wyrm

wyrm (nominative singular)
wyrmas (nominative plural)
wyrm (accusative singular)
wyrmas (accusative plural)
wyrmes (genitive singular)
wyrma (genitive plural)
wyrme (dative singular)
wyrmum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: worm, werm, wirm, wurm, wyrm, wyrme, wrim, worme
English: worm
Scots: worm, wirm

→ English: wyrm

From Proto-Germanic *wurmiz (“worm, serpent, snake”), from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis (“worm”). Cognate with Old Frisian wirm, Old Saxon wurm, Old High German wurm, Old Norse ormr, and Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌼𐍃 (waurms). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin vermis (“worm”), Lithuanian varmas (“midge”), Old East Slavic вермие (vermie, “locusts, worms”), and Ancient Greek ῥόμος (rhómos, “earthworm”).

cog

any crawling animal, especially:
maggot, grub

any crawling animal, especially:
reptile, especially a snake

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...for þon hit is nǣdrena ġecynd þæt heora mǣġen ⁊ hiera fēþe bið on heora ribbum swā ōþerra crēopendra wyrma bið on heora fōtum.

...for it is the class of snakes whose movement is on their ribs, just as the motion of other creeping reptiles is with their feet.


dumb

dumb (masculine nominative singular)
dumb (feminine nominative singular)
dumb (neuter nominative singular)
dumbne (accusative masculine singular)
dumbe (accusative feminine singular)
dumb (accusative neuter singular)
dumbes (genitive masculine singular)
dumbre (feminine genitive singular)
dumbes (genitive neuter singular)
dumbum (dative masculine singular)
dumbre (dative feminine singular)
dumbum (dative neuter singular)
dumbe (instrumental masculine singular)
dumbre (feminine instrumental singular)
dumbe (instrumental neuter singular)
dumbe (masculine nominative plural)
dumba (feminine nominative plural)
dumbe (feminine nominative plural)
dumb (neuter nominative plural)
dumbe (accusative masculine plural)
dumba (accusative feminine plural)
dumbe (accusative feminine plural)
dumb (accusative neuter plural)
dumbra (genitive masculine plural)
dumbra (feminine genitive plural)
dumbra (genitive neuter plural)
dumbum (dative masculine plural)
dumbum (dative feminine plural)
dumbum (dative neuter plural)
dumbum (instrumental masculine plural)
dumbum (feminine instrumental plural)
dumbum (instrumental neuter plural)
dumba (masculine nominative singular)
dumbe (feminine nominative singular)
dumbe (neuter nominative singular)
dumban (accusative masculine singular)
dumban (accusative feminine singular)
dumbe (accusative neuter singular)
dumban (genitive masculine singular)
dumban (feminine genitive singular)
dumban (genitive neuter singular)
dumban (dative masculine singular)
dumban (dative feminine singular)
dumban (dative neuter singular)
dumban (instrumental masculine singular)
dumban (feminine instrumental singular)
dumban (instrumental neuter singular)
dumban (masculine nominative plural)
dumban (feminine nominative plural)
dumban (neuter nominative plural)
dumban (accusative masculine plural)
dumban (accusative feminine plural)
dumban (accusative neuter plural)
dumbra (genitive masculine plural)
dumbena (genitive masculine plural)
dumbra (feminine genitive plural)
dumbena (feminine genitive plural)
dumbra (genitive neuter plural)
dumbena (genitive neuter plural)
dumbum (dative masculine plural)
dumbum (dative feminine plural)
dumbum (dative neuter plural)
dumbum (instrumental masculine plural)
dumbum (feminine instrumental plural)
dumbum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: dumb

Scots: dumb

English: dumb

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Fif and twentiġ manna myslīċe ġeuntrume cōmon tō þām hālgan heora hǣle biddende; sum wǣron blinde, sume wǣron healte, sume ēac dēafe, and dumbe ēac sum and hī ealle wurdon ānes dæġes ġehǣlede þurh þæs hālgan þingunge and him hām ġewendon.

Twenty-five men, sickened in various ways, came to the saint begging for the health; some were blind, some were lame, some were also deaf, and some were dumb, and they were all healed in one day through the intercession of the saint and went home.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 11:14

When he drove out the demon, the mute person spoke.

Þā hē ūt ādrāf þā dēofolsēocnesse, þā spræc se dumba.


grad

grad (nominative singular)
gradas (nominative plural)
grad (accusative singular)
gradas (accusative plural)
grades (genitive singular)
grada (genitive plural)
grade (dative singular)
gradum (dative plural)


Augustus

Augustus (nominative singular)
Augustus (accusative singular)
Augustuses (genitive singular)
Augustuse (dative singular)


glide

first-person singular present indicative

inflection of glīdan:
singular present subjunctive


glide

second-person singular preterite indicative

inflection of glīdan:
singular preterite subjunctive


caru

Phonological history of Old English#A-restoration

Phonological history of Old English#Palatal diphthongization

caru (nominative singular)
cara (nominative plural)
ċeare (nominative plural)
care (accusative singular)
ċeare (accusative singular)
cara (accusative plural)
ċeare (accusative plural)
care (genitive singular)
ċeare (genitive singular)
cara (genitive plural)
care (dative singular)
ċeare (dative singular)
carum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: care
English: care
Scots: care
Yola: caure, caare, caar

From Proto-West Germanic *karu, from Proto-Germanic *karō. Cognate with Old Saxon kara, Old High German kara, Old Norse kǫr (“sickbed”), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 (kara).

Oft iċ sceolde āna · ūhtna ġehwylċe
mīne ċeare cwīþan. · Nis nū cwicra nān…

Oft I had to bemoan my sorrow alone at every dawn. There is no one alive…


grim

grimmest (superlative)
grim (masculine nominative singular)
grim (feminine nominative singular)
grim (neuter nominative singular)
grimne (accusative masculine singular)
grimme (accusative feminine singular)
grim (accusative neuter singular)
grimmes (genitive masculine singular)
grimre (feminine genitive singular)
grimmes (genitive neuter singular)
grimmum (dative masculine singular)
grimre (dative feminine singular)
grimmum (dative neuter singular)
grimme (instrumental masculine singular)
grimre (feminine instrumental singular)
grimme (instrumental neuter singular)
grimme (masculine nominative plural)
grimma (feminine nominative plural)
grimme (feminine nominative plural)
grim (neuter nominative plural)
grimme (accusative masculine plural)
grimma (accusative feminine plural)
grimme (accusative feminine plural)
grim (accusative neuter plural)
grimra (genitive masculine plural)
grimra (feminine genitive plural)
grimra (genitive neuter plural)
grimmum (dative masculine plural)
grimmum (dative feminine plural)
grimmum (dative neuter plural)
grimmum (instrumental masculine plural)
grimmum (feminine instrumental plural)
grimmum (instrumental neuter plural)
grimma (masculine nominative singular)
grimme (feminine nominative singular)
grimme (neuter nominative singular)
grimman (accusative masculine singular)
grimman (accusative feminine singular)
grimme (accusative neuter singular)
grimman (genitive masculine singular)
grimman (feminine genitive singular)
grimman (genitive neuter singular)
grimman (dative masculine singular)
grimman (dative feminine singular)
grimman (dative neuter singular)
grimman (instrumental masculine singular)
grimman (feminine instrumental singular)
grimman (instrumental neuter singular)
grimman (masculine nominative plural)
grimman (feminine nominative plural)
grimman (neuter nominative plural)
grimman (accusative masculine plural)
grimman (accusative feminine plural)
grimman (accusative neuter plural)
grimra (genitive masculine plural)
grimmena (genitive masculine plural)
grimra (feminine genitive plural)
grimmena (feminine genitive plural)
grimra (genitive neuter plural)
grimmena (genitive neuter plural)
grimmum (dative masculine plural)
grimmum (dative feminine plural)
grimmum (dative neuter plural)
grimmum (instrumental masculine plural)
grimmum (feminine instrumental plural)
grimmum (instrumental neuter plural)


elles

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
...ac mē tōdæġ swā wundorlīce is ġelumpen þæt ic þurh nān þincg ne mæġ ġecnāwan hwæðer þys sȳ Ephesa byriġ þe elles ǣniġ ōþer;...

But to-day it has befallen me so wonderfully that I cannot by any means recognise whether this be the city of the Ephesians or else any other.


dah

dāh (canonical masculine)
dāgas (nominative plural)
dāh (nominative singular)
dāgas (nominative plural)
dāh (accusative singular)
dāgas (accusative plural)
dāges (genitive singular)
dāga (genitive plural)
dāge (dative singular)
dāgum (dative plural)


-ode

lufian (“to love”) + -ode → lufode (“I/he/she/it loved”)

Used to form the first person and third person singular preterite indicative of class II weak verbs


æg

ǣġ (canonical neuter)
ǣġru (nominative plural)
ǣġ (nominative singular)
ǣġru (nominative plural)
ǣġ (accusative singular)
ǣġru (accusative plural)
ǣġes (genitive singular)
ǣġra (genitive plural)
ǣġe (dative singular)
ǣġrum (dative plural)

Middle English: ey
English: ey (obsolete)

⇒ Middle English: cokeney, cokenay (disputed)

English: Cockney

From Proto-West Germanic *aij, from Proto-Germanic *ajją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm.


fitt

fitt (nominative singular)
fitta (nominative plural)
fitte (nominative plural)
fitte (accusative singular)
fitta (accusative plural)
fitte (accusative plural)
fitte (genitive singular)
fitta (genitive plural)
fitte (dative singular)
fittum (dative plural)

Middle English: fitt, fit

English: fit

Scots: fit

From Proto-West Germanic *fittju, from Proto-Germanic *fitjō (“foot, seam”) and *fitī (“section, segment, chapter”), both from Proto-Indo-European *pedio-. Cognate with Old Saxon *fittea, attested in the borrowed Latin vittea.


-et

-et (nominative singular)
-ettu (nominative plural)
-et (accusative singular)
-ettu (accusative plural)
-ettes (genitive singular)
-etta (genitive plural)
-ette (dative singular)
-ettum (dative plural)

English: thicket

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-atją, *-itją, *-utją.

þēowot

grafet

bærnet

emnet

þiccet

rēwet

rȳmet

swefet, sweofot

þyrnet

suffix forming nouns from verbs, adjectives, and other nouns (sometimes causes i-mutation)


ecg

eċġ (canonical feminine)
eċġ (nominative singular)
eċġa (nominative plural)
eċġe (nominative plural)
eċġe (accusative singular)
eċġa (accusative plural)
eċġe (accusative plural)
eċġe (genitive singular)
eċġa (genitive plural)
eċġe (dative singular)
eċġum (dative plural)

Middle English: egge

English: edge

Scots: ege, egge

Iċ eom ānhaga īserne wund, bille ġebennod, beadoweorca sæd, eċġum wēriġ.

I am a lone one wounded with iron, wounded by sword, sated of battle-works, weary by edges.


com

first/third-person singular past indicative of cuman


grædig

grǣdiġ (canonical)
grǣdgost (superlative)
grǣdiġ (masculine nominative singular)
grǣdiġu (feminine nominative singular)
grǣdġu (feminine nominative singular)
grǣdiġo (feminine nominative singular)
grǣdġo (feminine nominative singular)
grǣdiġ (neuter nominative singular)
grǣdiġne (accusative masculine singular)
grǣdiġe (accusative feminine singular)
grǣdġe (accusative feminine singular)
grǣdiġ (accusative neuter singular)
grǣdiġes (genitive masculine singular)
grǣdġes (genitive masculine singular)
grǣdiġre (feminine genitive singular)
grǣdiġes (genitive neuter singular)
grǣdġes (genitive neuter singular)
grǣdiġum (dative masculine singular)
grǣdġum (dative masculine singular)
grǣdiġre (dative feminine singular)
grǣdiġum (dative neuter singular)
grǣdġum (dative neuter singular)
grǣdiġe (instrumental masculine singular)
grǣdġe (instrumental masculine singular)
grǣdiġre (feminine instrumental singular)
grǣdiġe (instrumental neuter singular)
grǣdġe (instrumental neuter singular)
grǣdiġe (masculine nominative plural)
grǣdġe (masculine nominative plural)
grǣdiġa (feminine nominative plural)
grǣdġa (feminine nominative plural)
grǣdiġe (feminine nominative plural)
grǣdġe (feminine nominative plural)
grǣdiġu (neuter nominative plural)
grǣdġu (neuter nominative plural)
grǣdiġo (neuter nominative plural)
grǣdġo (neuter nominative plural)
grǣdiġe (accusative masculine plural)
grǣdġe (accusative masculine plural)
grǣdiġa (accusative feminine plural)
grǣdġa (accusative feminine plural)
grǣdiġe (accusative feminine plural)
grǣdġe (accusative feminine plural)
grǣdiġu (accusative neuter plural)
grǣdġu (accusative neuter plural)
grǣdiġo (accusative neuter plural)
grǣdġo (accusative neuter plural)
grǣdiġra (genitive masculine plural)
grǣdiġra (feminine genitive plural)
grǣdiġra (genitive neuter plural)
grǣdiġum (dative masculine plural)
grǣdġum (dative masculine plural)
grǣdiġum (dative feminine plural)
grǣdġum (dative feminine plural)
grǣdiġum (dative neuter plural)
grǣdġum (dative neuter plural)
grǣdiġum (instrumental masculine plural)
grǣdġum (instrumental masculine plural)
grǣdiġum (feminine instrumental plural)
grǣdġum (feminine instrumental plural)
grǣdiġum (instrumental neuter plural)
grǣdġum (instrumental neuter plural)
grǣdiġa (masculine nominative singular)
grǣdġa (masculine nominative singular)
grǣdiġe (feminine nominative singular)
grǣdġe (feminine nominative singular)
grǣdiġe (neuter nominative singular)
grǣdġe (neuter nominative singular)
grǣdiġan (accusative masculine singular)
grǣdġan (accusative masculine singular)
grǣdiġan (accusative feminine singular)
grǣdġan (accusative feminine singular)
grǣdiġe (accusative neuter singular)
grǣdġe (accusative neuter singular)
grǣdiġan (genitive masculine singular)
grǣdġan (genitive masculine singular)
grǣdiġan (feminine genitive singular)
grǣdġan (feminine genitive singular)
grǣdiġan (genitive neuter singular)
grǣdġan (genitive neuter singular)
grǣdiġan (dative masculine singular)
grǣdġan (dative masculine singular)
grǣdiġan (dative feminine singular)
grǣdġan (dative feminine singular)
grǣdiġan (dative neuter singular)
grǣdġan (dative neuter singular)
grǣdiġan (instrumental masculine singular)
grǣdġan (instrumental masculine singular)
grǣdiġan (feminine instrumental singular)
grǣdġan (feminine instrumental singular)
grǣdiġan (instrumental neuter singular)
grǣdġan (instrumental neuter singular)
grǣdiġan (masculine nominative plural)
grǣdġan (masculine nominative plural)
grǣdiġan (feminine nominative plural)
grǣdġan (feminine nominative plural)
grǣdiġan (neuter nominative plural)
grǣdġan (neuter nominative plural)
grǣdiġan (accusative masculine plural)
grǣdġan (accusative masculine plural)
grǣdiġan (accusative feminine plural)
grǣdġan (accusative feminine plural)
grǣdiġan (accusative neuter plural)
grǣdġan (accusative neuter plural)
grǣdiġra (genitive masculine plural)
grǣdiġena (genitive masculine plural)
grǣdġena (genitive masculine plural)
grǣdiġra (feminine genitive plural)
grǣdiġena (feminine genitive plural)
grǣdġena (feminine genitive plural)
grǣdiġra (genitive neuter plural)
grǣdiġena (genitive neuter plural)
grǣdġena (genitive neuter plural)
grǣdiġum (dative masculine plural)
grǣdġum (dative masculine plural)
grǣdiġum (dative feminine plural)
grǣdġum (dative feminine plural)
grǣdiġum (dative neuter plural)
grǣdġum (dative neuter plural)
grǣdiġum (instrumental masculine plural)
grǣdġum (instrumental masculine plural)
grǣdiġum (feminine instrumental plural)
grǣdġum (feminine instrumental plural)
grǣdiġum (instrumental neuter plural)
grǣdġum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: gredy, gredi, grædie, grediȝ (Early Middle English)
English: greedy
Sranan Tongo: gridi
Scots: gredy, gredie

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *grādag, from Proto-Germanic *grēdagaz, from *grēduz (“hunger”), equivalent to grǣd + -iġ. Cognate with Old Saxon gradag, Old High German gratag, Old Norse gráðugr (Danish grådig), Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (grēdags, “hungry”).


hane

inflection of hān:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of hān:
genitive/dative singular


bod

bodu (nominative plural)
bod (nominative singular)
bodu (nominative plural)
bod (accusative singular)
bodu (accusative plural)
bodes (genitive singular)
boda (genitive plural)
bode (dative singular)
bodum (dative plural)

Middle English: bod

English: bode

From Proto-West Germanic *bod. Cognate with Old Norse boð.

a command, mandate, precept, order; bidding


Germania

land encompassing all of the Germanic speaking world


sape

sāpe (canonical feminine)
sāpe (nominative singular)
sāpan (nominative plural)
sāpan (accusative singular)
sāpan (accusative plural)
sāpan (genitive singular)
sāpena (genitive plural)
sāpan (dative singular)
sāpum (dative plural)

Middle English: sope, sape

English: soap (see there for further descendants)

Scots: saip, sape

→ Middle Irish: sóp

→ Old Norse: sápa

Icelandic: sápa

Faroese: sápa

Norwegian: såpa, såpe

→ Danish: såpe

Norwegian Bokmål: såpe

Old Swedish: sāpa

Swedish: såpa
→ Finnish: suopa, soopa

From Proto-West Germanic *saipā, from Proto-Germanic *saipǭ.

Ðonne þu sapan abban wille þonne gnid þu þinne handa to gædere

before 1150, Monasteriales Indicia (monastic sign language guide):

When you want soap, then rub your hands together.


tol

tōl (canonical neuter)
tōl (nominative singular)
tōl (nominative plural)
tōl (accusative singular)
tōl (accusative plural)
tōles (genitive singular)
tōla (genitive plural)
tōle (dative singular)
tōlum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tool, tole, tol, toole
English: tool
Scots: tuil

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *tōlą, from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂- (“to tie to; secure”). Possibly inherited through Proto-West Germanic, but since the term is not attested in any other West Germanic language, it may instead be borrowed from Old Norse tól.


hired

hīred (canonical masculine)
hīred (nominative singular)
hīredas (nominative plural)
hīred (accusative singular)
hīredas (accusative plural)
hīredes (genitive singular)
hīreda (genitive plural)
hīrede (dative singular)
hīredum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: hird, herd, herde, hert, hired, hyrd, hyrt, hirð, hireden, hirt

→ Old Norse: hirð

Icelandic: hirð

Faroese: hirð

Norwegian Nynorsk: hird, hyrd

→ English: hird

Old Swedish: hirþ

Swedish: hird

Danish: hird

Norwegian Bokmål: hird

→ English: hird

From Proto-West Germanic *hīwarād (“family, marriage”). Cognate with Old High German hīrāt (“marriage”) (German Heirat), Old English hīwen (“household”).

inh

c. 992, Ælfric, "Preface"
Clypa and ne geswic ðu, ahefe þine stemne swā swā byme, and cȳð minum folce heora leahtras, and Iacobes hīrede heora synna.

Cry and cease not, raise your voice as a trumpet, and declare to my people their crimes, and to the family of Jacob their sins.


cimbal

English: cymbal


blot

blōt (canonical neuter)
blōt (nominative singular)
blōt (nominative plural)
blōt (accusative singular)
blōt (accusative plural)
blōtes (genitive singular)
blōta (genitive plural)
blōte (dative singular)
blōtum (dative plural)

He ealle ða cuman to blote gedyde

he gave all the strangers as a sacrifice. (Alfred's Orosius)

a sacrifice, especially a blood sacrifice by heathens


biter

ang-adj

biter (comparative biterra, superlative biterest)

biterra (comparative)
biterest (superlative)
biter (masculine nominative singular)
biter (feminine nominative singular)
biter (neuter nominative singular)
biterne (accusative masculine singular)
bitere (accusative feminine singular)
bitre (accusative feminine singular)
biter (accusative neuter singular)
biteres (genitive masculine singular)
bitres (genitive masculine singular)
biterre (feminine genitive singular)
biteres (genitive neuter singular)
bitres (genitive neuter singular)
biterum (dative masculine singular)
bitrum (dative masculine singular)
biterre (dative feminine singular)
biterum (dative neuter singular)
bitrum (dative neuter singular)
bitere (instrumental masculine singular)
bitre (instrumental masculine singular)
biterre (feminine instrumental singular)
bitere (instrumental neuter singular)
bitre (instrumental neuter singular)
bitere (masculine nominative plural)
bitre (masculine nominative plural)
bitera (feminine nominative plural)
bitra (feminine nominative plural)
bitere (feminine nominative plural)
bitre (feminine nominative plural)
biter (neuter nominative plural)
bitere (accusative masculine plural)
bitre (accusative masculine plural)
bitera (accusative feminine plural)
bitra (accusative feminine plural)
bitere (accusative feminine plural)
bitre (accusative feminine plural)
biter (accusative neuter plural)
biterra (genitive masculine plural)
biterra (feminine genitive plural)
biterra (genitive neuter plural)
biterum (dative masculine plural)
bitrum (dative masculine plural)
biterum (dative feminine plural)
bitrum (dative feminine plural)
biterum (dative neuter plural)
bitrum (dative neuter plural)
biterum (instrumental masculine plural)
bitrum (instrumental masculine plural)
biterum (feminine instrumental plural)
bitrum (feminine instrumental plural)
biterum (instrumental neuter plural)
bitrum (instrumental neuter plural)
bitera (masculine nominative singular)
bitra (masculine nominative singular)
bitere (feminine nominative singular)
bitre (feminine nominative singular)
bitere (neuter nominative singular)
bitre (neuter nominative singular)
biteran (accusative masculine singular)
bitran (accusative masculine singular)
biteran (accusative feminine singular)
bitran (accusative feminine singular)
bitere (accusative neuter singular)
bitre (accusative neuter singular)
biteran (genitive masculine singular)
bitran (genitive masculine singular)
biteran (feminine genitive singular)
bitran (feminine genitive singular)
biteran (genitive neuter singular)
bitran (genitive neuter singular)
biteran (dative masculine singular)
bitran (dative masculine singular)
biteran (dative feminine singular)
bitran (dative feminine singular)
biteran (dative neuter singular)
bitran (dative neuter singular)
biteran (instrumental masculine singular)
bitran (instrumental masculine singular)
biteran (feminine instrumental singular)
bitran (feminine instrumental singular)
biteran (instrumental neuter singular)
bitran (instrumental neuter singular)
biteran (masculine nominative plural)
bitran (masculine nominative plural)
biteran (feminine nominative plural)
bitran (feminine nominative plural)
biteran (neuter nominative plural)
bitran (neuter nominative plural)
biteran (accusative masculine plural)
bitran (accusative masculine plural)
biteran (accusative feminine plural)
bitran (accusative feminine plural)
biteran (accusative neuter plural)
bitran (accusative neuter plural)
biterra (genitive masculine plural)
biterena (genitive masculine plural)
bitrena (genitive masculine plural)
biterra (feminine genitive plural)
biterena (feminine genitive plural)
bitrena (feminine genitive plural)
biterra (genitive neuter plural)
biterena (genitive neuter plural)
bitrena (genitive neuter plural)
biterum (dative masculine plural)
bitrum (dative masculine plural)
biterum (dative feminine plural)
bitrum (dative feminine plural)
biterum (dative neuter plural)
bitrum (dative neuter plural)
biterum (instrumental masculine plural)
bitrum (instrumental masculine plural)
biterum (feminine instrumental plural)
bitrum (feminine instrumental plural)
biterum (instrumental neuter plural)
bitrum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: bitter

English: bitter

Scots: bittir

Ic [...] bitre breostceare gebiden hæbbe.

I have endured bitter heart-pain. (The Seafarer)


grund

grundas (nominative plural)
grund (nominative singular)
grundas (nominative plural)
grund (accusative singular)
grundas (accusative plural)
grundes (genitive singular)
grunda (genitive plural)
grunde (dative singular)
grundum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ground, grund, grounde
English: ground
→ Fiji Hindi: garaund
→ Maltese: grawnd
Geordie English: grund, groond
Scots: grund, groond, greund
Yola: greoune, greoun, greound

Caedmon's metrical paraphrase
...And ǣrest āmet ufan tō grunde and hū sīd sē swarta ēðm sēo.

...and first measure from above to its ground, how wide the black vapour is.

Ǣlċ sǣ, þēah hēo dēop sīe, hæfþ grund on þǣre eorðan.

Every sea, no matter how deep, has a bottom in the Earth.

of grundum


bula

bula (nominative singular)
bulan (nominative plural)
bulan (accusative singular)
bulan (accusative plural)
bulan (genitive singular)
bulena (genitive plural)
bulan (dative singular)
bulum (dative plural)

Middle English: bole, bule, bul, bolle, boule, bool, boole
English: bull
Scots: bul, bull

From Proto-Germanic *bulô (“bull”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥no-, from *bʰel- (“to blow, swell up”)


nime

first/second/third-person singular present subjunctive


boda

boda (nominative singular)
bodan (nominative plural)
bodan (accusative singular)
bodan (accusative plural)
bodan (genitive singular)
bodena (genitive plural)
bodan (dative singular)
bodum (dative plural)

Middle English: bode

English: bode

From Proto-West Germanic *bodō, from Proto-Germanic *budô. Related to Old English bēodan.


sande

inflection of sand:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of sand:
nominative/accusative plural


croft

Middle English: croft, crofft, croffte, crofte, croofte
English: croft
Scots: croft, craft


hose

hose (nominative singular)
hosan (nominative plural)
hosan (accusative singular)
hosan (accusative plural)
hosan (genitive singular)
hosena (genitive plural)
hosan (dative singular)
hosum (dative plural)

Middle English: hose, hoyse, hosa, hoose (all rare)
English: hose
Scots: hose, hoe

(in the plural) pants, trousers; see hosan


Cent

Cent (nominative singular)
Cent (accusative singular)
Cente (accusative singular)
Cente (genitive singular)
Cente (dative singular)

From Latin Cantia, from a Celtic source probably meaning 'border' or 'coastal region'.


Abraham

Ābrahām (canonical masculine)
Ābrahām (nominative singular)
Ābrahām (accusative singular)
Ābrahāmes (genitive singular)
Ābrahāme (dative singular)

Middle English: Abraham
English: Abraham
Scots: Abraham, Aubrahaum, Aubrahawm, Awbrahawm

/ˈɑːb.rɑˌxɑːm/

[ˈɑːb.rɑˌhɑːm]


Creme

On þes ilces gæres sende se Papa of Rome to ðise lande an cardinal, Iohan of Creme wæs gehaten.

In this same year sent the Pope of Rome to this land a cardinal, named John of Crema.


Brett

Brett (nominative singular)
Brettas (nominative plural)
Brett (accusative singular)
Brettas (accusative plural)
Brettes (genitive singular)
Bretta (genitive plural)
Brette (dative singular)
Brettum (dative plural)

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 491


Geat

Ġēat (canonical masculine)
Ġēat (nominative singular)
Ġēatas (nominative plural)
Ġēat (accusative singular)
Ġēatas (accusative plural)
Ġēates (genitive singular)
Ġēata (genitive plural)
Ġēate (dative singular)
Ġēatum (dative plural)

→ English: Geat

From Proto-West Germanic *Gaut, from Proto-Germanic *gautaz (“Geat”).


Este

Ēste (canonical masculine plural)
Ēste (nominative plural)
Ēste (accusative plural)
Ēsta (genitive plural)
Ēstum (dative plural)

From the name of the Aestii tribe (see Wikipedia).


Angel

Angel (nominative singular)
Angle (accusative singular)
Angle (genitive singular)
Angle (dative singular)

Anglia (peninsula in Jutland, in Schleswig in northermost Germany, where the Angles are supposed to have originated)


Maria

Marīa (canonical feminine)
Marīa (nominative singular)
Marīan (accusative singular)
Marīan (genitive singular)
Marīan (dative singular)

From Latin Maria, from Ancient Greek Μαρία (María), Μαριάμ (Mariám), from Aramaic מרים (Maryām), corresponding to the Hebrew מרים (Miryām).


Finn

Finn (nominative singular)
Finnas (nominative plural)
Finn (accusative singular)
Finnas (accusative plural)
Finnes (genitive singular)
Finna (genitive plural)
Finne (dative singular)
Finnum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *finnaz. Compare Old Norse Finnr.


Perse

Perse (nominative plural)
Perse (accusative plural)
Persa (genitive plural)
Persea (genitive plural)
Persum (dative plural)
Perseum (dative plural)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þǣr wæs Persa X M ofslæġen ġehorsedra, ⁊ eahtatiġ M fēþena,⁊ eahtatiġ M ġefangenra.

There, 10,000 Persian cavalry were slain, and 80,000 infanty, and 80,000 were captured.


Regulus

Regulus (nominative singular)
Regulus (accusative singular)
Reguluses (genitive singular)
Regule (dative singular)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þā, æfter þǣm þe Cartainiense ġeflīemde wǣron, hīe 'wilnedon friþes tō Regule.

Then, after the Carthaginians were driven away, they asked Regulus for peace

a male given name, held by Marcus Atilius Regulus


Ƿ

wynn, a letter of the Old English alphabet.


Þ

a letter of the Old English alphabet, representing /θ/, which was pronounced [θ] or [ð]; the capital form of the letter þ


Ð

a letter of the Old English alphabet, representing /θ/, which was pronounced [θ] or [ð]


bruce

first-person singular present indicative

inflection of brūcan:
singular present subjunctive


bruce

second-person singular preterite indicative

inflection of brūcan:
singular preterite subjunctive


scot

sċot (canonical neuter)
sċot (nominative plural)
sċot (nominative singular)
sċot (nominative plural)
sċot (accusative singular)
sċot (accusative plural)
sċotes (genitive singular)
sċota (genitive plural)
sċote (dative singular)
sċotum (dative plural)

English: shot

From Proto-Germanic *skutą. Cognate with Old Frisian skot, Old Saxon sīlscot, Old High German scoz (German Schoß), Old Norse skot.


berge

berġe (canonical feminine)
berġe (nominative singular)
berġan (nominative plural)
berġan (accusative singular)
berġan (accusative plural)
berġan (genitive singular)
berġena (genitive plural)
berġan (dative singular)
berġum (dative plural)

Middle English: berye, berȝe, berie, bery, byry, beriye
English: berry
Scots: berie, bery, berrie, berry
Yola: kraanberry


butan

From Proto-West Germanic *biūtan, from *bī (“by”) + *ūtan, dative of Proto-West Germanic *ūtō (“exterior, outside”) (from Proto-Germanic *ūt (“out”)), corresponding to be- + ūtan.

der

Hū biþ middanġeard būtan ūs?

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Greater Litany"
Būtan þām ǣhtum, ġelīċe sind þā þe biddaþ and þā þe hīe æt biddaþ.

Apart from possessions, beggars are the same as the people they beg from.

c. 995, Ælfric, on Grammar in English
Suburbānus: sē þe sitt būtan þǣre byrġ.

Suburbanus: someone who lives outside the city.

c. 992, Ælfric, St. Benedict, Abbot
Hwæt cwist þū, sweostor? Ne mæġ iċ nāteshwon būtan mynstre nihtes wunian.

What are you saying, sister? Ain't no way I can stay outside the monastery at night.

for all, despite, in spite of, notwithstanding (+ dative)


butan

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Universal Faith"
Būtan ġē hit ġelīefen, ne magon ġē hit understandan.

Unless you believe it, you can't understand it.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent Sunday"
On ōðre wīsan wē sċēawiaþ mētinge and on ōðre wīsan stafas. Ne gǣþ nā māre tō mētinge būtan þæt þū hit ġesēo and herie. Nis nā ġenōg þæt þū stafas sċēawiġe būtan þū hīe ēac rǣde and þæt andġiet understande.

We look at pictures in one way and letters in another. You don't do anything with a painting except see it and praise it. Looking at letters is not enough unless you also read them and understand the meaning.

Hwæt is līf būtan swefn?

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Sēo leofaþ nū þē, þē ānum, for þon þe hēo nāwiht elles ne lufaþ būtan þē.

Now she lives for you, only you, because she loves nothing else but you.


butan

desctree

Middle English: but, bute, buten, boute, bouten, botte, bot, bod
English: but
Scots: but
Yola: mot

Þā næs iċ būtan ċild.

Hwæt mæġ iċ dōn? Iċ neom būtan ān mann.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þām hīe ġesetton tictātor þæt hē sċolde bēon hearra ofer þā consulas, sē wæs hāten Decius Iūnius. Hē næs būtan seofontīenewintre.

After that, they chose a dictator to rule over the consuls, whose name was Decius Junius. He was only seventeen years old.

(usually with a negative) merely, only, just


peru

peru (nominative singular)
pera (nominative plural)
pere (nominative plural)
pere (accusative singular)
pera (accusative plural)
pere (accusative plural)
pere (genitive singular)
pera (genitive plural)
pere (dative singular)
perum (dative plural)

Middle English: pere, peere, per, peire, peore, peare
English: pear
→⇒ Chinese: 啤梨 (pílí)
→⇒ Khmer: ផ្លែភា (phlae phiə)
→ Sotho: pere
→ Thai: แพร์ (pɛɛ)
→ Tokelauan: pea
→ Xhosa: ipere
Scots: peer, peir
→ Scottish Gaelic: peur


fand

first/third-person singular preterite of findan


cu

cū (canonical feminine)
cȳ (nominative plural)
cū (nominative singular)
cȳ (nominative plural)
cū (accusative singular)
cȳ (accusative plural)
cūe (genitive singular)
cūs (genitive singular)
cȳ (genitive singular)
cūa (genitive plural)
cūna (genitive plural)
cȳ (dative singular)
cūm (dative plural)
cūum (dative plural)

Middle English: cou, cow, cowe, cu, kow, kowe, ku
English: cow (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: coo
Scots: coo, coe, cou
Yola: keow

c. 992, Ælfric, "Of Saint James the Apostle"
Ān cū wearþ ġebrōht tō þām temple þæt man hīe ġeoffrode.

A cow was brought to the temple to be sacrificed.


rinde

rinde (nominative singular)
rindan (nominative plural)
rindan (accusative singular)
rindan (accusative plural)
rindan (genitive singular)
rindena (genitive plural)
rindan (dative singular)
rindum (dative plural)


C

A letter of the Old English alphabet representing the phonemes /c/ and /tʃ/


C

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ R̄omana wæs ān C ⁊ ān M ofslaġen, ⁊ heora sċipa IX ādruncen.

And 1,100 of the Romans were slain, and nine of their ships were sunk.


wald

wald (nominative singular)
waldas (nominative plural)
wald (accusative singular)
waldas (accusative plural)
waldes (genitive singular)
walda (genitive plural)
walde (dative singular)
waldum (dative plural)


wald

wald (nominative singular)
wald (accusative singular)
waldes (genitive singular)
walde (dative singular)

Alternative form of weald (“power, authority”)


wald

wald (masculine nominative singular)
wald (feminine nominative singular)
wald (neuter nominative singular)
waldne (accusative masculine singular)
walde (accusative feminine singular)
wald (accusative neuter singular)
waldes (genitive masculine singular)
waldre (feminine genitive singular)
waldes (genitive neuter singular)
waldum (dative masculine singular)
waldre (dative feminine singular)
waldum (dative neuter singular)
walde (instrumental masculine singular)
waldre (feminine instrumental singular)
walde (instrumental neuter singular)
walde (masculine nominative plural)
walda (feminine nominative plural)
walde (feminine nominative plural)
wald (neuter nominative plural)
walde (accusative masculine plural)
walda (accusative feminine plural)
walde (accusative feminine plural)
wald (accusative neuter plural)
waldra (genitive masculine plural)
waldra (feminine genitive plural)
waldra (genitive neuter plural)
waldum (dative masculine plural)
waldum (dative feminine plural)
waldum (dative neuter plural)
waldum (instrumental masculine plural)
waldum (feminine instrumental plural)
waldum (instrumental neuter plural)
walda (masculine nominative singular)
walde (feminine nominative singular)
walde (neuter nominative singular)
waldan (accusative masculine singular)
waldan (accusative feminine singular)
walde (accusative neuter singular)
waldan (genitive masculine singular)
waldan (feminine genitive singular)
waldan (genitive neuter singular)
waldan (dative masculine singular)
waldan (dative feminine singular)
waldan (dative neuter singular)
waldan (instrumental masculine singular)
waldan (feminine instrumental singular)
waldan (instrumental neuter singular)
waldan (masculine nominative plural)
waldan (feminine nominative plural)
waldan (neuter nominative plural)
waldan (accusative masculine plural)
waldan (accusative feminine plural)
waldan (accusative neuter plural)
waldra (genitive masculine plural)
waldena (genitive masculine plural)
waldra (feminine genitive plural)
waldena (feminine genitive plural)
waldra (genitive neuter plural)
waldena (genitive neuter plural)
waldum (dative masculine plural)
waldum (dative feminine plural)
waldum (dative neuter plural)
waldum (instrumental masculine plural)
waldum (feminine instrumental plural)
waldum (instrumental neuter plural)


brim

brim (nominative singular)
brimu (nominative plural)
brim (accusative singular)
brimu (accusative plural)
brimes (genitive singular)
brima (genitive plural)
brime (dative singular)
brimum (dative plural)

(poetic) the edge of the sea or a body of water


cian

accusative/genitive/dative singular of ċīe


M

A letter of the Old English alphabet representing the phoneme /m/


cocer

cocer (nominative singular)
coceras (nominative plural)
cocer (accusative singular)
coceras (accusative plural)
coceres (genitive singular)
cocera (genitive plural)
cocere (dative singular)
cocerum (dative plural)

Middle English: coker, cuker, cokir, cocur, cokre, kokur, quequer, koker
English: cocker, cogger

From Proto-West Germanic *kokar, whence also Old Frisian koker, Old Saxon kokar (Dutch koker), Old High German kohhār (German Köcher). The origin of the West Germanic word is unknown, but note that a similar word can be found in Turkic and Mongolic languages: see Proto-Mongolic *kökexür for more.


Abel

From Latin Abel, from Ancient Greek Ἅβελ (Hábel), from Hebrew הֶ֫בֶל

der

Hebrew הֶ֫בֶל

(biblical) Abel, the brother of Cain and the first murder victim


God

God (nominative singular)
God (accusative singular)
Godes (genitive singular)
Gode (dative singular)

Middle English: God

English: God

Ġif God nǣre, þonne sċolde man hine āþenċan.

If God didn't exist, we would have to invent him.

Hwæt wāt iċ be Gode and be līfes andġiete? Iċ wāt þæt þēos weorold is.

What do I know about God and the meaning of life? I know that this world exists.


hice

hice (nominative singular)
hican (nominative plural)
hican (accusative singular)
hican (accusative plural)
hican (genitive singular)
hicena (genitive plural)
hican (dative singular)
hicum (dative plural)

gl

attested in Middle English <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">hekemose</i>

Middle English: *heke (attested in Middle English hekemose)

desc

⇒ English: hickmal, hickymal, hekkymal, hackmal, hagmal (“blue titmouse”) (dialectal)

⇒? English: huckmuck (“long-tailed titmouse”) (dialectal)

Unknown. Perhaps related to Old English *haccian (“to hack”).


Arabia

Arabia (nominative singular)
Arabie (accusative singular)
Arabie (genitive singular)
Arabie (dative singular)

Arabia (a peninsula and region of Western Asia)


dest

second-person singular present indicative of dōn


haga

desctree

Middle English: hawe, haȝe, haue, hahe, haw, hawghe
English: haw
Scots: haw
Yola: haeve

From Proto-West Germanic *hagō. Cognate with Old Saxon hago, Middle Dutch haghe, Old Norse hagi.

used figuratively as a suffix to denote military formations containing spearmen (as in anhaga, cumbolhaga, færhaga, wighaga)


plega

pleġa (nominative singular)
pleġan (nominative plural)
pleġan (accusative singular)
pleġan (accusative plural)
pleġan (genitive singular)
pleġena (genitive plural)
pleġan (dative singular)
pleġum (dative plural)

Middle English: pleye, pleie, plaw, plawe, play, playe, pleȝe, plæȝe, pleiȝ, pleouwe, ploȝe, plai, plaȝe, pleghe, plaghe, plasze
English: play
Scots: play
Yola: pley


hosp

hosp (nominative singular)
as (nominative plural)
hosp (accusative singular)
as (accusative plural)
hospes (genitive singular)
a (genitive plural)
hospe (dative singular)
um (dative plural)

Middle English: hosp

From Proto-West Germanic *hosp, *husp (“derision, mockery”), of obscure origin. Likely an alteration of Proto-West Germanic *hosk, *husk (“derision, mockery”), from Proto-Germanic *huskaz, *huską (“mockery”), from Proto-Indo-European *kūd- (“to shout, be naughty, mock”). More at Old English husċ.

unc

obscure

der

reproach, contempt, contumely, insult, blasphemy

hospword

abusive language, contemptuous expression


ann

first/third-person singular present indicative of unnan


toh

tōh (canonical)
tōh (masculine nominative singular)
tō (feminine nominative singular)
tōh (neuter nominative singular)
tōne (accusative masculine singular)
tōnne (accusative masculine singular)
tō (accusative feminine singular)
tōh (accusative neuter singular)
tōs (genitive masculine singular)
tōre (feminine genitive singular)
tōrre (feminine genitive singular)
tōs (genitive neuter singular)
tōm (dative masculine singular)
tōum (dative masculine singular)
tōre (dative feminine singular)
tōrre (dative feminine singular)
tōm (dative neuter singular)
tōum (dative neuter singular)
tō (instrumental masculine singular)
tōre (feminine instrumental singular)
tōrre (feminine instrumental singular)
tō (instrumental neuter singular)
tō (masculine nominative plural)
tō (feminine nominative plural)
tō (neuter nominative plural)
tō (accusative masculine plural)
tō (accusative feminine plural)
tō (accusative neuter plural)
tōra (genitive masculine plural)
tōrra (genitive masculine plural)
tōra (feminine genitive plural)
tōrra (feminine genitive plural)
tōra (genitive neuter plural)
tōrra (genitive neuter plural)
tōm (dative masculine plural)
tōum (dative masculine plural)
tōm (dative feminine plural)
tōum (dative feminine plural)
tōm (dative neuter plural)
tōum (dative neuter plural)
tōm (instrumental masculine plural)
tōum (instrumental masculine plural)
tōm (feminine instrumental plural)
tōum (feminine instrumental plural)
tōm (instrumental neuter plural)
tōum (instrumental neuter plural)
tō (masculine nominative singular)
tō (feminine nominative singular)
tō (neuter nominative singular)
tōn (accusative masculine singular)
tōn (accusative feminine singular)
tō (accusative neuter singular)
tōn (genitive masculine singular)
tōn (feminine genitive singular)
tōn (genitive neuter singular)
tōn (dative masculine singular)
tōn (dative feminine singular)
tōn (dative neuter singular)
tōn (instrumental masculine singular)
tōn (feminine instrumental singular)
tōn (instrumental neuter singular)
tōn (masculine nominative plural)
tōn (feminine nominative plural)
tōn (neuter nominative plural)
tōn (accusative masculine plural)
tōn (accusative feminine plural)
tōn (accusative neuter plural)
tōra (genitive masculine plural)
tōrra (genitive masculine plural)
tōna (genitive masculine plural)
tōra (feminine genitive plural)
tōrra (feminine genitive plural)
tōna (feminine genitive plural)
tōra (genitive neuter plural)
tōrra (genitive neuter plural)
tōna (genitive neuter plural)
tōm (dative masculine plural)
tōum (dative masculine plural)
tōm (dative feminine plural)
tōum (dative feminine plural)
tōm (dative neuter plural)
tōum (dative neuter plural)
tōm (instrumental masculine plural)
tōum (instrumental masculine plural)
tōm (feminine instrumental plural)
tōum (feminine instrumental plural)
tōm (instrumental neuter plural)
tōum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: touȝ, togh

English: tough

→ Swedish: tuff

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tøff

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tøff

Scots: tuch, teuch, tewch

From Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī), from Proto-Germanic *tanhuz, whence also Old High German zāh.


ears

ears (nominative singular)
earsas (nominative plural)
ears (accusative singular)
earsas (accusative plural)
earses (genitive singular)
earsa (genitive plural)
earse (dative singular)
earsum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ars, arce, ers, eres, hars, hers, aars
English: arse, ass
Scots: ers, airse

From Proto-West Germanic *ars, from Proto-Germanic *arsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁orsos. Cognate with Old Frisian ers, Old Saxon ars, Old High German ars, Old Norse ars ~ rass, and more distantly with Old Armenian ոռ (oṙ, “ass”) and Modern Greek ουρά (ourá, “tail”).


leon

lēon (canonical)
lēon (infinitive)
lēonne (infinitive)
lēo (first-person present singular)
lāh (first-person past singular)
līehst (present second-person singular)
lige (past second-person singular)
līehþ (present singular third-person)
lāh (past singular third-person)
lēoþ (plural present)
ligon (past plural)
lēo (present singular)
lige (past singular)
lēon (plural present)
ligen (past plural)
lēoh (imperative past present singular)
lēoþ (imperative past plural present)
lēonde (imperative present)
liġen (imperative past)
ġeliġen (imperative past)

From Proto-Germanic *līhwaną. Cognate with Old High German lihan (German leihen).


graf

Middle English: grove, grave, grof
English: grove
Scots: grave (obsolete)

Uncertain, lacking cognates in other Germanic languages. Perhaps from grafan (“to dig”), similar to drāf (“drove”) and drifan.


nat

first/third-person singular present indicative of nytan

first/third-person singular present indicative of nitan


yr

Probably borrowed from Old Norse ýr (“yew, a bow, the runic letter ᛦ”).


soc

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of sacan


hu

desctree

Middle English: how, hou, howe, hu, hwu, whu, wou, wu
English: how
Geordie English: hoo
Scots: hoo, how, foo
Yola: fowe, how

From Proto-Germanic *hwō. Cognate with Old Frisian hū, Old Saxon hū (Dutch hoe), Old High German wuo.

Hū eald is þīn dohtor?

Hū miċel gold hæfst þū on þē?

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Hū be mete? hū swīðe lyst þē þæs?

How about food? How much dost thou desire that?

how, in all senses, including:
to what degree

Hū sæġþ man þæt on Englisċ?

Hū færest þū?

How are you? (Literally: "How are you faring?")

how, in all senses, including:
in what manner

Hū wæs þīn dæġ?

Þū canst Ælfrēd cyning? Hū is hē?

how, in all senses, including:
in what state

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Ēalā hū gōd mann!

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Hū, ne eart þū sē mann þe on mīnre scōle wǣre āfēded and ġelǣred?

Aren't you the person who was raised and taught in my school?

used to introduce negative rhetorical questions


hu

Iċ leornode hū man wæġn ġebētt.

Hīe āscodon hū hīe helpan meahten.

Iċ him sæġde hū iċ wǣre æt hām ealne dæġ and ne ġehīerde nāwiht.

I told them how I'd been at home all day and hadn't heard a thing.

Þæt is tō wundriġenne hū hīe þā bryċġe swā hrædlīċe ġefyldon.

It's amazing how they completed the bridge so quickly.

that, the fact that (introducing direct statements)


Irland

Īrland (canonical neuter)
Īrland (nominative singular)
Īrland (accusative singular)
Īrlandes (genitive singular)
Īrlande (dative singular)

Derived from Īras (“the Irish”) and land (“land, country”). The first element could also be an unattested singular form *Īr.


ne-

From Proto-Germanic *ne (“not”), from Proto-Indo-European *ne (“no, not”). Akin to Old English ne (“not”).

neom

næs

nǣron

nic

nǣniġ

nealles

nefne

nabban

nāgan

nǣfre

nyllan

ne- + witan (“to know”) → nytan (“to not know”)

ne- + wāt (“I know”) → nāt (“I do not know”)

ne- + witen (“known”) → nyten (“ignorant”)


homer

homer (nominative singular)
homeras (nominative plural)
homer (accusative singular)
homeras (accusative plural)
homeres (genitive singular)
homera (genitive plural)
homere (dative singular)
homerum (dative plural)


leat

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of lūtan


fett

third-person singular present indicative of fēdan


grot

grot (nominative singular)
grot (nominative plural)
grot (accusative singular)
grot (accusative plural)
grotes (genitive singular)
grota (genitive plural)
grote (dative singular)
grotum (dative plural)

Middle English: grot, grott, grotte
English: groat
Yola: gurt, grut


heben

Northumbrian (Early)
heben (nominative singular)
hebenas (nominative plural)
heben (accusative singular)
hebenas (accusative plural)
hebenes (genitive singular)
hebena (genitive plural)
hebene (dative singular)
hebenum (dative plural)


har

hār (canonical)
hār (masculine nominative singular)
hār (feminine nominative singular)
hār (neuter nominative singular)
hārne (accusative masculine singular)
hāre (accusative feminine singular)
hār (accusative neuter singular)
hāres (genitive masculine singular)
hārre (feminine genitive singular)
hāres (genitive neuter singular)
hārum (dative masculine singular)
hārre (dative feminine singular)
hārum (dative neuter singular)
hāre (instrumental masculine singular)
hārre (feminine instrumental singular)
hāre (instrumental neuter singular)
hāre (masculine nominative plural)
hāra (feminine nominative plural)
hāre (feminine nominative plural)
hār (neuter nominative plural)
hāre (accusative masculine plural)
hāra (accusative feminine plural)
hāre (accusative feminine plural)
hār (accusative neuter plural)
hārra (genitive masculine plural)
hārra (feminine genitive plural)
hārra (genitive neuter plural)
hārum (dative masculine plural)
hārum (dative feminine plural)
hārum (dative neuter plural)
hārum (instrumental masculine plural)
hārum (feminine instrumental plural)
hārum (instrumental neuter plural)
hāra (masculine nominative singular)
hāre (feminine nominative singular)
hāre (neuter nominative singular)
hāran (accusative masculine singular)
hāran (accusative feminine singular)
hāre (accusative neuter singular)
hāran (genitive masculine singular)
hāran (feminine genitive singular)
hāran (genitive neuter singular)
hāran (dative masculine singular)
hāran (dative feminine singular)
hāran (dative neuter singular)
hāran (instrumental masculine singular)
hāran (feminine instrumental singular)
hāran (instrumental neuter singular)
hāran (masculine nominative plural)
hāran (feminine nominative plural)
hāran (neuter nominative plural)
hāran (accusative masculine plural)
hāran (accusative feminine plural)
hāran (accusative neuter plural)
hārra (genitive masculine plural)
hārena (genitive masculine plural)
hārra (feminine genitive plural)
hārena (feminine genitive plural)
hārra (genitive neuter plural)
hārena (genitive neuter plural)
hārum (dative masculine plural)
hārum (dative feminine plural)
hārum (dative neuter plural)
hārum (instrumental masculine plural)
hārum (feminine instrumental plural)
hārum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: hor

English: hoar

Scots: hare, hair


slaw

slāw (canonical)
slāw (masculine nominative singular)
slāw (feminine nominative singular)
slāw (neuter nominative singular)
slāwne (accusative masculine singular)
slāwe (accusative feminine singular)
slāw (accusative neuter singular)
slāwes (genitive masculine singular)
slāwre (feminine genitive singular)
slāwes (genitive neuter singular)
slāwum (dative masculine singular)
slāwre (dative feminine singular)
slāwum (dative neuter singular)
slāwe (instrumental masculine singular)
slāwre (feminine instrumental singular)
slāwe (instrumental neuter singular)
slāwe (masculine nominative plural)
slāwa (feminine nominative plural)
slāwe (feminine nominative plural)
slāw (neuter nominative plural)
slāwe (accusative masculine plural)
slāwa (accusative feminine plural)
slāwe (accusative feminine plural)
slāw (accusative neuter plural)
slāwra (genitive masculine plural)
slāwra (feminine genitive plural)
slāwra (genitive neuter plural)
slāwum (dative masculine plural)
slāwum (dative feminine plural)
slāwum (dative neuter plural)
slāwum (instrumental masculine plural)
slāwum (feminine instrumental plural)
slāwum (instrumental neuter plural)
slāwa (masculine nominative singular)
slāwe (feminine nominative singular)
slāwe (neuter nominative singular)
slāwan (accusative masculine singular)
slāwan (accusative feminine singular)
slāwe (accusative neuter singular)
slāwan (genitive masculine singular)
slāwan (feminine genitive singular)
slāwan (genitive neuter singular)
slāwan (dative masculine singular)
slāwan (dative feminine singular)
slāwan (dative neuter singular)
slāwan (instrumental masculine singular)
slāwan (feminine instrumental singular)
slāwan (instrumental neuter singular)
slāwan (masculine nominative plural)
slāwan (feminine nominative plural)
slāwan (neuter nominative plural)
slāwan (accusative masculine plural)
slāwan (accusative feminine plural)
slāwan (accusative neuter plural)
slāwra (genitive masculine plural)
slāwena (genitive masculine plural)
slāwra (feminine genitive plural)
slāwena (feminine genitive plural)
slāwra (genitive neuter plural)
slāwena (genitive neuter plural)
slāwum (dative masculine plural)
slāwum (dative feminine plural)
slāwum (dative neuter plural)
slāwum (instrumental masculine plural)
slāwum (feminine instrumental plural)
slāwum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: slaw, slow

English: slow

Geordie English: slaw

Scots: slaw

From Proto-West Germanic *slaiw, from Proto-Germanic *slaiwaz (“blunt, dull, faint, weak, slack”), of uncertain origin.


sitt

third-person singular present indicative of sittan


sed

sēd (canonical neuter)
sēd (nominative singular)
sēd (nominative plural)
sēd (accusative singular)
sēd (accusative plural)
sēdes (genitive singular)
sēda (genitive plural)
sēde (dative singular)
sēdum (dative plural)


gesiþ

ġesīþ (canonical masculine)
ġesīþas (nominative plural)
ġesīþ (nominative singular)
ġesīþas (nominative plural)
ġesīþ (accusative singular)
ġesīþas (accusative plural)
ġesīþes (genitive singular)
ġesīþa (genitive plural)
ġesīþe (dative singular)
ġesīþum (dative plural)

→ English: gesith

From Proto-Germanic *gasinþô, equivalent to ġe- + sīþ. Cognate with Old Saxon gisīth, Old High German gisindo (German Gesinde), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰 (gasinþa), 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰 (gasinþja).

Ful oft mec ġesīþas sendað æfter hondum, þæt mec weras ond wīf wlonce cyssað.

Very oft companions send me from hand to hand so that proud men and women kiss me.


duguþ

duguþ (nominative singular)
duguþa (nominative plural)
duguþe (nominative plural)
duguþe (accusative singular)
duguþa (accusative plural)
duguþe (accusative plural)
duguþe (genitive singular)
duguþa (genitive plural)
duguþe (dative singular)
duguþum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: douthe, douth, douþe, duthe, doȝeðe, dugeð, duȝde, duȝeðe, duȝeþe, duheðe, duhþe, duweðe (Early Middle English)
English: douth
Scots: duthe, douth

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *dugunþu, from Proto-Germanic *dugunþō; cognate with Old Frisian duged (“power”), Old High German tugad, tugund (“virtue”) (German Tugend).

inh+

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Be þām hringum man meahte witan hwæt Rōmāna duguþe ġefeallen wæs, for þon þe hit wæs þēaw mid him on þām dagum þæt nān ōðer ne mōste gyldenne hring werian būtan hē æðeles cynnes wǣre.

You could tell by the rings how much of the Roman nobility had fallen, because the custom back then was that no one could wear a gold ring unless they were from a noble family.


cwellan

cwellan (infinitive)
cwellenne (infinitive)
cwelle (first-person present singular)
cwealde (first-person past singular)
cwelest (present second-person singular)
cwealdest (past second-person singular)
cweleþ (present singular third-person)
cwealde (past singular third-person)
cwellaþ (plural present)
cwealdon (past plural)
cwelle (present singular)
cwealde (past singular)
cwellen (plural present)
cwealden (past plural)
cwele (imperative past present singular)
cwellaþ (imperative past plural present)
cwellende (imperative present)
cweald (imperative past)
ġecweald (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: quellen, cwellen, quell, quelle, qwell, qwelle, cwellenn (Ormulum)
English: quell
Scots: quell, quel

From Proto-West Germanic *kwalljan, from Proto-Germanic *kwaljaną (“to torment”). Cognates include Old Saxon quellian, Middle Dutch quellen (Dutch kwellen), Old High German quellen (German quälen), Old Norse kvelja (Danish kvæle).


eþel

ēþel (canonical masculine)
ēþel (nominative singular)
ēþlas (nominative plural)
ēþel (accusative singular)
ēþlas (accusative plural)
ēþles (genitive singular)
ēþla (genitive plural)
ēþle (dative singular)
ēþlum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *ōþil, from a variant of Proto-Germanic *ōþalą.

Iċ wille ġesēċan mīnne ēðel ofer sǣ.

I want to visit my homeland across the sea.

Flīema biþ sē þe his ēðel forlēt oþþe under þrucce oþþe for nīede.

A refugee is someone who left their home country either under pressure or out of necessity.

Swā iċ mōdsefan · mīnne sceōlde,
oft earmċeariġ, · ēðle bidǣled,
frēomǣgum feor, · feterum sǣlan,

Like I should my heart,
oft wretched, bereft of homeland,
far from noble kinsmen, bind with fetters,


scacan

sċacan (canonical)
sċacan (infinitive)
sċacenne (infinitive)
sċace (first-person present singular)
sċōc (first-person past singular)
sċēoc (first-person past singular)
sċæcst (present second-person singular)
sċōce (past second-person singular)
sċēoce (past second-person singular)
sċæcþ (present singular third-person)
sċōc (past singular third-person)
sċēoc (past singular third-person)
sċacaþ (plural present)
sċōcon (past plural)
sċēocon (past plural)
sċace (present singular)
sċōce (past singular)
sċēoce (past singular)
sċacen (plural present)
sċōcen (past plural)
sċēocen (past plural)
sċac (imperative past present singular)
sċacaþ (imperative past plural present)
sċacende (imperative present)
sċæcen (imperative past)
ġesċæcen (imperative past)
sċacen (imperative past)
ġesċacen (imperative past)

Middle English: schaken

English: shake

Scots: schake, schaik, schack

From Proto-West Germanic *skakan. Cognate with Old Saxon skakan, Old Norse skaka.

(transitive) to flourish or wave (an object)

(transitive) to cause something to quiver, flutter, or shake


þurfan

þurfan (infinitive)
þearfenne (infinitive)
þearf (first-person present singular)
þorfte (first-person past singular)
þearft (present second-person singular)
þorftest (past second-person singular)
þearf (present singular third-person)
þorfte (past singular third-person)
þurfon (plural present)
þorfton (past plural)
þyrfe (present singular)
þorfte (past singular)
þyrfen (plural present)
þorften (past plural)
þyrfe (imperative past present singular)
þurfaþ (imperative past plural present)
þearfende (imperative present)

Middle English: tharen
English: thair (dialectal)
Scots: thair

From Proto-West Germanic *þurban (“to need”).
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian *thurva, Old Saxon thurƀan, Old Dutch thurvan, Old High German durfan, Old Norse þurfa, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (þaurban).


wlanc

wlanc (masculine nominative singular)
wlanc (feminine nominative singular)
wlanc (neuter nominative singular)
wlancne (accusative masculine singular)
wlance (accusative feminine singular)
wlanc (accusative neuter singular)
wlances (genitive masculine singular)
wlancre (feminine genitive singular)
wlances (genitive neuter singular)
wlancum (dative masculine singular)
wlancre (dative feminine singular)
wlancum (dative neuter singular)
wlance (instrumental masculine singular)
wlancre (feminine instrumental singular)
wlance (instrumental neuter singular)
wlance (masculine nominative plural)
wlanca (feminine nominative plural)
wlance (feminine nominative plural)
wlanc (neuter nominative plural)
wlance (accusative masculine plural)
wlanca (accusative feminine plural)
wlance (accusative feminine plural)
wlanc (accusative neuter plural)
wlancra (genitive masculine plural)
wlancra (feminine genitive plural)
wlancra (genitive neuter plural)
wlancum (dative masculine plural)
wlancum (dative feminine plural)
wlancum (dative neuter plural)
wlancum (instrumental masculine plural)
wlancum (feminine instrumental plural)
wlancum (instrumental neuter plural)
wlanca (masculine nominative singular)
wlance (feminine nominative singular)
wlance (neuter nominative singular)
wlancan (accusative masculine singular)
wlancan (accusative feminine singular)
wlance (accusative neuter singular)
wlancan (genitive masculine singular)
wlancan (feminine genitive singular)
wlancan (genitive neuter singular)
wlancan (dative masculine singular)
wlancan (dative feminine singular)
wlancan (dative neuter singular)
wlancan (instrumental masculine singular)
wlancan (feminine instrumental singular)
wlancan (instrumental neuter singular)
wlancan (masculine nominative plural)
wlancan (feminine nominative plural)
wlancan (neuter nominative plural)
wlancan (accusative masculine plural)
wlancan (accusative feminine plural)
wlancan (accusative neuter plural)
wlancra (genitive masculine plural)
wlancena (genitive masculine plural)
wlancra (feminine genitive plural)
wlancena (feminine genitive plural)
wlancra (genitive neuter plural)
wlancena (genitive neuter plural)
wlancum (dative masculine plural)
wlancum (dative feminine plural)
wlancum (dative neuter plural)
wlancum (instrumental masculine plural)
wlancum (feminine instrumental plural)
wlancum (instrumental neuter plural)

desc

Middle English: wlonk, wlanck, wlank, wlonc, wlong

From Proto-West Germanic *wlank (“grown-up”).

Cotton MS Tiberus B.i, Maxims II
Draca sceal on hlæwe,
frod, frætwum wlanc.
The dragon shall be on the barrow,


fremde

ang-adj

fremde (comparative fremdra, superlative fremdest)

fremdra (comparative)
fremdest (superlative)
fremde (masculine nominative singular)
fremdu (feminine nominative singular)
fremdo (feminine nominative singular)
fremde (neuter nominative singular)
fremdne (accusative masculine singular)
fremde (accusative feminine singular)
fremde (accusative neuter singular)
fremdes (genitive masculine singular)
fremdre (feminine genitive singular)
fremdes (genitive neuter singular)
fremdum (dative masculine singular)
fremdre (dative feminine singular)
fremdum (dative neuter singular)
fremde (instrumental masculine singular)
fremdre (feminine instrumental singular)
fremde (instrumental neuter singular)
fremde (masculine nominative plural)
fremda (feminine nominative plural)
fremde (feminine nominative plural)
fremdu (neuter nominative plural)
fremdo (neuter nominative plural)
fremde (accusative masculine plural)
fremda (accusative feminine plural)
fremde (accusative feminine plural)
fremdu (accusative neuter plural)
fremdo (accusative neuter plural)
fremdra (genitive masculine plural)
fremdra (feminine genitive plural)
fremdra (genitive neuter plural)
fremdum (dative masculine plural)
fremdum (dative feminine plural)
fremdum (dative neuter plural)
fremdum (instrumental masculine plural)
fremdum (feminine instrumental plural)
fremdum (instrumental neuter plural)
fremda (masculine nominative singular)
fremde (feminine nominative singular)
fremde (neuter nominative singular)
fremdan (accusative masculine singular)
fremdan (accusative feminine singular)
fremde (accusative neuter singular)
fremdan (genitive masculine singular)
fremdan (feminine genitive singular)
fremdan (genitive neuter singular)
fremdan (dative masculine singular)
fremdan (dative feminine singular)
fremdan (dative neuter singular)
fremdan (instrumental masculine singular)
fremdan (feminine instrumental singular)
fremdan (instrumental neuter singular)
fremdan (masculine nominative plural)
fremdan (feminine nominative plural)
fremdan (neuter nominative plural)
fremdan (accusative masculine plural)
fremdan (accusative feminine plural)
fremdan (accusative neuter plural)
fremdra (genitive masculine plural)
fremdena (genitive masculine plural)
fremdra (feminine genitive plural)
fremdena (feminine genitive plural)
fremdra (genitive neuter plural)
fremdena (genitive neuter plural)
fremdum (dative masculine plural)
fremdum (dative feminine plural)
fremdum (dative neuter plural)
fremdum (instrumental masculine plural)
fremdum (feminine instrumental plural)
fremdum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: fremde, fremede, fremed, fremmed, frempt, fremmid, fremmede, freomede, ffremyd, fremd
English: fremd (rare, chiefly dialectal)
Scots: fremmit, fremd, frempt, frem

From Proto-West Germanic *framiþī, from Proto-Germanic *framaþijaz, from Proto-Germanic *fram- (related to from). Cognates include Old Saxon fremithi, Dutch vreemd, Old High German fremidi (whence German fremd), and Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐍃 (framaþs).

c. 893, King Alfred's Doom Book
Iċ eom Dryhten þīn god. Iċ þē ūt ġelǣdde of Egypta lande and of heora þēowdōme. Ne lufa þū ōðru fremdu godu ofer mē.

I am the Lord your God. I led you out of slavery in Egypt. Don't love other foreign gods over me.


friþ

friþ (nominative singular)
friþu (nominative plural)
friþ (accusative singular)
friþu (accusative plural)
friþes (genitive singular)
friþa (genitive plural)
friþe (dative singular)
friþum (dative plural)

Middle English: frith, ffryth, firth, freth, freþ, frið, friþ, friþþ, fryth, fryþ
English: frith

⇒ English: Chilvers (from a contraction of Ċēolfriþ + es or 's)

From Proto-West Germanic *friþu m, from Proto-Germanic *friþuz m, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *preyH- (“beloved, happy”).

der

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm þe Rōmeburg ġetimbred wæs IIII hunde wintra ⁊ II, þætte Cartaina þǣre burge ǣrendracan cōmon tō Rōme ⁊ him ġebudon þæt hīe frið him betwēonum hæfden...

Four hundred and two years after the city of Rome was built, messengers [from] the city of Carthage came to Rome and proposed that there be peace between them...


friþ

frīþ (canonical)
frīþ (masculine nominative singular)
frīþ (feminine nominative singular)
frīþ (neuter nominative singular)
frīþne (accusative masculine singular)
frīþe (accusative feminine singular)
frīþ (accusative neuter singular)
frīþes (genitive masculine singular)
frīþre (feminine genitive singular)
frīþes (genitive neuter singular)
frīþum (dative masculine singular)
frīþre (dative feminine singular)
frīþum (dative neuter singular)
frīþe (instrumental masculine singular)
frīþre (feminine instrumental singular)
frīþe (instrumental neuter singular)
frīþe (masculine nominative plural)
frīþa (feminine nominative plural)
frīþe (feminine nominative plural)
frīþ (neuter nominative plural)
frīþe (accusative masculine plural)
frīþa (accusative feminine plural)
frīþe (accusative feminine plural)
frīþ (accusative neuter plural)
frīþra (genitive masculine plural)
frīþra (feminine genitive plural)
frīþra (genitive neuter plural)
frīþum (dative masculine plural)
frīþum (dative feminine plural)
frīþum (dative neuter plural)
frīþum (instrumental masculine plural)
frīþum (feminine instrumental plural)
frīþum (instrumental neuter plural)
frīþa (masculine nominative singular)
frīþe (feminine nominative singular)
frīþe (neuter nominative singular)
frīþan (accusative masculine singular)
frīþan (accusative feminine singular)
frīþe (accusative neuter singular)
frīþan (genitive masculine singular)
frīþan (feminine genitive singular)
frīþan (genitive neuter singular)
frīþan (dative masculine singular)
frīþan (dative feminine singular)
frīþan (dative neuter singular)
frīþan (instrumental masculine singular)
frīþan (feminine instrumental singular)
frīþan (instrumental neuter singular)
frīþan (masculine nominative plural)
frīþan (feminine nominative plural)
frīþan (neuter nominative plural)
frīþan (accusative masculine plural)
frīþan (accusative feminine plural)
frīþan (accusative neuter plural)
frīþra (genitive masculine plural)
frīþena (genitive masculine plural)
frīþra (feminine genitive plural)
frīþena (feminine genitive plural)
frīþra (genitive neuter plural)
frīþena (genitive neuter plural)
frīþum (dative masculine plural)
frīþum (dative feminine plural)
frīþum (dative neuter plural)
frīþum (instrumental masculine plural)
frīþum (feminine instrumental plural)
frīþum (instrumental neuter plural)

Earlier *frīd, from Proto-Germanic *frīdaz.


mis-

desctree

Middle English: mys-, mes-, mis-
English: mis-
Scots: mis-

From Proto-Germanic *missa-. Akin to Old English missan (“to miss”).


hwæt

hwā (feminine masculine nominative)
hwæt (neuter nominative)
hwone (accusative feminine masculine)
hwæt (accusative neuter)
hwæs (feminine genitive masculine)
hwæs (genitive neuter)
hwām (dative feminine masculine)
hwǣm (dative feminine masculine)
hwām (dative neuter)
hwǣm (dative neuter)
hwȳ (feminine instrumental masculine)
hwon (feminine instrumental masculine)
hwȳ (instrumental neuter)
hwon (instrumental neuter)

Middle English: what, whad, whote, watte, wath, wad, qhat, whæt, whæht, waht, waet, wæht, weht, hweat (Southern West Mid)
English: what
Scots: what, whate, whit, whut, wha', quhat, quat, fat, faht, phat, fit, fut, fout, at
Yola: faade, fhaade, faad, fade, f'ad

From Proto-Germanic *hwat.
Cognates include Old Frisian hwet, Old Saxon hwat, Old Dutch wat, Old High German waz, Old Norse hvat. The Indo-European root also led to Latin quod, Lithuanian kàd, and Irish cad.

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
Hwæt sind þā þrēo þing þe nān mann būtan libban ne mæġ?

What are the three things no one can live without?

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Dǣdlīcu word ġeswitoliaþ hwæt menn dōþ.

c. 992, Ælfric, “Midlent Sunday”
Mid hwon magon wē byċġan hlāf þissum folce?

What can we use to buy bread for these people?

c. 996, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Hwæs ābītst þū?

The Legend of St. Andrew
Ealle menn flēoþ of þǣre ċeastre. Tō hwon willaþ ġē þæder faran?

Everyone’s fleeing that city. What do you want to go there for?

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Hwæt seofast þū wiþ mē?

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 4:27

His disciples were amazed that he was talking to a woman, though none of them said “What are you looking for?” or “Why are you talking to her?”

His leornungcneohtas wundrodon þæt hē wiþ wīf spræc, þēah heora nān ne cwæþ “Hwæt sēcst þū?” oþþe “Hwæt spricst þū wiþ hīe?”

c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
Þā behēoldon swīðe ġeorne þā ċeapmenn hine, and be him on ġeþance smēadon hwæt manna hē bēon sċolde.

The businessmen looked at him very closely and tried to figure out what kind of person he might be.

c. 992, Ælfric, “Palm Sunday: On the Lord’s Passion”
Iūdās sōna ēode tō þāra Iudēisċena rǣde and openlīċe befræġn hwæt hīe him fēos ġeūðen ġif hē þone Hǣlend him belǣwan meahte.

Judas immediately went to the Jewish council and openly asked how much money they would give him for betraying Jesus.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Be þām hringum man meahte witan hwæt Rōmāna duguþe ġefeallen wæs, for þon þe hit wæs þēaw mid him on þām dagum þæt nān ōðer ne mōste gyldenne hring werian būtan hē æðeles cynnes wǣre.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Hwæðer Rōmāne hit witon nū ǣnegum menn tō seċġenne hwæt heora folces on Ispāniam on fēawum ġēarum forwurde?

Do the Romans know any more how many of their people perished in Spain within a few years?

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
Sæġe mē hwæt fisċcynna sīe.

Tell me how many species of fish there are.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Sēo lēo bringþ hungrigum hwelpum hwæt tō etenne.

The lion brings hungry cubs something to eat.

c. 1011, Byrhtferth's Manual
Ġif þū tōdǣlst hwæt on fēower, sē fēorða dǣl biþ quadrans ġeċīeġed, and þā ōðre dōdrantēs bēoþ ġenemnede.

If you divide something into fours, one part is called a quadrans (Latin for ‘one fourth’), and the other three are called dodrantes (Latin for ‘three fourths’).

late 10th century, Ælfric, “Preface to Genesis”
Þā unġelǣredan prēostas, ġif hīe hwæt lȳtles understandaþ of þām Lǣdenbōcum, þonne þyncþ him sōna þæt hīe mæġen mǣre lārēowas bēon.

If uneducated priests understand any little thing from the Latin texts, they immediately think they can be famous scholars.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 27:32

Then Isaac said, “Who are you?” He answered and said, “I'm Esau.”

Þā cwæþ Isaāc, “Hwæt eart þū?” Hē andwyrde and cwæþ, “Iċ eom Ēsau.”

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 21:12

No one sitting there dared to ask him who he was. They knew it was the Lord.

Nān þāra þe þǣr sæt ne dorste hine āscian hwæt hē wǣre. Hīe wisson þæt hit wæs Dryhten.

c. 992, Ælfric, “The Second Sunday After Pentecost”
Ġif iċ wisse hwæt hē wǣre, iċ wolde liċġan æt his fōtum.

If I'd known who he was, I would have lain at his feet.

c. 992, Ælfric, “The Passion of the Apostles Simon and Jude”
Sē ealdormann hīe befræġn hwæt hīe wǣren, oþþe hwanon hīe cōmen, oþþe hwȳ hīe þæder cōmen.

The general asked them who they were, where they came from, and why they came there.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 8:52-53

Then the Jews said, “Now we know you’re crazy. Abraham died, and so did the prophets, and you say, ‘If anyone keeps my word, they will never die.’ Are you saying you’re greater than our father Abraham, who died? And the prophets died! Who do you think you are?”

Þā cwǣdon þā Iūdēas, “Nū wē witon þæt þū eart wōd. Ābrahām wæs dēad, and þā wītegan, and þū cwist, ‘Ġif hwā mīn word ġehielt, ne biþ hē nǣfre dēad.’ Cwist þū þæt þū sīe mǣrra þonne ūre fæder Ābrahām, þe wæs dēad? And þā wītegan wǣron dēade! Hwæt þyncþ þē þæt þū sīe?”

who (in questions and implied questions about who someone is)


hwæt

Hwæt we Gardena in geardagum þeodcyninga þrym gefrunon;

Indeed we know about the might of the great kings of the Spear Danes in the days of yore;

Hwæt þu hæfst geweaxen!


ofer

From Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber, from Proto-Indo-European *upér, a comparative form of *upo.


ofer

Middle English: over
English: over
Geordie English: ower
Scots: ower
Yola: ower, oer, owr

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 10, verse 19

And now I gave you power to tread over adders and snakes and over each fiends' force. And no thing harms you.

And nū ic sealde ēow ānweald tō tredenne ofer nǣddran. And snacan and ofer ǣlc fēondes mæġen. And nān þing ēow ne derað...

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 19, verse 14

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Nys nāht ofor hyne...

Exeter Book, Chrtist A, The Navitivity
...Ne lǣt awyrġde ofer us onwald āgan...

Let not the accursed have power over us...

over, Indicating relative status, authority, or power

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Agnes, Virgin"
He gesette his tacn on minum nebbe þæt ic nænne oðerne ofer hine ne lufige.

He hath set His token upon my face that I should love none other beside Him.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Basilius, Bishop"
Bide nu æt gode þæt ic grecisc cunne. Þa cwæþ se biscop him to, þu bæde ofer mine mæðe ac uton swa þeah biddan þas bena æt gode.

Pray now to God that I may know Greek. Pray now to God that I may know Greek. Then said the Bishop to him, 'Thou hast asked beyond my power, but let us, nevertheless, ask this boon of God.'

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Prayer of Moses (Mid-Lent)"
Swa swa sume menn doð þe dyslice fæstað ofer heora mihte on gemænelicum lenctene, swa swa we sylfe gesawon oðþæt hi seoce wurdon.

Even as some men do who foolishly fast beyond their strength in the catholic Lent, even as we ourselves have seen, until they have fallen sick.


ofer

ōfer (canonical masculine)
ōfr (nominative singular)
ōfras (nominative plural)
ōfr (accusative singular)
ōfras (accusative plural)
ōfres (genitive singular)
ōfra (genitive plural)
ōfre (dative singular)
ōfrum (dative plural)

Middle English: over

English: over

Scots: offer

border, edge; specifically, shore, riverbank


mæg

mǣġ (canonical masculine)
mǣġ (nominative singular)
māgas (nominative plural)
mǣġ (accusative singular)
māgas (accusative plural)
mǣġes (genitive singular)
māga (genitive plural)
mǣġe (dative singular)
māgum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *māg (“kin”).
Cognate with Middle Dutch maech (Dutch maag), Old High German māg, Gothic 𐌼𐌴𐌲𐍃 (mēgs, “son-in-law”), Swedish måg (“make”).

þonne māga ġemynd · mōd ġeondhweorfeð,
grēteð glīwstafum, · ġeorne ġeondsċēawað
seċġa ġeseldan. · Swimmað oft on weġ.

when mind goes through memory of kinsmen,
greets with mirths, eagerly looks through
comrades of men. They often swim away.


mæg

mǣġ (canonical feminine)
mǣġ (nominative singular)
mǣġa (nominative plural)
mǣġe (nominative plural)
mǣġe (accusative singular)
mǣġa (accusative plural)
mǣġe (accusative plural)
mǣġe (genitive singular)
mǣġa (genitive plural)
mǣġe (dative singular)
mǣġum (dative plural)


mæg

first/third-person singular present of magan


wenn

wennas (nominative plural)
wenn (nominative singular)
wennas (nominative plural)
wenn (accusative singular)
wennas (accusative plural)
wennes (genitive singular)
wenna (genitive plural)
wenne (dative singular)
wennum (dative plural)

Middle English: wenne

English: wen

From Proto-Germanic *wanjaz, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *wan- (“swelling, growth, lump, tumor”), of uncertain origin. Cognate with Middle Low German wene (“wen”), Middle Dutch wanne, wan (“goiter”).


flet

flet (nominative plural)
flet (nominative singular)
flet (nominative plural)
flet (accusative singular)
flet (accusative plural)
fletes (genitive singular)
fleta (genitive plural)
flete (dative singular)
fletum (dative plural)

Middle English: flet

English: flet

From Proto-Germanic *flatją (“floor”), from Proto-Germanic *flataz (“flat”), from Proto-Indo-European *plat- (“flat”). Akin to Old Frisian flet, flette (“dwelling, house”).

cog

Heó on flet gecrong

Gif ðæt flet geblódgad wyrþe.

a dwelling, habitation, house, cottage, hall


flet

flēt (canonical feminine)
flēta (nominative plural)
flēt (nominative singular)
flēte (nominative plural)
flēta (nominative plural)
flēt (accusative singular)
flēte (accusative singular)
flēte (accusative plural)
flēta (accusative plural)
flēte (genitive singular)
flēta (genitive plural)
flēte (dative singular)
flētum (dative plural)


swat

swāt (canonical masculine neuter)
swāt (nominative singular)
swāt (accusative singular)
swātes (genitive singular)
swāte (dative singular)

English: swate, swote, swot, swete, swet

English: sweat

From Proto-Germanic *swait-, from Proto-Indo-European *swoyd-, *sweyd-. Cognate with Old Saxon swêt, Old High German sweiz, Old Norse sveiti (“sweat, blood”), Latin sudor, Sanskrit स्वेद (sveda).

used of other moisture that comes from the body, especially blood


Bretland

Bretland (nominative singular)
Bretland (accusative singular)
Bretlandes (genitive singular)
Bretlande (dative singular)


sina

nominative/accusative feminine plural of sīn


ara

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of ār (“glory; oar”)

genitive plural of ār (“ore; messenger”)


teme

first-person singular present indicative

inflection of tēman:
singular present subjunctive


gigant

gīgant (canonical masculine)
gīgant (nominative singular)
gīgantas (nominative plural)
gīgant (accusative singular)
gīgantas (accusative plural)
gīgantes (genitive singular)
gīganta (genitive plural)
gīgante (dative singular)
gīgantum (dative plural)

a giant (mythical being of superhuman size)


westen

wēsten (canonical)
wēsten (nominative singular)
wēstennu (nominative plural)
wēsten (accusative singular)
wēstennu (accusative plural)
wēstennes (genitive singular)
wēstenna (genitive plural)
wēstenne (dative singular)
wēstennum (dative plural)
wēsten (nominative singular)
wēstenas (nominative plural)
wēsten (accusative singular)
wēstenas (accusative plural)
wēstenes (genitive singular)
wēstena (genitive plural)
wēstene (dative singular)
wēstenum (dative plural)
wēsten (nominative singular)
wēstena (nominative plural)
wēstene (nominative plural)
wēstene (accusative singular)
wēstena (accusative plural)
wēstene (accusative plural)
wēstene (genitive singular)
wēstena (genitive plural)
wēstene (dative singular)
wēstenum (dative plural)

Middle English: westen, wæsten

From Proto-West Germanic *wōstini. Related to Old English wēste (“void, desolate”).


westen

wēsten (canonical)
wēsten (masculine nominative singular)
wēstenu (feminine nominative singular)
wēstnu (feminine nominative singular)
wēsteno (feminine nominative singular)
wēstno (feminine nominative singular)
wēsten (neuter nominative singular)
wēstenne (accusative masculine singular)
wēstene (accusative feminine singular)
wēstne (accusative feminine singular)
wēsten (accusative neuter singular)
wēstenes (genitive masculine singular)
wēstnes (genitive masculine singular)
wēstenre (feminine genitive singular)
wēstenes (genitive neuter singular)
wēstnes (genitive neuter singular)
wēstenum (dative masculine singular)
wēstnum (dative masculine singular)
wēstenre (dative feminine singular)
wēstenum (dative neuter singular)
wēstnum (dative neuter singular)
wēstene (instrumental masculine singular)
wēstne (instrumental masculine singular)
wēstenre (feminine instrumental singular)
wēstene (instrumental neuter singular)
wēstne (instrumental neuter singular)
wēstene (masculine nominative plural)
wēstne (masculine nominative plural)
wēstena (feminine nominative plural)
wēstna (feminine nominative plural)
wēstene (feminine nominative plural)
wēstne (feminine nominative plural)
wēstenu (neuter nominative plural)
wēstnu (neuter nominative plural)
wēsteno (neuter nominative plural)
wēstno (neuter nominative plural)
wēstene (accusative masculine plural)
wēstne (accusative masculine plural)
wēstena (accusative feminine plural)
wēstna (accusative feminine plural)
wēstene (accusative feminine plural)
wēstne (accusative feminine plural)
wēstenu (accusative neuter plural)
wēstnu (accusative neuter plural)
wēsteno (accusative neuter plural)
wēstno (accusative neuter plural)
wēstenra (genitive masculine plural)
wēstenra (feminine genitive plural)
wēstenra (genitive neuter plural)
wēstenum (dative masculine plural)
wēstnum (dative masculine plural)
wēstenum (dative feminine plural)
wēstnum (dative feminine plural)
wēstenum (dative neuter plural)
wēstnum (dative neuter plural)
wēstenum (instrumental masculine plural)
wēstnum (instrumental masculine plural)
wēstenum (feminine instrumental plural)
wēstnum (feminine instrumental plural)
wēstenum (instrumental neuter plural)
wēstnum (instrumental neuter plural)
wēstena (masculine nominative singular)
wēstna (masculine nominative singular)
wēstene (feminine nominative singular)
wēstne (feminine nominative singular)
wēstene (neuter nominative singular)
wēstne (neuter nominative singular)
wēstenan (accusative masculine singular)
wēstnan (accusative masculine singular)
wēstenan (accusative feminine singular)
wēstnan (accusative feminine singular)
wēstene (accusative neuter singular)
wēstne (accusative neuter singular)
wēstenan (genitive masculine singular)
wēstnan (genitive masculine singular)
wēstenan (feminine genitive singular)
wēstnan (feminine genitive singular)
wēstenan (genitive neuter singular)
wēstnan (genitive neuter singular)
wēstenan (dative masculine singular)
wēstnan (dative masculine singular)
wēstenan (dative feminine singular)
wēstnan (dative feminine singular)
wēstenan (dative neuter singular)
wēstnan (dative neuter singular)
wēstenan (instrumental masculine singular)
wēstnan (instrumental masculine singular)
wēstenan (feminine instrumental singular)
wēstnan (feminine instrumental singular)
wēstenan (instrumental neuter singular)
wēstnan (instrumental neuter singular)
wēstenan (masculine nominative plural)
wēstnan (masculine nominative plural)
wēstenan (feminine nominative plural)
wēstnan (feminine nominative plural)
wēstenan (neuter nominative plural)
wēstnan (neuter nominative plural)
wēstenan (accusative masculine plural)
wēstnan (accusative masculine plural)
wēstenan (accusative feminine plural)
wēstnan (accusative feminine plural)
wēstenan (accusative neuter plural)
wēstnan (accusative neuter plural)
wēstenra (genitive masculine plural)
wēstenena (genitive masculine plural)
wēstnena (genitive masculine plural)
wēstenra (feminine genitive plural)
wēstenena (feminine genitive plural)
wēstnena (feminine genitive plural)
wēstenra (genitive neuter plural)
wēstenena (genitive neuter plural)
wēstnena (genitive neuter plural)
wēstenum (dative masculine plural)
wēstnum (dative masculine plural)
wēstenum (dative feminine plural)
wēstnum (dative feminine plural)
wēstenum (dative neuter plural)
wēstnum (dative neuter plural)
wēstenum (instrumental masculine plural)
wēstnum (instrumental masculine plural)
wēstenum (feminine instrumental plural)
wēstnum (feminine instrumental plural)
wēstenum (instrumental neuter plural)
wēstnum (instrumental neuter plural)


hnot

hnot (masculine nominative singular)
hnot (feminine nominative singular)
hnot (neuter nominative singular)
hnotne (accusative masculine singular)
hnotte (accusative feminine singular)
hnot (accusative neuter singular)
hnottes (genitive masculine singular)
hnotre (feminine genitive singular)
hnottes (genitive neuter singular)
hnottum (dative masculine singular)
hnotre (dative feminine singular)
hnottum (dative neuter singular)
hnotte (instrumental masculine singular)
hnotre (feminine instrumental singular)
hnotte (instrumental neuter singular)
hnotte (masculine nominative plural)
hnotta (feminine nominative plural)
hnotte (feminine nominative plural)
hnot (neuter nominative plural)
hnotte (accusative masculine plural)
hnotta (accusative feminine plural)
hnotte (accusative feminine plural)
hnot (accusative neuter plural)
hnotra (genitive masculine plural)
hnotra (feminine genitive plural)
hnotra (genitive neuter plural)
hnottum (dative masculine plural)
hnottum (dative feminine plural)
hnottum (dative neuter plural)
hnottum (instrumental masculine plural)
hnottum (feminine instrumental plural)
hnottum (instrumental neuter plural)
hnotta (masculine nominative singular)
hnotte (feminine nominative singular)
hnotte (neuter nominative singular)
hnottan (accusative masculine singular)
hnottan (accusative feminine singular)
hnotte (accusative neuter singular)
hnottan (genitive masculine singular)
hnottan (feminine genitive singular)
hnottan (genitive neuter singular)
hnottan (dative masculine singular)
hnottan (dative feminine singular)
hnottan (dative neuter singular)
hnottan (instrumental masculine singular)
hnottan (feminine instrumental singular)
hnottan (instrumental neuter singular)
hnottan (masculine nominative plural)
hnottan (feminine nominative plural)
hnottan (neuter nominative plural)
hnottan (accusative masculine plural)
hnottan (accusative feminine plural)
hnottan (accusative neuter plural)
hnotra (genitive masculine plural)
hnottena (genitive masculine plural)
hnotra (feminine genitive plural)
hnottena (feminine genitive plural)
hnotra (genitive neuter plural)
hnottena (genitive neuter plural)
hnottum (dative masculine plural)
hnottum (dative feminine plural)
hnottum (dative neuter plural)
hnottum (instrumental masculine plural)
hnottum (feminine instrumental plural)
hnottum (instrumental neuter plural)

English: nott


hatte

first/third-person singular passive of hātan


bær

bær (masculine nominative singular)
baru (feminine nominative singular)
baro (feminine nominative singular)
bær (neuter nominative singular)
bærne (accusative masculine singular)
bare (accusative feminine singular)
bær (accusative neuter singular)
bares (genitive masculine singular)
bærre (feminine genitive singular)
bares (genitive neuter singular)
barum (dative masculine singular)
bærre (dative feminine singular)
barum (dative neuter singular)
bare (instrumental masculine singular)
bærre (feminine instrumental singular)
bare (instrumental neuter singular)
bare (masculine nominative plural)
bara (feminine nominative plural)
bare (feminine nominative plural)
baru (neuter nominative plural)
baro (neuter nominative plural)
bare (accusative masculine plural)
bara (accusative feminine plural)
bare (accusative feminine plural)
baru (accusative neuter plural)
baro (accusative neuter plural)
bærra (genitive masculine plural)
bærra (feminine genitive plural)
bærra (genitive neuter plural)
barum (dative masculine plural)
barum (dative feminine plural)
barum (dative neuter plural)
barum (instrumental masculine plural)
barum (feminine instrumental plural)
barum (instrumental neuter plural)
bara (masculine nominative singular)
bare (feminine nominative singular)
bare (neuter nominative singular)
baran (accusative masculine singular)
baran (accusative feminine singular)
bare (accusative neuter singular)
baran (genitive masculine singular)
baran (feminine genitive singular)
baran (genitive neuter singular)
baran (dative masculine singular)
baran (dative feminine singular)
baran (dative neuter singular)
baran (instrumental masculine singular)
baran (feminine instrumental singular)
baran (instrumental neuter singular)
baran (masculine nominative plural)
baran (feminine nominative plural)
baran (neuter nominative plural)
baran (accusative masculine plural)
baran (accusative feminine plural)
baran (accusative neuter plural)
bærra (genitive masculine plural)
barena (genitive masculine plural)
bærra (feminine genitive plural)
barena (feminine genitive plural)
bærra (genitive neuter plural)
barena (genitive neuter plural)
barum (dative masculine plural)
barum (dative feminine plural)
barum (dative neuter plural)
barum (instrumental masculine plural)
barum (feminine instrumental plural)
barum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: bare, bar, baar, bayre, bere, beare
English: bare
Scots: bare, bair
Yola: baar, baare

From Proto-West Germanic *baʀ, from Proto-Germanic *bazaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰosós.
Germanic cognates: Old Frisian bar, Old Saxon bar, Middle Dutch bar, baer (Dutch bar, baar), Old High German bar (German bar), Old Norse berr (Swedish bar, Norwegian Nynorsk berr).
Indo-European cognates: Proto-Balto-Slavic *basas (Lithuanian bãsas, Latvian bass, Russian босо́й (bosój), Polish bosy), Albanian mbath (“I wear”).

Wit her baru standaþ unwered wædo. ― We stand here naked, unprotected by garments. (Cædmon's Metrical Paraphrase)


ferð

ferð (nominative singular)
ferðas (nominative plural)
ferð (accusative singular)
ferðas (accusative plural)
ferðes (genitive singular)
ferða (genitive plural)
ferðe (dative singular)
ferðum (dative plural)
ferð (nominative singular)
ferð (nominative plural)
ferð (accusative singular)
ferð (accusative plural)
ferðes (genitive singular)
ferða (genitive plural)
ferðe (dative singular)
ferðum (dative plural)


fær

fǣr (canonical masculine)
fǣr (nominative singular)
fǣras (nominative plural)
fǣr (accusative singular)
fǣras (accusative plural)
fǣres (genitive singular)
fǣra (genitive plural)
fǣre (dative singular)
fǣrum (dative plural)

Middle English: fere, fer, feer, feere
English: fear
Scots: fere, feir
Yola: vear

From Proto-Germanic *fērō. Cognate with Old Saxon vār (“ambush”) (Dutch gevaar (“danger”)), Old High German fāra (“ambush, danger, deceit”) (German Gefahr (“danger”)).

cog

fǣrslide

fǣrrǣs

fǣrrǣsende

fǣrnīþ

fǣrgripe


fær

fær (nominative singular)
faru (nominative plural)
fær (accusative singular)
faru (accusative plural)
færes (genitive singular)
fara (genitive plural)
fære (dative singular)
farum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: fare, far, phare, vare, fære, væræ (Early Middle English)
English: fare
Scots: fare
Yola: gudeváre

From Proto-West Germanic *far, from Proto-Germanic *farą, from the same source as Old English faran. Cognate with Old High German far (“harbour, carting station”), Old Norse far (“pathway, vehicle, ship”).

cog

way, journey, passage, expedition; highway

movable possessions; means of subsistence


hon

hōn (canonical)
hōn (infinitive)
hōnne (infinitive)
hō (first-person present singular)
hēng (first-person past singular)
hēhst (present second-person singular)
hēnge (past second-person singular)
hēhþ (present singular third-person)
hēng (past singular third-person)
hōþ (plural present)
hēngon (past plural)
hō (present singular)
hēnge (past singular)
hōn (plural present)
hēngen (past plural)
hōh (imperative past present singular)
hōþ (imperative past plural present)
hōnde (imperative present)
hangen (imperative past)
ġehangen (imperative past)

q

merger with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">hangian</i>

Middle English: hōn, hangen, hongen (merger with hangian)

English: hang

Scots: hang


þar

desctree

Middle English: thare, thar, ther, there, thore
English: there
Yola: aar, thar, th'ar, thaar, thaare, thoare


bera

bera (nominative singular)
beran (nominative plural)
beran (accusative singular)
beran (accusative plural)
beran (genitive singular)
berena (genitive plural)
beran (dative singular)
berum (dative plural)

Middle English: bere, bier, beare, beore, bore
English: bear (see there for further descendants)
Scots: beir

From Proto-Germanic *berô (“bear”). Cognate with Old Frisian *bera, Old Saxon bero, Old Dutch *bero, Old High German bero. The oblique stem *bern- gave Old Norse bjǫrn.


þær

From Proto-West Germanic *þār, from Proto-Germanic *þar, whence also Old High German dār, Old Norse þar.

c. 1011, "Byrhtferth's Manual", line 125

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
Þā ġecwæð sē abbod and ealle þā ġebrōðra þæt þēr ne mihte nā mā muneca wunian...

Then said the abbot and all the brothers, that no more monks could dwell there...

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of the Apostles Peter and Paul"
Simon, ðaða he ðam folce ætwunden wæs, getígde ænne ormǽtne ryððan innan ðam geate þǣr Petrus inn hæfde, þæt he fǽrlice hine abítan sceolde.

Simon, when he had escaped from the people, tied a huge mastiff within the gate where Peter had his dwelling, that he might suddenly devour him.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Purification of St. Mary"
Uton fon nu on þæt godspel ðǣr we hit ǣr forlēton.

Let us now resume the gospel where we previously left it.

c. 994, Ælfric, The Seasons of the Year

To us a day means from sunrise to sunset, but in books, one day is considered to last from when the sun rises to when it returns to where it started from. In that interval there are considered to be 24 hours.

Wē hātaþ ānne dæġ fram sunnan upgange oþ ǣfen, ac swā þēah is on bōcum ġeteald tō ānum dæġe fram þǣre sunnan upgange oþ þæt hēo eft becume þǣr hēo ǣr upp stāg. On þām fæce sind ġetealda fēower and twentiġ tīda.


scriþan

sċrīþan (canonical)
sċrīþan (infinitive)
sċrīþenne (infinitive)
sċrīþe (first-person present singular)
sċrāþ (first-person past singular)
sċrīst (present second-person singular)
sċride (past second-person singular)
sċrīþþ (present singular third-person)
sċrīþ (present singular third-person)
sċrāþ (past singular third-person)
sċrīþaþ (plural present)
sċridon (past plural)
sċrīþe (present singular)
sċride (past singular)
sċrīþen (plural present)
sċriden (past plural)
sċrīþ (imperative past present singular)
sċrīþaþ (imperative past plural present)
sċrīþende (imperative present)
sċriden (imperative past)
ġesċriden (imperative past)

→ English: shrithe

From Proto-West Germanic *skrīþan.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Saxon skrīthan, Middle Dutch schriden (Dutch schrijden), Old High German skrītan (German schreiten), Old Norse skríða (Swedish skrida). The Indo-European root also gave Latin crīsāre and Middle Irish crith (Breton skrija (“tremble with fear”)).


griþ

griþ (nominative plural)
griþ (nominative singular)
griþ (nominative plural)
griþ (accusative singular)
griþ (accusative plural)
griþes (genitive singular)
griþa (genitive plural)
griþe (dative singular)
griþum (dative plural)

Middle English: grith, girth, grið, griþ, griþe, griþþ, gryth, gryþ, gryþe, gyrth, gyrþe
English: grith

From Old Norse grið, originally ‘home’, in plural ‘truce, sanctuary’.


yþ

ȳþ (canonical feminine)
ȳþ (nominative singular)
ȳþe (nominative plural)
ȳþa (nominative plural)
ȳþ (accusative singular)
ȳþe (accusative singular)
ȳþe (accusative plural)
ȳþa (accusative plural)
ȳþe (genitive singular)
ȳþa (genitive plural)
ȳþe (dative singular)
ȳþum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: ythe, ithe, uðe, uþe, uþæ, yþe

From Proto-Germanic *unþī, from Proto-Indo-European *unt-. Germanic cognates include Old Saxon ūthia, Old High German undea, Old Norse unnr, uðr.


hæleþ

hæleþ (nominative singular)
hæleþas (nominative plural)
hæleþ (accusative singular)
hæleþas (accusative plural)
hæleþes (genitive singular)
hæleþa (genitive plural)
hæleþe (dative singular)
hæleþum (dative plural)


frignan

friġnan (canonical)
friġnan (infinitive)
friġnenne (infinitive)
friġne (first-person present singular)
fræġn (first-person past singular)
friġnest (present second-person singular)
friġnst (present second-person singular)
frugne (past second-person singular)
friġneþ (present singular third-person)
friġnþ (present singular third-person)
fræġn (past singular third-person)
friġnaþ (plural present)
frugnon (past plural)
friġne (present singular)
frugne (past singular)
friġnen (plural present)
frugnen (past plural)
friġn (imperative past present singular)
friġnaþ (imperative past plural present)
friġnende (imperative present)
frugnen (imperative past)
ġefrugnen (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: fraynen, frain, fraine, frainen, frayn, frayne, freinen, freyne, fræine, fræinien, vraini (Early Middle English), fraȝȝnenn (Ormulum)
English: frain
Scots: frain, frane, frayn, frayne

From Proto-West Germanic *fregnan, Proto-Germanic *frehnaną.
Cognates:
Cognate with Old Saxon fregnan, Old Norse fregna, Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌽 (fraihnan), and related to Old High German frāga (German Frage). The Indo-European root also gave Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎼𐎿𐎶 (a-p-r-s-m /aparsam/, “I asked”), Old Irish arcaid, Middle Welsh archaf, Old Armenian հարց (harcʻ), Tocharian A prak-, Tocharian B prek-.


swefn

swefn (nominative singular)
swefnu (nominative plural)
swefn (accusative singular)
swefnu (accusative plural)
swefnes (genitive singular)
swefna (genitive plural)
swefne (dative singular)
swefnum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: sweven, swevyn, swevon, swevene, swevne, swheven, squeven, sueven, seven, swene, swefen, suefen, sweoven
English: sweven
Scots: sweven, swevyn

From Proto-West Germanic *swefn, from Proto-Germanic *swefnaz (“sleep, dream”), from Proto-Indo-European *swépnos.
Cognate with Old Saxon sweƀan, Old Norse svefn. The Indo-European root also led to Ancient Greek ὕπνος (húpnos), Latin somnus, Old Irish suan, Old Church Slavonic сънъ (sŭnŭ), Lithuanian sãpnas.

inh

Iċ ġefylde mīn swefn.

Iċ nǣfre ne ġeman mīnra swefna.


fyrst

fyrst (nominative singular)
fyrstas (nominative plural)
fyrst (accusative singular)
fyrstas (accusative plural)
fyrstes (genitive singular)
fyrsta (genitive plural)
fyrste (dative singular)
fyrstum (dative plural)