gigant

gīgant (canonical masculine)
gīgant (nominative singular)
gīgantas (nominative plural)
gīgant (accusative singular)
gīgantas (accusative plural)
gīgantes (genitive singular)
gīganta (genitive plural)
gīgante (dative singular)
gīgantum (dative plural)

a giant (mythical being of superhuman size)


beorn

beornas (nominative plural)
beorn (nominative singular)
beornas (nominative plural)
beorn (accusative singular)
beornas (accusative plural)
beornes (genitive singular)
beorna (genitive plural)
beorne (dative singular)
beornum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: beorn, bern, berne, beren, barn (merged with beron, baroun)

(English: baron)

Scots: bern, beirn

The origin is disputed. A phonetically exact correspondence exists in Old Norse bjǫrn (“bear”), from Proto-Germanic *bernuz (more at *berô), but the English word is never used for "bear", and the Old Norse word is never used for "warrior". While it is not implausible that the term for a wild animal could become a poetic term for a warrior, Germanic scholars have been reluctant to accept any relationship between the two. Some consider it to be a variant of Old English bearn (“child, offspring, son", hence "boy, servant”), while others derive it from a Proto-Germanic *beron- (“carrier”) (hence "servant; man, warrior", more at baron). Celtic origin has also been considered; thus, Rhys took this to be a Germanic reflex of the Celtic title Brennus, and Bradley connected British Bernicia (Welsh brenhin, brenin).
The word has the form biorn in early Old English attestations; it survives into early Middle English as beorn and takes the variant spellings bern, berne, burn, burne, bearn, bieren, beern, beerne in later Middle English. Middle English usage often interchanges it with baron. As berne, it survives into the 16th century in Scottish dialect, but becomes indistinguishable from bairn.

noncog

Biorn under beorge bordrand onswaf.

(please add an English translation of this quotation) (Beowulf 2559)

se beorn on waruþe scip gemette

the man found a ship on the strand. (Legend of St Andrew)


wæl

wæl (nominative singular)
walu (nominative plural)
wæl (accusative singular)
walu (accusative plural)
wæles (genitive singular)
wala (genitive plural)
wæle (dative singular)
walum (dative plural)

Middle English: wal

From Proto-Germanic *walaz, from Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to hit, to strike”). Cognate with Old Saxon wal, Old High German wal, and Old Norse valr.


cempa

cempa (nominative singular)
cempan (nominative plural)
cempan (accusative singular)
cempan (accusative plural)
cempan (genitive singular)
cempena (genitive plural)
cempan (dative singular)
cempum (dative plural)

Middle English: kempe

English: kemp; Kemp (surname)

Scots: kemp

i

merger with Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">kappi</i>

Middle English: cæppe, keppe (merger with Old Norse kappi)

→ Old Norse: kempa f

Icelandic: kempa

Faroese: kempa

Norwegian Nynorsk: kjempe, kjempa

Middle Swedish: kämpa

Swedish: kämpe


feower

desctree

Middle English: four, fore, feour, fower, fowwre, foure, fowr, vour
English: four
Geordie English: fower
Scots: fower
Yola: vour, voure, vowre

From Proto-West Germanic *feuwar, from Proto-Germanic *fedwōr, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres.


seofon

Middle English: seven, ceven, seofen, seoven, sevene, sevyn, sewyn, zeven, zeve (Kent)
English: seven
Middle Scots: sevin, sewin
Scots: seiven, seeven
Yola: zeven

From Proto-West Germanic *sebun.
Cognate with Old Saxon siƀun, Old High German sibun, Old Norse sjau, Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽 (sibun). Extra-Germanic cognates include Latin septem, Ancient Greek ἑπτά (heptá), Old Church Slavonic сєдмь (sedmĭ), Sanskrit सप्तन् (saptan), Old Irish secht.


nigon

Middle English: nyne, nine, nin, niȝen, neghen, neyen, nyen, niwon, niȝhenn
English: nine
Scots: nine, neen, nyn, nyne
Yola: neen

From Proto-West Germanic *nigun, an unexplained variant of *neun, from Proto-Germanic *newun, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥.

Nigon sīðum nigon bēoþ ān and hundeahtatiġ.


fif

Middle English: five, fife, fif, fyve, vif, vive
English: five
Scots: five, fif, fife, fyve
Yola: veeve


lufian

lufian (infinitive)
lufienne (infinitive)
lufiġe (first-person present singular)
lufode (first-person past singular)
lufast (present second-person singular)
lufodest (past second-person singular)
lufaþ (present singular third-person)
lufode (past singular third-person)
lufiaþ (plural present)
lufodon (past plural)
lufiġe (present singular)
lufode (past singular)
lufiġen (plural present)
lufoden (past plural)
lufa (imperative past present singular)
lufiaþ (imperative past plural present)
lufiende (imperative present)
lufod (imperative past)
ġelufod (imperative past)

Middle English: loven, lofe, love, lovye, lovyen, lowen, lufe, lufen, luffe, luve, loviȝe, lovin, lufian, lufiæn, lufiȝe, lufiȝen, luvan, luven, luvie, luvien, luviȝe, luviȝen, luvyen (Early Middle English), lufenn (Ormulum)
English: love
Scots: luve

From Proto-West Germanic *lubōn, derived from the noun *lubu (“love”). Equivalent to lufu + -ian. Cognate with Old Frisian luvia, Old High German lubōn.

Ġif þū wille bēon ġelufod, lufa.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Second Sunday After Easter"
Sē Hǣlend cwæþ be him, "Iċ eom gōd hierde, and iċ oncnāwe mīn sċēap, and hīe oncnāwaþ mē." Þæt is, "Iċ lufiġe hīe, and hīe lufiaþ mē."

Jesus said about himself, "I'm a good shepherd, and I know my sheep, and they know me." That is, "I love them, and they love me."

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 6:5

When you pray, don't be like hypocrites. They love to pray standing in synagogues and on street corners so that people will see them.

Þonne ġē ēow ġebidden, ne bēoþ ġē swelċe līċetteras. Þā lufiaþ þæt hīe ġebidden hīe standende on ġesamnungum and strǣta hyrnum þæt menn hīe ġesēon.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 21:17

Peter felt hurt because he asked him a third time, "Do you love me?" And he told him, "Lord, you know everything; you know that I love you."

Þā wæs Petrus sāriġ for þām þe hē cwæþ þriddan sīðe tō him, "Lufast þū me?" And hē cwæþ tō him, "Dryhten, þū wāst eall þing; þū wāst þæt iċ þē lufiġe."


þencan

þenċan (canonical)
þenċan (infinitive)
þenċenne (infinitive)
þenċe (first-person present singular)
þōhte (first-person past singular)
þenċest (present second-person singular)
þencst (present second-person singular)
þōhtest (past second-person singular)
þenċeþ (present singular third-person)
þencþ (present singular third-person)
þōhte (past singular third-person)
þenċaþ (plural present)
þōhton (past plural)
þenċe (present singular)
þōhte (past singular)
þenċen (plural present)
þōhten (past plural)
þenċ (imperative past present singular)
þenċaþ (imperative past plural present)
þenċende (imperative present)
þōht (imperative past)
ġeþōht (imperative past)

Middle English: thinken, thenchen, thenken, thynken, thinke, think
English: think
Scots: think, thynk

From Proto-West Germanic *þankijan, from Proto-Germanic *þankijaną.
Cognate with Old Frisian thenka, Old Saxon thenkian, Old Dutch thenken, Old High German denken, Old Norse þekkja, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þagkjan). All ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *teng- (“to think”).

Iċ þenċe, for þȳ iċ eom.

Ne magon wē þenċan þæt wē seċġan ne magon.

Betere is þæt man þenċe tō swīðe þonne tō lȳt.

It's better to think too much than too little.


guþ

gūþ (canonical feminine)
gūþ (nominative singular)
gūþe (nominative plural)
gūþa (nominative plural)
gūþ (accusative singular)
gūþe (accusative singular)
gūþe (accusative plural)
gūþa (accusative plural)
gūþe (genitive singular)
gūþa (genitive plural)
gūþe (dative singular)
gūþum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *gunþi, from Proto-Germanic *gunþiz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰéntis (“killing, blow”). Shifted into the ō-stems at some point before i-umlaut; the inherited form *gȳþ occurs as the final element of names.
Germanic cognates include Old Norse gunnr ~ guðr. Old Saxon gūđ- and Old High German gund- appear in compounds.


sweora

swēora (canonical masculine)
swēora (nominative singular)
swēoran (nominative plural)
swēoran (accusative singular)
swēoran (accusative plural)
swēoran (genitive singular)
swēorena (genitive plural)
swēoran (dative singular)
swēorum (dative plural)

English: swire

Scots: swire

From Proto-Germanic *swerhô. Cognate with Old Norse svíra.

(of water) the part where the distance between two shores is the least


eahta

From Proto-West Germanic *ahtō, from Proto-Germanic *ahtōu, from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw.
Cognate with Old High German ahto, Old Saxon ahto, Old Norse átta, Gothic 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿 (ahtau); and, outside the Germanic languages, with Sanskrit अष्ट (aṣṭa), Ancient Greek ὀκτώ (oktṓ), Latin octo, Albanian tetë, Old Irish ocht, Old Church Slavonic осмь (osmĭ).


myltestre

head

myltestre f (nominative plural myltestran)

myltestran (nominative plural)
myltestre (nominative singular)
myltestran (nominative plural)
myltestran (accusative singular)
myltestran (accusative plural)
myltestran (genitive singular)
myltestrena (genitive plural)
myltestran (dative singular)
myltestrum (dative plural)


earh

earh (masculine nominative singular)
earh (feminine nominative singular)
earh (neuter nominative singular)
eargne (accusative masculine singular)
earge (accusative feminine singular)
earh (accusative neuter singular)
earges (genitive masculine singular)
eargre (feminine genitive singular)
earges (genitive neuter singular)
eargum (dative masculine singular)
eargre (dative feminine singular)
eargum (dative neuter singular)
earge (instrumental masculine singular)
eargre (feminine instrumental singular)
earge (instrumental neuter singular)
earge (masculine nominative plural)
earga (feminine nominative plural)
earge (feminine nominative plural)
earh (neuter nominative plural)
earge (accusative masculine plural)
earga (accusative feminine plural)
earge (accusative feminine plural)
earh (accusative neuter plural)
eargra (genitive masculine plural)
eargra (feminine genitive plural)
eargra (genitive neuter plural)
eargum (dative masculine plural)
eargum (dative feminine plural)
eargum (dative neuter plural)
eargum (instrumental masculine plural)
eargum (feminine instrumental plural)
eargum (instrumental neuter plural)
earga (masculine nominative singular)
earge (feminine nominative singular)
earge (neuter nominative singular)
eargan (accusative masculine singular)
eargan (accusative feminine singular)
earge (accusative neuter singular)
eargan (genitive masculine singular)
eargan (feminine genitive singular)
eargan (genitive neuter singular)
eargan (dative masculine singular)
eargan (dative feminine singular)
eargan (dative neuter singular)
eargan (instrumental masculine singular)
eargan (feminine instrumental singular)
eargan (instrumental neuter singular)
eargan (masculine nominative plural)
eargan (feminine nominative plural)
eargan (neuter nominative plural)
eargan (accusative masculine plural)
eargan (accusative feminine plural)
eargan (accusative neuter plural)
eargra (genitive masculine plural)
eargena (genitive masculine plural)
eargra (feminine genitive plural)
eargena (feminine genitive plural)
eargra (genitive neuter plural)
eargena (genitive neuter plural)
eargum (dative masculine plural)
eargum (dative feminine plural)
eargum (dative neuter plural)
eargum (instrumental masculine plural)
eargum (feminine instrumental plural)
eargum (instrumental neuter plural)


dolg

dolg (nominative singular)
dolg (nominative plural)
dolg (accusative singular)
dolg (accusative plural)
dolges (genitive singular)
dolga (genitive plural)
dolge (dative singular)
dolgum (dative plural)

Middle English: dolh, dolȝ, dolc, dolke

From Proto-West Germanic *dolg, from Proto-Germanic *dulgą. Cognate with Old Frisian dolch, Old High German tolg.

…ac mē eċġa dolg ēacen weorðað þurh dēaðsleġe dagum and nihtum.

…but for me wounds of edges become widened through deathblows by days and nights.


earm

earm (masculine nominative singular)
earm (feminine nominative singular)
earm (neuter nominative singular)
earmne (accusative masculine singular)
earme (accusative feminine singular)
earm (accusative neuter singular)
earmes (genitive masculine singular)
earmre (feminine genitive singular)
earmes (genitive neuter singular)
earmum (dative masculine singular)
earmre (dative feminine singular)
earmum (dative neuter singular)
earme (instrumental masculine singular)
earmre (feminine instrumental singular)
earme (instrumental neuter singular)
earme (masculine nominative plural)
earma (feminine nominative plural)
earme (feminine nominative plural)
earm (neuter nominative plural)
earme (accusative masculine plural)
earma (accusative feminine plural)
earme (accusative feminine plural)
earm (accusative neuter plural)
earmra (genitive masculine plural)
earmra (feminine genitive plural)
earmra (genitive neuter plural)
earmum (dative masculine plural)
earmum (dative feminine plural)
earmum (dative neuter plural)
earmum (instrumental masculine plural)
earmum (feminine instrumental plural)
earmum (instrumental neuter plural)
earma (masculine nominative singular)
earme (feminine nominative singular)
earme (neuter nominative singular)
earman (accusative masculine singular)
earman (accusative feminine singular)
earme (accusative neuter singular)
earman (genitive masculine singular)
earman (feminine genitive singular)
earman (genitive neuter singular)
earman (dative masculine singular)
earman (dative feminine singular)
earman (dative neuter singular)
earman (instrumental masculine singular)
earman (feminine instrumental singular)
earman (instrumental neuter singular)
earman (masculine nominative plural)
earman (feminine nominative plural)
earman (neuter nominative plural)
earman (accusative masculine plural)
earman (accusative feminine plural)
earman (accusative neuter plural)
earmra (genitive masculine plural)
earmena (genitive masculine plural)
earmra (feminine genitive plural)
earmena (feminine genitive plural)
earmra (genitive neuter plural)
earmena (genitive neuter plural)
earmum (dative masculine plural)
earmum (dative feminine plural)
earmum (dative neuter plural)
earmum (instrumental masculine plural)
earmum (feminine instrumental plural)
earmum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: arm
English: arm
Scots: arm

From Proto-Germanic *armaz, further etymology uncertain.
Cognate with Old Frisian erm, Old Saxon arm, Dutch arm, Old High German arm (German arm), Old Norse armr (Danish and Swedish arm), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms).

Ðonne sorg ond slǣp · somod ætgædre
earmne ānhogan · oft ġebindað,

Then sorrow and sleep together at once
oft bind the poor loner,


cniht

cniht (nominative singular)
cneohtas (nominative plural)
cniht (accusative singular)
cneohtas (accusative plural)
cnihtes (genitive singular)
cneohta (genitive plural)
cnihte (dative singular)
cneohtum (dative plural)

Middle English: knyght
English: knight
Scots: knicht
Yola: nickht

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On þām ġewinne, ⁊ on moneġum oþrum æfter þǣm, Hannibal ġecȳþde þone nīþ ⁊ þone hete þe hē beforan his fæder ġeswōr, þā hē nigonwintre cniht wæs, þæt hē næfre ne wurde Rōmana frēond.

In that battle, and in many others after that, Hannibal proved the hatred and hostility that he swore before his father when he was a nine-year-old boy, that he would never become a friend of the Romans.


hlæfdige

hlǣfdīġe (canonical feminine)
hlǣfdīġe (nominative singular)
hlǣfdīġan (nominative plural)
hlǣfdīġan (accusative singular)
hlǣfdīġan (accusative plural)
hlǣfdīġan (genitive singular)
hlǣfdīġena (genitive plural)
hlǣfdīġan (dative singular)
hlǣfdīġum (dative plural)

Middle English: lady, laddy, ladi, ladie, ladij, ladye, lavedi, lefdi, lefdy, levedi, levedy, lhevedi, lafdi, laffdiȝ, læfdi, lævedi, leafdi
English: lady (see there for further descendants)
Scots: lady, leddy
Yola: laady

From hlāf (“bread”) + a second element representing Proto-Germanic *daigijǭ (“kneader”) (compare dāg (“dough”), cf. dæge). See also hlāford.


dæge

dǣġe (canonical feminine)
dǣġe (nominative singular)
dǣġan (nominative plural)
dǣġan (accusative singular)
dǣġan (accusative plural)
dǣġan (genitive singular)
dǣġena (genitive plural)
dǣġan (dative singular)
dǣġum (dative plural)

Middle English: deye, deie, daie

English: dey

Scots: dey, deigh

desc

⇒ Middle English: dayerye, daerie, deierie, deiȝerie

English: dairy

Scots: dyrie

→ Medieval Latin: dayeria, daeria

From Proto-Germanic *daigijǭ (“kneader”): cognate with Old Norse deigja (“female servant”).


bur

būr (canonical neuter)
būr (nominative singular)
būras (nominative plural)
būr (accusative singular)
būras (accusative plural)
būres (genitive singular)
būra (genitive plural)
būre (dative singular)
būrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bour, boure, bowre, bowur, bur (Early Middle English)
English: bower
Scots: bour

From Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būrą. Cognate with Old Saxon būr, Old High German būr (German Bauer (“birdcage”)), Old Norse búr (Swedish bur).


hlaford

hlāford (canonical masculine)
hlāford (nominative singular)
hlāfordas (nominative plural)
hlāford (accusative singular)
hlāfordas (accusative plural)
hlāfordes (genitive singular)
hlāforda (genitive plural)
hlāforde (dative singular)
hlāfordum (dative plural)

Middle English: lord, lorde, lhord, lourd, lourde, laverd, lhoaverd, laford, laverd, loverd, louerd, lowerd (Early Middle English)
English: lord (see there for further descendants)
Scots: laird
→ English: laird
Yola: loard
→ Icelandic: lávarður (through laverd)

→ English: hlaford

→ Old Norse: lávarði

From earlier hlāfweard, from hlāf (“bread”) + weard (“ward”). See also hlǣfdīġe.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 6:24

No one can serve two masters. They will either hate one and love the other, or obey one and disobey the other. You can't serve God and money.

Ne mæġ nān mann twām hlāfordum þēowian: oþþe hē sōðlīċe ǣnne hataþ and ōðerne lufaþ, oþþe hē biþ ānum ġehīersum and ōðrum unġehīersum. Ne magon ġē Gode þēowian and weoroldwelan.


þegn

þeġn (canonical masculine)
þeġn (nominative singular)
þeġnas (nominative plural)
þeġn (accusative singular)
þeġnas (accusative plural)
þeġnes (genitive singular)
þeġna (genitive plural)
þeġne (dative singular)
þeġnum (dative plural)

Middle English: theyn, dain, thain, thayn, thein, þen, þein, þeyn, ðæin, þægen, þægn, þegen, þegn, þeȝn, þeign (Early Middle English)
English: thane
Scots: thane
→ Irish: taen

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *þegn.

inh+

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Iob, sē ēadiġa and sē ānrǣda godes þeġn, wæs swa fulfremed on eallum gōdnyssum þæt god sylf cwæþ bē him þæt his ġelīċa nǣre þā on þām līfe ofer eorþan.

Job, the prosperous and unwavering servant of god, was so perfect in all his good deeds that God Himself said that there was no one like him living on Earth.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Sebastian, Martyr"
Þa wurdon hi ealle þurh þæt wundor ablicgede and þæs þægnes gebedda ðe þa gebroþra heold wæs for six gearum for swiðlicre untrumnysse...

Then they were all astonished at that miracle; and the wife of the officer, who had charge of the brothers, for six years, through a severe sickness...


hyse

hyssas (nominative plural)
hyse (nominative singular)
hyssas (nominative plural)
hyse (accusative singular)
hyssas (accusative plural)
hysses (genitive singular)
hyssa (genitive plural)
hysse (dative singular)
hyssum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *husjaz. It is remarkable that the expected alteration between nom.-acc. sg. *-Ce and oblique *-CC- or *-rġ- in ja-stems with light root syllables has only survived in this word and here (“army”), when hyse only occurs as a prefix and in poetry. All other such words have leveled their paradigm in favor of the oblique cases: bedd (“bed”), cynn (“kind”), hryċġ (“back”), nebb (“face”), nett (“net”), pytt (“pit”), ribb (“rib”), seċġ (“man,” poetic), webb (“web”), weċġ (“wedge”), wiċġ (“horse,” poetic). Of unknown derivation, possibly to be grouped here, are bridd (“baby bird”) and the poetic word ġiedd (“song, poem, saying”).


isern

īsern (canonical)
īsern (masculine nominative singular)
īsern (feminine nominative singular)
īsern (neuter nominative singular)
īserne (accusative masculine singular)
īserne (accusative feminine singular)
īsern (accusative neuter singular)
īsernes (genitive masculine singular)
īsernre (feminine genitive singular)
īsernes (genitive neuter singular)
īsernum (dative masculine singular)
īsernre (dative feminine singular)
īsernum (dative neuter singular)
īserne (instrumental masculine singular)
īsernre (feminine instrumental singular)
īserne (instrumental neuter singular)
īserne (masculine nominative plural)
īserna (feminine nominative plural)
īserne (feminine nominative plural)
īsern (neuter nominative plural)
īserne (accusative masculine plural)
īserna (accusative feminine plural)
īserne (accusative feminine plural)
īsern (accusative neuter plural)
īsernra (genitive masculine plural)
īsernra (feminine genitive plural)
īsernra (genitive neuter plural)
īsernum (dative masculine plural)
īsernum (dative feminine plural)
īsernum (dative neuter plural)
īsernum (instrumental masculine plural)
īsernum (feminine instrumental plural)
īsernum (instrumental neuter plural)
īserna (masculine nominative singular)
īserne (feminine nominative singular)
īserne (neuter nominative singular)
īsernan (accusative masculine singular)
īsernan (accusative feminine singular)
īserne (accusative neuter singular)
īsernan (genitive masculine singular)
īsernan (feminine genitive singular)
īsernan (genitive neuter singular)
īsernan (dative masculine singular)
īsernan (dative feminine singular)
īsernan (dative neuter singular)
īsernan (instrumental masculine singular)
īsernan (feminine instrumental singular)
īsernan (instrumental neuter singular)
īsernan (masculine nominative plural)
īsernan (feminine nominative plural)
īsernan (neuter nominative plural)
īsernan (accusative masculine plural)
īsernan (accusative feminine plural)
īsernan (accusative neuter plural)
īsernra (genitive masculine plural)
īsernena (genitive masculine plural)
īsernra (feminine genitive plural)
īsernena (feminine genitive plural)
īsernra (genitive neuter plural)
īsernena (genitive neuter plural)
īsernum (dative masculine plural)
īsernum (dative feminine plural)
īsernum (dative neuter plural)
īsernum (instrumental masculine plural)
īsernum (feminine instrumental plural)
īsernum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: iren, eren, irne, iron, isen
English: iron
→ Marshallese: aen
Scots: airn, ern, irne
Yola: eeren

From Proto-West Germanic *īsarn, from Proto-Germanic *īsarną.
Cognates:
Cognates include Old Frisian īsern (West Frisian izer), Old Saxon īsarn (Low German Iesen), Old Dutch *īsarn (Dutch ijzer), Old High German īsarn (German Eisen), Old Norse járn (Swedish järn), Gothic 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 (eisarn), Old Irish īärn (Irish iarann, Welsh haearn).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hæfdon ġeleornad mā cræfta hū hīe þā elpendas beswīcan mehton, mid þǣm þæt hīe nāmon trēowu, ⁊ slōgon on oþerne ende moniġe sċearpe īsene næġlas, ⁊ hīe mid flexe bewundon, ⁊ onbǣrndon hit, ⁊ beþyddan hit þonne on þone elpend hindan...

And they had learned more tricks through which they could ensnare the elephants; they took stakes and drove into the other end many sharp iron nails, and wrapped them in flax, and set them on fire, and then thrust them into the elephant from behind...


toþ

tōþ (canonical masculine)
tōþ (nominative singular)
tēþ (nominative plural)
tōþ (accusative singular)
tēþ (accusative plural)
tōþes (genitive singular)
tōþa (genitive plural)
tēþ (dative singular)
tōþum (dative plural)

Middle English: tothe, toth, tooth

Scots: tuth, tutht, tuith

English: tooth

From Proto-West Germanic *tanþ (by loss of the n and the resulting compensatory lengthening of the vowel).
Cognates:
Cognates with Old Frisian tōth, Old Saxon tand, Dutch tand, Old High German zan, zand (German Zahn), Old Norse tǫnn (Swedish tand), Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 (tunþus); and with Sanskrit दन्त (danta) (Hindi दांत (dānt)), Ancient Greek ὀδών (odṓn), Latin dens (French dent), Old Irish dét, Lithuanian dantìs.


tiwesdæg

tīwesdæġ (canonical masculine)
tīwesdæġ (nominative singular)
tīwesdagas (nominative plural)
tīwesdæġ (accusative singular)
tīwesdagas (accusative plural)
tīwesdæġes (genitive singular)
tīwesdaga (genitive plural)
tīwesdæġe (dative singular)
tīwesdagum (dative plural)

Middle English: Tewesday, Tiwesday, Tisday, Tisdæi, Tywysday, tiwesday, twesday
English: Tuesday
Scots: Tysday
Yola: Tusedei, tuesdei

From Proto-West Germanic *Tīwas dag (“Tuesday”, literally “Tiw's Day”), a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies Martis, itself a translation of Ancient Greek Ἄρεως ἡμέρα (Áreōs hēméra) (interpretatio romana).


morgen

morgen (nominative singular)
morgnas (nominative plural)
morgen (accusative singular)
morgnas (accusative plural)
morgnes (genitive singular)
morgna (genitive plural)
morgne (dative singular)
morgnum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: morwe, morȝen, morwen, morn

English: morrow; morn

Scots: morrow, morra; morn

From Proto-West Germanic *morgin, *murgin.
Cognate with Old Frisian morgen, Old Saxon morgan, Old Dutch morgan, Old High German morgan, Old Norse morgunn. Compare also (from the alternative form *murginaz) Old Norse myrginn and Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃 (maurgins).


æx

æx (nominative singular)
æxe (nominative plural)
æxa (nominative plural)
æx (accusative singular)
æxe (accusative singular)
æxe (accusative plural)
æxa (accusative plural)
æxe (genitive singular)
æxa (genitive plural)
æxe (dative singular)
æxum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ax, axe, ex, exe, æxæ, æxe
English: axe, ax
Scots: aix

From earlier *æces ← *ækysi ← *akusi, from Proto-West Germanic *akusi, from Proto-Germanic *akwisī. Cognate with Old Frisian axa, Old Saxon akus, Old High German accus, Old Norse øx, and Gothic 𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌶𐌹 (aqizi).


sweord

sweord (nominative singular)
sweord (nominative plural)
sweord (accusative singular)
sweord (accusative plural)
sweordes (genitive singular)
sweorda (genitive plural)
sweorde (dative singular)
sweordum (dative plural)

Middle English: sword, swerd

English: sword

From Proto-Germanic *swerdą. Cognate with Old Frisian swerd, Old Saxon swerd, Old Dutch swert, Old High German swert, Old Norse sverð.


Tiw

Tīw (canonical masculine)
Tīw (nominative singular)
Tīw (accusative singular)
Tīwes (genitive singular)
Tīwe (dative singular)

From Proto-West Germanic *Tīw, from Proto-Germanic *Tīwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *deywós (“god”).
Proto-Germanic cognate with Old Norse Týr, Old Frisian Tii, Old High German Ziu, Gothic *𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍅𐍃 (*teiws).
Proto-Indo-European cognate with Latin deus, Luwian 𒋾𒉿𒊍 (tiwaz), Lithuanian diẽvas, Sanskrit देव (devá).


scirgerefa

sċīrġerēfa (canonical masculine)
sċīrġerēfa (nominative singular)
sċīrġerēfan (nominative plural)
sċīrġerēfan (accusative singular)
sċīrġerēfan (accusative plural)
sċīrġerēfan (genitive singular)
sċīrġerēfena (genitive plural)
sċīrġerēfan (dative singular)
sċīrġerēfum (dative plural)

Middle English: shirreve

English: sheriff, shrieve

Scots: shirra


mearh

mēaras (nominative plural)
mearh (nominative singular)
mēaras (nominative plural)
mearh (accusative singular)
mēaras (accusative plural)
mēares (genitive singular)
mēara (genitive plural)
mēare (dative singular)
mēarum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *marh.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian mar (“horse”), merie (“mare”) (West Frisian merje (“mare”)), Old Saxon merge, meriha (“mare”), Dutch merrie (“mare”), Old High German marah (“horse”), meriha (“mare”) (German Mähre (“mare”)), Old Norse marr (“horse”) (Icelandic mar), merr (“mare”) (Swedish märr (“mare”)), Gothic *𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍃 (*marhs). Beyond Germanic, cognate to Irish marc and Welsh march (“horse”).


gerefa

ġerēfa (canonical masculine)
ġerēfa (nominative singular)
ġerēfan (nominative plural)
ġerēfan (accusative singular)
ġerēfan (accusative plural)
ġerēfan (genitive singular)
ġerēfena (genitive plural)
ġerēfan (dative singular)
ġerēfum (dative plural)

Middle English: reve (via rēfa)

English: reeve

From Proto-West Germanic *garāfijō. By surface analysis, ġe- + rēfa.

a reeve or official with local jurisdiction under the king; the chief magistrate of a district


þorn

þorn (nominative singular)
þornas (nominative plural)
þorn (accusative singular)
þornas (accusative plural)
þornes (genitive singular)
þorna (genitive plural)
þorne (dative singular)
þornum (dative plural)

Middle English: thorn, thorne, thron, thurne, þorn, þorne, þron
English: thorn
Scots: thorn; torn (Shetland)
Yola: thoornes, thorns, thurns

From Proto-West Germanic *þornu (“thorn, sloe”).
Cognates
Germanic cognates include Old Saxon thorn (Low German Dorn, Doorn), Dutch doorn, Old High German thorn (German Dorn), Old Norse þorn (Swedish törne), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (þaurnus). The Indo-European root is also the source of Old Church Slavonic трънъ (trŭnŭ) (Russian тёрн (tjorn, “sloe, blackthorn”), Slovak tŕň), Sanskrit तृण (tṛṇa, “grass”).


scir

sċīr (canonical feminine)
sċīr (nominative singular)
sċīra (nominative plural)
sċīre (nominative plural)
sċīre (accusative singular)
sċīra (accusative plural)
sċīre (accusative plural)
sċīre (genitive singular)
sċīra (genitive plural)
sċīre (dative singular)
sċīrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: shire, shiere, chire, ssire, schire, schyre
English: shire
→ Icelandic: skíri
Scots: shire

administrative region, shire (consisting of a number of hundreds or wapentakes, ruled jointly by an alderman and a sheriff)


hæmed

hǣmed (canonical neuter)
hǣmed (nominative singular)
hǣmdu (nominative plural)
hǣmed (accusative singular)
hǣmdu (accusative plural)
hǣmdes (genitive singular)
hǣmda (genitive plural)
hǣmde (dative singular)
hǣmdum (dative plural)

A substantivised past participle of hǣman; compare ǣled for a similar formation.


fæmne

fǣmne (canonical feminine)
fǣmne (nominative singular)
fǣmnan (nominative plural)
fǣmnan (accusative singular)
fǣmnan (accusative plural)
fǣmnan (genitive singular)
fǣmnena (genitive plural)
fǣmnan (dative singular)
fǣmnum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *faimnijā (“girl”), related to (but not directly cognate with) Old Saxon fēmea, fēhmia, West Frisian faam, Icelandic feima (“maiden”). Unrelated to Latin fēmina (“female, woman”), and probably also to Latin famula (“female servant”).


mægþ

mæġþ (canonical feminine)
mæġþ (nominative singular)
mæġþ (nominative plural)
mæġþ (accusative singular)
mæġþ (accusative plural)
mæġþ (genitive singular)
mæġþa (genitive plural)
mæġþ (dative singular)
mæġþum (dative plural)

Alteration of earlier mæġeþ, with irregular syncope. See there for more.


mægþ

mǣġþ (canonical feminine)
mǣġþ (nominative singular)
mǣġþa (nominative plural)
mǣġþe (nominative plural)
mǣġþe (accusative singular)
mǣġþa (accusative plural)
mǣġþe (accusative plural)
mǣġþe (genitive singular)
mǣġþa (genitive plural)
mǣġþe (dative singular)
mǣġþum (dative plural)

→ English: maegth (learned)

From mǣġ (“a relative”) + -þ (suffix forming abstract nouns). Compare the formation of modern English kindred.


mægþ

From Proto-Germanic *maigiþō (“shamelessness, wantonness, wickedness”), from *maigaz (“wicked, shameless”).


dweorg

dweorg (nominative singular)
dweorgas (nominative plural)
dweorg (accusative singular)
dweorgas (accusative plural)
dweorges (genitive singular)
dweorga (genitive plural)
dweorge (dative singular)
dweorgum (dative plural)

Middle English: dwerf, dwergh, dwerw

English: dwarf

desctree

Scots: droich, droch, dwerch, duerch, duerche, dorche
→ Scottish Gaelic: troich

From Proto-Germanic *dwergaz.
Cognate with Old Frisian dwerch, Old Saxon dwerg, Old Dutch *dwerg, Old High German twerg, Old Norse dvergr.


lagu

lagu (nominative singular)
laga (nominative plural)
lagu (accusative singular)
laga (accusative plural)
laga (genitive singular)
laga (genitive plural)
laga (dative singular)
lagum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: lai, laie, leye, laȝe, lawe

English: lay

From Proto-West Germanic *lagu (“water, sea”).
Cognate with Latin lacus (“hollow, pond”), Old Irish loch (“lake, pond”), Ancient Greek λάκκος (lákkos, “waterhole, pond, pit”).


monandæg

mōnandæġ (canonical masculine)
mōnandæġ (nominative singular)
mōnandagas (nominative plural)
mōnandæġ (accusative singular)
mōnandagas (accusative plural)
mōnandæġes (genitive singular)
mōnandaga (genitive plural)
mōnandæġe (dative singular)
mōnandagum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: Monday
English: Monday (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Monanday
Yola: Mondei

From Proto-West Germanic *mānini dag; equivalent to mōna + dæġ. Corresponding to Old Frisian mōnendei, mōnadei, Old Dutch *mānendag (Dutch maandag), Old High German mānetac (German Montag), Old Norse mánadagr (Icelandic mánudagur, Swedish måndag).


æfen

ǣfen (canonical masculine)
ǣfen (nominative singular)
ǣfennas (nominative plural)
ǣfen (accusative singular)
ǣfennas (accusative plural)
ǣfennes (genitive singular)
ǣfenna (genitive plural)
ǣfenne (dative singular)
ǣfennum (dative plural)

Middle English: even, evene, even, efen
English: even
Yola: e'en

Form reflects Proto-West Germanic *āban, a byform or derivative of *ābanþ.
Cognate with Old Frisian ēvend, Old Saxon āƀand, Old Dutch āvont, Old High German ābant, Old Norse aptann.

mōnanǣfen

ġēolǣfen

eve: the day/evening/night before something


Woden

Wōden (canonical masculine)
Wōden (nominative singular)
Wōden (accusative singular)
Wōdnes (genitive singular)
Wōdne (dative singular)

→ Latin: Wothen

Middle English: Woden

→ English: Woden (learned)

From Proto-Germanic *Wōdanaz. Cognate with Old Saxon Wōden, Old High German Wodan, Old Norse Óðinn. Doublet of Ōþen.

10th century, Codex Exoniensis 341, 28

Woden made idols, the Almighty made glory and the vast skies

Wōden worhte wēos, wuldor alwalda rūme roderas

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Henġest and Horsa wǣron Wihtġīlses suna, þæs fæder wæs Witta hāten, þæs fæder wæs Wihta hāten, þæs fæder wæs Wōden nemned, of þæs strīende maniġra mǣġða cyningcynn fruman lǣdde.

Hengest and Horsa were the sons of Wihtgyls, whose father was named Witta, whose father was named Wihta, whose father was named Woden, from whose lineage the royal families of many nations originated.


dagung

dagung (nominative singular)
dagunga (nominative plural)
dagunge (nominative plural)
dagunge (accusative singular)
dagunga (accusative plural)
dagunge (accusative plural)
dagunge (genitive singular)
dagunga (genitive plural)
dagunge (dative singular)
dagungum (dative plural)

Betwux hancred and dagunge.

Between cock-crow and dawn. (Saxon Chronicles)


agenslaga

āgenslaga (canonical masculine)
āgenslaga (nominative singular)
āgenslagan (nominative plural)
āgenslagan (accusative singular)
āgenslagan (accusative plural)
āgenslagan (genitive singular)
āgenslagena (genitive plural)
āgenslagan (dative singular)
āgenslagum (dative plural)

Middle English: aȝen-slaȝa

/ˈɑː.ɡenˌslɑ.ɡɑ/

[ˈɑː.ɣenˌslɑ.ɣɑ]


burg

byrġ (nominative plural)
burg (nominative singular)
byrġ (nominative plural)
burg (accusative singular)
byrġ (accusative plural)
byrġ (genitive singular)
burga (genitive plural)
byrġ (dative singular)
burgum (dative plural)

Middle English: burgh

Scots: burch, burgh

desc

English: borough, -borough, Brough, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury

→ English: burh (learned)

c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Sēo burg þæs mōdes sċeal swīðe oft ġefrēdan hire fēonda speru.

The fortress of the mind must very often feel the spears of its enemies.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 921

Then King Edward traveled to Colchester with the West Saxon army and repaired the fortress, and rebuilt it where it had been destroyed.

Þā fōr Ēadweard cyning mid Westseaxna fierde tō Colneċeastre and ġebētte þā burg and ġeednīewode þǣr hēo ǣr tōbrocen wæs.


wyrt

wyrt (nominative singular)
wyrta (nominative plural)
wyrte (nominative plural)
wyrte (accusative singular)
wyrta (accusative plural)
wyrte (accusative plural)
wyrte (genitive singular)
wyrta (genitive plural)
wyrte (dative singular)
wyrtum (dative plural)

Middle English: wort, worte

English: wort

Scots: wirt

From a merger of Proto-West Germanic *wurtiju (“spice”) and Proto-West Germanic *wurti (“herb”). Cognate with Old Saxon wurtia.


dohtor

dohtor (nominative singular)
dohtor (nominative plural)
dohtra (nominative plural)
dohtru (nominative plural)
dohtor (accusative singular)
dohtor (accusative plural)
dohtra (accusative plural)
dohtru (accusative plural)
dohtor (genitive singular)
dohtra (genitive plural)
dehter (dative singular)
dohtrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: doughter
English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda
Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter
Yola: doughtere, daughtere

From Proto-West Germanic *dohter. See there for more.


fic

fīc (canonical masculine)
fīc (nominative singular)
fīcas (nominative plural)
fīc (accusative singular)
fīcas (accusative plural)
fīces (genitive singular)
fīca (genitive plural)
fīce (dative singular)
fīcum (dative plural)

Middle English: fike, fyke

English: fike, fig


sunsunu

sunsuna (nominative plural)
sunsunu (nominative singular)
sunsuna (nominative plural)
sunsunu (accusative singular)
sunsuna (accusative plural)
sunsuna (genitive singular)
sunsuna (genitive plural)
sunsuna (dative singular)
sunsunum (dative plural)

Reduplication of sunu. For similar formations, compare Swedish sonson, dotterdotter, barnbarn.

grandson (lit., "son's son", specifically the son of one's son)


beor

Middle English: bere, beere

English: beer (see there for further descendants)

Scots: bere, beir, beer

From Proto-West Germanic *beuʀ, from Proto-Germanic *beuzą (“beer”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰews- (“dross, sediment, brewer's yeast”).

der

Gebeotedon beore druncne oret-mecgas, ðæt hie in beor-sele bidan woldon Grendles guðe

The sons of conflict, drunk on beer, promised that they would wait in the beer-hall for Grendel’s attack.


bochus

bōchūs (canonical neuter)
bōchūs (nominative singular)
bōchūs (nominative plural)
bōchūs (accusative singular)
bōchūs (accusative plural)
bōchūses (genitive singular)
bōchūsa (genitive plural)
bōchūse (dative singular)
bōchūsum (dative plural)

Middle English: bochous

English: bookhouse


ealu

ealu (nominative singular)
ealoþ (nominative plural)
ealu (accusative singular)
ealoþ (accusative plural)
ealoþ (genitive singular)
ealoþa (genitive plural)
ealoþ (dative singular)
ealoþum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ale, ail
English: ale
Geordie English: yel
Scots: yill, ale, aill, ayll
⇒ Yola: aalhouse

From Proto-West Germanic *alu, from Proto-Germanic *alu, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut-.

Judges


cæg

cǣġ (canonical feminine)
cǣġ (nominative singular)
cǣġa (nominative plural)
cǣġe (nominative plural)
cǣġe (accusative singular)
cǣġa (accusative plural)
cǣġe (accusative plural)
cǣġe (genitive singular)
cǣġa (genitive plural)
cǣġe (dative singular)
cǣġum (dative plural)

Middle English: keye, kaye, keiȝe

English: key

Scots: key, kay

Saturnus sumra hæfde bōca cǣġa

Saturn had the keys of some books. (Dialogues of Salomon and Saturn)


gebed

ġebed (canonical neuter)
ġebedu (nominative plural)
ġebed (nominative singular)
ġebedu (nominative plural)
ġebed (accusative singular)
ġebedu (accusative plural)
ġebedes (genitive singular)
ġebeda (genitive plural)
ġebede (dative singular)
ġebedum (dative plural)

partially from Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">bedu</i>

Middle English: bede, bed, beed, beode, bode, boede, ȝebed, ibæd, ibed (partially from Old English bedu)
English: bead (bede)
Scots: bead, bede, beid

Hīe tō ġebede fēollon. ― They fell to prayer. (Cædmon’s Metrical Paraphrase)


bearn

bearn (nominative singular)
bearn (nominative plural)
bearn (accusative singular)
bearn (accusative plural)
bearnes (genitive singular)
bearna (genitive plural)
bearne (dative singular)
bearnum (dative plural)

Middle English: barn
English: barn (obsolete, dialectal)
Geordie English: bairn
Scots: bairn
→ English: bairn
Yola: barrn

From Proto-Germanic *barną. Cognate with Old Frisian bern, Old Saxon barn, Old Dutch *barn, Old High German barn, Old Norse barn, Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽 (barn). Related to beran.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Swīðe wynsum hit biþ þæt man wīf hæbbe and bearn.

It is very pleasant to have a wife and children.

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Hīe wǣron twēntiġ ġēara samod ǣr þon þe hīe bearn hæfdon.

They were together for twenty years before they had a child.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, "Gospel of Saint John", chapter 13, verse 33

O children, now yet I am little time with you. You seek me; and as I told the Jews, You cannot go to there which I go; and now I tell you.

Lā bearn, nū gȳt ic eom ġehwǣde tīd mid ēow. Ġē mē sēceað; and swā ic þām Iudeon sǣde, Ġē ne magon faran þyder þe ic fare; and nū ic ēow secge.


eam

From Proto-Germanic *immi (“I am”), a form of *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésmi (“am”). More at am.

Mercian and Early West Saxon form of eom


fyr

fȳr (canonical neuter)
fȳr (nominative singular)
fȳr (nominative plural)
fȳr (accusative singular)
fȳr (accusative plural)
fȳres (genitive singular)
fȳra (genitive plural)
fȳre (dative singular)
fȳrum (dative plural)

Middle English: fyr, fier, vir, fer, fur
English: fire
→ Japanese: ファイヤー (faiyā)
Sranan Tongo: faya
Scots: fyre, feier
Yola: vire, vier

From Proto-West Germanic *fuir, from Proto-Germanic *fōr, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Another Vision"
Sē līeġ wæs mid manna sāwlum āfylled, and hīe āsprungon upp mid þām fȳre swā swā spearcan.

The flame was filled with people's souls, and they sprang up with the fire like sparks.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, year 473

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 14:54

He sat with the guards and warmed himself by the fire.

Hē sæt mid þām weardum and wiermde hine æt þǣm fȳre.


sunu

suna (nominative plural)
sunu (nominative singular)
suna (nominative plural)
sunu (accusative singular)
suna (accusative plural)
suna (genitive singular)
suna (genitive plural)
suna (dative singular)
sunum (dative plural)

Middle English: sone, sune

English: son

Scots: son

From Proto-West Germanic *sunu, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian sunu, Old Saxon sunu, Dutch zoon, Old High German sunu (German Sohn), Old Norse sonr (Swedish son), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 (sunus). The Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit सूनु (sūnu), Lithuanian sūnus, Proto-Slavic *synъ (Old Church Slavonic сꙑнъ (synŭ), Russian сын (syn)); and more distantly of Ancient Greek υἱύς (huiús), Old Irish suth (“birth, fruit”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint George, Martyr"
Nāst þū lā Geori þæt ūre godas swincað mid þē and ġit hī synd ġeþyldiġe þæt hī þe miltsion. Nū lǣre ic ðē swā swā lēofne sunu þæt ðū þæra cristenra lāre forlǣte mid ealle and tō mīnum rǣde hraðe ġebūge swā þæt ðū offriġe þām ārwurðan Appoline and þū mycelne wurðmynt miht swā beġitan.

Knowest thou not, O George, that our gods are striving with thee, and even yet they are patient, that they may pity thee; now I exhort thee, as a beloved son, that thou altogether quit the Christians' doctrine, and quickly incline to my counsel, so that thou sacrifice to the venerable Apollo, and thou mayest so obtain great honour.


cild

ċild (canonical neuter)
ċild (nominative singular)
ċildru (nominative plural)
ċild (accusative singular)
ċildru (accusative plural)
ċildes (genitive singular)
ċildra (genitive plural)
ċilde (dative singular)
ċildrum (dative plural)
ċild (nominative singular)
ċild (nominative plural)
ċild (accusative singular)
ċild (accusative plural)
ċildes (genitive singular)
ċilda (genitive plural)
ċilde (dative singular)
ċildum (dative plural)

Middle English: child

English: child

Scots: child

From Proto-West Germanic *kilþ, *kelþ, from Proto-Germanic *kelþaz (“womb; fetus”).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Basilius, Bishop"
He be-het þæt he wolde and se halga ge-bæd for þæt seoce cyld and him wæs sona bet.

He promised that he would, and the saint prayed for the sick child, and he was instantly better.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Þā ċildru rīdaþ on heora stafum and maniġfealde plegan plegaþ þǣr hīe hyriaþ ealdum mannum.

The children ride their sticks and play all kinds of games where they imitate adults.

c. 992, Ælfric, “The Deposition of St. Cuthbert, Bishop”
Sē ēadega Cūðbeorht, þā þā hē wæs eahtawintre ċild, rann swā swā him his nytenlīċe ield tyhte plegende mid his efnealdum.

The blessed Cuthbert, when he was an eight-year-old child, was running around like his innocent age urged him to do and playing with his peers.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 2:12

You will find a baby wrapped in swaddling clothes and lying in a manger.

Ġē ġemētaþ ān ċild hræġlum bewunden and on binne āleġd.


ær

Middle English: er
English: ere
Scots: air
Yola: ear

From Proto-Germanic *airiz, originally a comparative form (=‘earlier’).

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Purification of St. Mary"
Uton fon nu on þæt godspel ðær we hit ǣr forlēton.

Let us now resume the gospel where we previously left it.


carles wæn

Middle English: Charlewayn

English: Charles' Wain

From carles (“peasant's”) + wǣn (“wagon”).

Carles wæn ne gæþ næfre adune under ðyssere eorþan, swa swa oðre tunglan doþ

Carl’s Wain never goes under the earth as other constellations do

the Big Dipper; the Great Bear, Ursa Major


rimcræft

rīmcræft (canonical masculine)
rīmcræft (nominative singular)
rīmcræftas (nominative plural)
rīmcræft (accusative singular)
rīmcræftas (accusative plural)
rīmcræftes (genitive singular)
rīmcræfta (genitive plural)
rīmcræfte (dative singular)
rīmcræftum (dative plural)


riþ

Middle English: rīth

Middle English: rith

From Proto-West Germanic *rīþ, from Proto-Germanic *rīþiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃riHtís. Cognate with Old Frisian ryd, Middle Low German rid.


cræft

cræft (nominative singular)
cræftas (nominative plural)
cræft (accusative singular)
cræftas (accusative plural)
cræftes (genitive singular)
cræfta (genitive plural)
cræfte (dative singular)
cræftum (dative plural)

Middle English: craft, creft

English: craft

Scots: craft

From Proto-West Germanic *kraftu, from Proto-Germanic *kraftuz.


regnboga

reġnboga (canonical masculine)
reġnboga (nominative singular)
reġnbogan (nominative plural)
reġnbogan (accusative singular)
reġnbogan (accusative plural)
reġnbogan (genitive singular)
reġnbogena (genitive plural)
reġnbogan (dative singular)
reġnbogum (dative plural)

Middle English: reynbowe, raynbowe, raynebowe, rayne-bowe, reinbow, reinbowe, rein-bowe, reynebawe, reynebow, reynebowe, rainbou, rainbow, rayn-boghe (Northern)
English: rainbow
Scots: rainbow

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *regnabogō, from Proto-Germanic *regnabugô. Cognate with Old Frisian reinboga, Old Saxon *reganbogo, Old Dutch *reganbogo, Old High German reginbogo, and Old Norse regnbogi. Equivalent to reġn (“rain”) + boga (“bow”).


scop

sċop (canonical masculine)
sċop (nominative singular)
sċopas (nominative plural)
sċop (accusative singular)
sċopas (accusative plural)
sċopes (genitive singular)
sċopa (genitive plural)
sċope (dative singular)
sċopum (dative plural)

→ English: scop (learned)

From Proto-West Germanic *skop, from Proto-Germanic *skupą. Cognate with Old High German skopf (“poet”), Old Norse skop (“mocking”).

ealusċop

one who performs poetry where there is drinking


cruc

Middle English: crouche, cruche

English: crouch

Borrowed from Latin crux. Cognate with Old High German krūzi (German Kreuz), Old Saxon krūci (Dutch kruis, Low German Krüüz), Old Irish cros (Welsh croes, Irish crois, Old Norse kross English cross), Old French croiz (French croix), Spanish cruz and many others.


tollere

tollere (nominative singular)
tolleras (nominative plural)
tollere (accusative singular)
tolleras (accusative plural)
tolleres (genitive singular)
tollera (genitive plural)
tollere (dative singular)
tollerum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: toller, tollere, tollare, tollir, tolre, toler
English: toller


duru

duru (nominative singular)
dura (nominative plural)
duru (accusative singular)
dura (accusative plural)
dura (genitive singular)
dura (genitive plural)
dura (dative singular)
durum (dative plural)

Middle English: dore, doire, dure, dur
English: door
Sranan Tongo: doro
Scots: dure, dur
Yola: dher

From Proto-West Germanic *dur, from Proto-Germanic *durz.


Lucas

Lūcas (canonical masculine)
Lūcas (nominative singular)
Lūcas (accusative singular)
Lūces (genitive singular)
Lūce (dative singular)


þyrs

þyrs (nominative singular)
þyrsas (nominative plural)
þyrs (accusative singular)
þyrsas (accusative plural)
þyrses (genitive singular)
þyrsa (genitive plural)
þyrse (dative singular)
þyrsum (dative plural)

Middle English: thurs, thirs, thrisse, thrusse, thurse, thursse, thyrce, þurs
English: thurse

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *þuris, from Proto-Germanic *þurisaz. Cognate with Old High German duris (“demon”), Old Saxon thuris (“the rune þ”), Old Norse þurs (“giant”).

inh+

Exeter Book, Riddle 40, 62-63 (late 10th century)

I can gorge more greedily / and eat at least as much as an old giant

Ic mēsan mæg meahtelīcor / ond efnetan ealdum þyrse

Maxims II, 42-43 (early 11th century)

The monster must live in the fen / alone in its land.

Þyrs sceal on fenne gewunian / ana innan lande.


hof

hōf (canonical masculine)
hōf (nominative singular)
hōfas (nominative plural)
hōf (accusative singular)
hōfas (accusative plural)
hōfes (genitive singular)
hōfa (genitive plural)
hōfe (dative singular)
hōfum (dative plural)

English: hoof


blaw

blāw (canonical)
blāw (masculine nominative singular)
blāw (feminine nominative singular)
blāw (neuter nominative singular)
blāwne (accusative masculine singular)
blāwe (accusative feminine singular)
blāw (accusative neuter singular)
blāwes (genitive masculine singular)
blāwre (feminine genitive singular)
blāwes (genitive neuter singular)
blāwum (dative masculine singular)
blāwre (dative feminine singular)
blāwum (dative neuter singular)
blāwe (instrumental masculine singular)
blāwre (feminine instrumental singular)
blāwe (instrumental neuter singular)
blāwe (masculine nominative plural)
blāwa (feminine nominative plural)
blāwe (feminine nominative plural)
blāw (neuter nominative plural)
blāwe (accusative masculine plural)
blāwa (accusative feminine plural)
blāwe (accusative feminine plural)
blāw (accusative neuter plural)
blāwra (genitive masculine plural)
blāwra (feminine genitive plural)
blāwra (genitive neuter plural)
blāwum (dative masculine plural)
blāwum (dative feminine plural)
blāwum (dative neuter plural)
blāwum (instrumental masculine plural)
blāwum (feminine instrumental plural)
blāwum (instrumental neuter plural)
blāwa (masculine nominative singular)
blāwe (feminine nominative singular)
blāwe (neuter nominative singular)
blāwan (accusative masculine singular)
blāwan (accusative feminine singular)
blāwe (accusative neuter singular)
blāwan (genitive masculine singular)
blāwan (feminine genitive singular)
blāwan (genitive neuter singular)
blāwan (dative masculine singular)
blāwan (dative feminine singular)
blāwan (dative neuter singular)
blāwan (instrumental masculine singular)
blāwan (feminine instrumental singular)
blāwan (instrumental neuter singular)
blāwan (masculine nominative plural)
blāwan (feminine nominative plural)
blāwan (neuter nominative plural)
blāwan (accusative masculine plural)
blāwan (accusative feminine plural)
blāwan (accusative neuter plural)
blāwra (genitive masculine plural)
blāwena (genitive masculine plural)
blāwra (feminine genitive plural)
blāwena (feminine genitive plural)
blāwra (genitive neuter plural)
blāwena (genitive neuter plural)
blāwum (dative masculine plural)
blāwum (dative feminine plural)
blāwum (dative neuter plural)
blāwum (instrumental masculine plural)
blāwum (feminine instrumental plural)
blāwum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Middle English: blo, bla, bloo, bloe
English: blow
Scots: blae, blaw, bla, blea, ble

From Proto-West Germanic *blāu, from Proto-Germanic *blēwaz.


hærfestmonaþ

From Proto-Germanic *harbistamēnōþs. Cognate with Old Norse haustmánuðr and Old High German herbistmanoþ.


ærra liþa

/ˈæːr.rɑ ˈliː.θɑ/

[ˈæːrˠ.rˠɑ ˈliː.ðɑ]


haligmonaþ

725, Bede, The Reckoning of Time, Ch. 15

...September Haleg-monath...
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Menologium in O. Cockayne's The Shrine, p. 124, ll. 28–31

In the 9th month in a year there are 30 days. The month is called September in Latin and, in our language, Holy Month, because our forefathers—when they were pagan—sacrificed in that month to their idols.

On ðæm nigoþan mónþe on geáre biþ xxx daga se mónaþ hátte on léden septembris and on úre geþeóde háligmónaþ for ðon ðe úre yldran ðá ðá hí hǽðene wǽron on ðam mónþe hí guldon hiora deófolgeldum


hreþmonaþ

hrēþmōnaþ (canonical masculine)
hrēþmōnaþ (nominative singular)
hrēþmōnþas (nominative plural)
hrēþmōnaþ (accusative singular)
hrēþmōnþas (accusative plural)
hrēþmōnþes (genitive singular)
hrēþmōnþa (genitive plural)
hrēþmōnþe (dative singular)
hrēþmōnþum (dative plural)

[ˈr̥eːðˌmoː.nɑθ]


þrimilce

From a combining form of þri- + melcan, apparently because animals could be milked three times a day at this time of year.


winterfylleþ

From winter + fylleþ (“a filling; a full moon”).


eastre

ēastre (canonical feminine)
ēastre (nominative singular)
ēastran (nominative plural)
ēastran (accusative singular)
ēastran (accusative plural)
ēastran (genitive singular)
ēastrena (genitive plural)
ēastran (dative singular)
ēastrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: Eestour, Ester, Yestre
English: Easter
→ Chickasaw: Iista'
Scots: Easter

Apparently named from the dawn goddess Ēastre, from Proto-West Germanic *austrā, from Proto-Germanic *Austrǭ, from a suffixed form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“dawn”). Cognate with Old Frisian āsteron, Old High German ōstarūn (German Ostern).


geola

ġēola (canonical)
ġeōla (canonical masculine)
ġēola (nominative singular)
ġēolan (nominative plural)
ġēolan (accusative singular)
ġēolan (accusative plural)
ġēolan (genitive singular)
ġēolena (genitive plural)
ġēolan (dative singular)
ġēolum (dative plural)
ġeōla (nominative singular)
ġeōlan (nominative plural)
ġeōlan (accusative singular)
ġeōlan (accusative plural)
ġeōlan (genitive singular)
ġeōlena (genitive plural)
ġeōlan (dative singular)
ġeōlum (dative plural)

Ultimately derived from ġēol. See there for more.
Bede stated that the name gēola derived from a term for the winter solstice.

two-month period covering December and January


blotmonaþ

blōtmōnaþ (canonical masculine)
blōtmōnaþ (nominative singular)
blōtmōnaþ (nominative plural)
blōtmōnaþ (accusative singular)
blōtmōnaþ (accusative plural)
blōtmōnaþes (genitive singular)
blōtmōnaþa (genitive plural)
blōtmōnaþ (dative singular)
blōtmōnaþum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *blōtamānōþ. Cognate with Old Saxon blōtmānuđ, Old High German bluoʒmānōd. Equivalent to blōt + mōnaþ, so called because in Anglo-Saxon times sacrifices were made before the winter set in.

late 9th century, Old English Martyrology
Sē endlefta mōnaþ on ġēare is nemned on ūre ġeþēode blōtmōnaþ for þon þe ūre ieldran, þā hīe hǣðene wǣron, on þām mōnaþ hīe blēoton ā.

The eleventh month of the year is called November ["sacrifice month"] in our language because our forefathers, when they were pagan, always sacrificed in this month.


hærfest

hærfest (nominative singular)
hærfestas (nominative plural)
hærfest (accusative singular)
hærfestas (accusative plural)
hærfestes (genitive singular)
hærfesta (genitive plural)
hærfeste (dative singular)
hærfestum (dative plural)

Middle English: hervest, harvest, ervest, herfest
English: harvest
Scots: hairst, harvest
Yola: hearesth, harrest

Apparently borrowed into West Saxon from Mercian; the expected West Saxon form would be *hierfest. From Proto-West Germanic *harbist. A North Germanic variant *harbustaz was the source of Old Norse haust (Swedish höst, Icelandic haust).
Cognates:
Cognate with Old Frisian herfst (West Frisian hjerst), Old Saxon hervist (Low German harvst), Dutch herfst, Old High German herbist (German Herbst). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “fruit”), Latin carpō (“pick, pluck”), Middle Irish corrán (“sickle”), Lithuanian kirpti (“cut”), Old Church Slavonic чрьпати (črĭpati) (Russian серп (serp, “sickle”)).


ascian

āscian (canonical)
āscian (infinitive)
āscienne (infinitive)
āsciġe (first-person present singular)
āscode (first-person past singular)
āscast (present second-person singular)
āscodest (past second-person singular)
āscaþ (present singular third-person)
āscode (past singular third-person)
āsciaþ (plural present)
āscodon (past plural)
āsciġe (present singular)
āscode (past singular)
āsciġen (plural present)
āscoden (past plural)
āsca (imperative past present singular)
āsciaþ (imperative past plural present)
āsciende (imperative present)
āscod (imperative past)
ġeāscod (imperative past)

desc

Middle English: askien, axen, aschen, eskien, eschen, aishen

English: ask, aks, ax

Sranan Tongo: aksi

Scots: ask, as, ax

Ac ānes þinges iċ þē wolde ǣrest āscian.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy:

But I wanted to ask you one thing first.

“Mīn fæder, mōt iċ þē āwihtes āscian?” Cwæþ hē, “Āsca þæs þe þū wille.”

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History:

“My father, can I ask you something?”
He said, “Ask whatever you want.”

to ask (+ genitive a question) (+ accusative a person) (+ genitive about something)


liþa

Apparently related to līþe (“mild”) probably cognate with Serbo-Croatian ljeto, Czech léto, Polish lato, Russian ле́то (léto, “summer, year”).

designating the months of June, July and leap month between them on year hight Þriliþa.


hrof

hrōf (canonical masculine)
hrōf (nominative singular)
hrōfas (nominative plural)
hrōf (accusative singular)
hrōfas (accusative plural)
hrōfes (genitive singular)
hrōfa (genitive plural)
hrōfe (dative singular)
hrōfum (dative plural)

Middle English: rof

English: roof

From Proto-Germanic *hrōfą. Cognate with Old Frisian hrōf, Old Saxon rōf (Dutch roef (“cabin, coffin-lid”)), Old Norse hróf (“boat-shed”).


weall

weall (nominative singular)
weall (nominative plural)
weall (accusative singular)
weall (accusative plural)
wealles (genitive singular)
wealla (genitive plural)
wealle (dative singular)
weallum (dative plural)


dreor

drēor (canonical masculine)
drēor (nominative singular)
drēoras (nominative plural)
drēor (accusative singular)
drēoras (accusative plural)
drēores (genitive singular)
drēora (genitive plural)
drēore (dative singular)
drēorum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *dreuzaz, *drauziz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrews- (“to break, break off, crumble”). Cognate with Old Saxon drōr, Old High German trōr, and Old Norse and Icelandic dreyri. The historical sense is of something which ‘falls’: the Germanic base is also the source of Old English drēosan (“fall”).

der

Iċ his blōd āġēat, drēor on eorðan.

I spilled his blood, his gore on the earth.


uhta

ūhta (canonical masculine)
ūhta (nominative singular)
ūhtan (nominative plural)
ūhtan (accusative singular)
ūhtan (accusative plural)
ūhtan (genitive singular)
ūhtena (genitive plural)
ūhtan (dative singular)
ūhtum (dative plural)

Middle English: uhtenn, ūghten (from the form ūhtan)

From Proto-Germanic *unhtwǭ. Cognate with Old Saxon ūhta, Old High German ūhta, regional German Uchte (“midnight mass”), Old Norse ótta, Norwegian Bokmål otte, and as the enhanced form Dutch ochtend (“morning”).


gefera

ġefēra (canonical masculine)
ġefēra (nominative singular)
ġefēran (nominative plural)
ġefēran (accusative singular)
ġefēran (accusative plural)
ġefēran (genitive singular)
ġefērena (genitive plural)
ġefēran (dative singular)
ġefērum (dative plural)

Middle English: fere

English: fere

Equivalent to ġe- + fēra, literally “fellow traveler," related to the verb faran (“to go, travel”). Compare German Gefährte, of similar form and meaning.


goma

gōma (canonical masculine)
gōma (nominative singular)
gōman (nominative plural)
gōman (accusative singular)
gōman (accusative plural)
gōman (genitive singular)
gōmena (genitive plural)
gōman (dative singular)
gōmum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: gome, goome, gomme, gumme

English: gum, goom (dialectal)

Scots: goom, geem, gum

From Proto-West Germanic *gōmō, from Proto-Germanic *gōmô.


cwene

cwene (nominative singular)
cwenan (nominative plural)
cwenan (accusative singular)
cwenan (accusative plural)
cwenan (genitive singular)
cwenena (genitive plural)
cwenan (dative singular)
cwenum (dative plural)

Middle English: quene

English: quean

Scots: quean

From Proto-West Germanic *kwenā, from Proto-Germanic *kwenǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn.


nasu

nasu (nominative singular)
nasa (nominative plural)
nase (nominative plural)
nase (accusative singular)
nasa (accusative plural)
nase (accusative plural)
nase (genitive singular)
nasa (genitive plural)
nase (dative singular)
nasum (dative plural)

Middle English: nase, nasse, nease

From Proto-West Germanic *nasu, from Proto-Germanic *nasō.


cwen

cwēn (canonical feminine)
cwēn (nominative singular)
cwēne (nominative plural)
cwēna (nominative plural)
cwēn (accusative singular)
cwēne (accusative singular)
cwēne (accusative plural)
cwēna (accusative plural)
cwēne (genitive singular)
cwēna (genitive plural)
cwēne (dative singular)
cwēnum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: quene, qwene, cwene, queene, quen, qween, qweene, queyne, qwenne, qwhene, kuene, quiene, queen
English: queen (see there for further descendants)
Scots: queen, wheen
Yola: queen

From earlier cwœ̄n ← *kwœ̄ni ← *kwōni ← *kwą̄ni, from Proto-West Germanic *kwāni (“woman, wife”), from Proto-Germanic *kwēniz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn. Cognate with Old Saxon quān, Old Norse kvæn, Gothic 𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃 (qēns). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ), Proto-Slavic *žena, and Old Irish ben.

inh

Engla cwēn

queen (a ruling female monarch or a king's wife)


benn

benn (nominative singular)
benna (nominative plural)
benne (nominative plural)
benne (accusative singular)
benna (accusative plural)
benne (accusative plural)
benne (genitive singular)
benna (genitive plural)
benne (dative singular)
bennum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *banjō (“wound”). Cognate with Old Saxon beni (“wound”), Old Norse ben (“wound”), Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰 (banja, “wound”).

Ne ðær ænig com blod of benne

Þonne bēoð þȳ hefiġran · heortan benne,
sāre æfter swǣsne. · Sorg bið ġenīwad,

Then heart's wounds are heavier,
painful after beloved. Sorrow is renewed


pintel

pintel (nominative singular)
pintlas (nominative plural)
pintel (accusative singular)
pintlas (accusative plural)
pintles (genitive singular)
pintla (genitive plural)
pintle (dative singular)
pintlum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: pyntel, pintel, pintell, pintil, pintile, pyntell, pyntelle, pyntill, pyntul, pyntyl, pyntyle, pyntyll
English: pintle
Scots: pintle

A diminutive form of Germanic *pintia-, from Proto-Germanic *pint- (“protrusion”), from Proto-Indo-European *bendʰn- (“peg, tip, protruding point, edge”), equivalent to modern English pin + -le. Cognate with Old Frisian pint, Middle Low German pint.


brod

brōd (canonical feminine)
brōd (nominative singular)
brōda (nominative plural)
brōde (nominative plural)
brōde (accusative singular)
brōda (accusative plural)
brōde (accusative plural)
brōde (genitive singular)
brōda (genitive plural)
brōde (dative singular)
brōdum (dative plural)


teors

teorsas (nominative plural)
teors (nominative singular)
teorsas (nominative plural)
teors (accusative singular)
teorsas (accusative plural)
teorses (genitive singular)
teorsa (genitive plural)
teorse (dative singular)
teorsum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ters, tars, tarse, tearse, terce
English: tarse
Scots: tars, ters

From Proto-West Germanic *ters (“nail; penis”).


geardagas

ġēardagas (canonical masculine plural)
ġēardagas (nominative plural)
ġēardagas (accusative plural)
ġēardaga (genitive plural)
ġēardagum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: ȝere day, yeere day, yere day, ȝereday, ȝerday, yeerday

English: yearday

Scots: yeir day

/ˈjæ͜ɑːrˌdɑ.ɡɑs/

[ˈjæ͜ɑːrˌdɑ.ɣɑs]

From Proto-West Germanic *jāradagōs, nominative/accusative plural of Proto-West Germanic *jāradag, equivalent to ġeāra (“yore”) + dagas (“days”). Cognate with Old Norse árdagar.

An man wæs on geardagum eardiende on þam iglande þe Creta hatte.

One man in days of old lived on the island that is called Crete.


gehygd

ġehyġd (canonical neuter)
ġehyġd (nominative singular)
ġehyġde (nominative plural)
ġehyġda (nominative plural)
ġehyġd (accusative singular)
ġehyġde (accusative singular)
ġehyġde (accusative plural)
ġehyġda (accusative plural)
ġehyġde (genitive singular)
ġehyġda (genitive plural)
ġehyġde (dative singular)
ġehyġdum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *gahugdiz. Cognate with Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌳𐍃 (gahugds). Equivalent to ġe- + hyġd, from hyċġan.

Ðu ana canst ealra gehygdo

Beorn sċeal ġebīdan, · þonne hē bēot spriceð,
oþþæt collenferð · cunne ġearwe
hwider hreþra ġehyġd · hweorfan wille.

Man must pause when he tells a promise
until bold spirit would know clearly
where thought of hearts would turn.


broc

brōc (canonical masculine)
brōc (nominative singular)
brōcas (nominative plural)
brōc (accusative singular)
brōcas (accusative plural)
brōces (genitive singular)
brōca (genitive plural)
brōce (dative singular)
brōcum (dative plural)

Middle English: brook

English: brook

Scots: broke, bruke

From Proto-West Germanic *brōk (etymology 2).


broþor

brōþor (canonical masculine)
brōþor (nominative singular)
brōþor (nominative plural)
ġebrōþor (nominative plural)
brōþra (nominative plural)
ġebrōþra (nominative plural)
brōþru (nominative plural)
ġebrōþru (nominative plural)
brōþor (accusative singular)
brōþor (accusative plural)
ġebrōþor (accusative plural)
brōþra (accusative plural)
ġebrōþra (accusative plural)
brōþru (accusative plural)
ġebrōþru (accusative plural)
brōþor (genitive singular)
brōþra (genitive plural)
ġebrōþra (genitive plural)
brēþer (dative singular)
brōþrum (dative plural)
ġebrōþrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: brother
English: brother (see there for further descendants)
Scots: brither, bruther, broder, bruder
Yola: brover, brower

Mīn brōþor hæfþ twēġen cattas.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
Þā ġecwæð sē abbod and ealle þā ġebrōðra þæt þēr ne mihte nā mā muneca wunian...

Then said the abbot and all the brothers, that no more monks could dwell there...


modor

mōdor (canonical feminine)
mōdor (nominative singular)
mōdra (nominative plural)
mōdru (nominative plural)
mōdor (accusative singular)
mōdra (accusative plural)
mōdru (accusative plural)
mōdor (genitive singular)
mēder (genitive singular)
mōdra (genitive plural)
mēder (dative singular)
mōdrum (dative plural)

Middle English: moder
English: mother, mither (Scotland and Northern England)
Australian Kriol: motha
→ Japanese: マザー (mazā)
→ Korean: 마더 (madeo)
Scots: mither, medder, midder, moder, moeder (Shetland), mideer, mother
Yola: moodher, moother, moothar

From Proto-West Germanic *mōder, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Cognate with Old Frisian mōder, Old Saxon mōdar, Old Dutch muoder, Old High German muoter, Old Norse móðir.


fæder

fæder (nominative singular)
fæderas (nominative plural)
fæder (accusative singular)
fæderas (accusative plural)
fæder (genitive singular)
fæderes (genitive singular)
fædera (genitive plural)
fæder (dative singular)
fædere (dative singular)
fæderum (dative plural)

Middle English: fader, fæder, faderr, fadir, fadyr, fadur, feder, vader, veder, faðer, father, ffader
English: father
→ Marshallese: bata
Gullah: farruh
Scots: faither, fader, faether, faider, father, fither
Yola: vather

→ English: faeder

From Proto-West Germanic *fader, from Proto-Germanic *fadēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.
Old Germanic cognates: Old Frisian feder, Old Saxon fadar, Old Dutch fader, Old High German fater, Old Norse faðir, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌳𐌰𐍂 (fadar).


meolc

meolc (nominative singular)
meolce (nominative plural)
meolca (nominative plural)
meolc (accusative singular)
meolce (accusative singular)
meolce (accusative plural)
meolca (accusative plural)
meolce (genitive singular)
meolca (genitive plural)
meolce (dative singular)
meolcum (dative plural)

Middle English: milk, milke, milc, melke, melc (chiefly Kent & Southern West), mulk, mulc (chiefly Southern & Southern West)
English: milk
Scots: milk, melk, mylk
Yola: mulk

From Proto-West Germanic *meluk, from Proto-Germanic *meluks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-. See there for cognates.


nefa

nefa (nominative singular)
nefan (nominative plural)
nefan (accusative singular)
nefan (accusative plural)
nefan (genitive singular)
nefena (genitive plural)
nefan (dative singular)
nefum (dative plural)

Middle English: neve, neave, neva, nefa, newe, neafe, nefe
English: neve

From Proto-West Germanic *nefō, from Proto-Germanic *nefô, from Proto-Indo-European *népōts.
Cognate with Old Frisian neva, Old Saxon nevo (German Low German Neev), Old High German nevo (German Neffe), Old Norse nefi; also Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬁𐬝 (napāt̰), Latin nepōs, Old Irish nia, Welsh nai, Proto-Slavic *netьjь (Slovene nečak.


eare

ēare (canonical neuter)
ēaran (nominative plural)
ēare (nominative singular)
ēaran (nominative plural)
ēare (accusative singular)
ēaran (accusative plural)
ēaran (genitive singular)
ēarena (genitive plural)
ēaran (dative singular)
ēarum (dative plural)

Middle English: ere, eare, eere, eyr, ȝhere, here, ire, yere
English: ear
Tok Pisin: ia
Scots: ear

From Proto-West Germanic *auʀā, from the voiced Verner alternant of Proto-Germanic *ausô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ows-.
Cognate with Old Frisian āre, Old Saxon ōra, Old Dutch ōra, Old High German ōra, Old Norse eyra, Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 (ausō).


bliþe

ang-adj

blīþe (comparative blīþra, superlative blīþost)

blīþe (canonical)
blīþra (comparative)
blīþost (superlative)
blīþe (masculine nominative singular)
blīþu (feminine nominative singular)
blīþo (feminine nominative singular)
blīþe (neuter nominative singular)
blīþne (accusative masculine singular)
blīþe (accusative feminine singular)
blīþe (accusative neuter singular)
blīþes (genitive masculine singular)
blīþre (feminine genitive singular)
blīþes (genitive neuter singular)
blīþum (dative masculine singular)
blīþre (dative feminine singular)
blīþum (dative neuter singular)
blīþe (instrumental masculine singular)
blīþre (feminine instrumental singular)
blīþe (instrumental neuter singular)
blīþe (masculine nominative plural)
blīþa (feminine nominative plural)
blīþe (feminine nominative plural)
blīþu (neuter nominative plural)
blīþo (neuter nominative plural)
blīþe (accusative masculine plural)
blīþa (accusative feminine plural)
blīþe (accusative feminine plural)
blīþu (accusative neuter plural)
blīþo (accusative neuter plural)
blīþra (genitive masculine plural)
blīþra (feminine genitive plural)
blīþra (genitive neuter plural)
blīþum (dative masculine plural)
blīþum (dative feminine plural)
blīþum (dative neuter plural)
blīþum (instrumental masculine plural)
blīþum (feminine instrumental plural)
blīþum (instrumental neuter plural)
blīþa (masculine nominative singular)
blīþe (feminine nominative singular)
blīþe (neuter nominative singular)
blīþan (accusative masculine singular)
blīþan (accusative feminine singular)
blīþe (accusative neuter singular)
blīþan (genitive masculine singular)
blīþan (feminine genitive singular)
blīþan (genitive neuter singular)
blīþan (dative masculine singular)
blīþan (dative feminine singular)
blīþan (dative neuter singular)
blīþan (instrumental masculine singular)
blīþan (feminine instrumental singular)
blīþan (instrumental neuter singular)
blīþan (masculine nominative plural)
blīþan (feminine nominative plural)
blīþan (neuter nominative plural)
blīþan (accusative masculine plural)
blīþan (accusative feminine plural)
blīþan (accusative neuter plural)
blīþra (genitive masculine plural)
blīþena (genitive masculine plural)
blīþra (feminine genitive plural)
blīþena (feminine genitive plural)
blīþra (genitive neuter plural)
blīþena (genitive neuter plural)
blīþum (dative masculine plural)
blīþum (dative feminine plural)
blīþum (dative neuter plural)
blīþum (instrumental masculine plural)
blīþum (feminine instrumental plural)
blīþum (instrumental neuter plural)

English: blithe

From Proto-West Germanic *blīþī.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian blīthe, blīde, Old Saxon blīdi, Old Dutch blīthi (in placenames), Old High German blīdi, Old Norse blíðr (Danish blid, Faroese blíður, Icelandic blíður), Gothic 𐌱𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍃 (bleiþs).


bru

brū (canonical feminine)
brū (nominative singular)
brūwa (nominative plural)
brūwe (nominative plural)
brūwe (accusative singular)
brūwa (accusative plural)
brūwe (accusative plural)
brūwe (genitive singular)
brūwa (genitive plural)
brūwe (dative singular)
brūwum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: browe, broȝ, brou, brow, bru, brouwe, brwe, bruwe
English: brow
Geordie English: broo
Scots: broo

From Proto-Germanic *brūwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrúHs (“brow”).


nosu

nosu (nominative singular)
nosa (nominative plural)
nosu (accusative singular)
nosa (accusative plural)
nosa (genitive singular)
nosa (genitive plural)
nosa (dative singular)
nosum (dative plural)
nosu (nominative singular)
nosa (nominative plural)
nose (nominative plural)
nose (accusative singular)
nosa (accusative plural)
nose (accusative plural)
nose (genitive singular)
nosa (genitive plural)
nose (dative singular)
nosum (dative plural)

Middle English: nose, neose, noose, nosse, nos, nosu
English: nose
Scots: nos, nose, nois


cuma

cuma (nominative singular)
cuman (nominative plural)
cuman (accusative singular)
cuman (accusative plural)
cuman (genitive singular)
cumena (genitive plural)
cuman (dative singular)
cumum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *kumô, equivalent to cuman + -a.

c. 973, Æthelwold, translation of the Rule of Saint Benedict
Fēower and fīftiġ. Be cumena andfenġe.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Wē sind eall cuman on þissum līfe, and ūre eard nis nā hēr, ac wē sind hēr swelċe weġfērende menn. Ān cymþ, ōðer færeþ. Sē biþ ācenned, sē ōðer forþfæreþ and rȳmþ him setl.

We are all guests in this life, and our home is not here, but we're here as wayfaring people. One person comes, another goes. One is born, another dies and makes them room.

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 25:35


morþor

morþor (nominative singular)
morþru (nominative plural)
morþor (accusative singular)
morþru (accusative plural)
morþres (genitive singular)
morþra (genitive plural)
morþre (dative singular)
morþrum (dative plural)

Middle English: morther

English: murther

English: murder

From Proto-West Germanic *morþr. Compare morþ.
Cognates:
(Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂 (maurþr), Old Norse myrða), Latin mors, Old Irish marb).


sunne

sunne (nominative singular)
sunnan (nominative plural)
sunnan (accusative singular)
sunnan (accusative plural)
sunnan (genitive singular)
sunnena (genitive plural)
sunnan (dative singular)
sunnum (dative plural)

Middle English: sonne, sunne, sone, son, sune, sun, sunna, sunnæ, synne, soen, zunne (Southern West Mid), zonne (Kent)
English: sun
Scots: sun
Yola: zin

From Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *sh̥₂uén-, oblique stem of *sóh₂wl̥.


hore

hōre (canonical feminine)
hōre (nominative singular)
hōran (nominative plural)
hōran (accusative singular)
hōran (accusative plural)
hōran (genitive singular)
hōrena (genitive plural)
hōran (dative singular)
hōrum (dative plural)

Middle English: hore, hoor, hoore, hor, houre, hure
English: whore
Scots: hure, hoor
→ Welsh: hŵr

From Proto-Germanic *hōrǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ros (“dear, loved”). Compare Old High German huora (German Hure), Dutch hoer, Old Norse hóra (Danish hore, Swedish hora); compare also Latin carus (“dear”).

inh

996-7, Ælfric, Lives of Saints/Life of Saint Nicholas
Ða wolde heora fæder læton heo beon horan þæt hi mihton his earme lif huru mid þan forðbringan.

Then their father wanted to let her become a whore so that they might thereby sustain his wretched lifestyle.


mand

mand (nominative singular)
manda (nominative plural)
mande (nominative plural)
mande (accusative singular)
manda (accusative plural)
mande (accusative plural)
mande (genitive singular)
manda (genitive plural)
mande (dative singular)
mandum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *mandu (“basket”).


byre

head

byre m (nominative plural byras or byre)

byras (nominative plural)
byre (nominative plural)
byre (nominative singular)
byras (nominative plural)
byre (accusative singular)
byras (accusative plural)
byres (genitive singular)
byra (genitive plural)
byre (dative singular)
byrum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *burī (early *burijaz), from Proto-Germanic *buriz (“son”).

child, son, descendant; young man, youth


byre

bȳre (canonical neuter)
bȳru (nominative plural)

English: byre

Probably related to Old English būr. Perhaps identical to the word for a farm or dwelling in German -büren, Dutch -buren.


Egypte

Egypte (nominative plural)
Egypte (accusative plural)
Egypta (genitive plural)
Egyptum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: Egipt
English: Egypt
→ Burmese: အီဂျစ် (igyac)
→ Chinese: 埃及 (Āijí)
→ Korean: 애굽 (Aegup)
→ Vietnamese: Ai Cập
→ Cornish: Ejyp
→ Gujarati: ઇજિપ્ત (ijipt)
→ Hindi: इजिप्ट (ijipṭ), इजिप्त (ijipt)
→ Iban: Ejip
→ Japanese: エジプト (Ejiputo)
→ Kannada: ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್ (ījipṭ)
→ Korean: 이집트 (Ijipteu)
→ Malayalam: ഈജിപ്റ്റ് (ījipṟṟ)
→ Maori: Īhipa
→ Marathi: इजिप्त (ijipta)
→ Navajo: Ííjip
→ Nepali: इजिप्ट (ijipṭa)
→ Odia: ଇଜିପ୍ଟ (ijipṭa)
→ Paiwan: Idjiputu
→ Thai: อียิปต์ (ii-yìp)

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


lifer

lifer (nominative singular)
lifra (nominative plural)
lifre (nominative plural)
lifre (accusative singular)
lifra (accusative plural)
lifre (accusative plural)
lifre (genitive singular)
lifra (genitive plural)
lifre (dative singular)
lifrum (dative plural)

Borrowed from Latin laver (“water-plant”).

Alternative form of læfer (“reed, rush”)


gemet

ġemet (canonical neuter)
ġemet (nominative singular)
ġemetu (nominative plural)
ġemet (accusative singular)
ġemetu (accusative plural)
ġemetes (genitive singular)
ġemeta (genitive plural)
ġemete (dative singular)
ġemetum (dative plural)

Middle English: ȝemet, imet

From Proto-West Germanic *gamet, equivalent to ġe- + met.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Þæt ōðer ġemet is þæt bebēodendlīċe. Mid þām ġemete wē hātaþ ōðre menn dōn sum þing oþþe sum þing þrōwian.

The second mood is the imperative. With this mood we order other people to do something or to undergo something.


hata

hata (nominative singular)
hatan (nominative plural)
hatan (accusative singular)
hatan (accusative plural)
hatan (genitive singular)
hatena (genitive plural)
hatan (dative singular)
hatum (dative plural)


lic

līċ (canonical neuter)
līċ (nominative singular)
līc (nominative plural)
līċ (accusative singular)
līc (accusative plural)
līċes (genitive singular)
līca (genitive plural)
līċe (dative singular)
līcum (dative plural)

Middle English: lich
English: lich
Scots: lyke, lich

From Proto-West Germanic *līk, from Proto-Germanic *līką.

-līċ

-y, -ly, -like; adjective-forming suffix:

Ōga cwæþ þæt hē wisse hwǣr þæt līċ bebyrġed wǣre.

Oga said he knew where the body was buried.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Hū, ne sæġde iċ ǣr þæt sē þe bær līċ ġefrēdan wolde, þæt hē hit sċolde mid barum handum ġefrēdan?

Didn't I say before that if you want to feel someone's bare body, you have to feel it with your bare hands?

(rare outside of poetry) body (living or dead)


forligerhus

forliġerhūs (canonical neuter)
forliġerhūs (nominative singular)
forliġerhūs (nominative plural)
forliġerhūs (accusative singular)
forliġerhūs (accusative plural)
forliġerhūses (genitive singular)
forliġerhūsa (genitive plural)
forliġerhūse (dative singular)
forliġerhūsum (dative plural)


delu

delu (nominative singular)
dela (nominative plural)
dele (nominative plural)
dele (accusative singular)
dela (accusative plural)
dele (accusative plural)
dele (genitive singular)
dela (genitive plural)
dele (dative singular)
delum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *dilu, from Proto-Germanic *dilō, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“suckle”). Cognate with Old High German tila, Old Norse dilkr (dialectal Swedish del), Ancient Greek θήσατο (thḗsato), Latin fēmina, Russian дои́ть (doítʹ), Latvian det, Scottish Gaelic deoghail (“suck”) and Breton denaff (“suck”) and Breton denañ (“suck”).


agen nama

āgen nama (canonical masculine)
āgen nama (nominative singular)
āgen naman (nominative plural)
āgen naman (accusative singular)
āgen naman (accusative plural)
āgen naman (genitive singular)
āgen namena (genitive plural)
āgen naman (dative singular)
āgen namum (dative plural)


bryd

brȳd (canonical feminine)
brȳd (nominative singular)
brȳde (nominative plural)
brȳda (nominative plural)
brȳd (accusative singular)
brȳde (accusative singular)
brȳde (accusative plural)
brȳda (accusative plural)
brȳde (genitive singular)
brȳda (genitive plural)
brȳde (dative singular)
brȳdum (dative plural)

Middle English: bride, brid, bryd, bryde, brude
English: bride
Scots: bride
Yola: breede

From Proto-West Germanic *brūdi, from Proto-Germanic *brūdiz (“bride, daughter-in-law”).
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian brēd (West Frisian breid), Old Saxon brūd (Low German Bruut), Dutch bruid, Old High German brūt (German Braut), Old Norse brúðr (Swedish brud), Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌸𐍃 (brūþs).


solmonaþ

Perhaps from sol (“mud”) + mōnaþ (“month”).


æfterra geola

æfterra ġēola (canonical)
æfterra ġeōla (canonical masculine)


ærra geola

ǣrra ġēola (canonical)
ǣrra ġeōla (canonical masculine)

[ˈæːrˠ.rˠɑ ˈje͜oː.lɑ]

[ˈæːrˠ.rˠɑ ˈjuː.lɑ]


cen

The Old English rune poem
ᚳ byþ cwicera ġehwām, cūþ on fȳre...

(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚳ (k or tʃ)


sunnandæg

sunnandæġ (canonical masculine)
sunnandæġ (nominative singular)
sunnandagas (nominative plural)
sunnandæġ (accusative singular)
sunnandagas (accusative plural)
sunnandæġes (genitive singular)
sunnandaga (genitive plural)
sunnandæġe (dative singular)
sunnandagum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: Sunnenday, Sonnendai, Sonneday, Sonenday, Sunneday, Sonday, sunnedei, zondai (Kent)
English: Sunday (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Soneday, Sunday
Yola: Zindei

From Proto-West Germanic *sunnōn dag, a calque of Latin dies Solis. Cognate with Old Frisian sunnandei, Old Saxon sunnundag, Old High German sunnuntag, Old Norse sunnudagr. Equivalent to sunnan (“the sun's”) + dæġ (“day”).


basu

basu (masculine nominative singular)
baso (masculine nominative singular)
basu (feminine nominative singular)
baso (feminine nominative singular)
basu (neuter nominative singular)
baso (neuter nominative singular)
basone (accusative masculine singular)
baswe (accusative feminine singular)
basu (accusative neuter singular)
baso (accusative neuter singular)
baswes (genitive masculine singular)
basore (feminine genitive singular)
baswes (genitive neuter singular)
baswum (dative masculine singular)
basore (dative feminine singular)
baswum (dative neuter singular)
baswe (instrumental masculine singular)
basore (feminine instrumental singular)
baswe (instrumental neuter singular)
baswe (masculine nominative plural)
baswa (feminine nominative plural)
baswe (feminine nominative plural)
basu (neuter nominative plural)
baso (neuter nominative plural)
baswe (accusative masculine plural)
baswa (accusative feminine plural)
baswe (accusative feminine plural)
basu (accusative neuter plural)
baso (accusative neuter plural)
basora (genitive masculine plural)
basora (feminine genitive plural)
basora (genitive neuter plural)
baswum (dative masculine plural)
baswum (dative feminine plural)
baswum (dative neuter plural)
baswum (instrumental masculine plural)
baswum (feminine instrumental plural)
baswum (instrumental neuter plural)
baswa (masculine nominative singular)
baswe (feminine nominative singular)
baswe (neuter nominative singular)
baswan (accusative masculine singular)
baswan (accusative feminine singular)
baswe (accusative neuter singular)
baswan (genitive masculine singular)
baswan (feminine genitive singular)
baswan (genitive neuter singular)
baswan (dative masculine singular)
baswan (dative feminine singular)
baswan (dative neuter singular)
baswan (instrumental masculine singular)
baswan (feminine instrumental singular)
baswan (instrumental neuter singular)
baswan (masculine nominative plural)
baswan (feminine nominative plural)
baswan (neuter nominative plural)
baswan (accusative masculine plural)
baswan (accusative feminine plural)
baswan (accusative neuter plural)
basora (genitive masculine plural)
baswena (genitive masculine plural)
basora (feminine genitive plural)
baswena (feminine genitive plural)
basora (genitive neuter plural)
baswena (genitive neuter plural)
baswum (dative masculine plural)
baswum (dative feminine plural)
baswum (dative neuter plural)
baswum (instrumental masculine plural)
baswum (feminine instrumental plural)
baswum (instrumental neuter plural)

English: bawsybrown

From Proto-West Germanic *basu (“crimson, purple”).


oga

ōga (canonical masculine)
ōga (nominative singular)
ōgan (nominative plural)
ōgan (accusative singular)
ōgan (accusative plural)
ōgan (genitive singular)
ōgena (genitive plural)
ōgan (dative singular)
ōgum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *ōgan, from Proto-Germanic *ōganą (“to be afraid”).


þrymm

þrymm (nominative singular)
þrymmas (nominative plural)
þrymm (accusative singular)
þrymmas (accusative plural)
þrymmes (genitive singular)
þrymma (genitive plural)
þrymme (dative singular)
þrymmum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *þrumi, from Proto-Germanic *þrumjaz, akin to Old Norse þrymr.


medusetl

head

medusetl n (nominative plural medusetlu)

medusetlu (nominative plural)
medusetl (nominative singular)
medusetlu (nominative plural)
medusetl (accusative singular)
medusetlu (accusative plural)
medusetles (genitive singular)
medusetla (genitive plural)
medusetle (dative singular)
medusetlum (dative plural)

c. 975–1025, Beowulf (Cotton MS Vitellius A XV), published 4th quarter 10th century–2nd half 16th century, page 132r, lines 4–6:

Shield Sheafson often deprived the warriors of many armies of their mead-benches.

Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum monegum mægþum meodosetla ofteah.


Dene

Dene (nominative plural)
Dene (accusative plural)
Dena (genitive plural)
Denum (dative plural)

Middle English: Dene, Dane

From Proto-West Germanic *Danī, from Proto-Germanic *daniz, cognate with Old Norse danir.


hranrad

hranrād (canonical feminine)
hranrād (nominative singular)
hranrāda (nominative plural)
hranrāde (nominative plural)
hranrāde (accusative singular)
hranrāda (accusative plural)
hranrāde (accusative plural)
hranrāde (genitive singular)
hranrāda (genitive plural)
hranrāde (dative singular)
hranrādum (dative plural)

[ˈr̥ɑnˌrɑːd]

Kenning of hran (“whale”) + rād (“road”).


eafora

eaforan (nominative plural)
eafora (nominative singular)
eaforan (nominative plural)
eaforan (accusative singular)
eaforan (accusative plural)
eaforan (genitive singular)
eaforena (genitive plural)
eaforan (dative singular)
eaforum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *aferô (“offspring; descendant”), from Proto-Germanic *abar, *abur (“after; behind”).


bearm

bearm (nominative singular)
bearmas (nominative plural)
bearm (accusative singular)
bearmas (accusative plural)
bearmes (genitive singular)
bearma (genitive plural)
bearme (dative singular)
bearmum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: barm, barme, bearm, berm, berme
English: barm
Scots: berme, berm, barm

From Proto-Germanic *barmaz. Cognate with Old Norse baðmr (Danish barm, Swedish barm), Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (barms), Old High German barm, Old Saxon barm.


sweostor

sweostor (nominative singular)
ġesweostor (nominative plural)
ġesweostra (nominative plural)
ġesweostru (nominative plural)
sweostor (accusative singular)
ġesweostor (accusative plural)
ġesweostra (accusative plural)
ġesweostru (accusative plural)
sweostor (genitive singular)
ġesweostra (genitive plural)
sweostor (dative singular)
ġesweostrum (dative plural)

Middle English: suster, cyster, cystyr, scyster, sister, sistir, soster, souster, sustir, syster, systir, systyr, swuster (Early Middle English), sussterr (Ormulum), zoster (Kent) (some forms influenced by Old Norse)
English: sister
→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)
→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)
→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)
Scots: sister, syster
Yola: zister

From Proto-West Germanic *swester, from Proto-Germanic *swestēr, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. Compare Old Frisian swester, Old Saxon swestar, Old High German swestar, Old Norse systir.


lof

lōf (canonical masculine)
lōfas (nominative plural)
lōf (nominative singular)
lōfas (nominative plural)
lōf (accusative singular)
lōfas (accusative plural)
lōfes (genitive singular)
lōfa (genitive plural)
lōfe (dative singular)
lōfum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: lofe, loofe, love, loove

English: loof

Scots: lufe, luif

From Proto-West Germanic *lōfō, from Proto-Germanic *lōfô. Cognate with Icelandic lófi, Gothic 𐌻𐍉𐍆𐌰 (lōfa).

Hæfde sigora weard on þam wangstede wǣre betolden lēofne lēodfruman mid lōfe sīnum […]

(Can we date this quote?), (Please provide the book title or journal name):


beoceorl

bēoċeorl (canonical masculine)
bēoċeorl (nominative singular)
bēoċeorlas (nominative plural)
bēoċeorl (accusative singular)
bēoċeorlas (accusative plural)
bēoċeorles (genitive singular)
bēoċeorla (genitive plural)
bēoċeorle (dative singular)
bēoċeorlum (dative plural)

⇒ Middle English: (partial calque) beman, bemon

English: beeman, bee-man

Likely an alteration of earlier bēocere assimilated as though from bēo + ċeorl.


gebedda

ġebedda (canonical masculine)
ġebedda (nominative singular)
ġebeddan (nominative plural)
ġebeddan (accusative singular)
ġebeddan (accusative plural)
ġebeddan (genitive singular)
ġebeddena (genitive plural)
ġebeddan (dative singular)
ġebeddum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *gabaddjō. Cognate with Old Frisian bedda and Old Saxon gibeddio. Equivalent to ġe- + bedd + -a.


heahweg

hēahweġ (canonical masculine)
hēahwegas (nominative plural)
hēahweġ (nominative singular)
hēahwegas (nominative plural)
hēahweġ (accusative singular)
hēahwegas (accusative plural)
hēahweġes (genitive singular)
hēahwega (genitive plural)
hēahweġe (dative singular)
hēahwegum (dative plural)

Middle English: heiȝwei

English: highway

Scots: hichway, heichway, heway, hieway


aþum

āþum (canonical masculine)
āþum (nominative singular)
āþmas (nominative plural)
āþum (accusative singular)
āþmas (accusative plural)
āþmes (genitive singular)
āþma (genitive plural)
āþme (dative singular)
āþmum (dative plural)

Middle English: aþum, oþom, oþam, oþem


sellan

sellan (infinitive)
sellenne (infinitive)
selle (first-person present singular)
sealde (first-person past singular)
selest (present second-person singular)
sealdest (past second-person singular)
seleþ (present singular third-person)
sealde (past singular third-person)
sellaþ (plural present)
sealdon (past plural)
selle (present singular)
sealde (past singular)
sellen (plural present)
sealden (past plural)
sele (imperative past present singular)
sellaþ (imperative past plural present)
sellende (imperative present)
seald (imperative past)
ġeseald (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: sellen
English: sell
→ Dutch: sellen
Scots: sell

From Proto-Germanic *saljaną. Cognate with Old Frisian sella, Old Saxon sellian, Old High German sellen, Old Norse selja, Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (saljan).

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St.Alban, Martyr"
Eall swa þa unriht-wisan deman þe heora domas awendað, æfre be þam sceattum na be soðfæstnysse and habbað æfre to cepe heora soðfæstnysse, and swa hi sylfe syllað wið sceattum...

So likewise those unrighteous judges who pervert their judgments, always for gain, and not for justice, and always offer their justice for sale, and thus sell themselves for the sake of money,...


bedd

bedd (nominative singular)
bedd (nominative plural)
bedd (accusative singular)
bedd (accusative plural)
beddes (genitive singular)
bedda (genitive plural)
bedde (dative singular)
beddum (dative plural)

Middle English: bedde, bed

English: bed

Scots: bede, bed

From Proto-West Germanic *badi (oblique form *baddj-), from Proto-Germanic *badją (“resting-place”). Cognate with Old Frisian bed, Old Saxon beddi, Dutch beddi, Old High German betti, Old Norse beðr, Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌹 (badi).


sweor

swēor (canonical masculine)
swēor (nominative singular)
swēoras (nominative plural)
swēor (accusative singular)
swēoras (accusative plural)
swēores (genitive singular)
swēora (genitive plural)
swēore (dative singular)
swēorum (dative plural)

Middle English: sweor

From Proto-Germanic *swehuraz, from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱuros. Cognate with Old High German swehur (German Schwäher), Middle Dutch sweer, Old Old Swedish svœr, Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍂𐌰 (swaihra). The Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit श्वशुर (śváśura), Ancient Greek ἑκυρός (hekurós), Latin socer, Old East Slavic свекръ (svekrŭ) (Russian свёкор (svjókor)). Compare sweġer.


holen

holnas (nominative plural)
holen (nominative singular)
holnas (nominative plural)
holen (accusative singular)
holnas (accusative plural)
holnes (genitive singular)
holna (genitive plural)
holne (dative singular)
holnum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: holyn, holin, holy, holly

English: holly, hollen

Scots: holin, hollin, holyn

Middle English: holme, holm

English: holm


snoru

snoru (nominative singular)
snora (nominative plural)
snore (nominative plural)
snore (accusative singular)
snora (accusative plural)
snore (accusative plural)
snore (genitive singular)
snora (genitive plural)
snore (dative singular)
snorum (dative plural)

Middle English: snore

From Proto-West Germanic *snuʀu, from Proto-Germanic *snuzō (“daughter-in-law”), from Proto-Indo-European *snusós (“daughter-in-law”). Cognate with Old Frisian snore, Middle Dutch snare, Old High German snur, Old Norse snor. The Indo-European root is also the source of Sanskrit स्नुषा (snuṣā́), Ancient Greek νυός (nuós), Latin nurus, Proto-Slavic *snъxa (Russian сноха́ (snoxá)), Albanian nuse.

Swegr on hyre snore: and snoru on hyre swegere.

1874, W. Skeat, The Gospel according to Saint Luke, 12:53:

The mother in law against her daughter-in-law, and the daughter-in-law against her mother in law.


dogor

dōgor (canonical masculine neuter)
dōgor (nominative singular)
dōgoras (nominative plural)
dōgor (accusative singular)
dōgoras (accusative plural)
dōgores (genitive singular)
dōgora (genitive plural)
dōgore (dative singular)
dōgorum (dative plural)
dōgor (nominative singular)
dōgor (nominative plural)
dōgor (accusative singular)
dōgor (accusative plural)
dōgores (genitive singular)
dōgora (genitive plural)
dōgore (dative singular)
dōgorum (dative plural)

mōdġe maguþeġnas. · Swā þēs middanġeard
ealra dōgra ġehwām · drēoseð ond fealleþ,

brave warriors. Thus this world
perishes and falls to each of all days,


miere

mīere (canonical feminine)
mīere (nominative singular)
mīeran (nominative plural)
mīeran (accusative singular)
mīeran (accusative plural)
mīeran (genitive singular)
mīerena (genitive plural)
mīeran (dative singular)
mīerum (dative plural)

Middle English: mire, myre

English: mire

⇒ Middle English: pisse-mire

English: pismire

⇒ English: antmire

From Proto-West Germanic *miurijā (“ant”).


sceatt

sċeatt (canonical masculine)
sċeatt (nominative singular)
sċeattas (nominative plural)
sċeatt (accusative singular)
sċeattas (accusative plural)
sċeattes (genitive singular)
sċeatta (genitive plural)
sċeatte (dative singular)
sċeattum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: schat, sat, schet, scet
→ Medieval Latin: scata, sceatta

→ English: sceat

From Proto-West Germanic *skatt (“cattle, treasure”).

inh

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Ne sċeall nān godes þeġn for sċeattum riht dēman, ac healdan þone dōm ġif godes man sȳ...

Nor shall one of God's servants decide a law for wealth, but maintain the judgement if he is a man of God...


dryhtguma

head

dryhtguma m (nominative plural dryhtguman)


dryht

dryht f (nominative plural dryhte or dryhta)

dryhte (nominative plural)
dryhta (nominative plural)
dryht (nominative singular)
dryhte (nominative plural)
dryhta (nominative plural)
dryht (accusative singular)
dryhte (accusative singular)
dryhte (accusative plural)
dryhta (accusative plural)
dryhte (genitive singular)
dryhta (genitive plural)
dryhte (dative singular)
dryhtum (dative plural)


cynn

cynn (nominative singular)
cynn (nominative plural)
cynn (accusative singular)
cynn (accusative plural)
cynnes (genitive singular)
cynna (genitive plural)
cynne (dative singular)
cynnum (dative plural)

Middle English: kin, kyn, ken, kun

English: kin

Scots: kin

From Proto-West Germanic *kuni, from Proto-Germanic *kunją.
Cognate with Old Frisian kin, Old Saxon kunni, Old Dutch *kunni, Old High German kunni, Old Norse kyn, Gothic 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹 (kuni). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek γένος (génos), Latin genus.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Tigris is ān ēa and ānes cynnes dēor.

Tigris [Latin for "tiger"] is a river and a species of animal.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Is ēac tō witenne þæt naman bēoþ oft ōðres cynnes on Lǣden and ōðres cynnes on Englisċ.

Note also that nouns are often one gender in Latin and another gender in English.


fifel

fīfel m or n (nominative plural fīfelas or fīfel)

fīfel (canonical masculine neuter)
fīfelas (nominative plural)
fīfel (nominative plural)
fīfel (nominative singular)
fīfelas (nominative plural)
fīfel (accusative singular)
fīfelas (accusative plural)
fīfeles (genitive singular)
fīfela (genitive plural)
fīfele (dative singular)
fīfelum (dative plural)
fīfel (nominative singular)
fīfel (nominative plural)
fīfel (accusative singular)
fīfel (accusative plural)
fīfeles (genitive singular)
fīfela (genitive plural)
fīfele (dative singular)
fīfelum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *fimbulaz and Proto-Germanic *fimfilaz. Cognate with Old Norse fimbul- (“mighty, great”) and Old Norse fífl (“fool, idiot, buffoon”).