forweorþan

forweorþan (infinitive)
forweorþenne (infinitive)
forweorþe (first-person present singular)
forwearþ (first-person past singular)
forwierst (present second-person singular)
forwurde (past second-person singular)
forwierþþ (present singular third-person)
forwierþ (present singular third-person)
forwearþ (past singular third-person)
forweorþaþ (plural present)
forwurdon (past plural)
forweorþe (present singular)
forwurde (past singular)
forweorþen (plural present)
forwurden (past plural)
forweorþ (imperative past present singular)
forweorþaþ (imperative past plural present)
forweorþende (imperative present)
forworden (imperative past)

Middle English: forworthen

English: forworth

From Proto-Germanic *frawerþaną. Equivalent to for- + weorþan.

Frōfre ne wēne, þæt mē ġēoc cyme gūðġewinnes, ǣr iċ mid yldum eal forweorðe…

I don't expect any consolation that I'll get help of warbattle before I would be completely perished with men…


hrof

hrōf (canonical masculine)
hrōf (nominative singular)
hrōfas (nominative plural)
hrōf (accusative singular)
hrōfas (accusative plural)
hrōfes (genitive singular)
hrōfa (genitive plural)
hrōfe (dative singular)
hrōfum (dative plural)

Middle English: rof

English: roof

From Proto-Germanic *hrōfą. Cognate with Old Frisian hrōf, Old Saxon rōf (Dutch roef (“cabin, coffin-lid”)), Old Norse hróf (“boat-shed”).


geweorþan

ġeweorþan (canonical)
ġeweorþan (infinitive)
ġeweorþenne (infinitive)
ġeweorþe (first-person present singular)
ġewearþ (first-person past singular)
ġewierst (present second-person singular)
ġewurde (past second-person singular)
ġewierþþ (present singular third-person)
ġewierþ (present singular third-person)
ġewearþ (past singular third-person)
ġeweorþaþ (plural present)
ġewurdon (past plural)
ġeweorþe (present singular)
ġewurde (past singular)
ġeweorþen (plural present)
ġewurden (past plural)
ġeweorþ (imperative past present singular)
ġeweorþaþ (imperative past plural present)
ġeweorþende (imperative present)
ġeworden (imperative past)

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...him cōm stemn tō, þus clypiende þriwa, 'ārīs nū petrus and þās rēðan dēor ofsleh, maca þē tō mete þæt þū meġe þē ġereordian. Þā cwæð sē halga wer, 'ne ġewurðe hit, lēof drihten forþan ðe ic ne onbyrgde swā hwæt swā unclǣne bið.

A voice came to him, thus crying thrice,'arise now, Peter, and slay these savage beasts, make for thee meat, that thou mayst satisfy thyself.' Then said the holy man, 'let it not be so, dear Lord, for I have never tasted anything that is unclean.'


weorþan

weorþan (infinitive)
weorþenne (infinitive)
weorþe (first-person present singular)
wearþ (first-person past singular)
wierst (present second-person singular)
wurde (past second-person singular)
wierþþ (present singular third-person)
wierþ (present singular third-person)
wearþ (past singular third-person)
weorþaþ (plural present)
wurdon (past plural)
weorþe (present singular)
wurde (past singular)
weorþen (plural present)
wurden (past plural)
weorþ (imperative past present singular)
weorþaþ (imperative past plural present)
weorþende (imperative present)
worden (imperative past)
ġeworden (imperative past)

Middle English: werthen

Scots: worth

English: worth, word (dialectal)

From Proto-West Germanic *werþan, from Proto-Germanic *werþaną (“to become”), from Proto-Indo-European *wértti (“to be turning”).

inh

…ac mē eċġa dolg ēacen weorðað þurh dēaðsleġe dagum and nihtum.

…but for me wounds of edges become widened through deathblows by days and nights.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
Hē ārās þā ġesund, swelċe of slǣpe āwreaht, and begann tō wundrienne hū hē wurde þæder ġebrōht.

Then he got up safe and sound, as if woken from sleep, and began to wonder how he got there. (Lit. How he was brought there)

(auxiliary) to be (used to form the passive voice)


hruse

hruse (nominative singular)
hrusan (nominative plural)
hrusan (accusative singular)
hrusan (accusative plural)
hrusan (genitive singular)
hrusena (genitive plural)
hrusan (dative singular)
hrusum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *hrusā, from Proto-Germanic *hrusǭ (“ground; ice”), from Proto-Indo-European *krus- (“crust”). Cognate with Old High German hroso, hrosa (“ice, crust”), Latin crusta (“crust”).

siþþan ġeāra iū · goldwine mīn(n)e
hrusan heolstre biwrāh, · ond iċ hēan þonan
wōd winterċeariġ · ofer waþema ġebind,

since once, long ago, covered my goldfriend(s)
with darkness of earth, and poor I thereupon
traveled sad as winter over binding of waves,


dreor

drēor (canonical masculine)
drēor (nominative singular)
drēoras (nominative plural)
drēor (accusative singular)
drēoras (accusative plural)
drēores (genitive singular)
drēora (genitive plural)
drēore (dative singular)
drēorum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *dreuzaz, *drauziz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrews- (“to break, break off, crumble”). Cognate with Old Saxon drōr, Old High German trōr, and Old Norse and Icelandic dreyri. The historical sense is of something which ‘falls’: the Germanic base is also the source of Old English drēosan (“fall”).

der

Iċ his blōd āġēat, drēor on eorðan.

I spilled his blood, his gore on the earth.


cneo

cnēo (canonical neuter)
cnēo (nominative singular)
cnēo (nominative plural)
cnēo (accusative singular)
cnēo (accusative plural)
cneowes (genitive singular)
cneowa (genitive plural)
cneowe (dative singular)
cnēom (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *kneu, from Proto-Germanic *knewą.


leoran

lēoran (canonical)
lēoran (infinitive)
lēorenne (infinitive)
lēore (first-person present singular)
lēorde (first-person past singular)
lēorest (present second-person singular)
lēorst (present second-person singular)
lēordest (past second-person singular)
lēoreþ (present singular third-person)
lēorþ (present singular third-person)
lēorde (past singular third-person)
lēoraþ (plural present)
lēordon (past plural)
lēore (present singular)
lēorde (past singular)
lēoren (plural present)
lēorden (past plural)
lēor (imperative past present singular)
lēoraþ (imperative past plural present)
lēorende (imperative present)
lēored (imperative past)
ġelēored (imperative past)

Apparently a mixture of Proto-Germanic *leusaną (“to go”) and Proto-Germanic *leuzēną (“to leave, depart”).

inh

He to drihtne mid sibbe leorde


swa

From Proto-West Germanic *swā. See there for more.

æt menn fīftīene penningas and æt horse healf swā

15 pennies for a man, and half that for a horse


swa

Man meahte swā wīde ġesēon.

Genesis B
Þis ofet is swā swēte.

to the extent stated; to a great extent, so, very

swā hwæt swā

swā hwā swā

swā hwǣr swā

swā hwæder swā

swā hwanon swā

swā hwelċ swā

swā hwonne swā

doubled (with an interrogative pronoun) to mean 'whatever', 'whoever', etc

swā māre, swā betere

Swā þū nēar þām lēohte cymst, swā þīn sċadu māre wierþ.

The closer you get to the light, the greater your shadow becomes.

the Old English Distichs of Cato
Swā man māre spricþ, swā him lǣs manna ġelīefþ.

The more you say, the fewer people believe you.

doubled as a correlative: the..., the...

swā smēðe swā ǣġru

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Wēnaþ þā dysegan þæt ǣlċ mann sīe blind swā hīe sind, and þæt nān mann ne mæġe ġesēon þæt hīe ġesēon ne magon.

Fools think everyone is as blind as they are, and that no one can see what they cannot.


swa

desctree

Middle English: so, swo, zo (Kent)
English: so
Geordie English: se
Scots: sae
Yola: zo, zoo, sae

Iċ bēo simle swā iċ eom.

Exeter Book, Riddle 24

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, year 473

like, as, the way (often doubled as "swā swā")


dreosan

drēosan (canonical)
drēosan (infinitive)
drēosenne (infinitive)
drēose (first-person present singular)
drēas (first-person past singular)
drīest (present second-person singular)
drure (past second-person singular)
drīest (present singular third-person)
drēas (past singular third-person)
drēosaþ (plural present)
druron (past plural)
drēose (present singular)
drure (past singular)
drēosen (plural present)
druren (past plural)
drēos (imperative past present singular)
drēosaþ (imperative past plural present)
drēosende (imperative present)
droren (imperative past)
ġedroren (imperative past)

Middle English: drēsen

English: drowse (in part)

From Proto-Germanic *dreusaną. Cognate with Old Saxon driosan, Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (driusan).

mōdġe maguþeġnas. · Swā þēs middanġeard
ealra dōgra ġehwām · drēoseð ond fealleþ,

brave warriors. Thus this world
perishes and falls to each of all days,


gedreosan

ġedrēosan (canonical)
ġedrēosan (infinitive)
ġedrēosenne (infinitive)
ġedrēose (first-person present singular)
ġedrēas (first-person past singular)
ġedrīest (present second-person singular)
ġedrure (past second-person singular)
ġedrīest (present singular third-person)
ġedrēas (past singular third-person)
ġedrēosaþ (plural present)
ġedruron (past plural)
ġedrēose (present singular)
ġedrure (past singular)
ġedrēosen (plural present)
ġedruren (past plural)
ġedrēos (imperative past present singular)
ġedrēosaþ (imperative past plural present)
ġedrēosende (imperative present)
ġedroren (imperative past)

Ġemon hē seleseċġas · ond sincþege,
hū hine on ġeoguðe · his goldwine
wenede tō wiste · Wyn eal ġedrēas.

He remembers hall-men and takings of treasures,
how his goldfriend accustomed him
to feast on youth. Mirth completely perished.


dreorig

drēoriġ (canonical)
drēoriġ (masculine nominative singular)
drēoriġu (feminine nominative singular)
drēorġu (feminine nominative singular)
drēoriġo (feminine nominative singular)
drēorġo (feminine nominative singular)
drēoriġ (neuter nominative singular)
drēoriġne (accusative masculine singular)
drēoriġe (accusative feminine singular)
drēorġe (accusative feminine singular)
drēoriġ (accusative neuter singular)
drēoriġes (genitive masculine singular)
drēorġes (genitive masculine singular)
drēoriġre (feminine genitive singular)
drēoriġes (genitive neuter singular)
drēorġes (genitive neuter singular)
drēoriġum (dative masculine singular)
drēorġum (dative masculine singular)
drēoriġre (dative feminine singular)
drēoriġum (dative neuter singular)
drēorġum (dative neuter singular)
drēoriġe (instrumental masculine singular)
drēorġe (instrumental masculine singular)
drēoriġre (feminine instrumental singular)
drēoriġe (instrumental neuter singular)
drēorġe (instrumental neuter singular)
drēoriġe (masculine nominative plural)
drēorġe (masculine nominative plural)
drēoriġa (feminine nominative plural)
drēorġa (feminine nominative plural)
drēoriġe (feminine nominative plural)
drēorġe (feminine nominative plural)
drēoriġu (neuter nominative plural)
drēorġu (neuter nominative plural)
drēoriġo (neuter nominative plural)
drēorġo (neuter nominative plural)
drēoriġe (accusative masculine plural)
drēorġe (accusative masculine plural)
drēoriġa (accusative feminine plural)
drēorġa (accusative feminine plural)
drēoriġe (accusative feminine plural)
drēorġe (accusative feminine plural)
drēoriġu (accusative neuter plural)
drēorġu (accusative neuter plural)
drēoriġo (accusative neuter plural)
drēorġo (accusative neuter plural)
drēoriġra (genitive masculine plural)
drēoriġra (feminine genitive plural)
drēoriġra (genitive neuter plural)
drēoriġum (dative masculine plural)
drēorġum (dative masculine plural)
drēoriġum (dative feminine plural)
drēorġum (dative feminine plural)
drēoriġum (dative neuter plural)
drēorġum (dative neuter plural)
drēoriġum (instrumental masculine plural)
drēorġum (instrumental masculine plural)
drēoriġum (feminine instrumental plural)
drēorġum (feminine instrumental plural)
drēoriġum (instrumental neuter plural)
drēorġum (instrumental neuter plural)
drēoriġa (masculine nominative singular)
drēorġa (masculine nominative singular)
drēoriġe (feminine nominative singular)
drēorġe (feminine nominative singular)
drēoriġe (neuter nominative singular)
drēorġe (neuter nominative singular)
drēoriġan (accusative masculine singular)
drēorġan (accusative masculine singular)
drēoriġan (accusative feminine singular)
drēorġan (accusative feminine singular)
drēoriġe (accusative neuter singular)
drēorġe (accusative neuter singular)
drēoriġan (genitive masculine singular)
drēorġan (genitive masculine singular)
drēoriġan (feminine genitive singular)
drēorġan (feminine genitive singular)
drēoriġan (genitive neuter singular)
drēorġan (genitive neuter singular)
drēoriġan (dative masculine singular)
drēorġan (dative masculine singular)
drēoriġan (dative feminine singular)
drēorġan (dative feminine singular)
drēoriġan (dative neuter singular)
drēorġan (dative neuter singular)
drēoriġan (instrumental masculine singular)
drēorġan (instrumental masculine singular)
drēoriġan (feminine instrumental singular)
drēorġan (feminine instrumental singular)
drēoriġan (instrumental neuter singular)
drēorġan (instrumental neuter singular)
drēoriġan (masculine nominative plural)
drēorġan (masculine nominative plural)
drēoriġan (feminine nominative plural)
drēorġan (feminine nominative plural)
drēoriġan (neuter nominative plural)
drēorġan (neuter nominative plural)
drēoriġan (accusative masculine plural)
drēorġan (accusative masculine plural)
drēoriġan (accusative feminine plural)
drēorġan (accusative feminine plural)
drēoriġan (accusative neuter plural)
drēorġan (accusative neuter plural)
drēoriġra (genitive masculine plural)
drēoriġena (genitive masculine plural)
drēorġena (genitive masculine plural)
drēoriġra (feminine genitive plural)
drēoriġena (feminine genitive plural)
drēorġena (feminine genitive plural)
drēoriġra (genitive neuter plural)
drēoriġena (genitive neuter plural)
drēorġena (genitive neuter plural)
drēoriġum (dative masculine plural)
drēorġum (dative masculine plural)
drēoriġum (dative feminine plural)
drēorġum (dative feminine plural)
drēoriġum (dative neuter plural)
drēorġum (dative neuter plural)
drēoriġum (instrumental masculine plural)
drēorġum (instrumental masculine plural)
drēoriġum (feminine instrumental plural)
drēorġum (feminine instrumental plural)
drēoriġum (instrumental neuter plural)
drēorġum (instrumental neuter plural)

desc

Middle English: dreorig, drerig, drerg, dreri, druri, drury

Scots: drear

English: dreary

From Proto-Germanic *dreuzagaz. Cognate with Old Saxon drōrag, Old High German trūrag, Old Norse dreyrugr. Equivalent to drēor + -iġ.

Dēaþ biþ simle drēoriġ, for þon þe ealle menn sind ġelufode, oþþe hūru lufe wierðe.

Death is always sad, because all people are loved, or at least deserve love.

c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
Hwȳ eart þū swā drēoriġ?


hryre

hryre (nominative singular)
hryras (nominative plural)
hryre (accusative singular)
hryras (accusative plural)
hryres (genitive singular)
hryra (genitive plural)
hryre (dative singular)
hryrum (dative plural)

Middle English: rure

From Proto-Germanic *hruzjaz (“a fall, collision”), from Proto-Indo-European *krow- (“to fall, beat, break”). Related to Old English hrēosan (“to fall, plunge, rush, topple”). More at hurt.

cog

Hægles hryre

Hryre wong gecrong

the place has fallen to ruin. (The Ruin)


cearu

/ˈt͡ʃæ͜ɑ.ru/


weall

weall (nominative singular)
weallas (nominative plural)
weall (accusative singular)
weallas (accusative plural)
wealles (genitive singular)
wealla (genitive plural)
wealle (dative singular)
weallum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: wal, wale, walle, waule
English: wall
Scots: wa, waa, waw
Yola: wul, vall
→ Middle Irish: *balla
Irish: balla
Manx: boalley
Scottish Gaelic: balla

→ Welsh: gwal, wal

swā nū missenlīċe · ġeond þisne middanġeard
winde biwāune · weallas stondaþ,
hrīme bihrorene, · hrȳðġe þā ederas.

as now walls are standing differently
over this world, blown by wind,
covered by frost, the slow-swept dwellings.


weall

wealla (nominative plural)
weall (nominative singular)
wealla (nominative plural)
wealle (nominative plural)
wealle (accusative singular)
wealla (accusative plural)
wealle (accusative plural)
wealle (genitive singular)
wealla (genitive plural)
wealle (dative singular)
weallum (dative plural)


weall

weall (nominative singular)
weall (nominative plural)
weall (accusative singular)
weall (accusative plural)
wealles (genitive singular)
wealla (genitive plural)
wealle (dative singular)
weallum (dative plural)


wendan

wendan (infinitive)
wendenne (infinitive)
wende (first-person present singular)
wende (first-person past singular)
wendest (present second-person singular)
wenst (present second-person singular)
wentst (present second-person singular)
wendest (past second-person singular)
wendeþ (present singular third-person)
went (present singular third-person)
wende (past singular third-person)
wendaþ (plural present)
wendon (past plural)
wende (present singular)
wende (past singular)
wenden (plural present)
wenden (past plural)
wend (imperative past present singular)
wendaþ (imperative past plural present)
wendende (imperative present)
wended (imperative past)
ġewended (imperative past)

Middle English: wenden

English: wend

From Proto-West Germanic *wandijan, from Proto-Germanic *wandijaną, originally ‘to make something twist or wind’, a causative form of *windaną (“to twist”) (whence windan).
Cognate with Old Frisian wenda, Old Saxon wendian, Old Dutch wenden, Old High German wenten, Old Norse venda, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wandjan).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "THE PASSION OF THE APOSTLES PETER AND PAUL"
Ic bidde eow, wendað min heafod adune, and astreccað mine fet wið heofonas weard: ne eom ic wyrðe þæt ic swa hangige swa min Drihten.

I beseech you, turn my head down, and stretch my feet towards heaven: I am not worthy to hang as my Lord.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Hīe wendon heora bæc tō him.

They turned their backs [literally “back”] to him.

c. 994, Ælfric, On the Seasons of the Year
Simle went sē mōna his hryċġ tō þǣre sunnan, þæt is sē sinewealta ende þe þǣr onlīehted biþ.

The moon always turns its back to the sun, i.e. the round side that is illuminated.

c. 992, Ælfric, “The First Sunday in Lent”
Þā Crist hyngrede æfter swā langum firste, þā wēnde sē dēofol þæt hē Crist nǣre, and cwæþ tō him, “Hwȳ hyngreþ þē? Ġif þū Godes sunu sīe, wend þās stānas tō hlāfum and et!”

After Jesus had been starving for such a long time, the Devil thought he wasn't the messiah, and said to him, “Why are you hungry? If you're God's son, turn these rocks into bread and eat them!”

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
For þām hit nis nā unnytt þæt wē hopiġen tō Gode, for þām hē ne went nā swā swǣ wē dōþ.

It's not useless for us to put our hope in God, because he doesn't change like we do.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Ælfrēd cyning wende þās bōc of Bōclǣdene on Englisċ.

King Alfred translated this book from Latin to English.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Þā iċ þā ġemunde hū sēo lār Lǣdenġeþēodes ǣr þissum āfeallen wæs ġeond Angelcynn, and þēah maniġe cūðon Englisċ ġewrit ārǣdan, þā ongann iċ þā bōc wendan on Englisċ þe is ġenemnedu on Lǣden Pāstorālis and on Englisċ Hierdebōc, hwīlum word be worde, hwīlum andġiet of andġiete.

When I remembered how the teaching of Latin had declined throughout England, but many people could still read English writing, I began to translate the book into English that is known as Pastoralis in Latin and “Shepherd Book” in English, sometimes word for word, sometimes sense for sense.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Þā iċ þisses ealles ġemunde, þā wundrode iċ swīðe swīðe þāra gōdena witena þe ġeō wǣron ġeond Angelcynn and þā bēċ ealle be fullan ġeleornode hæfdon, þæt hīe heora þā nānne dǣl noldon on heora āgen ġeþēode wendan. Ac iċ þā sōna eft mē selfum andwyrde and cwæþ: hīe ne wēndon þætte ǣfre menn sċolden swā rēċelēase weorðan and sēo lār swā oþfeallan.

When I remembered all this, I was utterly amazed at the good and wise people who used to live throughout England, who had studied all the books thoroughly and didn't want to translate any part of them into their own language. But then I answered myself and said: they didn't think people would ever become so careless or that learning would decay the way it has.


wadan

wadan (infinitive)
wadenne (infinitive)
wade (first-person present singular)
wōd (first-person past singular)
wætst (present second-person singular)
wōde (past second-person singular)
wætt (present singular third-person)
wæt (present singular third-person)
wōd (past singular third-person)
wadaþ (plural present)
wōdon (past plural)
wade (present singular)
wōde (past singular)
waden (plural present)
wōden (past plural)
wad (imperative past present singular)
wadaþ (imperative past plural present)
wadende (imperative present)
wæden (imperative past)
ġewæden (imperative past)
waden (imperative past)
ġewaden (imperative past)

Middle English: waden

Scots: wad, wade

English: wade

From Proto-Germanic *wadaną, from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂dʰ-. Cognate with Old Frisian wada, Middle Dutch waden (Dutch waden), Old High German watan (German waten), Old Norse vaða (Icelandic vaða, Swedish vada). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin vādō (“I go”), vadum (“a ford”).

early 11th century, author unknown, Battle of Maldon, lines 130 and 131
Wōd þā wīges heard, wǣpen ūp āhōf, bord tō gebeorge, and wið þæs beornes stōp.
Then (each warrior, from "hyssa gehwylc") bitter for battle advanced, when (each) raised up (his) weapon, (each one's) shield as protection, and advanced opposite/against (each Viking) warrior.


uhta

ūhta (canonical masculine)
ūhta (nominative singular)
ūhtan (nominative plural)
ūhtan (accusative singular)
ūhtan (accusative plural)
ūhtan (genitive singular)
ūhtena (genitive plural)
ūhtan (dative singular)
ūhtum (dative plural)

Middle English: uhtenn, ūghten (from the form ūhtan)

From Proto-Germanic *unhtwǭ. Cognate with Old Saxon ūhta, Old High German ūhta, regional German Uchte (“midnight mass”), Old Norse ótta, Norwegian Bokmål otte, and as the enhanced form Dutch ochtend (“morning”).

Oft iċ sceolde āna · ūhtna ġehwylċe
mīne ċeare cwīþan. · Nis nū cwicra nān…

Oft I had to bemoan my sorrow alone at every dawn. There is no one alive…


cearig

ċeariġ (canonical)
ċeariġ (masculine nominative singular)
ċeariġ (feminine nominative singular)
ċeariġ (neuter nominative singular)
ċeariġne (accusative masculine singular)
ċeariġe (accusative feminine singular)
ċeariġ (accusative neuter singular)
ċeariġes (genitive masculine singular)
ċeariġre (feminine genitive singular)
ċeariġes (genitive neuter singular)
ċeariġum (dative masculine singular)
ċeariġre (dative feminine singular)
ċeariġum (dative neuter singular)
ċeariġe (instrumental masculine singular)
ċeariġre (feminine instrumental singular)
ċeariġe (instrumental neuter singular)
ċeariġe (masculine nominative plural)
ċeariġa (feminine nominative plural)
ċeariġe (feminine nominative plural)
ċeariġ (neuter nominative plural)
ċeariġe (accusative masculine plural)
ċeariġa (accusative feminine plural)
ċeariġe (accusative feminine plural)
ċeariġ (accusative neuter plural)
ċeariġra (genitive masculine plural)
ċeariġra (feminine genitive plural)
ċeariġra (genitive neuter plural)
ċeariġum (dative masculine plural)
ċeariġum (dative feminine plural)
ċeariġum (dative neuter plural)
ċeariġum (instrumental masculine plural)
ċeariġum (feminine instrumental plural)
ċeariġum (instrumental neuter plural)
ċeariġa (masculine nominative singular)
ċeariġe (feminine nominative singular)
ċeariġe (neuter nominative singular)
ċeariġan (accusative masculine singular)
ċeariġan (accusative feminine singular)
ċeariġe (accusative neuter singular)
ċeariġan (genitive masculine singular)
ċeariġan (feminine genitive singular)
ċeariġan (genitive neuter singular)
ċeariġan (dative masculine singular)
ċeariġan (dative feminine singular)
ċeariġan (dative neuter singular)
ċeariġan (instrumental masculine singular)
ċeariġan (feminine instrumental singular)
ċeariġan (instrumental neuter singular)
ċeariġan (masculine nominative plural)
ċeariġan (feminine nominative plural)
ċeariġan (neuter nominative plural)
ċeariġan (accusative masculine plural)
ċeariġan (accusative feminine plural)
ċeariġan (accusative neuter plural)
ċeariġra (genitive masculine plural)
ċeariġena (genitive masculine plural)
ċeariġra (feminine genitive plural)
ċeariġena (feminine genitive plural)
ċeariġra (genitive neuter plural)
ċeariġena (genitive neuter plural)
ċeariġum (dative masculine plural)
ċeariġum (dative feminine plural)
ċeariġum (dative neuter plural)
ċeariġum (instrumental masculine plural)
ċeariġum (feminine instrumental plural)
ċeariġum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: chariȝ, charry

English: chary


cwic

cwic (masculine nominative singular)
cwicu (feminine nominative singular)
cwico (feminine nominative singular)
cwic (neuter nominative singular)
cwicne (accusative masculine singular)
cwice (accusative feminine singular)
cwic (accusative neuter singular)
cwices (genitive masculine singular)
cwicre (feminine genitive singular)
cwices (genitive neuter singular)
cwicum (dative masculine singular)
cwicre (dative feminine singular)
cwicum (dative neuter singular)
cwice (instrumental masculine singular)
cwicre (feminine instrumental singular)
cwice (instrumental neuter singular)
cwice (masculine nominative plural)
cwica (feminine nominative plural)
cwice (feminine nominative plural)
cwicu (neuter nominative plural)
cwico (neuter nominative plural)
cwice (accusative masculine plural)
cwica (accusative feminine plural)
cwice (accusative feminine plural)
cwicu (accusative neuter plural)
cwico (accusative neuter plural)
cwicra (genitive masculine plural)
cwicra (feminine genitive plural)
cwicra (genitive neuter plural)
cwicum (dative masculine plural)
cwicum (dative feminine plural)
cwicum (dative neuter plural)
cwicum (instrumental masculine plural)
cwicum (feminine instrumental plural)
cwicum (instrumental neuter plural)
cwica (masculine nominative singular)
cwice (feminine nominative singular)
cwice (neuter nominative singular)
cwican (accusative masculine singular)
cwican (accusative feminine singular)
cwice (accusative neuter singular)
cwican (genitive masculine singular)
cwican (feminine genitive singular)
cwican (genitive neuter singular)
cwican (dative masculine singular)
cwican (dative feminine singular)
cwican (dative neuter singular)
cwican (instrumental masculine singular)
cwican (feminine instrumental singular)
cwican (instrumental neuter singular)
cwican (masculine nominative plural)
cwican (feminine nominative plural)
cwican (neuter nominative plural)
cwican (accusative masculine plural)
cwican (accusative feminine plural)
cwican (accusative neuter plural)
cwicra (genitive masculine plural)
cwicena (genitive masculine plural)
cwicra (feminine genitive plural)
cwicena (feminine genitive plural)
cwicra (genitive neuter plural)
cwicena (genitive neuter plural)
cwicum (dative masculine plural)
cwicum (dative feminine plural)
cwicum (dative neuter plural)
cwicum (instrumental masculine plural)
cwicum (feminine instrumental plural)
cwicum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: quyk, quic, quicke, quik, quike, quikke, quycke, quyke, quykke, qwicke, qwik, qwyck, qwyk, qwyke, cwic, cwich, cwick, cwuc (Early Middle English), qwhyke, weke, whik, whike, whikk, whyk, whyke, whykke (Northern)
English: quick (dialectal wick)
→ Ido: quik
Scots: quick, queek

From Proto-West Germanic *kwiku, from Proto-Germanic *kwikwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós (“alive”).

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript E, year 1009

He wanted to take Wulnoth dead or alive (literally "alive or dead").

Hē wolde Wulnoþ ġelæċċan cwicne oþþe dēadne.


dælan

dǣlan (canonical)
dǣlan (infinitive)
dǣlenne (infinitive)
dǣle (first-person present singular)
dǣlde (first-person past singular)
dǣlest (present second-person singular)
dǣlst (present second-person singular)
dǣldest (past second-person singular)
dǣleþ (present singular third-person)
dǣlþ (present singular third-person)
dǣlde (past singular third-person)
dǣlaþ (plural present)
dǣldon (past plural)
dǣle (present singular)
dǣlde (past singular)
dǣlen (plural present)
dǣlden (past plural)
dǣl (imperative past present singular)
dǣlaþ (imperative past plural present)
dǣlende (imperative present)
dǣled (imperative past)
ġedǣled (imperative past)

Middle English: delen

English: deal

From Proto-Germanic *dailijaną. Cognate with Old Frisian dēla, Old Saxon dēlian, Old High German teilen, Old Norse deila, Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (dailjan). The Indo-European root is also the source of Proto-Balto-Slavic *daili- (Lithuanian dailiti (“divide”)), Proto-Slavic *děliti (Old Church Slavonic дѣлити (děliti, “divide”), Russian дели́ть (delítʹ)).

cog

late 10th century, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Sē rīċa and sē þearfa sind weġfērende on þisse weorolde. Sē rīċa birþ māre þonne hē behōfiġe tō his formetum, sē ōðer birþ ǣmtiġne pusan. For þȳ sċeal sē rīċa dǣlan his byrðenne wiþ þone þearfan: þonne wanaþ hē þā byrðenne his synna, and þām þearfan ġehilpþ.

The rich and the poor are both wayfarers in this world. The rich carry more than they need for the journey, while the poor hold an empty sack. That's why the rich should share their burden with the poor. That way they can lighten the burden of their sins, and help the poor.


carian

carian (infinitive)
carienne (infinitive)
cariġe (first-person present singular)
carode (first-person past singular)
carast (present second-person singular)
carodest (past second-person singular)
caraþ (present singular third-person)
carode (past singular third-person)
cariaþ (plural present)
carodon (past plural)
cariġe (present singular)
carode (past singular)
cariġen (plural present)
caroden (past plural)
cara (imperative past present singular)
cariaþ (imperative past plural present)
cariende (imperative present)
carod (imperative past)
ġecarod (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: caren, carien
English: care
Scots: care, cair
Yola: caars (sg.3)

From Proto-West Germanic *karōn, from Proto-Germanic *karōną.

(intransitive) to care, to feel concern, affection or interest


milts

milts (nominative singular)
miltsa (nominative plural)
miltse (nominative plural)
miltse (accusative singular)
miltsa (accusative plural)
miltse (accusative plural)
miltse (genitive singular)
miltsa (genitive plural)
miltse (dative singular)
miltsum (dative plural)

Middle English: milce, milse

From miltsian. Alternatively, from Proto-West Germanic *mildissju, equivalent to milde + -s.

We gesne ne syn Godes þeodscipes, metodes miltsa

we are not lacking God's laws, the Maker's mercies. (Junius Exodus)

mercy, grace, kindness, favour, mildness


geap

ġēap (canonical)
ġeappre (comparative)
ġēap (masculine nominative singular)
ġēap (feminine nominative singular)
ġēap (neuter nominative singular)
ġēapne (accusative masculine singular)
ġēape (accusative feminine singular)
ġēap (accusative neuter singular)
ġēapes (genitive masculine singular)
ġēapre (feminine genitive singular)
ġēapes (genitive neuter singular)
ġēapum (dative masculine singular)
ġēapre (dative feminine singular)
ġēapum (dative neuter singular)
ġēape (instrumental masculine singular)
ġēapre (feminine instrumental singular)
ġēape (instrumental neuter singular)
ġēape (masculine nominative plural)
ġēapa (feminine nominative plural)
ġēape (feminine nominative plural)
ġēap (neuter nominative plural)
ġēape (accusative masculine plural)
ġēapa (accusative feminine plural)
ġēape (accusative feminine plural)
ġēap (accusative neuter plural)
ġēapra (genitive masculine plural)
ġēapra (feminine genitive plural)
ġēapra (genitive neuter plural)
ġēapum (dative masculine plural)
ġēapum (dative feminine plural)
ġēapum (dative neuter plural)
ġēapum (instrumental masculine plural)
ġēapum (feminine instrumental plural)
ġēapum (instrumental neuter plural)
ġēapa (masculine nominative singular)
ġēape (feminine nominative singular)
ġēape (neuter nominative singular)
ġēapan (accusative masculine singular)
ġēapan (accusative feminine singular)
ġēape (accusative neuter singular)
ġēapan (genitive masculine singular)
ġēapan (feminine genitive singular)
ġēapan (genitive neuter singular)
ġēapan (dative masculine singular)
ġēapan (dative feminine singular)
ġēapan (dative neuter singular)
ġēapan (instrumental masculine singular)
ġēapan (feminine instrumental singular)
ġēapan (instrumental neuter singular)
ġēapan (masculine nominative plural)
ġēapan (feminine nominative plural)
ġēapan (neuter nominative plural)
ġēapan (accusative masculine plural)
ġēapan (accusative feminine plural)
ġēapan (accusative neuter plural)
ġēapra (genitive masculine plural)
ġēapena (genitive masculine plural)
ġēapra (feminine genitive plural)
ġēapena (feminine genitive plural)
ġēapra (genitive neuter plural)
ġēapena (genitive neuter plural)
ġēapum (dative masculine plural)
ġēapum (dative feminine plural)
ġēapum (dative neuter plural)
ġēapum (instrumental masculine plural)
ġēapum (feminine instrumental plural)
ġēapum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-Germanic *gaupaz, *gaupnō- (“hollow (of the hand)”), probably related to *geupan- (“to be hollow”), from Pre-Germanic *geuppan-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeub(ʰ)- (“to bend, move”) (Lithuanian gaubti (“to vault, cover”), Albanian gaboj).

der

Geap stæf.

Sēo næddre wæs ġēappre ðonne ealle ðā ōðre nȳtenu.

The serpent was more devious than all the other creatures.


geap

ġēap (canonical)
ġēap (masculine nominative singular)
ġēap (feminine nominative singular)
ġēap (neuter nominative singular)
ġēapne (accusative masculine singular)
ġēape (accusative feminine singular)
ġēap (accusative neuter singular)
ġēapes (genitive masculine singular)
ġēapre (feminine genitive singular)
ġēapes (genitive neuter singular)
ġēapum (dative masculine singular)
ġēapre (dative feminine singular)
ġēapum (dative neuter singular)
ġēape (instrumental masculine singular)
ġēapre (feminine instrumental singular)
ġēape (instrumental neuter singular)
ġēape (masculine nominative plural)
ġēapa (feminine nominative plural)
ġēape (feminine nominative plural)
ġēap (neuter nominative plural)
ġēape (accusative masculine plural)
ġēapa (accusative feminine plural)
ġēape (accusative feminine plural)
ġēap (accusative neuter plural)
ġēapra (genitive masculine plural)
ġēapra (feminine genitive plural)
ġēapra (genitive neuter plural)
ġēapum (dative masculine plural)
ġēapum (dative feminine plural)
ġēapum (dative neuter plural)
ġēapum (instrumental masculine plural)
ġēapum (feminine instrumental plural)
ġēapum (instrumental neuter plural)
ġēapa (masculine nominative singular)
ġēape (feminine nominative singular)
ġēape (neuter nominative singular)
ġēapan (accusative masculine singular)
ġēapan (accusative feminine singular)
ġēape (accusative neuter singular)
ġēapan (genitive masculine singular)
ġēapan (feminine genitive singular)
ġēapan (genitive neuter singular)
ġēapan (dative masculine singular)
ġēapan (dative feminine singular)
ġēapan (dative neuter singular)
ġēapan (instrumental masculine singular)
ġēapan (feminine instrumental singular)
ġēapan (instrumental neuter singular)
ġēapan (masculine nominative plural)
ġēapan (feminine nominative plural)
ġēapan (neuter nominative plural)
ġēapan (accusative masculine plural)
ġēapan (accusative feminine plural)
ġēapan (accusative neuter plural)
ġēapra (genitive masculine plural)
ġēapena (genitive masculine plural)
ġēapra (feminine genitive plural)
ġēapena (feminine genitive plural)
ġēapra (genitive neuter plural)
ġēapena (genitive neuter plural)
ġēapum (dative masculine plural)
ġēapum (dative feminine plural)
ġēapum (dative neuter plural)
ġēapum (instrumental masculine plural)
ġēapum (feminine instrumental plural)
ġēapum (instrumental neuter plural)

Probably related to sense 1. Compare Old Norse gaupn (“cupped hands”), geypna (“to encompass”).

Ġim sċeal on hringe standan, stēap and gēap
A gem shall stand out on a ring, high and broad.
(Maxims II)


geap

ġēap (canonical feminine)
ġēapa (nominative plural)
ġēap (nominative singular)
ġēapa (nominative plural)
ġēape (nominative plural)
ġēape (accusative singular)
ġēapa (accusative plural)
ġēape (accusative plural)
ġēape (genitive singular)
ġēapa (genitive plural)
ġēape (dative singular)
ġēapum (dative plural)


dæl

dǣl (canonical masculine)
dǣl (nominative singular)
dǣlas (nominative plural)
dǣl (accusative singular)
dǣlas (accusative plural)
dǣles (genitive singular)
dǣla (genitive plural)
dǣle (dative singular)
dǣlum (dative plural)

Middle English: del, dele

English: deal

Scots: dele

forþon ne mæġ wearþan wīs · wer, ǣr hē āge
wintra dǣl in woruldrīċe. · Wita sċeal ġeþyldiġ.

thus a man cannot become wise, before he would own
a part of years in world-kingdom. A wise man must be patient.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of the Blessed Stephen Protomartyr"
Mine gebroðra, uton geefenlæcan be sumum dǣle swa miccles lareowes geleafan, and swa mæres cyðeres lufe.

My brethren, let us in some degree imitate so great a teacher's faith, and so great a martyr's love.


dæl

dæl (nominative singular)
dalu (nominative plural)
dæl (accusative singular)
dalu (accusative plural)
dæles (genitive singular)
dala (genitive plural)
dæle (dative singular)
dalum (dative plural)

Middle English: dale

Scots: dale, daal

English: dale


gefera

ġefēra (canonical masculine)
ġefēra (nominative singular)
ġefēran (nominative plural)
ġefēran (accusative singular)
ġefēran (accusative plural)
ġefēran (genitive singular)
ġefērena (genitive plural)
ġefēran (dative singular)
ġefērum (dative plural)

Middle English: fere

English: fere

Equivalent to ġe- + fēra, literally “fellow traveler," related to the verb faran (“to go, travel”). Compare German Gefährte, of similar form and meaning.

oþþe mec frēondlēasne · frēfran wolde,
wēman mid wynnum. · Wāt sē þe cunnað,
hū slīþen bið · sorg tō ġefēran,
þām þe him lȳt hafað · lēofra ġeholena.

or friendless me would soothe,
allure with glees. Knows the one who undergoes,
how tough is sorrow as a companion,
to whom little has dear confidants for himself.


feran

fēran (canonical)
fēran (infinitive)
fērenne (infinitive)
fēre (first-person present singular)
fērde (first-person past singular)
fērest (present second-person singular)
fērst (present second-person singular)
fērdest (past second-person singular)
fēreþ (present singular third-person)
fērþ (present singular third-person)
fērde (past singular third-person)
fēraþ (plural present)
fērdon (past plural)
fēre (present singular)
fērde (past singular)
fēren (plural present)
fērden (past plural)
fēr (imperative past present singular)
fēraþ (imperative past plural present)
fērende (imperative present)
fēred (imperative past)
ġefēred (imperative past)

desctree

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">faran</i>

Middle English: faren, fare, faryn, feren, ffare, varen, faran, farenn, fearen (Early Middle English) (conflated with faran)
English: fare
Scots: fare

From Proto-Germanic *fōrijaną (whence German führen), originally the causative of faran (“to travel, go”), from fōr (“going, course, journey”) (compare fōr, 1st & 3rd singular preterite of faran).

Ic fere geond foldan

He on morne feran wolde


faran

faran (infinitive)
farenne (infinitive)
fare (first-person present singular)
fōr (first-person past singular)
færest (present second-person singular)
færst (present second-person singular)
fōre (past second-person singular)
færeþ (present singular third-person)
færþ (present singular third-person)
fōr (past singular third-person)
faraþ (plural present)
fōron (past plural)
fare (present singular)
fōre (past singular)
faren (plural present)
fōren (past plural)
far (imperative past present singular)
faraþ (imperative past plural present)
farende (imperative present)
færen (imperative past)
ġefæren (imperative past)
faren (imperative past)
ġefaren (imperative past)

Middle English: faren, fare, faryn, feren, ffare, varen, faran, farenn, fearen (Early Middle English)
English: fare
Scots: fare

From Proto-West Germanic *faran, from Proto-Germanic *faraną.
Cognate with Old Frisian fara, Old Saxon faran, Old Dutch faran, Old High German faran, Old Norse fara, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (faran).

Iċ fare tō helle gatum.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, "Gospel of Saint John", chapter 13, verse 33

O children, now yet I am little time with you. You seek me; and as I told the Jews, You cannot go to there which I go; and now I tell you.

Lā bearn, nū gȳt ic eom ġehwǣde tīd mid ēow. Ġē mē sēceað; and swā ic þām Iudeon sǣde, Ġē ne magon faran þyder þe ic fare; and nū ic ēow secge.

Blickling Homilies, "St. Andrew"
Wē bēoþ mid þē swā hwæder swā þū færest.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Wē sind eall cuman on þissum līfe, and ūre eard nis nā hēr, ac wē sind hēr swelċe weġfērende menn. Ān cymþ, ōðer færeþ. Sē biþ ācenned, sē ōðer forþfæreþ and rȳmþ him setl.

We are all guests in this life, and our home is not here, but we're here as wayfaring people. One person comes, another goes. One is born, another dies and makes them room.

late 9th century, The Voyage of Ohthere and Wulfstan
Þā fōr hē swā feorr swā hē meahte on þām ōðrum þrim dagum ġesiġlan.

Then he traveled as far as he could sail in the next three days.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Antonius hæfde þrītiġ sċipa on þām wǣron farenda hundeahtatiġ ēoreda.

Antonius had 30 ships carrying 80 legions [literally "on which were traveling 80 legions"].

to go (used of long distances), to travel

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Hui, hū færest þū?
Hey, how's it going?

c. 1005, Ælfric's Letter to Sigeweard
Hū mæġ sē mann wel faran þe his mōd āwent fram eallum þissum bōcum, and biþ him swā ānwille þæt him lēofre biþ þæt hē libbe ǣfre be his āgnum dihte āsċīred fram þissum, swelċe hē ne cunne Cristes ġesetnessa?
How can someone do well if they turn their mind from all these books [stuff that Ælfric wrote], if they're so stubborn that they would rather live their life always making their own separate judgments, as if they don't know the laws of Christ?


willan

willan (infinitive)
willenne (infinitive)
wille (first-person present singular)
wolde (first-person past singular)
wilt (present second-person singular)
woldest (past second-person singular)
wile (present singular third-person)
wolde (past singular third-person)
willaþ (plural present)
woldon (past plural)
wille (present singular)
wolde (past singular)
willen (plural present)
wolden (past plural)
willende (imperative present)

Middle English: willen, wil, wille, wilen, welin, wole, wolle, willian, wullen (early southwest Midlands)
English: will
Scots: will, wil
Yola: woul, wull, weel, will, ill, well

From Proto-West Germanic *willjan, from Proto-Germanic *wiljaną.

Hwæt wilt þū mā æt mē?

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Iċ wille þæt þū rǣde.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 10:51

10th century, the Blickling Homilies, "The Story of Peter and Paul"
Hwæder wilt þū gangan?

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
...he wolde gan ut of ðam porte...

Iċ wolde þæt dōn!

Ne breġd þū nǣfre þīn sweord būtan þū his notian wille.

Never draw your sword unless you intend to use it.

c. 992, Ælfric, "St. Oswald, King and Martyr"
Hē wolde oftost æfter ūhtsange hine ġebiddan.
He would most often pray after matins.

Hwæt lā wilt þū dōn, mē stingan?

Hū oft wolde iċ heonan onweġ?

How many times have I wanted to get away from here?

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 32:17

to want or intend to go (to or from somewhere)

Hū wolde þē līcian ġif ic wisse ealle þīne dēagolnesse?

How would you like it if I knew all your secrets?

used in the subjunctive past to express hypotheticals, where Modern English would use "would"


hrim

hrīm (canonical masculine)
hrīm (nominative singular)
hrīmas (nominative plural)
hrīm (accusative singular)
hrīmas (accusative plural)
hrīmes (genitive singular)
hrīma (genitive plural)
hrīme (dative singular)
hrīmum (dative plural)

English: rime

From Proto-Germanic *hrīmaz. Cognate with Middle Dutch rijm, Old Norse hrím.

baþian brimfuglas, · brǣdan feþra,
hrēosan hrīm ond snāw, · hagle ġemenġed.

bathe of sea-birds, spread of feathers,
fall of frost and snow, mingled with hail.


lyt

lyttucc

lȳthwōn

oþþe mec frēondlēasne · frēfran wolde,
wēman mid wynnum. · Wāt sē þe cunnað,
hū slīþen bið · sorg tō ġefēran,
þām þe him lȳt hafað · lēofra ġeholena.

lȳtle


lyt

Ðæra is nu to lyt ðe wile wel tæcan

There are now too few that can teach well.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Preface"
Ure Drihten bebead his discipulum þæt hí sceoldon læran and tæcan eallum þeodum ða ðing þe he sylf him tæhte; ac þæra is nu to lyt ðe wile wel tæcan and wel bysnian.

Our Lord commanded his disciples that they should instruct and teach all people the things which he had himself taught to them; but of those there are too few who will well teach and well exemplify.

little, few, a few (substantive use of the adverb)


wundian

wundian (infinitive)
wundienne (infinitive)
wundiġe (first-person present singular)
wundode (first-person past singular)
wundast (present second-person singular)
wundodest (past second-person singular)
wundaþ (present singular third-person)
wundode (past singular third-person)
wundiaþ (plural present)
wundodon (past plural)
wundiġe (present singular)
wundode (past singular)
wundiġen (plural present)
wundoden (past plural)
wunda (imperative past present singular)
wundiaþ (imperative past plural present)
wundiende (imperative present)
wundod (imperative past)
ġewundod (imperative past)

English: wound

From Proto-Germanic *wundōną (“to wound”). Cognates with Old Saxon wundon, Dutch verwonden.


hebban

hebban (infinitive)
hebbenne (infinitive)
hebbe (first-person present singular)
hōf (first-person past singular)
hefest (present second-person singular)
hōfe (past second-person singular)
hefeþ (present singular third-person)
hōf (past singular third-person)
hebbaþ (plural present)
hōfon (past plural)
hebbe (present singular)
hōfe (past singular)
hebben (plural present)
hōfen (past plural)
hefe (imperative past present singular)
hebbaþ (imperative past plural present)
hebbende (imperative present)
hæfen (imperative past)
ġehæfen (imperative past)
hafen (imperative past)
ġehafen (imperative past)
hefen (imperative past)
ġehefen (imperative past)

Middle English: heven, heiven, heoven, hefen, hewen, hebben
English: heave (see there for further descendants)
Scots: heave, heve, hewe
Yola: heve, hev

From Proto-West Germanic *habbjan, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to lift”).


mengan

menġan (canonical)
menġan (infinitive)
menġenne (infinitive)
menġe (first-person present singular)
mengde (first-person past singular)
menġest (present second-person singular)
mengst (present second-person singular)
mengdest (past second-person singular)
menġeþ (present singular third-person)
mengþ (present singular third-person)
mengde (past singular third-person)
menġaþ (plural present)
mengdon (past plural)
menġe (present singular)
mengde (past singular)
menġen (plural present)
mengden (past plural)
menġ (imperative past present singular)
menġaþ (imperative past plural present)
menġende (imperative present)
menġed (imperative past)
ġemenġed (imperative past)

Middle English: mengen

English: meng, ming

Scots: meng, ming

⇒ Middle English: *mengelen

English: mingle

From Proto-West Germanic *mangijan. Cognate with Old Frisian mendza, Old Dutch *mengen (Dutch mengen), Old Saxon mengian, Old High German mengen.


nasu

nasu (nominative singular)
nasa (nominative plural)
nase (nominative plural)
nase (accusative singular)
nasa (accusative plural)
nase (accusative plural)
nase (genitive singular)
nasa (genitive plural)
nase (dative singular)
nasum (dative plural)

Middle English: nase, nasse, nease

From Proto-West Germanic *nasu, from Proto-Germanic *nasō.


freogan

frēogan (canonical)
frēoġan (canonical)
frēoġan (infinitive)
frēoġenne (infinitive)
frēoġe (first-person present singular)
frēode (first-person past singular)
frēost (present second-person singular)
frēodest (past second-person singular)
frēoþ (present singular third-person)
frēode (past singular third-person)
frēoġaþ (plural present)
frēodon (past plural)
frēoġe (present singular)
frēode (past singular)
frēoġen (plural present)
frēoden (past plural)
frēo (imperative past present singular)
frēoġaþ (imperative past plural present)
frēoġende (imperative present)
frēod (imperative past)
ġefrēod (imperative past)

Middle English: freen

English: free

Scots: fre, frey, free

From Proto-West Germanic *frijōn and *frijigōn, from Proto-Germanic *frijōną, from Proto-Indo-European *preyH-.

Deuteronomy:

Freo hine on ðam seofoðan geare.

Beowulf:

Ic ðec for sunu wylle freogan.


hefig

ang-adj

hefiġ (comparative hefiġra, superlative hefiġost or hefiġust or hefiġast)

hefiġ (canonical)
hefiġra (comparative)
hefiġost (superlative)
hefiġust (superlative)
hefiġast (superlative)
hefiġ (masculine nominative singular)
hefiġ (feminine nominative singular)
hefiġ (neuter nominative singular)
hefiġne (accusative masculine singular)
hefiġe (accusative feminine singular)
hefiġ (accusative neuter singular)
hefiġes (genitive masculine singular)
hefiġre (feminine genitive singular)
hefiġes (genitive neuter singular)
hefiġum (dative masculine singular)
hefiġre (dative feminine singular)
hefiġum (dative neuter singular)
hefiġe (instrumental masculine singular)
hefiġre (feminine instrumental singular)
hefiġe (instrumental neuter singular)
hefiġe (masculine nominative plural)
hefiġa (feminine nominative plural)
hefiġe (feminine nominative plural)
hefiġ (neuter nominative plural)
hefiġe (accusative masculine plural)
hefiġa (accusative feminine plural)
hefiġe (accusative feminine plural)
hefiġ (accusative neuter plural)
hefiġra (genitive masculine plural)
hefiġra (feminine genitive plural)
hefiġra (genitive neuter plural)
hefiġum (dative masculine plural)
hefiġum (dative feminine plural)
hefiġum (dative neuter plural)
hefiġum (instrumental masculine plural)
hefiġum (feminine instrumental plural)
hefiġum (instrumental neuter plural)
hefiġa (masculine nominative singular)
hefiġe (feminine nominative singular)
hefiġe (neuter nominative singular)
hefiġan (accusative masculine singular)
hefiġan (accusative feminine singular)
hefiġe (accusative neuter singular)
hefiġan (genitive masculine singular)
hefiġan (feminine genitive singular)
hefiġan (genitive neuter singular)
hefiġan (dative masculine singular)
hefiġan (dative feminine singular)
hefiġan (dative neuter singular)
hefiġan (instrumental masculine singular)
hefiġan (feminine instrumental singular)
hefiġan (instrumental neuter singular)
hefiġan (masculine nominative plural)
hefiġan (feminine nominative plural)
hefiġan (neuter nominative plural)
hefiġan (accusative masculine plural)
hefiġan (accusative feminine plural)
hefiġan (accusative neuter plural)
hefiġra (genitive masculine plural)
hefiġena (genitive masculine plural)
hefiġra (feminine genitive plural)
hefiġena (feminine genitive plural)
hefiġra (genitive neuter plural)
hefiġena (genitive neuter plural)
hefiġum (dative masculine plural)
hefiġum (dative feminine plural)
hefiġum (dative neuter plural)
hefiġum (instrumental masculine plural)
hefiġum (feminine instrumental plural)
hefiġum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: heviȝ, hevy

English: heavy

Sranan Tongo: hebi

Scots: hivie, hevy, havy

From Proto-Germanic *habīgaz, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“take, seize”). Germanic cognates include Old Saxon hevig, Dutch hevig, Old High German hebig, Old Norse hǫfigr. The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin capere, Old Irish cacht, Albanian kap (“grip”), Proto-Slavic *xopiti (Old Church Slavonic хапѭште (xapjǫšte), Russian ха́пать (xápatʹ)), Proto-Balto-Slavic *kap- (Lithuanian kàpteleti, Latvian kàmpt (“bite”)).

der

Eorþe is hefiġre ōðrum ġesceaftum

earth is heavier than the other elements.

Þonne bēoð þȳ hefiġran · heortan benne,
sāre æfter swǣsne. · Sorg bið ġenīwad,

Then heart's wounds are heavier,
painful after beloved. Sorrow is renewed

Hit is swīðe hefigu sċyld.


freond

frēond (canonical masculine)
frēond (nominative singular)
frīend (nominative plural)
frēond (accusative singular)
frīend (accusative plural)
frēondes (genitive singular)
frēonda (genitive plural)
frīend (dative singular)
frēondum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: frend, frende, freond, friend, vrend, freend, frond, frund, freind, freynde, vryend, frind
English: friend (see there for further descendants)
Scots: freend, frende, freynd, freind
Yola: vriene, friend
→ Welsh: ffrind

From Proto-West Germanic *friund, from Proto-Germanic *frijōndz, originally a present participle of the weak verb *frijōną (“to love, to free”) (Old English frēoġan), from Indo-European *prāy-, *prēy- ‘like, love’. Corresponding to frēoġan + -nd.
Cognate with Old Frisian friūnd, Old Saxon friund, Old High German friunt, Old Norse frændi, Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (frijōnds).

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 15:15

I don't consider you servants. I consider you friends.

Ne telle iċ ēow tō þēowum. Iċ telle ēow tō frēondum.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Gyf þonne ǣfre gebyreð þæt þū þē ful hālne and ful trumne ongytst, and hæafst æalle þīne frēond myd þē, ǣġðer ge on mōde ge on līchaman, and on ðām ilcan worce and on ðām ylcan willum ðe ðē best lyst dōn, hweðer þū ðonne wille bēon āwiht blīðe?

If then it ever happen that thou shalt find thyself full whole and full strong, and hast all thy friends with thee, both in mind and in body, and in that same work and in that same will which pleaseth thee best to do, wilt thou then be happy at all?


cwen

cwēn (canonical feminine)
cwēn (nominative singular)
cwēne (nominative plural)
cwēna (nominative plural)
cwēn (accusative singular)
cwēne (accusative singular)
cwēne (accusative plural)
cwēna (accusative plural)
cwēne (genitive singular)
cwēna (genitive plural)
cwēne (dative singular)
cwēnum (dative plural)

Middle English: quene, qwene, cwene, queene, quen, qween, qweene, queyne, qwenne, qwhene, kuene, quiene, queen
English: queen (see there for further descendants)
Scots: queen, wheen
Yola: queen

From earlier cwœ̄n ← *kwœ̄ni ← *kwōni ← *kwą̄ni, from Proto-West Germanic *kwāni (“woman, wife”), from Proto-Germanic *kwēniz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn. Cognate with Old Saxon quān, Old Norse kvæn, Gothic 𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃 (qēns). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ), Proto-Slavic *žena, and Old Irish ben.

inh

Engla cwēn

queen (a ruling female monarch or a king's wife)


þisses

genitive masculine/neuter singular of þes


þissum

inflection of þes:
dative masculine/neuter singular

inflection of þes:
dative/instrumental plural


swæs

swǣs (canonical)
swǣs (masculine nominative singular)
swǣs (feminine nominative singular)
swǣs (neuter nominative singular)
swǣsne (accusative masculine singular)
swǣse (accusative feminine singular)
swǣs (accusative neuter singular)
swǣses (genitive masculine singular)
swǣsre (feminine genitive singular)
swǣses (genitive neuter singular)
swǣsum (dative masculine singular)
swǣsre (dative feminine singular)
swǣsum (dative neuter singular)
swǣse (instrumental masculine singular)
swǣsre (feminine instrumental singular)
swǣse (instrumental neuter singular)
swǣse (masculine nominative plural)
swǣsa (feminine nominative plural)
swǣse (feminine nominative plural)
swǣs (neuter nominative plural)
swǣse (accusative masculine plural)
swǣsa (accusative feminine plural)
swǣse (accusative feminine plural)
swǣs (accusative neuter plural)
swǣsra (genitive masculine plural)
swǣsra (feminine genitive plural)
swǣsra (genitive neuter plural)
swǣsum (dative masculine plural)
swǣsum (dative feminine plural)
swǣsum (dative neuter plural)
swǣsum (instrumental masculine plural)
swǣsum (feminine instrumental plural)
swǣsum (instrumental neuter plural)
swǣsa (masculine nominative singular)
swǣse (feminine nominative singular)
swǣse (neuter nominative singular)
swǣsan (accusative masculine singular)
swǣsan (accusative feminine singular)
swǣse (accusative neuter singular)
swǣsan (genitive masculine singular)
swǣsan (feminine genitive singular)
swǣsan (genitive neuter singular)
swǣsan (dative masculine singular)
swǣsan (dative feminine singular)
swǣsan (dative neuter singular)
swǣsan (instrumental masculine singular)
swǣsan (feminine instrumental singular)
swǣsan (instrumental neuter singular)
swǣsan (masculine nominative plural)
swǣsan (feminine nominative plural)
swǣsan (neuter nominative plural)
swǣsan (accusative masculine plural)
swǣsan (accusative feminine plural)
swǣsan (accusative neuter plural)
swǣsra (genitive masculine plural)
swǣsena (genitive masculine plural)
swǣsra (feminine genitive plural)
swǣsena (feminine genitive plural)
swǣsra (genitive neuter plural)
swǣsena (genitive neuter plural)
swǣsum (dative masculine plural)
swǣsum (dative feminine plural)
swǣsum (dative neuter plural)
swǣsum (instrumental masculine plural)
swǣsum (feminine instrumental plural)
swǣsum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-Germanic *swēsaz (“one's own, familiar, trusted”), *swēsa- (“own, relation”), from Proto-Indo-European. Cognate with Old Frisian swēs (“related”), Old Saxon swās (“dear”), Old Norse sváss (“dear, beloved”), Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃 (swēs, “own”). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin sibi, Russian себя́ (sebjá).


habban

habban (infinitive)
hæbbenne (infinitive)
hæbbe (first-person present singular)
hæfde (first-person past singular)
hæfst (present second-person singular)
hæfdest (past second-person singular)
hæfþ (present singular third-person)
hæfde (past singular third-person)
habbaþ (plural present)
hæfdon (past plural)
hæbbe (present singular)
hæfde (past singular)
hæbben (plural present)
hæfden (past plural)
hafa (imperative past present singular)
habbaþ (imperative past plural present)
hæbbende (imperative present)
hæfd (imperative past)
ġehæfd (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: haven, have, haav, haf, hafe, haben, habben, heven, hawe, han, haan, ha
English: have (-'ve, -a)
Scots: hae, ha, hiv, have, hawe (-a)
Yola: ha, have

From Proto-West Germanic *habbjan, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“take, seize”).
Cognate with Old Frisian hebba, Old Saxon hebbian, Old High German habēn, Old Norse hafa, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (haban), Latin capere, Old Irish cacht, Albanian kap (“grip”), Russian ха́пать (xápatʹ), Lithuanian kàpteleti.

early 12th century, the Peterborough Chronicle
Þās þing wē habbaþ be him ġewriten.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 42:36

Then Jacob, their father, said, "You have made me childless. I don't have Joseph and Simeon is in chains; now you're taking Benjamin from me."

Þā cwæþ Iācōb heora fæder, "Bearnlēasne ġē habbaþ mē ġedōnne. Næbbe iċ Iōsēp and Simeon is on bendum; nū ġē nimaþ Beniamin æt mē."

(auxiliary) have (used with a past participle to express the perfect tense)

The Gospel of St. Luke
Iċ hæbbe þē tō seċġenne sum ðing


goma

gōma (canonical masculine)
gōma (nominative singular)
gōman (nominative plural)
gōman (accusative singular)
gōman (accusative plural)
gōman (genitive singular)
gōmena (genitive plural)
gōman (dative singular)
gōmum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: gome, goome, gomme, gumme

English: gum, goom (dialectal)

Scots: goom, geem, gum

From Proto-West Germanic *gōmō, from Proto-Germanic *gōmô.


þas

inflection of þes:
accusative feminine singular

inflection of þes:
nominative/accusative plural


þu

þū (canonical)
iċ (first-person nominative singular)
mē (accusative first-person singular)
mec (accusative first-person singular)
mē (dative first-person singular)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
þū (nominative second-person singular)
þē (accusative second-person singular)
þec (accusative second-person singular)
þē (dative second-person singular)
þīn (genitive second-person singular)
hit (accusative neuter nominative singular third-person)
him (dative neuter singular third-person)
his (genitive neuter singular third-person)
hē (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hine (accusative masculine singular third-person)
him (dative masculine singular third-person)
his (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hēo (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hīe (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hire (dative feminine genitive singular third-person)
wit (dual first-person nominative)
unc (accusative dual first-person)
uncit (accusative dual first-person)
unc (dative dual first-person)
uncer (dual first-person genitive)
ġit (dual nominative second-person)
inc (accusative dual second-person)
incit (accusative dual second-person)
inc (dative dual second-person)
incer (dual genitive second-person)
wē (first-person nominative plural)
ūs (accusative first-person plural)
ūsiċ (accusative first-person plural)
ūs (dative first-person plural)
ūre (first-person genitive plural)
ūser (first-person genitive plural)
ġē (nominative plural second-person)
ēow (accusative plural second-person)
ēowic (accusative plural second-person)
ēow (dative plural second-person)
ēower (genitive plural second-person)
hīe (accusative nominative plural third-person)
him (dative plural third-person)
heora (genitive plural third-person)

desctree

Middle English: þou, thou, þu, thu, þoue, thoue, þowe, thowe, þouȝ, thouȝ, þue, ðhu, þeu, þeou, thugh, thogh, þo, tu, tou, towe, you
English: thou, tha (Yorkshire, Lancashire), thow, thu, du (Scotland)
Scots: thou, du, thoo
Yola: thou, th'

From Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Cognate with Old Frisian thū, Old Saxon thū, Old Dutch thū, Old High German dū, Old Norse þú, Gothic 𐌸𐌿 (þū). Non-Germanic cognates include Latin tū and Ancient Greek σύ (sú).


-ig

-iġ (canonical)
-iġ (masculine nominative singular)
-iġu (feminine nominative singular)
-iġo (feminine nominative singular)
-iġ (neuter nominative singular)
-iġne (accusative masculine singular)
-iġe (accusative feminine singular)
-iġ (accusative neuter singular)
-iġes (genitive masculine singular)
-iġre (feminine genitive singular)
-iġes (genitive neuter singular)
-iġum (dative masculine singular)
-iġre (dative feminine singular)
-iġum (dative neuter singular)
-iġe (instrumental masculine singular)
-iġre (feminine instrumental singular)
-iġe (instrumental neuter singular)
-iġe (masculine nominative plural)
-iġa (feminine nominative plural)
-iġe (feminine nominative plural)
-iġu (neuter nominative plural)
-iġo (neuter nominative plural)
-iġe (accusative masculine plural)
-iġa (accusative feminine plural)
-iġe (accusative feminine plural)
-iġu (accusative neuter plural)
-iġo (accusative neuter plural)
-iġra (genitive masculine plural)
-iġra (feminine genitive plural)
-iġra (genitive neuter plural)
-iġum (dative masculine plural)
-iġum (dative feminine plural)
-iġum (dative neuter plural)
-iġum (instrumental masculine plural)
-iġum (feminine instrumental plural)
-iġum (instrumental neuter plural)
-iġa (masculine nominative singular)
-iġe (feminine nominative singular)
-iġe (neuter nominative singular)
-iġan (accusative masculine singular)
-iġan (accusative feminine singular)
-iġe (accusative neuter singular)
-iġan (genitive masculine singular)
-iġan (feminine genitive singular)
-iġan (genitive neuter singular)
-iġan (dative masculine singular)
-iġan (dative feminine singular)
-iġan (dative neuter singular)
-iġan (instrumental masculine singular)
-iġan (feminine instrumental singular)
-iġan (instrumental neuter singular)
-iġan (masculine nominative plural)
-iġan (feminine nominative plural)
-iġan (neuter nominative plural)
-iġan (accusative masculine plural)
-iġan (accusative feminine plural)
-iġan (accusative neuter plural)
-iġra (genitive masculine plural)
-iġena (genitive masculine plural)
-iġra (feminine genitive plural)
-iġena (feminine genitive plural)
-iġra (genitive neuter plural)
-iġena (genitive neuter plural)
-iġum (dative masculine plural)
-iġum (dative feminine plural)
-iġum (dative neuter plural)
-iġum (instrumental masculine plural)
-iġum (feminine instrumental plural)
-iġum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: -iȝ, -i, -y, -ich

English: -y, -ey, -ie

Scots: -ie

From Proto-West Germanic *-ag, -ig. Still distinct in the earliest texts.

-y; forms adjectives from nouns and verbs


-ig

Middle English: -y

Scots: -ie

English: -ie, -y

From Proto-West Germanic *-i, *-ī, from Proto-Germanic *-j-, *-ij- (diminutive suffix).

bōsiġ

Suffix creating diminutive nouns from other nouns.


gemang

ġemang (canonical neuter)
ġemang (nominative singular)
ġemang (nominative plural)
ġemang (accusative singular)
ġemang (accusative plural)
ġemanges (genitive singular)
ġemanga (genitive plural)
ġemange (dative singular)
ġemangum (dative plural)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Germanic *ga-
Proto-West Germanic *ga-
Old English ġe-
Old English mang
Old English gemang
From ġe- + mang (Proto-Germanic *mang-, from Proto-Indo-European *menk- (“knead”)). Cognate with Old Saxon gimang. The Indo-European root is also the source of Proto-Slavic *mǭkà (“flour”) (Old Church Slavonic мѫка (mǫka), Russian мука́ (muká)), Proto-Baltic *minki- (Lithuanian minkiti).


witan

witan (infinitive)
witenne (infinitive)
wāt (first-person present singular)
wisse (first-person past singular)
wiste (first-person past singular)
wāst (present second-person singular)
wissest (past second-person singular)
wistest (past second-person singular)
wāt (present singular third-person)
wisse (past singular third-person)
wiste (past singular third-person)
witon (plural present)
wisson (past plural)
wiston (past plural)
wite (present singular)
wisse (past singular)
wiste (past singular)
witen (plural present)
wissen (past plural)
wisten (past plural)
wite (imperative past present singular)
witaþ (imperative past plural present)
witende (imperative present)
witen (imperative past)
ġewiten (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: witen, wete, weten, wetyn, wite, witenn, witten, wyett, wyt, wyte, wyten, woten
English: wit, weet
Scots: wit

From Proto-West Germanic *witan, from Proto-Germanic *witaną, from Proto-Indo-European *wóyde, originally a perfect form of *weyd- (“see”).

be hwāmhwugu witan

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Þū wāst hwǣr þīn bōc is.
You know where your book is.

late 10th century, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
Iċ wāt eall be þām.
I know all about that.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of The Consolation of Philosophy
Þā cwæþ hē, "Wāst þū hwæt mann sīe?" Þā cwæþ iċ, "Iċ wāt þæt hit biþ sāwol and līchama."

Then he said, "Do you know what a person is?" So I said, "I know its a soul and a body."

c. 900, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
Þæt is tō wundriġenne þæt þā Ēgypte swā lȳtle þancunge wiston Iōsēpe þæs þe hē hīe æt hungre āhredde.
It's amazing that the Egyptians felt so little gratitude to Joseph for saving them from famine.


witan

wītan (canonical)
wītan (infinitive)
wītenne (infinitive)
wīte (first-person present singular)
wāt (first-person past singular)
wītst (present second-person singular)
wite (past second-person singular)
wītt (present singular third-person)
wīt (present singular third-person)
wāt (past singular third-person)
wītaþ (plural present)
witon (past plural)
wīte (present singular)
wite (past singular)
wīten (plural present)
witen (past plural)
wīt (imperative past present singular)
wītaþ (imperative past plural present)
wītende (imperative present)
witen (imperative past)
ġewiten (imperative past)

English: wite

Scots: wyte

From Proto-Germanic *wītaną. Cognate with Old Norse víta, Dutch wijten.


witan

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


feþer

feþer (nominative singular)
feþra (nominative plural)
feþre (nominative plural)
feþre (accusative singular)
feþra (accusative plural)
feþre (accusative plural)
feþre (genitive singular)
feþra (genitive plural)
feþre (dative singular)
feþrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: feþer, fether, fethere, fedder, veþer
English: feather
Scots: fedder
Yola: vethers (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *feþru. See there for more.

baþian brimfuglas, · brǣdan feþra,
hrēosan hrīm ond snāw, · hagle ġemenġed.

Sōðlīċe iċ þenċe mid mīnre feðre, for þon þe mīn hēafod oft nāt nāwiht be þām þe mīn hand wrīt.

I really do think with my pen, because my head often knows nothing about what my hand is writing.


þone

Middle English: þone, þane

English: than (obsolete)


þæm

inflection of se:
dative masculine/neuter singular

inflection of se:
dative/instrumental plural


þæm

inflection of sē:
dative masculine/neuter singular

inflection of sē:
dative/instrumental plural


hæft

From Proto-West Germanic *haftī, from Proto-Germanic *haftiją, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p-.
Cognate with Middle Low German hecht (Dutch hecht, heft), Old High German hefti (German Heft), Old Norse hepti. The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin capere, Old Irish cacht (Welsh caeth (“slave”), Breton keaz (“poor”)), Albanian kap (“grip”), Proto-Slavic *xopītī- (Old Church Slavonic хапѭште (xapjǫšte), Russian ха́пать (xápatʹ)), Proto-Balto-Slavic *kap- (Lithuanian kàpteleti, Latvian kàmpt (“bite”)).


hæft

hæft (nominative singular)
hæftas (nominative plural)
hæft (accusative singular)
hæftas (accusative plural)
hæftes (genitive singular)
hæfta (genitive plural)
hæfte (dative singular)
hæftum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *haft, from Proto-Germanic *haftaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ptós (“grabbed”). See Etymology 1.


unc

"The Wife's Lament"
Ongunnon þæt þæs mannes māgas hyċġan þurh dierne ġeþōht þæt hīe tōdǣlden unc.

The person's relatives began to think of a secret plan to separate us.


benn

benn (nominative singular)
benna (nominative plural)
benne (nominative plural)
benne (accusative singular)
benna (accusative plural)
benne (accusative plural)
benne (genitive singular)
benna (genitive plural)
benne (dative singular)
bennum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *banjō (“wound”). Cognate with Old Saxon beni (“wound”), Old Norse ben (“wound”), Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰 (banja, “wound”).

Ne ðær ænig com blod of benne

Þonne bēoð þȳ hefiġran · heortan benne,
sāre æfter swǣsne. · Sorg bið ġenīwad,


wund

wund (masculine nominative singular)
wund (feminine nominative singular)
wund (neuter nominative singular)
wundne (accusative masculine singular)
wunde (accusative feminine singular)
wund (accusative neuter singular)
wundes (genitive masculine singular)
wundre (feminine genitive singular)
wundes (genitive neuter singular)
wundum (dative masculine singular)
wundre (dative feminine singular)
wundum (dative neuter singular)
wunde (instrumental masculine singular)
wundre (feminine instrumental singular)
wunde (instrumental neuter singular)
wunde (masculine nominative plural)
wunda (feminine nominative plural)
wunde (feminine nominative plural)
wund (neuter nominative plural)
wunde (accusative masculine plural)
wunda (accusative feminine plural)
wunde (accusative feminine plural)
wund (accusative neuter plural)
wundra (genitive masculine plural)
wundra (feminine genitive plural)
wundra (genitive neuter plural)
wundum (dative masculine plural)
wundum (dative feminine plural)
wundum (dative neuter plural)
wundum (instrumental masculine plural)
wundum (feminine instrumental plural)
wundum (instrumental neuter plural)
wunda (masculine nominative singular)
wunde (feminine nominative singular)
wunde (neuter nominative singular)
wundan (accusative masculine singular)
wundan (accusative feminine singular)
wunde (accusative neuter singular)
wundan (genitive masculine singular)
wundan (feminine genitive singular)
wundan (genitive neuter singular)
wundan (dative masculine singular)
wundan (dative feminine singular)
wundan (dative neuter singular)
wundan (instrumental masculine singular)
wundan (feminine instrumental singular)
wundan (instrumental neuter singular)
wundan (masculine nominative plural)
wundan (feminine nominative plural)
wundan (neuter nominative plural)
wundan (accusative masculine plural)
wundan (accusative feminine plural)
wundan (accusative neuter plural)
wundra (genitive masculine plural)
wundena (genitive masculine plural)
wundra (feminine genitive plural)
wundena (feminine genitive plural)
wundra (genitive neuter plural)
wundena (genitive neuter plural)
wundum (dative masculine plural)
wundum (dative feminine plural)
wundum (dative neuter plural)
wundum (instrumental masculine plural)
wundum (feminine instrumental plural)
wundum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *wund, from Proto-Germanic *wundaz, from the verb *wundōną (“to wound”).

Iċ eom ānhaga īserne wund, bille ġebennod, beadoweorca sæd, eċġum wēriġ.

I am a lone one wounded with iron, wounded by sword, sated of battle-works, weary by edges.


wund

wund (nominative singular)
wunda (nominative plural)
wunde (nominative plural)
wunde (accusative singular)
wunda (accusative plural)
wunde (accusative plural)
wunde (genitive singular)
wunda (genitive plural)
wunde (dative singular)
wundum (dative plural)

Middle English: wund, wonde, wound

English: wound

Scots: wond, wound

From Proto-West Germanic *wundu, from Proto-Germanic *wundō.

Nǣfre lǣċecynn on folcstede findan meahte, þāra þe mid wyrtum wunde ġehǣlde,…

I could never find physicians on a battlefield, who would heal a wound with herbs,…


fyrd

fyrd (nominative singular)
fyrde (nominative plural)
fyrda (nominative plural)
fyrd (accusative singular)
fyrde (accusative singular)
fyrde (accusative plural)
fyrda (accusative plural)
fyrde (genitive singular)
fyrda (genitive plural)
fyrde (dative singular)
fyrdum (dative plural)


cwene

cwene (nominative singular)
cwenan (nominative plural)
cwenan (accusative singular)
cwenan (accusative plural)
cwenan (genitive singular)
cwenena (genitive plural)
cwenan (dative singular)
cwenum (dative plural)

Middle English: quene

English: quean

Scots: quean

From Proto-West Germanic *kwenā, from Proto-Germanic *kwenǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn.


cwene

inflection of cwēn:
accusative/genitive/dative singular

inflection of cwēn:
nominative/accusative plural


gemynd

ġemynd (canonical feminine)
ġemynd (nominative singular)
ġemynde (nominative plural)
ġemynda (nominative plural)
ġemynd (accusative singular)
ġemynde (accusative singular)
ġemynde (accusative plural)
ġemynda (accusative plural)
ġemynde (genitive singular)
ġemynda (genitive plural)
ġemynde (dative singular)
ġemyndum (dative plural)
ġemynd (nominative singular)
ġemynd (nominative plural)
ġemynd (accusative singular)
ġemynd (accusative plural)
ġemyndes (genitive singular)
ġemynda (genitive plural)
ġemynde (dative singular)
ġemyndum (dative plural)

Middle English: ȝemunde, munde, minde

English: mind

Scots: mind

From Proto-West Germanic *gamundi, from Proto-Germanic *gamundiz, ultimately from a prefixed form of Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think, remember”), equivalent to ġe- + mynd.
Cognate with Old High German gimunt, Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (gamunds); and with Sanskrit मन (mana), Ancient Greek μέμονα (mémona), Latin mēns, Old Church Slavonic мьнѣти (mĭněti) (Russian мнить (mnitʹ)), Lithuanian miñti, Old Irish menmae, Tocharian A mnu.

der

Heora ġemynd is forġieten.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Þæt is nū hraðost tō seċġenne þæt iċ wilnode weorþfullīċe tō libbenne þā hwīle þe iċ lifde, and æfter mīnum līfe þām mannum tō lǣfanne þe æfter mē wǣren mīne ġemynd on gōdum weorcum.

In short, I wanted to live honorably as long as I lived, and to leave behind, for those who would come after me, the memory of me in good works.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Nativiity of Our Lord"
Þyssera ðrēora hyrda ġemynd is ġehæfd be ēastan Bethleem āne mīle, on Godes cyrcan ġeswutelod, þām ðe ðā stōwe ġenēosiað.

The memory of these three shepherds is preserved one mile to the east of Bethlehem, and manifested in God's church to those who visit the place.

c. 996, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Hē wæs of his ġemynde.


eow

desctree

Middle English: yow, yowe, you, youe, yo, yoe, yogh, yaw, yew, yhu, yu, yw, yhow, ȝou, ȝow, ȝouȝ, ȝowȝ, ȝo, ȝowe, ȝu, ȝw, ȝue, ȝiow, ȝeu, ȝew, ȝewe, ȝaw, ȝhow, ȝhowe, ȝiu, ȝeow, ȝehw, ȝuw, gow, gu, giu, geu, geau, eou, eow, eo, eowe, eu, euwȝ, ou, ow, æu, owe, hou, heou, heu
English: you
Scots: you

From Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz (dative/accusative case of *jūz), from Proto-Indo-European *wes (compare also *yū́, whence *jūz).
Cognate with Old Frisian ju (West Frisian jo), Old Saxon iu, ju (Low German jo, ju), Dutch u, Old High German iu (German euch), Old Norse yðr (Icelandic yður, Swedish er), Gothic 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 (izwis).

accusative/dative of ġē: (to) you (plural)


eow

Middle English: yeo, yeo

English: yo

onomatopoeic

exclamation

Expression of grief, sorrow, or surprise Wo!; Alas!


eow

ēow (canonical masculine)
ēow (nominative singular)
ēowas (nominative plural)
ēow (accusative singular)
ēowas (accusative plural)
ēowes (genitive singular)
ēowa (genitive plural)
ēowe (dative singular)
ēowum (dative plural)


faru

faru (nominative singular)
fara (nominative plural)
fare (nominative plural)
fare (accusative singular)
fara (accusative plural)
fare (accusative plural)
fare (genitive singular)
fara (genitive plural)
fare (dative singular)
farum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *farō, from the same base as faran.

Hit ys Godes faru.

It [Passover] is the passing of God. (Exodus)

God ða gemunde Noes fare.

Then God remembered Noah's family. (Genesis)

something transportable, especially one's family

He ðas fare lædeþ. ― He leads this expedition. (Cædmon's Metrical Paraphrase)


middangeard

middanġeard (canonical masculine)
middanġeard (nominative singular)
middanġeard (accusative singular)
middanġeardes (genitive singular)
middanġearde (dative singular)

desc

Middle English: middenerd, middæneard, middeneard, middenerde, middenard

Middle English: myddyl erthe, middel-erde (in part)

English: Middle Earth

From Proto-Germanic *midjagardaz, equivalent to midd (“mid, middle”) + ġeard (“yard; enclosed land; realm”), although the second element's confusion or conflation with eard (“earth”) has occurred since Old English. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“middle”) and *gʰórdʰos (“enclosure”). Cognate with Old Saxon middilgard, Old High German mittilgart and mittangart, Old Norse Miðgarðr, Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (midjungards).

af

mōdġe maguþeġnas. · Swā þēs middanġeard
ealra dōgra ġehwām · drēoseð ond fealleþ,

brave warriors. Thus this world
perishes and falls to each of all days,


secg

seċġ (canonical masculine)
seċġ (nominative singular)
seċġas (nominative plural)
seċġ (accusative singular)
seċġas (accusative plural)
seċġes (genitive singular)
seċġa (genitive plural)
seċġe (dative singular)
seċġum (dative plural)

Middle English: segge

English: segge, seg

Scots: seg

From Proto-West Germanic *sagi, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“follower, companion”).
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian siā, Old Saxon segg, Old Norse seggr (Norwegian segg). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin socius.

der

þonne māga ġemynd · mōd ġeondhweorfeð,
grēteð glīwstafum, · ġeorne ġeondsċēawað
seċġa ġeseldan. · Swimmað oft on weġ.

when mind goes through memory of kinsmen,
greets with mirths, eagerly looks through
comrades of men. They often swim away.


secg

head

seċġ f (nominative plural seċġa or seċġe)

seċġ (canonical feminine)
seċġa (nominative plural)
seċġe (nominative plural)
seċġ (nominative singular)
seċġe (nominative plural)
seċġa (nominative plural)
seċġ (accusative singular)
seċġe (accusative singular)
seċġe (accusative plural)
seċġa (accusative plural)
seċġe (genitive singular)
seċġa (genitive plural)
seċġe (dative singular)
seċġum (dative plural)


secg

seċġ (canonical masculine neuter)
seċġ (nominative singular)
seċġas (nominative plural)
seċġ (accusative singular)
seċġas (accusative plural)
seċġes (genitive singular)
seċġa (genitive plural)
seċġe (dative singular)
seċġum (dative plural)
seċġ (nominative singular)
seċġ (nominative plural)
seċġ (accusative singular)
seċġ (accusative plural)
seċġes (genitive singular)
seċġa (genitive plural)
seċġe (dative singular)
seċġum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: segge, secg, seg, cegge, sege
English: sedge
Scots: seg

From Proto-West Germanic *sagi, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sak- (“marsh plant”) (probably related to Etymology 2). Cognate with Middle Low German segge, Dutch zegge, Russian осо́ка (osóka).

der

The Old English rune poem
ᛉ seċġ eard hæfþ oftust on fenne...

Elk-sedge is has its home most often in the fen...


midd

midmest (superlative)
midemest (superlative)
midd (masculine nominative singular)
midd (feminine nominative singular)
midd (neuter nominative singular)
midne (accusative masculine singular)
midde (accusative feminine singular)
midd (accusative neuter singular)
middes (genitive masculine singular)
midre (feminine genitive singular)
middes (genitive neuter singular)
middum (dative masculine singular)
midre (dative feminine singular)
middum (dative neuter singular)
midde (instrumental masculine singular)
midre (feminine instrumental singular)
midde (instrumental neuter singular)
midde (masculine nominative plural)
midda (feminine nominative plural)
midde (feminine nominative plural)
midd (neuter nominative plural)
midde (accusative masculine plural)
midda (accusative feminine plural)
midde (accusative feminine plural)
midd (accusative neuter plural)
midra (genitive masculine plural)
midra (feminine genitive plural)
midra (genitive neuter plural)
middum (dative masculine plural)
middum (dative feminine plural)
middum (dative neuter plural)
middum (instrumental masculine plural)
middum (feminine instrumental plural)
middum (instrumental neuter plural)
midda (masculine nominative singular)
midde (feminine nominative singular)
midde (neuter nominative singular)
middan (accusative masculine singular)
middan (accusative feminine singular)
midde (accusative neuter singular)
middan (genitive masculine singular)
middan (feminine genitive singular)
middan (genitive neuter singular)
middan (dative masculine singular)
middan (dative feminine singular)
middan (dative neuter singular)
middan (instrumental masculine singular)
middan (feminine instrumental singular)
middan (instrumental neuter singular)
middan (masculine nominative plural)
middan (feminine nominative plural)
middan (neuter nominative plural)
middan (accusative masculine plural)
middan (accusative feminine plural)
middan (accusative neuter plural)
midra (genitive masculine plural)
middena (genitive masculine plural)
midra (feminine genitive plural)
middena (feminine genitive plural)
midra (genitive neuter plural)
middena (genitive neuter plural)
middum (dative masculine plural)
middum (dative feminine plural)
middum (dative neuter plural)
middum (instrumental masculine plural)
middum (feminine instrumental plural)
middum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: mid, midde

English: mid

translation of "Alexander the Great's Letter to Aristotle"
Sēo burg wæs on midre þǣre ēa on ānum īeġlande ġetimbrod.

The town was built on an island in the middle of the river.

c. 900, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Wē wǣron on midre þǣre sǣ.

c. 897, Alfred the Great, translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Sē þe Godes þeġn sīe, gā hider tō mē and dō his sweord tō his hype, and gāþ fam ġeate tō ġeate þurh midde þā ċeastre, and ofslēa ǣlċ mann his brōðor and his frēond and his nīehstan.

Whoever is a servant of God, shall come here to me and put his sword at his hip, and they will go from gate to gate through the middle of the camp, and each man shall slay his brother and his friend and his neighbor. (Quoting Moses from Exodus 32:27)


sendan

sendan (infinitive)
sendenne (infinitive)
sende (first-person present singular)
sende (first-person past singular)
sendest (present second-person singular)
senst (present second-person singular)
sentst (present second-person singular)
sendest (past second-person singular)
sendeþ (present singular third-person)
sent (present singular third-person)
sende (past singular third-person)
sendaþ (plural present)
sendon (past plural)
sende (present singular)
sende (past singular)
senden (plural present)
senden (past plural)
send (imperative past present singular)
sendaþ (imperative past plural present)
sendende (imperative present)
sended (imperative past)
ġesended (imperative past)

Middle English: senden

English: send

From Proto-West Germanic *sandijan, from Proto-Germanic *sandijaną.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian senda, Old Saxon sendian, Dutch zenden, Old High German sendan (German senden), Old Norse senda (Swedish sända), Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (sandjan). The Indo-European root is also the source of Welsh hynt (“path”), Lithuanian siusti (“send”).

Ða sende se cyng to þam flotan Leofsig ealdorman.

Then the king sent alderman Leofsig to the fleet.


þon

From Proto-Germanic *þanō (instrumental form of *sa), from Proto-Indo-European *tónoh₁ (instrumental form of *só).

inh

instrumental form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*sa</i>

instrumental form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*só</i>

instrumental masculine/neuter singular of sē


þon

Middle English: þon, þan

English: than (obsolete)


wicce

wiċċe (canonical feminine)
wiċċe (nominative singular)
wiċċan (nominative plural)
wiċċan (accusative singular)
wiċċan (accusative plural)
wiċċan (genitive singular)
wiċċena (genitive plural)
wiċċan (dative singular)
wiċċum (dative plural)

English: witch

Equivalent to wiċċa (“witch”) + -e (suffix denoting females), though wiċċa could have been the derived term instead.


ondo

first-person singular present indicative

inflection of ondōn:
singular present subjunctive

inflection of ondōn:
singular imperative


eard

eard (nominative singular)
earda (nominative plural)
eard (accusative singular)
earda (accusative plural)
earda (genitive singular)
earda (genitive plural)
earda (dative singular)
eardum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: art
Scots: airt
Yola: ete

Middle English: erd, ard, arde, urde
English: erd (in part)

From Proto-West Germanic *ard, from Proto-Germanic *ardiz, *arduz, *arþuz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”).
Cognate with Old Saxon ard, Old High German art (German Art). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin arō, Ancient Greek ἀρόω (aróō), Old East Slavic орати (orati), Russian ора́ть (orátʹ).

der

Ðis is mīn āgen ēþel, eard, and land

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Wē sind eall cuman on þissum līfe, and ūre eard nis nā hēr, ac wē sind hēr swelċe weġfērende menn. Ān cymþ, ōðer færeþ. Sē biþ ācenned, sē ōðer forþfæreþ and rȳmþ him setl.

We are all guests in this life, and our home is not here, but we're here as wayfaring people. One person comes, another goes. One is born, another dies and makes them room.

homeland, native soil; one's home, a dwelling


þeos

nominative feminine singular of þes (“this”)


pintel

pintel (nominative singular)
pintlas (nominative plural)
pintel (accusative singular)
pintlas (accusative plural)
pintles (genitive singular)
pintla (genitive plural)
pintle (dative singular)
pintlum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: pyntel, pintel, pintell, pintil, pintile, pyntell, pyntelle, pyntill, pyntul, pyntyl, pyntyle, pyntyll
English: pintle
Scots: pintle

A diminutive form of Germanic *pintia-, from Proto-Germanic *pint- (“protrusion”), from Proto-Indo-European *bendʰn- (“peg, tip, protruding point, edge”), equivalent to modern English pin + -le. Cognate with Old Frisian pint, Middle Low German pint.


wuduwasa

Middle English: wodwo

English: woodwose

From wudu (“wood”) + a second element that is probably from Proto-West Germanic *waiso (“orphan”); compare Dutch wees, German Waise.

wild man of the woods, woodwose; faun, satyr


legerteam

he wære (...) synnig wið God gif he ða gehalgodan fæmnan to legerteame onfenge

he would be guilty against God if he took the consecrated virgin to bed. (The Shrine)


þæs

genitive masculine/neuter singular of se


þæs

genitive masculine/neuter singular of sē


þæs

Sy him ðæs a wuldor ― May glory be his forever because of that. (Ælfric's Lives of Saints)

regarding, in respect of, on that account, therefore, so


þæs

Middle English: þæs, þas

English: thes (obsolete)


þy

From an earlier *þiu, apparently formed from the demonstrative base *þi- with the nominal instrumental ending -ō. Cognate with Old Frisian þiu, Old Saxon þiu, Old High German diu, Old Norse því, Gothic 𐌸𐌴 (þē).


þy

And þȳ is nū geworden wīde and sīde tō ful yfelan gewunan

and therefore it has now become an evil custom far and wide. (Sermo Lupi)

therefore, for this reason, on that account; because, since; then

[…] ; for ðære wilnunga hi hit forleton, & woldon ðæt her þy mara wisdom on londe wære ðy we ma geðioda cuðon.

late 9th c., King Alfred, Gregory's Pastoral (Cotton MSS.)

[…] , for that desire, they abandoned it, and wished that, here, the more wisdom there would be in the land the more languages we knew.

hȳ beoð þȳ gesundran ond þȳ sīgefæstran

they will be the safer and the more confident of victory. (Anglo-Saxon Riddles)


þy

Middle English: þi, the

English: the

Scots: the

for the reason that, by reason of; because, since; then


þæt

nominative/accusative neuter singular of sē: the


þæt

nominative/accusative neuter singular of sē: that


þæt

nominative/accusative neuter singular of sē: that, that one

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Purification of St. Mary"
Hwæt synd ða lytlan ðe he wolde habban up to his rice? Þæt synd ða eaðmodan.

Who are the little ones that he would raise up to his kingdom? They are the humble."

(exophoric) they, that, those (regardless of gender and number; compare Old Norse þat, Dutch dat)


þæt

desctree

Middle English: that
English: that
Scots: that
Yola: at, et, thet, that, th', y'at

þinċeð him on mōde · þæt hē his mondryhten
clyppe ond cysse, · ond on cnēo leċġe

it seems to him on mind that he would his man-lord
hug and kiss, and on knee would put.

Ful oft mec ġesīþas sendað æfter hondum, þæt mec weras ond wīf wlonce cyssað.

Very oft companions send me from hand to hand so that proud men and women kiss me.

Hū meaht þū swā swīðe þenċan þæt þū ne beġiete hēafodeċe?

How can you think so much without getting a headache?


geard

ġeard (canonical masculine)
ġeard (nominative singular)
ġeardas (nominative plural)
ġeard (accusative singular)
ġeardas (accusative plural)
ġeardes (genitive singular)
ġearda (genitive plural)
ġearde (dative singular)
ġeardum (dative plural)

Middle English: yerd, yerde, ȝerd, ȝeerd, yeerd, ȝeard, yard, yarde, yorde, ȝarde, yherde, ȝorde, ȝeorde
English: yard
Scots: yerd, yaird, yird

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *gard, from Proto-Germanic *gardaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos.


geard

ġeard (canonical feminine)
ġeard (nominative singular)
ġearda (nominative plural)
ġearde (nominative plural)
ġearde (accusative singular)
ġearda (accusative plural)
ġearde (accusative plural)
ġearde (genitive singular)
ġearda (genitive plural)
ġearde (dative singular)
ġeardum (dative plural)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *gaʀd, from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz.


licgan

liċġan (canonical)
liċġan (infinitive)
liċġenne (infinitive)
liċġe (first-person present singular)
læġ (first-person past singular)
liġst (present second-person singular)
lǣge (past second-person singular)
lāge (past second-person singular)
liġþ (present singular third-person)
liġeþ (present singular third-person)
læġ (past singular third-person)
liċġaþ (plural present)
lǣgon (past plural)
lāgon (past plural)
liċġe (present singular)
lǣge (past singular)
lāge (past singular)
liċġen (plural present)
lǣgen (past plural)
lāgen (past plural)
liġe (imperative past present singular)
liċġaþ (imperative past plural present)
liċġende (imperative present)
leġen (imperative past)
ġeleġen (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: lien
English: lie, lig
Scots: lie
Yola: lee, lidge

From Proto-West Germanic *liggjan, Proto-Germanic *ligjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-.
Compare Old Frisian lidzia, Old Saxon liggian, Old High German liggen, Old Norse liggja, Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ligan).

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Nativity of Our Lord"
Þā ġeseah hēo þæt cild licgan on binne, ðǣr sē oxa and sē assa ġewunelīce fōdan sēcað.

Then saw she the child lying in the bin, where the ox and the ass usually seek food.

to be located somewhere (often translated with "to be")

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...þā læġ þǣr sum creopere lama fram cildhāde sē wæs dæġhwāmlīce ġeboren tō þām beorhtan ġete þæt hē ælmessan underfencge æt þām infarendum...

Then lay there a cripple, lame from childhood, who was daily carried to the 'Beautiful' Gate, that he might receive alms from those entering.


lecgan

leċġan (canonical)
leċġan (infinitive)
leċġenne (infinitive)
leċġe (first-person present singular)
leġde (first-person past singular)
leġst (present second-person singular)
leġdest (past second-person singular)
leġþ (present singular third-person)
leġde (past singular third-person)
leċġaþ (plural present)
leġdon (past plural)
leċġe (present singular)
leġde (past singular)
leċġen (plural present)
leġden (past plural)
leġe (imperative past present singular)
leċġaþ (imperative past plural present)
leċġende (imperative present)
leġed (imperative past)
ġeleġed (imperative past)
leġd (imperative past)
ġeleġd (imperative past)

Middle English: leyen, leyn, leygen, layn, leggen, leghen, lecchen
English: lay
Scots: lay
Yola: laaye, laay

From Proto-West Germanic *laggjan, from Proto-Germanic *lagjaną, a causative form of *ligjaną (Old English licgan), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-.
Compare Old Frisian ledza, lega, leia, Old Saxon leggian, Old Dutch leggen, Old High German leggen, Old Norse leggja, Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (lagjan).

Hwǣr leġdest þū mīne bōc?

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English:

Peterborough Chronicle, year 1075

Edith passed away in Winchester, a week before Christmas, and the king had her brought to Westminster with great honor, and buried her by King Edward her lord.

Ēadgȳþ forþfērde on Wintanċeastre, seofon nihtum ǣr Cristesmæssan, and sē cyning hīe lēt bringan tō Westmynstre mid miċelum weorþsċipe, and leġde hīe wiþ Ēadweard cyning hire hlāford.

Þæt ċicen leġde ǣġ ǣlċe dæġe.


þa

þā (canonical feminine masculine neuter)

From Proto-Germanic *þai, which shares the same root as Old English þæt.

inflection of se:
accusative feminine singular

inflection of se:
nominative/accusative plural


þa

inflection of sē:
accusative feminine singular

inflection of sē:
nominative/accusative plural


þa

Middle English: tha, tho

English: tho

⇒ Middle English: thos

English: those


þa

981 C.E. AS Chronicles

then in this year first came 7 ships, and ravaged Southampton

Her comon ærest þa VII scipu and gehergoden Hamtun


þa

early 11th century C.E. Ælfwine’s Prayerbook

she was 14 years old when she gave birth to Christ

hio wæs feowortyne geara eald þa hio Crist acende


þis

nominative/accusative neuter singular of þēs


sefa

sefa (nominative singular)
sefan (nominative plural)
sefan (accusative singular)
sefan (accusative plural)
sefan (genitive singular)
sefena (genitive plural)
sefan (dative singular)
sefum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *sebō, from Proto-Germanic *sebô (“mind, sense”), from Proto-Indo-European *sep- (“to try, research”). Cognate with Old Saxon sevo, Old Norse sefi, Latin sapiō.

der

Ealle þa gemoniað mōdes fūsne sefan to sīþe

All these things urge him who is eager of spirit to travel. (The Seafarer)


unriht

unriht (masculine nominative singular)
unriht (feminine nominative singular)
unriht (neuter nominative singular)
unrihtne (accusative masculine singular)
unrihte (accusative feminine singular)
unriht (accusative neuter singular)
unrihtes (genitive masculine singular)
unrihtre (feminine genitive singular)
unrihtes (genitive neuter singular)
unrihtum (dative masculine singular)
unrihtre (dative feminine singular)
unrihtum (dative neuter singular)
unrihte (instrumental masculine singular)
unrihtre (feminine instrumental singular)
unrihte (instrumental neuter singular)
unrihte (masculine nominative plural)
unrihta (feminine nominative plural)
unrihte (feminine nominative plural)
unriht (neuter nominative plural)
unrihte (accusative masculine plural)
unrihta (accusative feminine plural)
unrihte (accusative feminine plural)
unriht (accusative neuter plural)
unrihtra (genitive masculine plural)
unrihtra (feminine genitive plural)
unrihtra (genitive neuter plural)
unrihtum (dative masculine plural)
unrihtum (dative feminine plural)
unrihtum (dative neuter plural)
unrihtum (instrumental masculine plural)
unrihtum (feminine instrumental plural)
unrihtum (instrumental neuter plural)
unrihta (masculine nominative singular)
unrihte (feminine nominative singular)
unrihte (neuter nominative singular)
unrihtan (accusative masculine singular)
unrihtan (accusative feminine singular)
unrihte (accusative neuter singular)
unrihtan (genitive masculine singular)
unrihtan (feminine genitive singular)
unrihtan (genitive neuter singular)
unrihtan (dative masculine singular)
unrihtan (dative feminine singular)
unrihtan (dative neuter singular)
unrihtan (instrumental masculine singular)
unrihtan (feminine instrumental singular)
unrihtan (instrumental neuter singular)
unrihtan (masculine nominative plural)
unrihtan (feminine nominative plural)
unrihtan (neuter nominative plural)
unrihtan (accusative masculine plural)
unrihtan (accusative feminine plural)
unrihtan (accusative neuter plural)
unrihtra (genitive masculine plural)
unrihtena (genitive masculine plural)
unrihtra (feminine genitive plural)
unrihtena (feminine genitive plural)
unrihtra (genitive neuter plural)
unrihtena (genitive neuter plural)
unrihtum (dative masculine plural)
unrihtum (dative feminine plural)
unrihtum (dative neuter plural)
unrihtum (instrumental masculine plural)
unrihtum (feminine instrumental plural)
unrihtum (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-Germanic *unrehtaz, equivalent to un- + riht.

Hēr Cynewulf benam Siġebeorht his rīċes and Westseaxna witan for unrihtum dǣdum

here Cynewulf and the West-Saxon councillors deprived Sigebyrht of his kingdom for illegal acts. (Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, 755)

unricht

Middle English: vnriȝt, vnryȝt, unriht; Scots


unriht

Middle English: unriht, unriȝt, unright

English: unright

Scots: unricht

unrihta to fela ricsode on lande ― too many wrongs prevailed in this land. (Wulfstan's Sermo Lupi)


hyrst

head

hyrst f (nominative plural hurste or hursta)

hurste (nominative plural)
hursta (nominative plural)
hyrst (nominative singular)
hyrste (nominative plural)
hyrsta (nominative plural)
hyrst (accusative singular)
hyrste (accusative singular)
hyrste (accusative plural)
hyrsta (accusative plural)
hyrste (genitive singular)
hyrsta (genitive plural)
hyrste (dative singular)
hyrstum (dative plural)
hyrst (nominative singular)
hyrstas (nominative plural)
hyrst (accusative singular)
hyrstas (accusative plural)
hyrstes (genitive singular)
hyrsta (genitive plural)
hyrste (dative singular)
hyrstum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hirste, hurst, hurste
English: hurst (mostly in placenames; obsolete hirst)
Scots: hirst, hist

From Proto-West Germanic *hursti (“thicket, eyrie, scrub, bush”).

inh

Wermōd hēr on hyrstum heasewe standeþ.

Wormwood here in the woods stands dusky.

hurst, hillock, eminence, height, wood, wooded eminence