accent

accent (nominative singular)
accentas (nominative plural)
accent (accusative singular)
accentas (accusative plural)
accentes (genitive singular)
accenta (genitive plural)
accente (dative singular)
accentum (dative plural)


word

word (nominative plural)
word (nominative singular)
word (nominative plural)
word (accusative singular)
word (accusative plural)
wordes (genitive singular)
worda (genitive plural)
worde (dative singular)
wordum (dative plural)

Middle English: word, wurd, weord

Scots: word, wourd

English: word

From Proto-West Germanic *word, from Proto-Germanic *wurdą.


spring

spring (nominative singular)
springas (nominative plural)
spring (accusative singular)
springas (accusative plural)
springes (genitive singular)
springa (genitive plural)
springe (dative singular)
springum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: spryng, spring, springe, sprung, sprynge
English: spring
Scots: spring

From Proto-West Germanic *spring, from Proto-Germanic *springaz


gold

gold (nominative singular)
gold (accusative singular)
goldes (genitive singular)
golde (dative singular)

Middle English: gold
English: gold
Scots: gowd, goold

From Proto-West Germanic *golþ, from Proto-Germanic *gulþą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰĺ̥tom.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...Næbbe ic seolfor ne gold, ic þē dō þæt ic hæbbe...

...I have neither silver nor gold, I give thee that I have...


finger

finger (nominative singular)
fingras (nominative plural)
finger (accusative singular)
fingras (accusative plural)
fingres (genitive singular)
fingra (genitive plural)
fingre (dative singular)
fingrum (dative plural)

Middle English: fynger, finger, vinger, fyngir, fyngur, fyngyr, fiyngir, ffynger
English: finger
Sranan Tongo: finga
Scots: finger
Yola: vinger

From Proto-West Germanic *fingr. Compare Old Frisian finger, Old Saxon fingar, Old High German fingar, Old Norse fingr, Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃 (figgrs).

Sēo hand hæfþ fīf fingras: þone þūman, þone sċytefinger, þone middelfinger, þone hringfinger, and þone lȳtlan finger.

The hand has five fingers: the thumb, the index finger, the middle finger, the ring finger, and the little finger.


hand

hand (nominative singular)
handa (nominative plural)
hand (accusative singular)
handa (accusative plural)
handa (genitive singular)
handa (genitive plural)
handa (dative singular)
handum (dative plural)

Middle English: hond, hand

English: hand

Scots: hand, haund

Yola: hoane

From Proto-West Germanic *handu, from Proto-Germanic *handuz. Cognate with Old Frisian hond, Old Saxon hand, Old High German hant, Old Norse hǫnd, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (handus).

Oft him ānhaga · āre gebīdeð,
Metudes miltse, · þēah þe hē mōdċeariġ
ġeond lagulāde · longe sċeolde
hrēran mid hondum · hrīmċealde sǣ,
wadan wræclāstas. · Wyrd bið ful ārǣd.

A loner oft waits a grace for himself,
Creator's mercy, even if he is sorrowful,
through a sea-way he should for long
stir the frost-cold sea with hands,
travel paths of exile. Fate is well stalwart.


to

From Proto-West Germanic *tō, from Proto-Germanic *tō, *ta (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do (“to”). Cognate with Old Saxon tō (“to”), Old High German zuo (“to”), Old Irish do.

tō drīfenne

(grammar) used to mark the infinitive (supine) of the verb


tin

tin (nominative singular)
tin (accusative singular)
tines (genitive singular)
tine (dative singular)

Middle English: tyn, tin, tyne, tynne
English: tin
→ Atong (India): tin
→ Iban: tin
→ Indonesian: tin
→ Norman: tinne
Tok Pisin: tin
Scots: tin


arm

arm (nominative singular)
armas (nominative plural)
arm (accusative singular)
armas (accusative plural)
armes (genitive singular)
arma (genitive plural)
arme (dative singular)
armum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz (“arm”), whence also Old High German arm, Old Norse armr.


had

hād (canonical masculine)
hād (nominative singular)
hādas (nominative plural)
hād (accusative singular)
hādas (accusative plural)
hādes (genitive singular)
hāda (genitive plural)
hāde (dative singular)
hādum (dative plural)

Middle English: hod, had, hade, hede, hode
English: hade, hede (obsolete)
Scots: hade (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *haidu, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz (“state, condition, rank, person”). Akin to Old Norse heiðr (“dignity, honor”), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍃 (haidus, “manner”).

inh

c. 995, Ælfric, Excerptiones de Arte Grammatica Anglice
Þrī hādas sind worda. Sē forma hād is þe spricþ be him selfum ānum ("iċ seċġe", oþþe mid ōðrum mannum on maniġfealdum ġetæle, "wē seċġaþ"). Sē ōðer hād is þe sē forma spricþ tō ("þū sæġst", oþþe maniġfealdlīċe "ġē seċġaþ"). Sē þridda hād is be þǣm þe sē forma hād spricþ tō þǣm ōðrum hāde ("hē sæġþ", oþþe maniġfealdlīċe "hīe seċġaþ").

Verbs have three persons. The first person talks about himself alone ("I say", or with other people in the plural, "we say"). The second person is whoever the first person talks to ("you say", or in the plural "y'all say"). The third person is whoever the first person talks about to the second person ("he says", or in the plural "they say").


sic

desctree

Middle English: sych, syk, syke
English: sitch, sike
Scots: sike, syke

From Proto-West Germanic *sīk, from Proto-Germanic *sīką.


bog

bōg (canonical masculine)
bōg (nominative singular)
bōgas (nominative plural)
bōg (accusative singular)
bōgas (accusative plural)
bōges (genitive singular)
bōga (genitive plural)
bōge (dative singular)
bōgum (dative plural)

Middle English: boȝ, bogh

English: bough

Scots: beuch

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *bōguz. Cognate with Old Saxon bōg, Old High German buog, Old Norse bógr.


dry

drȳ (canonical masculine)
drȳas (nominative plural)
drȳ (nominative singular)
drȳas (nominative plural)
drȳ (accusative singular)
drȳas (accusative plural)
drȳes (genitive singular)
drȳa (genitive plural)
drȳe (dative singular)
drȳum (dative plural)

Middle English: dri, driȝ, dry

⇒ Middle English: driȝmann, driȝmenn pl

Borrowed from a Brythonic language, from Proto-Brythonic *drüw, from Proto-Celtic *druwits (“druid”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St. Julian and his wife Basilissa"
Gehelp urum godum and hat to þe gefeccan þisne dry Iulianum þe ure goda anlicnysse mid ealle to-brytte...

Help our gods, and command men to bring thee this sorcerer Julianus, who hath utterly broken the images of our gods,...

Hīe woldon forbærnan þone drȳ. ― They wanted to burn the wizard. (Ælfric’s Homilies, volume 1.)


beard

beard (nominative singular)
beardas (nominative plural)
beard (accusative singular)
beardas (accusative plural)
beardes (genitive singular)
bearda (genitive plural)
bearde (dative singular)
beardum (dative plural)

Middle English: berd, bard, bærd, beord, burd
English: beard
Scots: berd, berde, beird
Yola: bearde
→ Anglo-Norman: berd
→⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)

From Proto-West Germanic *bard, from Proto-Germanic *bardaz (compare West Frisian burd, Dutch baard, German Bart), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰeh₂ (compare Latin barba, Lithuanian barzda, Russian борода́ (borodá)).


blod

blōd (canonical neuter)
blōd (nominative singular)
blōd (nominative plural)
blōd (accusative singular)
blōd (accusative plural)
blōdes (genitive singular)
blōda (genitive plural)
blōde (dative singular)
blōdum (dative plural)

Middle English: blood

Scots: bluid

English: blood

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃tóm?
Proto-Germanic *blōþą
Proto-West Germanic *blōd
Old English blod
Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *blōd, from Proto-Germanic *blōþą, of unknown origin.
Cognate with Old Frisian blōd, Old Saxon blōd, Old High German bluot, Old Norse blóð, and Gothic 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 (blōþ).

inh+

Wæs þæt blōd hāt.


ta

tā (canonical feminine)
tān (nominative plural)
tā (nominative singular)
tān (nominative plural)
tān (accusative singular)
tān (accusative plural)
tān (genitive singular)
tāna (genitive plural)
tān (dative singular)
tām (dative plural)
tāum (dative plural)

Middle English: ta, to

English: toe

Scots: tae

From Proto-West Germanic *taihā, from Proto-Germanic *taihwǭ.


ea

ēa (canonical feminine)
ēa (nominative plural)
ēan (nominative plural)
ēa (nominative singular)
ēa (nominative plural)
ēan (nominative plural)
ēa (accusative singular)
ēa (accusative plural)
ēan (accusative plural)
ēa (genitive singular)
īe (genitive singular)
ēa (genitive plural)
ēa (dative singular)
īe (dative singular)
ēam (dative plural)
ēaum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ee, æ, ea, eaa (Early Middle English), *eo
English: ea, Eau, eau, yeo

⇒ Old English: edēa (with prefix ed-)

Middle English: eddy

English: eddy

From Proto-West Germanic *ahu, from Proto-Germanic *ahwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ekʷeh₂ (“water”).


ar

ār (canonical masculine)
ār (nominative singular)
āras (nominative plural)
ār (accusative singular)
āras (accusative plural)
āres (genitive singular)
āra (genitive plural)
āre (dative singular)
ārum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *airu (“messenger”), from Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old Saxon ēru, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).

Ic eom Hroðgares ar ond ombiht.


rust

English: rust

From Proto-West Germanic *rust, from Proto-Germanic *rustaz (“rust”), from Proto-Indo-European *rudʰso- (“red”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”).


hype

hype (nominative singular)
hypas (nominative plural)
hype (accusative singular)
hypas (accusative plural)
hypes (genitive singular)
hypa (genitive plural)
hype (dative singular)
hypum (dative plural)

Middle English: hippe, hip

English: hip

Scots: hip


cot

cotu (nominative plural)
cot (nominative singular)
cotu (nominative plural)
cot (accusative singular)
cotu (accusative plural)
cotes (genitive singular)
cota (genitive plural)
cote (dative singular)
cotum (dative plural)

English: cot

From Proto-Germanic *kutą, *kutan (“shed”), probably of non-Indo-European origin, but possibly borrowed from Uralic; compare Finnish kota (“hut, house”) and Hungarian ház (“house”), both from Proto-Finno-Ugric/Proto-Uralic *kota.
However, compare Dutch and English hut, as well as Old Norse kot, Middle High German kūz (“execution pit”)), Scytho-Sarmatian *kuta, Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “chamber”).


horn

horn (nominative singular)
hornas (nominative plural)
horn (accusative singular)
hornas (accusative plural)
hornes (genitive singular)
horna (genitive plural)
horne (dative singular)
hornum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: horn, horne, orn
English: horn
Scots: horn
Yola: hoorn

From Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer- (“horn, head, top”).
Cognate with Old Frisian horn, Old Saxon horn, Old High German horn, Old Norse horn, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (haurn).


dung

dung (nominative singular)
dunga (nominative plural)
dunge (nominative plural)
dunge (accusative singular)
dunga (accusative plural)
dunge (accusative plural)
dunge (genitive singular)
dunga (genitive plural)
dunge (dative singular)
dungum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: donge, dong, donke, doung, dounge, dung, dunge
English: dung
Scots: dung

From Proto-Germanic *dungō, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰengʰ- (“to cover”).


bord

bord (nominative singular)
bord (nominative plural)
bord (accusative singular)
bord (accusative plural)
bordes (genitive singular)
borda (genitive plural)
borde (dative singular)
bordum (dative plural)

→ Cornish: bord

Middle English: bord

English: board

Scots: buird

Yola: borde

→ Old Irish: bord

Middle Irish: bord

Irish: bord

Manx: boayrd

Scottish Gaelic: bòrd

→ Middle Welsh: bort

Welsh: bord

→ Middle Welsh: bwrð

Welsh: bwrdd

From Proto-West Germanic *bord, from Proto-Germanic *burdą.

Sē frumlida stāg on bord þæs sċipes.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Hīe cwǣdon, "Hū dōþ wē ymb þē?" Hē andwyrde, "Weorpaþ mē ofer bord."

They said, "What are we going to do about you?" He answered, "Throw me overboard."

the side of a ship; (by extension) the ship itself


feoh

feoh (nominative singular)
feoh (accusative singular)
fēos (genitive singular)
fēo (dative singular)

Middle English: feh, fe, fee (with Old French)

English: fee

Scots: fe, fee, fiel

From Proto-West Germanic *fehu, from Proto-Germanic *fehu. Note that feoh must have transferred into the a-stems (and thus lost its -u) before loss of medial *h, or else it would be *fēo.
Cognates:
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian fia (West Frisian fee), Old Saxon fehu (Low German Veeh), Old Dutch fē (Dutch vee), Old High German fihu (German Vieh), Old Norse fé (Swedish fä), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 (faihu). The Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit पशु (páśu, “cattle”), Latin pecus, Old Armenian ասր (asr, “fleece”) and Lithuanian pēkus (“cattle”).

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Ēalā ġif iċ hæfde feoh.


heafod

hēafod (canonical neuter)
hēafod (nominative singular)
hēafdu (nominative plural)
hēafod (accusative singular)
hēafdu (accusative plural)
hēafdes (genitive singular)
hēafda (genitive plural)
hēafde (dative singular)
hēafdum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: heed
English: head
→ Japanese: ヘッド (heddo)
Sranan Tongo: ede
Aukan: ede
Saramaccan: hédi
Geordie English: heed
Scots: heid
Yola: heade, haade, hade

From Proto-Germanic *haubudą, from Proto-Indo-European *kauput-. Cognate with Old Frisian hāved, Old Saxon hōƀid, Dutch hoofd, Old High German houbit, Old Norse hǫfuð, and Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 (haubiþ). The Germanic source is related to Latin caput and Sanskrit कपालम् (kapālam).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Twenty-First Sunday After Pentecost"
Mīn hēafod hē hæfþ mid his ċeaflum befangen.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "THE PASSION OF THE APOSTLES PETER AND PAUL"
Ic bidde eow, wendað min heafod adune, and astreccað mine fét wið heofonas weard: ne eom ic wyrðe þæt ic swa hangige swa min Drihten.

I beseech you, turn my head down, and stretch my feet towards heaven: I am not worthy to hang as my Lord.


eage

ēage (canonical neuter)
ēage (nominative singular)
ēagan (nominative plural)
ēage (accusative singular)
ēagan (accusative plural)
ēagan (genitive singular)
ēagena (genitive plural)
ēagan (dative singular)
ēagum (dative plural)

Middle English: eie, yȝe, ye, yë, yghe, eye, eȝhe, eȝe, eighe, eyghe, eyȝe, iȝe
English: eye
Sranan Tongo: ai
Geordie English: ee, eye
Scots: ee
Yola: ieen, eein, eyen, eeen, een, ein (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *augā, from Proto-Germanic *augô.


tunge

tunge (nominative singular)
tungan (nominative plural)
tungan (accusative singular)
tungan (accusative plural)
tungan (genitive singular)
tungena (genitive plural)
tungan (dative singular)
tungum (dative plural)

Middle English: tonge, tong, tung, tunge
English: tongue
Australian Kriol: tang
Bislama: tang
Sranan Tongo: tongo
Tok Pisin: tang
Torres Strait Creole: tang
Scots: tung, tongue, tong


stan

stān (canonical masculine)
stān (nominative singular)
stānas (nominative plural)
stān (accusative singular)
stānas (accusative plural)
stānes (genitive singular)
stāna (genitive plural)
stāne (dative singular)
stānum (dative plural)

Middle English: ston, stan, stane, stoan, stone, stoon, stoone
English: stone (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: styen
Scots: stane
Yola: sthoan
→ Anglo-Norman: ston

From Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂no-, *stih₂-no- (a suffixed form of *steyh₂- (“to be solid, to crowd together”)).
Cognate with Old Frisian stēn, Old Saxon stēn (German Low German Steen), Old Dutch sten, stein (Dutch steen), Old High German stein (German Stein), Old Norse steinn (Icelandic steinn, Faroese steinur, Norwegian Nynorsk stein, Norwegian Bokmål stein, sten, Danish sten, Swedish sten), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (stains). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek στῖον (stîon, “pebble”), Proto-Slavic *stěnà (Bulgarian стена (stena), Russian стена́ (stená), Czech stěna (“wall”)).


nama

naman (nominative plural)
nama (nominative singular)
naman (nominative plural)
naman (accusative singular)
naman (accusative plural)
naman (genitive singular)
namena (genitive plural)
naman (dative singular)
namum (dative plural)

Middle English: name, nome
English: name
→ Sranan Tongo: nen
→ Japanese: ネーム
Geordie English: nyem
Scots: name, naim, nem, nome
Yola: naame, naume, name

From Proto-West Germanic *namō, from Proto-Germanic *namô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥.

nambred

register of names (on a tablet); German Brett

c. 995, Ælfric, Excerptiones de Arte Grammatica Anglice
Ealle naman...bēoþ ġebīgede on fīf declinungum.

All nouns...are inflected in five declensions.


fot

fōt (canonical masculine)
fēt (nominative plural)
fōt (nominative singular)
fēt (nominative plural)
fōt (accusative singular)
fēt (accusative plural)
fōtes (genitive singular)
fōta (genitive plural)
fēt (dative singular)
fōtum (dative plural)

Middle English: fot, fod, foȝt, foit, foot, foote, fote, fout, fut, vot
English: foot (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fit, fuit, fut, fute
Yola: voote

From Proto-West Germanic *fōt.
Cognates:
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian fōt, Old Saxon fōt (Dutch voet), Old High German fuoz (German Fuß), Old Norse fótr (Danish fod, Swedish fot), Gothic 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 (fōtus). The Proto-Indo-European root was also the source of Sanskrit पद् (pád), Ancient Greek πούς (poús) (genitive ποδός (podós)); Doric πῶς (pôs), Latin pēs (genitive pedis).

Iċ dypte mīnne fōt on þæt wæter.

Wē ongunnon þæt þorp ġenēahlǣċan on fōtum.

We tried to reach the village on foot (literally "on feet").

(anatomy) an organ in humans and animals used for locomotion

a foot, in the following senses:
(prosody) a metrical foot

a foot, in the following senses:
a metrical foot


heorte

heorte (nominative singular)
heortan (nominative plural)
heortan (accusative singular)
heortan (accusative plural)
heortan (genitive singular)
heortena (genitive plural)
heortan (dative singular)
heortum (dative plural)

Middle English: herte, hart, harte, heorte, hert, hertt, hirte, huerte, heortæ, heorrte, herrte, hierte, horte, hurte (Early Middle English)
English: heart (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hert, hart, hairt
Yola: hearth, hart

From Proto-West Germanic *hertā.
Cognate with Old Frisian herte, Old Saxon herta, Old Dutch herte, Old High German herza, Old Norse hjarta, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 (hairtō). The Indo-European root is also the source of Greek καρδία (kardía), Latin cor, Welsh craidd, Russian се́рдце (sérdce), Lithuanian širdis.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Nativiity of Our Lord"
Ðyllīce word María hēold ārǣfniġende on hire heortan.

Such words Mary held, pondering them in her heart.


stæf

stafas (nominative plural)
stæf (nominative singular)
stafas (nominative plural)
stæf (accusative singular)
stafas (accusative plural)
stæfes (genitive singular)
stafa (genitive plural)
stæfe (dative singular)
stafum (dative plural)

Middle English: staf

Scots: staf, staff, staif, stave

English: staff, stave

From Proto-Germanic *stabaz, whence also Old High German stab, Old Norse stafr.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent Sunday"
On ōðre wīsan wē sċēawiaþ mētinge and on ōðre wīsan stafas. Ne gǣþ nā māre tō mētinge būtan þæt þū hit ġesēo and herie. Nis nā ġenōg þæt þū stafas sċēawiġe būtan þū hīe ēac rǣde and þæt andġiet understande.

We look at pictures in one way and letters in another. You don't do anything with a painting except see it and praise it. Looking at letters is not enough unless you also read them and understand the meaning.


regn

reġn (canonical masculine)
reġn (nominative singular)
reġnas (nominative plural)
reġn (accusative singular)
reġnas (accusative plural)
reġnes (genitive singular)
reġna (genitive plural)
reġne (dative singular)
reġnum (dative plural)

Middle English: reyn, rain, rayn, rayne, rein, reine, reigne, ren, ræin, reȝȝn (Early Middle English)
English: rain
Scots: rain
Yola: rhyne, ryne

From Proto-West Germanic *regn (changed to masculine), from Proto-Germanic *regną (neuter).


æ

letter of the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) alphabet, listed in 24th and final position by Byrhtferð (1011); Called æsċ (“ash tree”) after the Anglo-Saxon ᚫ rune


ædre

ǣdre (canonical feminine)
ǣdre (nominative singular)
ǣdran (nominative plural)
ǣdran (accusative singular)
ǣdran (accusative plural)
ǣdran (genitive singular)
ǣdrena (genitive plural)
ǣdran (dative singular)
ǣdrum (dative plural)

Middle English: edre

From Proto-Germanic *ēþrǭ. Cognates include Old Frisian ēdere, Old High German ādra, Old Norse æðr.


wicca

wiċċa (canonical masculine)
wiċċa (nominative singular)
wiċċan (nominative plural)
wiċċan (accusative singular)
wiċċan (accusative plural)
wiċċan (genitive singular)
wiċċena (genitive plural)
wiċċan (dative singular)
wiċċum (dative plural)

Middle English: wicche, wikke, wikked

English: witch, → Wicca, wicked

Scots: wich, wicked, wicket

From Proto-Germanic *wikkô (“necromancer, sorcerer”).
Further etymology uncertain; apparently from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“separate, divide”), conjectured to be because of early Germanic divinatory practices to do with casting lots (cleromancy).
The exact etymology is problematic. R. Lühr (Expressivität und Lautgesetz im Germanischen, Heidelberg (1988), p. 354) connects wigol "prophetic, mantic", wīglian "to practice divination" (Middle Low German wichelen (“bewitch”) and suggests Proto-Germanic *wigōn, via Kluge's law becoming *wikkōn. The basic form would then be the feminine, wicce /ˈwɪt͡ʃe/, from *wikkæ, from *wikkōn with palatalization due to the preceding i and the following *æ, from *ōn. The palatal -cc- /t͡ʃ/ in wicca would then be analogous to the feminine.
An alternative possibility is to derive the palatal /t͡ʃ/ directly from the verb wiccian, from *wikkija (OED, s.v. witch). Lühr conversely favours derivation of this verb from the noun.

der

c. 890, Ælfred, Domboc, Prologue
Ða fæmnan þe gewuniað onfon gealdorcræftigan ⁊ scinlæcan ⁊ wiccan, ne læt þu ða libban.

Women who are accustomed to receiving enchanters and sorceresses and witches, do not let them live.

wizard, sorcerer, magician, druid, necromancer


mitta

mitta (nominative singular)
mittan (nominative plural)
mittan (accusative singular)
mittan (accusative plural)
mittan (genitive singular)
mittena (genitive plural)
mittan (dative singular)
mittum (dative plural)


col

col (nominative singular)
colu (nominative plural)
col (accusative singular)
colu (accusative plural)
coles (genitive singular)
cola (genitive plural)
cole (dative singular)
colum (dative plural)

Middle English: cole

English: coal

From Proto-West Germanic *kol. Cognate with Old Frisian kole, Old High German kolo, Old Norse kol.


dor

dōr (canonical neuter)
dōr (nominative singular)
dōr (nominative plural)
dōr (accusative singular)
dōr (accusative plural)
dōres (genitive singular)
dōra (genitive plural)
dōre (dative singular)
dōrum (dative plural)

Middle English: dor, dore

English: door

From Proto-West Germanic *dor.
Cognate with Old Saxon dor, Old High German tor (German Tor (“gate”)), Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂 (daur). The Germanic word also existed with the stem *durz (see Old English duru, German Tür). Indo-European cognates include Greek θυρα (thyra), Latin foris, Lithuanian dùrys, Old Church Slavonic двьрь (dvĭrĭ) (Russian дверь (dverʹ)).


mere

mere (nominative singular)
meras (nominative plural)
mere (accusative singular)
meras (accusative plural)
meres (genitive singular)
mera (genitive plural)
mere (dative singular)
merum (dative plural)

Middle English: mere

English: mere

Scots: mere

From Proto-West Germanic *mari (“sea, lake”).
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian mere (West Frisian mar), Old Saxon meri (Low German Meer), Dutch meer, Old High German meri (German Meer), Old Norse marr (Swedish mar). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin mare, Old Irish muir (Breton mor), Old Church Slavonic море (more) (Russian мо́ре (móre)), Lithuanian mãre.


beam

bēam (canonical masculine)
bēam (nominative singular)
bēamas (nominative plural)
bēam (accusative singular)
bēamas (accusative plural)
bēames (genitive singular)
bēama (genitive plural)
bēame (dative singular)
bēamum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: beem, beam, bem, beme, beume, beam, beame (Northern), beam, beom (Early Middle English)
English: beam
→ German: beamen
→ Japanese: ビーム
→ Dutch: beamen
Scots: beam


freo

frēo (canonical)
frēo (masculine nominative singular)
frēo (feminine nominative singular)
frēo (neuter nominative singular)
frēone (accusative masculine singular)
frēo (accusative feminine singular)
frēo (accusative neuter singular)
frēos (genitive masculine singular)
frēore (feminine genitive singular)
frēos (genitive neuter singular)
frēom (dative masculine singular)
frēoum (dative masculine singular)
frēore (dative feminine singular)
frēom (dative neuter singular)
frēoum (dative neuter singular)
frēo (instrumental masculine singular)
frēore (feminine instrumental singular)
frēo (instrumental neuter singular)
frēo (masculine nominative plural)
frēo (feminine nominative plural)
frēo (neuter nominative plural)
frēo (accusative masculine plural)
frēo (accusative feminine plural)
frēo (accusative neuter plural)
frēora (genitive masculine plural)
frēora (feminine genitive plural)
frēora (genitive neuter plural)
frēom (dative masculine plural)
frēoum (dative masculine plural)
frēom (dative feminine plural)
frēoum (dative feminine plural)
frēom (dative neuter plural)
frēoum (dative neuter plural)
frēom (instrumental masculine plural)
frēoum (instrumental masculine plural)
frēom (feminine instrumental plural)
frēoum (feminine instrumental plural)
frēom (instrumental neuter plural)
frēoum (instrumental neuter plural)
frēo (masculine nominative singular)
frēo (feminine nominative singular)
frēo (neuter nominative singular)
frēon (accusative masculine singular)
frēon (accusative feminine singular)
frēo (accusative neuter singular)
frēon (genitive masculine singular)
frēon (feminine genitive singular)
frēon (genitive neuter singular)
frēon (dative masculine singular)
frēon (dative feminine singular)
frēon (dative neuter singular)
frēon (instrumental masculine singular)
frēon (feminine instrumental singular)
frēon (instrumental neuter singular)
frēon (masculine nominative plural)
frēon (feminine nominative plural)
frēon (neuter nominative plural)
frēon (accusative masculine plural)
frēon (accusative feminine plural)
frēon (accusative neuter plural)
frēora (genitive masculine plural)
frēona (genitive masculine plural)
frēora (feminine genitive plural)
frēona (feminine genitive plural)
frēora (genitive neuter plural)
frēona (genitive neuter plural)
frēom (dative masculine plural)
frēoum (dative masculine plural)
frēom (dative feminine plural)
frēoum (dative feminine plural)
frēom (dative neuter plural)
frēoum (dative neuter plural)
frēom (instrumental masculine plural)
frēoum (instrumental masculine plural)
frēom (feminine instrumental plural)
frēoum (feminine instrumental plural)
frēom (instrumental neuter plural)
frēoum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: fre, vri, vry

English: free

→ Fiji Hindi: firii

Scots: fre

From Proto-West Germanic *friu, a byform of *frī. The transmission of this word was complex. The Proto-Germanic form must have been *frijwaz. After loss of final *-az and syllabification of *-w, the resulting West-Germanic form was *friju, which developed further to *frīju after gemination and vocalization of *j between *i and another *j. The sequence *iju, *īju then contracts to *iu, yielding a final form *friu (cf. Proto-West Germanic *friund, from *frijōndz), which develops normally to Old English frīo, frēo. The oblique forms should however have retained *-j- in all instances in which it was not followed by *u, yielding an alternation between frīo and frīġ- throughout the paradigm. This alternation, though sparsely attested in the Old English corpus, was too irregular to have been maintained for long and was eventually levelled away in all dialects in favor either of the diphthongal nominative or the oblique forms in -ġ-. Note also that *w was deleted between *īj and any front vowel, thus explaining its absence in certain oblique forms such as frīġes, from earlier /ˈfriːj.wæs/. See Hogg 1992 sections 3.17, 3.19(3), 4.7, and 4.9(1) for details.

c. 700 Cædmon, Metrical Paraphrase
Ða wearþ worn afeded freora bearna

then a number of noble children were brought forth.


mil

mīl (canonical feminine)
mīl (nominative singular)
mīla (nominative plural)
mīle (nominative plural)
mīle (accusative singular)
mīla (accusative plural)
mīle (accusative plural)
mīle (genitive singular)
mīla (genitive plural)
mīle (dative singular)
mīlum (dative plural)

Middle English: myle, mile

Scots: mile

English: mile

Borrowed from Latin mīlia, plural of the numeral mīlle.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Sardina is þrī and þrītti mīla lang, and twā and twentiġ mīla brād.

Sardinia is thirty-three miles long, and twenty-two miles wide.


maga

maga (nominative singular)
magan (nominative plural)
magan (accusative singular)
magan (accusative plural)
magan (genitive singular)
magena (genitive plural)
magan (dative singular)
magum (dative plural)

Middle English: maȝe, maghe, mawe

English: maw

Scots: mawe, maw

From Proto-West Germanic *magō.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian maga (West Frisian mage), Old Saxon mago (Low German mage), Middle Dutch maghe (Dutch maag), Old High German mago (German Magen), Old Norse magi (Swedish mage,
Norwegian mage, stomach). The Indo-European root is also the source of Proto-Celtic *makno- (Welsh megin (“bellows”)), Proto-Slavic *mošьnā (Old Church Slavonic мошьна (mošĭna), Russian мошна́ (mošná, “pocket, bag”)), Baltic *maka- (Lithuanian mãkas (“purse”)).


maga

māga (canonical masculine)
māga (nominative singular)
māgan (nominative plural)
māgan (accusative singular)
māgan (accusative plural)
māgan (genitive singular)
māgena (genitive plural)
māgan (dative singular)
māgum (dative plural)

i

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">mǣġ</i>

Middle English: maȝe, mæȝe, mæi, mei, mey (merged with descendant of Old English mǣġ)

English: may (“kinsman”) (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *māg.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian mēch (“relative, kinsman”), Old Saxon māg (“a relation”), Old High German māg (“relative, kinsman”), Old Norse mágr (“father-in-law”), Gothic 𐌼𐌴𐌲𐍃 (mēgs, “son-in-law”). More at may.


buc

būc (canonical masculine)
būc (nominative singular)
būcas (nominative plural)
būc (accusative singular)
būcas (accusative plural)
būces (genitive singular)
būca (genitive plural)
būce (dative singular)
būcum (dative plural)

Middle English: bouk

English: bouk

Scots: bouk, bowk

From Proto-West Germanic *būk, from Proto-Germanic *būkaz.

a vessel that bulges out, such as a bottle, jug, pitcher, etc.


tid

tīd (canonical feminine)
tīda (nominative plural)
tīde (nominative plural)
tīd (nominative singular)
tīde (nominative plural)
tīda (nominative plural)
tīd (accusative singular)
tīde (accusative singular)
tīde (accusative plural)
tīda (accusative plural)
tīde (genitive singular)
tīda (genitive plural)
tīde (dative singular)
tīdum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tyde, tid, tide, tyd
English: tide
Scots: tide
Yola: enteete, enteeth, enteet
→ Scottish Gaelic: tìde

From Proto-Germanic *tīdiz, from Proto-Indo-European *dīti- (“time, period”), from *dī- (“time”).
Cognate with Old Frisian tīd, Old Saxon tīd, Old Dutch tīt, Old High German zīt, and Old Norse tíð; see also modern cognates at tide.

der

(grammar) tense, the time indicated by the form of a verb


carr

carr (nominative singular)
carras (nominative plural)
carr (accusative singular)
carras (accusative plural)
carres (genitive singular)
carra (genitive plural)
carre (dative singular)
carrum (dative plural)

Middle English: *carr

English: carr (dialectal)

From Celtic, perhaps from Old Welsh carrecc, from Proto-Brythonic *karreg, from Proto-Celtic *karrikā, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂er- (“hard”).


bile

English: bill


croft

desctree

Middle English: croft, crofft, croffte, crofte, croofte
English: croft
Scots: croft, craft


brim

brim (nominative singular)
brimu (nominative plural)
brim (accusative singular)
brimu (accusative plural)
brimes (genitive singular)
brima (genitive plural)
brime (dative singular)
brimum (dative plural)


ears

ears (nominative singular)
earsas (nominative plural)
ears (accusative singular)
earsas (accusative plural)
earses (genitive singular)
earsa (genitive plural)
earse (dative singular)
earsum (dative plural)

Middle English: ars, arce, ers, eres, hars, hers, aars
English: arse, ass
Scots: ers, airse

From Proto-West Germanic *ars, from Proto-Germanic *arsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁orsos. Cognate with Old Frisian ers, Old Saxon ars, Old High German ars, Old Norse ars ~ rass, and more distantly with Old Armenian ոռ (oṙ, “ass”) and Modern Greek ουρά (ourá, “tail”).


mæg

mǣġ (canonical feminine)
mǣġ (nominative singular)
mǣġa (nominative plural)
mǣġe (nominative plural)
mǣġe (accusative singular)
mǣġa (accusative plural)
mǣġe (accusative plural)
mǣġe (genitive singular)
mǣġa (genitive plural)
mǣġe (dative singular)
mǣġum (dative plural)


sweora

swēora (canonical masculine)
swēora (nominative singular)
swēoran (nominative plural)
swēoran (accusative singular)
swēoran (accusative plural)
swēoran (genitive singular)
swēorena (genitive plural)
swēoran (dative singular)
swēorum (dative plural)

English: swire

Scots: swire

From Proto-Germanic *swerhô. Cognate with Old Norse svíra.

(of water) the part where the distance between two shores is the least


dolg

dolg (nominative singular)
dolg (nominative plural)
dolg (accusative singular)
dolg (accusative plural)
dolges (genitive singular)
dolga (genitive plural)
dolge (dative singular)
dolgum (dative plural)

Middle English: dolh, dolȝ, dolc, dolke

From Proto-West Germanic *dolg, from Proto-Germanic *dulgą. Cognate with Old Frisian dolch, Old High German tolg.

…ac mē eċġa dolg ēacen weorðað þurh dēaðsleġe dagum and nihtum.

…but for me wounds of edges become widened through deathblows by days and nights.


earm

earm (masculine nominative singular)
earm (feminine nominative singular)
earm (neuter nominative singular)
earmne (accusative masculine singular)
earme (accusative feminine singular)
earm (accusative neuter singular)
earmes (genitive masculine singular)
earmre (feminine genitive singular)
earmes (genitive neuter singular)
earmum (dative masculine singular)
earmre (dative feminine singular)
earmum (dative neuter singular)
earme (instrumental masculine singular)
earmre (feminine instrumental singular)
earme (instrumental neuter singular)
earme (masculine nominative plural)
earma (feminine nominative plural)
earme (feminine nominative plural)
earm (neuter nominative plural)
earme (accusative masculine plural)
earma (accusative feminine plural)
earme (accusative feminine plural)
earm (accusative neuter plural)
earmra (genitive masculine plural)
earmra (feminine genitive plural)
earmra (genitive neuter plural)
earmum (dative masculine plural)
earmum (dative feminine plural)
earmum (dative neuter plural)
earmum (instrumental masculine plural)
earmum (feminine instrumental plural)
earmum (instrumental neuter plural)
earma (masculine nominative singular)
earme (feminine nominative singular)
earme (neuter nominative singular)
earman (accusative masculine singular)
earman (accusative feminine singular)
earme (accusative neuter singular)
earman (genitive masculine singular)
earman (feminine genitive singular)
earman (genitive neuter singular)
earman (dative masculine singular)
earman (dative feminine singular)
earman (dative neuter singular)
earman (instrumental masculine singular)
earman (feminine instrumental singular)
earman (instrumental neuter singular)
earman (masculine nominative plural)
earman (feminine nominative plural)
earman (neuter nominative plural)
earman (accusative masculine plural)
earman (accusative feminine plural)
earman (accusative neuter plural)
earmra (genitive masculine plural)
earmena (genitive masculine plural)
earmra (feminine genitive plural)
earmena (feminine genitive plural)
earmra (genitive neuter plural)
earmena (genitive neuter plural)
earmum (dative masculine plural)
earmum (dative feminine plural)
earmum (dative neuter plural)
earmum (instrumental masculine plural)
earmum (feminine instrumental plural)
earmum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: arm
English: arm
Scots: arm

From Proto-Germanic *armaz, further etymology uncertain.
Cognate with Old Frisian erm, Old Saxon arm, Dutch arm, Old High German arm (German arm), Old Norse armr (Danish and Swedish arm), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms).

Ðonne sorg ond slǣp · somod ætgædre
earmne ānhogan · oft ġebindað,

Then sorrow and sleep together at once
oft bind the poor loner,


bur

būr (canonical neuter)
būr (nominative singular)
būras (nominative plural)
būr (accusative singular)
būras (accusative plural)
būres (genitive singular)
būra (genitive plural)
būre (dative singular)
būrum (dative plural)

Middle English: bour, boure, bowre, bowur, bur (Early Middle English)
English: bower
Scots: bour

From Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būrą. Cognate with Old Saxon būr, Old High German būr (German Bauer (“birdcage”)), Old Norse búr (Swedish bur).


isern

īsern (canonical)
īsern (masculine nominative singular)
īsern (feminine nominative singular)
īsern (neuter nominative singular)
īserne (accusative masculine singular)
īserne (accusative feminine singular)
īsern (accusative neuter singular)
īsernes (genitive masculine singular)
īsernre (feminine genitive singular)
īsernes (genitive neuter singular)
īsernum (dative masculine singular)
īsernre (dative feminine singular)
īsernum (dative neuter singular)
īserne (instrumental masculine singular)
īsernre (feminine instrumental singular)
īserne (instrumental neuter singular)
īserne (masculine nominative plural)
īserna (feminine nominative plural)
īserne (feminine nominative plural)
īsern (neuter nominative plural)
īserne (accusative masculine plural)
īserna (accusative feminine plural)
īserne (accusative feminine plural)
īsern (accusative neuter plural)
īsernra (genitive masculine plural)
īsernra (feminine genitive plural)
īsernra (genitive neuter plural)
īsernum (dative masculine plural)
īsernum (dative feminine plural)
īsernum (dative neuter plural)
īsernum (instrumental masculine plural)
īsernum (feminine instrumental plural)
īsernum (instrumental neuter plural)
īserna (masculine nominative singular)
īserne (feminine nominative singular)
īserne (neuter nominative singular)
īsernan (accusative masculine singular)
īsernan (accusative feminine singular)
īserne (accusative neuter singular)
īsernan (genitive masculine singular)
īsernan (feminine genitive singular)
īsernan (genitive neuter singular)
īsernan (dative masculine singular)
īsernan (dative feminine singular)
īsernan (dative neuter singular)
īsernan (instrumental masculine singular)
īsernan (feminine instrumental singular)
īsernan (instrumental neuter singular)
īsernan (masculine nominative plural)
īsernan (feminine nominative plural)
īsernan (neuter nominative plural)
īsernan (accusative masculine plural)
īsernan (accusative feminine plural)
īsernan (accusative neuter plural)
īsernra (genitive masculine plural)
īsernena (genitive masculine plural)
īsernra (feminine genitive plural)
īsernena (feminine genitive plural)
īsernra (genitive neuter plural)
īsernena (genitive neuter plural)
īsernum (dative masculine plural)
īsernum (dative feminine plural)
īsernum (dative neuter plural)
īsernum (instrumental masculine plural)
īsernum (feminine instrumental plural)
īsernum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: iren, eren, irne, iron, isen
English: iron
→ Marshallese: aen
Scots: airn, ern, irne
Yola: eeren

From Proto-West Germanic *īsarn, from Proto-Germanic *īsarną.
Cognates:
Cognates include Old Frisian īsern (West Frisian izer), Old Saxon īsarn (Low German Iesen), Old Dutch *īsarn (Dutch ijzer), Old High German īsarn (German Eisen), Old Norse járn (Swedish järn), Gothic 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 (eisarn), Old Irish īärn (Irish iarann, Welsh haearn).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hæfdon ġeleornad mā cræfta hū hīe þā elpendas beswīcan mehton, mid þǣm þæt hīe nāmon trēowu, ⁊ slōgon on oþerne ende moniġe sċearpe īsene næġlas, ⁊ hīe mid flexe bewundon, ⁊ onbǣrndon hit, ⁊ beþyddan hit þonne on þone elpend hindan...

And they had learned more tricks through which they could ensnare the elephants; they took stakes and drove into the other end many sharp iron nails, and wrapped them in flax, and set them on fire, and then thrust them into the elephant from behind...


toþ

tōþ (canonical masculine)
tōþ (nominative singular)
tēþ (nominative plural)
tōþ (accusative singular)
tēþ (accusative plural)
tōþes (genitive singular)
tōþa (genitive plural)
tēþ (dative singular)
tōþum (dative plural)

Middle English: tothe, toth, tooth

Scots: tuth, tutht, tuith

English: tooth

From Proto-West Germanic *tanþ (by loss of the n and the resulting compensatory lengthening of the vowel).
Cognates:
Cognates with Old Frisian tōth, Old Saxon tand, Dutch tand, Old High German zan, zand (German Zahn), Old Norse tǫnn (Swedish tand), Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 (tunþus); and with Sanskrit दन्त (danta) (Hindi दांत (dānt)), Ancient Greek ὀδών (odṓn), Latin dens (French dent), Old Irish dét, Lithuanian dantìs.


fæmne

fǣmne (canonical feminine)
fǣmne (nominative singular)
fǣmnan (nominative plural)
fǣmnan (accusative singular)
fǣmnan (accusative plural)
fǣmnan (genitive singular)
fǣmnena (genitive plural)
fǣmnan (dative singular)
fǣmnum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *faimnijā (“girl”), related to (but not directly cognate with) Old Saxon fēmea, fēhmia, West Frisian faam, Icelandic feima (“maiden”). Unrelated to Latin fēmina (“female, woman”), and probably also to Latin famula (“female servant”).


mægþ

mæġþ (canonical feminine)
mæġþ (nominative singular)
mæġþ (nominative plural)
mæġþ (accusative singular)
mæġþ (accusative plural)
mæġþ (genitive singular)
mæġþa (genitive plural)
mæġþ (dative singular)
mæġþum (dative plural)

Alteration of earlier mæġeþ, with irregular syncope. See there for more.


mægþ

mǣġþ (canonical feminine)
mǣġþ (nominative singular)
mǣġþa (nominative plural)
mǣġþe (nominative plural)
mǣġþe (accusative singular)
mǣġþa (accusative plural)
mǣġþe (accusative plural)
mǣġþe (genitive singular)
mǣġþa (genitive plural)
mǣġþe (dative singular)
mǣġþum (dative plural)

→ English: maegth (learned)

From mǣġ (“a relative”) + -þ (suffix forming abstract nouns). Compare the formation of modern English kindred.


mægþ

From Proto-Germanic *maigiþō (“shamelessness, wantonness, wickedness”), from *maigaz (“wicked, shameless”).


lagu

lagu (nominative singular)
laga (nominative plural)
lagu (accusative singular)
laga (accusative plural)
laga (genitive singular)
laga (genitive plural)
laga (dative singular)
lagum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: lai, laie, leye, laȝe, lawe

English: lay

From Proto-West Germanic *lagu (“water, sea”).
Cognate with Latin lacus (“hollow, pond”), Old Irish loch (“lake, pond”), Ancient Greek λάκκος (lákkos, “waterhole, pond, pit”).


burg

byrġ (nominative plural)
burg (nominative singular)
byrġ (nominative plural)
burg (accusative singular)
byrġ (accusative plural)
byrġ (genitive singular)
burga (genitive plural)
byrġ (dative singular)
burgum (dative plural)

Middle English: burgh

Scots: burch, burgh

desc

English: borough, -borough, Brough, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury

→ English: burh (learned)

c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Sēo burg þæs mōdes sċeal swīðe oft ġefrēdan hire fēonda speru.

The fortress of the mind must very often feel the spears of its enemies.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 921

Then King Edward traveled to Colchester with the West Saxon army and repaired the fortress, and rebuilt it where it had been destroyed.

Þā fōr Ēadweard cyning mid Westseaxna fierde tō Colneċeastre and ġebētte þā burg and ġeednīewode þǣr hēo ǣr tōbrocen wæs.


wyrt

wyrt (nominative singular)
wyrta (nominative plural)
wyrte (nominative plural)
wyrte (accusative singular)
wyrta (accusative plural)
wyrte (accusative plural)
wyrte (genitive singular)
wyrta (genitive plural)
wyrte (dative singular)
wyrtum (dative plural)

Middle English: wort, worte

English: wort

Scots: wirt

From a merger of Proto-West Germanic *wurtiju (“spice”) and Proto-West Germanic *wurti (“herb”). Cognate with Old Saxon wurtia.


dohtor

dohtor (nominative singular)
dohtor (nominative plural)
dohtra (nominative plural)
dohtru (nominative plural)
dohtor (accusative singular)
dohtor (accusative plural)
dohtra (accusative plural)
dohtru (accusative plural)
dohtor (genitive singular)
dohtra (genitive plural)
dehter (dative singular)
dohtrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: doughter
English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda
Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter
Yola: doughtere, daughtere

From Proto-West Germanic *dohter. See there for more.


fic

fīc (canonical masculine)
fīc (nominative singular)
fīcas (nominative plural)
fīc (accusative singular)
fīcas (accusative plural)
fīces (genitive singular)
fīca (genitive plural)
fīce (dative singular)
fīcum (dative plural)

Middle English: fike, fyke

English: fike, fig


sunsunu

sunsuna (nominative plural)
sunsunu (nominative singular)
sunsuna (nominative plural)
sunsunu (accusative singular)
sunsuna (accusative plural)
sunsuna (genitive singular)
sunsuna (genitive plural)
sunsuna (dative singular)
sunsunum (dative plural)

Reduplication of sunu. For similar formations, compare Swedish sonson, dotterdotter, barnbarn.

grandson (lit., "son's son", specifically the son of one's son)


beor

Middle English: bere, beere

English: beer (see there for further descendants)

Scots: bere, beir, beer

From Proto-West Germanic *beuʀ, from Proto-Germanic *beuzą (“beer”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰews- (“dross, sediment, brewer's yeast”).

der

Gebeotedon beore druncne oret-mecgas, ðæt hie in beor-sele bidan woldon Grendles guðe

The sons of conflict, drunk on beer, promised that they would wait in the beer-hall for Grendel’s attack.


bochus

bōchūs (canonical neuter)
bōchūs (nominative singular)
bōchūs (nominative plural)
bōchūs (accusative singular)
bōchūs (accusative plural)
bōchūses (genitive singular)
bōchūsa (genitive plural)
bōchūse (dative singular)
bōchūsum (dative plural)

Middle English: bochous

English: bookhouse


ealu

ealu (nominative singular)
ealoþ (nominative plural)
ealu (accusative singular)
ealoþ (accusative plural)
ealoþ (genitive singular)
ealoþa (genitive plural)
ealoþ (dative singular)
ealoþum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ale, ail
English: ale
Geordie English: yel
Scots: yill, ale, aill, ayll
⇒ Yola: aalhouse

From Proto-West Germanic *alu, from Proto-Germanic *alu, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut-.

Judges


bearn

bearn (nominative singular)
bearn (nominative plural)
bearn (accusative singular)
bearn (accusative plural)
bearnes (genitive singular)
bearna (genitive plural)
bearne (dative singular)
bearnum (dative plural)

Middle English: barn
English: barn (obsolete, dialectal)
Geordie English: bairn
Scots: bairn
→ English: bairn
Yola: barrn

From Proto-Germanic *barną. Cognate with Old Frisian bern, Old Saxon barn, Old Dutch *barn, Old High German barn, Old Norse barn, Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽 (barn). Related to beran.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Swīðe wynsum hit biþ þæt man wīf hæbbe and bearn.

It is very pleasant to have a wife and children.

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Hīe wǣron twēntiġ ġēara samod ǣr þon þe hīe bearn hæfdon.

They were together for twenty years before they had a child.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, "Gospel of Saint John", chapter 13, verse 33

O children, now yet I am little time with you. You seek me; and as I told the Jews, You cannot go to there which I go; and now I tell you.

Lā bearn, nū gȳt ic eom ġehwǣde tīd mid ēow. Ġē mē sēceað; and swā ic þām Iudeon sǣde, Ġē ne magon faran þyder þe ic fare; and nū ic ēow secge.


eam

From Proto-Germanic *immi (“I am”), a form of *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésmi (“am”). More at am.

Mercian and Early West Saxon form of eom


sunu

suna (nominative plural)
sunu (nominative singular)
suna (nominative plural)
sunu (accusative singular)
suna (accusative plural)
suna (genitive singular)
suna (genitive plural)
suna (dative singular)
sunum (dative plural)

Middle English: sone, sune

English: son

Scots: son

From Proto-West Germanic *sunu, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian sunu, Old Saxon sunu, Dutch zoon, Old High German sunu (German Sohn), Old Norse sonr (Swedish son), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 (sunus). The Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit सूनु (sūnu), Lithuanian sūnus, Proto-Slavic *synъ (Old Church Slavonic сꙑнъ (synŭ), Russian сын (syn)); and more distantly of Ancient Greek υἱύς (huiús), Old Irish suth (“birth, fruit”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint George, Martyr"
Nāst þū lā Geori þæt ūre godas swincað mid þē and ġit hī synd ġeþyldiġe þæt hī þe miltsion. Nū lǣre ic ðē swā swā lēofne sunu þæt ðū þæra cristenra lāre forlǣte mid ealle and tō mīnum rǣde hraðe ġebūge swā þæt ðū offriġe þām ārwurðan Appoline and þū mycelne wurðmynt miht swā beġitan.

Knowest thou not, O George, that our gods are striving with thee, and even yet they are patient, that they may pity thee; now I exhort thee, as a beloved son, that thou altogether quit the Christians' doctrine, and quickly incline to my counsel, so that thou sacrifice to the venerable Apollo, and thou mayest so obtain great honour.


carles wæn

Middle English: Charlewayn

English: Charles' Wain

From carles (“peasant's”) + wǣn (“wagon”).

Carles wæn ne gæþ næfre adune under ðyssere eorþan, swa swa oðre tunglan doþ

Carl’s Wain never goes under the earth as other constellations do

the Big Dipper; the Great Bear, Ursa Major


rimcræft

rīmcræft (canonical masculine)
rīmcræft (nominative singular)
rīmcræftas (nominative plural)
rīmcræft (accusative singular)
rīmcræftas (accusative plural)
rīmcræftes (genitive singular)
rīmcræfta (genitive plural)
rīmcræfte (dative singular)
rīmcræftum (dative plural)


riþ

Middle English: rīth

Middle English: rith

From Proto-West Germanic *rīþ, from Proto-Germanic *rīþiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃riHtís. Cognate with Old Frisian ryd, Middle Low German rid.


duru

duru (nominative singular)
dura (nominative plural)
duru (accusative singular)
dura (accusative plural)
dura (genitive singular)
dura (genitive plural)
dura (dative singular)
durum (dative plural)

Middle English: dore, doire, dure, dur
English: door
Sranan Tongo: doro
Scots: dure, dur
Yola: dher

From Proto-West Germanic *dur, from Proto-Germanic *durz.


hof

hōf (canonical masculine)
hōf (nominative singular)
hōfas (nominative plural)
hōf (accusative singular)
hōfas (accusative plural)
hōfes (genitive singular)
hōfa (genitive plural)
hōfe (dative singular)
hōfum (dative plural)

English: hoof


hrof

hrōf (canonical masculine)
hrōf (nominative singular)
hrōfas (nominative plural)
hrōf (accusative singular)
hrōfas (accusative plural)
hrōfes (genitive singular)
hrōfa (genitive plural)
hrōfe (dative singular)
hrōfum (dative plural)

Middle English: rof

English: roof

From Proto-Germanic *hrōfą. Cognate with Old Frisian hrōf, Old Saxon rōf (Dutch roef (“cabin, coffin-lid”)), Old Norse hróf (“boat-shed”).


weall

weall (nominative singular)
weall (nominative plural)
weall (accusative singular)
weall (accusative plural)
wealles (genitive singular)
wealla (genitive plural)
wealle (dative singular)
weallum (dative plural)


dreor

drēor (canonical masculine)
drēor (nominative singular)
drēoras (nominative plural)
drēor (accusative singular)
drēoras (accusative plural)
drēores (genitive singular)
drēora (genitive plural)
drēore (dative singular)
drēorum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *dreuzaz, *drauziz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrews- (“to break, break off, crumble”). Cognate with Old Saxon drōr, Old High German trōr, and Old Norse and Icelandic dreyri. The historical sense is of something which ‘falls’: the Germanic base is also the source of Old English drēosan (“fall”).

der

Iċ his blōd āġēat, drēor on eorðan.

I spilled his blood, his gore on the earth.


goma

gōma (canonical masculine)
gōma (nominative singular)
gōman (nominative plural)
gōman (accusative singular)
gōman (accusative plural)
gōman (genitive singular)
gōmena (genitive plural)
gōman (dative singular)
gōmum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: gome, goome, gomme, gumme

English: gum, goom (dialectal)

Scots: goom, geem, gum

From Proto-West Germanic *gōmō, from Proto-Germanic *gōmô.


cwene

cwene (nominative singular)
cwenan (nominative plural)
cwenan (accusative singular)
cwenan (accusative plural)
cwenan (genitive singular)
cwenena (genitive plural)
cwenan (dative singular)
cwenum (dative plural)

Middle English: quene

English: quean

Scots: quean

From Proto-West Germanic *kwenā, from Proto-Germanic *kwenǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn.


nasu

nasu (nominative singular)
nasa (nominative plural)
nase (nominative plural)
nase (accusative singular)
nasa (accusative plural)
nase (accusative plural)
nase (genitive singular)
nasa (genitive plural)
nase (dative singular)
nasum (dative plural)

Middle English: nase, nasse, nease

From Proto-West Germanic *nasu, from Proto-Germanic *nasō.


cwen

cwēn (canonical feminine)
cwēn (nominative singular)
cwēne (nominative plural)
cwēna (nominative plural)
cwēn (accusative singular)
cwēne (accusative singular)
cwēne (accusative plural)
cwēna (accusative plural)
cwēne (genitive singular)
cwēna (genitive plural)
cwēne (dative singular)
cwēnum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: quene, qwene, cwene, queene, quen, qween, qweene, queyne, qwenne, qwhene, kuene, quiene, queen
English: queen (see there for further descendants)
Scots: queen, wheen
Yola: queen

From earlier cwœ̄n ← *kwœ̄ni ← *kwōni ← *kwą̄ni, from Proto-West Germanic *kwāni (“woman, wife”), from Proto-Germanic *kwēniz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn. Cognate with Old Saxon quān, Old Norse kvæn, Gothic 𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃 (qēns). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ), Proto-Slavic *žena, and Old Irish ben.

inh

Engla cwēn

queen (a ruling female monarch or a king's wife)


benn

benn (nominative singular)
benna (nominative plural)
benne (nominative plural)
benne (accusative singular)
benna (accusative plural)
benne (accusative plural)
benne (genitive singular)
benna (genitive plural)
benne (dative singular)
bennum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *banjō (“wound”). Cognate with Old Saxon beni (“wound”), Old Norse ben (“wound”), Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰 (banja, “wound”).

Ne ðær ænig com blod of benne

Þonne bēoð þȳ hefiġran · heortan benne,
sāre æfter swǣsne. · Sorg bið ġenīwad,

Then heart's wounds are heavier,
painful after beloved. Sorrow is renewed


pintel

pintel (nominative singular)
pintlas (nominative plural)
pintel (accusative singular)
pintlas (accusative plural)
pintles (genitive singular)
pintla (genitive plural)
pintle (dative singular)
pintlum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: pyntel, pintel, pintell, pintil, pintile, pyntell, pyntelle, pyntill, pyntul, pyntyl, pyntyle, pyntyll
English: pintle
Scots: pintle

A diminutive form of Germanic *pintia-, from Proto-Germanic *pint- (“protrusion”), from Proto-Indo-European *bendʰn- (“peg, tip, protruding point, edge”), equivalent to modern English pin + -le. Cognate with Old Frisian pint, Middle Low German pint.


teors

teorsas (nominative plural)
teors (nominative singular)
teorsas (nominative plural)
teors (accusative singular)
teorsas (accusative plural)
teorses (genitive singular)
teorsa (genitive plural)
teorse (dative singular)
teorsum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ters, tars, tarse, tearse, terce
English: tarse
Scots: tars, ters

From Proto-West Germanic *ters (“nail; penis”).


broc

brōc (canonical masculine)
brōc (nominative singular)
brōcas (nominative plural)
brōc (accusative singular)
brōcas (accusative plural)
brōces (genitive singular)
brōca (genitive plural)
brōce (dative singular)
brōcum (dative plural)

Middle English: brook

English: brook

Scots: broke, bruke

From Proto-West Germanic *brōk (etymology 2).


broþor

brōþor (canonical masculine)
brōþor (nominative singular)
brōþor (nominative plural)
ġebrōþor (nominative plural)
brōþra (nominative plural)
ġebrōþra (nominative plural)
brōþru (nominative plural)
ġebrōþru (nominative plural)
brōþor (accusative singular)
brōþor (accusative plural)
ġebrōþor (accusative plural)
brōþra (accusative plural)
ġebrōþra (accusative plural)
brōþru (accusative plural)
ġebrōþru (accusative plural)
brōþor (genitive singular)
brōþra (genitive plural)
ġebrōþra (genitive plural)
brēþer (dative singular)
brōþrum (dative plural)
ġebrōþrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: brother
English: brother (see there for further descendants)
Scots: brither, bruther, broder, bruder
Yola: brover, brower

Mīn brōþor hæfþ twēġen cattas.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
Þā ġecwæð sē abbod and ealle þā ġebrōðra þæt þēr ne mihte nā mā muneca wunian...

Then said the abbot and all the brothers, that no more monks could dwell there...


modor

mōdor (canonical feminine)
mōdor (nominative singular)
mōdra (nominative plural)
mōdru (nominative plural)
mōdor (accusative singular)
mōdra (accusative plural)
mōdru (accusative plural)
mōdor (genitive singular)
mēder (genitive singular)
mōdra (genitive plural)
mēder (dative singular)
mōdrum (dative plural)

Middle English: moder
English: mother, mither (Scotland and Northern England)
Australian Kriol: motha
→ Japanese: マザー (mazā)
→ Korean: 마더 (madeo)
Scots: mither, medder, midder, moder, moeder (Shetland), mideer, mother
Yola: moodher, moother, moothar

From Proto-West Germanic *mōder, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Cognate with Old Frisian mōder, Old Saxon mōdar, Old Dutch muoder, Old High German muoter, Old Norse móðir.


fæder

fæder (nominative singular)
fæderas (nominative plural)
fæder (accusative singular)
fæderas (accusative plural)
fæder (genitive singular)
fæderes (genitive singular)
fædera (genitive plural)
fæder (dative singular)
fædere (dative singular)
fæderum (dative plural)

Middle English: fader, fæder, faderr, fadir, fadyr, fadur, feder, vader, veder, faðer, father, ffader
English: father
→ Marshallese: bata
Gullah: farruh
Scots: faither, fader, faether, faider, father, fither
Yola: vather

→ English: faeder

From Proto-West Germanic *fader, from Proto-Germanic *fadēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.
Old Germanic cognates: Old Frisian feder, Old Saxon fadar, Old Dutch fader, Old High German fater, Old Norse faðir, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌳𐌰𐍂 (fadar).


meolc

meolc (nominative singular)
meolce (nominative plural)
meolca (nominative plural)
meolc (accusative singular)
meolce (accusative singular)
meolce (accusative plural)
meolca (accusative plural)
meolce (genitive singular)
meolca (genitive plural)
meolce (dative singular)
meolcum (dative plural)

Middle English: milk, milke, milc, melke, melc (chiefly Kent & Southern West), mulk, mulc (chiefly Southern & Southern West)
English: milk
Scots: milk, melk, mylk
Yola: mulk

From Proto-West Germanic *meluk, from Proto-Germanic *meluks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-. See there for cognates.


nefa

nefa (nominative singular)
nefan (nominative plural)
nefan (accusative singular)
nefan (accusative plural)
nefan (genitive singular)
nefena (genitive plural)
nefan (dative singular)
nefum (dative plural)

Middle English: neve, neave, neva, nefa, newe, neafe, nefe
English: neve

From Proto-West Germanic *nefō, from Proto-Germanic *nefô, from Proto-Indo-European *népōts.
Cognate with Old Frisian neva, Old Saxon nevo (German Low German Neev), Old High German nevo (German Neffe), Old Norse nefi; also Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬁𐬝 (napāt̰), Latin nepōs, Old Irish nia, Welsh nai, Proto-Slavic *netьjь (Slovene nečak.


eare

ēare (canonical neuter)
ēaran (nominative plural)
ēare (nominative singular)
ēaran (nominative plural)
ēare (accusative singular)
ēaran (accusative plural)
ēaran (genitive singular)
ēarena (genitive plural)
ēaran (dative singular)
ēarum (dative plural)

Middle English: ere, eare, eere, eyr, ȝhere, here, ire, yere
English: ear
Tok Pisin: ia
Scots: ear

From Proto-West Germanic *auʀā, from the voiced Verner alternant of Proto-Germanic *ausô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ows-.
Cognate with Old Frisian āre, Old Saxon ōra, Old Dutch ōra, Old High German ōra, Old Norse eyra, Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 (ausō).


bru

brū (canonical feminine)
brū (nominative singular)
brūwa (nominative plural)
brūwe (nominative plural)
brūwe (accusative singular)
brūwa (accusative plural)
brūwe (accusative plural)
brūwe (genitive singular)
brūwa (genitive plural)
brūwe (dative singular)
brūwum (dative plural)

Middle English: browe, broȝ, brou, brow, bru, brouwe, brwe, bruwe
English: brow
Geordie English: broo
Scots: broo

From Proto-Germanic *brūwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrúHs (“brow”).


nosu

nosu (nominative singular)
nosa (nominative plural)
nosu (accusative singular)
nosa (accusative plural)
nosa (genitive singular)
nosa (genitive plural)
nosa (dative singular)
nosum (dative plural)
nosu (nominative singular)
nosa (nominative plural)
nose (nominative plural)
nose (accusative singular)
nosa (accusative plural)
nose (accusative plural)
nose (genitive singular)
nosa (genitive plural)
nose (dative singular)
nosum (dative plural)

Middle English: nose, neose, noose, nosse, nos, nosu
English: nose
Scots: nos, nose, nois


sunne

sunne (nominative singular)
sunnan (nominative plural)
sunnan (accusative singular)
sunnan (accusative plural)
sunnan (genitive singular)
sunnena (genitive plural)
sunnan (dative singular)
sunnum (dative plural)

Middle English: sonne, sunne, sone, son, sune, sun, sunna, sunnæ, synne, soen, zunne (Southern West Mid), zonne (Kent)
English: sun
Scots: sun
Yola: zin

From Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *sh̥₂uén-, oblique stem of *sóh₂wl̥.


byre

bȳre (canonical neuter)
bȳru (nominative plural)

English: byre

Probably related to Old English būr. Perhaps identical to the word for a farm or dwelling in German -büren, Dutch -buren.


lifer

lifer (nominative singular)
lifra (nominative plural)
lifre (nominative plural)
lifre (accusative singular)
lifra (accusative plural)
lifre (accusative plural)
lifre (genitive singular)
lifra (genitive plural)
lifre (dative singular)
lifrum (dative plural)

Borrowed from Latin laver (“water-plant”).

Alternative form of læfer (“reed, rush”)


gemet

ġemet (canonical neuter)
ġemet (nominative singular)
ġemetu (nominative plural)
ġemet (accusative singular)
ġemetu (accusative plural)
ġemetes (genitive singular)
ġemeta (genitive plural)
ġemete (dative singular)
ġemetum (dative plural)

Middle English: ȝemet, imet

From Proto-West Germanic *gamet, equivalent to ġe- + met.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Þæt ōðer ġemet is þæt bebēodendlīċe. Mid þām ġemete wē hātaþ ōðre menn dōn sum þing oþþe sum þing þrōwian.

The second mood is the imperative. With this mood we order other people to do something or to undergo something.


delu

delu (nominative singular)
dela (nominative plural)
dele (nominative plural)
dele (accusative singular)
dela (accusative plural)
dele (accusative plural)
dele (genitive singular)
dela (genitive plural)
dele (dative singular)
delum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *dilu, from Proto-Germanic *dilō, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“suckle”). Cognate with Old High German tila, Old Norse dilkr (dialectal Swedish del), Ancient Greek θήσατο (thḗsato), Latin fēmina, Russian дои́ть (doítʹ), Latvian det, Scottish Gaelic deoghail (“suck”) and Breton denaff (“suck”) and Breton denañ (“suck”).


agen nama

āgen nama (canonical masculine)
āgen nama (nominative singular)
āgen naman (nominative plural)
āgen naman (accusative singular)
āgen naman (accusative plural)
āgen naman (genitive singular)
āgen namena (genitive plural)
āgen naman (dative singular)
āgen namum (dative plural)


hranrad

hranrād (canonical feminine)
hranrād (nominative singular)
hranrāda (nominative plural)
hranrāde (nominative plural)
hranrāde (accusative singular)
hranrāda (accusative plural)
hranrāde (accusative plural)
hranrāde (genitive singular)
hranrāda (genitive plural)
hranrāde (dative singular)
hranrādum (dative plural)

[ˈr̥ɑnˌrɑːd]

Kenning of hran (“whale”) + rād (“road”).


eafora

eaforan (nominative plural)
eafora (nominative singular)
eaforan (nominative plural)
eaforan (accusative singular)
eaforan (accusative plural)
eaforan (genitive singular)
eaforena (genitive plural)
eaforan (dative singular)
eaforum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *aferô (“offspring; descendant”), from Proto-Germanic *abar, *abur (“after; behind”).


bearm

bearm (nominative singular)
bearmas (nominative plural)
bearm (accusative singular)
bearmas (accusative plural)
bearmes (genitive singular)
bearma (genitive plural)
bearme (dative singular)
bearmum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: barm, barme, bearm, berm, berme
English: barm
Scots: berme, berm, barm

From Proto-Germanic *barmaz. Cognate with Old Norse baðmr (Danish barm, Swedish barm), Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (barms), Old High German barm, Old Saxon barm.


sweostor

sweostor (nominative singular)
ġesweostor (nominative plural)
ġesweostra (nominative plural)
ġesweostru (nominative plural)
sweostor (accusative singular)
ġesweostor (accusative plural)
ġesweostra (accusative plural)
ġesweostru (accusative plural)
sweostor (genitive singular)
ġesweostra (genitive plural)
sweostor (dative singular)
ġesweostrum (dative plural)

Middle English: suster, cyster, cystyr, scyster, sister, sistir, soster, souster, sustir, syster, systir, systyr, swuster (Early Middle English), sussterr (Ormulum), zoster (Kent) (some forms influenced by Old Norse)
English: sister
→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)
→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)
→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)
Scots: sister, syster
Yola: zister

From Proto-West Germanic *swester, from Proto-Germanic *swestēr, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. Compare Old Frisian swester, Old Saxon swestar, Old High German swestar, Old Norse systir.


lof

lōf (canonical masculine)
lōfas (nominative plural)
lōf (nominative singular)
lōfas (nominative plural)
lōf (accusative singular)
lōfas (accusative plural)
lōfes (genitive singular)
lōfa (genitive plural)
lōfe (dative singular)
lōfum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: lofe, loofe, love, loove

English: loof

Scots: lufe, luif

From Proto-West Germanic *lōfō, from Proto-Germanic *lōfô. Cognate with Icelandic lófi, Gothic 𐌻𐍉𐍆𐌰 (lōfa).

Hæfde sigora weard on þam wangstede wǣre betolden lēofne lēodfruman mid lōfe sīnum […]

(Can we date this quote?), (Please provide the book title or journal name):


gebedda

ġebedda (canonical masculine)
ġebedda (nominative singular)
ġebeddan (nominative plural)
ġebeddan (accusative singular)
ġebeddan (accusative plural)
ġebeddan (genitive singular)
ġebeddena (genitive plural)
ġebeddan (dative singular)
ġebeddum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *gabaddjō. Cognate with Old Frisian bedda and Old Saxon gibeddio. Equivalent to ġe- + bedd + -a.


aþum

āþum (canonical masculine)
āþum (nominative singular)
āþmas (nominative plural)
āþum (accusative singular)
āþmas (accusative plural)
āþmes (genitive singular)
āþma (genitive plural)
āþme (dative singular)
āþmum (dative plural)

Middle English: aþum, oþom, oþam, oþem


sellan

sellan (infinitive)
sellenne (infinitive)
selle (first-person present singular)
sealde (first-person past singular)
selest (present second-person singular)
sealdest (past second-person singular)
seleþ (present singular third-person)
sealde (past singular third-person)
sellaþ (plural present)
sealdon (past plural)
selle (present singular)
sealde (past singular)
sellen (plural present)
sealden (past plural)
sele (imperative past present singular)
sellaþ (imperative past plural present)
sellende (imperative present)
seald (imperative past)
ġeseald (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: sellen
English: sell
→ Dutch: sellen
Scots: sell

From Proto-Germanic *saljaną. Cognate with Old Frisian sella, Old Saxon sellian, Old High German sellen, Old Norse selja, Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (saljan).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St.Alban, Martyr"
Eall swa þa unriht-wisan deman þe heora domas awendað, æfre be þam sceattum na be soðfæstnysse and habbað æfre to cepe heora soðfæstnysse, and swa hi sylfe syllað wið sceattum...

So likewise those unrighteous judges who pervert their judgments, always for gain, and not for justice, and always offer their justice for sale, and thus sell themselves for the sake of money,...


sweor

swēor (canonical masculine)
swēor (nominative singular)
swēoras (nominative plural)
swēor (accusative singular)
swēoras (accusative plural)
swēores (genitive singular)
swēora (genitive plural)
swēore (dative singular)
swēorum (dative plural)

Middle English: sweor

From Proto-Germanic *swehuraz, from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱuros. Cognate with Old High German swehur (German Schwäher), Middle Dutch sweer, Old Old Swedish svœr, Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍂𐌰 (swaihra). The Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit श्वशुर (śváśura), Ancient Greek ἑκυρός (hekurós), Latin socer, Old East Slavic свекръ (svekrŭ) (Russian свёкор (svjókor)). Compare sweġer.


holen

holnas (nominative plural)
holen (nominative singular)
holnas (nominative plural)
holen (accusative singular)
holnas (accusative plural)
holnes (genitive singular)
holna (genitive plural)
holne (dative singular)
holnum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: holyn, holin, holy, holly

English: holly, hollen

Scots: holin, hollin, holyn

Middle English: holme, holm

English: holm


snoru

snoru (nominative singular)
snora (nominative plural)
snore (nominative plural)
snore (accusative singular)
snora (accusative plural)
snore (accusative plural)
snore (genitive singular)
snora (genitive plural)
snore (dative singular)
snorum (dative plural)

Middle English: snore

From Proto-West Germanic *snuʀu, from Proto-Germanic *snuzō (“daughter-in-law”), from Proto-Indo-European *snusós (“daughter-in-law”). Cognate with Old Frisian snore, Middle Dutch snare, Old High German snur, Old Norse snor. The Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit स्नुषा (snuṣā́), Ancient Greek νυός (nuós), Latin nurus, Proto-Slavic *snъxa (Russian сноха́ (snoxá)), Albanian nuse.

Swegr on hyre snore: and snoru on hyre swegere.

1874, W. Skeat, The Gospel according to Saint Luke, 12:53:

The mother in law against her daughter-in-law, and the daughter-in-law against her mother in law.


miere

mīere (canonical feminine)
mīere (nominative singular)
mīeran (nominative plural)
mīeran (accusative singular)
mīeran (accusative plural)
mīeran (genitive singular)
mīerena (genitive plural)
mīeran (dative singular)
mīerum (dative plural)

Middle English: mire, myre

English: mire

⇒ Middle English: pisse-mire

English: pismire

⇒ English: antmire

From Proto-West Germanic *miurijā (“ant”).


sceatt

sċeatt (canonical masculine)
sċeatt (nominative singular)
sċeattas (nominative plural)
sċeatt (accusative singular)
sċeattas (accusative plural)
sċeattes (genitive singular)
sċeatta (genitive plural)
sċeatte (dative singular)
sċeattum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: schat, sat, schet, scet
→ Medieval Latin: scata, sceatta

→ English: sceat

From Proto-West Germanic *skatt (“cattle, treasure”).

inh

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Ne sċeall nān godes þeġn for sċeattum riht dēman, ac healdan þone dōm ġif godes man sȳ...

Nor shall one of God's servants decide a law for wealth, but maintain the judgement if he is a man of God...


cynn

cynn (nominative singular)
cynn (nominative plural)
cynn (accusative singular)
cynn (accusative plural)
cynnes (genitive singular)
cynna (genitive plural)
cynne (dative singular)
cynnum (dative plural)

Middle English: kin, kyn, ken, kun

English: kin

Scots: kin

From Proto-West Germanic *kuni, from Proto-Germanic *kunją.
Cognate with Old Frisian kin, Old Saxon kunni, Old Dutch *kunni, Old High German kunni, Old Norse kyn, Gothic 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹 (kuni). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek γένος (génos), Latin genus.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Is ēac tō witenne þæt naman bēoþ oft ōðres cynnes on Lǣden and ōðres cynnes on Englisċ.

Note also that nouns are often one gender in Latin and another gender in English.


camb

camb (nominative singular)
cambas (nominative plural)
camb (accusative singular)
cambas (accusative plural)
cambes (genitive singular)
camba (genitive plural)
cambe (dative singular)
cambum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: comb, combe, kombe, camb, kambe, cambe
English: comb
Scots: camb, came, kame, kaim, kem
Yola: cowm, khime

From Proto-West Germanic *kamb, from Proto-Germanic *kambaz.
Cognate with Old Saxon camb, Dutch kam, Old High German chamb (German Kamm), Old Norse kambr (Swedish kam); and with Ancient Greek γόμφος (gómphos, “pin”), Old Armenian ծամեմ (camem, “to chew”), Russian зуб (zub).

Fēnixas habbaþ cambas on hēafde swā pāwan.

Phoenixes have crests on their head like peacocks.


seolfor

seolfor (nominative singular)
seolfor (nominative plural)
seolfor (accusative singular)
seolfor (accusative plural)
seolfres (genitive singular)
seolfra (genitive plural)
seolfre (dative singular)
seolfrum (dative plural)

Middle English: silver, selver, seolver, sulver, sylver
English: silver, ☽, ☾ (alchemy)
Jamaican Creole: silva
→ Maori: hiriwa
→ Zulu: isiliva
Scots: silver, siller

From Proto-West Germanic *silubr, whence also Old High German silbar, Old Norse silfr.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...Næbbe ic seolfor ne gold, ic þē dō þæt ic hæbbe...

...I have neither silver nor gold, I give thee that I have...


muþ

mūþ (canonical masculine)
mūþ (nominative singular)
mūþas (nominative plural)
mūþ (accusative singular)
mūþas (accusative plural)
mūþes (genitive singular)
mūþa (genitive plural)
mūþe (dative singular)
mūþum (dative plural)

Middle English: mouth

English: mouth

Scots: mooth

From Proto-West Germanic *munþ.
Cognates
Cognates include Old Frisian mūth, mund, mond (North Frisian müth, West Frisian mûn), Old Saxon mūth, Old Dutch mund (Dutch mond), Old High German mund (German Mund), Old Norse muðr, munnr (Danish mund, Icelandic munnur, Norwegian munn, Swedish mun), Gothic 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (munþs).


bælg

Middle English: bely, beli, baly, belwe, balyw, belgh
English: belly, ballow, bellows
Scots: belly, bally
Yola: bellee, belooze


bæc

bæc (nominative singular)
bacu (nominative plural)
bæc (accusative singular)
bacu (accusative plural)
bæces (genitive singular)
baca (genitive plural)
bæce (dative singular)
bacum (dative plural)

Middle English: bak, back

English: back

Scots: bak, back, bake

From Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "De libro regum"
...Hieu hine scēt bæftan his bæce þæt him tōbærst sēo heorte.

...Jehu shot him behind his back, so that his heart burst.


breost

brēost (canonical neuter)
brēost (nominative singular)
brēost (nominative plural)
brēost (accusative singular)
brēost (accusative plural)
brēostes (genitive singular)
brēosta (genitive plural)
brēoste (dative singular)
brēostum (dative plural)
brēost (nominative singular)
brēosta (nominative plural)
brēoste (nominative plural)
brēoste (accusative singular)
brēosta (accusative plural)
brēoste (accusative plural)
brēoste (genitive singular)
brēosta (genitive plural)
brēoste (dative singular)
brēostum (dative plural)

Middle English: brest, breste, breost, breist, brost, brust, brist, breast, bryest
English: brest, breast
Scots: brest, breist, breest

From Proto-Germanic *breustą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to swell”). Cognate with Old Frisian briāst, Old Saxon briost, Old Norse brjóst.

der

heart (seat of emotions located in the chest area)


brycg

bryċġ (canonical feminine)
bryċġ (nominative singular)
bryċġa (nominative plural)
bryċġe (nominative plural)
bryċġe (accusative singular)
bryċġa (accusative plural)
bryċġe (accusative plural)
bryċġe (genitive singular)
bryċġa (genitive plural)
bryċġe (dative singular)
bryċġum (dative plural)

ang-decl-noun-o-f

bryċġ

ang-decl-noun

bryċġ

desctree

Middle English: brigge, brugge, brygge, bregge, brige, brig, bryge, brydge
English: bridge
Geordie English: brig
Scots: brig
Yola: burge


ceace

ċēace (canonical feminine)
ċēace (nominative singular)
ċēacan (nominative plural)
ċēacan (accusative singular)
ċēacan (accusative plural)
ċēacan (genitive singular)
ċēacena (genitive plural)
ċēacan (dative singular)
ċēacum (dative plural)

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ċēoce</i>

Middle English: cheke, cheek, cheeke, cheoke, chieke, chike, choke, chooke, chyke (merged with ċēoce)
English: cheek; choke
Scots: cheek

/ˈt͡ʃæ͜ɑː.ke/

From Proto-West Germanic *kākā (“jaw, cheek”).


cirice

ċiriċe (canonical feminine)
ċiriċe (nominative singular)
ċirican (nominative plural)
ċirican (accusative singular)
ċirican (accusative plural)
ċirican (genitive singular)
ċiricena (genitive plural)
ċirican (dative singular)
ċiricum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: chirche, kirke
English: church
Geordie English: chorch, kirk
Scots: kirk
Yola: chourch

→ Old Norse: kirkja (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-West Germanic *kirikā, from Byzantine Greek κυριακόν (δῶμα) (kuriakón (dôma), “the Lord's (house)”).

der

κυριακόν (δῶμα)


fefor

fefor (nominative singular)
feforas (nominative plural)
fefor (accusative singular)
feforas (accusative plural)
fefores (genitive singular)
fefora (genitive plural)
fefore (dative singular)
feforum (dative plural)

q

with Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">fievre</i>

Middle English: fever, fefer, feofer, fovre, fevre, fiever, fiver (with Old French fievre)

English: fever

Scots: fiver


elnboga

elnboga (nominative singular)
elnbogan (nominative plural)
elnbogan (accusative singular)
elnbogan (accusative plural)
elnbogan (genitive singular)
elnbogena (genitive plural)
elnbogan (dative singular)
elnbogum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: *elboghe, *elboȝe, elbowe

English: elbow

Scots: elbuck (earlier elbok)

Yola: helbough, helboge

From Proto-Germanic *alinabugô, corresponding to eln + boga. Cognate with Middle Dutch elleboghe (Dutch elleboog), Old High German elinbogo (German Ellenbogen), Old Norse ǫllnbogi.


dic

dīc (canonical)
dīċ (canonical feminine masculine)

Middle English: dich, dych, dike, dyke

English: ditch, dyke

Scots: dyke

From Proto-West Germanic *dīk, from Proto-Germanic *dīkaz (compare Old Norse díki), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ-.


flowan

flōwan (canonical)
flōwan (infinitive)
flōwenne (infinitive)
flōwe (first-person present singular)
flēow (first-person past singular)
flēwst (present second-person singular)
flēowe (past second-person singular)
flēwþ (present singular third-person)
flēow (past singular third-person)
flōwaþ (plural present)
flēowon (past plural)
flōwe (present singular)
flēowe (past singular)
flōwen (plural present)
flēowen (past plural)
flōw (imperative past present singular)
flōwaþ (imperative past plural present)
flōwende (imperative present)
flōwen (imperative past)
ġeflōwen (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: flowen, floȝen, flouen, flowe, flue, flwy, flowenn (Ormulum)
English: flow
Scots: flow

From Proto-West Germanic *flōan, from Proto-Germanic *flōaną, from Proto-Indo-European *plew-.


cofa

cofa (nominative singular)
cofan (nominative plural)
cofan (accusative singular)
cofan (accusative plural)
cofan (genitive singular)
cofena (genitive plural)
cofan (dative singular)
cofum (dative plural)

Middle English: cove

English: cove

Scots: cove, coif

From Proto-West Germanic *kobō, from Proto-Germanic *kubô.


bonda

bonda (nominative singular)
bondan (nominative plural)
bondan (accusative singular)
bondan (accusative plural)
bondan (genitive singular)
bondena (genitive plural)
bondan (dative singular)
bondum (dative plural)

Middle English: bonde

English: bond

⇒ Medieval Latin: bondagium

→ Middle English: bondage

English: bondage

Scots: bondage

From Old Norse bóndi (“farmer; husband”, literally “dweller”).


mægden

mæġden (canonical neuter)
mæġden (nominative singular)
mæġdenu (nominative plural)
mæġden (accusative singular)
mæġdenu (accusative plural)
mæġdenes (genitive singular)
mæġdena (genitive plural)
mæġdene (dative singular)
mæġdenum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: mayden, maiden, maidene, medene, maden, madane, mædene, mæidene, maȝden, meidene (Early Middle English)
English: maiden
Scots: maidin
Yola: mydhen

→ Middle Irish: maigden (see there for further descendants)


hyd

hȳd (canonical feminine)
hȳd (nominative singular)
hȳde (nominative plural)
hȳda (nominative plural)
hȳd (accusative singular)
hȳde (accusative singular)
hȳde (accusative plural)
hȳda (accusative plural)
hȳde (genitive singular)
hȳda (genitive plural)
hȳde (dative singular)
hȳdum (dative plural)

Middle English: hyde, hyd, hide, hid, hude, huyde, huide (Southern, Southwestern)
English: hide
Scots: hide, hyde

From Proto-West Germanic *hūdi, from Proto-Germanic *hūdiz.
Cognate with Old Frisian hūd, Old Saxon hūt, Old High German hūt, Old Norse húð; and with Latin cutis, Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos).


scinu

sċinu (canonical feminine)
sċinu (nominative singular)
sċina (nominative plural)
sċine (nominative plural)
sċine (accusative singular)
sċina (accusative plural)
sċine (accusative plural)
sċine (genitive singular)
sċina (genitive plural)
sċine (dative singular)
sċinum (dative plural)

Middle English: schyne, schen, schin, schine, schyn, schynne, scine, shine, shyn, shzine
English: shin
Scots: shin, schin

From Proto-West Germanic *skinu, from Proto-Germanic *skinō. Cognate with Old Saxon skina, Middle Dutch schene (Dutch scheen), Old High German scina (German Schiene (“rail, rack, skid, frame”)).


sæ

sǣ (canonical feminine)
sǣ (nominative singular)
sǣ (nominative plural)
sǣ (accusative singular)
sǣ (accusative plural)
sǣ (genitive singular)
sǣ (genitive plural)
sǣ (dative singular)
sǣm (dative plural)
sǣwum (dative plural)
sǣ (nominative singular)
sǣs (nominative plural)
sǣ (accusative singular)
sǣs (accusative plural)
sǣs (genitive singular)
sǣ (genitive plural)
sǣ (dative singular)
sǣm (dative plural)
sǣwum (dative plural)

ang-decl-noun

Declension of sæ (strong i-stem)

Declension of sæ (strong i-stem)

desctree

Middle English: see, ce, sæ, se, sea, sei, ze
English: sea
Scots: se, see, sey, seye, sie
Yola: zea, zee

From Proto-West Germanic *saiwi, from Proto-Germanic *saiwiz.

Oft him ānhaga · āre gebīdeð,
Metudes miltse, · þēah þe hē mōdċeariġ
ġeond lagulāde · longe sċeolde
hrēran mid hondum · hrīmċealde sǣ,
wadan wræclāstas. · Wyrd bið ful ārǣd.

A loner oft waits a grace for himself,
Creator's mercy, even if he is sorrowful,
through a sea-way he should for long
stir the frost-cold sea with hands,
travel paths of exile. Fate is well stalwart.


penning

penning (nominative singular)
penningas (nominative plural)
penning (accusative singular)
penningas (accusative plural)
penninges (genitive singular)
penninga (genitive plural)
penninge (dative singular)
penningum (dative plural)

Middle English: peny, pani, paniȝe, peni, penie, pening
English: penny, pence (see there for further descendants)
Scots: penny

→ Old Irish: pinginn, penginn (possibly from Old Norse)

Irish: pingin

→ Old Spanish:

Spanish: penique


pund

desc

Middle English: pund, punde, pounde, pound

English: pound

Northumbrian: pund

→ Middle Irish: punt

Irish: punt

Manx: punt

Scots: pund, poond

From Proto-West Germanic *pund, from Proto-Germanic *pundą, from Latin pondus.


hrycg

hryċġ (canonical masculine)
hryċġ (nominative singular)
hryċġas (nominative plural)
hryċġ (accusative singular)
hryċġas (accusative plural)
hryċġes (genitive singular)
hryċġa (genitive plural)
hryċġe (dative singular)
hryċġum (dative plural)

Middle English: rig, rigge, rug, ryg, rygge

Scots: rig

English: ridge, rig (Northern)

From Proto-West Germanic *hrugi, from Proto-Germanic *hrugjaz. Cognate with Old High German rucki, Old Norse hryggr.


tigele

tigele (nominative singular)
tigelan (nominative plural)
tigelan (accusative singular)
tigelan (accusative plural)
tigelan (genitive singular)
tigelena (genitive plural)
tigelan (dative singular)
tigelum (dative plural)

Middle English: tigel, tighele, teghell, teȝele, tiȝel, tyle, tile

English: tile (see there for further descendants)

Scots: tyl, tild


þeoh

þēoh (canonical neuter)
þēoh (nominative singular)
þēoh (nominative plural)
þēoh (accusative singular)
þēoh (accusative plural)
þēos (genitive singular)
þēona (genitive plural)
þēo (dative singular)
þēom (dative plural)
þēoum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: þigh
English: thigh
Scots: thee

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 24:2

And Abraham said to his servant, "Put your hand under my thigh."

And Abrāhām cwæþ tō his þēowe, "Sete þīne hand under mīn þēoh."


þuma

þūma (canonical masculine)
þūma (nominative singular)
þūman (nominative plural)
þūman (accusative singular)
þūman (accusative plural)
þūman (genitive singular)
þūmena (genitive plural)
þūman (dative singular)
þūmum (dative plural)

Middle English: thombe
English: thumb
Scots: thoum
Yola: thoome, thoume

From Proto-West Germanic *þūmō, from Proto-Germanic *þūmô.
Cognate with Old Frisian thūma (West Frisian tomme), Old Saxon thūmo (Low German Dumen or Duum), Dutch duim, Old High German dūmo (German Daumen), Danish tomme, Swedish tumme; and also with Latin tumēre (“to swell”), through the Indo-European root.


earendel

From Proto-Germanic *Auziwandilaz, from *auzi (“dawn”) + *wandilaz (“fluctuating, variable, wandering”), perhaps via the intermediate forms *ēarwendel or *ēarwandel.

also for the personification for the morning star


hoh

hōh (canonical masculine)
hōh (nominative singular)
hōs (nominative plural)
hōh (accusative singular)
hōs (accusative plural)
hōs (genitive singular)
hōna (genitive plural)
hō (dative singular)
hōm (dative plural)
hōum (dative plural)

Middle English: hough, ho, hogh, hoghe, how
English: heugh; hoe, hogh, hough, how
Scots: heuch


lybb

Middle English: libbe

Scots: lib

English: lib (dialectal)

From Proto-West Germanic *lubi, from Proto-Germanic *lubją (“herb, poison, love potion”). Akin to Old High German luppi, Old Norse lyf.


scearu

sċearu (canonical feminine)
sċearu (nominative singular)
sċeara (nominative plural)
sċeare (nominative plural)
sċeare (accusative singular)
sċeara (accusative plural)
sċeare (accusative plural)
sċeare (genitive singular)
sċeara (genitive plural)
sċeare (dative singular)
sċearum (dative plural)

Middle English: share

Scots: schare

English: share

From Proto-West Germanic *skaru, from Proto-Germanic *skarō (“division; share; troop”), whence also Old High German scara, Dutch schaar.

(anatomy) the groin; pubic region; genitals; stomach; bowel


ator

ātor (canonical neuter)
ātru (nominative plural)
ātor (nominative singular)
ātru (nominative plural)
ātor (accusative singular)
ātru (accusative plural)
ātres (genitive singular)
ātra (genitive plural)
ātre (dative singular)
ātrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: atter, attere, attir, attre, atture, attyr, attyre, atterr (Ormulum)
English: atter
Scots: atter, etter

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
Marus ġemētte ænne man eft sē wæs yfele ġetawod and hine ǣt se cancor and his weleres wǣron āwlǣtte mid ealle and ēac his nosu fornumen mid āttre...

Again Maurus found a man who was evilly stricken, and a cancer was eating him, and his lips were rendered loathsome thereby, and likewise his nose destroyed by the poison;...


canne

cannan (nominative plural)
canne (nominative singular)
cannan (nominative plural)
cannan (accusative singular)
cannan (accusative plural)
cannan (genitive singular)
cannena (genitive plural)
cannan (dative singular)
cannum (dative plural)

Middle English: canne, cane, kan, can
English: can
Scots: can
→ Scottish Gaelic: cana
Yola: cooan, koan, kon


culter

Middle English: culter, colter, coltre, coltur, coulter, cultir, cultour, cultre, cultur, culture, koltre, kulter
English: colter, coulter (obsolete culter)
Scots: couter, cooter

Borrowed from Latin culter, of unclear origin.


heals

heals (nominative singular)
healsas (nominative plural)
heals (accusative singular)
healsas (accusative plural)
healses (genitive singular)
healsa (genitive plural)
healse (dative singular)
healsum (dative plural)

Middle English: hals
English: halse, hawse
Scots: hause

From Proto-Germanic *halsaz. Cognate with Old Frisian hals, Old Saxon hals, Old High German hals, Old Norse hals; and with Latin collum (“neck”), earlier collus.


eaxl

eaxl (nominative singular)
eaxla (nominative plural)
eaxle (nominative plural)
eaxle (accusative singular)
eaxla (accusative plural)
eaxle (accusative plural)
eaxle (genitive singular)
eaxla (genitive plural)
eaxle (dative singular)
eaxlum (dative plural)

Middle English: axel, axle, eaxle, æxle, exle
English: axle (obsolete)
Scots: aixle, exle

From Proto-West Germanic *ahslu, from Proto-Germanic *ahslō.


mægdencild

mæġdenċild (canonical neuter)
mæġdenċild (nominative singular)
mæġdenċildru (nominative plural)
mæġdenċild (accusative singular)
mæġdenċildru (accusative plural)
mæġdenċildes (genitive singular)
mæġdenċildra (genitive plural)
mæġdenċilde (dative singular)
mæġdenċildrum (dative plural)
mæġdenċild (nominative singular)
mæġdenċild (nominative plural)
mæġdenċild (accusative singular)
mæġdenċild (accusative plural)
mæġdenċildes (genitive singular)
mæġdenċilda (genitive plural)
mæġdenċilde (dative singular)
mæġdenċildum (dative plural)

Middle English: maidenchild


stott

stott (nominative singular)
stottas (nominative plural)
stott (accusative singular)
stottas (accusative plural)
stottes (genitive singular)
stotta (genitive plural)
stotte (dative singular)
stottum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: stott (“horse; bullock, steer”), stot, stote

English: stot

Scots: stot, stoit

→ Medieval Latin: stottus m, stotta f (“heifer”) (Anglo-Latin)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-West Germanic *stott, *stutt (“castrated animal, gelding”), from Proto-Germanic *stuttijan (“to mutilate, cut off, castrate”); or alternatively from Proto-Germanic *steutaz, *stūtaz (“something clipped or docked, stump”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to bump, push, hit”). Compare Old Norse stútr (“a young ox, bull”) (whence Danish stud (“bullock, steer”)).


damm

damm (nominative singular)
dammas (nominative plural)
damm (accusative singular)
dammas (accusative plural)
dammes (genitive singular)
damma (genitive plural)
damme (dative singular)
dammum (dative plural)

Middle English: dam

English: dam

Scots: dam


penn

From Proto-Germanic *pennō, *pannijō (“pin, bolt, nail, tack”), of uncertain origin, but perhaps related to pinn (“peg, pin”).


beorsele

bēorsele (canonical masculine)
bēorsele (nominative singular)
bēorselas (nominative plural)
bēorsele (accusative singular)
bēorselas (accusative plural)
bēorseles (genitive singular)
bēorsela (genitive plural)
bēorsele (dative singular)
bēorselum (dative plural)

Gebeotedon beore druncne oret-mecgas, ðæt hie in beor-sele bidan woldon Grendles guðe.

The sons of conflict, drunk on beer, promised that they would wait in the beerhall for Grendel’s attack.


tord

tord (nominative singular)
tord (nominative plural)
tord (accusative singular)
tord (accusative plural)
tordes (genitive singular)
torda (genitive plural)
torde (dative singular)
tordum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tord, toord, torde
English: turd
Scots: tuird


hengen

hengen (canonical)
henġen (canonical feminine)
hengen (nominative singular)
hengenna (nominative plural)
hengenne (nominative plural)
hengenne (accusative singular)
hengenna (accusative plural)
hengenne (accusative plural)
hengenne (genitive singular)
hengenna (genitive plural)
hengenne (dative singular)
hengennum (dative plural)
henġen (nominative singular)
henġenna (nominative plural)
henġenne (nominative plural)
henġenne (accusative singular)
henġenna (accusative plural)
henġenne (accusative plural)
henġenne (genitive singular)
henġenna (genitive plural)
henġenne (dative singular)
henġennum (dative plural)

Middle English: hengen (hapax)

>? Middle English: henge

English: hinge

Scots: heinȝe, heenge

From Proto-West Germanic *hangini (stem *hangunnj-). Cognate with Old Saxon henginnia, hengenna.


hamm

hamm (nominative singular)
hamma (nominative plural)
hamme (nominative plural)
hamme (accusative singular)
hamma (accusative plural)
hamme (accusative plural)
hamme (genitive singular)
hamma (genitive plural)
hamme (dative singular)
hammum (dative plural)

Middle English: hamme

English: ham

Scots: hamb, ham

From Proto-Germanic *hammō. Cognate with Middle Dutch hamme (Dutch ham), Old High German hamma (dialectal German Hamm), Old Norse hǫm.


tungol

tunglu (nominative plural)
tungol (nominative singular)
tunglu (nominative plural)
tungol (accusative singular)
tunglu (accusative plural)
tungles (genitive singular)
tungla (genitive plural)
tungle (dative singular)
tunglum (dative plural)

Middle English: tungol

From Proto-Germanic *tunglą (“heavenly body, star, orb”).


scilling

sċilling (canonical masculine)
sċilling (nominative singular)
sċillingas (nominative plural)
sċilling (accusative singular)
sċillingas (accusative plural)
sċillinges (genitive singular)
sċillinga (genitive plural)
sċillinge (dative singular)
sċillingum (dative plural)


hafela

hafelan (nominative plural)
hafela (nominative singular)
hafelan (nominative plural)
hafelan (accusative singular)
hafelan (accusative plural)
hafelan (genitive singular)
hafelena (genitive plural)
hafelan (dative singular)
hafelum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *habulō. Compare Old Frisian heila and holla (“head”).


lippa

lippa (nominative singular)
lippan (nominative plural)
lippan (accusative singular)
lippan (accusative plural)
lippan (genitive singular)
lippena (genitive plural)
lippan (dative singular)
lippum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: lippe
English: lip
Scots: lip

heora tungan and lippan


mealwe

mealwe (nominative singular)
mealwan (nominative plural)
mealwan (accusative singular)
mealwan (accusative plural)
mealwan (genitive singular)
mealwena (genitive plural)
mealwan (dative singular)
mealwum (dative plural)

Middle English: malwe
English: mallow
>? Scots: maw


eaxlegespann

eaxleġespann (canonical neuter)
eaxleġespann (nominative singular)
eaxleġespann (nominative plural)
eaxleġespann (accusative singular)
eaxleġespann (accusative plural)
eaxleġespannes (genitive singular)
eaxleġespanna (genitive plural)
eaxleġespanne (dative singular)
eaxleġespannum (dative plural)


hieg

hīeġ (canonical neuter)
hīeġ (nominative singular)
hīeġ (accusative singular)
hīeġes (genitive singular)
hīeġe (dative singular)

Middle English: hey, heyȝ, heygh, hay, ay, heyn, hayn, hei, heiȝ, heigh, hai, hain
English: hay
Scots: hey
Yola: hye, hey


bryne

bryne (nominative singular)
brynas (nominative plural)
bryne (accusative singular)
brynas (accusative plural)
brynes (genitive singular)
bryna (genitive plural)
bryne (dative singular)
brynum (dative plural)

⇒ English: brian

⇒ Scots: brin, bryne

From Proto-Germanic *bruniz (“fire, burning”).


milte

milte (nominative singular)
miltan (nominative plural)
miltan (accusative singular)
miltan (accusative plural)
miltan (genitive singular)
miltena (genitive plural)
miltan (dative singular)
miltum (dative plural)
milte (nominative singular)
miltas (nominative plural)
milte (accusative singular)
miltas (accusative plural)
miltes (genitive singular)
milta (genitive plural)
milte (dative singular)
miltum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: milte, milt, multe, mylt, mylte
English: milt
Scots: melt, meilt


hær

hǣr (canonical neuter)
hǣr (nominative singular)
hǣr (nominative plural)
hǣr (accusative singular)
hǣr (accusative plural)
hǣres (genitive singular)
hǣra (genitive plural)
hǣre (dative singular)
hǣrum (dative plural)

Middle English: her
English: hair
Scots: hair, hayr, hare
Yola: haar

From Proto-West Germanic *hār. Cognate with Old Saxon hār, Dutch haar, Old High German hār (German Haar), Old Norse hár (Swedish hår).


welig

welig (nominative singular)
weligas (nominative plural)
welig (accusative singular)
weligas (accusative plural)
weliges (genitive singular)
weliga (genitive plural)
welige (dative singular)
weligum (dative plural)

Middle English: wylow, welew, weleygh, welo, welogh, welou, wely, whilwh, wilew, wilghe, wilou, wilowh, wilwe, wylew, wylgh, wylugh, wylw
English: willow
Scots: willy, willie


bocstæf

bōcstæf (canonical masculine)
bōcstæf (nominative singular)
bōcstafas (nominative plural)
bōcstæf (accusative singular)
bōcstafas (accusative plural)
bōcstæfes (genitive singular)
bōcstafa (genitive plural)
bōcstæfe (dative singular)
bōcstafum (dative plural)

Middle English: bocstaff

English: bookstave, bookstaff

From Proto-Germanic *bōkastabaz, corresponding to bōc (“book”) + stæf (“staff”). Compare German Buchstabe.


cleafa

clēafa (canonical masculine)
clēafa (nominative singular)
clēafan (nominative plural)
clēafan (accusative singular)
clēafan (accusative plural)
clēafan (genitive singular)
clēafena (genitive plural)
clēafan (dative singular)
clēafum (dative plural)

Middle English: cleve

English: cleve

/ˈklæ͜ɑː.fɑ/

[ˈklæ͜ɑː.vɑ]

From Proto-Germanic *klebô (“chamber, cell”), related to the Old English verb clēofan (“to separate, split, divide”). More at cleave.


lenden

lenden (nominative singular)
lendenu (nominative plural)
lenden (accusative singular)
lendenu (accusative plural)
lendenes (genitive singular)
lendena (genitive plural)
lendene (dative singular)
lendenum (dative plural)

Middle English: lende, leend, leende, lynde
English: lend
Scots: lend, leynd


cwide

cwide (nominative singular)
cwidas (nominative plural)
cwide (accusative singular)
cwidas (accusative plural)
cwides (genitive singular)
cwida (genitive plural)
cwide (dative singular)
cwidum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *kwidiz, a derivative of cweþan (“to say”). Cognate with Old High German kwiti.


cycene

cyċene (canonical feminine)
cyċene (nominative singular)
cyċenan (nominative plural)
cyċenan (accusative singular)
cyċenan (accusative plural)
cyċenan (genitive singular)
cyċenena (genitive plural)
cyċenan (dative singular)
cyċenum (dative plural)

Middle English: kychyn
English: kitchen (see there for further descendants)
Scots: kitchen, kitchin, ketchin, keetchen
→ Middle Irish: cisten
Irish: cistin
Manx: kishteen, kishtyn
Scottish Gaelic: cidsin

From Proto-West Germanic *kukinā, borrowed from Late Latin cocīna, from earlier coquīna.


andweorc

andweorc (nominative singular)
andweorc (nominative plural)
andweorc (accusative singular)
andweorc (accusative plural)
andweorces (genitive singular)
andweorca (genitive plural)
andweorce (dative singular)
andweorcum (dative plural)

From and- + weorc, the second element also appearing as variant ġeweorc.