in-

From Proto-Germanic *in- (“strong”, adj), from Proto-Indo-European *indʰro- (“swelling; strong”), from *oyd- (“to swell”).

der

in- + frōd (“wise”) → infrōd (“very wise”)

in- + dryhten (“noble”) → indryhten (“very noble”)


baba

baba (nominative singular)
baban (nominative plural)
baban (accusative singular)
baban (accusative plural)
baban (genitive singular)
babena (genitive plural)
baban (dative singular)
babum (dative plural)

Middle English: babe, bab

English: babe

Scots: babe, baib, bab

From Proto-West Germanic *babō, from Proto-Germanic *babô, from *ba-, *bō-.


wat

first/third-person singular present of witan


Alexander

Alexander (nominative singular)
Alexander (accusative singular)
Alexandres (genitive singular)
Alexandre (dative singular)

From Latin Alexander, from Ancient Greek Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On þǣm dagum wæs Alexander ġeboren on Crēcum swa swa ān miċel ȳst cōme ofer ealne middenġeard.

In those days Alexander was born in Greece, like a great storm coming over all the Earth.


rind

rind (nominative singular)
rinda (nominative plural)
rinde (nominative plural)
rinde (accusative singular)
rinda (accusative plural)
rinde (accusative plural)
rinde (genitive singular)
rinda (genitive plural)
rinde (dative singular)
rindum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: rind, rinde, rynd, rynde, ryn
English: rind
Scots: rind, reen, reind

From Proto-West Germanic *rindu, from Proto-Germanic *rindō.


hond

hond (nominative singular)
honda (nominative plural)
hond (accusative singular)
honda (accusative plural)
honda (genitive singular)
honda (genitive plural)
honda (dative singular)
hondum (dative plural)


well

well (nominative singular)
wellas (nominative plural)
well (accusative singular)
wellas (accusative plural)
welles (genitive singular)
wella (genitive plural)
welle (dative singular)
wellum (dative plural)

English: well

From Proto-Germanic *wallijǭ, whence also Old High German wella, Old Norse vella.


los

los (nominative plural)
los (nominative singular)
los (nominative plural)
los (accusative singular)
los (accusative plural)
loses (genitive singular)
losa (genitive plural)
lose (dative singular)
losum (dative plural)

Middle English: los, lose, losse
English: loss
Scots: los, lose, lois
Yola: lass

From Proto-Germanic *lusą (“loss”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewHs- (“to cut loose; sever; lose”). Cognate with Old Norse los (“looseness; breaking up”).


linen

līnen (canonical)
līnen (masculine nominative singular)
līnenu (feminine nominative singular)
līnnu (feminine nominative singular)
līneno (feminine nominative singular)
līnno (feminine nominative singular)
līnen (neuter nominative singular)
līnenne (accusative masculine singular)
līnene (accusative feminine singular)
līnne (accusative feminine singular)
līnen (accusative neuter singular)
līnenes (genitive masculine singular)
līnnes (genitive masculine singular)
līnenre (feminine genitive singular)
līnenes (genitive neuter singular)
līnnes (genitive neuter singular)
līnenum (dative masculine singular)
līnnum (dative masculine singular)
līnenre (dative feminine singular)
līnenum (dative neuter singular)
līnnum (dative neuter singular)
līnene (instrumental masculine singular)
līnne (instrumental masculine singular)
līnenre (feminine instrumental singular)
līnene (instrumental neuter singular)
līnne (instrumental neuter singular)
līnene (masculine nominative plural)
līnne (masculine nominative plural)
līnena (feminine nominative plural)
līnna (feminine nominative plural)
līnene (feminine nominative plural)
līnne (feminine nominative plural)
līnenu (neuter nominative plural)
līnnu (neuter nominative plural)
līneno (neuter nominative plural)
līnno (neuter nominative plural)
līnene (accusative masculine plural)
līnne (accusative masculine plural)
līnena (accusative feminine plural)
līnna (accusative feminine plural)
līnene (accusative feminine plural)
līnne (accusative feminine plural)
līnenu (accusative neuter plural)
līnnu (accusative neuter plural)
līneno (accusative neuter plural)
līnno (accusative neuter plural)
līnenra (genitive masculine plural)
līnenra (feminine genitive plural)
līnenra (genitive neuter plural)
līnenum (dative masculine plural)
līnnum (dative masculine plural)
līnenum (dative feminine plural)
līnnum (dative feminine plural)
līnenum (dative neuter plural)
līnnum (dative neuter plural)
līnenum (instrumental masculine plural)
līnnum (instrumental masculine plural)
līnenum (feminine instrumental plural)
līnnum (feminine instrumental plural)
līnenum (instrumental neuter plural)
līnnum (instrumental neuter plural)
līnena (masculine nominative singular)
līnna (masculine nominative singular)
līnene (feminine nominative singular)
līnne (feminine nominative singular)
līnene (neuter nominative singular)
līnne (neuter nominative singular)
līnenan (accusative masculine singular)
līnnan (accusative masculine singular)
līnenan (accusative feminine singular)
līnnan (accusative feminine singular)
līnene (accusative neuter singular)
līnne (accusative neuter singular)
līnenan (genitive masculine singular)
līnnan (genitive masculine singular)
līnenan (feminine genitive singular)
līnnan (feminine genitive singular)
līnenan (genitive neuter singular)
līnnan (genitive neuter singular)
līnenan (dative masculine singular)
līnnan (dative masculine singular)
līnenan (dative feminine singular)
līnnan (dative feminine singular)
līnenan (dative neuter singular)
līnnan (dative neuter singular)
līnenan (instrumental masculine singular)
līnnan (instrumental masculine singular)
līnenan (feminine instrumental singular)
līnnan (feminine instrumental singular)
līnenan (instrumental neuter singular)
līnnan (instrumental neuter singular)
līnenan (masculine nominative plural)
līnnan (masculine nominative plural)
līnenan (feminine nominative plural)
līnnan (feminine nominative plural)
līnenan (neuter nominative plural)
līnnan (neuter nominative plural)
līnenan (accusative masculine plural)
līnnan (accusative masculine plural)
līnenan (accusative feminine plural)
līnnan (accusative feminine plural)
līnenan (accusative neuter plural)
līnnan (accusative neuter plural)
līnenra (genitive masculine plural)
līnenena (genitive masculine plural)
līnnena (genitive masculine plural)
līnenra (feminine genitive plural)
līnenena (feminine genitive plural)
līnnena (feminine genitive plural)
līnenra (genitive neuter plural)
līnenena (genitive neuter plural)
līnnena (genitive neuter plural)
līnenum (dative masculine plural)
līnnum (dative masculine plural)
līnenum (dative feminine plural)
līnnum (dative feminine plural)
līnenum (dative neuter plural)
līnnum (dative neuter plural)
līnenum (instrumental masculine plural)
līnnum (instrumental masculine plural)
līnenum (feminine instrumental plural)
līnnum (feminine instrumental plural)
līnenum (instrumental neuter plural)
līnnum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: lynnen; lynen

English: linen

Scots: linin, linnin

From Proto-Germanic *līnīnaz, equivalent to līne + -en.


Alexandria

Alexandria (nominative singular)
Alexandrian (accusative singular)
Alexandrian (genitive singular)
Alexandrian (dative singular)

c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
[Commodus] hine ġesette tō hēahġerefan ofer Alexandrian
[Commodus] appointed him hēahġerefa over Alexandria


smite

first-person singular present indicative

inflection of smītan:
singular present subjunctive


smite

second-person singular preterite indicative

inflection of smītan:
singular preterite subjunctive


fare

first-person singular present indicative of faran


turf

tyrf (nominative plural)
turf (nominative singular)
tyrf (nominative plural)
turf (accusative singular)
tyrf (accusative plural)
tyrf (genitive singular)
turfe (genitive singular)
turfa (genitive plural)
tyrf (dative singular)
turfum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe
English: turf
Scots: turr, truff
Yola: thrive

From Proto-West Germanic *turb, from Proto-Germanic *turbz.


est

ēst (canonical feminine masculine)
ēste (nominative plural)
ēst (nominative singular)
ēstas (nominative plural)
ēst (accusative singular)
ēstas (accusative plural)
ēstes (genitive singular)
ēsta (genitive plural)
ēste (dative singular)
ēstum (dative plural)
ēst (nominative singular)
ēste (nominative plural)
ēsta (nominative plural)
ēst (accusative singular)
ēste (accusative singular)
ēste (accusative plural)
ēsta (accusative plural)
ēste (genitive singular)
ēsta (genitive plural)
ēste (dative singular)
ēstum (dative plural)

Middle English: este

English: est, este (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *ansti, from Proto-Germanic *anstiz (“grace, thanks”), derivative of Proto-Germanic *unnaną (“to grant, thank”), from Proto-Indo-European *ān- (“to notice; face, mouth”).
Cognate with Old Saxon anst (“grace, favour”), Old High German anst (“goodwill, benevolence, thanks, grace”), Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ansts, “joy, grace, thankfulness”). Related to Old English unnan (“to grant, allow”). More at own.


brine

desctree

Middle English: bryne
English: brine
Yola: brine

From Proto-Germanic *brīnijaz, *brīnaz; of unknown ultimate origin, possibly Proto-Indo-European *mr-īnó-, from *móri (“sea, standing water”). Compare Middle Dutch brine (Dutch brijn).


gast

gāst (canonical masculine)
gāst (nominative singular)
gāstas (nominative plural)
gāst (accusative singular)
gāstas (accusative plural)
gāstes (genitive singular)
gāsta (genitive plural)
gāste (dative singular)
gāstum (dative plural)

Middle English: gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste
English: ghost
Scots: gaist, gast, ghaist
Yola: gaast

From Proto-West Germanic *gaist, from Proto-Germanic *gaistaz.

sē Hālga Gāst

Iċ bēo mid þē on gāste.


glad

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of glīdan


cot

cotu (nominative plural)
cot (nominative singular)
cotu (nominative plural)
cot (accusative singular)
cotu (accusative plural)
cotes (genitive singular)
cota (genitive plural)
cote (dative singular)
cotum (dative plural)

English: cot

From Proto-Germanic *kutą, *kutan (“shed”), probably of non-Indo-European origin, but possibly borrowed from Uralic; compare Finnish kota (“hut, house”) and Hungarian ház (“house”), both from Proto-Finno-Ugric/Proto-Uralic *kota.
However, compare Dutch and English hut, as well as Old Norse kot, Middle High German kūz (“execution pit”)), Scytho-Sarmatian *kuta, Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “chamber”).


bar

bār (canonical masculine)
bār (nominative singular)
bāras (nominative plural)
bār (accusative singular)
bāras (accusative plural)
bāres (genitive singular)
bāra (genitive plural)
bāre (dative singular)
bārum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bor, boor, bore, boore, bar, bare, bayre
English: boar
Scots: bair
Yola: boar


fo

inflection of fōn:
singular present subjunctive


Marcus

Marcus (nominative singular)
Marcus (accusative singular)
Marces (genitive singular)
Marce (dative singular)


timber

timber (nominative singular)
timber (nominative plural)
timber (accusative singular)
timber (accusative plural)
timberes (genitive singular)
timbera (genitive plural)
timbere (dative singular)
timberum (dative plural)

Middle English: timber

English: timber

Scots: timmer, tymmer, tymer

From Proto-West Germanic *timr, from Proto-Germanic *timrą, from Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“build, house”) (see Proto-Indo-European *dṓm).
Cognates include Old Saxon timbar, Old High German zimbar, Old Norse timbr, Gothic 𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (timrjan, “to build”), and Latin domus.


denn

denn (nominative singular)
denn (nominative plural)
denn (accusative singular)
denn (accusative plural)
dennes (genitive singular)
denna (genitive plural)
denne (dative singular)
dennum (dative plural)


don

dōn (canonical)
dōn (infinitive)
dōnne (infinitive)
dō (first-person present singular)
dyde (first-person past singular)
dēst (present second-person singular)
dydest (past second-person singular)
dēþ (present singular third-person)
dyde (past singular third-person)
dōþ (plural present)
dydon (past plural)
dō (present singular)
dyde (past singular)
dōn (plural present)
dyden (past plural)
dō (imperative past present singular)
dōþ (imperative past plural present)
dōnde (imperative present)
dōn (imperative past)
ġedōn (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: don, donne, doyn, do, doon
English: do
Geordie English: de, dee, div
Scots: dae, dee (Doric)
Yola: doone, deen

From Proto-West Germanic *dōn (“to do”). The exact development of past tense forms dyde, dydest, and dydon is unexplained, for such forms have -y- instead of expected *-e- (*dede, *dedest, *dedon) from Proto-Germanic past stem *ded-/*dēd-.
Cognates:
Cognate with Old Frisian dwā, Old Saxon dōn, Old Dutch duon, Old High German tuon. Non-Germanic cognates include Ancient Greek τίθημι (títhēmi), Latin faciō, Old Church Slavonic дѣти (děti).

Hwæt dēst þū?

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Iċ dyde swā iċ meahte.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 17:12

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 41:55

Go to Joseph and do whatever he tells you.

Gangaþ tō Iosepe and dōþ swā hwæt swā hē ēow seċġe.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Ǣte þū tōdæġ? Iċ dyde.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Beginning of Creation"
Þæt ċild wēox swā swā ōðru ċildru dōþ.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 3:8

Then Adam hid himself from God's sight, and his wife did so too.

Þā behȳdde Adam hine, and his wīf ēac swā dyde, fram Godes ġesihte.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of St. Bartholomew the Apostle"
Þū dydest mīnne brōðor his god forlǣtan.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 3:3

Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.

Ġeġearwiaþ Dryhtnes weġ, dōþ his sīðas rihte.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 4:19

Follow me, and I'll make you fishers of people.

Folgiaþ mē, and iċ dō þæt ġit bēoþ manna fisċeras.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 42:36

Then Jacob, their father, said, "You have made me childless. I don't have Joseph and Simeon is in chains; now you're taking Benjamin from me."

Þā cwæþ Iācōb heora fæder, "Bearnlēasne ġē habbaþ mē ġedōnne. Næbbe iċ Iōsēp and Simeon is on bendum; nū ġē nimaþ Beniamin æt mē."

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
Swā swā hī ǣr mid nette fixodon on sǣlicum ȳðum, swā dyde Crist þæt hī siððan mid his heofonlīcan lāre manna sāwla ġefixodon; forðan ðe hī ætbrūdon folces menn fram flǣsclīcum lustum, and fram woruldlīcum ġedwyldum tō staðolfæstnysse lybbendra eorðan, þæt is tō ðām ēċan ēðle, be ðām cwæð sē witega þurh Godes Gāst, "Iċ āsende mīne fisċeras, and hī ġefixiað hī; mīne huntan, and hī huntiað hī of ǣlċere dūne and of ǣlċere hylle."

As they before with a net had fished on the sea waves, so Christ caused them afterwards by his heavenly lore to fish for the souls of men; for they withdrew the people from fleshly lusts, and from worldly errors to the stability of the earth of the living, that is, to the eternal country, of which the prophet, through God's Spirit, said, "I will send my fishers, and they shall fish for them; my hunters, and they shall hunt them from every down and from every hill."

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
Sē fēorða leahtor is ira þæt is on englisċ wēamōdnyss. Sēo dēð þæt sē man nāh his mōdes ġeweald and macað manslihtas and myċele yfelu.

The fourth sin is Ira, that is in English, Anger; it causeth that a man have no power over his mind, and bringeth about manslaughters and many evils.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 7:33

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 26:52

Then Jesus said to him, "Put your sword back in its sheath."

Þā cwæþ sē Hǣlend tō him, "Dō þīn sweord eft on his sċēaðe."

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 9:23

So then Shem and Japheth put a blanket on their shoulders and walked backwards.

Hwæt þā Sēm and Iapheth dydon ānne hwītel on heora sċuldran and ēodon underbæc.

Blōtmōnaþ hæfþ seofon rēgulārēs. Dō þrītiġ þǣr tō, þonne bēoþ þæt seofon and þrītiġ.

November has seven regulares. Add thirty to that, and it is thirty-seven.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Exodus 3:5

Take your shoes off your feet! The place you're standing on is holy ground.

Dō þīn ġesċȳ of þīnum fōtum! Sōðlīċe sēo stōw þe þū on stentst is hālgu eorðe.

c. 973, Æthelwold, translation of the Rule of Saint Benedict
XXXV. Be þām þæt man eallum munucum ġelīċe dōn sċyle.

35. On how all monks should be treated equally.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Ēalā hū yfele mē dōþ maniġe weoroldmenn mid þām þæt iċ ne mōt wealdan mīnra āgenra þēawa.

Many worldly people treat me so badly, I'm not allowed to use my own strengths.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 16:19

I don't deserve to be called your son anymore. Treat me as one of your fieldworkers.

Nū iċ neom wierðe þæt iċ bēo þīn sunu nemned. Dō mē swā ānne of þīnum ierðlingum.

to treat someone (+ dative) a certain way

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...Næbbe iċ seolfor ne gold, iċ þē dō þæt iċ hæbbe...

...I have neither silver nor gold, I give thee that I have...


leo

lēo (canonical feminine masculine)
lēo (nominative singular)
lēon (nominative plural)
lēon (accusative singular)
lēon (accusative plural)
lēon (genitive singular)
lēona (genitive plural)
lēon (dative singular)
lēom (dative plural)
lēoum (dative plural)

Eom iċ lēo ġif iċ menn ete?


fah

fāh (canonical)
fāh (masculine nominative singular)
fā (feminine nominative singular)
fāh (neuter nominative singular)
fāne (accusative masculine singular)
fānne (accusative masculine singular)
fā (accusative feminine singular)
fāh (accusative neuter singular)
fās (genitive masculine singular)
fāre (feminine genitive singular)
fārre (feminine genitive singular)
fās (genitive neuter singular)
fām (dative masculine singular)
fāum (dative masculine singular)
fāre (dative feminine singular)
fārre (dative feminine singular)
fām (dative neuter singular)
fāum (dative neuter singular)
fā (instrumental masculine singular)
fāre (feminine instrumental singular)
fārre (feminine instrumental singular)
fā (instrumental neuter singular)
fā (masculine nominative plural)
fā (feminine nominative plural)
fā (neuter nominative plural)
fā (accusative masculine plural)
fā (accusative feminine plural)
fā (accusative neuter plural)
fāra (genitive masculine plural)
fārra (genitive masculine plural)
fāra (feminine genitive plural)
fārra (feminine genitive plural)
fāra (genitive neuter plural)
fārra (genitive neuter plural)
fām (dative masculine plural)
fāum (dative masculine plural)
fām (dative feminine plural)
fāum (dative feminine plural)
fām (dative neuter plural)
fāum (dative neuter plural)
fām (instrumental masculine plural)
fāum (instrumental masculine plural)
fām (feminine instrumental plural)
fāum (feminine instrumental plural)
fām (instrumental neuter plural)
fāum (instrumental neuter plural)
fā (masculine nominative singular)
fā (feminine nominative singular)
fā (neuter nominative singular)
fān (accusative masculine singular)
fān (accusative feminine singular)
fā (accusative neuter singular)
fān (genitive masculine singular)
fān (feminine genitive singular)
fān (genitive neuter singular)
fān (dative masculine singular)
fān (dative feminine singular)
fān (dative neuter singular)
fān (instrumental masculine singular)
fān (feminine instrumental singular)
fān (instrumental neuter singular)
fān (masculine nominative plural)
fān (feminine nominative plural)
fān (neuter nominative plural)
fān (accusative masculine plural)
fān (accusative feminine plural)
fān (accusative neuter plural)
fāra (genitive masculine plural)
fārra (genitive masculine plural)
fāna (genitive masculine plural)
fāra (feminine genitive plural)
fārra (feminine genitive plural)
fāna (feminine genitive plural)
fāra (genitive neuter plural)
fārra (genitive neuter plural)
fāna (genitive neuter plural)
fām (dative masculine plural)
fāum (dative masculine plural)
fām (dative feminine plural)
fāum (dative feminine plural)
fām (dative neuter plural)
fāum (dative neuter plural)
fām (instrumental masculine plural)
fāum (instrumental masculine plural)
fām (feminine instrumental plural)
fāum (feminine instrumental plural)
fām (instrumental neuter plural)
fāum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: fo, foo, fa (Early Middle English)
English: foe (obsolete as an adjective)

From Proto-West Germanic *faih, from Proto-Germanic *faihaz.


fah

fāh (canonical)
fāh (masculine nominative singular)
fāh (feminine nominative singular)
fāh (neuter nominative singular)
fāgne (accusative masculine singular)
fāge (accusative feminine singular)
fāh (accusative neuter singular)
fāges (genitive masculine singular)
fāgre (feminine genitive singular)
fāges (genitive neuter singular)
fāgum (dative masculine singular)
fāgre (dative feminine singular)
fāgum (dative neuter singular)
fāge (instrumental masculine singular)
fāgre (feminine instrumental singular)
fāge (instrumental neuter singular)
fāge (masculine nominative plural)
fāga (feminine nominative plural)
fāge (feminine nominative plural)
fāh (neuter nominative plural)
fāge (accusative masculine plural)
fāga (accusative feminine plural)
fāge (accusative feminine plural)
fāh (accusative neuter plural)
fāgra (genitive masculine plural)
fāgra (feminine genitive plural)
fāgra (genitive neuter plural)
fāgum (dative masculine plural)
fāgum (dative feminine plural)
fāgum (dative neuter plural)
fāgum (instrumental masculine plural)
fāgum (feminine instrumental plural)
fāgum (instrumental neuter plural)
fāga (masculine nominative singular)
fāge (feminine nominative singular)
fāge (neuter nominative singular)
fāgan (accusative masculine singular)
fāgan (accusative feminine singular)
fāge (accusative neuter singular)
fāgan (genitive masculine singular)
fāgan (feminine genitive singular)
fāgan (genitive neuter singular)
fāgan (dative masculine singular)
fāgan (dative feminine singular)
fāgan (dative neuter singular)
fāgan (instrumental masculine singular)
fāgan (feminine instrumental singular)
fāgan (instrumental neuter singular)
fāgan (masculine nominative plural)
fāgan (feminine nominative plural)
fāgan (neuter nominative plural)
fāgan (accusative masculine plural)
fāgan (accusative feminine plural)
fāgan (accusative neuter plural)
fāgra (genitive masculine plural)
fāgena (genitive masculine plural)
fāgra (feminine genitive plural)
fāgena (feminine genitive plural)
fāgra (genitive neuter plural)
fāgena (genitive neuter plural)
fāgum (dative masculine plural)
fāgum (dative feminine plural)
fāgum (dative neuter plural)
fāgum (instrumental masculine plural)
fāgum (feminine instrumental plural)
fāgum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: fou
Scots: faw

From Proto-West Germanic *faih, from Proto-Germanic *faihaz, from Proto-Indo-European *póyḱos; cognate with Old High German fēh, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 (faihs). The Proto-Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek ποικίλος (poikílos, “multicoloured”).
The inflected stem fāg- may be because this word ultimately reflects a Proto-Germanic variant *faigaz; alternatively, it may be due to analogy with other adjectives with an alternation between [x] and [ɣ], such as smēag, smēah (“creeping, subtle”).


lah

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of lēon


wen

wēn (canonical feminine)
wēn (nominative singular)
wēne (nominative plural)
wēna (nominative plural)
wēn (accusative singular)
wēne (accusative singular)
wēne (accusative plural)
wēna (accusative plural)
wēne (genitive singular)
wēna (genitive plural)
wēne (dative singular)
wēnum (dative plural)

Middle English: wene, wen

English: ween

Scots: wen, wene

From Proto-Germanic *wēniz, from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“love”). Cognate with Old Frisian wen, Old Saxon wan, Old High German wān (German Wahn (“delusion”)), Old Norse ván, Gothic 𐍅𐌴𐌽𐍃 (wēns).

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Octaves and Circumcision of our Lord"
Wēn is þæt eower sum nyte hwæt sy ymbsnidennys.

It is probable that some of you know not what circumcision is.

1000. West Saxon Gospels (John, xvii. 26). Ic him cyðde ðinne naman & gyt wylle cyþan.


wynn

wynn (nominative singular)
wynna (nominative plural)
wynne (nominative plural)
wynne (accusative singular)
wynna (accusative plural)
wynne (accusative plural)
wynne (genitive singular)
wynna (genitive plural)
wynne (dative singular)
wynnum (dative plural)

Middle English: wynne, wunne, winne

English: wynn, wen, winne, win

Scots: win

oþþe mec frēondlēasne · frēfran wolde,
wēman mid wynnum. · Wāt sē þe cunnað,
hū slīþen bið · sorg tō ġefēran,
þām þe him lȳt hafað · lēofra ġeholena.

or friendless me would soothe,
allure with glees. Knows the one who undergoes,
how tough is sorrow as a companion,
to whom little has dear confidants for himself.

The Old English rune poem
ᚹ ne brūceþ þe can wēana lȳt...

Joy he has, he who knows little of woe...


cealc

ċealc (canonical masculine)
ċealc (nominative singular)
ċealcas (nominative plural)
ċealc (accusative singular)
ċealcas (accusative plural)
ċealces (genitive singular)
ċealca (genitive plural)
ċealce (dative singular)
ċealcum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: chalk, calke, chalke, schalk, schalke
English: chalk (see there for further descendants); cauk, cawk
Scots: cauk, cawk


storc

storc (nominative singular)
storcas (nominative plural)
storc (accusative singular)
storcas (accusative plural)
storces (genitive singular)
storca (genitive plural)
storce (dative singular)
storcum (dative plural)

Middle English: stork

English: stork


wag

wāg (canonical masculine)
wāg (nominative singular)
wāgas (nominative plural)
wāg (accusative singular)
wāgas (accusative plural)
wāges (genitive singular)
wāga (genitive plural)
wāge (dative singular)
wāgum (dative plural)

Middle English: wagh, wough

English: waw, wough


log

lōg (canonical neuter)
lōg (nominative singular)
lōg (nominative plural)
lōg (accusative singular)
lōg (accusative plural)
lōges (genitive singular)
lōga (genitive plural)
lōge (dative singular)
lōgum (dative plural)

Middle English: loȝ, loogh, lough

From Proto-Germanic *lōgą (“site, situation, camp”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to be situated, lie”). Cognate with Old Frisian lōch (“place, locality”), Old High German luog (“cave, den, cubicle”), Old Norse lóg (“place”). The Indo-European root is also the source of Greek λέκτρον (léktron), Latin lectus (“bed”), Albanian log (“place for men, gathering”), Proto-Celtic *legeti (Old Irish lige, Irish luí), Proto-Slavic *ležati (Russian лежа́ть (ležátʹ)).

cog

on his lōg


rand

rand (nominative singular)
rand (nominative plural)
rand (accusative singular)
rand (accusative plural)
randes (genitive singular)
randa (genitive plural)
rande (dative singular)
randum (dative plural)

Middle English: rand, rond

English: rand

Scots: rand

From Proto-West Germanic *rand, *randu, from Proto-Germanic *randaz, *randō, from Proto-Indo-European *rem- (“to come to rest, prop or support oneself”). Cognate with Old Norse rǫnd (“edge, rim; (poetic) shield”).

cog

outer part of something: edge, brink, rim, margin


rude

rūde (canonical feminine)
rūde (nominative singular)
rūdan (nominative plural)
rūdan (accusative singular)
rūdan (accusative plural)
rūdan (genitive singular)
rūdena (genitive plural)
rūdan (dative singular)
rūdum (dative plural)


lust

lust (nominative singular)
lustas (nominative plural)
lust (accusative singular)
lustas (accusative plural)
lustes (genitive singular)
lusta (genitive plural)
luste (dative singular)
lustum (dative plural)

Middle English: lust

English: lust

From Proto-West Germanic *lustu, from Proto-Germanic *lustuz.

Him wæs metes micel lust ― he had a craving for food. (Ælfric's Homilies)


sum

sum (masculine nominative singular)
sumu (feminine nominative singular)
sum (neuter nominative singular)
sumne (accusative masculine singular)
sume (accusative feminine singular)
sum (accusative neuter singular)
sumes (genitive masculine singular)
sumre (feminine genitive singular)
sumes (genitive neuter singular)
sumum (dative masculine singular)
suman (dative masculine singular)
sumre (dative feminine singular)
sumum (dative neuter singular)
suman (dative neuter singular)
sume (instrumental masculine singular)
sumre (feminine instrumental singular)
sume (instrumental neuter singular)
sume (nominative plural)
suma (nominative plural)
sumu (nominative plural)
sume (accusative plural)
suma (accusative plural)
sumu (accusative plural)
sumra (genitive plural)
sumum (dative plural)
sumum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Middle English: som, somme, summe, zome (Kent)
English: some
Scots: sum, some
Yola: zim, zum

From Proto-Germanic *sumaz, whence also Old High German sum, Old Norse sumr.

"Gospel of Saint John", chapter 9, verse 9

Some said, it is him; some said, No, but instead is similar to him. He said truly, it is me.

Sume cwǣdon, Hē hyt is; sume cwǣdon, Nese, ac is him ġelīc. Hē cwæþ sōðlīce, ic hit eom.


trust

Middle English: trust (possibly)

English: trust (possibly)

From a rare zero-grade proto-Germanic variant of the same root also attested in Middle High German getrüste (“host”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deru- (“be firm, hard, solid”).


From Proto-West Germanic *nai (“never”), equivalent to a contraction of ne (“not”) and ā (“ever”).

Nis þæt nā rēad, ac is grēne.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 22:17

Is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar, or not?

Is hit ālīefed þæt man Cāsere gafol selle, þe nā?

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Fifth Sunday in Lent"
Dryhten nis nā ōðrum mannum tō wiþmetenne.

The Lord is not comparable to other people.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Nōn egō, sed tū: “Nā iċ, ac þū.” Nōn bōs est, sed equus: “Nis hit nā oxa, ac is hors.”

Non ego, sed tu: “Not me, you.” Non bos est, sed equus: “It's not an ox, it's a horse.”

Þæt iċ cwæþ for þon āne þe iċ nā bet nysse.

I only said that because I didn't know any better (literally "no better").

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
Þā ġecwæð sē abbod and ealle þā ġebrōðra þæt þēr ne mihte nā mā muneca wunian...

Then said the abbot and all the brothers, that no more monks could dwell there...

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Version B, year 897

That same summer, no less than twenty ships perished on the south coast.

Þȳ ilcan sumora forwearþ nā lǣs þonne twēntiġ sċipa be þǣm sūðriman.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Ash-Wednesday"
Þā cwæð eall sēo meniu þe ðǣr mid stōd ofwundrod þæt sē cwellere ne sceolde swencan hī nā leng...

Then said all the multitude who stood there astonished,that the executioner should vex her no longer,...


English: no

Geordie English: ne, naw

Scots: nae, naw

c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent"
Māre wundor is þæt God Ælmihtiġ ǣlce dæġe fētt ealne middanġeard þonne þæt wundor wǣre þæt hē þā ġefylde fīf þūsende manna mid fīf hlāfum—ac þæs wundrodon menn nā for þȳ þæt hit māre wundor wǣre, ac for þȳ þæt hit wæs unġewunelīċ.

It's more of a miracle that God Almighty feeds the whole world every day than that he fed five thousand people with five loaves of bread—but that amazed people not because it was more miraculous, but because it was unusual.


bead

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of bēodan


gar

gār (canonical masculine)
gār (nominative singular)
gāras (nominative plural)
gār (accusative singular)
gāras (accusative plural)
gāres (genitive singular)
gāra (genitive plural)
gāre (dative singular)
gārum (dative plural)

Middle English: gor, gar, gare, gær

desctree

⇒ Middle English: garfysche
English: garfish
Scots: gairfish

From Proto-West Germanic *gaiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *gaizaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“pointed stick, spear”).
Cognate with Old Frisian gēr, Old Saxon gēr, Old High German gēr, Old Norse geirr.


row

rōw (canonical feminine)
rōw (nominative singular)
rōwa (nominative plural)
rōwe (nominative plural)
rōwe (accusative singular)
rōwa (accusative plural)
rōwe (accusative plural)
rōwe (genitive singular)
rōwa (genitive plural)
rōwe (dative singular)
rōwum (dative plural)

Middle English: ro, rou, rowe, roo

English: roo

Scots: ro, ruve

From Proto-West Germanic *rōu (“calm, rest”).


gale

first-person singular present indicative of galan


horn

horn (nominative singular)
hornas (nominative plural)
horn (accusative singular)
hornas (accusative plural)
hornes (genitive singular)
horna (genitive plural)
horne (dative singular)
hornum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: horn, horne, orn
English: horn
Scots: horn
Yola: hoorn

From Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer- (“horn, head, top”).
Cognate with Old Frisian horn, Old Saxon horn, Old High German horn, Old Norse horn, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (haurn).


bleat

blēat (canonical)
blēat (masculine nominative singular)
blēat (feminine nominative singular)
blēat (neuter nominative singular)
blēatne (accusative masculine singular)
blēate (accusative feminine singular)
blēat (accusative neuter singular)
blēates (genitive masculine singular)
blēatre (feminine genitive singular)
blēates (genitive neuter singular)
blēatum (dative masculine singular)
blēatre (dative feminine singular)
blēatum (dative neuter singular)
blēate (instrumental masculine singular)
blēatre (feminine instrumental singular)
blēate (instrumental neuter singular)
blēate (masculine nominative plural)
blēata (feminine nominative plural)
blēate (feminine nominative plural)
blēat (neuter nominative plural)
blēate (accusative masculine plural)
blēata (accusative feminine plural)
blēate (accusative feminine plural)
blēat (accusative neuter plural)
blēatra (genitive masculine plural)
blēatra (feminine genitive plural)
blēatra (genitive neuter plural)
blēatum (dative masculine plural)
blēatum (dative feminine plural)
blēatum (dative neuter plural)
blēatum (instrumental masculine plural)
blēatum (feminine instrumental plural)
blēatum (instrumental neuter plural)
blēata (masculine nominative singular)
blēate (feminine nominative singular)
blēate (neuter nominative singular)
blēatan (accusative masculine singular)
blēatan (accusative feminine singular)
blēate (accusative neuter singular)
blēatan (genitive masculine singular)
blēatan (feminine genitive singular)
blēatan (genitive neuter singular)
blēatan (dative masculine singular)
blēatan (dative feminine singular)
blēatan (dative neuter singular)
blēatan (instrumental masculine singular)
blēatan (feminine instrumental singular)
blēatan (instrumental neuter singular)
blēatan (masculine nominative plural)
blēatan (feminine nominative plural)
blēatan (neuter nominative plural)
blēatan (accusative masculine plural)
blēatan (accusative feminine plural)
blēatan (accusative neuter plural)
blēatra (genitive masculine plural)
blēatena (genitive masculine plural)
blēatra (feminine genitive plural)
blēatena (feminine genitive plural)
blēatra (genitive neuter plural)
blēatena (genitive neuter plural)
blēatum (dative masculine plural)
blēatum (dative feminine plural)
blēatum (dative neuter plural)
blēatum (instrumental masculine plural)
blēatum (feminine instrumental plural)
blēatum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: *blete, *bleet

Scots: bleat, blait, bleet

From Proto-West Germanic *blaut, from Proto-Germanic *blautaz, whence also Old High German blōz (“naked”), Old Norse blautr. More at blouse.


papa

pāpa (canonical masculine)
pāpa (nominative singular)
pāpan (nominative plural)
pāpan (accusative singular)
pāpan (accusative plural)
pāpan (genitive singular)
pāpena (genitive plural)
pāpan (dative singular)
pāpum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: pope
English: pope
Jamaican Creole: puop
Tok Pisin: pop
→ Hindi: पोप (pop)
→ Urdu: پوپ (pop)
Scots: pape, paipe, paip

From Ecclesiastical Latin pāpa, from Ancient Greek πάπας (pápas, “bishop, patriarch”), variant of πάππας (páppas, “father”).


bare

inflection of bær:
strong feminine accusative singular

strong masculine/neuter instrumental singular

strong masculine/feminine nominative/accusative plural

weak feminine/neuter nominative singular

inflection of bær:
weak neuter accusative singular


land

land (nominative singular)
land (nominative plural)
land (accusative singular)
land (accusative plural)
landes (genitive singular)
landa (genitive plural)
lande (dative singular)
landum (dative plural)

Middle English: lond

English: land

Scots: laund, land

Yola: lhoan, lone

From Proto-West Germanic *land, from Proto-Germanic *landą. See there for more.

landrǣden

district or country ordinance, disposition, or institution

berland

land for the growing of barley, bearland

bondeland

bond or leased land under written conditions

bēodland

land to defray food consumption, as in a monastery

hereġeatland

obligatory bequest of land to a lord or king

mæstland

land for the forthteeing of mast, i.e. tree nuts

mearcland

borderland, or wasteland beyond the tilled land, marshland

rēfland

sundorġerēfland, i.e. particular tributary lands

ātland ælmesland m ()

land for the growing of oats, oatland; land bequeathed in frankalmoigne, i.e. rich in land is rich in soul

ċiricland

church-land, land belonging to the church

ġedālland

land that may get owned by separate people, divided common land

Gotland

Gothland, or Götaland, i.e. a region of Norway

Sċotland

a name for Ireland before the Scottish left it behind

Wīsleland

the land around the Vistula river in Poland

land (dry portion of the Earth's surface)

region within a country: district, province


more

more (nominative singular)
moran (nominative plural)
moran (accusative singular)
moran (accusative plural)
moran (genitive singular)
morena (genitive plural)
moran (dative singular)
morum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: more, moore, morre
English: more (dialectal)

→ Welsh: moron

From Proto-West Germanic *morhā, from Proto-Germanic *murhǭ (“carrot”). Cognate with Old Saxon moraha (“carrot”), Old High German moraha (German Möhre).


rad

rād (canonical feminine)
rād (nominative singular)
rāda (nominative plural)
rāde (nominative plural)
rāde (accusative singular)
rāda (accusative plural)
rāde (accusative plural)
rāde (genitive singular)
rāda (genitive plural)
rāde (dative singular)
rādum (dative plural)

Middle English: rode, rade, rod, rood, roode
English: road
Scots: raid
→ English: raid, rade (Scotland)
→ Spanish: raid
→ French: raid
→ Italian: raid
→ Polish: rajd
→ Romanian: raid
→ Swedish: räd
→ Old French: *rade
Middle French: rade
French: rade
→ Catalan: rada
→ Italian: rada
→ Spanish: rada

From Proto-West Germanic *raidu. Cognate with Old Norse reið.

The Old English rune poem
ᚱ byþ on recȳde rinca ġehwylċum / sēfte...

Journey is easy for warriors in the hall...


rad

first/third-person singular preterite of ridan


giet

Middle English: yet, yit

English: yet

Scots: yet

Riġneþ hit ġīet ūte?

On þunresdæġ hē ǣt þurh fēower strēawberġan, ac hine ġīet hyngrede.

On Thursday he ate through four strawberries, but he was still hungry.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Þȳ iċ wundriġe hwȳ þū ne mæġe onġietan þæt þū eart nū ġīet swīðe ġesǣliġ, nū þū ġīet leofast and eart hāl.

So I wonder why you can't understand that you're still very lucky, since you're still alive and healthy.

c. 897, Alfred the Great, translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Hēr man mæġ ġīet ġesēon heora swaðu, ac wē him ne cunnon æfter spyrian.

Here you can still see their footprints, but we don't know how to follow them.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 45:3

And he said to his brothers, "I'm Joseph! Is our father still alive?"

And hē cwæþ tō his ġebrōðrum, "Iċ eom Iosep! Leofaþ ūre fæder nū ġīet?"

Genesis 45:28

And he said, "I have enough if my son Joseph is still alive. I'll go and see him before I die."

And hē cwæþ "Iċ hæbbe ġenōg ġif Iosep mīn sunu ġīet leofaþ. Iċ fare and ġesēo hine ǣr þām þe iċ swelte."

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
Ne ġesāwon hīe þā ġīet hine ǣnegu wundru wyrċan.

They had not yet seen him do any miracles.

Ǣr iċ wæs strang, ac nū iċ eom ġīet strengra.

I was strong before, but now I'm even stronger.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Līfes bōc and þrōwunge Sancte Anastase martyre, sēo wæs yfele of Crēcisċe on Lǣden ġehwierfedu and ġīet wiers fram sumum unġetȳdum ġeryhtedu, iċ ġeryhte swā swā iċ meahte.

A book on the life and passion of Saint Anastasius, which was poorly translated from Greek into Latin by some illiterate person and then revised even worse, I corrected as well as I could.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Iċ wēne þēah, ġif wit ġīet uncru word tōsamne slēaþ, þæt þǣr āspringe sum spearca upp sōþfæstnesse þāra þe wit ǣr ne ġesāwon.

I think though that if we keep striking our words together, some spark of truth will spring up that we haven't seen before.


wit

iċ (first-person nominative singular)
mē (accusative first-person singular)
mec (accusative first-person singular)
mē (dative first-person singular)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
þū (nominative second-person singular)
þē (accusative second-person singular)
þec (accusative second-person singular)
þē (dative second-person singular)
þīn (genitive second-person singular)
hit (accusative neuter nominative singular third-person)
him (dative neuter singular third-person)
his (genitive neuter singular third-person)
hē (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hine (accusative masculine singular third-person)
him (dative masculine singular third-person)
his (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hēo (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hīe (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hire (dative feminine genitive singular third-person)
wit (dual first-person nominative)
unc (accusative dual first-person)
uncit (accusative dual first-person)
unc (dative dual first-person)
uncer (dual first-person genitive)
ġit (dual nominative second-person)
inc (accusative dual second-person)
incit (accusative dual second-person)
inc (dative dual second-person)
incer (dual genitive second-person)
wē (first-person nominative plural)
ūs (accusative first-person plural)
ūsiċ (accusative first-person plural)
ūs (dative first-person plural)
ūre (first-person genitive plural)
ūser (first-person genitive plural)
ġē (nominative plural second-person)
ēow (accusative plural second-person)
ēowic (accusative plural second-person)
ēow (dative plural second-person)
ēower (genitive plural second-person)
hīe (accusative nominative plural third-person)
him (dative plural third-person)
heora (genitive plural third-person)

Middle English: wit

From Proto-West Germanic *wit, from Proto-Germanic *wet, from a suffixed form of *wéy (see wē). Cognate with North Frisian wat, Old Norse vit, Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐍄 (wit), and Lithuanian vèdu.

Wit beǣwnodon ġiestrandæġ.

goldwine gumena, hwæt wit geō sprǣcon,


great

ang-adj

grēat (comparative grīetra, superlative grīetest)

grēat (canonical)
grīetra (comparative)
grīetest (superlative)
grēat (masculine nominative singular)
grēat (feminine nominative singular)
grēat (neuter nominative singular)
grēatne (accusative masculine singular)
grēate (accusative feminine singular)
grēat (accusative neuter singular)
grēates (genitive masculine singular)
grēatre (feminine genitive singular)
grēates (genitive neuter singular)
grēatum (dative masculine singular)
grēatre (dative feminine singular)
grēatum (dative neuter singular)
grēate (instrumental masculine singular)
grēatre (feminine instrumental singular)
grēate (instrumental neuter singular)
grēate (masculine nominative plural)
grēata (feminine nominative plural)
grēate (feminine nominative plural)
grēat (neuter nominative plural)
grēate (accusative masculine plural)
grēata (accusative feminine plural)
grēate (accusative feminine plural)
grēat (accusative neuter plural)
grēatra (genitive masculine plural)
grēatra (feminine genitive plural)
grēatra (genitive neuter plural)
grēatum (dative masculine plural)
grēatum (dative feminine plural)
grēatum (dative neuter plural)
grēatum (instrumental masculine plural)
grēatum (feminine instrumental plural)
grēatum (instrumental neuter plural)
grēata (masculine nominative singular)
grēate (feminine nominative singular)
grēate (neuter nominative singular)
grēatan (accusative masculine singular)
grēatan (accusative feminine singular)
grēate (accusative neuter singular)
grēatan (genitive masculine singular)
grēatan (feminine genitive singular)
grēatan (genitive neuter singular)
grēatan (dative masculine singular)
grēatan (dative feminine singular)
grēatan (dative neuter singular)
grēatan (instrumental masculine singular)
grēatan (feminine instrumental singular)
grēatan (instrumental neuter singular)
grēatan (masculine nominative plural)
grēatan (feminine nominative plural)
grēatan (neuter nominative plural)
grēatan (accusative masculine plural)
grēatan (accusative feminine plural)
grēatan (accusative neuter plural)
grēatra (genitive masculine plural)
grēatena (genitive masculine plural)
grēatra (feminine genitive plural)
grēatena (feminine genitive plural)
grēatra (genitive neuter plural)
grēatena (genitive neuter plural)
grēatum (dative masculine plural)
grēatum (dative feminine plural)
grēatum (dative neuter plural)
grēatum (instrumental masculine plural)
grēatum (feminine instrumental plural)
grēatum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: grete, greet, girt, gert (dialectal)
English: great, (dialectal) gert
→ Welsh: grêt
Scots: great, greet, grete, greit
Yola: graat

From Proto-West Germanic *graut, from Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big in size, coarse, coarse grained”), from *gʰer- (“to rub, grind, remove”).
Cognate with Old Saxon grōt (“large, thick, coarse, stour”), Old High German grōz (“large, thick, coarse”), Old English grot (“particle”). More at groat.


leger

leġer (canonical neuter)
leġer (nominative singular)
leġru (nominative plural)
leġer (accusative singular)
leġru (accusative plural)
leġres (genitive singular)
leġra (genitive plural)
leġre (dative singular)
leġrum (dative plural)

Middle English: leir, leire, lair, lare

English: lair

Scots: lair, lear, layer, lare

From Proto-West Germanic *legr.
Cognate with Old Frisian leger, Old Saxon legar, Dutch leger (“bed, camp, army”), Old High German legar (German Lager (“camp”)), Old Norse legr (Danish lejr, Swedish läger (“bed”)), Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐍂𐍃 (ligrs). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek λέχος (lékhos), Latin lectus (“bed”), Proto-Celtic *legyom (Old Irish lige, Irish luí), Proto-Slavic *ležati (Russian лежа́ть (ležátʹ)).

on ðam sixtan dæge his legeres

the state or action of lying, lying down, or lying ill

on gehalgodan legere licgan


hop

(Late Old English) a small enclosed valley


tom

tōm (canonical)
tōm (masculine nominative singular)
tōm (feminine nominative singular)
tōm (neuter nominative singular)
tōmne (accusative masculine singular)
tōme (accusative feminine singular)
tōm (accusative neuter singular)
tōmes (genitive masculine singular)
tōmre (feminine genitive singular)
tōmes (genitive neuter singular)
tōmum (dative masculine singular)
tōmre (dative feminine singular)
tōmum (dative neuter singular)
tōme (instrumental masculine singular)
tōmre (feminine instrumental singular)
tōme (instrumental neuter singular)
tōme (masculine nominative plural)
tōma (feminine nominative plural)
tōme (feminine nominative plural)
tōm (neuter nominative plural)
tōme (accusative masculine plural)
tōma (accusative feminine plural)
tōme (accusative feminine plural)
tōm (accusative neuter plural)
tōmra (genitive masculine plural)
tōmra (feminine genitive plural)
tōmra (genitive neuter plural)
tōmum (dative masculine plural)
tōmum (dative feminine plural)
tōmum (dative neuter plural)
tōmum (instrumental masculine plural)
tōmum (feminine instrumental plural)
tōmum (instrumental neuter plural)
tōma (masculine nominative singular)
tōme (feminine nominative singular)
tōme (neuter nominative singular)
tōman (accusative masculine singular)
tōman (accusative feminine singular)
tōme (accusative neuter singular)
tōman (genitive masculine singular)
tōman (feminine genitive singular)
tōman (genitive neuter singular)
tōman (dative masculine singular)
tōman (dative feminine singular)
tōman (dative neuter singular)
tōman (instrumental masculine singular)
tōman (feminine instrumental singular)
tōman (instrumental neuter singular)
tōman (masculine nominative plural)
tōman (feminine nominative plural)
tōman (neuter nominative plural)
tōman (accusative masculine plural)
tōman (accusative feminine plural)
tōman (accusative neuter plural)
tōmra (genitive masculine plural)
tōmena (genitive masculine plural)
tōmra (feminine genitive plural)
tōmena (feminine genitive plural)
tōmra (genitive neuter plural)
tōmena (genitive neuter plural)
tōmum (dative masculine plural)
tōmum (dative feminine plural)
tōmum (dative neuter plural)
tōmum (instrumental masculine plural)
tōmum (feminine instrumental plural)
tōmum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: tome, tom, toume, tombe, toyme, tum, tume (Northern)
English: toom
Scots: tume, tuim

From Proto-Germanic *tōmaz (“empty”). Akin to Old Norse tómr (“empty”), whence Icelandic tómur (“empty”).

Ðæt hīe mōstun mānweorca tōme lifgan and tīres blǣd ēcne āgan.

That they might live free from wicked works and own the eternal reward of glory.


weg

weġ (canonical masculine)
wegas (nominative plural)
weġ (nominative singular)
wegas (nominative plural)
weġ (accusative singular)
wegas (accusative plural)
weġes (genitive singular)
wega (genitive plural)
weġe (dative singular)
wegum (dative plural)

Middle English: wey, wei, weie, wai, way
English: way
Scots: wey
Yola: wye, waie

From Proto-West Germanic *weg, from Proto-Germanic *wegaz.
Cognates include Old Frisian wei, Old Saxon weg, Old Dutch weg, Old High German weg, Old Norse vegr, Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (wigs). Compare West Frisian wei, Dutch weg, Icelandic vegur, Faroese vegur, Danish vej, Norwegian vei, and Swedish väg, which are all still the main word for both "way" and "road" in their respective languages.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Ġetǣċ mē þone weġ.

c. 992, Ælfric of Eynsham, "The Epiphany of the Lord"
Wē ne magon ġeċierran þæs weġes þe wē cōmon.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Hē lǣdde mē eft þȳ selfan weġe þe wit ǣr cōmon.

He brought me back the same way we came before.

The Life of Saint Margaret
Eall hīe hāl and ġesund on heora weġe hām ġewenton.

They all went safe and sound on their way home.

Æðelswīþ cwēn, sēo wæs Ælfrēdes sweostor cyninges, forþfērde be Rōme weġe.

Queen Æthelswith, who was King Alfred's sister, died on the way to Rome.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Deuteronomy 1:22

Let's send spies who can survey the land and tell us which way to go and to what cities.

Uton sendan sċēaweras þæt sċēawiġen þæt land and cȳðen ūs on hwelcne weġ wē faran sċulon and tō hwelcum burgum.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
nu ic wæs of þam rihtan wege mines ingeþances ac betere hit bið þæt ic eft fare ut of þysum porte ðylæs þe ic to swiðe dwelige and for-þy þonne ne cume to minum geferum þe me ær hyder sendon; gewislice ic her ongyten hæbbe þæt me hæfð gelæht fæste mines modes oferstige þæt ic nat na forgeare hu ic hit þus macige.

Now I was in the right way in my inward thought, but better will it be that I go out of this town again lest I be too greatly bewildered, and so may not come to my comrades who erewhile sent me here; certainly I have here perceived that the over anxiety of my mind hath here seized me, so that I know not very certainly why I thus act.

10th century, Kentish gloss of the Book of Proverbs
þurh þīestre wegas

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Numbers 21:22


manu

manu (nominative singular)
mana (nominative plural)
manu (accusative singular)
mana (accusative plural)
mana (genitive singular)
mana (genitive plural)
mana (dative singular)
manum (dative plural)

Middle English: mane, mayn
English: mane
Scots: mane

From Proto-West Germanic *manu. Near cognates include Old Norse mǫn and Old High German mana.


passion

>? Middle English: passioun

From Latin passiō (“suffering”), noun of action from perfect passive participle passus (“suffered”), from deponent verb pati (“suffer”).

ðaet Eghwilc messepriost gesinge fore Osuulfes sawle twa messan, twa fore Beornðryðe sawle; and aeghwilc diacon arede twa passione fore his sawle, twa for hire;

that Every mass-priest recites for Oswulf's soul two masses, two for Beornthryth's soul; and every deacon reads two passions for his soul. (Oswulf's Charters, c805)


bos

Middle English: bos, bose, boos

English: boose

Scots: buse, buis, beuse, biss, boose

From Proto-Germanic *bansaz. Cognate with Old Frisian bōs, Middle Low German bôs, Middle High German banse, Old Norse báss.


same

From Proto-Germanic *samaz (“same”), from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same”).


cancer

cancer (nominative singular)
cancras (nominative plural)
cancer (accusative singular)
cancras (accusative plural)
cancres (genitive singular)
cancra (genitive plural)
cancre (dative singular)
cancrum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: canker, cancre, cancer, cankre, cankyr, kankir, kanker (partially from Old French cancre)

English: canker

→ Welsh: cancr


stol

stōl (canonical masculine)
stōl (nominative singular)
stōlas (nominative plural)
stōl (accusative singular)
stōlas (accusative plural)
stōles (genitive singular)
stōla (genitive plural)
stōle (dative singular)
stōlum (dative plural)

Middle English: stool

English: stool

Scots: stuil, stul, stule


hus

hūs (canonical neuter)
hūs (nominative singular)
hūs (nominative plural)
hūs (accusative singular)
hūs (accusative plural)
hūses (genitive singular)
hūsa (genitive plural)
hūse (dative singular)
hūsum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hous, hus, hows, house
English: house (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: hoose
Scots: hoose
Yola: heouse, houze, howze

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH-?
Proto-Indo-European *-s?
Proto-Germanic *hūsą
Proto-West Germanic *hūs
Old English hus
From Proto-Germanic *hūsą. Cognate with Old Frisian hūs, Old Saxon hūs, Old Dutch hūs, Old High German hūs and Old Norse hús.


gos

gōs (canonical feminine)
gōs (nominative singular)
gēs (nominative plural)
gōs (accusative singular)
gēs (accusative plural)
gēs (genitive singular)
gōse (genitive singular)
gōsa (genitive plural)
gēs (dative singular)
gōsum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: goos, goce, gos, gose, gosse
English: goose
Scots: guse

From Proto-Germanic *gans, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰans-.

Exeter Book:
Hwīlum iċ grǣde swā gōs.
Sometimes I cry like a goose.


bon

bōn (canonical feminine)
bōna (nominative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *bōn, from Proto-Germanic *bōnō or *bōnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”).


Aaron

From Latin Aarōn, from Biblical Hebrew אַהֲרֹן (Ahărōn).

c. 1050, Old English Hexateuch, Deuteronomy 9:20

And the Lord was very angry with Aaron and would have destroyed him; so I prayed for Aaron also at the same time.

He wæs yrre wiþ Aaron and wolde hine fordon and ic gebæd for hyne


afore

second-person singular preterite indicative of āfaran


-est

-est (nominative singular)
-esta (nominative plural)
-este (nominative plural)
-este (accusative singular)
-esta (accusative plural)
-este (accusative plural)
-este (genitive singular)
-esta (genitive plural)
-este (dative singular)
-estum (dative plural)

eornost

þēnest

ofost

orrest

suffix forming feminine nouns, originally from verbs


lamb

lambru (nominative plural)
lamb (nominative singular)
lambru (nominative plural)
lamb (accusative singular)
lambru (accusative plural)
lambes (genitive singular)
lambra (genitive plural)
lambe (dative singular)
lambrum (dative plural)
lomb (nominative singular)
lombur (nominative plural)
lomberu (nominative plural)
lomb (accusative singular)
lombur (accusative plural)
lomberu (accusative plural)
lombur (genitive singular)
lombra (genitive plural)
lombur (dative singular)
lombrum (dative plural)

Middle English: lamb, lomb, lambe

English: lamb

Scots: lam, lamb


woda

wōda (canonical masculine)
wōda (nominative singular)
wōdan (nominative plural)
wōdan (accusative singular)
wōdan (accusative plural)
wōdan (genitive singular)
wōdena (genitive plural)
wōdan (dative singular)
wōdum (dative plural)

Middle English: wodeman

Derived from the adjective wōd (“crazy”).


som

sōm (canonical feminine)
sōm (nominative singular)
sōma (nominative plural)
sōme (nominative plural)
sōme (accusative singular)
sōma (accusative plural)
sōme (accusative plural)
sōme (genitive singular)
sōma (genitive plural)
sōme (dative singular)
sōmum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *sōmu, from Proto-Germanic *sōmō. Related to Old Norse sǿmr.

Hē sċeal bēon symle ymbe sōme and ymbe sibbe

he shall ever be engaged in promoting concord and peace

Bisċeopum ġebȳraþ, gyf ǣniġ ōðrum ābelge, ðæt man geþyldiġe ōð gefērena sōme

It behoves bishops, if any should anger others, that they be patient until the reconciliation of the companions

reconciliation, a setting aside of differences

Ðā ðūhte ūs eallan ðe æt ðǣre sōme wǣran,

early 10th century, Letter to King Edward explaining the history of land at Fonthill:

Then it seemed to all of us that were at the agreement,

an meeting for agreement, arrangement of dispute


frost

Alternative form of forst, produced by metathesis


Alexandrian

accusative/genitive/dative singular of Alexandria


belog

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of belēan


tale

inflection of talu:
accusative singular/plural

inflection of talu:
genitive/dative singular


croc

crōc (canonical masculine)
crōc (nominative singular)
crōcas (nominative plural)
crōc (accusative singular)
crōcas (accusative plural)
crōces (genitive singular)
crōca (genitive plural)
crōce (dative singular)
crōcum (dative plural)

Middle English: crok, croke

Scots: cruke, creuk, crewk, cruik

English: crook

→ Irish: crúca

From Proto-West Germanic *krōk, from Proto-Germanic *krōkaz (“something bent”). Cognate with Old Norse krókr, Swedish krok (“crook”).


mos

Middle English: mos, mosse

Scots: mos

English: moss

From Proto-West Germanic *mos, from Proto-Germanic *musą, whence also Old High German mos.


mos

mōs (canonical neuter)
mōs (nominative singular)
mōs (nominative plural)
mōs (accusative singular)
mōs (accusative plural)
mōses (genitive singular)
mōsa (genitive plural)
mōse (dative singular)
mōsum (dative plural)

Middle English: mos, mose

>? English: mush

>? Scots: moosh

From Proto-West Germanic *mōs, from Proto-Germanic *mōsą (“food”).
Akin to Old Saxon mōs (“food”), Old High German muos (German Mus, Gemüse (“food, vegetables”), Old English mete (“food”). More at meat.


dom

dōm (canonical masculine)
dōm (nominative singular)
dōmas (nominative plural)
dōm (accusative singular)
dōmas (accusative plural)
dōmes (genitive singular)
dōma (genitive plural)
dōme (dative singular)
dōmum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: doom, doim, dom, dome
English: doom
Middle Scots: dome, dume

From Proto-West Germanic *dōm.
Cognate with Old Frisian dōm, Old Saxon dōm, Old High German tuom, Old Norse dómr, Gothic 𐌳𐍉𐌼𐍃 (dōms). The Germanic source was from a stem verb originally meaning ‘to place, to set’ (a sense-development also found in Latin statutum, Ancient Greek θέμις (thémis)).

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Ne sċeall nān godes þeġn for sċeattum riht dēman, ac healdan þone dōm ġif godes man sȳ...

Nor shall one of God's servants decide a law for wealth, but maintain the judgement if he is a man of God...


dom

From Proto-Germanic *dōmi, first-person singular of *dōną (“to do”).

first-person singular present indicative of dōn


wisdom

wīsdōm (canonical masculine)
wīsdōm (nominative singular)
wīsdōmas (nominative plural)
wīsdōm (accusative singular)
wīsdōmas (accusative plural)
wīsdōmes (genitive singular)
wīsdōma (genitive plural)
wīsdōme (dative singular)
wīsdōmum (dative plural)

Middle English: wisdom

English: wisdom

From Proto-Germanic *wīsadōmaz. Cognate with Old Frisian wīsdom, Old Saxon wīsdom, Old High German wīstuom, Old Norse vísdómr. Equivalent to wīs + dōm.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Ġyf þē þurh wȳsdōm findon þā ðe þē findon, forġyf mē þonne wȳsdōm...

If by wisdom they find Thee who find Thee, then give me wisdom.


leaf

lēaf (canonical neuter)
lēaf (nominative singular)
lēaf (nominative plural)
lēaf (accusative singular)
lēaf (accusative plural)
lēafes (genitive singular)
lēafa (genitive plural)
lēafe (dative singular)
lēafum (dative plural)

Middle English: leef, lefe, leve, lewe
English: leaf
Tok Pisin: lip
Scots: leaf, lefe, leif
Yola: laafe

From Proto-Germanic *laubą. Cognate with Old Saxon lōf, Old High German loub, Old Norse lauf, Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍆𐍃 (laufs).


leaf

lēaf (canonical feminine)
lēaf (nominative singular)
lēafa (nominative plural)
lēafe (nominative plural)
lēafe (accusative singular)
lēafa (accusative plural)
lēafe (accusative plural)
lēafe (genitive singular)
lēafa (genitive plural)
lēafe (dative singular)
lēafum (dative plural)

English: leave

From Proto-West Germanic *laubu. Cognate with Old High German *louba (German Laube).


nytt

ang-adj

nytt (comparative nyttra, superlative nyttost)

nyttra (comparative)
nyttost (superlative)
nytt (masculine nominative singular)
nytt (feminine nominative singular)
nytt (neuter nominative singular)
nytne (accusative masculine singular)
nytte (accusative feminine singular)
nytt (accusative neuter singular)
nyttes (genitive masculine singular)
nytre (feminine genitive singular)
nyttes (genitive neuter singular)
nyttum (dative masculine singular)
nytre (dative feminine singular)
nyttum (dative neuter singular)
nytte (instrumental masculine singular)
nytre (feminine instrumental singular)
nytte (instrumental neuter singular)
nytte (masculine nominative plural)
nytta (feminine nominative plural)
nytte (feminine nominative plural)
nytt (neuter nominative plural)
nytte (accusative masculine plural)
nytta (accusative feminine plural)
nytte (accusative feminine plural)
nytt (accusative neuter plural)
nytra (genitive masculine plural)
nytra (feminine genitive plural)
nytra (genitive neuter plural)
nyttum (dative masculine plural)
nyttum (dative feminine plural)
nyttum (dative neuter plural)
nyttum (instrumental masculine plural)
nyttum (feminine instrumental plural)
nyttum (instrumental neuter plural)
nytta (masculine nominative singular)
nytte (feminine nominative singular)
nytte (neuter nominative singular)
nyttan (accusative masculine singular)
nyttan (accusative feminine singular)
nytte (accusative neuter singular)
nyttan (genitive masculine singular)
nyttan (feminine genitive singular)
nyttan (genitive neuter singular)
nyttan (dative masculine singular)
nyttan (dative feminine singular)
nyttan (dative neuter singular)
nyttan (instrumental masculine singular)
nyttan (feminine instrumental singular)
nyttan (instrumental neuter singular)
nyttan (masculine nominative plural)
nyttan (feminine nominative plural)
nyttan (neuter nominative plural)
nyttan (accusative masculine plural)
nyttan (accusative feminine plural)
nyttan (accusative neuter plural)
nytra (genitive masculine plural)
nyttena (genitive masculine plural)
nytra (feminine genitive plural)
nyttena (feminine genitive plural)
nytra (genitive neuter plural)
nyttena (genitive neuter plural)
nyttum (dative masculine plural)
nyttum (dative feminine plural)
nyttum (dative neuter plural)
nyttum (instrumental masculine plural)
nyttum (feminine instrumental plural)
nyttum (instrumental neuter plural)


nytt

nytta (nominative plural)
nytt (nominative singular)
nytta (nominative plural)
nytte (nominative plural)
nytte (accusative singular)
nytta (accusative plural)
nytte (accusative plural)
nytte (genitive singular)
nytta (genitive plural)
nytte (dative singular)
nyttum (dative plural)

Middle English: nutte

From Proto-Germanic *nutjō (“profit, yield, use”). Cognate with Dutch nut, Old High German nuz, Swedish nytta.


carte

carte (nominative singular)
cartan (nominative plural)
cartan (accusative singular)
cartan (accusative plural)
cartan (genitive singular)
cartena (genitive plural)
cartan (dative singular)
cartum (dative plural)

From Latin charta, from Ancient Greek χᾰ́ρτης (khártēs).


barn

first/third-person singular preterite of beirnan


lira

līra (canonical masculine)
līran (nominative plural)
līra (nominative singular)
līran (nominative plural)
līran (accusative singular)
līran (accusative plural)
līran (genitive singular)
līrena (genitive plural)
līran (dative singular)
līrum (dative plural)

ang-decl-noun-n-m

līra

ang-decl-noun

līra

Middle English: lire, lyre

English: lire

From Proto-Germanic *lihwizô, *ligwizô (“thigh; groin”), from Proto-Indo-European *lekʷs-, *lewks- (“groin”). More at lire.

fleshy part of the body without fat or bone; brawn; muscle


dune

inflection of dūn:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of dūn:
nominative/accusative plural


band

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of bindan


meow

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of māwan


da

dā (canonical feminine)
dā (nominative singular)
dān (nominative plural)
dān (accusative singular)
dān (accusative plural)
dān (genitive singular)
dāna (genitive plural)
dān (dative singular)
dām (dative plural)
dāum (dative plural)

Middle English: da, do, doo

Scots: da, dae

English: doe

From Proto-West Germanic *daijā, from Proto-Germanic *dajjǭ.


dung

dynġ (nominative plural)
dung (nominative singular)
dynġ (nominative plural)
dung (accusative singular)
dynġ (accusative plural)
dynġ (genitive singular)
dunge (genitive singular)
dunga (genitive plural)
dynġ (dative singular)
dungum (dative plural)

Middle English: donge, dung, dunge

→ Anglo-Norman: donjun (semantic loan)

From Proto-West Germanic *dung (“cellar”).


dung

dung (nominative singular)
dunga (nominative plural)
dunge (nominative plural)
dunge (accusative singular)
dunga (accusative plural)
dunge (accusative plural)
dunge (genitive singular)
dunga (genitive plural)
dunge (dative singular)
dungum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: donge, dong, donke, doung, dounge, dung, dunge
English: dung
Scots: dung

From Proto-Germanic *dungō, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰengʰ- (“to cover”).


bord

bord (nominative singular)
bord (nominative plural)
bord (accusative singular)
bord (accusative plural)
bordes (genitive singular)
borda (genitive plural)
borde (dative singular)
bordum (dative plural)

→ Cornish: bord

Middle English: bord

English: board

Scots: buird

Yola: borde

→ Old Irish: bord

Middle Irish: bord

Irish: bord

Manx: boayrd

Scottish Gaelic: bòrd

→ Middle Welsh: bort

Welsh: bord

→ Middle Welsh: bwrð

Welsh: bwrdd

From Proto-West Germanic *bord, from Proto-Germanic *burdą.

Sē frumlida stāg on bord þæs sċipes.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Hīe cwǣdon, "Hū dōþ wē ymb þē?" Hē andwyrde, "Weorpaþ mē ofer bord."

They said, "What are we going to do about you?" He answered, "Throw me overboard."

the side of a ship; (by extension) the ship itself


up

Middle English: up

English: up

From Proto-Germanic *upp, akin to Old High German ūf, Old Norse upp.

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 19, verse 4

Then he ran in front and climbed (lit. ascended) up on a tree. From sycamores that he saw him. For which he would go from there.

Þā arn hē beforan and stāh ūp on ān trēow. Sicomorum þ hē hine ġesāwe. forþām þe hē wolde þanon faran...

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' Metres of Boethius, lines 85-89

By that is betokened, that his trust shall, and his mind, more upwards than downwards aspire to the heavens.

Mid þȳ is ġetācnod þæt his trēowa sceal, and his mōdġeþonc, mā up þonne niþer habban tō heofonum.


bi-

desctree

Middle English: by-, bi-
English: by-, be-
Scots: by-, be-

bi- + nama → bīnama (“pronoun”)

bi- + word → bīword (“proverb, byword”)

bīleofa

support, sustenance, nourishment, capital


ale

first-person singular present indicative of alan


apa

apa (nominative singular)
apan (nominative plural)
apan (accusative singular)
apan (accusative plural)
apan (genitive singular)
apena (genitive plural)
apan (dative singular)
apum (dative plural)

Middle English: ape, eape, aape
English: ape
Scots: ape, aip

From Proto-West Germanic *apō, from Proto-Germanic *apô. Cognate with Old Frisian *apa, Old Saxon apo, Old Dutch *apo, Old High German affo, Old Norse api.

Sē apa fēoll of þām trēowe.

Þā ǣrestan menn nǣron þā sīðmestan apan.

Menn sind þā āne apan þe twifēte sind and uprihte gāþ.

Humans are the only primates that are bipedal and walk upright.


raha

rāha (canonical masculine)
rāhan (nominative plural)
rāha (nominative singular)
rāhan (nominative plural)
rāhan (accusative singular)
rāhan (accusative plural)
rāhan (genitive singular)
rāhena (genitive plural)
rāhan (dative singular)
rāhum (dative plural)


muscle

muscle (nominative singular)
musclan (nominative plural)
musclan (accusative singular)
musclan (accusative plural)
musclan (genitive singular)
musclena (genitive plural)
musclan (dative singular)
musclum (dative plural)

Middle English: muscle, moskle, muschyl, muscul, muskall, muskel, muskele, muskell, muskle, muskyl, muskyll, musshell, mustul
English: mussel
Scots: mushle

Borrowed from Late Latin mūscula, from Latin mūsculus.


ane

inflection of ān:
strong feminine accusative singular

strong masculine/neuter instrumental singular

inflection of ān:
strong nominative/accusative plural


anda

andan (nominative plural)
anda (nominative singular)
andan (nominative plural)
andan (accusative singular)
andan (accusative plural)
andan (genitive singular)
andena (genitive plural)
andan (dative singular)
andum (dative plural)

Middle English: ande, onde, yond

English: ande, onde, and

Scots: and, ande, aind, aynd

hatred, anger; injury, wrong-doing, mischief


Tigris

From Latin Tigris, from Ancient Greek Τίγρις (Tígris), an alternative form of Τίγρης (Tígrēs), from Old Persian 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 (Tigrā), from Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(ÍD)Idiqlat), from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(ÍD)Idigna, ^(ÍD)Idigina, literally “fast as an arrow”).

uder

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þonne west frām Tigris þǣre ēa oþ Eufrate þā ēa, þonne betweox þǣm ēan syndan þās land Babylonia, and Caldea, and Mesopotamia.

Then west from the River Tigris to the River Euphrates, then between the rivers are the lands of Babylon, Chaldea, and Mesopotamia


nap

first/third-person singular preterite indicative of nīpan


-ette

first-person singular present/preterite indicative

third-person singular preterite indicative

inflection of -ettan:
singular present/preterite subjunctive


fore-

Middle English: fore-

English: fore-

From Proto-West Germanic *forē-, from Proto-Germanic *furai-.

fore- + cwide → forecwide (“introduction, heading; prophecy”)

fore- + manian → foremanian (“to forewarn, admonish”)

fore- + mǣrlīċ → foremǣrlīċ (“eminent, foreboding”)

fore- + rīm → forerīm (“prologue”)

fore- + cnēoris → forecnēoris (“progeny”)

fore- + frēfrend → forefrēfrend (“proconsul”)

fore- + costiġan → forecostigan (“to profane”)

fore- + ġehāt → foreġehāt (“vow”)

fore- + mearcung → foremearcung (“title, chapter”)

fore- + seld → foreseld (“first seat”)

first, prime, occupying a prominent position

fore- + maniġ → foremaniġ (“very many”)

fore- + mihtiġ → foremihtiġ (“most mighty”)


an-

From Proto-West Germanic *aina-, from Proto-Germanic *aina- (“one, uni-”), equivalent to Old English ān (“one”).

ān- + -hende (“handed”) → ānhende (“one-handed”)

ān- + horn (“horn”) → ānhorn (“unicorn”)

ān- + -īeġe (“-eyed”) → ānīeġe (“one-eyed”)

ān- + -mōd (“-minded”) → ānmōd (“unanimous”)

ān- + -nes (“-ness”) → ānnes (“unity”)

ān- + wīġ (“battle”) → ānwīġ (“duel”)

ān- + -wille (“-willed”) → ānwille (“stubborn”)

ān- + -wintre (“years old”) → ānwintre (“one year old”)

ān- + *genġa (“walker”) → āngenġa (“loner”)

ān- + *setla (“settler”) → ānsetla (“hermit”)


Thomas

From Latin Thōmās, from Ancient Greek Θωμᾶς (Thōmâs).

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 20:24

Now Thomas (also known as Didymus), one of the Twelve, was not with the disciples when Jesus came.

Witodlice Thomas, an of þam twelfum, þe ys gecweden Didimus, þæt ys Gelicost, on ure geþeode, he næs mid him, þa se Haelend com


for-

desctree

Middle English: for-, far-, fer-, vor-
English: for-
Scots: for-

From Proto-West Germanic *fra-.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian for-, Old Saxon far-, for-, Dutch ver-, Old High German fir-, far- (German ver-), and, outside Germanic, with Ancient Greek περί (perí), Latin per-, Old Church Slavonic пре- (pre-) (Russian пе́ре- (pére-)).

forwyrcan

forstandan

forweorpan

forstelan

fordēman

forlǣdan

wrongly, away from, astray, abstention, prohibition, perversion, destruction (verbal prefix)

forblāwan

forbrecan

forstoppian

forworen

used to create intensified adjectives and verbs from other adjectives and verbs, with the sense of completely or fully; compare Modern English use of up

forlȳtel


-ing

-ing (nominative singular)
-inga (nominative plural)
-inge (nominative plural)
-inge (accusative singular)
-inga (accusative plural)
-inge (accusative plural)
-inge (genitive singular)
-inga (genitive plural)
-inge (dative singular)
-ingum (dative plural)

Forming nouns from verbs, indicating action, process or material.


-ing

-ing (nominative singular)
-ingas (nominative plural)
-ing (accusative singular)
-ingas (accusative plural)
-inges (genitive singular)
-inga (genitive plural)
-inge (dative singular)
-ingum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

Forming derivatives of nouns with sense of ‘belonging to, son of’.


-ed

æppel (“apple”) + -ed → æppled (“apple-shaped”)

formed into the likeness of, made into, shaped like, having the qualities of

fremman (“to perform”) + -ed → fremed (“performed”)

Used to form the past participle of class I weak verbs


Italia

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hē [Pirrus] hæfde XX elpenda tō þǣm ġefeohte mid him, þe Rōmane ǣr na ne ne ġesawon: hē wæs sē forma mon þe hīe ǣrest on Italium brōhte.

And he [Pyrrhus] had twenty elephants with him in battle, which the Romans had never seen before; he was the first man to bring them to Italy.


hat

ang-adj

hāt (comparative hātra, superlative hātost)

hāt (canonical)
hātra (comparative)
hātost (superlative)
hāt (masculine nominative singular)
hāt (feminine nominative singular)
hāt (neuter nominative singular)
hātne (accusative masculine singular)
hāte (accusative feminine singular)
hāt (accusative neuter singular)
hātes (genitive masculine singular)
hātre (feminine genitive singular)
hātes (genitive neuter singular)
hātum (dative masculine singular)
hātre (dative feminine singular)
hātum (dative neuter singular)
hāte (instrumental masculine singular)
hātre (feminine instrumental singular)
hāte (instrumental neuter singular)
hāte (masculine nominative plural)
hāta (feminine nominative plural)
hāte (feminine nominative plural)
hāt (neuter nominative plural)
hāte (accusative masculine plural)
hāta (accusative feminine plural)
hāte (accusative feminine plural)
hāt (accusative neuter plural)
hātra (genitive masculine plural)
hātra (feminine genitive plural)
hātra (genitive neuter plural)
hātum (dative masculine plural)
hātum (dative feminine plural)
hātum (dative neuter plural)
hātum (instrumental masculine plural)
hātum (feminine instrumental plural)
hātum (instrumental neuter plural)
hāta (masculine nominative singular)
hāte (feminine nominative singular)
hāte (neuter nominative singular)
hātan (accusative masculine singular)
hātan (accusative feminine singular)
hāte (accusative neuter singular)
hātan (genitive masculine singular)
hātan (feminine genitive singular)
hātan (genitive neuter singular)
hātan (dative masculine singular)
hātan (dative feminine singular)
hātan (dative neuter singular)
hātan (instrumental masculine singular)
hātan (feminine instrumental singular)
hātan (instrumental neuter singular)
hātan (masculine nominative plural)
hātan (feminine nominative plural)
hātan (neuter nominative plural)
hātan (accusative masculine plural)
hātan (accusative feminine plural)
hātan (accusative neuter plural)
hātra (genitive masculine plural)
hātena (genitive masculine plural)
hātra (feminine genitive plural)
hātena (feminine genitive plural)
hātra (genitive neuter plural)
hātena (genitive neuter plural)
hātum (dative masculine plural)
hātum (dative feminine plural)
hātum (dative neuter plural)
hātum (instrumental masculine plural)
hātum (feminine instrumental plural)
hātum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: hot, hote, hoot, hoote, hoth, whote, hate, hatte (northern)
English: hot
Geordie English: het
Scots: hat, hait, hate
Yola: hoat, hote, hoate

From Proto-West Germanic *hait.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian hēt (West Frisian hjit), Old Saxon hēt, Dutch heet, Old High German heiz (German heiß), Old Norse heitr (Swedish het). Cognate to Albanian ethe (“shiver, fiever”), dialectal hethe and ith (“warmth, body heat”), dialectal hith.


hat

hāt (canonical neuter)
hāt (nominative singular)
hāt (nominative plural)
hāt (accusative singular)
hāt (accusative plural)
hātes (genitive singular)
hāta (genitive plural)
hāte (dative singular)
hātum (dative plural)

English: hote, hot, hate, hat


toga

From Proto-West Germanic *togō (“leader”).


diet

third-person singular present indicative of dīedan


scip

sċip (canonical neuter)
sċip (nominative singular)
sċipu (nominative plural)
sċip (accusative singular)
sċipu (accusative plural)
sċipes (genitive singular)
sċipa (genitive plural)
sċipe (dative singular)
sċipum (dative plural)

Middle English: schip, chip, chippe, schepe, schipp, schippe, schup, schyp, schyppe, shepe, ship, shippe, shup, shuppe, shyp, shype, shyppe, sship, ssip, scip, scippe, scyp, scyppe
English: ship
Scots: ship
Yola: zhip

From Proto-West Germanic *skip.
Cognate with Old Frisian skip, Old Saxon skip, Old High German skif, Old Norse skip, Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 (skip).

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript E, year 992

And then the army escaped, except for one ship whose crew was slain.

And sē here þā ætbærst, būtan ān sċip þǣr man ofslōg.


hnutu

hnutu (nominative singular)
hnyte (nominative plural)
hnutu (accusative singular)
hnyte (accusative plural)
hnyte (genitive singular)
hnute (genitive singular)
hnuta (genitive plural)
hnyte (dative singular)
hnutum (dative plural)

Middle English: nute, note

English: nut
→ Japanese: ナット (natto)

Scots: nute, nuit, nit

From Proto-West Germanic *hnut, from Proto-Germanic *hnuts, from Proto-Indo-European *knew-. Cognate with Old High German nuz, Old Norse hnot.

Ealla hnyte habbaþ hearde sċielle.

c. 996, Ælfric, "The Nativity of the Lord"
On þone ōðerne dæġ wæs Aarones ġierd ġemēttu grōwendu mid bōgum and blōwendu and berendu hnyte.

The next day, Aaron's rod was found growing branches, and blooming, and bearing nuts.


sawol

sāwol (canonical feminine)
sāwol (nominative singular)
sāwla (nominative plural)
sāwle (nominative plural)
sāwle (accusative singular)
sāwla (accusative plural)
sāwle (accusative plural)
sāwle (genitive singular)
sāwla (genitive plural)
sāwle (dative singular)
sāwlum (dative plural)

Middle English: soule, saul, saule, souel, soul, soull, soulle, sowel, sowele, sowle, sowll, sowyl, sauele, sawlæ, sawle, sæule (Early Middle English), sauel, saull, saulle, sawel, sawele, sawell, sawil, sawle (Northern), zaule (Kent)
English: soul (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saul

→ Old Norse: sála, sál

Icelandic: sál

Faroese: sál

Norwegian Nynorsk: sål

Old Gutnish: selu

From Proto-West Germanic *saiwalu, from Proto-Germanic *saiwalō.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Navitiy of Our Lord Jesus Christ"
Seo sawul is gesceadwis gast, æfre cucu, and mæg underfon ge godne wyllan and yfelne æfter agennum cyre.

The soul is a rational spirit, which liveth for ever, and is capable of following either a good or an evil desire according to its own choice.


under

Middle English: under, vnder, onder
English: under
Scots: unner
Yola: unnere

From Proto-West Germanic *undar, from Proto-Germanic *under. Compare Old Saxon undar, Old High German untar.


giefu

ġiefu (canonical feminine)
ġiefu (nominative singular)
ġiefa (nominative plural)
ġiefe (nominative plural)
ġiefe (accusative singular)
ġiefa (accusative plural)
ġiefe (accusative plural)
ġiefe (genitive singular)
ġiefa (genitive plural)
ġiefena (genitive plural)
ġiefe (dative singular)
ġiefum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: gife, ȝyfe, ȝef, ȝif, yeve

From Proto-West Germanic *gebu, from Proto-Germanic *gebō. Cognates include Old Frisian jeve, Old Saxon geva, Old High German geba, Old Norse gjǫf, and Gothic 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰 (giba).


geat

ġeat (canonical neuter)
ġeat (nominative singular)
gatu (nominative plural)
ġeat (accusative singular)
gatu (accusative plural)
ġeates (genitive singular)
gata (genitive plural)
ġeate (dative singular)
gatum (dative plural)

Middle English: ȝeat, ȝat, ȝate, ȝet, gat, gate

English: gate; yate (dialectal)

→ Welsh: gât, gêt

Scots: ȝet, ȝett, yet, yett

→ Welsh: iet

From Proto-West Germanic *gat, from Proto-Germanic *gatą. Cognate with Old Frisian jet, Old Saxon gat, Old Dutch *gat, Old Norse gat.


feoh

feoh (nominative singular)
feoh (accusative singular)
fēos (genitive singular)
fēo (dative singular)

Middle English: feh, fe, fee (with Old French)

English: fee

Scots: fe, fee, fiel

From Proto-West Germanic *fehu, from Proto-Germanic *fehu. Note that feoh must have transferred into the a-stems (and thus lost its -u) before loss of medial *h, or else it would be *fēo.
Cognates:
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian fia (West Frisian fee), Old Saxon fehu (Low German Veeh), Old Dutch fē (Dutch vee), Old High German fihu (German Vieh), Old Norse fé (Swedish fä), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 (faihu). The Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit पशु (páśu, “cattle”), Latin pecus, Old Armenian ասր (asr, “fleece”) and Lithuanian pēkus (“cattle”).

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Ēalā ġif iċ hæfde feoh.

c. 893, Alfred the Great, Doom Book
Ġif þē becume ōðres mannes ġīemelēas feoh on hand, þēah hit sīe þīn fēond, ġecȳþ hit him.

If you come across someone else's stray cattle, let them know, even if they are your enemy.


dæg

dæġ (canonical masculine)
dagas (nominative plural)
dæġ (nominative singular)
dagas (nominative plural)
dæġ (accusative singular)
dagas (accusative plural)
dæġes (genitive singular)
daga (genitive plural)
dæġe (dative singular)
dagum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: day
English: day
Scots: day
Yola: die, dei, dey, daie

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *dagaz. Cognate with Old Frisian dei, Old Saxon dag, Old Dutch dag, Old High German tag, Old Norse dagr, Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (dags).

Þā dagas bēoþ lange, ac þā ġēar bēoþ sċort.

The days are long, but the years are short.

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
Saga mē, on hū fela daga God ġeworhte ealle ġesċeafta?'

Tell me, in how many days did God create all creatures?

c. 992, Ælfric, "The First Sunday in the Lord's Advent"
Ēac is gehwilcum men his endenēxta dæġ nēar and nēar; and sē ġemǣnelīca dōm dæġhwomlīċe ġenēalǣhð, on ðām underfehð ānra ġehwilc be ðām ðe hē ġeearnode on līchaman, swā gōd swā yfel.

Also to every man is his last day nearer and nearer; and the common doom approaches daily, at which every one will receive according to what he has merited in body, whether good or evil.

c. 994, Ælfric, The Seasons of the Year

To us a day means from sunrise to sunset, but in books, one day is considered to last from when the sun rises to when it returns to where it started from. In that interval there are considered to be 24 hours.

Wē hātaþ ānne dæġ fram sunnan upgange oþ ǣfen, ac swā þēah is on bōcum ġeteald tō ānum dæġe fram þǣre sunnan upgange oþ þæt hēo eft becume þǣr hēo ǣr upp stāg. On þām fæce sind ġetealda fēower and twentiġ tīda.

day, (usually) as a period from sunrise to sunset and (scientifically) as a 24-hour period from sunrise to sunrise


æsc

æsċ (canonical masculine)
æscas (nominative plural)
æsċ (nominative singular)
æscas (nominative plural)
æsċ (accusative singular)
æscas (accusative plural)
æsċes (genitive singular)
æsca (genitive plural)
æsċe (dative singular)
æscum (dative plural)

Middle English: asshe
English: ash
Scots: aish, esh

→ English: æsc (learned)

From Proto-West Germanic *ask. See there for more.

a kind of small, light Viking ship used for raids


heafod

hēafod (canonical neuter)
hēafod (nominative singular)
hēafdu (nominative plural)
hēafod (accusative singular)
hēafdu (accusative plural)
hēafdes (genitive singular)
hēafda (genitive plural)
hēafde (dative singular)
hēafdum (dative plural)

Middle English: heed
English: head
→ Japanese: ヘッド (heddo)
Sranan Tongo: ede
Aukan: ede
Saramaccan: hédi
Geordie English: heed
Scots: heid
Yola: heade, haade, hade

From Proto-Germanic *haubudą, from Proto-Indo-European *kauput-. Cognate with Old Frisian hāved, Old Saxon hōƀid, Dutch hoofd, Old High German houbit, Old Norse hǫfuð, and Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 (haubiþ). The Germanic source is related to Latin caput and Sanskrit कपालम् (kapālam).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Twenty-First Sunday After Pentecost"
Mīn hēafod hē hæfþ mid his ċeaflum befangen.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "THE PASSION OF THE APOSTLES PETER AND PAUL"
Ic bidde eow, wendað min heafod adune, and astreccað mine fét wið heofonas weard: ne eom ic wyrðe þæt ic swa hangige swa min Drihten.

I beseech you, turn my head down, and stretch my feet towards heaven: I am not worthy to hang as my Lord.


wealh

wēalas (nominative plural)
wealh (nominative singular)
wēalas (nominative plural)
wealh (accusative singular)
wēalas (accusative plural)
wēales (genitive singular)
wēala (genitive plural)
wēale (dative singular)
wēalum (dative plural)

Middle English: wælh, wale

→ English: wealh (learned)

→ Medieval Latin: wallus

From Proto-West Germanic *walh, from Proto-Germanic *walhaz, from a Celtic name also represented by Latin Volcae.
Having originally apparently referred to a neighboring Celtic tribe, it was broadened to refer to any inhabitant of the Western Roman Empire and then, in Britain, narrowed to refer to native Brythons, and later to Welsh people in particular. Owing to the presence of native Brythonic slaves in some areas, it also came to be used to refer to slaves (compare semantic formation of Slav), though only alongside – never supplanting – its ethnic meaning. The narrowing of meaning away from the continental Germanic meaning of Roman towards referring to Insular Celtic peoples was finalized by the late seventh century; rare occurrences of this term referring to Romans, such as the term Rumwalas found in Widsith, are explained as archaisms inherited from an older tradition.


eage

ēage (canonical neuter)
ēage (nominative singular)
ēagan (nominative plural)
ēage (accusative singular)
ēagan (accusative plural)
ēagan (genitive singular)
ēagena (genitive plural)
ēagan (dative singular)
ēagum (dative plural)

Middle English: eie, yȝe, ye, yë, yghe, eye, eȝhe, eȝe, eighe, eyghe, eyȝe, iȝe
English: eye
Sranan Tongo: ai
Geordie English: ee, eye
Scots: ee
Yola: ieen, eein, eyen, eeen, een, ein (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *augā, from Proto-Germanic *augô.


corn

corn (nominative singular)
corn (nominative plural)
corn (accusative singular)
corn (accusative plural)
cornes (genitive singular)
corna (genitive plural)
corne (dative singular)
cornum (dative plural)

Middle English: corn
English: corn (see there for further descendants)
Scots: corn, curn
Yola: coorn, koorn

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *korn, from Proto-Germanic *kurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm (“grain”).
Cognate with Old Frisian korn, Old Saxon korn (Low German Koorn), Dutch koren, Old High German korn, Old Norse korn, Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (kaurn).

inh+

880-1150, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Hīe wǣron benumene æġðer ġe ðæs ċēapes ġe ðæs cornes.

They were deprived both of cattle and of corn.


engel

enġel (canonical masculine)
englas (nominative plural)
enġel (nominative singular)
englas (nominative plural)
enġel (accusative singular)
englas (accusative plural)
engles (genitive singular)
engla (genitive plural)
engle (dative singular)
englum (dative plural)

desctree

contaminated by Anglo-Norman <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">angle</i>

Middle English: aungel, engel, angel, ængel, aungil, aungell, angell, angyl, angyll, angylle, awngel, enngell (contaminated by Anglo-Norman angle)
English: angel (see there for further descendants)
Scots: angel, aungel

From Proto-West Germanic *angil, borrowed from Latin angelus, itself borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos, “messenger”).

der

Slǣp þū swōte. Iċ hopiġe þæt þē mǣte be englum.

Sleep well. I hope you dream about angels.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
Seo eahteoðe leahter is superbia gehaten þæt is on ænglisc modigynss gecweden. Seo is ord and ende ælcere synne. Seo geworhte englas to atelicum deoflum...

The eighth sin is called Superbia that is called Pride, in English, which is the beginning and end of every sin; it made angels into horrible devils,...


þing

þinġ (canonical neuter)
þinġ (nominative singular)
þing (nominative plural)
þinġ (accusative singular)
þing (accusative plural)
þinġes (genitive singular)
þinga (genitive plural)
þinġe (dative singular)
þingum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: thing, thinge, thyng
English: thing
Scots: thing, ting, hing
Yola: dhing

From Proto-West Germanic *þing, from Proto-Germanic *þingą.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Clement the Martyr"
Wén is þæt eower sum cweðe to him sylfum on stillum geðohtum, Hwæt forleton has gebroðru, Petrus and Andreas, þe for nean nán ðing næfdon? ac we sceolon on þisum ðinge heora gewilnunge swiðor āsmēaġan þonne heora gestreon.

It is to be expected that one of you in his still thoughts say to himself, What did the brothers, Peter and Andrew, leave, who had almost nothing? but in this case we should rather consider their desire than their possession.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Epiphany of the Lord"
For ðisum þrym ðingum is ðes freols-dæg Godes swutelung gecweden."

For these three reasons this festival is called the Manifestation of God."

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
...ac mē tōdæġ swā wundorlīce is ġelumpen þæt ic þurh nān þincg ne mæġ ġecnāwan hwæðer þys sȳ Ephesa byriġ þe elles ǣniġ ōþer;...

But to-day it has befallen me so wonderfully that I cannot by any means recognise whether this be the city of the Ephesians or else any other.


wise

wīse (canonical feminine)
wīse (nominative singular)
wīsan (nominative plural)
wīsan (accusative singular)
wīsan (accusative plural)
wīsan (genitive singular)
wīsena (genitive plural)
wīsan (dative singular)
wīsum (dative plural)

Middle English: wise

From Proto-West Germanic *wīsā, from Proto-Germanic *wīsō, *wīsaz. Cognate with Dutch wijze, German Weise, Swedish vis, Italian guisa, Spanish guisa.

Ne līcaþ mē sēo wīse þe hēo mē on lōcaþ.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent Sunday"
On ōðre wīsan wē sċēawiaþ mētinge and on ōðre wīsan stafas. Ne gǣþ nā māre tō mētinge būtan þæt þū hit ġesēo and herie. Nis nā ġenōg þæt þū stafas sċēawiġe būtan þū hīe ēac rǣde and þæt andġiet understande.

We look at pictures in one way and letters in another. You don't do anything with a painting except see it and praise it. Looking at letters is not enough unless you also read them and understand the meaning.

Hǣðensċipe biþ þæt man dēofolġield weorðiġe, þæt is þæt man weorðiġe hǣðenu godu and sunnan oþþe mōnan, fȳr oþþe flōd, wæterwiellas oþþe stānas oþþe ǣniġes cynnes wudutreowu, oþþe wiċċecræft lufiġe oþþe morðweorc ġefremme on ǣniġe wīsan, oþþe on blōte oþþe frihte, oþþe swelcra gedwimera ǣniġ þing drēoge.

c. 1021, Wulfstan, Winchester Code of Cnut, article 5.1:

Worshiping idols is a kind of paganism, whether one worships heathen gods and the sun or the moon, or fire or flood, or wells or stones or any kind of forest trees, or if one loves witchcraft or commits murder in any way, either by sacrifice or by divination, or takes any part in similar delusions.


wise

Middle English: wise

From Proto-Germanic *wasô. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to increase”). Cognate with Old Norse vísir (“sprout, bud”), Lithuanian veisti (“propagate”).


dell

English: dell

From Proto-West Germanic *dalljā, from Proto-Germanic *daljō (“a hollow”)


tunge

tunge (nominative singular)
tungan (nominative plural)
tungan (accusative singular)
tungan (accusative plural)
tungan (genitive singular)
tungena (genitive plural)
tungan (dative singular)
tungum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tonge, tong, tung, tunge
English: tongue
Australian Kriol: tang
Bislama: tang
Sranan Tongo: tongo
Tok Pisin: tang
Torres Strait Creole: tang
Scots: tung, tongue, tong


-or

English: -er

From Proto-Germanic *-ar-. Akin to Old High German -ar.

slīpan (“to slip, glide”) + -or → slipor (“slippery”)

wacian (“to be awake, be watchful”) + -or → wacor (“vigilant, watchful”)

suffix forming adjectives from verbs denoting tendency or causation


-or

-or (nominative singular)
-ras (nominative plural)
-or (accusative singular)
-ras (accusative plural)
-res (genitive singular)
-ra (genitive plural)
-re (dative singular)
-rum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *-raz. Akin to Old Saxon -or, Old High German -ur.

ċeole (“throat”) + -or → ċeolor (“collar, throat”)

eald (“old”) + -or → ealdor (“chieftain, ruler”)

siġe (“victory”) + -or → sigor (“victory”)

telga (“branch, bough”) + -or → telgor (“branch, twig”)

dæġ (“day”) + -or → dōgor (“day”)

sele (“hall”) + -or → salor (“hall, palace”)

Suffix variant found on masculine a-stem nouns


-or

hearde (“severely”) + -or → heardor (“more severely”)

trumlīċe (“firmly”) + -or → trumlīcor (“more firmly”)


ut

ang-adv

ūt (comparative ūtor, superlative ȳtemest)

ūt (canonical)
ūtor (comparative)
ȳtemest (superlative)

desctree

Middle English: oute, out, ut, ute, uth, wt, uot
English: out
Geordie English: oot
Scots: out, oot
Yola: udh, uth, ut, out, outh

From Proto-West Germanic *ūt, from Proto-Germanic *ūt, from Proto-Indo-European *úd.
Cognate with Old Dutch ūt (Dutch uit), Old Saxon ūt (Low German ut), Old High German ūz (German aus), Old Norse út (Swedish ut), Gothic 𐌿𐍄 (ut).

Hē ēode ūt on þā strǣte.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Þȳ ilcan ġēare Claudius oferwann Gotan and hīe ādrāf ūt of Crēcum.

The same year, Claudius defeated the Goths and drove them out of Greece.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
...he wolde gān ūt of ðām porte...

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Clement the Martyr"
On þǣre nihte þe sē cyning hine on morgne ācwellan wolde, cōm Godes enġel sċīnende of heofonum, and ġelǣdde hine ūt þurh þā īsernan gatu.

On the night before the king was going to kill him in the morning, God’s angel came shining down from heaven, and led him out through the iron gates.

Fæder ēode ūt þā cȳ tō melcenne.

Iċ openode þā duru and stōp ūt.


sorg

sorg (nominative singular)
sorga (nominative plural)
sorge (nominative plural)
sorge (accusative singular)
sorga (accusative plural)
sorge (accusative plural)
sorge (genitive singular)
sorga (genitive plural)
sorge (dative singular)
sorgum (dative plural)

Middle English: sorȝe, sorwe, sorow

English: sorrow

Scots: sorow

From Proto-West Germanic *sorgu, from Proto-Germanic *surgō.
Cognate with Old Frisian sorge, Old Saxon sorga, Old Dutch sorga, Old High German sorga, Old Norse sorg, Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌰 (saurga).

oþþe mec frēondlēasne · frēfran wolde,
wēman mid wynnum. · Wāt sē þe cunnað,
hū slīþen bið · sorg tō ġefēran,
þām þe him lȳt hafað · lēofra ġeholena.

or friendless me would soothe,
allure with glees. Knows the one who undergoes,
how tough is sorrow as a companion,
to whom little has dear confidants for himself.


has

hās (canonical)
hās (masculine nominative singular)
hās (feminine nominative singular)
hās (neuter nominative singular)
hāsne (accusative masculine singular)
hāse (accusative feminine singular)
hās (accusative neuter singular)
hāses (genitive masculine singular)
hāsre (feminine genitive singular)
hāses (genitive neuter singular)
hāsum (dative masculine singular)
hāsre (dative feminine singular)
hāsum (dative neuter singular)
hāse (instrumental masculine singular)
hāsre (feminine instrumental singular)
hāse (instrumental neuter singular)
hāse (masculine nominative plural)
hāsa (feminine nominative plural)
hāse (feminine nominative plural)
hās (neuter nominative plural)
hāse (accusative masculine plural)
hāsa (accusative feminine plural)
hāse (accusative feminine plural)
hās (accusative neuter plural)
hāsra (genitive masculine plural)
hāsra (feminine genitive plural)
hāsra (genitive neuter plural)
hāsum (dative masculine plural)
hāsum (dative feminine plural)
hāsum (dative neuter plural)
hāsum (instrumental masculine plural)
hāsum (feminine instrumental plural)
hāsum (instrumental neuter plural)
hāsa (masculine nominative singular)
hāse (feminine nominative singular)
hāse (neuter nominative singular)
hāsan (accusative masculine singular)
hāsan (accusative feminine singular)
hāse (accusative neuter singular)
hāsan (genitive masculine singular)
hāsan (feminine genitive singular)
hāsan (genitive neuter singular)
hāsan (dative masculine singular)
hāsan (dative feminine singular)
hāsan (dative neuter singular)
hāsan (instrumental masculine singular)
hāsan (feminine instrumental singular)
hāsan (instrumental neuter singular)
hāsan (masculine nominative plural)
hāsan (feminine nominative plural)
hāsan (neuter nominative plural)
hāsan (accusative masculine plural)
hāsan (accusative feminine plural)
hāsan (accusative neuter plural)
hāsra (genitive masculine plural)
hāsena (genitive masculine plural)
hāsra (feminine genitive plural)
hāsena (feminine genitive plural)
hāsra (genitive neuter plural)
hāsena (genitive neuter plural)
hāsum (dative masculine plural)
hāsum (dative feminine plural)
hāsum (dative neuter plural)
hāsum (instrumental masculine plural)
hāsum (feminine instrumental plural)
hāsum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: hos, hose, hoos, hoose, hoce, hase, haase, hayse, hors, horse, hoorse
English: hoarse
Scots: hairse, hairsh, haise

From Proto-Germanic *haisaz, whence also Old High German heis, Old Norse háss.


flan

flān (canonical feminine masculine)
flān (nominative singular)
flānas (nominative plural)
flān (accusative singular)
flānas (accusative plural)
flānes (genitive singular)
flāna (genitive plural)
flāne (dative singular)
flānum (dative plural)
flān (nominative singular)
flāna (nominative plural)
flāne (nominative plural)
flāne (accusative singular)
flāna (accusative plural)
flāne (accusative plural)
flāne (genitive singular)
flāna (genitive plural)
flāne (dative singular)
flānum (dative plural)

Middle English: flon, ffloon, flan, flone
English: flone
Scots: flane, flain

From Proto-Germanic *flainaz (“hook, spear with a tip”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleyn- (“metal arrow, hook, spear-head”). Akin to Old Norse fleinn (“hook, barbed weapon, javelin, arrow”).


bene

inflection of bēn:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of bēn:
nominative/accusative plural