germanic *narwaz, probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ner- (“to turn, bend, twist, constrict”). Compare Old Saxon naro, West Frisian near, Dutch naar.


nearu

nearu (nominative singular)
nearwa (nominative plural)
nearwe (nominative plural)
nearwe (accusative singular)
nearwa (accusative plural)
nearwe (accusative plural)
nearwe (genitive singular)
nearwa (genitive plural)
nearwe (dative singular)
nearwum (dative plural)


bereofan

berēofan (canonical)
berēofan (infinitive)
berēofenne (infinitive)
berēofe (first-person present singular)
berēaf (first-person past singular)
berīefst (present second-person singular)
berufe (past second-person singular)
berīefþ (present singular third-person)
berēaf (past singular third-person)
berēofaþ (plural present)
berufon (past plural)
berēofe (present singular)
berufe (past singular)
berēofen (plural present)
berufen (past plural)
berēof (imperative past present singular)
berēofaþ (imperative past plural present)
berēofende (imperative present)
berofen (imperative past)

English: bereave


baþian

baþian (infinitive)
baþienne (infinitive)
baþiġe (first-person present singular)
baþode (first-person past singular)
baþast (present second-person singular)
baþodest (past second-person singular)
baþaþ (present singular third-person)
baþode (past singular third-person)
baþiaþ (plural present)
baþodon (past plural)
baþiġe (present singular)
baþode (past singular)
baþiġen (plural present)
baþoden (past plural)
baþa (imperative past present singular)
baþiaþ (imperative past plural present)
baþiende (imperative present)
baþod (imperative past)
ġebaþod (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: bathen, baathe, bathe, bathien, baþen, baþie, baþiȝe, baðien, beaðien (Early Middle English)
English: bathe
Scots: bathe, baith, bauthe

baþian brimfuglas, · brǣdan feþra,
hrēosan hrīm ond snāw, · hagle ġemenġed.

bathe of sea-birds, spread of feathers,
fall of frost and snow, mingled with hail.


bolla

bollan (nominative plural)
bolla (nominative singular)
bollan (nominative plural)
bollan (accusative singular)
bollan (accusative plural)
bollan (genitive singular)
bollena (genitive plural)
bollan (dative singular)
bollum (dative plural)

Middle English: bolle

English: bowl

Scots: boll, bow, (?) bowie

→ Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: bolenn

Welsh: powlen

→ Middle French: bolle

French: bol
→ Catalan: bol
→ Greek: μπολ (bol)

From Proto-Germanic *bullô. Cognate with Middle Dutch bolle (Dutch bol), Old Norse bolli, Old High German bolla.


betweox

Middle English: bitwixe
English: betwixt
Yola: betweesk, beteesh, beeteesh

be- + tweox (“twofold”), from Proto-Germanic *twiskaz (“twofold, double”).


betera

gōd (positive)
betera (masculine nominative singular)
betere (feminine nominative singular)
betere (neuter nominative singular)
beteran (accusative masculine singular)
beteran (accusative feminine singular)
betere (accusative neuter singular)
beteran (genitive masculine singular)
beteran (feminine genitive singular)
beteran (genitive neuter singular)
beteran (dative masculine singular)
beteran (dative feminine singular)
beteran (dative neuter singular)
beteran (instrumental masculine singular)
beteran (feminine instrumental singular)
beteran (instrumental neuter singular)
beteran (masculine nominative plural)
beteran (feminine nominative plural)
beteran (neuter nominative plural)
beteran (accusative masculine plural)
beteran (accusative feminine plural)
beteran (accusative neuter plural)
beterra (genitive masculine plural)
beterena (genitive masculine plural)
beterra (feminine genitive plural)
beterena (feminine genitive plural)
beterra (genitive neuter plural)
beterena (genitive neuter plural)
beterum (dative masculine plural)
beterum (dative feminine plural)
beterum (dative neuter plural)
beterum (instrumental masculine plural)
beterum (feminine instrumental plural)
beterum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: bettre
English: better
Scots: better
Yola: bethther

From Proto-West Germanic *batiʀō.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian betera (West Frisian better), Old Saxon betiro (Low German beter), Low German beter, Old High German bezziro (German besser), Old Norse betri (Danish bedre, Swedish bättre), Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌶𐌰 (batiza).


ceorl

ċeorl (canonical masculine)
ċeorl (nominative singular)
ċeorlas (nominative plural)
ċeorl (accusative singular)
ċeorlas (accusative plural)
ċeorles (genitive singular)
ċeorla (genitive plural)
ċeorle (dative singular)
ċeorlum (dative plural)

Middle English: cherl, cheorl, churl
English: churl
Scots: churl
Yola: chourle

From Proto-West Germanic *karil, *karul, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz, *karulaz (“man”), akin to Old Frisian tzerl, tzirl (West Frisian tsjirl), Old Norse karl (Danish/Norwegian/Swedish/Danish karl), Old High German karal, Middle Low German kerl (German Kerl).

(historical) a churl, a freeman ranked below a þegn but above a thrall


cruse

crūse (canonical feminine)
crūse (nominative singular)
crūsan (nominative plural)
crūsan (accusative singular)
crūsan (accusative plural)
crūsan (genitive singular)
crūsena (genitive plural)
crūsan (dative singular)
crūsum (dative plural)

Middle English: cruse, crouse, croos

English: cruse, cruise, cruze


reafian

rēafian (canonical)
rēafian (infinitive)
rēafienne (infinitive)
rēafiġe (first-person present singular)
rēafode (first-person past singular)
rēafast (present second-person singular)
rēafodest (past second-person singular)
rēafaþ (present singular third-person)
rēafode (past singular third-person)
rēafiaþ (plural present)
rēafodon (past plural)
rēafiġe (present singular)
rēafode (past singular)
rēafiġen (plural present)
rēafoden (past plural)
rēafa (imperative past present singular)
rēafiaþ (imperative past plural present)
rēafiende (imperative present)
rēafod (imperative past)
ġerēafod (imperative past)

Middle English: reven
English: reave (archaic)
Scots: reve, refe, reif

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *raubōn, from Proto-Germanic *raubōną.


ænlic

ǣnlīċ (canonical)
ǣnlīċ (masculine nominative singular)
ǣnlīċ (feminine nominative singular)
ǣnlīċu (feminine nominative singular)
ǣnlīċo (feminine nominative singular)
ǣnlīċ (neuter nominative singular)
ǣnlīcne (accusative masculine singular)
ǣnlīċe (accusative feminine singular)
ǣnlīċ (accusative neuter singular)
ǣnlīċes (genitive masculine singular)
ǣnlīcre (feminine genitive singular)
ǣnlīċes (genitive neuter singular)
ǣnlīċum (dative masculine singular)
ǣnlīcre (dative feminine singular)
ǣnlīċum (dative neuter singular)
ǣnlīċe (instrumental masculine singular)
ǣnlīcre (feminine instrumental singular)
ǣnlīċe (instrumental neuter singular)
ǣnlīċe (masculine nominative plural)
ǣnlīċa (feminine nominative plural)
ǣnlīċe (feminine nominative plural)
ǣnlīċ (neuter nominative plural)
ǣnlīċu (neuter nominative plural)
ǣnlīċo (neuter nominative plural)
ǣnlīċe (accusative masculine plural)
ǣnlīċa (accusative feminine plural)
ǣnlīċe (accusative feminine plural)
ǣnlīċ (accusative neuter plural)
ǣnlīċu (accusative neuter plural)
ǣnlīċo (accusative neuter plural)
ǣnlīcra (genitive masculine plural)
ǣnlīcra (feminine genitive plural)
ǣnlīcra (genitive neuter plural)
ǣnlīċum (dative masculine plural)
ǣnlīċum (dative feminine plural)
ǣnlīċum (dative neuter plural)
ǣnlīċum (instrumental masculine plural)
ǣnlīċum (feminine instrumental plural)
ǣnlīċum (instrumental neuter plural)
ǣnlīċa (masculine nominative singular)
ǣnlīċe (feminine nominative singular)
ǣnlīċe (neuter nominative singular)
ǣnlīċan (accusative masculine singular)
ǣnlīċan (accusative feminine singular)
ǣnlīċe (accusative neuter singular)
ǣnlīċan (genitive masculine singular)
ǣnlīċan (feminine genitive singular)
ǣnlīċan (genitive neuter singular)
ǣnlīċan (dative masculine singular)
ǣnlīċan (dative feminine singular)
ǣnlīċan (dative neuter singular)
ǣnlīċan (instrumental masculine singular)
ǣnlīċan (feminine instrumental singular)
ǣnlīċan (instrumental neuter singular)
ǣnlīċan (masculine nominative plural)
ǣnlīċan (feminine nominative plural)
ǣnlīċan (neuter nominative plural)
ǣnlīċan (accusative masculine plural)
ǣnlīċan (accusative feminine plural)
ǣnlīċan (accusative neuter plural)
ǣnlīcra (genitive masculine plural)
ǣnlīċena (genitive masculine plural)
ǣnlīcra (feminine genitive plural)
ǣnlīċena (feminine genitive plural)
ǣnlīcra (genitive neuter plural)
ǣnlīċena (genitive neuter plural)
ǣnlīċum (dative masculine plural)
ǣnlīċum (dative feminine plural)
ǣnlīċum (dative neuter plural)
ǣnlīċum (instrumental masculine plural)
ǣnlīċum (feminine instrumental plural)
ǣnlīċum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: oonly

English: only

From ān + -līċ (showing i-mutation; compare ānlīċ).


efen

efen (masculine nominative singular)
efen (feminine nominative singular)
efen (neuter nominative singular)
efenne (accusative masculine singular)
efene (accusative feminine singular)
efen (accusative neuter singular)
efenes (genitive masculine singular)
efenre (feminine genitive singular)
efenes (genitive neuter singular)
efenum (dative masculine singular)
efenre (dative feminine singular)
efenum (dative neuter singular)
efene (instrumental masculine singular)
efenre (feminine instrumental singular)
efene (instrumental neuter singular)
efene (masculine nominative plural)
efena (feminine nominative plural)
efene (feminine nominative plural)
efen (neuter nominative plural)
efene (accusative masculine plural)
efena (accusative feminine plural)
efene (accusative feminine plural)
efen (accusative neuter plural)
efenra (genitive masculine plural)
efenra (feminine genitive plural)
efenra (genitive neuter plural)
efenum (dative masculine plural)
efenum (dative feminine plural)
efenum (dative neuter plural)
efenum (instrumental masculine plural)
efenum (feminine instrumental plural)
efenum (instrumental neuter plural)
efena (masculine nominative singular)
efene (feminine nominative singular)
efene (neuter nominative singular)
efenan (accusative masculine singular)
efenan (accusative feminine singular)
efene (accusative neuter singular)
efenan (genitive masculine singular)
efenan (feminine genitive singular)
efenan (genitive neuter singular)
efenan (dative masculine singular)
efenan (dative feminine singular)
efenan (dative neuter singular)
efenan (instrumental masculine singular)
efenan (feminine instrumental singular)
efenan (instrumental neuter singular)
efenan (masculine nominative plural)
efenan (feminine nominative plural)
efenan (neuter nominative plural)
efenan (accusative masculine plural)
efenan (accusative feminine plural)
efenan (accusative neuter plural)
efenra (genitive masculine plural)
efenena (genitive masculine plural)
efenra (feminine genitive plural)
efenena (feminine genitive plural)
efenra (genitive neuter plural)
efenena (genitive neuter plural)
efenum (dative masculine plural)
efenum (dative feminine plural)
efenum (dative neuter plural)
efenum (instrumental masculine plural)
efenum (feminine instrumental plural)
efenum (instrumental neuter plural)


efen

ēfen (canonical masculine)
ēfen (nominative singular)
ēfennas (nominative plural)
ēfen (accusative singular)
ēfennas (accusative plural)
ēfennes (genitive singular)
ēfenna (genitive plural)
ēfenne (dative singular)
ēfennum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *ēbandaz (“evening”).


bletsung

blētsung (canonical feminine)
blētsung (nominative singular)
blētsunga (nominative plural)
blētsunge (nominative plural)
blētsunge (accusative singular)
blētsunga (accusative plural)
blētsunge (accusative plural)
blētsunge (genitive singular)
blētsunga (genitive plural)
blētsunge (dative singular)
blētsungum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: bletsunge, blessinge, blissinge

English: blessing

Scots: blessing, blyssyng, blissing

From Proto-West Germanic *blōdisungu, equivalent to blētsian + -ung.


bletsian

blētsian (canonical)
blētsian (infinitive)
blētsienne (infinitive)
blētsiġe (first-person present singular)
blētsode (first-person past singular)
blētsast (present second-person singular)
blētsodest (past second-person singular)
blētsaþ (present singular third-person)
blētsode (past singular third-person)
blētsiaþ (plural present)
blētsodon (past plural)
blētsiġe (present singular)
blētsode (past singular)
blētsiġen (plural present)
blētsoden (past plural)
blētsa (imperative past present singular)
blētsiaþ (imperative past plural present)
blētsiende (imperative present)
blētsod (imperative past)
ġeblētsod (imperative past)

Middle English: blessen

English: bless

Scots: bliss

From earlier blēdsian, blœ̄dsian, from Proto-West Germanic *blōdisōn (“to sprinkle, mark or hallow with blood”), from Proto-Germanic *blōþą (“blood”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“to thrive, flourish, bloom”). Cognate with Old Norse bletza (“to bless”), whence Icelandic blessa. Equivalent to blōd + -sian.


anes

strong genitive masculine/neuter singular of ān


anes

desctree

Middle English: ones, once, onis, onies, ons, onys, onyes, anes, ans, anis, anys (northern), anes (Early Middle English), wons, wones, ȝons (Late Middle English)
English: once
Scots: ance, aince, eence, anes, anis, yance, yence, yince, yinst, wance, wanst
Yola: oanes

A modification of ǣnes (“once”) after ān (“one”).


hæþen

hǣþen (canonical)
hǣþen (masculine nominative singular)
hǣþenu (feminine nominative singular)
hǣþnu (feminine nominative singular)
hǣþeno (feminine nominative singular)
hǣþno (feminine nominative singular)
hǣþen (neuter nominative singular)
hǣþenne (accusative masculine singular)
hǣþene (accusative feminine singular)
hǣþne (accusative feminine singular)
hǣþen (accusative neuter singular)
hǣþenes (genitive masculine singular)
hǣþnes (genitive masculine singular)
hǣþenre (feminine genitive singular)
hǣþenes (genitive neuter singular)
hǣþnes (genitive neuter singular)
hǣþenum (dative masculine singular)
hǣþnum (dative masculine singular)
hǣþenre (dative feminine singular)
hǣþenum (dative neuter singular)
hǣþnum (dative neuter singular)
hǣþene (instrumental masculine singular)
hǣþne (instrumental masculine singular)
hǣþenre (feminine instrumental singular)
hǣþene (instrumental neuter singular)
hǣþne (instrumental neuter singular)
hǣþene (masculine nominative plural)
hǣþne (masculine nominative plural)
hǣþena (feminine nominative plural)
hǣþna (feminine nominative plural)
hǣþene (feminine nominative plural)
hǣþne (feminine nominative plural)
hǣþenu (neuter nominative plural)
hǣþnu (neuter nominative plural)
hǣþeno (neuter nominative plural)
hǣþno (neuter nominative plural)
hǣþene (accusative masculine plural)
hǣþne (accusative masculine plural)
hǣþena (accusative feminine plural)
hǣþna (accusative feminine plural)
hǣþene (accusative feminine plural)
hǣþne (accusative feminine plural)
hǣþenu (accusative neuter plural)
hǣþnu (accusative neuter plural)
hǣþeno (accusative neuter plural)
hǣþno (accusative neuter plural)
hǣþenra (genitive masculine plural)
hǣþenra (feminine genitive plural)
hǣþenra (genitive neuter plural)
hǣþenum (dative masculine plural)
hǣþnum (dative masculine plural)
hǣþenum (dative feminine plural)
hǣþnum (dative feminine plural)
hǣþenum (dative neuter plural)
hǣþnum (dative neuter plural)
hǣþenum (instrumental masculine plural)
hǣþnum (instrumental masculine plural)
hǣþenum (feminine instrumental plural)
hǣþnum (feminine instrumental plural)
hǣþenum (instrumental neuter plural)
hǣþnum (instrumental neuter plural)
hǣþena (masculine nominative singular)
hǣþna (masculine nominative singular)
hǣþene (feminine nominative singular)
hǣþne (feminine nominative singular)
hǣþene (neuter nominative singular)
hǣþne (neuter nominative singular)
hǣþenan (accusative masculine singular)
hǣþnan (accusative masculine singular)
hǣþenan (accusative feminine singular)
hǣþnan (accusative feminine singular)
hǣþene (accusative neuter singular)
hǣþne (accusative neuter singular)
hǣþenan (genitive masculine singular)
hǣþnan (genitive masculine singular)
hǣþenan (feminine genitive singular)
hǣþnan (feminine genitive singular)
hǣþenan (genitive neuter singular)
hǣþnan (genitive neuter singular)
hǣþenan (dative masculine singular)
hǣþnan (dative masculine singular)
hǣþenan (dative feminine singular)
hǣþnan (dative feminine singular)
hǣþenan (dative neuter singular)
hǣþnan (dative neuter singular)
hǣþenan (instrumental masculine singular)
hǣþnan (instrumental masculine singular)
hǣþenan (feminine instrumental singular)
hǣþnan (feminine instrumental singular)
hǣþenan (instrumental neuter singular)
hǣþnan (instrumental neuter singular)
hǣþenan (masculine nominative plural)
hǣþnan (masculine nominative plural)
hǣþenan (feminine nominative plural)
hǣþnan (feminine nominative plural)
hǣþenan (neuter nominative plural)
hǣþnan (neuter nominative plural)
hǣþenan (accusative masculine plural)
hǣþnan (accusative masculine plural)
hǣþenan (accusative feminine plural)
hǣþnan (accusative feminine plural)
hǣþenan (accusative neuter plural)
hǣþnan (accusative neuter plural)
hǣþenra (genitive masculine plural)
hǣþenena (genitive masculine plural)
hǣþnena (genitive masculine plural)
hǣþenra (feminine genitive plural)
hǣþenena (feminine genitive plural)
hǣþnena (feminine genitive plural)
hǣþenra (genitive neuter plural)
hǣþenena (genitive neuter plural)
hǣþnena (genitive neuter plural)
hǣþenum (dative masculine plural)
hǣþnum (dative masculine plural)
hǣþenum (dative feminine plural)
hǣþnum (dative feminine plural)
hǣþenum (dative neuter plural)
hǣþnum (dative neuter plural)
hǣþenum (instrumental masculine plural)
hǣþnum (instrumental masculine plural)
hǣþenum (feminine instrumental plural)
hǣþnum (feminine instrumental plural)
hǣþenum (instrumental neuter plural)
hǣþnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: hethen

English: heathen

Scots: haithen

From Proto-Germanic *haiþinaz, probably a specifically Christian use of the base of *haiþī (“uncultivated land”).
Cognate to Old Frisian hêthin, hêthen, Old High German heidan, Old Norse heiðinn, Gothic *𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌽𐍃 (*haiþns, “gentile”) (attested as feminine 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌽𐍉 (haiþnō)). The Germanic word is primarily an adjective.
Perhaps influenced by Ancient Greek ἔθνος (éthnos, “nation, heathen”), via the loans from Greek in Coptic ϩⲉⲑⲛⲟⲥ (hethnos) and/or Old Armenian հեթանոս (hetʻanos). The stem-vowel was influenced by haiþi (“heath”). See also Proto-Germanic *haiduz, Old Norse heiðr (honour, bright, moor), Icelandic heiður (honour, bright weather).


hæþen

hæþen (nominative singular)
hæþnas (nominative plural)
hæþen (accusative singular)
hæþnas (accusative plural)
hæþnes (genitive singular)
hæþna (genitive plural)
hæþne (dative singular)
hæþnum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *hadinaz, *hidanaz (“skirt”) (compare *hōdaz (“hood”)).


eall

eall (masculine nominative singular)
eall (feminine nominative singular)
eall (neuter nominative singular)
ealne (accusative masculine singular)
ealle (accusative feminine singular)
eall (accusative neuter singular)
ealles (genitive masculine singular)
ealre (feminine genitive singular)
ealles (genitive neuter singular)
eallum (dative masculine singular)
ealre (dative feminine singular)
eallum (dative neuter singular)
ealle (instrumental masculine singular)
ealre (feminine instrumental singular)
ealle (instrumental neuter singular)
ealle (masculine nominative plural)
ealla (feminine nominative plural)
ealle (feminine nominative plural)
eall (neuter nominative plural)
ealle (accusative masculine plural)
ealla (accusative feminine plural)
ealle (accusative feminine plural)
eall (accusative neuter plural)
ealra (genitive masculine plural)
ealra (feminine genitive plural)
ealra (genitive neuter plural)
eallum (dative masculine plural)
eallum (dative feminine plural)
eallum (dative neuter plural)
eallum (instrumental masculine plural)
eallum (feminine instrumental plural)
eallum (instrumental neuter plural)
ealla (masculine nominative singular)
ealle (feminine nominative singular)
ealle (neuter nominative singular)
eallan (accusative masculine singular)
eallan (accusative feminine singular)
ealle (accusative neuter singular)
eallan (genitive masculine singular)
eallan (feminine genitive singular)
eallan (genitive neuter singular)
eallan (dative masculine singular)
eallan (dative feminine singular)
eallan (dative neuter singular)
eallan (instrumental masculine singular)
eallan (feminine instrumental singular)
eallan (instrumental neuter singular)
eallan (masculine nominative plural)
eallan (feminine nominative plural)
eallan (neuter nominative plural)
eallan (accusative masculine plural)
eallan (accusative feminine plural)
eallan (accusative neuter plural)
ealra (genitive masculine plural)
eallena (genitive masculine plural)
ealra (feminine genitive plural)
eallena (feminine genitive plural)
ealra (genitive neuter plural)
eallena (genitive neuter plural)
eallum (dative masculine plural)
eallum (dative feminine plural)
eallum (dative neuter plural)
eallum (instrumental masculine plural)
eallum (feminine instrumental plural)
eallum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *all, from Proto-Germanic *allaz. Cognate with Old Frisian al, Old Saxon all, Old Dutch al, Old High German al, Old Norse allr.

Ealle menn sind unġelīċe.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 24:38-39

In the days before the flood, people were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day when Noah entered the ark, and they didn't know until the flood came and took them all.

On þǣm dagum ǣr þǣm flōde wǣron menn etende and drincende, and wīfiġende and ġifte sellende, ōþ þone dæġ þe Nōe on þā earċe ēode, and hīe nysson ǣr sē flōd cōm and nam hīe ealle.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Lord's Ascension"
Eft he cwæð, "Ic bēo mid ēow eallum dagum, ōð þisre worulde geendunge," seðe lyfað and rixað mid þam Ælmihtigan Fæder and ðam Halgum Gaste á on ecnysse. Amen.

Again he said, "I will be with you on all days, until the ending of this world," who liveth and reigneth with the Almighty Father and the Holy Ghost ever to eternity. Amen.

Iċ lufiġe ealne mīnne hīred.

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Sume ġēare him bærst miċel wund on ōðrum þēo, and hē stōd þurh eall þæt ġēar on ānum fēt.

One year a large wound burst open on one of his thighs, and he stood on one leg for the whole year.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Paul the Apostle"
Petrus āna spræc for ealne þone hēap.

Peter by himself spoke for the whole group.


eall

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
For þīnre æfweardnesse, hire þyncþ eall nāwiht þæt hēo hæfþ.

Without you, everything she has seems like nothing to her.


eall

desctree

Middle English: all, al
English: all
Geordie English: a'
Scots: a', a, aw, aa, aal (Shetland)
Yola: aul, aal, all, al

Mid wundrunge hē ġeseah þæt sē cniht wæs eall fæġer.

With astonishment, he noticed that the boy was completely beautiful.

Ġemon hē seleseċġas · ond sincþege,
hū hine on ġeoguðe · his goldwine
wenede tō wiste · Wyn eal ġedrēas.

He remembers hall-men and takings of treasures,
how his goldfriend accustomed him
to feast on youth. Mirth has completely perished.

late 10th century, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
Iċ wāt eall be þām.
I know all about that.


wesan

wesan (infinitive)
wesenne (infinitive)
eom (first-person present singular)
wæs (first-person past singular)
eart (present second-person singular)
wǣre (past second-person singular)
is (present singular third-person)
wæs (past singular third-person)
sind (plural present)
sindon (plural present)
wǣron (past plural)
sīe (present singular)
wǣre (past singular)
sīen (plural present)
wǣren (past plural)
wes (imperative past present singular)
wesaþ (imperative past plural present)
wesende (imperative present)

From Proto-West Germanic *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-.
The simple present forms originate from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”), which had no infinitive or past tense in Proto-Germanic, but had already formed a single paradigm with *wesaną supplying the infinitive and past tense.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of The Consolation of Philosophy
Þā cwæþ hē, "Wāst þū hwæt mann sīe?" Þā cwæþ iċ, "Iċ wāt þæt hit biþ sāwol and līchama."

Then he said, "Do you know what a person is?" So I said, "I know it's a soul and a body."

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 9:12

Then they said to him, "Where is he?" And he said, "I don't know."

Þā cwǣdon hīe tō him, "Hwǣr is hē?" Þā cwæþ hē, "Iċ nāt."


wesan

wesan (infinitive)
wesenne (infinitive)
wese (first-person present singular)
wæs (first-person past singular)
wist (present second-person singular)
wǣre (past second-person singular)
wist (present singular third-person)
wæs (past singular third-person)
wesaþ (plural present)
wǣron (past plural)
wese (present singular)
wǣre (past singular)
wesen (plural present)
wǣren (past plural)
wes (imperative past present singular)
wesaþ (imperative past plural present)
wesende (imperative present)
weren (imperative past)
ġeweren (imperative past)

desc

>? Middle English: wesen (“to tend flocks, pasture”)

From Proto-West Germanic *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to consume, feast”), derived from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to graze”). The only (possible) attestation is in the form weaxan in line 3115 of Beowulf, argued to be a misspelling of weosan.

inh

"Nū sceal glēd fretan (weaxan wonna lēg) wigena strengel [...]"

c. 975–1025, Beowulf (Cotton MS Vitellius A XV), published 4th quarter 10th century–2nd half 16th century, lines 3114-15:

“Fire shall devour (and wan flames feed) on the fearless warrior …"


wesan

wēsan (canonical)
wēsan (infinitive)
wēsenne (infinitive)
wēse (first-person present singular)
wēsde (first-person past singular)
wēsest (present second-person singular)
wēst (present second-person singular)
wēsdest (past second-person singular)
wēseþ (present singular third-person)
wēst (present singular third-person)
wēsde (past singular third-person)
wēsaþ (plural present)
wēsdon (past plural)
wēse (present singular)
wēsde (past singular)
wēsen (plural present)
wēsden (past plural)
wēs (imperative past present singular)
wēsaþ (imperative past plural present)
wēsende (imperative present)
wēsed (imperative past)
ġewēsed (imperative past)

Middle English: wesen

English: weeze

Scots: weese, weeze, wease

From Proto-West Germanic *wōsijan, from Proto-Germanic *wōsijaną, from *wōsą.


talu

talu (nominative singular)
tala (nominative plural)
tale (nominative plural)
tale (accusative singular)
tala (accusative plural)
tale (accusative plural)
tale (genitive singular)
tala (genitive plural)
tale (dative singular)
talum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tale, tal, talle, taile, taille (chiefly Northern ME)
English: tale
Scots: tale
Yola: taale

From Proto-West Germanic *talu, from Proto-Germanic *talō.


æt

Middle English: ete, ate, æte
English: eat
Scots: ait

From Proto-West Germanic *āt, from Proto-Germanic *ētą. Related to etan.


æt

Middle English: at, et, ed
English: at
Scots: at
Yola: adh, ad

æt hām

at home (with irregular apocope of dative -e)

æt fruman

æt þām ȳtemestan dæġe

(+accusative, rarely) to, up to, as far as

Hwā is wīs? Sē þe leornaþ æt ǣlcum menn.

Who is wise? He who learns from everyone.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...þā læġ þǣr sum creopere lama fram cildhāde sē wæs dæġhwāmlīce ġeboren tō þām beorhtan ġete þæt hē ælmessan underfencge æt þām infarendum...

Then lay there a cripple, lame from childhood, who was daily carried to the 'Beautiful' Gate, that he might receive alms from those entering.

10th century, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Māre selþ se þearfa þām rīċan þonne hē æt him nime.

The poor give more to the rich than they take from them.

9th century, The Blickling Homilies, "Ascension Thursday"
Hīe ġehīerdon his lāre and his word æt his selfes mūðe.

They heard his teachings and his words from his own mouth.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Basilius, Bishop"
Bide nu æt gode þæt ic grecisc cunne. Þa cwæþ se biscop him to, þu bæde ofer mine mæðe ac uton swa þeah biddan þas bena æt gode.

Pray now to God that I may know Greek. Pray now to God that I may know Greek. Then said the Bishop to him, 'Thou hast asked beyond my power, but let us, nevertheless, ask this boon of God.'

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 42:36

Then Jacob, their father, said, "You have made me childless. I don't have Joseph and Simeon is in chains; now you're taking Benjamin from me."

Þā cwæþ Iācōb heora fæder, "Bearnlēasne ġē habbaþ mē ġedōnne. Næbbe iċ Iōsēp and Simeon is on bendum; nū ġē nimaþ Beniamin æt mē."


brycgian

bryċġian (canonical)
bryċġian (infinitive)
bryċġienne (infinitive)
bryċġiġe (first-person present singular)
bryċġode (first-person past singular)
bryċġast (present second-person singular)
bryċġodest (past second-person singular)
bryċġaþ (present singular third-person)
bryċġode (past singular third-person)
bryċġiaþ (plural present)
bryċġodon (past plural)
bryċġiġe (present singular)
bryċġode (past singular)
bryċġiġen (plural present)
bryċġoden (past plural)
bryċġa (imperative past present singular)
bryċġiaþ (imperative past plural present)
bryċġiende (imperative present)
bryċġod (imperative past)
ġebryċġod (imperative past)


borgian

borgian (infinitive)
borgienne (infinitive)
borgiġe (first-person present singular)
borgode (first-person past singular)
borgast (present second-person singular)
borgodest (past second-person singular)
borgaþ (present singular third-person)
borgode (past singular third-person)
borgiaþ (plural present)
borgodon (past plural)
borgiġe (present singular)
borgode (past singular)
borgiġen (plural present)
borgoden (past plural)
borga (imperative past present singular)
borgiaþ (imperative past plural present)
borgiende (imperative present)
borgod (imperative past)
ġeborgod (imperative past)

Middle English: borȝien, borwen

English: borrow

From Proto-West Germanic *borgōn, from Proto-Germanic *burgōną. Cognate with Old High German borgēn.


brycg

bryċġ (canonical feminine)
bryċġ (nominative singular)
bryċġa (nominative plural)
bryċġe (nominative plural)
bryċġe (accusative singular)
bryċġa (accusative plural)
bryċġe (accusative plural)
bryċġe (genitive singular)
bryċġa (genitive plural)
bryċġe (dative singular)
bryċġum (dative plural)

ang-decl-noun-o-f

bryċġ

ang-decl-noun

bryċġ

desctree

Middle English: brigge, brugge, brygge, bregge, brige, brig, bryge, brydge
English: bridge
Geordie English: brig
Scots: brig
Yola: burge


botm

botm (nominative singular)
botmas (nominative plural)
botm (accusative singular)
botmas (accusative plural)
botmes (genitive singular)
botma (genitive plural)
botme (dative singular)
botmum (dative plural)

Middle English: botme, botom, botome, bothom, bothum, botham, bothme, botym, bottum, butme, boþem
English: bottom
→ French: bottom
Scots: boddem, boddum, boddam, boddom, bottome
Yola: bothom

⇒ Middle English: bum (syncopated)

English: bum

Scots: bum

From Proto-West Germanic *botm, from Proto-Germanic *butmaz (“ground”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn (“earth, bottom”).
Cognate with Old Saxon bodom (“bottom”), Old High German bodam (“floor, bottom”), Old Norse botn (“floor, ground”), Old English bytme (“keel of a ship”), Sanskrit बुध्न (budhná, “bottom, ground”), Avestan 𐬠𐬏𐬥𐬋 (būnō, “bottom, ground”), Latin fundus (“bottom”). Doublet of bodan.


swete

swēte (canonical)
swētest (superlative)
swēte (masculine nominative singular)
swētu (feminine nominative singular)
swēto (feminine nominative singular)
swēte (neuter nominative singular)
swētne (accusative masculine singular)
swēte (accusative feminine singular)
swēte (accusative neuter singular)
swētes (genitive masculine singular)
swētre (feminine genitive singular)
swētes (genitive neuter singular)
swētum (dative masculine singular)
swētre (dative feminine singular)
swētum (dative neuter singular)
swēte (instrumental masculine singular)
swētre (feminine instrumental singular)
swēte (instrumental neuter singular)
swēte (masculine nominative plural)
swēta (feminine nominative plural)
swēte (feminine nominative plural)
swētu (neuter nominative plural)
swēto (neuter nominative plural)
swēte (accusative masculine plural)
swēta (accusative feminine plural)
swēte (accusative feminine plural)
swētu (accusative neuter plural)
swēto (accusative neuter plural)
swētra (genitive masculine plural)
swētra (feminine genitive plural)
swētra (genitive neuter plural)
swētum (dative masculine plural)
swētum (dative feminine plural)
swētum (dative neuter plural)
swētum (instrumental masculine plural)
swētum (feminine instrumental plural)
swētum (instrumental neuter plural)
swēta (masculine nominative singular)
swēte (feminine nominative singular)
swēte (neuter nominative singular)
swētan (accusative masculine singular)
swētan (accusative feminine singular)
swēte (accusative neuter singular)
swētan (genitive masculine singular)
swētan (feminine genitive singular)
swētan (genitive neuter singular)
swētan (dative masculine singular)
swētan (dative feminine singular)
swētan (dative neuter singular)
swētan (instrumental masculine singular)
swētan (feminine instrumental singular)
swētan (instrumental neuter singular)
swētan (masculine nominative plural)
swētan (feminine nominative plural)
swētan (neuter nominative plural)
swētan (accusative masculine plural)
swētan (accusative feminine plural)
swētan (accusative neuter plural)
swētra (genitive masculine plural)
swētena (genitive masculine plural)
swētra (feminine genitive plural)
swētena (feminine genitive plural)
swētra (genitive neuter plural)
swētena (genitive neuter plural)
swētum (dative masculine plural)
swētum (dative feminine plural)
swētum (dative neuter plural)
swētum (instrumental masculine plural)
swētum (feminine instrumental plural)
swētum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: swete, soote; swoote, sweete

Scots: swet, sweit, sweet

English: sweet

From Proto-West Germanic *swōtī, from Proto-Germanic *swōtuz, from Proto-Indo-European *sweh₂dus.


byldan

byldan (infinitive)
byldenne (infinitive)
bylde (first-person present singular)
bylde (first-person past singular)
byldest (present second-person singular)
bylst (present second-person singular)
byltst (present second-person singular)
byldest (past second-person singular)
byldeþ (present singular third-person)
bylt (present singular third-person)
bylde (past singular third-person)
byldaþ (plural present)
byldon (past plural)
bylde (present singular)
bylde (past singular)
bylden (plural present)
bylden (past plural)
byld (imperative past present singular)
byldaþ (imperative past plural present)
byldende (imperative present)
bylded (imperative past)
ġebylded (imperative past)


breost

brēost (canonical neuter)
brēost (nominative singular)
brēost (nominative plural)
brēost (accusative singular)
brēost (accusative plural)
brēostes (genitive singular)
brēosta (genitive plural)
brēoste (dative singular)
brēostum (dative plural)
brēost (nominative singular)
brēosta (nominative plural)
brēoste (nominative plural)
brēoste (accusative singular)
brēosta (accusative plural)
brēoste (accusative plural)
brēoste (genitive singular)
brēosta (genitive plural)
brēoste (dative singular)
brēostum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: brest, breste, breost, breist, brost, brust, brist, breast, bryest
English: brest, breast
Scots: brest, breist, breest

From Proto-Germanic *breustą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to swell”). Cognate with Old Frisian briāst, Old Saxon briost, Old Norse brjóst.

der

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, "Gospel of Saint John", chapter 13, verse 25

Certainly when he leaned over the Healer's (Jesus') breasts, he said to him, Lord, who is he?

Witodlīce þā hē hlinode ofer ðæs Hǣlendes brēostum, hē cwæð tō him, Drihten, hwæt ys hē?

heart (seat of emotions located in the chest area)


ænig

ǣniġ (canonical)
ǣniġ (masculine nominative singular)
ǣniġu (feminine nominative singular)
ǣnġu (feminine nominative singular)
ǣniġo (feminine nominative singular)
ǣnġo (feminine nominative singular)
ǣniġ (neuter nominative singular)
ǣniġne (accusative masculine singular)
ǣniġe (accusative feminine singular)
ǣnġe (accusative feminine singular)
ǣniġ (accusative neuter singular)
ǣniġes (genitive masculine singular)
ǣnġes (genitive masculine singular)
ǣniġre (feminine genitive singular)
ǣniġes (genitive neuter singular)
ǣnġes (genitive neuter singular)
ǣniġum (dative masculine singular)
ǣnġum (dative masculine singular)
ǣniġre (dative feminine singular)
ǣniġum (dative neuter singular)
ǣnġum (dative neuter singular)
ǣniġe (instrumental masculine singular)
ǣnġe (instrumental masculine singular)
ǣniġre (feminine instrumental singular)
ǣniġe (instrumental neuter singular)
ǣnġe (instrumental neuter singular)
ǣniġe (masculine nominative plural)
ǣnġe (masculine nominative plural)
ǣniġa (feminine nominative plural)
ǣnġa (feminine nominative plural)
ǣniġe (feminine nominative plural)
ǣnġe (feminine nominative plural)
ǣniġu (neuter nominative plural)
ǣnġu (neuter nominative plural)
ǣniġo (neuter nominative plural)
ǣnġo (neuter nominative plural)
ǣniġe (accusative masculine plural)
ǣnġe (accusative masculine plural)
ǣniġa (accusative feminine plural)
ǣnġa (accusative feminine plural)
ǣniġe (accusative feminine plural)
ǣnġe (accusative feminine plural)
ǣniġu (accusative neuter plural)
ǣnġu (accusative neuter plural)
ǣniġo (accusative neuter plural)
ǣnġo (accusative neuter plural)
ǣniġra (genitive masculine plural)
ǣniġra (feminine genitive plural)
ǣniġra (genitive neuter plural)
ǣniġum (dative masculine plural)
ǣnġum (dative masculine plural)
ǣniġum (dative feminine plural)
ǣnġum (dative feminine plural)
ǣniġum (dative neuter plural)
ǣnġum (dative neuter plural)
ǣniġum (instrumental masculine plural)
ǣnġum (instrumental masculine plural)
ǣniġum (feminine instrumental plural)
ǣnġum (feminine instrumental plural)
ǣniġum (instrumental neuter plural)
ǣnġum (instrumental neuter plural)
ǣniġa (masculine nominative singular)
ǣnġa (masculine nominative singular)
ǣniġe (feminine nominative singular)
ǣnġe (feminine nominative singular)
ǣniġe (neuter nominative singular)
ǣnġe (neuter nominative singular)
ǣniġan (accusative masculine singular)
ǣnġan (accusative masculine singular)
ǣniġan (accusative feminine singular)
ǣnġan (accusative feminine singular)
ǣniġe (accusative neuter singular)
ǣnġe (accusative neuter singular)
ǣniġan (genitive masculine singular)
ǣnġan (genitive masculine singular)
ǣniġan (feminine genitive singular)
ǣnġan (feminine genitive singular)
ǣniġan (genitive neuter singular)
ǣnġan (genitive neuter singular)
ǣniġan (dative masculine singular)
ǣnġan (dative masculine singular)
ǣniġan (dative feminine singular)
ǣnġan (dative feminine singular)
ǣniġan (dative neuter singular)
ǣnġan (dative neuter singular)
ǣniġan (instrumental masculine singular)
ǣnġan (instrumental masculine singular)
ǣniġan (feminine instrumental singular)
ǣnġan (feminine instrumental singular)
ǣniġan (instrumental neuter singular)
ǣnġan (instrumental neuter singular)
ǣniġan (masculine nominative plural)
ǣnġan (masculine nominative plural)
ǣniġan (feminine nominative plural)
ǣnġan (feminine nominative plural)
ǣniġan (neuter nominative plural)
ǣnġan (neuter nominative plural)
ǣniġan (accusative masculine plural)
ǣnġan (accusative masculine plural)
ǣniġan (accusative feminine plural)
ǣnġan (accusative feminine plural)
ǣniġan (accusative neuter plural)
ǣnġan (accusative neuter plural)
ǣniġra (genitive masculine plural)
ǣniġena (genitive masculine plural)
ǣnġena (genitive masculine plural)
ǣniġra (feminine genitive plural)
ǣniġena (feminine genitive plural)
ǣnġena (feminine genitive plural)
ǣniġra (genitive neuter plural)
ǣniġena (genitive neuter plural)
ǣnġena (genitive neuter plural)
ǣniġum (dative masculine plural)
ǣnġum (dative masculine plural)
ǣniġum (dative feminine plural)
ǣnġum (dative feminine plural)
ǣniġum (dative neuter plural)
ǣnġum (dative neuter plural)
ǣniġum (instrumental masculine plural)
ǣnġum (instrumental masculine plural)
ǣniġum (feminine instrumental plural)
ǣnġum (feminine instrumental plural)
ǣniġum (instrumental neuter plural)
ǣnġum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: ani, aniȝ, any, ayny, æniȝ, eani, eni, eniȝ, ony, oony
English: any
Geordie English: ony
Scots: ony, onie
Yola: aany, any

From Proto-Germanic *ainagaz, from *ainaz (“one”). Akin to Old Frisian enich, Old Saxon ēnig, Old Norse einigr.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
...ac mē tōdæġ swā wundorlīce is ġelumpen þæt ic þurh nān þincg ne mæġ ġecnāwan hwæðer þys sȳ Ephesa byriġ þe elles ǣniġ ōþer;...

But to-day it has befallen me so wonderfully that I cannot by any means recognise whether this be the city of the Ephesians or else any other.

10-11th c., Beowulf, lines 1069-1073

The sooth I tell, that I strength at sea greater possess'd, endurance on the waves, than any other man.

...sōð ic taliġe, þæt ic mere strengo māran āhte, earfeðo on ȳþum, þonne ǣniġ ōþer man.


bodig

bodiġ (canonical neuter)
bodiġ (nominative singular)
bodiġ (nominative plural)
bodiġ (accusative singular)
bodiġ (accusative plural)
bodiġes (genitive singular)
bodiġa (genitive plural)
bodiġe (dative singular)
bodiġum (dative plural)

Middle English: bodi, bode, boddy, boady, boody, boode
English: body
Scots: body
Yola: buthee, bothige, bodhee

From Proto-West Germanic *bodag (“body, trunk”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, observe”).

der

Wæs Oswine se cyning on bodiġe hēah.

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
w:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


cweorn

desctree

Middle English: quern, querne, queerne, cwerne, quyerne, quyrne, qwerne, whern, qweryn, qwhern
English: quern, kern, curn, quirn
Scots: querne, quern, queirn, queern
Yola: querne


butere

butere (nominative singular)
buteran (nominative plural)
buteran (accusative singular)
buteran (accusative plural)
buteran (genitive singular)
buterena (genitive plural)
buteran (dative singular)
buterum (dative plural)

Middle English: buter, buttyr, butter, botyr, buttir, butre, buttur, buttur, boter, buttre, butera, butere
English: butter (see there for further descendants)
Scots: butter, buter
Yola: buthther, buththere


bridel

brīdel (canonical masculine)
brīdel (nominative singular)
brīdelas (nominative plural)
brīdel (accusative singular)
brīdelas (accusative plural)
brīdeles (genitive singular)
brīdela (genitive plural)
brīdele (dative singular)
brīdelum (dative plural)

Middle English: bridel, bridell, bridil, bridill, bridle, brydel, brydul, brydyl, brydyll, brydylle
English: bridle
Scots: bridle


colian

cōlian (canonical)
cōlian (infinitive)
cōlienne (infinitive)
cōliġe (first-person present singular)
cōlode (first-person past singular)
cōlast (present second-person singular)
cōlodest (past second-person singular)
cōlaþ (present singular third-person)
cōlode (past singular third-person)
cōliaþ (plural present)
cōlodon (past plural)
cōliġe (present singular)
cōlode (past singular)
cōliġen (plural present)
cōloden (past plural)
cōla (imperative past present singular)
cōliaþ (imperative past plural present)
cōliende (imperative present)
cōlod (imperative past)
ġecōlod (imperative past)


byrþen

byrþen (nominative singular)
byrþenna (nominative plural)
byrþenne (nominative plural)
byrþenne (accusative singular)
byrþenna (accusative plural)
byrþenne (accusative plural)
byrþenne (genitive singular)
byrþenna (genitive plural)
byrþenne (dative singular)
byrþennum (dative plural)

Middle English: bürthene, bürdene

Scots: burthine

English: burthen, burden

From Proto-West Germanic *burþini, equivalent to byrd + -en.

Þā strangan sċulon beran þāra unstrangena byrðenne.

The strong should bear the burden of the weak.

Fǣrlīċe sēo bryċġ ġehrēas under þǣre hefigan byrðenne.

Suddenly the bridge collapsed under the heavy burden.


cradol

cradol (nominative singular)
cradolas (nominative plural)
cradol (accusative singular)
cradolas (accusative plural)
cradoles (genitive singular)
cradola (genitive plural)
cradole (dative singular)
cradolum (dative plural)

Middle English: cradel, credel

English: cradle

Scots: cradill, credill


ceace

ċēace (canonical feminine)
ċēace (nominative singular)
ċēacan (nominative plural)
ċēacan (accusative singular)
ċēacan (accusative plural)
ċēacan (genitive singular)
ċēacena (genitive plural)
ċēacan (dative singular)
ċēacum (dative plural)

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ċēoce</i>

Middle English: cheke, cheek, cheeke, cheoke, chieke, chike, choke, chooke, chyke (merged with ċēoce)
English: cheek; choke
Scots: cheek

/ˈt͡ʃæ͜ɑː.ke/

From Proto-West Germanic *kākā (“jaw, cheek”).