winter

winter (nominative singular)
wintras (nominative plural)
winter (accusative singular)
wintras (accusative plural)
wintres (genitive singular)
wintra (genitive plural)
wintre (dative singular)
wintra (dative singular)
wintrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: winter, wintere, wintre, wynter
English: winter
Scots: winter
Yola: wonter

From earlier *wintr < *wintru, from Proto-Germanic *wintruz. Cognate with Old Frisian winter, Old Saxon wintar, Old Dutch winter, Old High German wintar, Old Norse vetr, Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃 (wintrus).

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
Iċ ðē seċġe lxxx wintra of ðām trēowcynne ðe is nemned Sem.

I tell thee, eighty years, of the wood that is called Sem


ad

ād (canonical masculine)
ād (nominative singular)
ādas (nominative plural)
ād (accusative singular)
ādas (accusative plural)
ādes (genitive singular)
āda (genitive plural)
āde (dative singular)
ādum (dative plural)

Middle English: ād


accent

accent (nominative singular)
accentas (nominative plural)
accent (accusative singular)
accentas (accusative plural)
accentes (genitive singular)
accenta (genitive plural)
accente (dative singular)
accentum (dative plural)


word

word (nominative plural)
word (nominative singular)
word (nominative plural)
word (accusative singular)
word (accusative plural)
wordes (genitive singular)
worda (genitive plural)
worde (dative singular)
wordum (dative plural)

Middle English: word, wurd, weord

Scots: word, wourd

English: word

From Proto-West Germanic *word, from Proto-Germanic *wurdą.


hell

hell (nominative singular)
hella (nominative plural)
helle (nominative plural)
helle (accusative singular)
hella (accusative plural)
helle (accusative plural)
helle (genitive singular)
hella (genitive plural)
helle (dative singular)
hellum (dative plural)

Middle English: helle, hel, hell, hælle
English: hell, Hell
Scots: hell, Hell

From Proto-West Germanic *hallju, from Proto-Germanic *haljō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”).
Compare German hell (“light”).


six

desctree

Middle English: six, cex, sex, zix (Kent)
English: six
Sranan Tongo: siksi
Aukan: siksi
→ Wayana: siksi
Saramaccan: sigisi
Scots: sax, sex, six
Yola: zeese

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *sehs, from Proto-Germanic *sehs, from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs.


spring

spring (nominative singular)
springas (nominative plural)
spring (accusative singular)
springas (accusative plural)
springes (genitive singular)
springa (genitive plural)
springe (dative singular)
springum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: spryng, spring, springe, sprung, sprynge
English: spring
Scots: spring

From Proto-West Germanic *spring, from Proto-Germanic *springaz


sibling

sibling (nominative singular)
siblingas (nominative plural)
sibling (accusative singular)
siblingas (accusative plural)
siblinges (genitive singular)
siblinga (genitive plural)
siblinge (dative singular)
siblingum (dative plural)

→ English: sibling (learned)

tō folces ēacan, and man ne mihte þā æt fruman wīfian būton on his siblingum.

And then at the beginning a man could not take a wife, except for among his relatives.


non

nōn (canonical neuter)
nōn (nominative singular)
nōn (accusative singular)
nōnes (genitive singular)
nōne (dative singular)

desc

Middle English: non, none, noon, noun, noune

English: noon

(Christianity) Nones, the religious service appointed to this hour


gold

gold (nominative singular)
gold (accusative singular)
goldes (genitive singular)
golde (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: gold
English: gold
Scots: gowd, goold

From Proto-West Germanic *golþ, from Proto-Germanic *gulþą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰĺ̥tom.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...Næbbe ic seolfor ne gold, ic þē dō þæt ic hæbbe...

...I have neither silver nor gold, I give thee that I have...


martyr

martyr (nominative singular)
martyras (nominative plural)
martyr (accusative singular)
martyras (accusative plural)
martyres (genitive singular)
martyra (genitive plural)
martyre (dative singular)
martyrum (dative plural)

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin martyr, from Ancient Greek μάρτυρ (mártur), later form of μάρτυς (mártus, “witness”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Þā sē hālga martyr mid þām Hālgan Gāst āfylled smearcode mid mūþe and tō þām mānfullan cwæþ "Ūs ġedafenaþ tō offriġenne þām undēadlīċum gode."

Then the holy martyr, filled with the Holy Spirit, smiled with his mouth and to the evil man said "It benefits us to sacrifice to the immortal God."


hundred

hundred (nominative singular)
hundredu (nominative plural)
hundred (accusative singular)
hundredu (accusative plural)
hundredes (genitive singular)
hundreda (genitive plural)
hundrede (dative singular)
hundredum (dative plural)

Middle English: hundred
English: hundred
→ Hawaiian: haneli, hanele, haneri
Scots: hunder, hunner
Yola: hindreth, hundreth, hundereth, hunderth, hunnert

From Proto-Germanic *hundaradą (“hundred”), from *hundą + *radą (“count”), a neuter variant of *radō (“row, line, series”).
Cognate with Old Frisian hundred, Old Saxon hunderod, Old Dutch *hundert, Old High German hundert, Old Norse hundrað.


finger

finger (nominative singular)
fingras (nominative plural)
finger (accusative singular)
fingras (accusative plural)
fingres (genitive singular)
fingra (genitive plural)
fingre (dative singular)
fingrum (dative plural)

Middle English: fynger, finger, vinger, fyngir, fyngur, fyngyr, fiyngir, ffynger
English: finger
Sranan Tongo: finga
Scots: finger
Yola: vinger

From Proto-West Germanic *fingr. Compare Old Frisian finger, Old Saxon fingar, Old High German fingar, Old Norse fingr, Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃 (figgrs).

Sēo hand hæfþ fīf fingras: þone þūman, þone sċytefinger, þone middelfinger, þone hringfinger, and þone lȳtlan finger.

The hand has five fingers: the thumb, the index finger, the middle finger, the ring finger, and the little finger.


sol

sol (nominative singular)
solu (nominative plural)
sol (accusative singular)
solu (accusative plural)
soles (genitive singular)
sola (genitive plural)
sole (dative singular)
solum (dative plural)

gl

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">solu</i>

Middle English: sol, sole (merged with descendant of Old English solu)

English: soil, soal

From Proto-West Germanic *sol, from Proto-Germanic *sulą (“mud, spot”), from Proto-Indo-European *sūl- (“thick liquid”). Cognate with Old High German sol, gisol (“pool of excrement”), Middle Dutch sol (“puddle, dirt, filth”). More at soil.


hand

hand (nominative singular)
handa (nominative plural)
hand (accusative singular)
handa (accusative plural)
handa (genitive singular)
handa (genitive plural)
handa (dative singular)
handum (dative plural)

Middle English: hond, hand

English: hand

Scots: hand, haund

Yola: hoane

From Proto-West Germanic *handu, from Proto-Germanic *handuz. Cognate with Old Frisian hond, Old Saxon hand, Old High German hant, Old Norse hǫnd, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (handus).

Oft him ānhaga · āre gebīdeð,
Metudes miltse, · þēah þe hē mōdċeariġ
ġeond lagulāde · longe sċeolde
hrēran mid hondum · hrīmċealde sǣ,
wadan wræclāstas. · Wyrd bið ful ārǣd.

A loner oft waits a grace for himself,
Creator's mercy, even if he is sorrowful,
through a sea-way he should for long
stir the frost-cold sea with hands,
travel paths of exile. Fate is well stalwart.


amber

āmber (canonical masculine)
amber (nominative singular)
ambras (nominative plural)
amberas (nominative plural)
amber (accusative singular)
ambras (accusative plural)
amberas (accusative plural)
ambres (genitive singular)
amberes (genitive singular)
ambra (genitive plural)
ambre (dative singular)
ambrum (dative plural)
ambru (dative plural)
āmber (nominative singular)
āmbras (nominative plural)
āmberas (nominative plural)
āmber (accusative singular)
āmbras (accusative plural)
āmberas (accusative plural)
āmbres (genitive singular)
āmberes (genitive singular)
āmbra (genitive plural)
āmbre (dative singular)
āmbrum (dative plural)
āmbru (dative plural)

Middle English: ambre, anbre, almer


to

From Proto-West Germanic *tō, from Proto-Germanic *tō, *ta (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do (“to”). Cognate with Old Saxon tō (“to”), Old High German zuo (“to”), Old Irish do.

tō drīfenne

(grammar) used to mark the infinitive (supine) of the verb


al

āl (canonical neuter)
āl (nominative singular)
āl (nominative plural)
āl (accusative singular)
āl (accusative plural)
āles (genitive singular)
āla (genitive plural)
āle (dative singular)
ālum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *ail, from Proto-Germanic *ailą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰ-lom, from *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn, kindle”).


west

Middle English: west

English: west

Scots: wast

→ Old French: west (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-West Germanic *westr, see also Old High German west, Old Norse vestr.


east

Middle English: est

English: east

→ Old French: est

French: est (see there for further descendants)


tin

tin (nominative singular)
tin (accusative singular)
tines (genitive singular)
tine (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: tyn, tin, tyne, tynne
English: tin
→ Atong (India): tin
→ Iban: tin
→ Indonesian: tin
→ Norman: tinne
Tok Pisin: tin
Scots: tin


arm

arm (nominative singular)
armas (nominative plural)
arm (accusative singular)
armas (accusative plural)
armes (genitive singular)
arma (genitive plural)
arme (dative singular)
armum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz (“arm”), whence also Old High German arm, Old Norse armr.


swan

Middle English: swon, swan, swone

From Proto-Germanic *swainaz. Doublet of sweġen, a borrowing from Old Norse.


an

ān (canonical)
ān (masculine nominative singular)

From Proto-West Germanic *ain, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian ān, Old Saxon ēn, Old High German ein, Old Norse einn, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (ains). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin ūnus, Ancient Greek οἶος (oîos), Old Irish oen.

"Gospel of Saint John", chapter 10, verse 30

c. 973, Æthelwold's translation of the Rule of Saint Benedict, quoting Galatians 3:28

Slave or free, we are all one in Christ.

Ġe þēo ġe frēo, eall wē sind on Criste ān.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 14:37

Then he came and found them asleep, and said to Peter, "Simon, are you asleep? Couldn't you stay awake for one hour?"

Þā cōm hē and fand hīe slǣpende, and cwæþ tō Petre, "Simon, slǣpst þū? Ne meahtest þū āne tīd wacian?"

early 12th century, the Peterborough Chronicle, year 1100

On the morning after Lammas day, King William was out hunting when he was shot with an arrow by one of his servants.

On morgen æfter Hlāfmæssedæġe wearþ sē cyning Willelm on huntoþe fram his ānum menn mid āne flāne ofsċoten.


ben

bēn (canonical feminine)
bēne (nominative plural)
bēna (nominative plural)
bēn (nominative singular)
bēne (nominative plural)
bēna (nominative plural)
bēn (accusative singular)
bēne (accusative singular)
bēne (accusative plural)
bēna (accusative plural)
bēne (genitive singular)
bēna (genitive plural)
bēne (dative singular)
bēnum (dative plural)

Middle English: ben, bene

English: ben, bene

⇒ English: bee

⇒ Scots: been-hook, been-plough

From Proto-Germanic *bōniz. Cognate with Old Norse bón.


had

hād (canonical masculine)
hād (nominative singular)
hādas (nominative plural)
hād (accusative singular)
hādas (accusative plural)
hādes (genitive singular)
hāda (genitive plural)
hāde (dative singular)
hādum (dative plural)

Middle English: hod, had, hade, hede, hode
English: hade, hede (obsolete)
Scots: hade (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *haidu, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz (“state, condition, rank, person”). Akin to Old Norse heiðr (“dignity, honor”), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍃 (haidus, “manner”).

inh

c. 995, Ælfric, Excerptiones de Arte Grammatica Anglice
Þrī hādas sind worda. Sē forma hād is þe spricþ be him selfum ānum ("iċ seċġe", oþþe mid ōðrum mannum on maniġfealdum ġetæle, "wē seċġaþ"). Sē ōðer hād is þe sē forma spricþ tō ("þū sæġst", oþþe maniġfealdlīċe "ġē seċġaþ"). Sē þridda hād is be þǣm þe sē forma hād spricþ tō þǣm ōðrum hāde ("hē sæġþ", oþþe maniġfealdlīċe "hīe seċġaþ").

Verbs have three persons. The first person talks about himself alone ("I say", or with other people in the plural, "we say"). The second person is whoever the first person talks to ("you say", or in the plural "y'all say"). The third person is whoever the first person talks about to the second person ("he says", or in the plural "they say").


read

rēad (canonical)
rēad (masculine nominative singular)
rēad (feminine nominative singular)
rēad (neuter nominative singular)
rēadne (accusative masculine singular)
rēade (accusative feminine singular)
rēad (accusative neuter singular)
rēades (genitive masculine singular)
rēadre (feminine genitive singular)
rēades (genitive neuter singular)
rēadum (dative masculine singular)
rēadre (dative feminine singular)
rēadum (dative neuter singular)
rēade (instrumental masculine singular)
rēadre (feminine instrumental singular)
rēade (instrumental neuter singular)
rēade (masculine nominative plural)
rēada (feminine nominative plural)
rēade (feminine nominative plural)
rēad (neuter nominative plural)
rēade (accusative masculine plural)
rēada (accusative feminine plural)
rēade (accusative feminine plural)
rēad (accusative neuter plural)
rēadra (genitive masculine plural)
rēadra (feminine genitive plural)
rēadra (genitive neuter plural)
rēadum (dative masculine plural)
rēadum (dative feminine plural)
rēadum (dative neuter plural)
rēadum (instrumental masculine plural)
rēadum (feminine instrumental plural)
rēadum (instrumental neuter plural)
rēada (masculine nominative singular)
rēade (feminine nominative singular)
rēade (neuter nominative singular)
rēadan (accusative masculine singular)
rēadan (accusative feminine singular)
rēade (accusative neuter singular)
rēadan (genitive masculine singular)
rēadan (feminine genitive singular)
rēadan (genitive neuter singular)
rēadan (dative masculine singular)
rēadan (dative feminine singular)
rēadan (dative neuter singular)
rēadan (instrumental masculine singular)
rēadan (feminine instrumental singular)
rēadan (instrumental neuter singular)
rēadan (masculine nominative plural)
rēadan (feminine nominative plural)
rēadan (neuter nominative plural)
rēadan (accusative masculine plural)
rēadan (accusative feminine plural)
rēadan (accusative neuter plural)
rēadra (genitive masculine plural)
rēadena (genitive masculine plural)
rēadra (feminine genitive plural)
rēadena (feminine genitive plural)
rēadra (genitive neuter plural)
rēadena (genitive neuter plural)
rēadum (dative masculine plural)
rēadum (dative feminine plural)
rēadum (dative neuter plural)
rēadum (instrumental masculine plural)
rēadum (feminine instrumental plural)
rēadum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: red, redde, reed, read, ræd
English: red
Scots: rede, reid
Yola: reed

From Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós < *h₁rewdʰ-.
Germanic cognates: Old Frisian rād (West Frisian read), Old Saxon rōd (Low German root, rod), Dutch rood, Old High German rōt (German rot), Old Norse rauðr (Danish rød, Swedish röd, Icelandic rauður), Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (rauþs).
Indo-European cognates: Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós), Latin ruber, Old Irish rúad, Lithuanian raũdas, Russian рудо́й (rudój).


sic

Middle English: sych, syk, syke
English: sitch, sike
Scots: sike, syke

From Proto-West Germanic *sīk, from Proto-Germanic *sīką.


bat

bāt (canonical masculine)
bāt (nominative singular)
bātas (nominative plural)
bāt (accusative singular)
bātas (accusative plural)
bātes (genitive singular)
bāta (genitive plural)
bāte (dative singular)
bātum (dative plural)
bāt (nominative singular)
bāta (nominative plural)
bāte (nominative plural)
bāte (accusative singular)
bāta (accusative plural)
bāte (accusative plural)
bāte (genitive singular)
bāta (genitive plural)
bāte (dative singular)
bātum (dative plural)

Middle English: bot, bate, bat, bote, boot, boet, boyt, bootte, boote
English: boat
Belizean Creole: boat
→ Esperanto: boato
→ Dhivehi: ބޯޓު (bōṭu)
→ Fijian: boto
→ Hijazi Arabic: بوت (bōt)
→ Japanese: ボート (bōto)
→ Pitcairn-Norfolk: boet (Norfuk)
→ Sinhalese: බෝට්ටුව (bōṭṭuwa)
→ Swahili: boti
→ Scots: boat, bote (compare native bait, bate)
→ Tahitian: poti
Tok Pisin: bot
Scots: bate, bait
→ Middle Dutch: boot
Dutch: boot
Afrikaans: boot
→ Middle Low German: bôt, bott
Low German: Boot
Plautdietsch: Boot
→ German: Boot
→ North Frisian: böötj
→ Saterland Frisian: Boot
→ West Frisian: boat
→ Catalan: bot
→ Galician: bote
→ Old French: bot
→ Portuguese: bote
→ Spanish: bote
→ Cebuano: bote

→ Old Norse: bátr (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: batel (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Irish: bát

Irish: bád

Scottish Gaelic: bàta

Manx: baatey

→ Latin: battus

→ Welsh: bad


sang

sangas (nominative plural)
sang (nominative singular)
sangas (nominative plural)
sang (accusative singular)
sangas (accusative plural)
sanges (genitive singular)
sanga (genitive plural)
sange (dative singular)
sangum (dative plural)

Middle English: song, sange, sang, songe, soong, songge, zang, zong, zonge (Kent)
English: song
Scots: song, sang
Yola: zong

From Proto-Germanic *sangwaz. Cognate with Old High German sanc, Old Norse sǫngr.


bog

bōg (canonical masculine)
bōg (nominative singular)
bōgas (nominative plural)
bōg (accusative singular)
bōgas (accusative plural)
bōges (genitive singular)
bōga (genitive plural)
bōge (dative singular)
bōgum (dative plural)

Middle English: boȝ, bogh

English: bough

Scots: beuch

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *bōguz. Cognate with Old Saxon bōg, Old High German buog, Old Norse bógr.


wine

wine (nominative singular)
winas (nominative plural)
wine (accusative singular)
winas (accusative plural)
wines (genitive singular)
wina (genitive plural)
wine (dative singular)
winum (dative plural)

Middle English: wine

i

⇒ English: (a component found in names – Baldwin, Godwin, Irwin, etc.)

From earlier Old English wini, from Proto-West Germanic *wini, from Proto-Germanic *winiz, whence also Old Dutch wini, Old Saxon wini, Old High German wini, Old Norse vinr. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to seek, desire, love, win”).


bil

bil (nominative singular)
bil (nominative plural)
bil (accusative singular)
bil (accusative plural)
billes (genitive singular)
billa (genitive plural)
bille (dative singular)
billum (dative plural)

English: bill

From Proto-West Germanic *billi, from Proto-Germanic *bilją. Cognate with Old Saxon bil, Old High German bill (German Bille (“pickaxe”)).

Abrægd mid ðy bille. ― He brandished with his sword.

Iċ eom ānhaga īserne wund, bille ġebennod, beadoweorca sæd, eċġum wēriġ.

I am a lone one wounded with iron, wounded by sword, sated of battle-works, weary by edges.

(poetic) a kind of sword or other bladed weapon, apparently having two edges


bread

brēad (canonical neuter)
brēad (nominative singular)
brēadru (nominative plural)
brēad (accusative singular)
brēadru (accusative plural)
brēades (genitive singular)
brēada (genitive plural)
brēade (dative singular)
brēadum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bred, bredd, brede, breed, breede, breid, brid, bread, bræd, bryad, bryead
English: bread
Geordie English: breed
Scots: breid
Yola: breed

From Proto-West Germanic *braud, from Proto-Germanic *braudą, whence also Old Frisian brād (West Frisian brea), Old Saxon brōd (German Low German Broot, Brot), Dutch brood, Old High German brōt (German Brot), Old Norse brauð and Icelandic brauð (Swedish bröd).


box

box (nominative singular)
boxas (nominative plural)
box (accusative singular)
boxas (accusative plural)
boxes (genitive singular)
boxa (genitive plural)
boxe (dative singular)
boxum (dative plural)

Middle English: box, boxe
English: box (see there for further descendants)
Scots: box


dead

dēad (canonical)
dēad (masculine nominative singular)
dēad (feminine nominative singular)
dēad (neuter nominative singular)
dēadne (accusative masculine singular)
dēade (accusative feminine singular)
dēad (accusative neuter singular)
dēades (genitive masculine singular)
dēadre (feminine genitive singular)
dēades (genitive neuter singular)
dēadum (dative masculine singular)
dēadre (dative feminine singular)
dēadum (dative neuter singular)
dēade (instrumental masculine singular)
dēadre (feminine instrumental singular)
dēade (instrumental neuter singular)
dēade (masculine nominative plural)
dēada (feminine nominative plural)
dēade (feminine nominative plural)
dēad (neuter nominative plural)
dēade (accusative masculine plural)
dēada (accusative feminine plural)
dēade (accusative feminine plural)
dēad (accusative neuter plural)
dēadra (genitive masculine plural)
dēadra (feminine genitive plural)
dēadra (genitive neuter plural)
dēadum (dative masculine plural)
dēadum (dative feminine plural)
dēadum (dative neuter plural)
dēadum (instrumental masculine plural)
dēadum (feminine instrumental plural)
dēadum (instrumental neuter plural)
dēada (masculine nominative singular)
dēade (feminine nominative singular)
dēade (neuter nominative singular)
dēadan (accusative masculine singular)
dēadan (accusative feminine singular)
dēade (accusative neuter singular)
dēadan (genitive masculine singular)
dēadan (feminine genitive singular)
dēadan (genitive neuter singular)
dēadan (dative masculine singular)
dēadan (dative feminine singular)
dēadan (dative neuter singular)
dēadan (instrumental masculine singular)
dēadan (feminine instrumental singular)
dēadan (instrumental neuter singular)
dēadan (masculine nominative plural)
dēadan (feminine nominative plural)
dēadan (neuter nominative plural)
dēadan (accusative masculine plural)
dēadan (accusative feminine plural)
dēadan (accusative neuter plural)
dēadra (genitive masculine plural)
dēadena (genitive masculine plural)
dēadra (feminine genitive plural)
dēadena (feminine genitive plural)
dēadra (genitive neuter plural)
dēadena (genitive neuter plural)
dēadum (dative masculine plural)
dēadum (dative feminine plural)
dēadum (dative neuter plural)
dēadum (instrumental masculine plural)
dēadum (feminine instrumental plural)
dēadum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: ded, deed

Scots: dede, deed, deid

English: dead

Yola: deed

From Proto-West Germanic *daud, from Proto-Germanic *daudaz. Cognate with Old Frisian dād, Old Saxon dōd, Old High German tōt, Old Norse dauðr, Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (dauþs).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Phillippus him dyde heora wīġ unweorð, ōð hyne ān Cwēne scēat þurh þæt þēoh, þæt þæt hors wæs dēad, þe hē on ufan sæt.

Phillippus did them their battle ignoble, until a queen shot him through the thigh, that the horse was dead, which he sat on at the top.


dry

drȳ (canonical masculine)
drȳas (nominative plural)
drȳ (nominative singular)
drȳas (nominative plural)
drȳ (accusative singular)
drȳas (accusative plural)
drȳes (genitive singular)
drȳa (genitive plural)
drȳe (dative singular)
drȳum (dative plural)

Middle English: dri, driȝ, dry

⇒ Middle English: driȝmann, driȝmenn pl

Borrowed from a Brythonic language, from Proto-Brythonic *drüw, from Proto-Celtic *druwits (“druid”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St. Julian and his wife Basilissa"
Gehelp urum godum and hat to þe gefeccan þisne dry Iulianum þe ure goda anlicnysse mid ealle to-brytte...

Help our gods, and command men to bring thee this sorcerer Julianus, who hath utterly broken the images of our gods,...

Hīe woldon forbærnan þone drȳ. ― They wanted to burn the wizard. (Ælfric’s Homilies, volume 1.)


beard

beard (nominative singular)
beardas (nominative plural)
beard (accusative singular)
beardas (accusative plural)
beardes (genitive singular)
bearda (genitive plural)
bearde (dative singular)
beardum (dative plural)

Middle English: berd, bard, bærd, beord, burd
English: beard
Scots: berd, berde, beird
Yola: bearde
→ Anglo-Norman: berd
→⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)

From Proto-West Germanic *bard, from Proto-Germanic *bardaz (compare West Frisian burd, Dutch baard, German Bart), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰeh₂ (compare Latin barba, Lithuanian barzda, Russian борода́ (borodá)).


blod

blōd (canonical neuter)
blōd (nominative singular)
blōd (nominative plural)
blōd (accusative singular)
blōd (accusative plural)
blōdes (genitive singular)
blōda (genitive plural)
blōde (dative singular)
blōdum (dative plural)

Middle English: blood

Scots: bluid

English: blood

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃tóm?
Proto-Germanic *blōþą
Proto-West Germanic *blōd
Old English blod
Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *blōd, from Proto-Germanic *blōþą, of unknown origin.
Cognate with Old Frisian blōd, Old Saxon blōd, Old High German bluot, Old Norse blóð, and Gothic 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 (blōþ).

inh+

Wæs þæt blōd hāt.


dag

dāg (canonical masculine)
dāg (nominative singular)
dāgas (nominative plural)
dāg (accusative singular)
dāgas (accusative plural)
dāges (genitive singular)
dāga (genitive plural)
dāge (dative singular)
dāgum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: dogh, dagh, doghe, doghȝe, doȝ, doughe, douȝ, douȝh, douw, dow, dowgh, dowhȝ
English: dough (dialectal duff)
Scots: daich, dauch
Yola: dhoaugh, doaugh, doaug

From Proto-Germanic *daigaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, form, mold”). Compare Old High German teig (German Teig), Old Norse deig (Danish dej, Swedish deg), Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍃 (daigs).


ta

tā (canonical feminine)
tān (nominative plural)
tā (nominative singular)
tān (nominative plural)
tān (accusative singular)
tān (accusative plural)
tān (genitive singular)
tāna (genitive plural)
tān (dative singular)
tām (dative plural)
tāum (dative plural)

Middle English: ta, to

English: toe

Scots: tae

From Proto-West Germanic *taihā, from Proto-Germanic *taihwǭ.


tien

desctree

Middle English: ten, tene, tenne, tien
English: ten
Scots: ten
Yola: dhen

From Proto-West Germanic *tehun, from Proto-Germanic *tehun, from Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥.


ac

āc (canonical feminine)
āc (nominative singular)
ǣċ (nominative plural)
āc (accusative singular)
ǣċ (accusative plural)
ǣċ (genitive singular)
āce (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
ǣċ (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)
āc (nominative singular)
āca (nominative plural)
āce (nominative plural)
āce (accusative singular)
āca (accusative plural)
āce (accusative plural)
āce (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
āce (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)
āc (nominative singular)
ācas (nominative plural)
āc (accusative singular)
ācas (accusative plural)
āces (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
āce (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)

Middle English: ook, ok, ak, ake
English: oak
Scots: aik, ake, yik (south)

(masculine)(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚪ (a)


ea

ēa (canonical feminine)
ēa (nominative plural)
ēan (nominative plural)
ēa (nominative singular)
ēa (nominative plural)
ēan (nominative plural)
ēa (accusative singular)
ēa (accusative plural)
ēan (accusative plural)
ēa (genitive singular)
īe (genitive singular)
ēa (genitive plural)
ēa (dative singular)
īe (dative singular)
ēam (dative plural)
ēaum (dative plural)

Middle English: ee, æ, ea, eaa (Early Middle English), *eo
English: ea, Eau, eau, yeo

⇒ Old English: edēa (with prefix ed-)

Middle English: eddy

English: eddy

From Proto-West Germanic *ahu, from Proto-Germanic *ahwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ekʷeh₂ (“water”).


ar

ār (canonical masculine)
ār (nominative singular)
āras (nominative plural)
ār (accusative singular)
āras (accusative plural)
āres (genitive singular)
āra (genitive plural)
āre (dative singular)
ārum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *airu (“messenger”), from Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old Saxon ēru, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).

Ic eom Hroðgares ar ond ombiht.


gear

ġēar (canonical neuter)
ġēar (nominative singular)
ġēar (nominative plural)
ġēar (accusative singular)
ġēar (accusative plural)
ġēares (genitive singular)
ġēara (genitive plural)
ġēare (dative singular)
ġēarum (dative plural)

Middle English: yeer, here, yere, ȝere
English: year
Jamaican Creole: ier
Tok Pisin: yia
→ Chuukese: ier
→ Japanese: イヤー (iyā)
→ Volapük: yel
Scots: year

From Proto-West Germanic *jār, from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r-.

(good) harvest
(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᛄ (j)


belt

beltas (nominative plural)
belt (nominative singular)
beltas (nominative plural)
belt (accusative singular)
beltas (accusative plural)
beltes (genitive singular)
belta (genitive plural)
belte (dative singular)
beltum (dative plural)

Middle English: belt

English: belt (see there for further descendants)

Scots: belt

From Proto-West Germanic *baltī̆, from Proto-Germanic *baltijaz. Cognate with Old High German balz, Old Norse belti.


rust

English: rust

From Proto-West Germanic *rust, from Proto-Germanic *rustaz (“rust”), from Proto-Indo-European *rudʰso- (“red”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”).


hype

hype (nominative singular)
hypas (nominative plural)
hype (accusative singular)
hypas (accusative plural)
hypes (genitive singular)
hypa (genitive plural)
hype (dative singular)
hypum (dative plural)

Middle English: hippe, hip

English: hip

Scots: hip


cot

cotu (nominative plural)
cot (nominative singular)
cotu (nominative plural)
cot (accusative singular)
cotu (accusative plural)
cotes (genitive singular)
cota (genitive plural)
cote (dative singular)
cotum (dative plural)

English: cot

From Proto-Germanic *kutą, *kutan (“shed”), probably of non-Indo-European origin, but possibly borrowed from Uralic; compare Finnish kota (“hut, house”) and Hungarian ház (“house”), both from Proto-Finno-Ugric/Proto-Uralic *kota.
However, compare Dutch and English hut, as well as Old Norse kot, Middle High German kūz (“execution pit”)), Scytho-Sarmatian *kuta, Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “chamber”).


Marcus

Marcus (nominative singular)
Marcus (accusative singular)
Marces (genitive singular)
Marce (dative singular)


cealc

ċealc (canonical masculine)
ċealc (nominative singular)
ċealcas (nominative plural)
ċealc (accusative singular)
ċealcas (accusative plural)
ċealces (genitive singular)
ċealca (genitive plural)
ċealce (dative singular)
ċealcum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: chalk, calke, chalke, schalk, schalke
English: chalk (see there for further descendants); cauk, cawk
Scots: cauk, cawk


gar

gār (canonical masculine)
gār (nominative singular)
gāras (nominative plural)
gār (accusative singular)
gāras (accusative plural)
gāres (genitive singular)
gāra (genitive plural)
gāre (dative singular)
gārum (dative plural)

Middle English: gor, gar, gare, gær

⇒ Middle English: garfysche
English: garfish
Scots: gairfish

From Proto-West Germanic *gaiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *gaizaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“pointed stick, spear”).
Cognate with Old Frisian gēr, Old Saxon gēr, Old High German gēr, Old Norse geirr.


horn

horn (nominative singular)
hornas (nominative plural)
horn (accusative singular)
hornas (accusative plural)
hornes (genitive singular)
horna (genitive plural)
horne (dative singular)
hornum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: horn, horne, orn
English: horn
Scots: horn
Yola: hoorn

From Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer- (“horn, head, top”).
Cognate with Old Frisian horn, Old Saxon horn, Old High German horn, Old Norse horn, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (haurn).


papa

pāpa (canonical masculine)
pāpa (nominative singular)
pāpan (nominative plural)
pāpan (accusative singular)
pāpan (accusative plural)
pāpan (genitive singular)
pāpena (genitive plural)
pāpan (dative singular)
pāpum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: pope
English: pope
Jamaican Creole: puop
Tok Pisin: pop
→ Hindi: पोप (pop)
→ Urdu: پوپ (pop)
Scots: pape, paipe, paip

From Ecclesiastical Latin pāpa, from Ancient Greek πάπας (pápas, “bishop, patriarch”), variant of πάππας (páppas, “father”).


weg

weġ (canonical masculine)
wegas (nominative plural)
weġ (nominative singular)
wegas (nominative plural)
weġ (accusative singular)
wegas (accusative plural)
weġes (genitive singular)
wega (genitive plural)
weġe (dative singular)
wegum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: wey, wei, weie, wai, way
English: way
Scots: wey
Yola: wye, waie

From Proto-West Germanic *weg, from Proto-Germanic *wegaz.
Cognates include Old Frisian wei, Old Saxon weg, Old Dutch weg, Old High German weg, Old Norse vegr, Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (wigs). Compare West Frisian wei, Dutch weg, Icelandic vegur, Faroese vegur, Danish vej, Norwegian vei, and Swedish väg, which are all still the main word for both "way" and "road" in their respective languages.

10th century, Kentish gloss of the Book of Proverbs
þurh þīestre wegas

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Numbers 21:22


cancer

cancer (nominative singular)
cancras (nominative plural)
cancer (accusative singular)
cancras (accusative plural)
cancres (genitive singular)
cancra (genitive plural)
cancre (dative singular)
cancrum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: canker, cancre, cancer, cankre, cankyr, kankir, kanker (partially from Old French cancre)

English: canker

→ Welsh: cancr


stol

stōl (canonical masculine)
stōl (nominative singular)
stōlas (nominative plural)
stōl (accusative singular)
stōlas (accusative plural)
stōles (genitive singular)
stōla (genitive plural)
stōle (dative singular)
stōlum (dative plural)

Middle English: stool

English: stool

Scots: stuil, stul, stule


Aaron

From Latin Aarōn, from Biblical Hebrew אַהֲרֹן (Ahărōn).

c. 1050, Old English Hexateuch, Deuteronomy 9:20

And the Lord was very angry with Aaron and would have destroyed him; so I prayed for Aaron also at the same time.

He wæs yrre wiþ Aaron and wolde hine fordon and ic gebæd for hyne


mos

mōs (canonical neuter)
mōs (nominative singular)
mōs (nominative plural)
mōs (accusative singular)
mōs (accusative plural)
mōses (genitive singular)
mōsa (genitive plural)
mōse (dative singular)
mōsum (dative plural)

Middle English: mos, mose

>? English: mush

>? Scots: moosh

From Proto-West Germanic *mōs, from Proto-Germanic *mōsą (“food”).
Akin to Old Saxon mōs (“food”), Old High German muos (German Mus, Gemüse (“food, vegetables”), Old English mete (“food”). More at meat.


dom

dōm (canonical masculine)
dōm (nominative singular)
dōmas (nominative plural)
dōm (accusative singular)
dōmas (accusative plural)
dōmes (genitive singular)
dōma (genitive plural)
dōme (dative singular)
dōmum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: doom, doim, dom, dome
English: doom
Middle Scots: dome, dume

From Proto-West Germanic *dōm.
Cognate with Old Frisian dōm, Old Saxon dōm, Old High German tuom, Old Norse dómr, Gothic 𐌳𐍉𐌼𐍃 (dōms). The Germanic source was from a stem verb originally meaning ‘to place, to set’ (a sense-development also found in Latin statutum, Ancient Greek θέμις (thémis)).


carte

carte (nominative singular)
cartan (nominative plural)
cartan (accusative singular)
cartan (accusative plural)
cartan (genitive singular)
cartena (genitive plural)
cartan (dative singular)
cartum (dative plural)

From Latin charta, from Ancient Greek χᾰ́ρτης (khártēs).


dung

dynġ (nominative plural)
dung (nominative singular)
dynġ (nominative plural)
dung (accusative singular)
dynġ (accusative plural)
dynġ (genitive singular)
dunge (genitive singular)
dunga (genitive plural)
dynġ (dative singular)
dungum (dative plural)

Middle English: donge, dung, dunge

→ Anglo-Norman: donjun (semantic loan)

From Proto-West Germanic *dung (“cellar”).


dung

dung (nominative singular)
dunga (nominative plural)
dunge (nominative plural)
dunge (accusative singular)
dunga (accusative plural)
dunge (accusative plural)
dunge (genitive singular)
dunga (genitive plural)
dunge (dative singular)
dungum (dative plural)

Middle English: donge, dong, donke, doung, dounge, dung, dunge
English: dung
Scots: dung

From Proto-Germanic *dungō, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰengʰ- (“to cover”).


bord

bord (nominative singular)
bord (nominative plural)
bord (accusative singular)
bord (accusative plural)
bordes (genitive singular)
borda (genitive plural)
borde (dative singular)
bordum (dative plural)

→ Cornish: bord

Middle English: bord

English: board

Scots: buird

Yola: borde

→ Old Irish: bord

Middle Irish: bord

Irish: bord

Manx: boayrd

Scottish Gaelic: bòrd

→ Middle Welsh: bort

Welsh: bord

→ Middle Welsh: bwrð

Welsh: bwrdd

From Proto-West Germanic *bord, from Proto-Germanic *burdą.

Sē frumlida stāg on bord þæs sċipes.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Hīe cwǣdon, "Hū dōþ wē ymb þē?" Hē andwyrde, "Weorpaþ mē ofer bord."

They said, "What are we going to do about you?" He answered, "Throw me overboard."

the side of a ship; (by extension) the ship itself


anda

andan (nominative plural)
anda (nominative singular)
andan (nominative plural)
andan (accusative singular)
andan (accusative plural)
andan (genitive singular)
andena (genitive plural)
andan (dative singular)
andum (dative plural)

Middle English: ande, onde, yond

English: ande, onde, and

Scots: and, ande, aind, aynd

hatred, anger; injury, wrong-doing, mischief


Thomas

From Latin Thōmās, from Ancient Greek Θωμᾶς (Thōmâs).

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 20:24

Now Thomas (also known as Didymus), one of the Twelve, was not with the disciples when Jesus came.

Witodlice Thomas, an of þam twelfum, þe ys gecweden Didimus, þæt ys Gelicost, on ure geþeode, he næs mid him, þa se Haelend com


scip

sċip (canonical neuter)
sċip (nominative singular)
sċipu (nominative plural)
sċip (accusative singular)
sċipu (accusative plural)
sċipes (genitive singular)
sċipa (genitive plural)
sċipe (dative singular)
sċipum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: schip, chip, chippe, schepe, schipp, schippe, schup, schyp, schyppe, shepe, ship, shippe, shup, shuppe, shyp, shype, shyppe, sship, ssip, scip, scippe, scyp, scyppe
English: ship
Scots: ship
Yola: zhip

From Proto-West Germanic *skip.
Cognate with Old Frisian skip, Old Saxon skip, Old High German skif, Old Norse skip, Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 (skip).

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript E, year 992

And then the army escaped, except for one ship whose crew was slain.

And sē here þā ætbærst, būtan ān sċip þǣr man ofslōg.


giefu

ġiefu (canonical feminine)
ġiefu (nominative singular)
ġiefa (nominative plural)
ġiefe (nominative plural)
ġiefe (accusative singular)
ġiefa (accusative plural)
ġiefe (accusative plural)
ġiefe (genitive singular)
ġiefa (genitive plural)
ġiefena (genitive plural)
ġiefe (dative singular)
ġiefum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: gife, ȝyfe, ȝef, ȝif, yeve

From Proto-West Germanic *gebu, from Proto-Germanic *gebō. Cognates include Old Frisian jeve, Old Saxon geva, Old High German geba, Old Norse gjǫf, and Gothic 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰 (giba).


dæg

dæġ (canonical masculine)
dagas (nominative plural)
dæġ (nominative singular)
dagas (nominative plural)
dæġ (accusative singular)
dagas (accusative plural)
dæġes (genitive singular)
daga (genitive plural)
dæġe (dative singular)
dagum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: day
English: day
Scots: day
Yola: die, dei, dey, daie

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *dagaz. Cognate with Old Frisian dei, Old Saxon dag, Old Dutch dag, Old High German tag, Old Norse dagr, Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (dags).

Þā dagas bēoþ lange, ac þā ġēar bēoþ sċort.

The days are long, but the years are short.

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
Saga mē, on hū fela daga God ġeworhte ealle ġesċeafta?'

Tell me, in how many days did God create all creatures?

c. 992, Ælfric, "The First Sunday in the Lord's Advent"
Ēac is gehwilcum men his endenēxta dæġ nēar and nēar; and sē ġemǣnelīca dōm dæġhwomlīċe ġenēalǣhð, on ðām underfehð ānra ġehwilc be ðām ðe hē ġeearnode on līchaman, swā gōd swā yfel.

Also to every man is his last day nearer and nearer; and the common doom approaches daily, at which every one will receive according to what he has merited in body, whether good or evil.

c. 994, Ælfric, The Seasons of the Year

To us a day means from sunrise to sunset, but in books, one day is considered to last from when the sun rises to when it returns to where it started from. In that interval there are considered to be 24 hours.

Wē hātaþ ānne dæġ fram sunnan upgange oþ ǣfen, ac swā þēah is on bōcum ġeteald tō ānum dæġe fram þǣre sunnan upgange oþ þæt hēo eft becume þǣr hēo ǣr upp stāg. On þām fæce sind ġetealda fēower and twentiġ tīda.

day, (usually) as a period from sunrise to sunset and (scientifically) as a 24-hour period from sunrise to sunrise


feoh

feoh (nominative singular)
feoh (accusative singular)
fēos (genitive singular)
fēo (dative singular)

Middle English: feh, fe, fee (with Old French)

English: fee

Scots: fe, fee, fiel

From Proto-West Germanic *fehu, from Proto-Germanic *fehu. Note that feoh must have transferred into the a-stems (and thus lost its -u) before loss of medial *h, or else it would be *fēo.
Cognates:
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian fia (West Frisian fee), Old Saxon fehu (Low German Veeh), Old Dutch fē (Dutch vee), Old High German fihu (German Vieh), Old Norse fé (Swedish fä), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 (faihu). The Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit पशु (páśu, “cattle”), Latin pecus, Old Armenian ասր (asr, “fleece”) and Lithuanian pēkus (“cattle”).

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Ēalā ġif iċ hæfde feoh.


heafod

hēafod (canonical neuter)
hēafod (nominative singular)
hēafdu (nominative plural)
hēafod (accusative singular)
hēafdu (accusative plural)
hēafdes (genitive singular)
hēafda (genitive plural)
hēafde (dative singular)
hēafdum (dative plural)

Middle English: heed
English: head
→ Japanese: ヘッド (heddo)
Sranan Tongo: ede
Aukan: ede
Saramaccan: hédi
Geordie English: heed
Scots: heid
Yola: heade, haade, hade

From Proto-Germanic *haubudą, from Proto-Indo-European *kauput-. Cognate with Old Frisian hāved, Old Saxon hōƀid, Dutch hoofd, Old High German houbit, Old Norse hǫfuð, and Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 (haubiþ). The Germanic source is related to Latin caput and Sanskrit कपालम् (kapālam).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Twenty-First Sunday After Pentecost"
Mīn hēafod hē hæfþ mid his ċeaflum befangen.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "THE PASSION OF THE APOSTLES PETER AND PAUL"
Ic bidde eow, wendað min heafod adune, and astreccað mine fét wið heofonas weard: ne eom ic wyrðe þæt ic swa hangige swa min Drihten.

I beseech you, turn my head down, and stretch my feet towards heaven: I am not worthy to hang as my Lord.


æsc

æsċ (canonical masculine)
æscas (nominative plural)
æsċ (nominative singular)
æscas (nominative plural)
æsċ (accusative singular)
æscas (accusative plural)
æsċes (genitive singular)
æsca (genitive plural)
æsċe (dative singular)
æscum (dative plural)

Middle English: asshe
English: ash
Scots: aish, esh

→ English: æsc (learned)

From Proto-West Germanic *ask. See there for more.

a kind of small, light Viking ship used for raids


eage

ēage (canonical neuter)
ēage (nominative singular)
ēagan (nominative plural)
ēage (accusative singular)
ēagan (accusative plural)
ēagan (genitive singular)
ēagena (genitive plural)
ēagan (dative singular)
ēagum (dative plural)

Middle English: eie, yȝe, ye, yë, yghe, eye, eȝhe, eȝe, eighe, eyghe, eyȝe, iȝe
English: eye
Sranan Tongo: ai
Geordie English: ee, eye
Scots: ee
Yola: ieen, eein, eyen, eeen, een, ein (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *augā, from Proto-Germanic *augô.


tunge

tunge (nominative singular)
tungan (nominative plural)
tungan (accusative singular)
tungan (accusative plural)
tungan (genitive singular)
tungena (genitive plural)
tungan (dative singular)
tungum (dative plural)

Middle English: tonge, tong, tung, tunge
English: tongue
Australian Kriol: tang
Bislama: tang
Sranan Tongo: tongo
Tok Pisin: tang
Torres Strait Creole: tang
Scots: tung, tongue, tong


sorg

sorg (nominative singular)
sorga (nominative plural)
sorge (nominative plural)
sorge (accusative singular)
sorga (accusative plural)
sorge (accusative plural)
sorge (genitive singular)
sorga (genitive plural)
sorge (dative singular)
sorgum (dative plural)

Middle English: sorȝe, sorwe, sorow

English: sorrow

Scots: sorow

From Proto-West Germanic *sorgu, from Proto-Germanic *surgō.
Cognate with Old Frisian sorge, Old Saxon sorga, Old Dutch sorga, Old High German sorga, Old Norse sorg, Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌰 (saurga).

oþþe mec frēondlēasne · frēfran wolde,
wēman mid wynnum. · Wāt sē þe cunnað,
hū slīþen bið · sorg tō ġefēran,
þām þe him lȳt hafað · lēofra ġeholena.

or friendless me would soothe,
allure with glees. Knows the one who undergoes,
how tough is sorrow as a companion,
to whom little has dear confidants for himself.


stan

stān (canonical masculine)
stān (nominative singular)
stānas (nominative plural)
stān (accusative singular)
stānas (accusative plural)
stānes (genitive singular)
stāna (genitive plural)
stāne (dative singular)
stānum (dative plural)

Middle English: ston, stan, stane, stoan, stone, stoon, stoone
English: stone (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: styen
Scots: stane
Yola: sthoan
→ Anglo-Norman: ston

From Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂no-, *stih₂-no- (a suffixed form of *steyh₂- (“to be solid, to crowd together”)).
Cognate with Old Frisian stēn, Old Saxon stēn (German Low German Steen), Old Dutch sten, stein (Dutch steen), Old High German stein (German Stein), Old Norse steinn (Icelandic steinn, Faroese steinur, Norwegian Nynorsk stein, Norwegian Bokmål stein, sten, Danish sten, Swedish sten), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (stains). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek στῖον (stîon, “pebble”), Proto-Slavic *stěnà (Bulgarian стена (stena), Russian стена́ (stená), Czech stěna (“wall”)).


nama

naman (nominative plural)
nama (nominative singular)
naman (nominative plural)
naman (accusative singular)
naman (accusative plural)
naman (genitive singular)
namena (genitive plural)
naman (dative singular)
namum (dative plural)

Middle English: name, nome
English: name
→ Sranan Tongo: nen
→ Japanese: ネーム
Geordie English: nyem
Scots: name, naim, nem, nome
Yola: naame, naume, name

From Proto-West Germanic *namō, from Proto-Germanic *namô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥.

nambred

register of names (on a tablet); German Brett

c. 995, Ælfric, Excerptiones de Arte Grammatica Anglice
Ealle naman...bēoþ ġebīgede on fīf declinungum.

All nouns...are inflected in five declensions.


fot

fōt (canonical masculine)
fēt (nominative plural)
fōt (nominative singular)
fēt (nominative plural)
fōt (accusative singular)
fēt (accusative plural)
fōtes (genitive singular)
fōta (genitive plural)
fēt (dative singular)
fōtum (dative plural)

Middle English: fot, fod, foȝt, foit, foot, foote, fote, fout, fut, vot
English: foot (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fit, fuit, fut, fute
Yola: voote

From Proto-West Germanic *fōt.
Cognates:
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian fōt, Old Saxon fōt (Dutch voet), Old High German fuoz (German Fuß), Old Norse fótr (Danish fod, Swedish fot), Gothic 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 (fōtus). The Proto-Indo-European root was also the source of Sanskrit पद् (pád), Ancient Greek πούς (poús) (genitive ποδός (podós)); Doric πῶς (pôs), Latin pēs (genitive pedis).

Iċ dypte mīnne fōt on þæt wæter.

Wē ongunnon þæt þorp ġenēahlǣċan on fōtum.

We tried to reach the village on foot (literally "on feet").

(anatomy) an organ in humans and animals used for locomotion

a foot, in the following senses:
(prosody) a metrical foot

a foot, in the following senses:
a metrical foot


steorra

steorra (nominative singular)
steorran (nominative plural)
steorran (accusative singular)
steorran (accusative plural)
steorran (genitive singular)
steorrena (genitive plural)
steorran (dative singular)
steorrum (dative plural)

Middle English: sterre
English: star (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ster
Yola: starr, steor

From Proto-West Germanic *sterrō, variant of *sternō, from Proto-Germanic *sternǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.


lufu

lufu (nominative singular)
lufa (nominative plural)
lufe (nominative plural)
lufe (accusative singular)
lufa (accusative plural)
lufe (accusative plural)
lufe (genitive singular)
lufa (genitive plural)
lufe (dative singular)
lufum (dative plural)

Middle English: love
English: love
Scots: luve, lufe
Yola: loove

From Proto-West Germanic *lubu, from Proto-Germanic *lubō. Cognate with Old Frisian luve, Old High German luba, Gothic *𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍉 (*lubō).

Sēo sōðe lufu nǣfre ne ātēoraþ.


cyning

cyning (nominative singular)
cyningas (nominative plural)
cyning (accusative singular)
cyningas (accusative plural)
cyninges (genitive singular)
cyninga (genitive plural)
cyninge (dative singular)
cyningum (dative plural)

Middle English: king, kenin, kening, kinig (in compounds, toponymic), gug, kug (in compounds, influenced by Old Norse (see etymology)), knyng (transmission error), chinge, chinȝ, cing, cining, cinȝ, ging, keing, keng, kingk, kingue, kining, kink, kyng, kynge
English: king (see there for further descendants)
Scots: keeng, king
Yola: kinge, king

→ English: cyning (learned)

From Proto-West Germanic *kuning, from Proto-Germanic *kuningaz, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to procreate”). Equivalent to cynn + -ing.

der

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
þā wēop sē cyning and þancode gode his gōdan wyllan.

Then the king wept and thanked God for his good will.


heorte

heorte (nominative singular)
heortan (nominative plural)
heortan (accusative singular)
heortan (accusative plural)
heortan (genitive singular)
heortena (genitive plural)
heortan (dative singular)
heortum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: herte, hart, harte, heorte, hert, hertt, hirte, huerte, heortæ, heorrte, herrte, hierte, horte, hurte (Early Middle English)
English: heart (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hert, hart, hairt
Yola: hearth, hart

From Proto-West Germanic *hertā.
Cognate with Old Frisian herte, Old Saxon herta, Old Dutch herte, Old High German herza, Old Norse hjarta, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 (hairtō). The Indo-European root is also the source of Greek καρδία (kardía), Latin cor, Welsh craidd, Russian се́рдце (sérdce), Lithuanian širdis.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Nativiity of Our Lord"
Ðyllīce word María hēold ārǣfniġende on hire heortan.

Such words Mary held, pondering them in her heart.


stæf

stafas (nominative plural)
stæf (nominative singular)
stafas (nominative plural)
stæf (accusative singular)
stafas (accusative plural)
stæfes (genitive singular)
stafa (genitive plural)
stæfe (dative singular)
stafum (dative plural)

Middle English: staf

Scots: staf, staff, staif, stave

English: staff, stave

From Proto-Germanic *stabaz, whence also Old High German stab, Old Norse stafr.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent Sunday"
On ōðre wīsan wē sċēawiaþ mētinge and on ōðre wīsan stafas. Ne gǣþ nā māre tō mētinge būtan þæt þū hit ġesēo and herie. Nis nā ġenōg þæt þū stafas sċēawiġe būtan þū hīe ēac rǣde and þæt andġiet understande.

We look at pictures in one way and letters in another. You don't do anything with a painting except see it and praise it. Looking at letters is not enough unless you also read them and understand the meaning.


regn

reġn (canonical masculine)
reġn (nominative singular)
reġnas (nominative plural)
reġn (accusative singular)
reġnas (accusative plural)
reġnes (genitive singular)
reġna (genitive plural)
reġne (dative singular)
reġnum (dative plural)

Middle English: reyn, rain, rayn, rayne, rein, reine, reigne, ren, ræin, reȝȝn (Early Middle English)
English: rain
Scots: rain
Yola: rhyne, ryne

From Proto-West Germanic *regn (changed to masculine), from Proto-Germanic *regną (neuter).


æ

letter of the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) alphabet, listed in 24th and final position by Byrhtferð (1011); Called æsċ (“ash tree”) after the Anglo-Saxon ᚫ rune


sniwan

snīwan (canonical)
snīwan (infinitive)
snīwenne (infinitive)
snīwe (first-person present singular)
snīwde (first-person past singular)
snīwest (present second-person singular)
snīwst (present second-person singular)
snīwdest (past second-person singular)
snīweþ (present singular third-person)
snīwþ (present singular third-person)
snīwde (past singular third-person)
snīwaþ (plural present)
snīwdon (past plural)
snīwe (present singular)
snīwde (past singular)
snīwen (plural present)
snīwden (past plural)
snīw (imperative past present singular)
snīwaþ (imperative past plural present)
snīwende (imperative present)
snīwed (imperative past)
ġesnīwed (imperative past)

Middle English: snewen, sneuwen, snew, snewe, sniwe
English: snew

From Proto-Germanic *snīwaną. Cognate with Old High German snīwan (Modern German schneien).


Englisc

Englisċ (canonical neuter)
Englisċ (nominative singular)
Englisċ (accusative singular)
Englisċes (genitive singular)
Englisċe (dative singular)

Spricst þū Englisċ?

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript D
Hēr sind on þissum īeġlande fīf ġeþēodu: Englisċ, Bretwīelisċ, Sċyttisċ, Pihtisċ, and Bōclǣden.

Here on this island, there are five languages: English, British, Scottish, Pictish, and Latin.


Andreas

From Latin Andreas, displaced by the Old French ancestor of Andrew after the Norman Conquest.


bana

bana (nominative singular)
banan (nominative plural)
banan (accusative singular)
banan (accusative plural)
banan (genitive singular)
banena (genitive plural)
banan (dative singular)
banum (dative plural)

Middle English: bane, ban, bayn, beone, bone
English: bane
Scots: bane, baine, bain, bayn, bone

From Proto-West Germanic *banō, from Proto-Germanic *banô. Cognate with Old Frisian bona, Old Saxon bano, Old High German bano, Old Norse bani.


sæteresdæg

sæteresdæġ (canonical masculine)
sæteresdæġ (nominative singular)
sæteresdagas (nominative plural)
sæteresdæġ (accusative singular)
sæteresdagas (accusative plural)
sæteresdæġes (genitive singular)
sæteresdaga (genitive plural)
sæteresdæġe (dative singular)
sæteresdagum (dative plural)


sæternesdæg

sæternesdæġ (canonical masculine)
sæternesdæġ (nominative singular)
sæternesdagas (nominative plural)
sæternesdæġ (accusative singular)
sæternesdagas (accusative plural)
sæternesdæġes (genitive singular)
sæternesdaga (genitive plural)
sæternesdæġe (dative singular)
sæternesdagum (dative plural)

Middle English: Saterday, Seterday, Ceterday, Satirday, Saturday, Saturnesday, zeterday
English: Saturday
Tok Pisin: Sarere
Scots: Seturday
Yola: Zathardei, zatherdei

From Proto-West Germanic *Sāturnas dag; equivalent to Sætern (“Saturn”) + dæġ (“day”). Ultimately a calque of Latin diēs Sāturnī (“day of Saturn”).


æced

æċed (canonical neuter)
æċed (nominative singular)
æċed (accusative singular)
æċedes (genitive singular)
æċede (dative singular)

From Proto-West Germanic *aket, from Latin acētum. Compare Old Saxon ecid, West Frisian jittik, Old High German ezzih (German Essig), Old Norse edik (Danish eddike, Swedish ättika).


ædre

ǣdre (canonical feminine)
ǣdre (nominative singular)
ǣdran (nominative plural)
ǣdran (accusative singular)
ǣdran (accusative plural)
ǣdran (genitive singular)
ǣdrena (genitive plural)
ǣdran (dative singular)
ǣdrum (dative plural)

Middle English: edre

From Proto-Germanic *ēþrǭ. Cognates include Old Frisian ēdere, Old High German ādra, Old Norse æðr.


Adam

Adam (nominative singular)
Adamas (nominative plural)
Adam (accusative singular)
Adamas (accusative plural)
Adames (genitive singular)
Adama (genitive plural)
Adame (dative singular)
Adamum (dative plural)

Middle English: Adam

English: Adam

Scots: Adam

Ultimately from Hebrew אָדָם (adam, “earth, man”)


wicca

wiċċa (canonical masculine)
wiċċa (nominative singular)
wiċċan (nominative plural)
wiċċan (accusative singular)
wiċċan (accusative plural)
wiċċan (genitive singular)
wiċċena (genitive plural)
wiċċan (dative singular)
wiċċum (dative plural)

Middle English: wicche, wikke, wikked

English: witch, → Wicca, wicked

Scots: wich, wicked, wicket

From Proto-Germanic *wikkô (“necromancer, sorcerer”).
Further etymology uncertain; apparently from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“separate, divide”), conjectured to be because of early Germanic divinatory practices to do with casting lots (cleromancy).
The exact etymology is problematic. R. Lühr (Expressivität und Lautgesetz im Germanischen, Heidelberg (1988), p. 354) connects wigol "prophetic, mantic", wīglian "to practice divination" (Middle Low German wichelen (“bewitch”) and suggests Proto-Germanic *wigōn, via Kluge's law becoming *wikkōn. The basic form would then be the feminine, wicce /ˈwɪt͡ʃe/, from *wikkæ, from *wikkōn with palatalization due to the preceding i and the following *æ, from *ōn. The palatal -cc- /t͡ʃ/ in wicca would then be analogous to the feminine.
An alternative possibility is to derive the palatal /t͡ʃ/ directly from the verb wiccian, from *wikkija (OED, s.v. witch). Lühr conversely favours derivation of this verb from the noun.

der

c. 890, Ælfred, Domboc, Prologue
Ða fæmnan þe gewuniað onfon gealdorcræftigan ⁊ scinlæcan ⁊ wiccan, ne læt þu ða libban.

Women who are accustomed to receiving enchanters and sorceresses and witches, do not let them live.

wizard, sorcerer, magician, druid, necromancer


mitta

mitta (nominative singular)
mittan (nominative plural)
mittan (accusative singular)
mittan (accusative plural)
mittan (genitive singular)
mittena (genitive plural)
mittan (dative singular)
mittum (dative plural)


deaf

dēaf (canonical)
dēaf (masculine nominative singular)
dēaf (feminine nominative singular)
dēaf (neuter nominative singular)
dēafne (accusative masculine singular)
dēafe (accusative feminine singular)
dēaf (accusative neuter singular)
dēafes (genitive masculine singular)
dēafre (feminine genitive singular)
dēafes (genitive neuter singular)
dēafum (dative masculine singular)
dēafre (dative feminine singular)
dēafum (dative neuter singular)
dēafe (instrumental masculine singular)
dēafre (feminine instrumental singular)
dēafe (instrumental neuter singular)
dēafe (masculine nominative plural)
dēafa (feminine nominative plural)
dēafe (feminine nominative plural)
dēaf (neuter nominative plural)
dēafe (accusative masculine plural)
dēafa (accusative feminine plural)
dēafe (accusative feminine plural)
dēaf (accusative neuter plural)
dēafra (genitive masculine plural)
dēafra (feminine genitive plural)
dēafra (genitive neuter plural)
dēafum (dative masculine plural)
dēafum (dative feminine plural)
dēafum (dative neuter plural)
dēafum (instrumental masculine plural)
dēafum (feminine instrumental plural)
dēafum (instrumental neuter plural)
dēafa (masculine nominative singular)
dēafe (feminine nominative singular)
dēafe (neuter nominative singular)
dēafan (accusative masculine singular)
dēafan (accusative feminine singular)
dēafe (accusative neuter singular)
dēafan (genitive masculine singular)
dēafan (feminine genitive singular)
dēafan (genitive neuter singular)
dēafan (dative masculine singular)
dēafan (dative feminine singular)
dēafan (dative neuter singular)
dēafan (instrumental masculine singular)
dēafan (feminine instrumental singular)
dēafan (instrumental neuter singular)
dēafan (masculine nominative plural)
dēafan (feminine nominative plural)
dēafan (neuter nominative plural)
dēafan (accusative masculine plural)
dēafan (accusative feminine plural)
dēafan (accusative neuter plural)
dēafra (genitive masculine plural)
dēafena (genitive masculine plural)
dēafra (feminine genitive plural)
dēafena (feminine genitive plural)
dēafra (genitive neuter plural)
dēafena (genitive neuter plural)
dēafum (dative masculine plural)
dēafum (dative feminine plural)
dēafum (dative neuter plural)
dēafum (instrumental masculine plural)
dēafum (feminine instrumental plural)
dēafum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: deef, def
English: deaf
Scots: deef, deif, deaf

From Proto-West Germanic *daub.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian dāf, Old Saxon dōf (Low German dow), Old High German toub (German taub), Old Norse daufr (Swedish döv). The Indo-European root is also the source of Greek τυφλός (tyflós, “blind”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Fif and twentiġ manna myslīċe ġeuntrume cōmon tō þām hālgan heora hǣle biddende; sum wǣron blinde, sume wǣron healte, sume ēac dēafe, and dumbe ēac sum and hī ealle wurdon ānes dæġes ġehǣlede þurh þæs hālgan þingunge and him hām ġewendon.

Twenty-five men, sickened in various ways, came to the saint begging for the health; some were blind, some were lame, some were also deaf, and some were dumb, and they were all healed in one day through the intercession of the saint and went home.


col

col (nominative singular)
colu (nominative plural)
col (accusative singular)
colu (accusative plural)
coles (genitive singular)
cola (genitive plural)
cole (dative singular)
colum (dative plural)

Middle English: cole

English: coal

From Proto-West Germanic *kol. Cognate with Old Frisian kole, Old High German kolo, Old Norse kol.


martyrdom

martyrdōm (canonical masculine)
martyrdōm (nominative singular)
martyrdōmas (nominative plural)
martyrdōm (accusative singular)
martyrdōmas (accusative plural)
martyrdōmes (genitive singular)
martyrdōma (genitive plural)
martyrdōme (dative singular)
martyrdōmum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: martyrdome, martirdom, marterdom

English: martyrdom

Scots: martirdome


bliss

bliss (nominative singular)
blissa (nominative plural)
blisse (nominative plural)
blisse (accusative singular)
blissa (accusative plural)
blisse (accusative plural)
blisse (genitive singular)
blissa (genitive plural)
blisse (dative singular)
blissum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: blys, blice, blisce, blise, blesse
English: bliss

From earlier blīds, blīþs, from Proto-West Germanic *blīþisi.

Iċ…, eald ǣfensceōp, eorlum bringe blisse in burgum.

I…, old evening scop, bring bliss in towns for brave men.


carl

From Old Norse karl (Danish karl (“man”), Swedish karl (“man”)), from Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“man, male”). Cognate with Old High German karl, karal and related to Old English ċeorl.

a freeman, a man of middle rank or social class (in Norse and Anglo-Saxon society)


dor

dōr (canonical neuter)
dōr (nominative singular)
dōr (nominative plural)
dōr (accusative singular)
dōr (accusative plural)
dōres (genitive singular)
dōra (genitive plural)
dōre (dative singular)
dōrum (dative plural)

Middle English: dor, dore

English: door

From Proto-West Germanic *dor.
Cognate with Old Saxon dor, Old High German tor (German Tor (“gate”)), Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂 (daur). The Germanic word also existed with the stem *durz (see Old English duru, German Tür). Indo-European cognates include Greek θυρα (thyra), Latin foris, Lithuanian dùrys, Old Church Slavonic двьрь (dvĭrĭ) (Russian дверь (dverʹ)).


prim

(Christianity) Prime, the divine office appointed for the hour in the liturgy


mod

mōd (canonical neuter)
mōd (nominative singular)
mōd (nominative plural)
mōd (accusative singular)
mōd (accusative plural)
mōdes (genitive singular)
mōda (genitive plural)
mōde (dative singular)
mōdum (dative plural)

Middle English: mod, mode, mood

English: mood

Scots: mude, muid

From Proto-Germanic *mōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *mē-, *mō-. Cognate with Old High German muot (German Mut), Old Saxon mōd, Old Dutch muot (Dutch (ge)moed), Old Norse móðr (“anger, grief”) (Swedish mod), Gothic 𐌼𐍉𐌸𐍃 (mōþs, “anger, emotion”). The Proto-Indo-European root was also the source of Ancient Greek μῶθαι (môthai) and Latin mōs.

Adrian and Ritheus
Mannes mōd biþ on þām hēafde and gǣþ ūt þurh þone mūþ.

A person's mind is in the head and goes out through the mouth.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
Se feorða leahtor is ira þæt is on englisc weamodnyss. Seo deð þæt se man nah his modes ġeweald and macað manslihtas and mycele yfelu.

The fourth sin is Ira, that is in English, Anger; it causeth that a man have no power over his mind, and bringeth about manslaughters and many evils.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Gyf þonne ǣfre gebyreð þæt þū þē ful hālne and ful trumne ongytst, and hæafst æalle þīne frēond myd þē, ǣġðer ge on mōde ge on līchaman, and on ðām ilcan worce and on ðām ylcan willum ðe ðē best lyst dōn, hweðer þū ðonne wille bēon āwiht blīðe?

If then it ever happen that thou shalt find thyself full whole and full strong, and hast all thy friends with thee, both in mind and in body, and in that same work and in that same will which pleaseth thee best to do, wilt thou then be happy at all?


weald

weald (nominative singular)
weald (accusative singular)
wealdes (genitive singular)
wealde (dative singular)

Middle English: wald

English: wald

From Proto-West Germanic *wald, Proto-Germanic *waldą, whence also Old High German walt, Old Norse vald (Danish vold).


mere

mere (nominative singular)
meras (nominative plural)
mere (accusative singular)
meras (accusative plural)
meres (genitive singular)
mera (genitive plural)
mere (dative singular)
merum (dative plural)

Middle English: mere

English: mere

Scots: mere

From Proto-West Germanic *mari (“sea, lake”).
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian mere (West Frisian mar), Old Saxon meri (Low German Meer), Dutch meer, Old High German meri (German Meer), Old Norse marr (Swedish mar). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin mare, Old Irish muir (Breton mor), Old Church Slavonic море (more) (Russian мо́ре (móre)), Lithuanian mãre.


disc

disċ (canonical masculine)
disċ (nominative singular)
discas (nominative plural)
disċ (accusative singular)
discas (accusative plural)
disċes (genitive singular)
disca (genitive plural)
disċe (dative singular)
discum (dative plural)

Middle English: disch, dish, disc
English: dish
Tok Pisin: dis
Scots: dish
Yola: dishe

From Proto-West Germanic *disk, from Latin discus, originally from Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “disk, quoit, platter”).


beam

bēam (canonical masculine)
bēam (nominative singular)
bēamas (nominative plural)
bēam (accusative singular)
bēamas (accusative plural)
bēames (genitive singular)
bēama (genitive plural)
bēame (dative singular)
bēamum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: beem, beam, bem, beme, beume, beam, beame (Northern), beam, beom (Early Middle English)
English: beam
→ German: beamen
→ Japanese: ビーム
→ Dutch: beamen
Scots: beam


cis

ċīs (canonical)
ċīs (masculine nominative singular)
ċīs (feminine nominative singular)
ċīs (neuter nominative singular)
ċīsne (accusative masculine singular)
ċīse (accusative feminine singular)
ċīs (accusative neuter singular)
ċīses (genitive masculine singular)
ċīsre (feminine genitive singular)
ċīses (genitive neuter singular)
ċīsum (dative masculine singular)
ċīsre (dative feminine singular)
ċīsum (dative neuter singular)
ċīse (instrumental masculine singular)
ċīsre (feminine instrumental singular)
ċīse (instrumental neuter singular)
ċīse (masculine nominative plural)
ċīsa (feminine nominative plural)
ċīse (feminine nominative plural)
ċīs (neuter nominative plural)
ċīse (accusative masculine plural)
ċīsa (accusative feminine plural)
ċīse (accusative feminine plural)
ċīs (accusative neuter plural)
ċīsra (genitive masculine plural)
ċīsra (feminine genitive plural)
ċīsra (genitive neuter plural)
ċīsum (dative masculine plural)
ċīsum (dative feminine plural)
ċīsum (dative neuter plural)
ċīsum (instrumental masculine plural)
ċīsum (feminine instrumental plural)
ċīsum (instrumental neuter plural)
ċīsa (masculine nominative singular)
ċīse (feminine nominative singular)
ċīse (neuter nominative singular)
ċīsan (accusative masculine singular)
ċīsan (accusative feminine singular)
ċīse (accusative neuter singular)
ċīsan (genitive masculine singular)
ċīsan (feminine genitive singular)
ċīsan (genitive neuter singular)
ċīsan (dative masculine singular)
ċīsan (dative feminine singular)
ċīsan (dative neuter singular)
ċīsan (instrumental masculine singular)
ċīsan (feminine instrumental singular)
ċīsan (instrumental neuter singular)
ċīsan (masculine nominative plural)
ċīsan (feminine nominative plural)
ċīsan (neuter nominative plural)
ċīsan (accusative masculine plural)
ċīsan (accusative feminine plural)
ċīsan (accusative neuter plural)
ċīsra (genitive masculine plural)
ċīsena (genitive masculine plural)
ċīsra (feminine genitive plural)
ċīsena (feminine genitive plural)
ċīsra (genitive neuter plural)
ċīsena (genitive neuter plural)
ċīsum (dative masculine plural)
ċīsum (dative feminine plural)
ċīsum (dative neuter plural)
ċīsum (instrumental masculine plural)
ċīsum (feminine instrumental plural)
ċīsum (instrumental neuter plural)


pil

English: pile


tang

tang (nominative singular)
tanga (nominative plural)
tange (nominative plural)
tange (accusative singular)
tanga (accusative plural)
tange (accusative plural)
tange (genitive singular)
tanga (genitive plural)
tange (dative singular)
tangum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *tangu, from Proto-Germanic *tangō, from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”)


blæc

blæc (masculine nominative singular)
blacu (feminine nominative singular)
blaco (feminine nominative singular)
blæc (neuter nominative singular)
blæcne (accusative masculine singular)
blace (accusative feminine singular)
blæc (accusative neuter singular)
blaces (genitive masculine singular)
blæcre (feminine genitive singular)
blaces (genitive neuter singular)
blacum (dative masculine singular)
blæcre (dative feminine singular)
blacum (dative neuter singular)
blace (instrumental masculine singular)
blæcre (feminine instrumental singular)
blace (instrumental neuter singular)
blace (masculine nominative plural)
blaca (feminine nominative plural)
blace (feminine nominative plural)
blacu (neuter nominative plural)
blaco (neuter nominative plural)
blace (accusative masculine plural)
blaca (accusative feminine plural)
blace (accusative feminine plural)
blacu (accusative neuter plural)
blaco (accusative neuter plural)
blæcra (genitive masculine plural)
blæcra (feminine genitive plural)
blæcra (genitive neuter plural)
blacum (dative masculine plural)
blacum (dative feminine plural)
blacum (dative neuter plural)
blacum (instrumental masculine plural)
blacum (feminine instrumental plural)
blacum (instrumental neuter plural)
blaca (masculine nominative singular)
blace (feminine nominative singular)
blace (neuter nominative singular)
blacan (accusative masculine singular)
blacan (accusative feminine singular)
blace (accusative neuter singular)
blacan (genitive masculine singular)
blacan (feminine genitive singular)
blacan (genitive neuter singular)
blacan (dative masculine singular)
blacan (dative feminine singular)
blacan (dative neuter singular)
blacan (instrumental masculine singular)
blacan (feminine instrumental singular)
blacan (instrumental neuter singular)
blacan (masculine nominative plural)
blacan (feminine nominative plural)
blacan (neuter nominative plural)
blacan (accusative masculine plural)
blacan (accusative feminine plural)
blacan (accusative neuter plural)
blæcra (genitive masculine plural)
blacena (genitive masculine plural)
blæcra (feminine genitive plural)
blacena (feminine genitive plural)
blæcra (genitive neuter plural)
blacena (genitive neuter plural)
blacum (dative masculine plural)
blacum (dative feminine plural)
blacum (dative neuter plural)
blacum (instrumental masculine plural)
blacum (feminine instrumental plural)
blacum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: blak, blake, blakke, black, blac
English: black (see there for further descendants)
Scots: black
Yola: bhlock, blaak
→ Danish: blæk
→ Faroese: blekk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: blekk
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: blekk
→ Greenlandic: pilikki

From Proto-West Germanic *blak, from Proto-Germanic *blakaz (“burnt, black”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleg- (“to shine, burn, scorch”). Cognate with Old Saxon blac (“ink”), Old High German blah-; related to Old Norse blakkr (“dusky, black”).


blæc

blæc (nominative singular)
blacu (nominative plural)
blæc (accusative singular)
blacu (accusative plural)
blæces (genitive singular)
blaca (genitive plural)
blæce (dative singular)
blacum (dative plural)

Middle English: blak, blakke

English: black

Scots: blak, blac

From Proto-West Germanic *blak, from Proto-Germanic *blaką (noun), from *blakaz (“black”, adjective).


ege

eġe (canonical masculine)
eġas (nominative plural)
eġe (nominative singular)
eġas (nominative plural)
eġe (accusative singular)
eġas (accusative plural)
eġes (genitive singular)
eġa (genitive plural)
eġe (dative singular)
eġum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: eye, eie, eȝe, eȝȝe, eyȝe, eiȝe
English: ey (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *agi, from Proto-Germanic *agaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂égʰos. Cognate with Old Norse agi, Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (agis, “fear”), Ancient Greek ἄχος (ákhos, “pain”).


freo

frēo (canonical)
frēo (masculine nominative singular)
frēo (feminine nominative singular)
frēo (neuter nominative singular)
frēone (accusative masculine singular)
frēo (accusative feminine singular)
frēo (accusative neuter singular)
frēos (genitive masculine singular)
frēore (feminine genitive singular)
frēos (genitive neuter singular)
frēom (dative masculine singular)
frēoum (dative masculine singular)
frēore (dative feminine singular)
frēom (dative neuter singular)
frēoum (dative neuter singular)
frēo (instrumental masculine singular)
frēore (feminine instrumental singular)
frēo (instrumental neuter singular)
frēo (masculine nominative plural)
frēo (feminine nominative plural)
frēo (neuter nominative plural)
frēo (accusative masculine plural)
frēo (accusative feminine plural)
frēo (accusative neuter plural)
frēora (genitive masculine plural)
frēora (feminine genitive plural)
frēora (genitive neuter plural)
frēom (dative masculine plural)
frēoum (dative masculine plural)
frēom (dative feminine plural)
frēoum (dative feminine plural)
frēom (dative neuter plural)
frēoum (dative neuter plural)
frēom (instrumental masculine plural)
frēoum (instrumental masculine plural)
frēom (feminine instrumental plural)
frēoum (feminine instrumental plural)
frēom (instrumental neuter plural)
frēoum (instrumental neuter plural)
frēo (masculine nominative singular)
frēo (feminine nominative singular)
frēo (neuter nominative singular)
frēon (accusative masculine singular)
frēon (accusative feminine singular)
frēo (accusative neuter singular)
frēon (genitive masculine singular)
frēon (feminine genitive singular)
frēon (genitive neuter singular)
frēon (dative masculine singular)
frēon (dative feminine singular)
frēon (dative neuter singular)
frēon (instrumental masculine singular)
frēon (feminine instrumental singular)
frēon (instrumental neuter singular)
frēon (masculine nominative plural)
frēon (feminine nominative plural)
frēon (neuter nominative plural)
frēon (accusative masculine plural)
frēon (accusative feminine plural)
frēon (accusative neuter plural)
frēora (genitive masculine plural)
frēona (genitive masculine plural)
frēora (feminine genitive plural)
frēona (feminine genitive plural)
frēora (genitive neuter plural)
frēona (genitive neuter plural)
frēom (dative masculine plural)
frēoum (dative masculine plural)
frēom (dative feminine plural)
frēoum (dative feminine plural)
frēom (dative neuter plural)
frēoum (dative neuter plural)
frēom (instrumental masculine plural)
frēoum (instrumental masculine plural)
frēom (feminine instrumental plural)
frēoum (feminine instrumental plural)
frēom (instrumental neuter plural)
frēoum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: fre, vri, vry

English: free

→ Fiji Hindi: firii

Scots: fre

From Proto-West Germanic *friu, a byform of *frī. The transmission of this word was complex. The Proto-Germanic form must have been *frijwaz. After loss of final *-az and syllabification of *-w, the resulting West-Germanic form was *friju, which developed further to *frīju after gemination and vocalization of *j between *i and another *j. The sequence *iju, *īju then contracts to *iu, yielding a final form *friu (cf. Proto-West Germanic *friund, from *frijōndz), which develops normally to Old English frīo, frēo. The oblique forms should however have retained *-j- in all instances in which it was not followed by *u, yielding an alternation between frīo and frīġ- throughout the paradigm. This alternation, though sparsely attested in the Old English corpus, was too irregular to have been maintained for long and was eventually levelled away in all dialects in favor either of the diphthongal nominative or the oblique forms in -ġ-. Note also that *w was deleted between *īj and any front vowel, thus explaining its absence in certain oblique forms such as frīġes, from earlier /ˈfriːj.wæs/. See Hogg 1992 sections 3.17, 3.19(3), 4.7, and 4.9(1) for details.

c. 700 Cædmon, Metrical Paraphrase
Ða wearþ worn afeded freora bearna

then a number of noble children were brought forth.


pistol

pistol (nominative singular)
pistolas (nominative plural)
pistol (accusative singular)
pistolas (accusative plural)
pistoles (genitive singular)
pistola (genitive plural)
pistole (dative singular)
pistolum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: pistel, pistle, pistell, pystyll

English: pistle

Scots: pistil, pistill, pistle

From Late Latin epistola, epistula. Compare Middle Dutch pistele, pistel, Middle Low German pistele, Middle High German pistel.

(religion, Christianity) letter, epistle

(religion, Christianity, biblical) an epistle of the New Testament


mil

mīl (canonical feminine)
mīl (nominative singular)
mīla (nominative plural)
mīle (nominative plural)
mīle (accusative singular)
mīla (accusative plural)
mīle (accusative plural)
mīle (genitive singular)
mīla (genitive plural)
mīle (dative singular)
mīlum (dative plural)

Middle English: myle, mile

Scots: mile

English: mile

Borrowed from Latin mīlia, plural of the numeral mīlle.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Sardina is þrī and þrītti mīla lang, and twā and twentiġ mīla brād.

Sardinia is thirty-three miles long, and twenty-two miles wide.


maga

maga (nominative singular)
magan (nominative plural)
magan (accusative singular)
magan (accusative plural)
magan (genitive singular)
magena (genitive plural)
magan (dative singular)
magum (dative plural)

Middle English: maȝe, maghe, mawe

English: maw

Scots: mawe, maw

From Proto-West Germanic *magō.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian maga (West Frisian mage), Old Saxon mago (Low German mage), Middle Dutch maghe (Dutch maag), Old High German mago (German Magen), Old Norse magi (Swedish mage,
Norwegian mage, stomach). The Indo-European root is also the source of Proto-Celtic *makno- (Welsh megin (“bellows”)), Proto-Slavic *mošьnā (Old Church Slavonic мошьна (mošĭna), Russian мошна́ (mošná, “pocket, bag”)), Baltic *maka- (Lithuanian mãkas (“purse”)).


maga

māga (canonical masculine)
māga (nominative singular)
māgan (nominative plural)
māgan (accusative singular)
māgan (accusative plural)
māgan (genitive singular)
māgena (genitive plural)
māgan (dative singular)
māgum (dative plural)

i

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">mǣġ</i>

Middle English: maȝe, mæȝe, mæi, mei, mey (merged with descendant of Old English mǣġ)

English: may (“kinsman”) (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *māg.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian mēch (“relative, kinsman”), Old Saxon māg (“a relation”), Old High German māg (“relative, kinsman”), Old Norse mágr (“father-in-law”), Gothic 𐌼𐌴𐌲𐍃 (mēgs, “son-in-law”). More at may.


brun

brūn (canonical)
brūn (masculine nominative singular)
brūn (feminine nominative singular)
brūn (neuter nominative singular)
brūnne (accusative masculine singular)
brūne (accusative feminine singular)
brūn (accusative neuter singular)
brūnes (genitive masculine singular)
brūnre (feminine genitive singular)
brūnes (genitive neuter singular)
brūnum (dative masculine singular)
brūnre (dative feminine singular)
brūnum (dative neuter singular)
brūne (instrumental masculine singular)
brūnre (feminine instrumental singular)
brūne (instrumental neuter singular)
brūne (masculine nominative plural)
brūna (feminine nominative plural)
brūne (feminine nominative plural)
brūn (neuter nominative plural)
brūne (accusative masculine plural)
brūna (accusative feminine plural)
brūne (accusative feminine plural)
brūn (accusative neuter plural)
brūnra (genitive masculine plural)
brūnra (feminine genitive plural)
brūnra (genitive neuter plural)
brūnum (dative masculine plural)
brūnum (dative feminine plural)
brūnum (dative neuter plural)
brūnum (instrumental masculine plural)
brūnum (feminine instrumental plural)
brūnum (instrumental neuter plural)
brūna (masculine nominative singular)
brūne (feminine nominative singular)
brūne (neuter nominative singular)
brūnan (accusative masculine singular)
brūnan (accusative feminine singular)
brūne (accusative neuter singular)
brūnan (genitive masculine singular)
brūnan (feminine genitive singular)
brūnan (genitive neuter singular)
brūnan (dative masculine singular)
brūnan (dative feminine singular)
brūnan (dative neuter singular)
brūnan (instrumental masculine singular)
brūnan (feminine instrumental singular)
brūnan (instrumental neuter singular)
brūnan (masculine nominative plural)
brūnan (feminine nominative plural)
brūnan (neuter nominative plural)
brūnan (accusative masculine plural)
brūnan (accusative feminine plural)
brūnan (accusative neuter plural)
brūnra (genitive masculine plural)
brūnena (genitive masculine plural)
brūnra (feminine genitive plural)
brūnena (feminine genitive plural)
brūnra (genitive neuter plural)
brūnena (genitive neuter plural)
brūnum (dative masculine plural)
brūnum (dative feminine plural)
brūnum (dative neuter plural)
brūnum (instrumental masculine plural)
brūnum (feminine instrumental plural)
brūnum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: broun, broyn, brown, brun, bruyn
English: brown
Bislama: braon
Tok Pisin: braun
→ Welsh: brown
→ Tongan: palauni
Geordie English: broon
Scots: broon, broun


buc

būc (canonical masculine)
būc (nominative singular)
būcas (nominative plural)
būc (accusative singular)
būcas (accusative plural)
būces (genitive singular)
būca (genitive plural)
būce (dative singular)
būcum (dative plural)

Middle English: bouk

English: bouk

Scots: bouk, bowk

From Proto-West Germanic *būk, from Proto-Germanic *būkaz.

a vessel that bulges out, such as a bottle, jug, pitcher, etc.


tid

tīd (canonical feminine)
tīda (nominative plural)
tīde (nominative plural)
tīd (nominative singular)
tīde (nominative plural)
tīda (nominative plural)
tīd (accusative singular)
tīde (accusative singular)
tīde (accusative plural)
tīda (accusative plural)
tīde (genitive singular)
tīda (genitive plural)
tīde (dative singular)
tīdum (dative plural)

Middle English: tyde, tid, tide, tyd
English: tide
Scots: tide
Yola: enteete, enteeth, enteet
→ Scottish Gaelic: tìde

From Proto-Germanic *tīdiz, from Proto-Indo-European *dīti- (“time, period”), from *dī- (“time”).
Cognate with Old Frisian tīd, Old Saxon tīd, Old Dutch tīt, Old High German zīt, and Old Norse tíð; see also modern cognates at tide.

der

time as a defined period or span, particularly:

time as a defined period or span
a tide, a fourth of the day or night

time as a defined period or span
an hour, a twelfth of the day or night

(Christianity) the religious service held at a canonical hour, four of which were equivalent to the daylight tides

Eāstertīd

the season, the favorable or proper period for an action, especially with regard to farming or (Christianity) the holy seasons of the liturgical year

(grammar) tense, the time indicated by the form of a verb


beag

bēag (canonical masculine)
bēag (nominative singular)
bēagas (nominative plural)
bēag (accusative singular)
bēagas (accusative plural)
bēages (genitive singular)
bēaga (genitive plural)
bēage (dative singular)
bēagum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: beigh, beiȝ, bē, biȝ, by

English: bee

→ English: beag (learned)

From Proto-West Germanic *baug, from Proto-Germanic *baugaz, derived from *beuganą (“to bend”). Cognate with Old Frisian bāg, Old Saxon bōg, Old High German boug, and Old Norse baugr.

c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Sē þe ūs ġehǣlþ fram þām stiċe ūrra synna, hē ġeþafode þæt him man sette þyrnenne bēag on þæt hēafod.

The person who heals us from the stabs of our sins allowed a crown of thorns to be placed on his head.

Late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 38:18

Judah asked, "What do you want to take as a pledge?" She said, "Your ring and your armlet and your staff that you have in your hand."

Þā cwæþ Iūdas, "Hwæt wilt þū tō underwedde niman?" Þā cwæþ hēo, "Þīnne hring and þīnne bēag and þīnne stæf þe þū on handa hæfst."

circular object worn on the body, especially one made of gold or silver: ring, armlet, crown, collar, torque


Isaac

Borrowed from Latin Isaāc, from Ancient Greek Ἰσαάκ (Isaák), from Biblical Hebrew יצחק (Yiṣḥāq, literally “he laughs”).

der

Old English Heptateuch, Genesis 22:2

"Take your only-begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and quickly go to the land of Visionis, and sacrifice him there upon a mountain."

"Nim þīnne āncennedan sunu Īsaac, þe þū lufast, and far tō þām lande Visionis hraþe, and ġeoffra hine þǣr uppan ānre dūne."


forma

From Proto-Germanic *frumô. Cognate with Old Saxon formo and Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 (fruma).


forma

forma (masculine nominative singular)
forme (feminine nominative singular)
forme (neuter nominative singular)
forman (accusative masculine singular)
forman (accusative feminine singular)
forme (accusative neuter singular)
forman (genitive masculine singular)
forman (feminine genitive singular)
forman (genitive neuter singular)
forman (dative masculine singular)
forman (dative feminine singular)
forman (dative neuter singular)
forman (instrumental masculine singular)
forman (feminine instrumental singular)
forman (instrumental neuter singular)
forman (masculine nominative plural)
forman (feminine nominative plural)
forman (neuter nominative plural)
forman (accusative masculine plural)
forman (accusative feminine plural)
forman (accusative neuter plural)
formra (genitive masculine plural)
formena (genitive masculine plural)
formra (feminine genitive plural)
formena (feminine genitive plural)
formra (genitive neuter plural)
formena (genitive neuter plural)
formum (dative masculine plural)
formum (dative feminine plural)
formum (dative neuter plural)
formum (instrumental masculine plural)
formum (feminine instrumental plural)
formum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: frome, frume

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hē [Pirrus] hæfde XX elpenda tō þǣm ġefeohte mid him, þe Rōmane ǣr na ne ne ġesawon: hē wæs sē forma mon þe hīe ǣrest on Italium brōhte.

And he [Pyrrhus] had twenty elephants with him in battle, which the Romans had never seen before; he was the first man to bring them to Italy.


boga

boga (nominative singular)
bogan (nominative plural)
bogan (accusative singular)
bogan (accusative plural)
bogan (genitive singular)
bogena (genitive plural)
bogan (dative singular)
bogum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bowe, boue, boghe, boȝe
English: bow
Scots: bow
→ Middle Welsh: bwa
Welsh: bwa

→ Welsh: bwa

From Proto-West Germanic *bogō.
Related to Old Frisian boga, Old Saxon bogo, Old Dutch *bogo, Old High German bogo, and Old Norse bogi.

hīe lēton gāras flēogan, bogan wǣron bisiġe

they let arrows fly, bows were busy. (Battle of Maldon)


wad

wād (canonical neuter)
wād (nominative singular)
wād (nominative plural)
wād (accusative singular)
wād (accusative plural)
wādes (genitive singular)
wāda (genitive plural)
wāde (dative singular)
wādum (dative plural)

Middle English: wad, wod, wadde, wode

Scots: wad, waid

English: woad

Middle English: welde, wolde

English: weld, wold

From Proto-West Germanic *waiʀd, from Proto-Germanic *waizdaz.


carr

carr (nominative singular)
carras (nominative plural)
carr (accusative singular)
carras (accusative plural)
carres (genitive singular)
carra (genitive plural)
carre (dative singular)
carrum (dative plural)

Middle English: *carr

English: carr (dialectal)

From Celtic, perhaps from Old Welsh carrecc, from Proto-Brythonic *karreg, from Proto-Celtic *karrikā, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂er- (“hard”).


bile

English: bill


angol

angl (nominative singular)
anglas (nominative plural)
angl (accusative singular)
anglas (accusative plural)
angles (genitive singular)
angla (genitive plural)
angle (dative singular)
anglum (dative plural)

Middle English: angel, angell

Scots: angell, angel

English: angle

From Proto-West Germanic *angul, from Proto-Germanic *angulaz (“fishhook”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enkulós (“bent, crooked”). Cognate with Old Frisian *ongel, Old Saxon angul, Old High German angul, Old Norse ǫngull, and outside of Germanic, with Ancient Greek ἀγκύλος (ankúlos, “bent, crooked”).


ceol

ċēol (canonical masculine)
ċēol (nominative singular)
ċēolas (nominative plural)
ċēol (accusative singular)
ċēolas (accusative plural)
ċēoles (genitive singular)
ċēola (genitive plural)
ċēole (dative singular)
ċēolum (dative plural)

⇒ English: Kelsey (from cēol + siġe)

⇒ English: Cholmondeley (from Ċēolmunde + lēah)

⇒ English: Chulmleigh (from Ċēolmunde + lēah)

⇒ English: Cholmondeston (from Ċēolmunde + -es + -tūn)

⇒ English: Chelmsford (from a contraction of Ċēolmǣre + ford)

⇒ English: Chilvers (from a contraction of Ċēolfriþ + -es or 's)

⇒ English: Chorlton (from a contraction of Ċēolfriþ + -tūn)

⇒ English: Cholsey (from a contraction of Ċēoles + īeġ)

From Proto-Germanic *keulaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gawl- (“ball, swelling”). Displaced by Middle English kele, possibly from or related to Middle Dutch kiel (“keel”) cognate with Old Norse kjǫlr, from Proto-Germanic *keluz, a related root. Cognate with Old Saxon kiol (“boat”), Old High German kiol (“boat”), Old Norse kjóll (“ship”).

der

c. 700, Beowulf

ship (specifically a small flat-bottomed boat)


Augustus

Augustus (nominative singular)
Augustus (accusative singular)
Augustuses (genitive singular)
Augustuse (dative singular)


caru

Phonological history of Old English#A-restoration

Phonological history of Old English#Palatal diphthongization

caru (nominative singular)
cara (nominative plural)
ċeare (nominative plural)
care (accusative singular)
ċeare (accusative singular)
cara (accusative plural)
ċeare (accusative plural)
care (genitive singular)
ċeare (genitive singular)
cara (genitive plural)
care (dative singular)
ċeare (dative singular)
carum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: care
English: care
Scots: care
Yola: caure, caare, caar

From Proto-West Germanic *karu, from Proto-Germanic *karō. Cognate with Old Saxon kara, Old High German kara, Old Norse kǫr (“sickbed”), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 (kara).

Oft iċ sceolde āna · ūhtna ġehwylċe
mīne ċeare cwīþan. · Nis nū cwicra nān…

Oft I had to bemoan my sorrow alone at every dawn. There is no one alive…


æg

ǣġ (canonical neuter)
ǣġru (nominative plural)
ǣġ (nominative singular)
ǣġru (nominative plural)
ǣġ (accusative singular)
ǣġru (accusative plural)
ǣġes (genitive singular)
ǣġra (genitive plural)
ǣġe (dative singular)
ǣġrum (dative plural)

Middle English: ey
English: ey (obsolete)

⇒ Middle English: cokeney, cokenay (disputed)

English: Cockney

From Proto-West Germanic *aij, from Proto-Germanic *ajją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm.


ecg

eċġ (canonical feminine)
eċġ (nominative singular)
eċġa (nominative plural)
eċġe (nominative plural)
eċġe (accusative singular)
eċġa (accusative plural)
eċġe (accusative plural)
eċġe (genitive singular)
eċġa (genitive plural)
eċġe (dative singular)
eċġum (dative plural)

Middle English: egge

English: edge

Scots: ege, egge

Iċ eom ānhaga īserne wund, bille ġebennod, beadoweorca sæd, eċġum wēriġ.

I am a lone one wounded with iron, wounded by sword, sated of battle-works, weary by edges.


sape

sāpe (canonical feminine)
sāpe (nominative singular)
sāpan (nominative plural)
sāpan (accusative singular)
sāpan (accusative plural)
sāpan (genitive singular)
sāpena (genitive plural)
sāpan (dative singular)
sāpum (dative plural)

Middle English: sope, sape

English: soap (see there for further descendants)

Scots: saip, sape

→ Middle Irish: sóp

→ Old Norse: sápa

Icelandic: sápa

Faroese: sápa

Norwegian: såpa, såpe

→ Danish: såpe

Norwegian Bokmål: såpe

Old Swedish: sāpa

Swedish: såpa
→ Finnish: suopa, soopa

From Proto-West Germanic *saipā, from Proto-Germanic *saipǭ.

Ðonne þu sapan abban wille þonne gnid þu þinne handa to gædere

before 1150, Monasteriales Indicia (monastic sign language guide):

When you want soap, then rub your hands together.


tol

tōl (canonical neuter)
tōl (nominative singular)
tōl (nominative plural)
tōl (accusative singular)
tōl (accusative plural)
tōles (genitive singular)
tōla (genitive plural)
tōle (dative singular)
tōlum (dative plural)

Middle English: tool, tole, tol, toole
English: tool
Scots: tuil

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *tōlą, from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂- (“to tie to; secure”). Possibly inherited through Proto-West Germanic, but since the term is not attested in any other West Germanic language, it may instead be borrowed from Old Norse tól.


hired

hīred (canonical masculine)
hīred (nominative singular)
hīredas (nominative plural)
hīred (accusative singular)
hīredas (accusative plural)
hīredes (genitive singular)
hīreda (genitive plural)
hīrede (dative singular)
hīredum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: hird, herd, herde, hert, hired, hyrd, hyrt, hirð, hireden, hirt

→ Old Norse: hirð

Icelandic: hirð

Faroese: hirð

Norwegian Nynorsk: hird, hyrd

→ English: hird

Old Swedish: hirþ

Swedish: hird

Danish: hird

Norwegian Bokmål: hird

→ English: hird

From Proto-West Germanic *hīwarād (“family, marriage”). Cognate with Old High German hīrāt (“marriage”) (German Heirat), Old English hīwen (“household”).

inh

c. 992, Ælfric, "Preface"
Clypa and ne geswic ðu, ahefe þine stemne swā swā byme, and cȳð minum folce heora leahtras, and Iacobes hīrede heora synna.

Cry and cease not, raise your voice as a trumpet, and declare to my people their crimes, and to the family of Jacob their sins.


blot

blōt (canonical neuter)
blōt (nominative singular)
blōt (nominative plural)
blōt (accusative singular)
blōt (accusative plural)
blōtes (genitive singular)
blōta (genitive plural)
blōte (dative singular)
blōtum (dative plural)

He ealle ða cuman to blote gedyde

he gave all the strangers as a sacrifice. (Alfred's Orosius)

a sacrifice, especially a blood sacrifice by heathens


cimbal

English: cymbal


boda

boda (nominative singular)
bodan (nominative plural)
bodan (accusative singular)
bodan (accusative plural)
bodan (genitive singular)
bodena (genitive plural)
bodan (dative singular)
bodum (dative plural)

Middle English: bode

English: bode

From Proto-West Germanic *bodō, from Proto-Germanic *budô. Related to Old English bēodan.


croft

desctree

Middle English: croft, crofft, croffte, crofte, croofte
English: croft
Scots: croft, craft


Abraham

Ābrahām (canonical masculine)
Ābrahām (nominative singular)
Ābrahām (accusative singular)
Ābrahāmes (genitive singular)
Ābrahāme (dative singular)

Middle English: Abraham
English: Abraham
Scots: Abraham, Aubrahaum, Aubrahawm, Awbrahawm

/ˈɑːb.rɑˌxɑːm/

[ˈɑːb.rɑˌhɑːm]


Brett

Brett (nominative singular)
Brettas (nominative plural)
Brett (accusative singular)
Brettas (accusative plural)
Brettes (genitive singular)
Bretta (genitive plural)
Brette (dative singular)
Brettum (dative plural)

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 491


Geat

Ġēat (canonical masculine)
Ġēat (nominative singular)
Ġēatas (nominative plural)
Ġēat (accusative singular)
Ġēatas (accusative plural)
Ġēates (genitive singular)
Ġēata (genitive plural)
Ġēate (dative singular)
Ġēatum (dative plural)

→ English: Geat

From Proto-West Germanic *Gaut, from Proto-Germanic *gautaz (“Geat”).


Este

Ēste (canonical masculine plural)
Ēste (nominative plural)
Ēste (accusative plural)
Ēsta (genitive plural)
Ēstum (dative plural)

From the name of the Aestii tribe (see Wikipedia).


Maria

Marīa (canonical feminine)
Marīa (nominative singular)
Marīan (accusative singular)
Marīan (genitive singular)
Marīan (dative singular)

From Latin Maria, from Ancient Greek Μαρία (María), Μαριάμ (Mariám), from Aramaic מרים (Maryām), corresponding to the Hebrew מרים (Miryām).


Perse

Perse (nominative plural)
Perse (accusative plural)
Persa (genitive plural)
Persea (genitive plural)
Persum (dative plural)
Perseum (dative plural)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þǣr wæs Persa X M ofslæġen ġehorsedra, ⁊ eahtatiġ M fēþena,⁊ eahtatiġ M ġefangenra.

There, 10,000 Persian cavalry were slain, and 80,000 infanty, and 80,000 were captured.


Regulus

Regulus (nominative singular)
Regulus (accusative singular)
Reguluses (genitive singular)
Regule (dative singular)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þā, æfter þǣm þe Cartainiense ġeflīemde wǣron, hīe 'wilnedon friþes tō Regule.

Then, after the Carthaginians were driven away, they asked Regulus for peace

a male given name, held by Marcus Atilius Regulus


brim

brim (nominative singular)
brimu (nominative plural)
brim (accusative singular)
brimu (accusative plural)
brimes (genitive singular)
brima (genitive plural)
brime (dative singular)
brimum (dative plural)


cocer

cocer (nominative singular)
coceras (nominative plural)
cocer (accusative singular)
coceras (accusative plural)
coceres (genitive singular)
cocera (genitive plural)
cocere (dative singular)
cocerum (dative plural)

Middle English: coker, cuker, cokir, cocur, cokre, kokur, quequer, koker
English: cocker, cogger

From Proto-West Germanic *kokar, whence also Old Frisian koker, Old Saxon kokar (Dutch koker), Old High German kohhār (German Köcher). The origin of the West Germanic word is unknown, but note that a similar word can be found in Turkic and Mongolic languages: see Proto-Mongolic *kökexür for more.


Abel

From Latin Abel, from Ancient Greek Ἅβελ (Hábel), from Hebrew הֶ֫בֶל

der

Hebrew הֶ֫בֶל

(biblical) Abel, the brother of Cain and the first murder victim


ears

ears (nominative singular)
earsas (nominative plural)
ears (accusative singular)
earsas (accusative plural)
earses (genitive singular)
earsa (genitive plural)
earse (dative singular)
earsum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ars, arce, ers, eres, hars, hers, aars
English: arse, ass
Scots: ers, airse

From Proto-West Germanic *ars, from Proto-Germanic *arsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁orsos. Cognate with Old Frisian ers, Old Saxon ars, Old High German ars, Old Norse ars ~ rass, and more distantly with Old Armenian ոռ (oṙ, “ass”) and Modern Greek ουρά (ourá, “tail”).


duguþ

duguþ (nominative singular)
duguþa (nominative plural)
duguþe (nominative plural)
duguþe (accusative singular)
duguþa (accusative plural)
duguþe (accusative plural)
duguþe (genitive singular)
duguþa (genitive plural)
duguþe (dative singular)
duguþum (dative plural)

Middle English: douthe, douth, douþe, duthe, doȝeðe, dugeð, duȝde, duȝeðe, duȝeþe, duheðe, duhþe, duweðe (Early Middle English)
English: douth
Scots: duthe, douth

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *dugunþu, from Proto-Germanic *dugunþō; cognate with Old Frisian duged (“power”), Old High German tugad, tugund (“virtue”) (German Tugend).


mæg

mǣġ (canonical feminine)
mǣġ (nominative singular)
mǣġa (nominative plural)
mǣġe (nominative plural)
mǣġe (accusative singular)
mǣġa (accusative plural)
mǣġe (accusative plural)
mǣġe (genitive singular)
mǣġa (genitive plural)
mǣġe (dative singular)
mǣġum (dative plural)