all

all (masculine nominative singular)
all (feminine nominative singular)
all (neuter nominative singular)
alne (accusative masculine singular)
alle (accusative feminine singular)
all (accusative neuter singular)
alles (genitive masculine singular)
alre (feminine genitive singular)
alles (genitive neuter singular)
allum (dative masculine singular)
alre (dative feminine singular)
allum (dative neuter singular)
alle (instrumental masculine singular)
alre (feminine instrumental singular)
alle (instrumental neuter singular)
alle (masculine nominative plural)
alla (feminine nominative plural)
alle (feminine nominative plural)
all (neuter nominative plural)
alle (accusative masculine plural)
alla (accusative feminine plural)
alle (accusative feminine plural)
all (accusative neuter plural)
alra (genitive masculine plural)
alra (feminine genitive plural)
alra (genitive neuter plural)
allum (dative masculine plural)
allum (dative feminine plural)
allum (dative neuter plural)
allum (instrumental masculine plural)
allum (feminine instrumental plural)
allum (instrumental neuter plural)
alla (masculine nominative singular)
alle (feminine nominative singular)
alle (neuter nominative singular)
allan (accusative masculine singular)
allan (accusative feminine singular)
alle (accusative neuter singular)
allan (genitive masculine singular)
allan (feminine genitive singular)
allan (genitive neuter singular)
allan (dative masculine singular)
allan (dative feminine singular)
allan (dative neuter singular)
allan (instrumental masculine singular)
allan (feminine instrumental singular)
allan (instrumental neuter singular)
allan (masculine nominative plural)
allan (feminine nominative plural)
allan (neuter nominative plural)
allan (accusative masculine plural)
allan (accusative feminine plural)
allan (accusative neuter plural)
alra (genitive masculine plural)
allena (genitive masculine plural)
alra (feminine genitive plural)
allena (feminine genitive plural)
alra (genitive neuter plural)
allena (genitive neuter plural)
allum (dative masculine plural)
allum (dative feminine plural)
allum (dative neuter plural)
allum (instrumental masculine plural)
allum (feminine instrumental plural)
allum (instrumental neuter plural)


me

Middle English: me

English: me

Scots: me

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 29:19

I'd rather give her to you than to someone else. Stay with me!

Lēofre mē is þæt iċ hīe selle þē þonne ōðrum menn. Wuna mid mē!


sped

spēd (canonical feminine)
spēd (nominative singular)
spēde (nominative plural)
spēda (nominative plural)
spēd (accusative singular)
spēde (accusative singular)
spēde (accusative plural)
spēda (accusative plural)
spēde (genitive singular)
spēda (genitive plural)
spēde (dative singular)
spēdum (dative plural)

Middle English: spede

English: speed

→ Ternate: spit

Scots: sped, spede, speid

From Proto-West Germanic *spōdi (“prosperity, success”).


sprang

first/third-person singular past indicative of springan


lean

lēan (canonical neuter)
lēan (nominative singular)
lēan (nominative plural)
lēan (accusative singular)
lēan (accusative plural)
lēanes (genitive singular)
lēana (genitive plural)
lēane (dative singular)
lēanum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *laun.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian lān, Old Saxon lōn, Old High German lōn, Old Norse laun, and Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽 (laun). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek λεία (leía) (from *λαϝία), Latin lucrum, Old Church Slavonic ловъ (lovŭ) (Russian лов (lov)), Old Irish lóg, Lithuanian lãvinti.


lean

lēan (canonical)
lēan (infinitive)
lēanne (infinitive)
lēa (first-person present singular)
lōg (first-person past singular)
lōh (first-person past singular)
liehst (present second-person singular)
lōge (past second-person singular)
liehþ (present singular third-person)
lōg (past singular third-person)
lōh (past singular third-person)
lēaþ (plural present)
lōgon (past plural)
lēa (present singular)
lōge (past singular)
lēan (plural present)
lōgen (past plural)
leah (imperative past present singular)
lēaþ (imperative past plural present)
lēande (imperative present)
læġen (imperative past)
ġelæġen (imperative past)
lagen (imperative past)
ġelagen (imperative past)
leġen (imperative past)
ġeleġen (imperative past)

Middle English: *lēen (attested in past tense lough)

From Proto-West Germanic *lahan. Cognate with Old Saxon lahan, Old High German lahan, Old Norse lá, Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽 (laian).


rod

rōd (canonical feminine)
rōd (nominative singular)
rōda (nominative plural)
rōde (nominative plural)
rōde (accusative singular)
rōda (accusative plural)
rōde (accusative plural)
rōde (genitive singular)
rōda (genitive plural)
rōde (dative singular)
rōdum (dative plural)

Middle English: rod, roode, rood

Scots: rude, ruid

English: rood, rod (length)

From Proto-Germanic *rōdō. Cognate with Old Frisian rōd, Old Saxon rōda, Dutch roede (“rod”), Old High German ruota (German Rute), Old Norse róða (“rod, cross”) (Danish rode (“gauge, rod”)).

a measure of land length, equal to a perch

a measure of land area, equal to a quarter of an acre


spell

spell (nominative singular)
spell (nominative plural)
spell (accusative singular)
spell (accusative plural)
spelles (genitive singular)
spella (genitive plural)
spelle (dative singular)
spellum (dative plural)

Middle English: spell, spel

English: spell

From Proto-West Germanic *spell, from Proto-Germanic *spellą.

Sæġe mē spell be hrānum.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Ne wēne iċ, nū iċ lang spell hæbbe tō seċġenne, þæt iċ hīe on þisse bēċ ġeendian mæġe, ac iċ ōðre onġinnan sċeal.

Since I have some long stories to tell, I don't think I can finish them in this book, so I'll have to start another one.

late 9th century, The Voyage of Ohthere and Wulfstan
Fela spella him sæġdon þā Beormas, ǣġðer ġe of heora āgnum lande ġe of þām landum þe ymb hīe ūtan wǣron, ac hē nysse hwæt þæs sōðes wæs, for þon þe hē hit self ne ġeseah.

The Bjarmians told him many stories, both from their own country and from the countries surrounding them, but he didn't know what parts were true, because he didn't see it himself.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þæt forme sċip ġesōhte land and ġebodode þæt eġeslīċe spell.

The first ship reached land and announced the terrible news.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Þā hē þās bōc hæfde ġeleornode and of Lǣdene tō Engliscum spelle ġewende, þā ġeworhte hē hīe eft tō lēoðe.

When King Alfred had studied this book and translated it from Latin verse into English prose, he converted it back into verse.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Iċ onġiete þæt iċ þē hæbbe āþrotenne mid þȳ langan spelle, for þon þē lyst nū lēoða.

I see I've bored you with that long argument, since you want poems now.


ran

rān (canonical neuter)
rān (nominative plural)
rān (nominative singular)
rān (nominative plural)
rān (accusative singular)
rān (accusative plural)
rānes (genitive singular)
rāna (genitive plural)
rāne (dative singular)
rānum (dative plural)


slit

third-person singular present indicative of slīdan


bat

bāt (canonical masculine)
bāt (nominative singular)
bātas (nominative plural)
bāt (accusative singular)
bātas (accusative plural)
bātes (genitive singular)
bāta (genitive plural)
bāte (dative singular)
bātum (dative plural)
bāt (nominative singular)
bāta (nominative plural)
bāte (nominative plural)
bāte (accusative singular)
bāta (accusative plural)
bāte (accusative plural)
bāte (genitive singular)
bāta (genitive plural)
bāte (dative singular)
bātum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bot, bate, bat, bote, boot, boet, boyt, bootte, boote
English: boat
Belizean Creole: boat
→ Esperanto: boato
→ Dhivehi: ބޯޓު (bōṭu)
→ Fijian: boto
→ Hijazi Arabic: بوت (bōt)
→ Japanese: ボート (bōto)
→ Pitcairn-Norfolk: boet (Norfuk)
→ Sinhalese: බෝට්ටුව (bōṭṭuwa)
→ Swahili: boti
→ Scots: boat, bote (compare native bait, bate)
→ Tahitian: poti
Tok Pisin: bot
Scots: bate, bait
→ Middle Dutch: boot
Dutch: boot
Afrikaans: boot
→ Middle Low German: bôt, bott
Low German: Boot
Plautdietsch: Boot
→ German: Boot
→ North Frisian: böötj
→ Saterland Frisian: Boot
→ West Frisian: boat
→ Catalan: bot
→ Galician: bote
→ Old French: bot
→ Portuguese: bote
→ Spanish: bote
→ Cebuano: bote

→ Old Norse: bátr (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: batel (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Irish: bát

Irish: bád

Scottish Gaelic: bàta

Manx: baatey

→ Latin: battus

→ Welsh: bad


sang

sangas (nominative plural)
sang (nominative singular)
sangas (nominative plural)
sang (accusative singular)
sangas (accusative plural)
sanges (genitive singular)
sanga (genitive plural)
sange (dative singular)
sangum (dative plural)

Middle English: song, sange, sang, songe, soong, songge, zang, zong, zonge (Kent)
English: song
Scots: song, sang
Yola: zong

From Proto-Germanic *sangwaz. Cognate with Old High German sanc, Old Norse sǫngr.

…Hwīlum iċ onhyrġe þone haswan earn, gūðfugles hlēoþor; hwīlum glidan reorde mūþe ġemǣne, hwīlum mǣwes song, þǣr iċ glado sitte.

…Sometimes I imitate the grey eagle, a speech of war-bird; sometimes a kite's voice with common mouth, sometimes a gull's song when I sit gladful.


self

self (masculine nominative singular)
self (feminine nominative singular)
self (neuter nominative singular)
selfne (accusative masculine singular)
selfe (accusative feminine singular)
self (accusative neuter singular)
selfes (genitive masculine singular)
selfre (feminine genitive singular)
selfes (genitive neuter singular)
selfum (dative masculine singular)
selfre (dative feminine singular)
selfum (dative neuter singular)
selfe (instrumental masculine singular)
selfre (feminine instrumental singular)
selfe (instrumental neuter singular)
selfe (masculine nominative plural)
selfa (feminine nominative plural)
selfe (feminine nominative plural)
self (neuter nominative plural)
selfe (accusative masculine plural)
selfa (accusative feminine plural)
selfe (accusative feminine plural)
self (accusative neuter plural)
selfra (genitive masculine plural)
selfra (feminine genitive plural)
selfra (genitive neuter plural)
selfum (dative masculine plural)
selfum (dative feminine plural)
selfum (dative neuter plural)
selfum (instrumental masculine plural)
selfum (feminine instrumental plural)
selfum (instrumental neuter plural)
selfa (masculine nominative singular)
selfe (feminine nominative singular)
selfe (neuter nominative singular)
selfan (accusative masculine singular)
selfan (accusative feminine singular)
selfe (accusative neuter singular)
selfan (genitive masculine singular)
selfan (feminine genitive singular)
selfan (genitive neuter singular)
selfan (dative masculine singular)
selfan (dative feminine singular)
selfan (dative neuter singular)
selfan (instrumental masculine singular)
selfan (feminine instrumental singular)
selfan (instrumental neuter singular)
selfan (masculine nominative plural)
selfan (feminine nominative plural)
selfan (neuter nominative plural)
selfan (accusative masculine plural)
selfan (accusative feminine plural)
selfan (accusative neuter plural)
selfra (genitive masculine plural)
selfena (genitive masculine plural)
selfra (feminine genitive plural)
selfena (feminine genitive plural)
selfra (genitive neuter plural)
selfena (genitive neuter plural)
selfum (dative masculine plural)
selfum (dative feminine plural)
selfum (dative neuter plural)
selfum (instrumental masculine plural)
selfum (feminine instrumental plural)
selfum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: self, silf, sulf

English: self

Scots: self

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Sē wer meahte unēaðe þurh hine selfne ārīsan oþþe gān.

The man could barely get up or walk by himself.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of St. Augustine's Soliloquies
Nāt iċ nā þȳ hwā Rōme burg timbrede þe iċ hit self ġesāwe, ac for þȳ þe hit man mē sæġde.

I don't know who built the city of Rome because I saw it myself, but because somebody told me.


let

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of lǣtan


bog

bōg (canonical masculine)
bōg (nominative singular)
bōgas (nominative plural)
bōg (accusative singular)
bōgas (accusative plural)
bōges (genitive singular)
bōga (genitive plural)
bōge (dative singular)
bōgum (dative plural)

Middle English: boȝ, bogh

English: bough

Scots: beuch

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *bōguz. Cognate with Old Saxon bōg, Old High German buog, Old Norse bógr.


torn

tornost (superlative)
torn (masculine nominative singular)
torn (feminine nominative singular)
torn (neuter nominative singular)
torne (accusative masculine singular)
torne (accusative feminine singular)
torn (accusative neuter singular)
tornes (genitive masculine singular)
tornre (feminine genitive singular)
tornes (genitive neuter singular)
tornum (dative masculine singular)
tornre (dative feminine singular)
tornum (dative neuter singular)
torne (instrumental masculine singular)
tornre (feminine instrumental singular)
torne (instrumental neuter singular)
torne (masculine nominative plural)
torna (feminine nominative plural)
torne (feminine nominative plural)
torn (neuter nominative plural)
torne (accusative masculine plural)
torna (accusative feminine plural)
torne (accusative feminine plural)
torn (accusative neuter plural)
tornra (genitive masculine plural)
tornra (feminine genitive plural)
tornra (genitive neuter plural)
tornum (dative masculine plural)
tornum (dative feminine plural)
tornum (dative neuter plural)
tornum (instrumental masculine plural)
tornum (feminine instrumental plural)
tornum (instrumental neuter plural)
torna (masculine nominative singular)
torne (feminine nominative singular)
torne (neuter nominative singular)
tornan (accusative masculine singular)
tornan (accusative feminine singular)
torne (accusative neuter singular)
tornan (genitive masculine singular)
tornan (feminine genitive singular)
tornan (genitive neuter singular)
tornan (dative masculine singular)
tornan (dative feminine singular)
tornan (dative neuter singular)
tornan (instrumental masculine singular)
tornan (feminine instrumental singular)
tornan (instrumental neuter singular)
tornan (masculine nominative plural)
tornan (feminine nominative plural)
tornan (neuter nominative plural)
tornan (accusative masculine plural)
tornan (accusative feminine plural)
tornan (accusative neuter plural)
tornra (genitive masculine plural)
tornena (genitive masculine plural)
tornra (feminine genitive plural)
tornena (feminine genitive plural)
tornra (genitive neuter plural)
tornena (genitive neuter plural)
tornum (dative masculine plural)
tornum (dative feminine plural)
tornum (dative neuter plural)
tornum (instrumental masculine plural)
tornum (feminine instrumental plural)
tornum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *torn, from Proto-Germanic *turnaz (“bitter”).


torn

torn (nominative plural)
torn (nominative singular)
torn (nominative plural)
torn (accusative singular)
torn (accusative plural)
tornes (genitive singular)
torna (genitive plural)
torne (dative singular)
tornum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *torn, from Proto-Germanic *turnaz (“bitterness, anger”).


hold

hold (nominative plural)
hold (nominative singular)
hold (nominative plural)
hold (accusative singular)
hold (accusative plural)
holdes (genitive singular)
holda (genitive plural)
holde (dative singular)
holdum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *huldą, from Proto-Indo-European *kol-, *kwol-. Cognates include Old Norse hold (“flesh”) (Icelandic hold, Swedish hull), and (from Indo-European) Old Irish colainn, Welsh celain.

Swā swā grǣdiġe ræmmas ðār ðār hī hold ġesēoþ.

Like greedy ravens when they see a corpse.


hold

ang-adj

hold (comparative holdra, superlative holdost)

holdra (comparative)
holdost (superlative)
hold (masculine nominative singular)
hold (feminine nominative singular)
hold (neuter nominative singular)
holdne (accusative masculine singular)
holde (accusative feminine singular)
hold (accusative neuter singular)
holdes (genitive masculine singular)
holdre (feminine genitive singular)
holdes (genitive neuter singular)
holdum (dative masculine singular)
holdre (dative feminine singular)
holdum (dative neuter singular)
holde (instrumental masculine singular)
holdre (feminine instrumental singular)
holde (instrumental neuter singular)
holde (masculine nominative plural)
holda (feminine nominative plural)
holde (feminine nominative plural)
hold (neuter nominative plural)
holde (accusative masculine plural)
holda (accusative feminine plural)
holde (accusative feminine plural)
hold (accusative neuter plural)
holdra (genitive masculine plural)
holdra (feminine genitive plural)
holdra (genitive neuter plural)
holdum (dative masculine plural)
holdum (dative feminine plural)
holdum (dative neuter plural)
holdum (instrumental masculine plural)
holdum (feminine instrumental plural)
holdum (instrumental neuter plural)
holda (masculine nominative singular)
holde (feminine nominative singular)
holde (neuter nominative singular)
holdan (accusative masculine singular)
holdan (accusative feminine singular)
holde (accusative neuter singular)
holdan (genitive masculine singular)
holdan (feminine genitive singular)
holdan (genitive neuter singular)
holdan (dative masculine singular)
holdan (dative feminine singular)
holdan (dative neuter singular)
holdan (instrumental masculine singular)
holdan (feminine instrumental singular)
holdan (instrumental neuter singular)
holdan (masculine nominative plural)
holdan (feminine nominative plural)
holdan (neuter nominative plural)
holdan (accusative masculine plural)
holdan (accusative feminine plural)
holdan (accusative neuter plural)
holdra (genitive masculine plural)
holdena (genitive masculine plural)
holdra (feminine genitive plural)
holdena (feminine genitive plural)
holdra (genitive neuter plural)
holdena (genitive neuter plural)
holdum (dative masculine plural)
holdum (dative feminine plural)
holdum (dative neuter plural)
holdum (instrumental masculine plural)
holdum (feminine instrumental plural)
holdum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-Germanic *hulþaz, a variant on a root meaning ‘lean, incline’ (compare Old English heald, hieldan).
Cognates include Old Frisian hold, Old Saxon hold, Old High German hold (German hold), Old Norse hollr (Danish huld, Swedish huld), Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌸𐍃 (hulþs).

Swā hold is God mancynne ðæt he hæfþ ġeset his englas us to hyrdum.

God is so gracious to mankind that he has appointed angels as our guardians.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
...and behēt þæt hē wolde him hold bēon eallum...

...and promised that he would be friendly to them all...


sting

desctree

Middle English: stynge, stenge, sting, steng
English: sting
Scots: sting

From Proto-Germanic *stangiz; akin to stingan.


won

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Alternative form of wann, first/third-person singular past indicative of winnan


do

first-person singular present indicative

inflection of dōn:
singular present subjunctive


wine

wine (nominative singular)
winas (nominative plural)
wine (accusative singular)
winas (accusative plural)
wines (genitive singular)
wina (genitive plural)
wine (dative singular)
winum (dative plural)

Middle English: wine

i

⇒ English: (a component found in names – Baldwin, Godwin, Irwin, etc.)

From earlier Old English wini, from Proto-West Germanic *wini, from Proto-Germanic *winiz, whence also Old Dutch wini, Old Saxon wini, Old High German wini, Old Norse vinr. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to seek, desire, love, win”).


hit

head

hit n (accusative hit, genitive his, dative him)

hit (accusative)
his (genitive)
him (dative)
iċ (first-person nominative singular)
mē (accusative first-person singular)
mec (accusative first-person singular)
mē (dative first-person singular)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
þū (nominative second-person singular)
þē (accusative second-person singular)
þec (accusative second-person singular)
þē (dative second-person singular)
þīn (genitive second-person singular)
hit (accusative neuter nominative singular third-person)
him (dative neuter singular third-person)
his (genitive neuter singular third-person)
hē (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hine (accusative masculine singular third-person)
him (dative masculine singular third-person)
his (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hēo (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hīe (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hire (dative feminine genitive singular third-person)
wit (dual first-person nominative)
unc (accusative dual first-person)
uncit (accusative dual first-person)
unc (dative dual first-person)
uncer (dual first-person genitive)
ġit (dual nominative second-person)
inc (accusative dual second-person)
incit (accusative dual second-person)
inc (dative dual second-person)
incer (dual genitive second-person)
wē (first-person nominative plural)
ūs (accusative first-person plural)
ūsiċ (accusative first-person plural)
ūs (dative first-person plural)
ūre (first-person genitive plural)
ūser (first-person genitive plural)
ġē (nominative plural second-person)
ēow (accusative plural second-person)
ēowic (accusative plural second-person)
ēow (dative plural second-person)
ēower (genitive plural second-person)
hīe (accusative nominative plural third-person)
him (dative plural third-person)
heora (genitive plural third-person)

desctree

Middle English: hit, hitt, hitte, hyt, hytte, it, itt, itte, jt, yt
English: it
Scots: hid
Yola: it, yt

From Proto-Germanic *hit (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-, *ḱey- (“this, here”). Cognate with Old Frisian hit (“it”), Old High German iz (“it”), Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌰 (hita, “it”). More at hē.


biet

third-person singular present indicative of bēatan


come

second-person singular preterite indicative

inflection of cuman:
singular preterite subjunctive


rise

inflection of rīsan:
singular present subjunctive


rise

inflection of rīsan:
singular preterite subjunctive


sot

sōt (canonical neuter)
sōt (nominative singular)
sōt (nominative plural)
sōt (accusative singular)
sōt (accusative plural)
sōtes (genitive singular)
sōta (genitive plural)
sōte (dative singular)
sōtum (dative plural)

Middle English: soot, soeth, sood, soote, sot, sote, soth, soyte, suotte, sude, sute (Northern)
English: soot
Scots: suit, sute
Yola: zoot

From Proto-Germanic *sōtą, from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”).


bil

bil (nominative singular)
bil (nominative plural)
bil (accusative singular)
bil (accusative plural)
billes (genitive singular)
billa (genitive plural)
bille (dative singular)
billum (dative plural)

English: bill

From Proto-West Germanic *billi, from Proto-Germanic *bilją. Cognate with Old Saxon bil, Old High German bill (German Bille (“pickaxe”)).

Abrægd mid ðy bille. ― He brandished with his sword.

Iċ eom ānhaga īserne wund, bille ġebennod, beadoweorca sæd, eċġum wēriġ.

I am a lone one wounded with iron, wounded by sword, sated of battle-works, weary by edges.

(poetic) a kind of sword or other bladed weapon, apparently having two edges


care

accusative/genitive/dative singular of caru


Rom

Rōm (canonical feminine)
Rōm (nominative singular)
Rōme (accusative singular)
Rōme (genitive singular)
Rōme (dative singular)

Middle English: Rome
English: Rome
Scots: Roum, Rome

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm þe Rōmeburg ġetimbred wæs IIII hunde wintra ⁊ II, þætte Cartaina þǣre burge ǣrendracan cōmon tō Rōme ⁊ him ġebudon þæt hīe frið him betwēonum hæfden...

Four hundred and two years after the city of Rome was built, ambassadors [from] the city of Carthage came to Rome and proposed that there be peace between them...


sit

third-person singular present indicative of sittan


dream

drēam (canonical masculine)
drēam (nominative singular)
drēamas (nominative plural)
drēam (accusative singular)
drēamas (accusative plural)
drēames (genitive singular)
drēama (genitive plural)
drēame (dative singular)
drēamum (dative plural)

Middle English: drem, dreme, dreem, dreeme, dream, dræm (Early Middle English)
English: dream
Scots: dreme

From Proto-West Germanic *draum, from Proto-Germanic *draumaz, whence also Old Frisian drām, Old Saxon drōm (“joy, music, dream”), Old High German troum, Old Norse draumr.

that which causes merriment: musical instrument, music, melody, song, harmony


rim

rīm (canonical neuter)
rīm (nominative singular)
rīm (nominative plural)
rīm (accusative singular)
rīm (accusative plural)
rīmes (genitive singular)
rīma (genitive plural)
rīme (dative singular)
rīmum (dative plural)

>? English: rime, rhyme

From Proto-West Germanic *rīm, from Proto-Germanic *rīmą (“number, count, series”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to reason, count”). Akin to Old Frisian rīm, Old Saxon -rīm, Old High German rīm, Icelandic rím.


lig

līġ (canonical masculine)
līgas (nominative plural)
līġ (nominative singular)
līġas (nominative plural)
līġ (accusative singular)
līġas (accusative plural)
līġes (genitive singular)
līġa (genitive plural)
līġe (dative singular)
līġum (dative plural)

Middle English: lye, lei, lyȝ

From Proto-West Germanic *laugi, from Proto-Germanic *laugiz (“fire, flame, lightning”), from Proto-Indo-European *leuk- (“light; white; to shine”). Cognate with Old High German loug, Old Norse lǫygr, log, loga (“flame, low”). More at low.

der

līġbǣre

līġcwalu

līġdraca

līġræscetung

līġȳþ


bread

brēad (canonical neuter)
brēad (nominative singular)
brēadru (nominative plural)
brēad (accusative singular)
brēadru (accusative plural)
brēades (genitive singular)
brēada (genitive plural)
brēade (dative singular)
brēadum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bred, bredd, brede, breed, breede, breid, brid, bread, bræd, bryad, bryead
English: bread
Geordie English: breed
Scots: breid
Yola: breed

From Proto-West Germanic *braud, from Proto-Germanic *braudą, whence also Old Frisian brād (West Frisian brea), Old Saxon brōd (German Low German Broot, Brot), Dutch brood, Old High German brōt (German Brot), Old Norse brauð and Icelandic brauð (Swedish bröd).


sin

sīn (canonical)
sīn (masculine nominative singular)
sīn (feminine nominative singular)
sīn (neuter nominative singular)
sīnne (accusative masculine singular)
sīne (accusative feminine singular)
sīn (accusative neuter singular)
sīnes (genitive masculine singular)
sīnre (feminine genitive singular)
sīnes (genitive neuter singular)
sīnum (dative masculine singular)
sīnre (dative feminine singular)
sīnum (dative neuter singular)
sīne (instrumental masculine singular)
sīnre (feminine instrumental singular)
sīne (instrumental neuter singular)
sīne (masculine nominative plural)
sīna (feminine nominative plural)
sīne (feminine nominative plural)
sīn (neuter nominative plural)
sīne (accusative masculine plural)
sīna (accusative feminine plural)
sīne (accusative feminine plural)
sīn (accusative neuter plural)
sīnra (genitive masculine plural)
sīnra (feminine genitive plural)
sīnra (genitive neuter plural)
sīnum (dative masculine plural)
sīnum (dative feminine plural)
sīnum (dative neuter plural)
sīnum (instrumental masculine plural)
sīnum (feminine instrumental plural)
sīnum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *sīn (“his, her, its, their”, genitive reflexive).
Cognate with Old Frisian sīn (“his, its”), Old Saxon sīn (“his”) (Middle Low German sin), Dutch zijn, Old High German sīn (“his”) (German sein), Old Norse sínn (“one's own”), Old English sē (“that, that one, he”). More at the.

inh

him ġewāt Hrōþgār tō hofe sīnum

þæt wīf tredeð mid sīnum fōtum

þeċ heriað Israhēla, herran sīnne

Bær sēo brimwylf hringa þengel tō hofe sīnum

The sea-wolf carried the Prince of Rings to her lair

(rare, chiefly dialectal, reflexive possessive pronoun) his; her; its; their


hilt

hilt (nominative singular)
hiltas (nominative plural)
hilt (accusative singular)
hiltas (accusative plural)
hiltes (genitive singular)
hilta (genitive plural)
hilte (dative singular)
hiltum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hilte, hilt, hylt, hylte, hilta, hult, hulte, helte, heolte
English: hilt
Scots: hilt

From Proto-Germanic *heltą, *heltǭ, *heltō, *hiltijō.


bitter

bitter (masculine nominative singular)
bitteru (feminine nominative singular)
bitru (feminine nominative singular)
bittero (feminine nominative singular)
bitro (feminine nominative singular)
bitter (neuter nominative singular)
bitterne (accusative masculine singular)
bittere (accusative feminine singular)
bitre (accusative feminine singular)
bitter (accusative neuter singular)
bitteres (genitive masculine singular)
bitres (genitive masculine singular)
bitterre (feminine genitive singular)
bitteres (genitive neuter singular)
bitres (genitive neuter singular)
bitterum (dative masculine singular)
bitrum (dative masculine singular)
bitterre (dative feminine singular)
bitterum (dative neuter singular)
bitrum (dative neuter singular)
bittere (instrumental masculine singular)
bitre (instrumental masculine singular)
bitterre (feminine instrumental singular)
bittere (instrumental neuter singular)
bitre (instrumental neuter singular)
bittere (masculine nominative plural)
bitre (masculine nominative plural)
bittera (feminine nominative plural)
bitra (feminine nominative plural)
bittere (feminine nominative plural)
bitre (feminine nominative plural)
bitteru (neuter nominative plural)
bitru (neuter nominative plural)
bittero (neuter nominative plural)
bitro (neuter nominative plural)
bittere (accusative masculine plural)
bitre (accusative masculine plural)
bittera (accusative feminine plural)
bitra (accusative feminine plural)
bittere (accusative feminine plural)
bitre (accusative feminine plural)
bitteru (accusative neuter plural)
bitru (accusative neuter plural)
bittero (accusative neuter plural)
bitro (accusative neuter plural)
bitterra (genitive masculine plural)
bitterra (feminine genitive plural)
bitterra (genitive neuter plural)
bitterum (dative masculine plural)
bitrum (dative masculine plural)
bitterum (dative feminine plural)
bitrum (dative feminine plural)
bitterum (dative neuter plural)
bitrum (dative neuter plural)
bitterum (instrumental masculine plural)
bitrum (instrumental masculine plural)
bitterum (feminine instrumental plural)
bitrum (feminine instrumental plural)
bitterum (instrumental neuter plural)
bitrum (instrumental neuter plural)
bittera (masculine nominative singular)
bitra (masculine nominative singular)
bittere (feminine nominative singular)
bitre (feminine nominative singular)
bittere (neuter nominative singular)
bitre (neuter nominative singular)
bitteran (accusative masculine singular)
bitran (accusative masculine singular)
bitteran (accusative feminine singular)
bitran (accusative feminine singular)
bittere (accusative neuter singular)
bitre (accusative neuter singular)
bitteran (genitive masculine singular)
bitran (genitive masculine singular)
bitteran (feminine genitive singular)
bitran (feminine genitive singular)
bitteran (genitive neuter singular)
bitran (genitive neuter singular)
bitteran (dative masculine singular)
bitran (dative masculine singular)
bitteran (dative feminine singular)
bitran (dative feminine singular)
bitteran (dative neuter singular)
bitran (dative neuter singular)
bitteran (instrumental masculine singular)
bitran (instrumental masculine singular)
bitteran (feminine instrumental singular)
bitran (feminine instrumental singular)
bitteran (instrumental neuter singular)
bitran (instrumental neuter singular)
bitteran (masculine nominative plural)
bitran (masculine nominative plural)
bitteran (feminine nominative plural)
bitran (feminine nominative plural)
bitteran (neuter nominative plural)
bitran (neuter nominative plural)
bitteran (accusative masculine plural)
bitran (accusative masculine plural)
bitteran (accusative feminine plural)
bitran (accusative feminine plural)
bitteran (accusative neuter plural)
bitran (accusative neuter plural)
bitterra (genitive masculine plural)
bitterena (genitive masculine plural)
bitrena (genitive masculine plural)
bitterra (feminine genitive plural)
bitterena (feminine genitive plural)
bitrena (feminine genitive plural)
bitterra (genitive neuter plural)
bitterena (genitive neuter plural)
bitrena (genitive neuter plural)
bitterum (dative masculine plural)
bitrum (dative masculine plural)
bitterum (dative feminine plural)
bitrum (dative feminine plural)
bitterum (dative neuter plural)
bitrum (dative neuter plural)
bitterum (instrumental masculine plural)
bitrum (instrumental masculine plural)
bitterum (feminine instrumental plural)
bitrum (feminine instrumental plural)
bitterum (instrumental neuter plural)
bitrum (instrumental neuter plural)


flat

first/third-person singular preterite of flītan


mal

māl (canonical neuter)
māl (nominative singular)
māl (nominative plural)
māl (accusative singular)
māl (accusative plural)
māles (genitive singular)
māla (genitive plural)
māle (dative singular)
mālum (dative plural)

Middle English: mal, mole, mool

English: mole

Scots: mail, mold


mal

a suit, legal case, prosecution, defense


sand

sand (nominative singular)
sanda (nominative plural)
sande (nominative plural)
sande (accusative singular)
sanda (accusative plural)
sande (accusative plural)
sande (genitive singular)
sanda (genitive plural)
sande (dative singular)
sandum (dative plural)

Middle English: sande, sonde

From Proto-Germanic *sandō. See also the verb sendan.

action of sending, embassy, mission, deputation; message

sending, service, course of food, dish of food, repast, mess, victuals


sand

sand (nominative singular)
sand (nominative plural)
sand (accusative singular)
sand (accusative plural)
sandes (genitive singular)
sanda (genitive plural)
sande (dative singular)
sandum (dative plural)

Middle English: sand, sande, sond, sonde, saunde
English: sand
Scots: sand
Yola: zoane

From Proto-West Germanic *samd, from Proto-Germanic *samdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sámh₂dʰos. Compare Old Frisian sand, Old Saxon sand, Old High German sant, Old Norse sandr.

sand by the sea, sands, seashore, sandy shore, beach


sal

sāl (canonical masculine)
sāl (nominative singular)
sālas (nominative plural)
sāl (accusative singular)
sālas (accusative plural)
sāles (genitive singular)
sāla (genitive plural)
sāle (dative singular)
sālum (dative plural)

Middle English: sal, sole, soole

Scots: sale, saill, saile, seill, seale

English: sole

From Proto-West Germanic *sail, from Proto-Germanic *sailą (“rope”).
Cognate with Old Saxon sēl (Dutch zeel), Old High German seil (German Seil).


handle

handle (nominative singular)
handlan (nominative plural)
handlan (accusative singular)
handlan (accusative plural)
handlan (genitive singular)
handlena (genitive plural)
handlan (dative singular)
handlum (dative plural)

Middle English: handel, hondel

English: handle

→ Dutch: hendel

Scots: handil, handill, handle

From Proto-West Germanic *handulā, from *handulōn (“to handle”), equivalent to handlian + -e.


set

Compare the verb settan. Compare Old Norse sæti, Old High German gesazi (German Gesäß), Middle Dutch gesaete, from Proto-Germanic *sētiją.


long

long (masculine nominative singular)
long (feminine nominative singular)
long (neuter nominative singular)
longne (accusative masculine singular)
longe (accusative feminine singular)
long (accusative neuter singular)
longes (genitive masculine singular)
longre (feminine genitive singular)
longes (genitive neuter singular)
longum (dative masculine singular)
longre (dative feminine singular)
longum (dative neuter singular)
longe (instrumental masculine singular)
longre (feminine instrumental singular)
longe (instrumental neuter singular)
longe (masculine nominative plural)
longa (feminine nominative plural)
longe (feminine nominative plural)
long (neuter nominative plural)
longe (accusative masculine plural)
longa (accusative feminine plural)
longe (accusative feminine plural)
long (accusative neuter plural)
longra (genitive masculine plural)
longra (feminine genitive plural)
longra (genitive neuter plural)
longum (dative masculine plural)
longum (dative feminine plural)
longum (dative neuter plural)
longum (instrumental masculine plural)
longum (feminine instrumental plural)
longum (instrumental neuter plural)
longa (masculine nominative singular)
longe (feminine nominative singular)
longe (neuter nominative singular)
longan (accusative masculine singular)
longan (accusative feminine singular)
longe (accusative neuter singular)
longan (genitive masculine singular)
longan (feminine genitive singular)
longan (genitive neuter singular)
longan (dative masculine singular)
longan (dative feminine singular)
longan (dative neuter singular)
longan (instrumental masculine singular)
longan (feminine instrumental singular)
longan (instrumental neuter singular)
longan (masculine nominative plural)
longan (feminine nominative plural)
longan (neuter nominative plural)
longan (accusative masculine plural)
longan (accusative feminine plural)
longan (accusative neuter plural)
longra (genitive masculine plural)
longena (genitive masculine plural)
longra (feminine genitive plural)
longena (feminine genitive plural)
longra (genitive neuter plural)
longena (genitive neuter plural)
longum (dative masculine plural)
longum (dative feminine plural)
longum (dative neuter plural)
longum (instrumental masculine plural)
longum (feminine instrumental plural)
longum (instrumental neuter plural)


seam

sēam (canonical masculine)
sēamas (nominative plural)
sēam (nominative singular)
sēamas (nominative plural)
sēam (accusative singular)
sēamas (accusative plural)
sēames (genitive singular)
sēama (genitive plural)
sēame (dative singular)
sēamum (dative plural)

Middle English: seem, ceem, ceme, sem, seme, seyme
English: seam
Scots: seam

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *saum, from Proto-Germanic *saumaz.


wide

wīdfērende


bi

desctree

Middle English: by, be, bi
English: by
→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)
Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'
Yola: bee, bie, be, by

From Proto-West Germanic *bī (“near, by, around, about”).

inh

by, in various senses:
based on, according to


wind

wind (nominative singular)
windas (nominative plural)
wind (accusative singular)
windas (accusative plural)
windes (genitive singular)
winda (genitive plural)
winde (dative singular)
windum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: wynd, wend, wende, wind, winde, wynde
English: wind
Scots: wind, win
Yola: weend, wyeene

From Proto-West Germanic *wind.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian wind, Old Saxon wind, Dutch wind, Old High German wint (German Wind), Old Norse vindr (Swedish vind), Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 (winds). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin ventus (French vent), Welsh gwynt, Tocharian A want, Tocharian B yente.

Iċ eom līġbysiġ, lāce mid winde, bewunden mid wuldre, wedre ġesomnad, fūs forðweġes, fȳre ġemelted, bearu blōwende, byrnende glēd.

I am busy with fire, sway with wind, wrapped with worship, gathered in good weather, ready to go forward, melted by fire, a blooming grove, a burning ember.


Asia

From Latin Asia, from Ancient Greek Ᾰ̓σῐ́ᾱ (Asíā), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀯𐀹𐀊 (a-si-wi-ja /aswijaː/), in turn probably from Hittite 𒀸𒋗𒉿 (aš-šu-wa /Aššuwa/, “northwest Anatolia”) of uncertain origin.

der

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Asia is befangen mid...þǣm gārseċġe sūþan ⁊ norþan ⁊ eastan...

Asia is surrounded by...the southern and northern and eastern sea...


dust

dūst (canonical neuter)
dūst (nominative singular)
dūst (nominative plural)
dūst (accusative singular)
dūst (accusative plural)
dūstes (genitive singular)
dūsta (genitive plural)
dūste (dative singular)
dūstum (dative plural)

Middle English: dust, doust

English: dust

Scots: dust, dist

From Proto-Germanic *dunstą (“dust, vapour”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“vapour, smoke”). Akin to Hindi धुआं (dhuā̃, “smoke”), Middle Dutch dost, donst, duust (Dutch dons, duist), Old High German tunst, dunst (German Dunst), Low German dust, Icelandic dust, Norwegian dust, Danish dyst.


colt

colt (nominative singular)
coltas (nominative plural)
colt (accusative singular)
coltas (accusative plural)
coltes (genitive singular)
colta (genitive plural)
colte (dative singular)
coltum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: colt, colte, collt, kowlt
English: colt
Scots: colt, cout, cowt
Yola: caule, caul, cawl, kawle

From Proto-Germanic *kultaz (“plump; stump; thick shape, bulb”), from Proto-Indo-European *gelt- (“something round, pregnant belly, child in the womb”), from *gel- (“to ball up, amass”).


box

box (nominative singular)
boxas (nominative plural)
box (accusative singular)
boxas (accusative plural)
boxes (genitive singular)
boxa (genitive plural)
boxe (dative singular)
boxum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: box, boxe
English: box (see there for further descendants)
Scots: box


dead

dēad (canonical)
dēad (masculine nominative singular)
dēad (feminine nominative singular)
dēad (neuter nominative singular)
dēadne (accusative masculine singular)
dēade (accusative feminine singular)
dēad (accusative neuter singular)
dēades (genitive masculine singular)
dēadre (feminine genitive singular)
dēades (genitive neuter singular)
dēadum (dative masculine singular)
dēadre (dative feminine singular)
dēadum (dative neuter singular)
dēade (instrumental masculine singular)
dēadre (feminine instrumental singular)
dēade (instrumental neuter singular)
dēade (masculine nominative plural)
dēada (feminine nominative plural)
dēade (feminine nominative plural)
dēad (neuter nominative plural)
dēade (accusative masculine plural)
dēada (accusative feminine plural)
dēade (accusative feminine plural)
dēad (accusative neuter plural)
dēadra (genitive masculine plural)
dēadra (feminine genitive plural)
dēadra (genitive neuter plural)
dēadum (dative masculine plural)
dēadum (dative feminine plural)
dēadum (dative neuter plural)
dēadum (instrumental masculine plural)
dēadum (feminine instrumental plural)
dēadum (instrumental neuter plural)
dēada (masculine nominative singular)
dēade (feminine nominative singular)
dēade (neuter nominative singular)
dēadan (accusative masculine singular)
dēadan (accusative feminine singular)
dēade (accusative neuter singular)
dēadan (genitive masculine singular)
dēadan (feminine genitive singular)
dēadan (genitive neuter singular)
dēadan (dative masculine singular)
dēadan (dative feminine singular)
dēadan (dative neuter singular)
dēadan (instrumental masculine singular)
dēadan (feminine instrumental singular)
dēadan (instrumental neuter singular)
dēadan (masculine nominative plural)
dēadan (feminine nominative plural)
dēadan (neuter nominative plural)
dēadan (accusative masculine plural)
dēadan (accusative feminine plural)
dēadan (accusative neuter plural)
dēadra (genitive masculine plural)
dēadena (genitive masculine plural)
dēadra (feminine genitive plural)
dēadena (feminine genitive plural)
dēadra (genitive neuter plural)
dēadena (genitive neuter plural)
dēadum (dative masculine plural)
dēadum (dative feminine plural)
dēadum (dative neuter plural)
dēadum (instrumental masculine plural)
dēadum (feminine instrumental plural)
dēadum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: ded, deed

Scots: dede, deed, deid

English: dead

Yola: deed

From Proto-West Germanic *daud, from Proto-Germanic *daudaz. Cognate with Old Frisian dād, Old Saxon dōd, Old High German tōt, Old Norse dauðr, Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (dauþs).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Phillippus him dyde heora wīġ unweorð, ōð hyne ān Cwēne scēat þurh þæt þēoh, þæt þæt hors wæs dēad, þe hē on ufan sæt.

Phillippus did them their battle ignoble, until a queen shot him through the thigh, that the horse was dead, which he sat on at the top.


dry

drȳ (canonical masculine)
drȳas (nominative plural)
drȳ (nominative singular)
drȳas (nominative plural)
drȳ (accusative singular)
drȳas (accusative plural)
drȳes (genitive singular)
drȳa (genitive plural)
drȳe (dative singular)
drȳum (dative plural)

Middle English: dri, driȝ, dry

⇒ Middle English: driȝmann, driȝmenn pl

Borrowed from a Brythonic language, from Proto-Brythonic *drüw, from Proto-Celtic *druwits (“druid”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St. Julian and his wife Basilissa"
Gehelp urum godum and hat to þe gefeccan þisne dry Iulianum þe ure goda anlicnysse mid ealle to-brytte...

Help our gods, and command men to bring thee this sorcerer Julianus, who hath utterly broken the images of our gods,...

Hīe woldon forbærnan þone drȳ. ― They wanted to burn the wizard. (Ælfric’s Homilies, volume 1.)


anime

first-person singular present indicative

inflection of āniman:
singular present subjunctive


gram

gram (masculine nominative singular)
gramu (feminine nominative singular)
gramo (feminine nominative singular)
gram (neuter nominative singular)
gramne (accusative masculine singular)
grame (accusative feminine singular)
gram (accusative neuter singular)
grames (genitive masculine singular)
gramre (feminine genitive singular)
grames (genitive neuter singular)
gramum (dative masculine singular)
gramre (dative feminine singular)
gramum (dative neuter singular)
grame (instrumental masculine singular)
gramre (feminine instrumental singular)
grame (instrumental neuter singular)
grame (masculine nominative plural)
grama (feminine nominative plural)
grame (feminine nominative plural)
gramu (neuter nominative plural)
gramo (neuter nominative plural)
grame (accusative masculine plural)
grama (accusative feminine plural)
grame (accusative feminine plural)
gramu (accusative neuter plural)
gramo (accusative neuter plural)
gramra (genitive masculine plural)
gramra (feminine genitive plural)
gramra (genitive neuter plural)
gramum (dative masculine plural)
gramum (dative feminine plural)
gramum (dative neuter plural)
gramum (instrumental masculine plural)
gramum (feminine instrumental plural)
gramum (instrumental neuter plural)
grama (masculine nominative singular)
grame (feminine nominative singular)
grame (neuter nominative singular)
graman (accusative masculine singular)
graman (accusative feminine singular)
grame (accusative neuter singular)
graman (genitive masculine singular)
graman (feminine genitive singular)
graman (genitive neuter singular)
graman (dative masculine singular)
graman (dative feminine singular)
graman (dative neuter singular)
graman (instrumental masculine singular)
graman (feminine instrumental singular)
graman (instrumental neuter singular)
graman (masculine nominative plural)
graman (feminine nominative plural)
graman (neuter nominative plural)
graman (accusative masculine plural)
graman (accusative feminine plural)
graman (accusative neuter plural)
gramra (genitive masculine plural)
gramena (genitive masculine plural)
gramra (feminine genitive plural)
gramena (feminine genitive plural)
gramra (genitive neuter plural)
gramena (genitive neuter plural)
gramum (dative masculine plural)
gramum (dative feminine plural)
gramum (dative neuter plural)
gramum (instrumental masculine plural)
gramum (feminine instrumental plural)
gramum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: gram
English: gram


fox

fox (nominative singular)
foxas (nominative plural)
fox (accusative singular)
foxas (accusative plural)
foxes (genitive singular)
foxa (genitive plural)
foxe (dative singular)
foxum (dative plural)

Middle English: fox, vox, wox
English: fox
Scots: fox
Yola: voxe, vox

From Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz. Cognate with Old Frisian *foks, Old Saxon fohs, Old Dutch fus, Old High German fuhs.

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints, quoting Matthew 8:20

Foxes have holes and birds have nests, but I have no dwelling where I can rest my head.

Foxas habbaþ holu and fugelas habbaþ nest, and iċ næbbe wununge hwider iċ mīn heafod ahyldan mæġe.


run

rūn (canonical feminine)
rūn (nominative singular)
rūna (nominative plural)
rūne (nominative plural)
rūne (accusative singular)
rūna (accusative plural)
rūne (accusative plural)
rūne (genitive singular)
rūna (genitive plural)
rūne (dative singular)
rūnum (dative plural)

Middle English: roun

Scots: rune, roun, round

English: roun, round

From Proto-West Germanic *rūnu. Cognate with the Old Saxon rūna, Old High German rūna (German Raun), Old Norse rún, and Gothic 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (runa).


c

a letter of the Old English alphabet, representing /k/ and /tʃ/


field

field (nominative singular)
fieldas (nominative plural)
field (accusative singular)
fieldas (accusative plural)
fieldes (genitive singular)
fielda (genitive plural)
fielde (dative singular)
fieldum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *faldi, from Proto-Germanic *faldiz.

fold, crease (of clothing), plait, wrinkle


full

full (masculine nominative singular)
full (feminine nominative singular)
full (neuter nominative singular)
fulne (accusative masculine singular)
fulle (accusative feminine singular)
full (accusative neuter singular)
fulles (genitive masculine singular)
fulre (feminine genitive singular)
fulles (genitive neuter singular)
fullum (dative masculine singular)
fulre (dative feminine singular)
fullum (dative neuter singular)
fulle (instrumental masculine singular)
fulre (feminine instrumental singular)
fulle (instrumental neuter singular)
fulle (masculine nominative plural)
fulla (feminine nominative plural)
fulle (feminine nominative plural)
full (neuter nominative plural)
fulle (accusative masculine plural)
fulla (accusative feminine plural)
fulle (accusative feminine plural)
full (accusative neuter plural)
fulra (genitive masculine plural)
fulra (feminine genitive plural)
fulra (genitive neuter plural)
fullum (dative masculine plural)
fullum (dative feminine plural)
fullum (dative neuter plural)
fullum (instrumental masculine plural)
fullum (feminine instrumental plural)
fullum (instrumental neuter plural)
fulla (masculine nominative singular)
fulle (feminine nominative singular)
fulle (neuter nominative singular)
fullan (accusative masculine singular)
fullan (accusative feminine singular)
fulle (accusative neuter singular)
fullan (genitive masculine singular)
fullan (feminine genitive singular)
fullan (genitive neuter singular)
fullan (dative masculine singular)
fullan (dative feminine singular)
fullan (dative neuter singular)
fullan (instrumental masculine singular)
fullan (feminine instrumental singular)
fullan (instrumental neuter singular)
fullan (masculine nominative plural)
fullan (feminine nominative plural)
fullan (neuter nominative plural)
fullan (accusative masculine plural)
fullan (accusative feminine plural)
fullan (accusative neuter plural)
fulra (genitive masculine plural)
fullena (genitive masculine plural)
fulra (feminine genitive plural)
fullena (feminine genitive plural)
fulra (genitive neuter plural)
fullena (genitive neuter plural)
fullum (dative masculine plural)
fullum (dative feminine plural)
fullum (dative neuter plural)
fullum (instrumental masculine plural)
fullum (feminine instrumental plural)
fullum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: ful, fol, full, vol, vul
English: full
Scots: fou, full
Yola: vull

From Proto-West Germanic *full, from Proto-Germanic *fullaz, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós (“full”), from *pleh₁- (“to fill”).

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Iċ ġeseah þone fæġerostan feld fulne grōwendra blostmena.

I saw the most beautiful field full of growing flowers.


full

full (nominative singular)
full (nominative plural)
full (accusative singular)
full (accusative plural)
fulles (genitive singular)
fulla (genitive plural)
fulle (dative singular)
fullum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *fullą (“vessel”), from Proto-Indo-European *pēl(w)- (“a kind of vessel”). Akin to Old Saxon full (“beaker”), Old Norse full (“beaker, toast”).


mase

māse (canonical feminine)
māsan (nominative plural)
māse (nominative singular)
māsan (nominative plural)
māsan (accusative singular)
māsan (accusative plural)
māsan (genitive singular)
māsena (genitive plural)
māsan (dative singular)
māsum (dative plural)

Middle English: mose

⇒ Middle English: titmose

English: titmouse


ore

ora (nominative singular)
oran (nominative plural)
oran (accusative singular)
oran (accusative plural)
oran (genitive singular)
orena (genitive plural)
oran (dative singular)
orum (dative plural)


list

list (nominative singular)
listas (nominative plural)
list (accusative singular)
listas (accusative plural)
listes (genitive singular)
lista (genitive plural)
liste (dative singular)
listum (dative plural)
list (nominative singular)
lista (nominative plural)
liste (nominative plural)
liste (accusative singular)
lista (accusative plural)
liste (accusative plural)
liste (genitive singular)
lista (genitive plural)
liste (dative singular)
listum (dative plural)

Middle English: liste

Scots: list

English: list

From Proto-West Germanic *listi. Cognate with Old Saxon list, Dutch list, Old High German list (German List), Old Norse list (Swedish list).


beard

beard (nominative singular)
beardas (nominative plural)
beard (accusative singular)
beardas (accusative plural)
beardes (genitive singular)
bearda (genitive plural)
bearde (dative singular)
beardum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: berd, bard, bærd, beord, burd
English: beard
Scots: berd, berde, beird
Yola: bearde
→ Anglo-Norman: berd
→⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)

From Proto-West Germanic *bard, from Proto-Germanic *bardaz (compare West Frisian burd, Dutch baard, German Bart), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰeh₂ (compare Latin barba, Lithuanian barzda, Russian борода́ (borodá)).


stop

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of stæppan


pipe

pīpe (canonical feminine)
pīpe (nominative singular)
pīpan (nominative plural)
pīpan (accusative singular)
pīpan (accusative plural)
pīpan (genitive singular)
pīpena (genitive plural)
pīpan (dative singular)
pīpum (dative plural)

English: pipe


han

hān (canonical feminine)
hān (nominative singular)
hāna (nominative plural)
hāne (nominative plural)
hāne (accusative singular)
hāna (accusative plural)
hāne (accusative plural)
hāne (genitive singular)
hāna (genitive plural)
hāne (dative singular)
hānum (dative plural)

a projecting stone that forms part of a boundary


mare

maran (nominative plural)
mare (nominative singular)
maran (nominative plural)
maran (accusative singular)
maran (accusative plural)
maran (genitive singular)
marena (genitive plural)
maran (dative singular)
marum (dative plural)

English: mare

mare (evil spirit thought to torment people in their sleep)


ile

ile (nominative singular)
ilas (nominative plural)
ile (accusative singular)
ilas (accusative plural)
iles (genitive singular)
ila (genitive plural)
ile (dative singular)
ilum (dative plural)

Middle English: ile, yle, ylle

From Proto-West Germanic *ili, from Proto-Germanic *ili (“sole”).


hun

Unclear. Possibly a shortening of hund (“dog”) or from Old Norse hunn (“bear cub”).


wir

wīr (canonical masculine)
wīras (nominative plural)

Middle English: wir, wyr

Scots: wire, weyr

English: wire

From Proto-Germanic *wīraz. Cognate with Middle Low German wīre, and related to late Old Norse víravirki (“filigree work”), Old High German wiara.


help

help (nominative singular)
helpa (nominative plural)
helpe (nominative plural)
helpe (accusative singular)
helpa (accusative plural)
helpe (accusative plural)
helpe (genitive singular)
helpa (genitive plural)
helpe (dative singular)
helpum (dative plural)

Middle English: help

English: help

Scots: help

From Proto-West Germanic *helpu, from Proto-Germanic *helpō.


blod

blōd (canonical neuter)
blōd (nominative singular)
blōd (nominative plural)
blōd (accusative singular)
blōd (accusative plural)
blōdes (genitive singular)
blōda (genitive plural)
blōde (dative singular)
blōdum (dative plural)

Middle English: blood

Scots: bluid

English: blood

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃tóm?
Proto-Germanic *blōþą
Proto-West Germanic *blōd
Old English blod
Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *blōd, from Proto-Germanic *blōþą, of unknown origin.
Cognate with Old Frisian blōd, Old Saxon blōd, Old High German bluot, Old Norse blóð, and Gothic 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 (blōþ).

inh+

Wæs þæt blōd hāt.


sette

first-person singular present/preterite indicative

third-person singular preterite indicative

inflection of settan:
singular present/preterite subjunctive


ah

(Anglian) Alternative form of ac (“but”)


ah

first/third-person singular present indicative of āgan


wand

wand (nominative singular)
wanda (nominative plural)
wande (nominative plural)
wande (accusative singular)
wanda (accusative plural)
wande (accusative plural)
wande (genitive singular)
wanda (genitive plural)
wande (dative singular)
wandum (dative plural)

Middle English: want, wont

English: want

Scots: want

From Proto-West Germanic *wand, from Proto-Germanic *wanduz (“mole”), from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to turn, twist, wind, braid”).


wand

first/third-person singular preterite of windan


flor

flōr (canonical feminine)
flōr (nominative singular)
flōra (nominative plural)
flōr (accusative singular)
flōra (accusative plural)
flōra (genitive singular)
flōra (genitive plural)
flōra (dative singular)
flōrum (dative plural)
flōr (nominative singular)
flōra (nominative plural)
flōre (nominative plural)
flōre (accusative singular)
flōra (accusative plural)
flōre (accusative plural)
flōre (genitive singular)
flōra (genitive plural)
flōre (dative singular)
flōrum (dative plural)

Middle English: flor

English: floor

Scots: flure, fluir, fleur, fleer

From Proto-West Germanic *flōr, from Proto-Germanic *flōruz, u-stem variant of Proto-Germanic *flōraz (“ground, floor”).


boc

bōc (canonical feminine)
bōc (nominative singular)
bēċ (nominative plural)
bōc (accusative singular)
bēċ (accusative plural)
bēċ (genitive singular)
bōce (genitive singular)
bōca (genitive plural)
bēċ (dative singular)
bōcum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bok
English: book (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: buik, beuk
Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck
Yola: buke

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *bōks, whence also Old Frisian bōk (West Frisian boek), Old Saxon bōk (Low German Book), Dutch boek, Old High German buoh (German Buch), Old Norse bók (Danish bog, Norwegian bok), Swedish bok), Gothic 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka). The Germanic root is often taken to be related to the word for beech, the wood of rune-tablets.


boc

bōc (canonical feminine)
bōc (nominative singular)
bōca (nominative plural)
bōce (nominative plural)
bōce (accusative singular)
bōca (accusative plural)
bōce (accusative plural)
bōce (genitive singular)
bōca (genitive plural)
bōce (dative singular)
bōcum (dative plural)


ham

hām (canonical masculine)
hām (nominative singular)
hāmas (nominative plural)
hām (accusative singular)
hāmas (accusative plural)
hāmes (genitive singular)
hāma (genitive plural)
hām (dative singular)
hāme (dative singular)
hāmum (dative plural)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *haim, from Proto-Germanic *haimaz.

inh+

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Assumption of St. John the Apostle"
Ða het se apostol ða bære settan, and cwæð, "Min Drihten, Hælend Crist! Arære ðe, Drusiana; aris, and ġecyrr hām, and gearca ús gereordunge on þinum hūse." Drusiana þa arás swilce of slæpe awreht, and, carfull be ðæs apostoles hæse, hām gewende.

Then the apostle bade them set down the bier, and said, "My Lord, Jesus Christ! Raise thee, Drusiana; arise, and return home, and prepare refection for us in thy house." Drusiana then arose as if from sleep awakened, and, mindful of the apostle's command, returned home.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
...and forġeaf sumne hām tō þǣre hālgan stōwe...

...and gave certain property to the holy place...


ham

desctree

Middle English: hom, hoom, home, hoome, whom, om, am, hame (Northern), ham (Early Middle English)
English: home, -ham (partially)
Geordie English: hyem
Scots: hame
Yola: hime, hyme, haime

hām gān

hām cuman

hām ċierran

hām bringan


ham

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *hammaz. Cognate with Old Frisian ham, Middle Low German hamme (Low Low German Hamm).


ham

ham (nominative singular)
hamas (nominative plural)
ham (accusative singular)
hamas (accusative plural)
hames (genitive singular)
hama (genitive plural)
hame (dative singular)
hamum (dative plural)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *ham, from Proto-Germanic *hamaz (“covering”). Cognate with Old Norse hamr.


rot

ang-adj

rōt (comparative rōtra, superlative rōtost)

rōt (canonical)
rōtra (comparative)
rōtost (superlative)
rōt (masculine nominative singular)
rōt (feminine nominative singular)
rōt (neuter nominative singular)
rōtne (accusative masculine singular)
rōte (accusative feminine singular)
rōt (accusative neuter singular)
rōtes (genitive masculine singular)
rōtre (feminine genitive singular)
rōtes (genitive neuter singular)
rōtum (dative masculine singular)
rōtre (dative feminine singular)
rōtum (dative neuter singular)
rōte (instrumental masculine singular)
rōtre (feminine instrumental singular)
rōte (instrumental neuter singular)
rōte (masculine nominative plural)
rōta (feminine nominative plural)
rōte (feminine nominative plural)
rōt (neuter nominative plural)
rōte (accusative masculine plural)
rōta (accusative feminine plural)
rōte (accusative feminine plural)
rōt (accusative neuter plural)
rōtra (genitive masculine plural)
rōtra (feminine genitive plural)
rōtra (genitive neuter plural)
rōtum (dative masculine plural)
rōtum (dative feminine plural)
rōtum (dative neuter plural)
rōtum (instrumental masculine plural)
rōtum (feminine instrumental plural)
rōtum (instrumental neuter plural)
rōta (masculine nominative singular)
rōte (feminine nominative singular)
rōte (neuter nominative singular)
rōtan (accusative masculine singular)
rōtan (accusative feminine singular)
rōte (accusative neuter singular)
rōtan (genitive masculine singular)
rōtan (feminine genitive singular)
rōtan (genitive neuter singular)
rōtan (dative masculine singular)
rōtan (dative feminine singular)
rōtan (dative neuter singular)
rōtan (instrumental masculine singular)
rōtan (feminine instrumental singular)
rōtan (instrumental neuter singular)
rōtan (masculine nominative plural)
rōtan (feminine nominative plural)
rōtan (neuter nominative plural)
rōtan (accusative masculine plural)
rōtan (accusative feminine plural)
rōtan (accusative neuter plural)
rōtra (genitive masculine plural)
rōtena (genitive masculine plural)
rōtra (feminine genitive plural)
rōtena (feminine genitive plural)
rōtra (genitive neuter plural)
rōtena (genitive neuter plural)
rōtum (dative masculine plural)
rōtum (dative feminine plural)
rōtum (dative neuter plural)
rōtum (instrumental masculine plural)
rōtum (feminine instrumental plural)
rōtum (instrumental neuter plural)


munt

munt (nominative singular)
muntas (nominative plural)
munt (accusative singular)
muntas (accusative plural)
muntes (genitive singular)
munta (genitive plural)
munte (dative singular)
muntum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: mount, mont, mounte, mownt, munt
English: mount
Scots: munt

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 4, verse 29

And they arose and shoved him from the city. And led him over the mount's top. Over that their city was built. That they thrusted him downward.

And hiġ ārīson and scūfon hine of ðǣre ceastre. And lǣddon hine ofer ðæs muntes cnæpp. Ofer þone hyra buruh ġetimbrud wæs. þ hī hyne nyðer bescūfon.


mot

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

first/third-person singular present of motan


mot

mōt (canonical feminine)
mōt (nominative singular)
mōta (nominative plural)
mōte (nominative plural)
mōte (accusative singular)
mōta (accusative plural)
mōte (accusative plural)
mōte (genitive singular)
mōta (genitive plural)
mōte (dative singular)
mōtum (dative plural)

Middle English: mot
Yola: mot

From Proto-West Germanic *mōtu, from Proto-Germanic *mōtō (“tax, toll”).


mot

mōt (canonical neuter)
mōt (nominative singular)
mōt (nominative plural)
mōt (accusative singular)
mōt (accusative plural)
mōtes (genitive singular)
mōta (genitive plural)
mōte (dative singular)
mōtum (dative plural)

mōtærn

building where a meeting is held, courthouse

mōtian

to converse, address an assembly, or discuss an issue

meeting (encounter, assembly, or confluence)


mile

inflection of mīl:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of mīl:
genitive/dative singular


un-

Middle English: un-

Scots: un-

English: un-

From Proto-West Germanic *un-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, a prefix use of the particle *ne (“not”). Cognate with Old Frisian un-, Old Saxon un-, Old Dutch un-, Old High German un-, Old Norse ó-, Gothic 𐌿𐌽- (un-). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-), Latin in-, and Old Irish in-.

un- + dēadlīċ (“mortal”) → undēadlīċ (“immortal”)

un- + dēop (“deep”) → undēop (“shallow”)

un- + dīere (“expensive”) → undīere (“cheap”)

un- + druncen (“drunk”) → undruncen (“sober”)

un- + fæġer (“beautiful”) → unfæġer (“ugly”)

un- + ġewǣpnod (“armed”) → unġewǣpnod (“unarmed”)

un- + nytt (“useful”) → unnytt (“useless”)

un- + sċyldiġ (“guilty”) → unsċyldiġ (“innocent”)

un- + rīpe (“mature”) → unrīpe (“immature”)

un- + wita (“knower”) → unwita (“idiot”)

negation or absence of: un-, non- (added to nouns and adjectives)

un- + dǣd (“action”) → undǣd (“crime”)

un- + hlīsa (“fame”) → unhlīsa (“infamy”)

un- + lǣċe (“doctor”) → unlǣċe (“quack”)

un- + lyft (“air”) → unlyft (“malaria,” lit. “bad air”)

un- + mann (“person”) → unmann (“thug”)

un- + rǣd (“advice”) → unrǣd (“bad advice”)

un- + stenċ (“smell”) → unstenċ (“stench”)

un- + swefn (“dream”) → unswefn (“bad dream”)

un- + tīma (“time”) → untīma (“wrong time”)

un- + þēaw (“habit”) → unþēaw (“vice”)

un- + weder (“weather”) → unweder (“bad weather”)

bad (added to nouns to denote a pejorative sense; compare mis-, mal-)


un-

Originally an alternative form of on-, from Proto-Germanic *and-. Cognate with Old Frisian und-, Old Saxon ant-, Old High German ant- (German ent-).

forms verbs from verbs, with an opposite or reversive sense


ol

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of alan


dag

dāg (canonical masculine)
dāg (nominative singular)
dāgas (nominative plural)
dāg (accusative singular)
dāgas (accusative plural)
dāges (genitive singular)
dāga (genitive plural)
dāge (dative singular)
dāgum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: dogh, dagh, doghe, doghȝe, doȝ, doughe, douȝ, douȝh, douw, dow, dowgh, dowhȝ
English: dough (dialectal duff)
Scots: daich, dauch
Yola: dhoaugh, doaugh, doaug

From Proto-Germanic *daigaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, form, mold”). Compare Old High German teig (German Teig), Old Norse deig (Danish dej, Swedish deg), Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍃 (daigs).


ta

tā (canonical feminine)
tān (nominative plural)
tā (nominative singular)
tān (nominative plural)
tān (accusative singular)
tān (accusative plural)
tān (genitive singular)
tāna (genitive plural)
tān (dative singular)
tām (dative plural)
tāum (dative plural)

Middle English: ta, to

English: toe

Scots: tae

From Proto-West Germanic *taihā, from Proto-Germanic *taihwǭ.


line

līne (canonical feminine)
līne (nominative singular)
līnan (nominative plural)
līnan (accusative singular)
līnan (accusative plural)
līnan (genitive singular)
līnena (genitive plural)
līnan (dative singular)
līnum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: lyne, lyn, line, lin, lynye, lyny
English: line, linseed (in compound with seed)
Yola: leen

From Proto-Germanic *līnǭ (“line, rope, flaxen cord, thread”), from Proto-Germanic *līną (“flax, linen”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”). Akin to Old High German līna (“line”) (German Leine (“rope”)), Middle Dutch līne (“rope, cord”) (Dutch lijn (“rope”)), Old Norse līna (“cord, rope”) (Danish line (“rope, cord”)), Old English līn (“flax, linen, cloth”).

inh

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Wāst þū nū þæt þū leornodest on eorþcræfte be ānre līnan āwritenre andlang middes ānes þōðres?

Do you remember what you learned in geometry about a line drawn along the middle of a ball?


dal

Middle English: dol

English: dole


ge

ġē (canonical)
iċ (first-person nominative singular)
mē (accusative first-person singular)
mec (accusative first-person singular)
mē (dative first-person singular)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
þū (nominative second-person singular)
þē (accusative second-person singular)
þec (accusative second-person singular)
þē (dative second-person singular)
þīn (genitive second-person singular)
hit (accusative neuter nominative singular third-person)
him (dative neuter singular third-person)
his (genitive neuter singular third-person)
hē (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hine (accusative masculine singular third-person)
him (dative masculine singular third-person)
his (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hēo (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hīe (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hire (dative feminine genitive singular third-person)
wit (dual first-person nominative)
unc (accusative dual first-person)
uncit (accusative dual first-person)
unc (dative dual first-person)
uncer (dual first-person genitive)
ġit (dual nominative second-person)
inc (accusative dual second-person)
incit (accusative dual second-person)
inc (dative dual second-person)
incer (dual genitive second-person)
wē (first-person nominative plural)
ūs (accusative first-person plural)
ūsiċ (accusative first-person plural)
ūs (dative first-person plural)
ūre (first-person genitive plural)
ūser (first-person genitive plural)
ġē (nominative plural second-person)
ēow (accusative plural second-person)
ēowic (accusative plural second-person)
ēow (dative plural second-person)
ēower (genitive plural second-person)
hīe (accusative nominative plural third-person)
him (dative plural third-person)
heora (genitive plural third-person)

desctree

Middle English: ye, yee, ȝe, ȝee, yeȝ, yhe, ȝhe, ge, iye, yie, ȝie, gie, hye, hie, ȝeo, geo
English: ye, yee
Scots: ȝe, ye
Yola: ye

From Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from *jīz, an early variation of Proto-Germanic *jūz, representing Proto-Indo-European *yūs.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian jī, Old Saxon gi, Dutch gij, Old High German ir (German ihr), Old Norse ér (Swedish I, later ni), Gothic 𐌾𐌿𐍃 (jus). The Indo-European root is also the source of Albanian ju, Proto-Baltic *ju- (Lithuanian jūs), Tocharian A yas, Tocharian B yes.


ge

Middle English: gea, ȝe, ȝa, ȝi, ye

From Proto-Germanic *jahw, from *ja + *-hw.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Gyf þonne ǣfre gebyreð þæt þū þē ful hālne and ful trumne ongytst, and hæafst æalle þīne frēond myd þē, ǣġðer ge on mōde ge on līchaman, and on ðām ilcan worce and on ðām ylcan willum ðe ðē best lyst dōn, hweðer þū ðonne wille bēon āwiht blīðe?

If then it ever happen that thou shalt find thyself full whole and full strong, and hast all thy friends with thee, both in mind and in body, and in that same work and in that same will which pleaseth thee best to do, wilt thou then be happy at all?

and; often doubled as ġe... ġe... ("both... and...")


nah

first/third-person singular present indicative of nāgan


tien

Middle English: ten, tene, tenne, tien
English: ten
Scots: ten
Yola: dhen

From Proto-West Germanic *tehun, from Proto-Germanic *tehun, from Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥.


ac

āc (canonical feminine)
āc (nominative singular)
ǣċ (nominative plural)
āc (accusative singular)
ǣċ (accusative plural)
ǣċ (genitive singular)
āce (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
ǣċ (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)
āc (nominative singular)
āca (nominative plural)
āce (nominative plural)
āce (accusative singular)
āca (accusative plural)
āce (accusative plural)
āce (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
āce (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)
āc (nominative singular)
ācas (nominative plural)
āc (accusative singular)
ācas (accusative plural)
āces (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
āce (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)

Middle English: ook, ok, ak, ake
English: oak
Scots: aik, ake, yik (south)

(masculine)(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚪ (a)


ac

Middle English: ac, ak, ah

Sēo æx forġiett, ac þæt trēow ġeman.

The axe forgets, but the tree remembers.

Ne ġēotaþ wē tēaras, ac blōd.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Nōn egō, sed tū: “Nā iċ, ac þū.” Nōn bōs est, sed equus: “Nis hit nā oxa, ac is hors.”

Non ego, sed tu: “Not me, you.” Non bos est, sed equus: “It's not an ox, it's a horse.”

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
and gif we forleosað þas lænan woruld-þingc, þonne sceole we witan þæt ure wunung nis na her ac is on heofonum gif we hopiað to gode.

and if we lose the transitory things of this world, then should we know that our dwelling is not here, but is in heaven, if we hope in God.

but instead: in this sense ac should sometimes be translated as "but," but most often it is best left untranslated


pis

pīs (canonical)
pīs (masculine nominative singular)
pīs (feminine nominative singular)
pīs (neuter nominative singular)
pīsne (accusative masculine singular)
pīse (accusative feminine singular)
pīs (accusative neuter singular)
pīses (genitive masculine singular)
pīsre (feminine genitive singular)
pīses (genitive neuter singular)
pīsum (dative masculine singular)
pīsre (dative feminine singular)
pīsum (dative neuter singular)
pīse (instrumental masculine singular)
pīsre (feminine instrumental singular)
pīse (instrumental neuter singular)
pīse (masculine nominative plural)
pīsa (feminine nominative plural)
pīse (feminine nominative plural)
pīs (neuter nominative plural)
pīse (accusative masculine plural)
pīsa (accusative feminine plural)
pīse (accusative feminine plural)
pīs (accusative neuter plural)
pīsra (genitive masculine plural)
pīsra (feminine genitive plural)
pīsra (genitive neuter plural)
pīsum (dative masculine plural)
pīsum (dative feminine plural)
pīsum (dative neuter plural)
pīsum (instrumental masculine plural)
pīsum (feminine instrumental plural)
pīsum (instrumental neuter plural)
pīsa (masculine nominative singular)
pīse (feminine nominative singular)
pīse (neuter nominative singular)
pīsan (accusative masculine singular)
pīsan (accusative feminine singular)
pīse (accusative neuter singular)
pīsan (genitive masculine singular)
pīsan (feminine genitive singular)
pīsan (genitive neuter singular)
pīsan (dative masculine singular)
pīsan (dative feminine singular)
pīsan (dative neuter singular)
pīsan (instrumental masculine singular)
pīsan (feminine instrumental singular)
pīsan (instrumental neuter singular)
pīsan (masculine nominative plural)
pīsan (feminine nominative plural)
pīsan (neuter nominative plural)
pīsan (accusative masculine plural)
pīsan (accusative feminine plural)
pīsan (accusative neuter plural)
pīsra (genitive masculine plural)
pīsena (genitive masculine plural)
pīsra (feminine genitive plural)
pīsena (feminine genitive plural)
pīsra (genitive neuter plural)
pīsena (genitive neuter plural)
pīsum (dative masculine plural)
pīsum (dative feminine plural)
pīsum (dative neuter plural)
pīsum (instrumental masculine plural)
pīsum (feminine instrumental plural)
pīsum (instrumental neuter plural)


sex

Alternative form of seax (“shortsword, dagger, knife”)


gift

ġift (canonical feminine)
ġift (nominative singular)
ġifte (nominative plural)
ġifta (nominative plural)
ġift (accusative singular)
ġifte (accusative singular)
ġifte (accusative plural)
ġifta (accusative plural)
ġifte (genitive singular)
ġifta (genitive plural)
ġifte (dative singular)
ġiftum (dative plural)

Middle English: yifte, ȝift, gift
English: gift, yift
Scots: gyft, gift
Yola: giftes (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *gifti, from Proto-Germanic *giftiz. Cognate with Old Frisian jeft, Old Saxon *gift (in sundargift (“privilege”, literally “special gift”)), Dutch gift, Old High German gift (German Gift), Old Norse gipt (> English gift), Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍆𐍄𐍃 (fragifts).

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Twenty-first Sunday after Pentecost"
Þāðā hí noldon cuman to ðam ġiftum, ða sende hé eft, þus cweðende, "Secgað ðam gelaðodum, Efne, ic ġeġearcode mīne gōd, ic ofslóh mine fearras, and mine gemæstan fugelas, and ealle mine ðing ic ġearcode: cumað to þam ġiftum."

When they would not come to the marriage, he sent again, thus saying, "Say to those who are invited, Behold, I have prepared my meats, I have slain my oxen and my fatted fowls, and have prepared all my things: come to the marriage."

(in the plural and in compounds) wedding, marriage


ra

rā (canonical masculine)
rān (nominative plural)
rā (nominative singular)
rān (nominative plural)
rān (accusative singular)
rān (accusative plural)
rān (genitive singular)
rāna (genitive plural)
rān (dative singular)
rām (dative plural)
rāum (dative plural)

Middle English: ro, roo (northern ra, raa)

English: roe

Scots: ra, rae

A contraction of earlier rāha, from Proto-West Germanic *raihō, *raih, from Proto-Germanic *raihô, *raihą. The 5th-century runic form ᚱᚨᛇᚺᚨᚾ (raïhan) is possibly an ancestor of this word, but may be North Germanic instead.


tile

inflection of til:
strong accusative feminine singular

strong instrumental masculine/neuter singular

strong nominative/accusative masculine/feminine plural

weak nominative feminine/neuter singular

inflection of til:
weak accusative neuter singular


ea

ēa (canonical feminine)
ēa (nominative plural)
ēan (nominative plural)
ēa (nominative singular)
ēa (nominative plural)
ēan (nominative plural)
ēa (accusative singular)
ēa (accusative plural)
ēan (accusative plural)
ēa (genitive singular)
īe (genitive singular)
ēa (genitive plural)
ēa (dative singular)
īe (dative singular)
ēam (dative plural)
ēaum (dative plural)

Middle English: ee, æ, ea, eaa (Early Middle English), *eo
English: ea, Eau, eau, yeo

⇒ Old English: edēa (with prefix ed-)

Middle English: eddy

English: eddy

From Proto-West Germanic *ahu, from Proto-Germanic *ahwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ekʷeh₂ (“water”).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þonne west frām Tigris þǣre ēa oþ Eufrate þā ēa, þonne betweox þǣm ēan syndan þās land Babylonia, and Caldea, and Mesopotamia.

Then west from the River Tigris to the River Euphrates, then between the rivers are the lands of Babylon, Chaldea, and Mesopotamia


-um

hund (“dog”) + -um → hundum (“dogs”)

sċip (“ship”) + -um → sċipum (“ships”)

Used to form the dative plural of essentially all nouns

Used to form the strong and weak dative and instrumental plural of adjectives

Used to form the strong dative singular of masculine and neuter adjectives


am

(Northumbrian) first-person singular present indicative of wesan


ele

ele (nominative singular)
elas (nominative plural)
ele (accusative singular)
elas (accusative plural)
eles (genitive singular)
ela (genitive plural)
ele (dative singular)
elum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *oli, from Latin oleum.


ga

first-person singular present indicative

inflection of gān:
singular present subjunctive


ons

ons (nominative singular)
ense (nominative plural)
onsa (nominative plural)
ons (accusative singular)
onsa (accusative plural)
onsa (genitive singular)
ensa (genitive plural)
onsa (genitive plural)
ense (dative singular)
onsa (dative singular)
onsum (dative plural)

Old English: ōs


ho

first-person singular present indicative of hōn


gras

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of grīsan


ne

Iċ… hlūde ċirme, healde mīne wīsan, hlēoþre ne mīþe,…

I… loudly cry out, hold my tone, don't hide a sound,…


ne

Middle English: ne, ny, ni (rare)
English: ne (obsolete)
Scots: ne (obsolete)

Þurh þissa þinga ġehāt sind cumene tō anwealde unmenn. Ac hīe lēogaþ, ne ġelǣstaþ hīe þæt ġehāt, ne hīe nǣfre nyllaþ!

By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to power. But they lie, they do not fulfill that promise, and they never will!

c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
Sē enġel him cwæþ tō, "Ne cyss þū mīne fēt, ne þū mē ne hrepe."

The angel said to him, "Don't kiss my feet, and don't touch me."

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of The Consolation of Philosophy
Nān mann hine ne cann, ne hē nānne mann ne furðum þæt ġeþēode.

No one knows him, and he doesn't know anyone or even the language.

(in negative phrases) or, and not (optionally translated as "nor")

Iċ næbbe ne frīend ne fīend. Wrace iċ hæbbe.

I don't have friends or enemies. I have revenge.

ne... ne... is used to mean "[not...] or..." (optionally translated as "neither... nor...")


bolt

bolt (nominative singular)
boltas (nominative plural)
bolt (accusative singular)
boltas (accusative plural)
boltes (genitive singular)
bolta (genitive plural)
bolte (dative singular)
boltum (dative plural)

Middle English: bolt

English: bolt
→ Irish: bolta
→ Japanese: ボルト (boruto)
→ Maltese: bolt
→ Russian: болт (bolt)
→ Azerbaijani: bolt
→ Ingrian: boltta
→ Scottish Gaelic: bolta

→ Welsh: bollt

From Proto-West Germanic *bolt.
Compare Lithuanian beldu (“I knock”), baldas (“pole for striking”). Akin to Dutch bout, German Bolz or Bolzen, Danish bolt, Icelandic bolti.


mus

mūs (canonical feminine)
mūs (nominative singular)
mȳs (nominative plural)
mūs (accusative singular)
mȳs (accusative plural)
mȳs (genitive singular)
mūse (genitive singular)
mūsa (genitive plural)
mȳs (dative singular)
mūsum (dative plural)

Middle English: mous, mouse, mowse, mows, mus, mowce, muse
English: mouse (see there for further descendants), moose (Northumbrian); muss
Scots: moose

From Proto-West Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *muh₂s.


sole

sole (nominative singular)
solan (nominative plural)
solan (accusative singular)
solan (accusative plural)
solan (genitive singular)
solena (genitive plural)
solan (dative singular)
solum (dative plural)

Middle English: sole, soole

English: sole

Scots: sole

Borrowed from Latin solea, from solum (“bottom, base”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swol-.


ar

ār (canonical feminine)
ār (nominative singular)
āra (nominative plural)
āre (nominative plural)
āre (accusative singular)
āra (accusative plural)
āre (accusative plural)
āre (genitive singular)
āra (genitive plural)
āre (dative singular)
ārum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: ore, oore, or, ȝore, aore, are, ære (Early Middle English), ar, are (Northern)

From Proto-West Germanic *aiʀu (“respect, honour”). Cognate with German Ehre.

inh

messenger, servant, herald, apostle, angel

Exeter Book, The Wanderer
Oft him ānhaga · āre gebīdeð,
Metudes miltse, · þēah þe hē mōdċeariġ
A loner oft waits a grace for himself,

Creator's mercy, even if he is sorrowful


ar

ār (canonical neuter)
ār (nominative singular)
ār (nominative plural)
ār (accusative singular)
ār (accusative plural)
āres (genitive singular)
āra (genitive plural)
āre (dative singular)
ārum (dative plural)

desctree

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ōra</i>

Middle English: ore (merged with ōra)
English: ore
Scots: ure, uir

From Proto-West Germanic *aiʀ. Cognate with Old Norse eir (“brass, copper”), German ehern (“of metal, of iron”), Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌶 (aiz, “ore”), from Proto-Indo-European *áyos, h₂éyos. Compare Dutch oer (“iron-holding earth”). Compare Latin aes (“bronze, copper”), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (aiiah), Sanskrit अयस् (áyas, “copper, iron”).


ar

Middle English: ore, hore, oore, are, aurre (Northern)
English: oar
Scots: air

From Proto-West Germanic *airu (“oar”), from Proto-Germanic *airō (“oar”). Cognate with Old Norse ár, Danish åre, Swedish åra.


ar

ār (canonical masculine)
ār (nominative singular)
āras (nominative plural)
ār (accusative singular)
āras (accusative plural)
āres (genitive singular)
āra (genitive plural)
āre (dative singular)
ārum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *airu (“messenger”), from Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old Saxon ēru, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).

Ic eom Hroðgares ar ond ombiht.


wan

Grendel wan hwile wið Hroþgar.

Grendel long fought against Hrothgar. (Beowulf ll. 151-2)


tu

From Proto-Germanic *twō, neuter of *twai.


gear

ġēar (canonical neuter)
ġēar (nominative singular)
ġēar (nominative plural)
ġēar (accusative singular)
ġēar (accusative plural)
ġēares (genitive singular)
ġēara (genitive plural)
ġēare (dative singular)
ġēarum (dative plural)

Middle English: yeer, here, yere, ȝere
English: year
Jamaican Creole: ier
Tok Pisin: yia
→ Chuukese: ier
→ Japanese: イヤー (iyā)
→ Volapük: yel
Scots: year

From Proto-West Germanic *jār, from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r-.

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
Ic þē secge, hēo wæs iii and sixtiġ ġēara eald, ðā hēo belȳfen wæs...

I tell thee, she was three and sixty years old when she died...

Þis wæs fēorþes ġēares his rīċes

This was in the fourth year of his reign.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Sebastian, Martyr"
Þa wurdon hi ealle þurh þæt wundor ablicgede and þæs þægnes gebedda ðe þa gebroþra heold wæs for six gearum for swiðlicre untrumnysse...

Then they were all astonished at that miracle; and the wife of the officer, who had charge of the brothers, for six years, through a severe sickness...

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St. Julian and his Wife Basilissa"
Þa wolde his fæder and his frynd ealle þæt he wifian sceolde þa ða he eahtetyne gæra wæs...

Then his father desired, and all his friends likewise, that he should marry, when he was eighteen years old.

(good) harvest
(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᛄ (j)


user

ūser (canonical)
ūser (masculine nominative singular)
ūseru (feminine nominative singular)
ūsru (feminine nominative singular)
ūsero (feminine nominative singular)
ūsro (feminine nominative singular)
ūser (neuter nominative singular)
ūserne (accusative masculine singular)
ūsere (accusative feminine singular)
ūsre (accusative feminine singular)
ūser (accusative neuter singular)
ūseres (genitive masculine singular)
ūsres (genitive masculine singular)
ūserre (feminine genitive singular)
ūseres (genitive neuter singular)
ūsres (genitive neuter singular)
ūserum (dative masculine singular)
ūsrum (dative masculine singular)
ūserre (dative feminine singular)
ūserum (dative neuter singular)
ūsrum (dative neuter singular)
ūsere (instrumental masculine singular)
ūsre (instrumental masculine singular)
ūserre (feminine instrumental singular)
ūsere (instrumental neuter singular)
ūsre (instrumental neuter singular)
ūsere (masculine nominative plural)
ūsre (masculine nominative plural)
ūsera (feminine nominative plural)
ūsra (feminine nominative plural)
ūsere (feminine nominative plural)
ūsre (feminine nominative plural)
ūseru (neuter nominative plural)
ūsru (neuter nominative plural)
ūsero (neuter nominative plural)
ūsro (neuter nominative plural)
ūsere (accusative masculine plural)
ūsre (accusative masculine plural)
ūsera (accusative feminine plural)
ūsra (accusative feminine plural)
ūsere (accusative feminine plural)
ūsre (accusative feminine plural)
ūseru (accusative neuter plural)
ūsru (accusative neuter plural)
ūsero (accusative neuter plural)
ūsro (accusative neuter plural)
ūserra (genitive masculine plural)
ūserra (feminine genitive plural)
ūserra (genitive neuter plural)
ūserum (dative masculine plural)
ūsrum (dative masculine plural)
ūserum (dative feminine plural)
ūsrum (dative feminine plural)
ūserum (dative neuter plural)
ūsrum (dative neuter plural)
ūserum (instrumental masculine plural)
ūsrum (instrumental masculine plural)
ūserum (feminine instrumental plural)
ūsrum (feminine instrumental plural)
ūserum (instrumental neuter plural)
ūsrum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-Germanic *unseraz (“of us, our”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥s-ero- (“our”). Cognate with Old Frisian ūse(r) (“our”), Old Saxon ūser (“our”), Old High German unsēr, unsār (“our”), Old Norse órr, várr (“our”), Gothic 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂 (unsar, “our”). Related to Old English ūs (“us”).

(Northumbrian or poetic) Alternative form of ūre


sine

inflection of sīn:
accusative feminine singular

inflection of sīn:
instrumental masculine/neuter singular


belt

beltas (nominative plural)
belt (nominative singular)
beltas (nominative plural)
belt (accusative singular)
beltas (accusative plural)
beltes (genitive singular)
belta (genitive plural)
belte (dative singular)
beltum (dative plural)

Middle English: belt

English: belt (see there for further descendants)

Scots: belt

From Proto-West Germanic *baltī̆, from Proto-Germanic *baltijaz. Cognate with Old High German balz, Old Norse belti.


lad

lād (canonical feminine)
lād (nominative singular)
lāda (nominative plural)
lāde (nominative plural)
lāde (accusative singular)
lāda (accusative plural)
lāde (accusative plural)
lāde (genitive singular)
lāda (genitive plural)
lāde (dative singular)
lādum (dative plural)

Middle English: lod, lode

English: load, lode

From Proto-West Germanic *laidu, from Proto-Germanic *laidō. Cognate with Old High German leita (German Leite), Old Norse leið. Akin to līþan (“to go, travel, fare”).


lad

From Proto-West Germanic *laidu, formally identical with Etymology 1 above. Akin to Old Frisian lēde, lāde (“leading, reasoning”) found in Old Frisian dēdlâde (“oath of purification”), Old High German leita (“justification, excuse”).

cog

defense or exoneration (+ genitive against an accusation)


rust

English: rust

From Proto-West Germanic *rust, from Proto-Germanic *rustaz (“rust”), from Proto-Indo-European *rudʰso- (“red”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”).


-ian

-ian (infinitive)
-ienne (infinitive)
-iġe (first-person present singular)
-ode (first-person past singular)
-ast (present second-person singular)
-odest (past second-person singular)
-aþ (present singular third-person)
-ode (past singular third-person)
-iaþ (plural present)
-odon (past plural)
-iġe (present singular)
-ode (past singular)
-iġen (plural present)
-oden (past plural)
-a (imperative past present singular)
-iaþ (imperative past plural present)
-iende (imperative present)
-od (imperative past)

Middle English: -ien, -en (merged with all other verbs)

English: -en, -e (obsolete)

Scots: -e (obsolete)

By syncope from earlier *-ōjan, a northern Ingvaeonic innovated form of Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.


ford

ford (nominative singular)
forda (nominative plural)
ford (accusative singular)
forda (accusative plural)
forda (genitive singular)
forda (genitive plural)
forda (dative singular)
fordum (dative plural)
ford (nominative singular)
fordas (nominative plural)
ford (accusative singular)
fordas (accusative plural)
fordes (genitive singular)
forda (genitive plural)
forde (dative singular)
fordum (dative plural)

Middle English: ford, furd, foord

English: ford

Scots: furde, furd, fuird

⇒ English: Chelmsford (from a contraction of Ċēolmǣres + ford)

→ Proto-Brythonic: *forð (“road”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-West Germanic *furdu, from Proto-Germanic *furduz (“ford”). Cognate with Old Frisian ford, Old Saxon ford, Old Dutch ford, Old High German furt.


la

Unknown. Probably onomatopoeic. Compare Polish ła.

Lā! næddrena cyn.

Ðā cwæþ ic hwæt is ðæt lā?

Enclitic particle used to emphasise interrogation, exclamation, entreaty, affirmation, negation


steam

stēam (canonical masculine)
stēam (nominative singular)
stēamas (nominative plural)
stēam (accusative singular)
stēamas (accusative plural)
stēames (genitive singular)
stēama (genitive plural)
stēame (dative singular)
stēamum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *staumaz, compare also Dutch stoom.


Rome

accusative/genitive/dative singular of Rōm


candela

nominative/accusative/genitive plural of candel


bald

bald (masculine nominative singular)
bald (feminine nominative singular)
bald (neuter nominative singular)
baldne (accusative masculine singular)
balde (accusative feminine singular)
bald (accusative neuter singular)
baldes (genitive masculine singular)
baldre (feminine genitive singular)
baldes (genitive neuter singular)
baldum (dative masculine singular)
baldre (dative feminine singular)
baldum (dative neuter singular)
balde (instrumental masculine singular)
baldre (feminine instrumental singular)
balde (instrumental neuter singular)
balde (masculine nominative plural)
balda (feminine nominative plural)
balde (feminine nominative plural)
bald (neuter nominative plural)
balde (accusative masculine plural)
balda (accusative feminine plural)
balde (accusative feminine plural)
bald (accusative neuter plural)
baldra (genitive masculine plural)
baldra (feminine genitive plural)
baldra (genitive neuter plural)
baldum (dative masculine plural)
baldum (dative feminine plural)
baldum (dative neuter plural)
baldum (instrumental masculine plural)
baldum (feminine instrumental plural)
baldum (instrumental neuter plural)
balda (masculine nominative singular)
balde (feminine nominative singular)
balde (neuter nominative singular)
baldan (accusative masculine singular)
baldan (accusative feminine singular)
balde (accusative neuter singular)
baldan (genitive masculine singular)
baldan (feminine genitive singular)
baldan (genitive neuter singular)
baldan (dative masculine singular)
baldan (dative feminine singular)
baldan (dative neuter singular)
baldan (instrumental masculine singular)
baldan (feminine instrumental singular)
baldan (instrumental neuter singular)
baldan (masculine nominative plural)
baldan (feminine nominative plural)
baldan (neuter nominative plural)
baldan (accusative masculine plural)
baldan (accusative feminine plural)
baldan (accusative neuter plural)
baldra (genitive masculine plural)
baldena (genitive masculine plural)
baldra (feminine genitive plural)
baldena (feminine genitive plural)
baldra (genitive neuter plural)
baldena (genitive neuter plural)
baldum (dative masculine plural)
baldum (dative feminine plural)
baldum (dative neuter plural)
baldum (instrumental masculine plural)
baldum (feminine instrumental plural)
baldum (instrumental neuter plural)


Syrian

accusative/genitive/dative singular of Syria


se

From Proto-West Germanic *siz, replacing earlier *sā, from Proto-Germanic *sa.

sē mōna

sēo sunne

þæt seofonstierre

þā steorran


se

Sele mē þone hamor.


se

sē (canonical)
sē (masculine nominative singular)
þē (masculine nominative singular)
sēo (feminine nominative singular)
þēo (feminine nominative singular)
þæt (neuter nominative singular)
þone (accusative masculine singular)
þā (accusative feminine singular)
þæt (accusative neuter singular)
þæs (genitive masculine singular)
þǣre (feminine genitive singular)
þæs (genitive neuter singular)
þām (dative masculine singular)
þǣm (dative masculine singular)
þǣre (dative feminine singular)
þām (dative neuter singular)
þǣm (dative neuter singular)
þon (instrumental masculine singular)
þȳ (instrumental masculine singular)
þē (instrumental masculine singular)
þǣre (feminine instrumental singular)
þon (instrumental neuter singular)
þȳ (instrumental neuter singular)
þē (instrumental neuter singular)
þā (nominative plural)
þā (accusative plural)
þāra (genitive plural)
þām (dative plural)
þǣm (dative plural)
þām (instrumental plural)
þǣm (instrumental plural)

Middle English: se, ze, sæ

Hē fōr hām, and æfter þām ne ġeseah iċ hine nǣfre mā.

He went home, and after that I never saw him again.

Iċ eom sē þe cnocaþ.

Hēo nis sēo þe þū oferreċċan þearft.

Rǣtst þū nū þās bōc oþþe þā?

Are you reading this book right now or that one?

Hwæðer is þīn, þē þæt swearte hors þē þæt hwīte?

Which one is yours, the black horse or the white one?

Ne biþ eall þæt glitnaþ nā gold.


hype

hype (nominative singular)
hypas (nominative plural)
hype (accusative singular)
hypas (accusative plural)
hypes (genitive singular)
hypa (genitive plural)
hype (dative singular)
hypum (dative plural)

Middle English: hippe, hip

English: hip

Scots: hip


side

sīde (canonical feminine)
sīde (nominative singular)
sīdan (nominative plural)
sīdan (accusative singular)
sīdan (accusative plural)
sīdan (genitive singular)
sīdena (genitive plural)
sīdan (dative singular)
sīdum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: side, zide (Kent)
English: side
Scots: side, syde
Yola: zeide

From Proto-Germanic *sīdǭ, whence also Old High German sīta.


side

sīde (canonical feminine)
sīdan (nominative plural)

Borrowed from Late Latin sēta, whence also Old High German sīda (“silk”).


sel

sel (nominative singular)
salu (nominative plural)
sel (accusative singular)
salu (accusative plural)
seles (genitive singular)
sala (genitive plural)
sele (dative singular)
salum (dative plural)

English: sele, seel

From Proto-West Germanic *sal, from Proto-Germanic *salą, from Indo-European. Cognate with Old High German sal, German Saal (“hall, large room”), Old Saxon sal, Dutch zaal. Compare sele, from a Germanic variant stem.

Heorot, sincfāge sel

Alternative form of sæl (“room, great hall, castle”)


sel

ang-adj

sēl (comparative sēlla, superlative sēlest)

sēl (canonical)
sēlla (comparative)
sēlest (superlative)
sēl (masculine nominative singular)
sēl (feminine nominative singular)
sēl (neuter nominative singular)
sēlne (accusative masculine singular)
sēle (accusative feminine singular)
sēl (accusative neuter singular)
sēles (genitive masculine singular)
sēlre (feminine genitive singular)
sēles (genitive neuter singular)
sēlum (dative masculine singular)
sēlre (dative feminine singular)
sēlum (dative neuter singular)
sēle (instrumental masculine singular)
sēlre (feminine instrumental singular)
sēle (instrumental neuter singular)
sēle (masculine nominative plural)
sēla (feminine nominative plural)
sēle (feminine nominative plural)
sēl (neuter nominative plural)
sēle (accusative masculine plural)
sēla (accusative feminine plural)
sēle (accusative feminine plural)
sēl (accusative neuter plural)
sēlra (genitive masculine plural)
sēlra (feminine genitive plural)
sēlra (genitive neuter plural)
sēlum (dative masculine plural)
sēlum (dative feminine plural)
sēlum (dative neuter plural)
sēlum (instrumental masculine plural)
sēlum (feminine instrumental plural)
sēlum (instrumental neuter plural)
sēla (masculine nominative singular)
sēle (feminine nominative singular)
sēle (neuter nominative singular)
sēlan (accusative masculine singular)
sēlan (accusative feminine singular)
sēle (accusative neuter singular)
sēlan (genitive masculine singular)
sēlan (feminine genitive singular)
sēlan (genitive neuter singular)
sēlan (dative masculine singular)
sēlan (dative feminine singular)
sēlan (dative neuter singular)
sēlan (instrumental masculine singular)
sēlan (feminine instrumental singular)
sēlan (instrumental neuter singular)
sēlan (masculine nominative plural)
sēlan (feminine nominative plural)
sēlan (neuter nominative plural)
sēlan (accusative masculine plural)
sēlan (accusative feminine plural)
sēlan (accusative neuter plural)
sēlra (genitive masculine plural)
sēlena (genitive masculine plural)
sēlra (feminine genitive plural)
sēlena (feminine genitive plural)
sēlra (genitive neuter plural)
sēlena (genitive neuter plural)
sēlum (dative masculine plural)
sēlum (dative feminine plural)
sēlum (dative neuter plural)
sēlum (instrumental masculine plural)
sēlum (feminine instrumental plural)
sēlum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-Germanic *sāliz. See sǣliġ (“blessed, fortunate”).

Sōna ic wæs wyrpende and mē sēl wæs.


in-

Middle English: in-

English: in-

in- + ēþung (“breathing”) → inēþung (“inspiration”)

in- + coþu (“disease”) → incoþu (“internal disease”)

in- + weorc (“work”) → inweorc (“indoor work”)