Syria

Syria (nominative singular)
Syrian (accusative singular)
Syrian (genitive singular)
Syrian (dative singular)


Scotland

Sċotland (canonical neuter)
Sċotland (nominative singular)
Sċotland (accusative singular)
Sċotlandes (genitive singular)
Sċotlande (dative singular)

land of the Scots in Hibernia, i.e. Ireland

land of the Scots in Britain, i.e. Scotland


ear

ēar (canonical masculine)
ēar (nominative singular)
ēaras (nominative plural)
ēar (accusative singular)
ēaras (accusative plural)
ēares (genitive singular)
ēara (genitive plural)
ēare (dative singular)
ēarum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *aur, from Proto-Germanic *auraz. Akin to Old Norse aurr (“mud”).


Rom

Rōm (canonical feminine)
Rōm (nominative singular)
Rōme (accusative singular)
Rōme (genitive singular)
Rōme (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: Rome
English: Rome
Scots: Roum, Rome

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm þe Rōmeburg ġetimbred wæs IIII hunde wintra ⁊ II, þætte Cartaina þǣre burge ǣrendracan cōmon tō Rōme ⁊ him ġebudon þæt hīe frið him betwēonum hæfden...

Four hundred and two years after the city of Rome was built, ambassadors [from] the city of Carthage came to Rome and proposed that there be peace between them...


Asia

From Latin Asia, from Ancient Greek Ᾰ̓σῐ́ᾱ (Ăsĭ́ā), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀯𐀹𐀊 (a-si-wi-ja /aswijaː/), in turn probably from Hittite 𒀸𒋗𒉿 (aš-šu-wa /Aššuwa/, “northwest Anatolia”) of uncertain origin.

der

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Asia is befangen mid...þǣm gārseċġe sūþan ⁊ norþan ⁊ eastan...

Asia is surrounded by...the southern and northern and eastern sea...


senatus

senatus (nominative plural)
senatas (nominative plural)
senatus (accusative plural)
senatas (accusative plural)
senata (genitive plural)
senatum (dative plural)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm Centenus Penula sē consul bæd þætte senatus him fultum sealdon, þæt hē mehte Hanibal mid ġefohte ġesēċan.

After that, the consul Centenius Penula asked that the Senate give him aid, so that he could seek to meet Hannibal in battle.


ea

ēa (canonical feminine)
ēa (nominative plural)
ēan (nominative plural)
ēa (nominative singular)
ēa (nominative plural)
ēan (nominative plural)
ēa (accusative singular)
ēa (accusative plural)
ēan (accusative plural)
ēa (genitive singular)
īe (genitive singular)
ēa (genitive plural)
ēa (dative singular)
īe (dative singular)
ēam (dative plural)
ēaum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ee, æ, ea, eaa (Early Middle English), *eo
English: ea, Eau, eau, yeo

⇒ Old English: edēa (with prefix ed-)

Middle English: eddy

English: eddy

From Proto-West Germanic *ahu, from Proto-Germanic *ahwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ekʷeh₂ (“water”).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þonne west fram Tigris þǣre ēa oþ Eufrate þā ēa, þonne betweox þǣm ēan syndon þās land Babylonia, and Caldea, and Mesopotamia.

Then west from the River Tigris to the River Euphrates, then between the rivers are the lands of Babylon, Chaldea, and Mesopotamia


Alexandria

Alexandria (nominative singular)
Alexandrian (accusative singular)
Alexandrian (genitive singular)
Alexandrian (dative singular)

c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
[Commodus] hine ġesette tō hēahġerefan ofer Alexandrian
[Commodus] appointed him hēahġerefa over Alexandria


Tigris

From Latin Tigris, from Ancient Greek Τίγρις (Tígris), an alternative form of Τίγρης (Tígrēs), from Old Persian 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 (Tigrā), from Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(ÍD)Idiqlat), from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (^(ÍD)Idigna, ^(ÍD)Idigina, literally “fast as an arrow”).

der

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þonne west frām Tigris þǣre ēa oþ Eufrate þā ēa, þonne betweox þǣm ēan syndan þās land Babylonia, and Caldea, and Mesopotamia.


Italia

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hē [Pirrus] hæfde XX elpenda tō þǣm ġefeohte mid him, þe Rōmane ǣr na ne ne ġesawon: hē wæs sē forma mon þe hīe ǣrest on Italium brōhte.

And he [Pyrrhus] had twenty elephants with him in battle, which the Romans had never seen before; he was the first man to bring them to Italy.


dell

English: dell

From Proto-West Germanic *dalljā, from Proto-Germanic *daljō (“a hollow”)


æ

letter of the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) alphabet, listed in 24th and final position by Byrhtferð (1011); Called æsċ (“ash tree”) after the Anglo-Saxon ᚫ rune


Snotingaham

From Snot, name of a Saxon chieftain who conquered the settlement + -ing (“belonging to”) + hām (“home”).


Babilonie

Babylon (the ancient capital of the kingdom of Babylonia, in modern Iraq)


Babilonige

Babilōniġe (canonical feminine)
Babilōniġe (nominative singular)
Babilōniġan (accusative singular)
Babilōniġan (genitive singular)
Babilōniġan (dative singular)


Sicilia

Sicilia (nominative singular)
Sicilia (accusative singular)
Sicilia (genitive singular)
Sicilia (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: Sicilie, Sicilye
English: Sicily

From Latin Sicilia from Ancient Greek Σικελία (Sikelía), from Σίκελος (Síkelos, “Sicel”), the name of the Sicel people.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Sicilia þæt īġland is þrȳsċȳte.

Sicily (an island and former kingdom in Europe)


Estland

Ēstland (canonical neuter)
Ēstland (nominative singular)
Ēstland (accusative singular)
Ēstlandes (genitive singular)
Ēstlande (dative singular)

Middle English: Ēstland

Derived from the plural noun Ēste (“the Estonians”), from the name of the Aestii tribe (see Wikipedia). The first element could also be an unattested singular form *Ēst, from the same source. In any case, the second element is land.


holt

holt (nominative singular)
holt (nominative plural)
holt (accusative singular)
holt (accusative plural)
holtes (genitive singular)
holta (genitive plural)
holte (dative singular)
holtum (dative plural)

Middle English: holt
English: holt, hoult (obsolete)
Scots: holt

From Proto-West Germanic *holt, from Proto-Germanic *hultą.


weald

weald (nominative singular)
wealdas (nominative plural)
weald (accusative singular)
wealdas (accusative plural)
wealdes (genitive singular)
wealda (genitive plural)
wealde (dative singular)
wealdum (dative plural)

Middle English: wold, wald, walde, weld, welde, wolde, woolde, wæld (Early Middle English)
English: wold, weald, wald
Scots: wald

From Proto-West Germanic *walþu.
Cognates
See also Old High German wald (German Wald) and Old Norse vǫllr (Faroese vøllur, Norwegian voll, Icelandic völlur). See also the related Anglian-derived term wald.


dun

dūn (canonical feminine)
dūn (nominative singular)
dūna (nominative plural)
dūne (nominative plural)
dūne (accusative singular)
dūna (accusative plural)
dūne (accusative plural)
dūne (genitive singular)
dūna (genitive plural)
dūne (dative singular)
dūnum (dative plural)

Middle English: doun, doune

English: down

Scots: doun, down

From Proto-West Germanic *dūnu, *dūnā (“sand dune”), possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”); or alternatively a late borrowing from Proto-Celtic *dūnom from the same Proto-Indo-European source.

der

Old English Heptateuch, Genesis 22:2

"Take your only-begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and quickly go to the land of Visionis, and sacrifice him there upon a mountain."

"Nim þīnne āncennedan sunu Īsaac, þe þū lufast, and far tō þām lande Visionis hraþe, and ġeoffra hine þǣr uppan ānre dūne."


Cumberland

Cumberland (nominative singular)
Cumberland (accusative singular)
Cumberlandes (genitive singular)
Cumberlande (dative singular)

English: Cumberland

From Cumbric *Cumbri + land, from Proto-Brythonic *kömrüɣ, plural of *kömroɣ. Cognate with Welsh Cymru.


mor

mōr (canonical masculine)
mōr (nominative singular)
mōras (nominative plural)
mōr (accusative singular)
mōras (accusative plural)
mōres (genitive singular)
mōra (genitive plural)
mōre (dative singular)
mōrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: mor, more, moer
English: moor
Scots: muir
Yola: mor

From Proto-West Germanic *mōr. Cognate with Old Saxon mōr (Dutch moer), Middle Low German mōr (German Moor), Old High German muor, Old Norse mǫr.


Cent

Cent (nominative singular)
Cent (accusative singular)
Cente (accusative singular)
Cente (genitive singular)
Cente (dative singular)

From Latin Cantia, from a Celtic source probably meaning 'border' or 'coastal region'.


brim

brim (nominative singular)
brimu (nominative plural)
brim (accusative singular)
brimu (accusative plural)
brimes (genitive singular)
brima (genitive plural)
brime (dative singular)
brimum (dative plural)


Arabia

Arabia (nominative singular)
Arabie (accusative singular)
Arabie (genitive singular)
Arabie (dative singular)

Arabia (a peninsula and region of Western Asia)


Irland

Īrland (canonical neuter)
Īrland (nominative singular)
Īrland (accusative singular)
Īrlandes (genitive singular)
Īrlande (dative singular)

Derived from Īras (“the Irish”) and land (“land, country”). The first element could also be an unattested singular form *Īr.


Palestina

English: Palestine

From Latin Palaestīna (“Roman province of Palestine”), from Ancient Greek Παλαιστίνη (Palaistínē, “Philistia and the surrounding region”), from Hebrew פְּלֶשֶׁת (p'léshet, “Philistia, land of the Philistines”).


treow

trēow (canonical neuter)
trēow (nominative singular)
trēowu (nominative plural)
trēow (accusative singular)
trēowu (accusative plural)
trēowes (genitive singular)
trēowa (genitive plural)
trēowe (dative singular)
trēowum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tre, tree, treo, trew, trewe, treou, trow, trowe
English: tree
Scots: tree
Yola: tren (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *treu, from Proto-Germanic *trewą. Germanic cognates include Old Frisian trē, Old Saxon trio, Old Norse tré, Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 (triu).


burg

byrġ (nominative plural)
burg (nominative singular)
byrġ (nominative plural)
burg (accusative singular)
byrġ (accusative plural)
byrġ (genitive singular)
burga (genitive plural)
byrġ (dative singular)
burgum (dative plural)

Middle English: burgh

Scots: burch, burgh

desc

English: borough, -borough, Brough, boro, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury

→ English: burh (learned)

c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Wyrċaþ fæsten ymb þā burg.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þæt Ēstland is swīðe miċel, and þǣr biþ swīðe manega byrġ, and on ǣlcre byrġ biþ cyning.

Estonia is very large. There are a whole lot of towns, and every town has a king.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of St. Augustine's Soliloquies
Nāt iċ nā þȳ hwā Rōme burg timbrede þe iċ hit self ġesāwe, ac for þȳ þe hit man mē sæġde.

I don't know who built the city of Rome because I saw it myself, but because somebody told me.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Assumption of the Blessed Mary"
Sē Godes wiðersaca hine þā ġehāthierte and cwæþ, "Þā iċ fram fierde ġeċierre, iċ tōweorpe þās burg, and hīe ġesmēðe, and tō ierþlande āwende, swā þæt hēo biþ cornbǣru swīðor þonne manbǣru."

The adversary of God became furious and said, "When I return from the campaign, I will destroy this city, and level it, and turn it into farmland, so it is full of grain instead of people."


beorg

beorg (nominative singular)
beorgas (nominative plural)
beorg (accusative singular)
beorgas (accusative plural)
beorges (genitive singular)
beorga (genitive plural)
beorge (dative singular)
beorgum (dative plural)

Middle English: bergh, berȝ, beruȝ, beruh, berw

English: barrow; bergh (Northern England)

Scots: burrae

Middle English: berȝe, beryhe, berye (via beorge (genitive))

English: berry

From Proto-Germanic *bergaz (“mountain”).
Cognate with Old Frisian berch, Old Saxon berg, Old High German berg (German Berg), Old Norse bjarg, Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲- (bairg-); and with Old Irish brí (“mountain”), Old Church Slavonic брѣгъ (brěgŭ) (Russian бе́рег (béreg)), Sanskrit बृहत् (bṛhát, “high”).


dene

dene (nominative singular)
dene (nominative plural)
dena (nominative plural)
dene (accusative singular)
dene (accusative plural)
dena (accusative plural)
dene (genitive singular)
dena (genitive plural)
dene (dative singular)
denum (dative plural)

English: dene

From Proto-Germanic *danją, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰen- (“low ground”).

der

c. 992, Ælfric, "Another Vision"
Þā becōmon wit tō ānre dene sēo wæs ormǣtlīċe dēop and wīd.

Then we reached a valley that was enormously deep and wide.


dæl

dæl (nominative singular)
dalu (nominative plural)
dæl (accusative singular)
dalu (accusative plural)
dæles (genitive singular)
dala (genitive plural)
dæle (dative singular)
dalum (dative plural)

Middle English: dale

Scots: dale, daal

English: dale


eard

eard (nominative singular)
earda (nominative plural)
eard (accusative singular)
earda (accusative plural)
earda (genitive singular)
earda (genitive plural)
earda (dative singular)
eardum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: art
Scots: airt
Yola: ete

Middle English: erd, ard, arde, urde
English: erd (in part)

From Proto-West Germanic *ard, from Proto-Germanic *ardiz, *arduz, *arþuz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”).
Cognate with Old Saxon ard, Old High German art (German Art). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin arō, Ancient Greek ἀρόω (aróō), Old East Slavic орати (orati), Russian ора́ть (orátʹ).


wudu

wudu (nominative singular)
wuda (nominative plural)
wudu (accusative singular)
wuda (accusative plural)
wuda (genitive singular)
wuda (genitive plural)
wuda (dative singular)
wudum (dative plural)

Middle English: wude, wode

English: wood

Scots: wude, wuid

Dissimilated from earlier widu, from Proto-Germanic *widuz, from Proto-Indo-European *widʰu- (“tree, beam”).
Cognate with Old Saxon widu, Old High German witu, Old Norse viðr. The Indo-European root is also the source of Old Irish fid, Welsh gwŷdd.


broc

brōc (canonical masculine)
brōc (nominative singular)
brōcas (nominative plural)
brōc (accusative singular)
brōcas (accusative plural)
brōces (genitive singular)
brōca (genitive plural)
brōce (dative singular)
brōcum (dative plural)

Middle English: brook

English: brook

Scots: broke, bruke

From Proto-West Germanic *brōk (etymology 2).


Nazareth

Nazareth (an ancient city in modern northern Israel)


Egypte

Egypte (nominative plural)
Egypte (accusative plural)
Egypta (genitive plural)
Egyptum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: Egipt
English: Egypt, Ægypt (archaic), Ægipt, Aegipt, Egipt, Egipte (obsolete)
→ Burmese: အီဂျစ် (igyac)
→ Chinese: 埃及 (Āijí)
→ Korean: 애굽 (Aegup)
→ Vietnamese: Ai Cập
→ Cornish: Ejyp
→ Gujarati: ઇજિપ્ત (ijipt)
→ Hindi: इजिप्ट (ijipṭ), इजिप्त (ijipt)
→ Iban: Ejip
→ Japanese: エジプト (Ejiputo)
→ Kannada: ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್ (ījipṭ)
→ Korean: 이집트 (Ijipteu)
→ Malayalam: ഈജിപ്റ്റ് (ījipṟṟ)
→ Maori: Īhipa
→ Marathi: इजिप्त (ijipta)
→ Navajo: Ííjip
→ Nepali: इजिप्ट (ijipṭa)
→ Odia: ଇଜିପ୍ଟ (ijipṭa)
→ Paiwan: Idjiputu
→ Thai: อียิปต์ (ii-yìp)

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


clif

clif (nominative singular)
clifu (nominative plural)
clif (accusative singular)
clifu (accusative plural)
clifes (genitive singular)
clifa (genitive plural)
clife (dative singular)
clifum (dative plural)

Middle English: clif

English: cliff

Scots: clyft, clift

From Proto-West Germanic *klib, from Proto-Germanic *klibą. Cognate with Old Saxon klif, Middle Dutch clif, clef (Dutch klif), Old High German kleb, Old Norse klif.


Norþweg

Norþweġ (canonical masculine)
Norþweġ (nominative singular)
Norþwegas (nominative plural)
Norþweġ (accusative singular)
Norþwegas (accusative plural)
Norþweġes (genitive singular)
Norþwega (genitive plural)
Norþweġe (dative singular)
Norþwegum (dative plural)

English: Norway

Originally a calque of Old Norse Norvegr ~ Norðvegr. Equivalent to norþ (“north”) + weġ (“way”).


cofa

cofa (nominative singular)
cofan (nominative plural)
cofan (accusative singular)
cofan (accusative plural)
cofan (genitive singular)
cofena (genitive plural)
cofan (dative singular)
cofum (dative plural)

Middle English: cove

English: cove

Scots: cove, coif

From Proto-West Germanic *kobō, from Proto-Germanic *kubô.


wic

wīc (canonical neuter)
wīc (nominative singular)
wīc (nominative plural)
wīc (accusative singular)
wīc (accusative plural)
wīces (genitive singular)
wīca (genitive plural)
wīce (dative singular)
wīcum (dative plural)

Middle English: wic, wike, wyk, wych

English: -wick, -wich (in placenames)

From Proto-West Germanic *wīk, a merger of Latin vīcus and Proto-West Germanic *wīhs; both from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ- (“village”). Compare Proto-Germanic *wīhsą (“settlement, village”).

cog

temporary abode: camp, encampment, lodging


wic

wīc (canonical feminine)
wīc (nominative singular)
wīca (nominative plural)
wīce (nominative plural)
wīce (accusative singular)
wīca (accusative plural)
wīce (accusative plural)
wīce (genitive singular)
wīca (genitive plural)
wīce (dative singular)
wīcum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *wīku, from Proto-Germanic *wīkō, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to bend, curve”).


hoh

hōh (canonical masculine)
hōh (nominative singular)
hōs (nominative plural)
hōh (accusative singular)
hōs (accusative plural)
hōs (genitive singular)
hōna (genitive plural)
hō (dative singular)
hōm (dative plural)
hōum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hough, ho, hogh, hoghe, how
English: heugh; hoe, hogh, hough, how
Scots: heuch


Dunholm

Middle English:

English: Durham

→ Old French: Duresm

Middle French: Duresm

→ English: Duresm

→ Latin: Dunelmun

→ English: Dunelm

dun (“hill, mountain”) + holm (“islet”, from Old Norse holmr, from Proto-Germanic *hulmaz)

compound

Durham (the county town of County Durham)


Scedenig

From Proto-Germanic *Skadinawjō, equivalent to sċeaþa + īeġ. Cognate with Old Norse Skáney.


Eufrate

From Ancient Greek Εὐφράτης (Euphrátēs), from Old Persian 𐎢𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎬𐎢 (ʰUfrātuš), from Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (purattu), itself from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (^(ÍD)Buranun).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þonne west frām Tigris þǣre ēa oþ Eufrate þā ēa, þonne betweox þǣm ēan syndan þās land Babylonia, and Caldea, and Mesopotamia.


legie

legie (nominative singular)
legian (nominative plural)
legian (accusative singular)
legian (accusative plural)
legian (genitive singular)
legiena (genitive plural)
legian (dative singular)
legium (dative plural)

Ultimately from Latin legō (“to gather, collect”)


Eoforwic

Eoforwīc (canonical neuter)
Eoforwīc (nominative singular)
Eoforwīc (accusative singular)
Eoforwīces (genitive singular)
Eoforwīce (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: Everwik, Eborwike, Eoverwic, Everwic, Everwich, Everwike, Everwyk
→ Old French: Everwich
→ Old Italian: Verrvicche

→ Old Norse: Jórvík
Icelandic: Jórvík
→ Faroese: Jórvík (learned)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Jorvik (learned)
→ Swedish: Jorvik (learned)
→ Danish: Jorvig (learned)
→ Middle English: York, Yorke, Ȝork, Ȝorke, Ȝorc, Ȝeorc
English: York

A folk-etymological alteration, based on eofor (“boar”) and the common placename suffix wīc (“village”), of the earlier Latin Eborācum, from pre-Brythonic *Eborākom, from Proto-Celtic *eburos (“yew-tree”) (compare Welsh efwr, Breton evor).


Ispania

Ispānia (canonical feminine)
Ispānia (nominative singular)
Ispānia (accusative singular)
Ispānia (genitive singular)
Ispānia (dative singular)

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


Ælf

From Proto-West Germanic *albī, from Proto-Germanic *albī (“river”).


Sodoma

Sodoma (nominative singular)
Sodoman (accusative singular)
Sodoman (genitive singular)
Sodoman (dative singular)

From Ancient Greek Σόδομα (Sódoma), from the Biblical Hebrew סְדֹם (s'dóm).

Sodom (ancient Biblical city in Canaan, destroyed due to its sinfulness)


anad

From Proto-West Germanic *ainōdī. Cognate to Old Saxon ēnōdi and German Einöde.


Denemearc

Denemearc (nominative singular)
Denemearce (accusative singular)
Denemearce (genitive singular)
Denemearce (dative singular)

From Dene + mearc, a calque of Old Norse Danmǫrk.


Wendelsæ

Wendelsǣ (canonical feminine masculine)
Wendelsǣ (nominative singular)
Wendelsǣ (accusative singular)
Wendelsǣ (genitive singular)
Wendelsǣ (dative singular)
Wendelsǣ (nominative singular)
Wendelsǣ (accusative singular)
Wendelsǣs (genitive singular)
Wendelsǣ (dative singular)

→ English: Wendel Sea

From Proto-West Germanic *Wandilsaiwi. By surface analysis, Wendel (“Vandal”) + sǣ (“sea”). Cognate with Old High German Wentilsēo.


fyrhþ

fyrhþ (nominative singular)
fyrhþ (nominative plural)
fyrhþ (accusative singular)
fyrhþ (accusative plural)
fyrhþes (genitive singular)
fyrhþa (genitive plural)
fyrhþe (dative singular)
fyrhþum (dative plural)
fyrhþ (nominative singular)
fyrhþa (nominative plural)
fyrhþe (nominative plural)
fyrhþe (accusative singular)
fyrhþa (accusative plural)
fyrhþe (accusative plural)
fyrhþe (genitive singular)
fyrhþa (genitive plural)
fyrhþe (dative singular)
fyrhþum (dative plural)

Middle English: frith, firth

Scots: firth, fyrth

English: frith, firth

From Proto-West Germanic *furhiþ n, *furhiþi f (“forest, wooded country”), from Proto-Germanic *furhō, *furahō (“fir, pine”), from Proto-Indo-European *perkos (“oak”).


Hierusalem

English: Jerusalem

...hyt funde on Hierusalem on þæs Pontiscan Pilates domerne, eall swa hyt Nychodemus awrat, eall myd Ebresicum stafum on manegum bocum þus awryten.

11th century, Evangelium Nichodemi, University Library, Cambridge. MS Ii.2.11, 173v


fyrhþe

fyrhþe (nominative singular)
fyrhþu (nominative plural)
fyrhþe (accusative singular)
fyrhþu (accusative plural)
fyrhþes (genitive singular)
fyrhþa (genitive plural)
fyrhþe (dative singular)
fyrhþum (dative plural)
fyrhþe (nominative singular)
fyrhþan (nominative plural)
fyrhþan (accusative singular)
fyrhþan (accusative plural)
fyrhþan (genitive singular)
fyrhþena (genitive plural)
fyrhþan (dative singular)
fyrhþum (dative plural)

Middle English: frith, firth

English: frith, firth

From Proto-West Germanic *furhiþi (“forest, woodland”), Proto-Germanic *furhiþją (“forest, wooded country”), *furhiþǭ, from *furhu (“fir; pine”), from *furahō, *furhō (“fir; pine; (fir or pine) forest”), from Proto-Indo-European *pérkus (“oak”), from *perkʷ- (“oak”). Both Proto-Germanic etyma are preserved in Old English.


burne

burne (nominative singular)
burnan (nominative plural)
burnan (accusative singular)
burnan (accusative plural)
burnan (genitive singular)
burnena (genitive plural)
burnan (dative singular)
burnum (dative plural)

Middle English: burne

English: bourn, burn

Scots: burn

From Proto-Germanic *brunnô (“stream, brook”).

a stream, brook, river, or other running water


Francrice

Francrīċe (canonical neuter)
Frankrīċe (nominative singular)
Frankrīcu (nominative plural)
Frankrīċe (accusative singular)
Frankrīcu (accusative plural)
Frankrīċes (genitive singular)
Frankrīca (genitive plural)
Frankrīċe (dative singular)
Frankrīcum (dative plural)

Middle English: Francrice

From Franca (“the Franks'”) + rīċe (“kingdom, realm”). Compare Dutch Frankrijk (“France”), German Frankreich (“France”), Norwegian Frankrike (“France”).

com

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Maurus þā ferde mid miċelre blisse, and his ġeferan samod, to Francena riċe

Maurus then went with much bliss, along with his companions, to France.


Francland

Francland (nominative singular)
Francland (accusative singular)
Franclandes (genitive singular)
Franclande (dative singular)

Middle English: Fronc-lond

English: Frankland

From Franca (“the Franks'”) + land. Compare Icelandic Frakkland (“France”).


Rin

Rīn (canonical feminine masculine)
Rīn (nominative singular)
Rīn (accusative singular)
Rīnes (genitive singular)
Rīne (dative singular)
Rīn (nominative singular)
Rīne (accusative singular)
Rīne (genitive singular)
Rīne (dative singular)

English: Rhine

From Proto-Germanic *Rīnaz, from Celtic. Utimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to flow”).


næs

næs (nominative singular)
næssas (nominative plural)
næs (accusative singular)
næssas (accusative plural)
næsses (genitive singular)
næssa (genitive plural)
næsse (dative singular)
næssum (dative plural)

English: ness

From Proto-Germanic *nasją (“promontory; ness”).


cumb

English: combe, coombe, coomb

From Proto-Germanic *kumbaz; liken Dutch kom (“bowl, basin”), Welsh cwm (“a hollow valley”), Sanskrit कुम्भ (kumbha, “a pot, jug”).

Cumb fulne líðes aloþ, and cumb fulne Welisces aloþ

a coomb full of mild ale and a coomb full of Welsh ale

a measure of volume (uncertain for liquid but dry is said to be 4 bushels)


Germanie

Ġermanie (canonical masculine plural)
Ġermanie (nominative plural)
Ġermanie (accusative plural)
Ġermania (genitive plural)
Ġermanium (dative plural)

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Breoton ist gārseċġes ēalond, ðæt wæs iū Albion hāten: is ġeseted betwyh norðdǣle and westdǣle, Ġermanie ⁊ Gallie ⁊ Hispanie þām mǣstum dǣlum Europe myċċle fæce onġeġn.

Britain is an island of the sea, which was formerly called Albion: is is situated between the north and west, opposite of and far from Germania and Gaul and Hispania, the largest divisions of Europe.


Angelcynn

Angelcynn (nominative singular)
Angelcynn (accusative singular)
Angelcynnes (genitive singular)
Angelcynne (dative singular)

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Þonne is on ēasteweardre Cent myċel ēaland Tenet, þæt is syx hund hīda miċel æfter Angelcynnes ǣhte. Þæt ēalond tōsċēadeð Wantsumo strēam frām þām tōġeþēoddan lande. Sē is þrēora furlunga brād: ⁊ on twām stōwum is oferfernes, ⁊ ǣġhwæþer ende līð on sǣ.

Now to the east of Cent there is the great island of Thanet, which contains six hundreds hides by the English manner of reckoning. The island separates the Wantsum Channel from the adjacent land. It is three furlongs wide; and it can be crossed in two places, and at each end flows into the sea.


hlinc

hlinċ (canonical masculine)
hlinċas (nominative plural)
hlinċ (nominative singular)
hlinċas (nominative plural)
hlinċ (accusative singular)
hlinċas (accusative plural)
hlinċes (genitive singular)
hlinċa (genitive plural)
hlinċe (dative singular)
hlinċum (dative plural)

Middle English: linche, link

English: linch (lynch, lynchet)

Scots: link, linkis

→ English: links

From Proto-West Germanic *hlink, from Proto-Germanic *hlinkaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kleng- (“to bend, turn, wind, twist”).

der

a bank separating strips of arable land on a slope; a bank forming a boundary


Orcadas

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Swylċe hē ēac Orcadas þā ēalond, þā wǣron ūt on gārseċġe būtan Brotone, tō Rōmwara rīċe ġeþēodde.

Likewise, he also added the islands of Orkney, which were out on the sea beyond Britain, to the Roman Empire.


Lunden

Lunden (nominative singular)
Lundene (accusative singular)
Lundene (genitive singular)
Lundene (dative singular)

Middle English: Lunden, London

English: London

Norwegian Bokmål: London

→ Latin: Lundonia

desctree

→? Old French: Londres, Londrez
Middle French: Londres
French: Londres (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: Londres
Galician: Londres
Portuguese: Londres

Together with Middle Welsh Llundein cannot be directly from Latin Londinium, which would yield *Lynden via i-mutation. But both may continue Vulgar Latin *Lundeinju (Late British Latin) if the medial -i- of the original word was short.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Efficacy of the Holy Mass"
Sē ealdormann sealde hine sumum Frīsan of Lundene.

The aldorman sold him to a Frisian from London.


Grecland

Grēcland (canonical neuter)
Grēcland (nominative singular)
Grēcland (accusative singular)
Grēclandes (genitive singular)
Grēclande (dative singular)

desc

Middle English: Griccland, Griclond, Greclond

English: Greekland


strod

strōd (canonical neuter)
strōd (nominative plural)
strōd (nominative singular)
strōd (nominative plural)
strōd (accusative singular)
strōd (accusative plural)
strōdes (genitive singular)
strōda (genitive plural)
strōde (dative singular)
strōdum (dative plural)

English: Strood (in Kent) (placename)


Wealas

Wēalas (canonical masculine plural)
Wēalas (nominative plural)
Wēalas (accusative plural)
Wēala (genitive plural)
Wēalum (dative plural)

Middle English: Wales

English: Wales

Scots: Wales

→ Catalan: Gal·les

→ Old French: Gales (see there for further descendants)

/ˈwæ͜ɑː.lɑs/

From plural of wealh (“Celt, Welsh person”). Compare the second element in Cornwall, and also Gaul.


Sweorice

Swēorīċe (canonical neuter)
Swēorīċe (nominative singular)
Swēorīċu (nominative plural)
Swēorīċe (accusative singular)
Swēorīċu (accusative plural)
Swēorīċes (genitive singular)
Swēorīċa (genitive plural)
Swēorīċe (dative singular)
Swēorīċum (dative plural)

Swēo (“Swede”) + rīċe (“kingdom”). Cognate with Swedish Sverige, Svea rike.


Sweoland

Swēoland (canonical neuter)
Swēoland (nominative singular)
Swēoland (accusative singular)
Swēolandes (genitive singular)
Swēolande (dative singular)

Swēo (“Swede”) + land (“land”). Cognate with Swedish Svealand (“the central region of Sweden”).


Snotingahamscir

Snotingahāmsċīr (canonical feminine)
Snotingahāmsċīr (nominative singular)
Snotingahāmsċīre (accusative singular)
Snotingahāmsċīre (genitive singular)
Snotingahāmsċīre (dative singular)


Temes

desctree

Middle English: Temese, Tamis, Tamise, Thamyse, Tæmese, Tames, Tamese, Temes, Tammes, Tempse, Temse, Themse, Themese, Themise, Temze, Temeze
English: Thames


Sceapieg

Sċēapīeġ (canonical feminine)
Sċēapīeġ (nominative singular)
Sċēapīeġa (nominative plural)
Sċēapīeġe (nominative plural)
Sċēapīeġe (accusative singular)
Sċēapīeġa (accusative plural)
Sċēapīeġe (accusative plural)
Sċēapīeġe (genitive singular)
Sċēapīeġa (genitive plural)
Sċēapīeġe (dative singular)
Sċēapīeġum (dative plural)

Middle English:

English: Sheppey

/ˈʃæ͜ɑːpˌi͜yːj/


Finna land

Finna land (nominative singular)
Finna land (accusative singular)
Finna landes (genitive singular)
Finna lande (dative singular)


Romana rice

Rōmāna rīċe (canonical neuter)
Rōmāna rīċe (nominative singular)
Rōmāna rīċe (accusative singular)
Rōmāna rīċes (genitive singular)
Rōmāna rīċe (dative singular)

From the genitive form of Rōmāne + rīċe. Literally "empire of the Romans."

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Deposition of St. Martin, Bishop"
Hē wæs āfēded on Rōmāna rīċe.


Engla land

Engla land (nominative singular)
Engla land (accusative singular)
Engla landes (genitive singular)
Engla lande (dative singular)

⇒ German: England

Middle English: Engelond, Engeland, Englelond, England, Engle lond, Englene lond (Early Middle English), Ingelond, Inglond, Ingland (Late Middle English)
English: England (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Ingland, England
Yola: Engelhoan
→ Latin: Angliterra (calque) (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle High German: Engellant, Engelant, Engenlant (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Welsh: Englont, Inglont

→ Old French: Engleterre (calque)
Middle French: Angleterre
> French: Angleterre (inherited)
Italian: Inghilterra
→ Arabic: إِنْجِلْتِرَا (ʔinjiltirā)
→ Maltese: Ingilterra
→ Ottoman Turkish: انكلتره
> Turkish: İngiltere (inherited)
→ Azerbaijani: İngiltərə
> Norman: Angliétèrre (inherited)

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *angliz
Old English Engle
Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ-
Proto-Germanic *landą
Proto-West Germanic *land
Old English land
Old English Engla land
From the genitive of Engle (“Angles”) + land (“land”). Literally "land of the Angles."


Portesmuða

Portesmūða (canonical masculine)
Portesmuða (nominative singular)
Portesmuðan (nominative plural)
Portesmuðan (accusative singular)
Portesmuðan (accusative plural)
Portesmuðan (genitive singular)
Portesmuðena (genitive plural)
Portesmuðan (dative singular)
Portesmuðum (dative plural)

Middle English: Portesmuða

English: Portsmouth


Eowland

Eowland (nominative singular)
Eowland (accusative singular)
Eowlandes (genitive singular)
Eowlande (dative singular)


Sæfern

Sæfern (nominative singular)
Sæferne (accusative singular)
Sæferne (genitive singular)
Sæferne (dative singular)

Middle English: Severne

English: Severn


Exanceaster

Exanċeaster (canonical neuter)
Exanċeaster (nominative singular)
Exanċeastre (accusative singular)
Exanċeastre (genitive singular)
Exanċeastre (dative singular)

Middle English: Exchestre

English: Exeter

From Ex (“River Exe”) + ċeaster (“fortress, fortified town”), in some forms influenced by Latin Isca, both from Proto-Brythonic *Uɨsk.

affix

Exeter (a cathedral city in modern Devon, England)


Iraland

Īraland (canonical neuter)
Īraland (nominative singular)
Īraland (accusative singular)
Īralandes (genitive singular)
Īralande (dative singular)


Penwihtsteort

Penwihtsteort (nominative singular)
Penwihtsteort (accusative singular)
Penwihtsteortes (genitive singular)
Penwihtsteorte (dative singular)


Mierce

Mierċe (canonical masculine plural)
Mierċe (nominative plural)
Mierċe (accusative plural)
Miercna (genitive plural)
Mierċum (dative plural)

Literally, “border people”, from mearc (“border”).

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
And of Engle cōman Ēastengle ⁊ Middelengle ⁊ Myrċe ⁊ eall Norðhembra cynn...

And from Anglia came the East Angles and the Middle Angles and the Mercians and all the Northumbrians...


Cantwara burg

Cantwara burg (nominative singular)
Cantwara burg (accusative singular)
Cantwara byriġ (genitive singular)
Cantwara byriġ (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: Caunterbury, Canterbiri, Canterburi, Canterbury, Caunterbery, Caunterbiri, Caunterbiry, Caunterburi, Cawnterbery, Kaunterburi
English: Canterbury
→ Old French: Canterbiri, Cantorebiri
French: Cantorbéry
→ Middle Welsh: Kawntlberi

→ Medieval Latin: Cantuaria

From the genitive of Cantware (“Kent or the people of Kent”) + burg (“city”).


Eastengle

Ēastengle (canonical masculine plural)
Ēastengle (nominative plural)
Ēastengle (accusative plural)
Ēastengla (genitive plural)
Ēastenglum (dative plural)

[ˈæ͜ɑːstˌeŋ.ɡle]

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 838

Herebryht and many others were killed by pagans in Mercia, and the same year many more people in Lindsey and East Anglia and Kent were killed by the pagan army.

Herebeorht wæs ofslæġen fram hǣðnum mannum and maniġe mid him on Miersċwarum and þȳ ilcan ġēare eft on Lindesiġe and on Ēastenglum and on Cantwarum wurdon maniġe menn ofslæġene fram þām herġe.


Westseaxan

Westseaxan (nominative plural)
Westseaxan (accusative plural)
Westseaxna (genitive plural)
Westseaxum (dative plural)

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Of Seaxum, þæt is of þām lande þe mon hāteð Ealdseaxan, cōman Ēastseaxan ⁊ Sūðseaxan ⁊ Westseaxan.

From the Saxons, that is, from the land known as Old Saxony, came the East-Saxons and South-Saxons and West-Saxons.


Mægelan

English: Milan


Portesmuþa

Portesmūþa (canonical masculine)
Portesmuþa (nominative singular)
Portesmuþan (accusative singular)
Portesmuþan (genitive singular)
Portesmuþan (dative singular)

desc

Middle English: Portesmuþe, Portesmouþe, Portesmouthe, Portsmouthe

English: Portsmouth

Scots: Portsmou

Yola: *Po(r)smowth(e), *Po(r)smowdh(e)


mersc

mersċ (canonical masculine)
mersċ (nominative singular)
mersċas (nominative plural)
mersċ (accusative singular)
mersċas (accusative plural)
mersċes (genitive singular)
mersċa (genitive plural)
mersċe (dative singular)
mersċum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: merssh, marsch, marsh, merche, mersch, mersh, mershe, merss, mersc
English: marsh, merse
Scots: mersk, merse

From Proto-West Germanic *marisk (“lake-like, marshy”).


Wisle

Wīsle (canonical feminine)
Wīsle (nominative singular)
Wīslan (accusative singular)
Wīslan (genitive singular)
Wīslan (dative singular)


cirichyll

head

ċiriċhyll m or f (nominative plural ċiriċhyllas or ċiriċhylle)

ċiriċhyll (canonical feminine masculine)
ċiriċhyllas (nominative plural)
ċiriċhylle (nominative plural)
ċiriċhyll (nominative singular)
ċiriċhyllas (nominative plural)
ċiriċhyll (accusative singular)
ċiriċhyllas (accusative plural)
ċiriċhylles (genitive singular)
ċiriċhylla (genitive plural)
ċiriċhylle (dative singular)
ċiriċhyllum (dative plural)
ċiriċhyll (nominative singular)
ċiriċhylla (nominative plural)
ċiriċhylle (nominative plural)
ċiriċhylle (accusative singular)
ċiriċhylla (accusative plural)
ċiriċhylle (accusative plural)
ċiriċhylle (genitive singular)
ċiriċhylla (genitive plural)
ċiriċhylle (dative singular)
ċiriċhyllum (dative plural)

English: Churchill


Eotol

From Proto-West Germanic [Term?] and ultimately from Latin Italia (which itself was later borrowed into Old English as Italia, a doublet of this term). It appears not to be an Anglo-Saxon-era borrowing, as it shows the marks of a lengthy chain of vowel changes that can only be explained by a native evolution from a much earlier borrowing predating the Middle Ages.


Deorby

Dēorbȳ (canonical neuter)
Dēorbȳ (nominative singular)
Dēorbȳ (accusative singular)
Dēorbȳes (genitive singular)
Dēorbȳe (dative singular)

From dēor (“animal”) + bȳ (“dwelling, habitation”).


Deorbyscir

Dēorbȳsċīr (canonical feminine)
Dēorbȳsċīr (nominative singular)
Dēorbȳsċīre (accusative singular)
Dēorbȳsċīre (genitive singular)
Dēorbȳsċīre (dative singular)


Gleawceasterscir

Glēawċeastersċīr (canonical feminine)
Glēawċeastersċīr (nominative singular)
Glēawċeastersċīre (accusative singular)
Glēawċeastersċīre (genitive singular)
Glēawċeastersċīre (dative singular)

Middle English: *Glowchestre schire

English: Gloucestershire

/ˈɡlæ͜ɑːw.t͡ʃæ͜ɑs.terˌʃiːr/


Gleawceaster

Glēawċeaster (canonical feminine)
Glēawċeaster (nominative singular)
Glēawċeastre (accusative singular)
Glēawċeastre (genitive singular)
Glēawċeastre (dative singular)

Middle English: Glowchestre

English: Gloucester


Suþhamtun

Sūþhāmtūn (canonical masculine)
Sūþhāmtūn (nominative singular)
Sūþhāmtūn (accusative singular)
Sūþhāmtūnes (genitive singular)
Sūþhāmtūne (dative singular)


Baþanceaster

Baþanċeaster (canonical feminine)
Baþanċeaster (nominative singular)
Baþanċeastre (accusative singular)
Baþanċeastre (genitive singular)
Baþanċeastre (dative singular)


Hamtunscir

Hāmtūnsċīr (canonical feminine)
Hāmtūnsċīr (nominative singular)
Hāmtūnsċīre (accusative singular)
Hāmtūnsċīre (genitive singular)
Hāmtūnsċīre (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: Hampteschire, Hampschire, Hamptschire, Hamptshyre
English: Hampshire; Hamptonshire (remodelled after Southhampton or Old English Hāmtūnsċir)


Donua

From Proto-Celtic *Dānowyos (compare Welsh river name Donwy), an extended form of the river-name *Dānu, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₂nu (“river goddess”), akin to *dʰenh₂- (“to set in motion; to flow”).

der

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þā wæs Donua sēo ēa swā swīþe oferforen, þæt hīe ġetruwedon þæt hīe ofer þām īse faran mehten, ac hīe mǣst ealle þǣr forwurdon.

Then the River Danube was so thickly frozen over that they thought they could travel over the ice, but most all of them perished there.


Andefera

Andefera (nominative singular)
Andeferan (accusative singular)
Andeferan (genitive singular)
Andeferan (dative singular)

Middle English: Andever, Andeafara

English: Andover

Possibly from Ande + ēa + fara, literally “farer over the river Ande”, or from Ande + ōfer, literally “[town situated on the] bank of the river Ande”.

compound

􂀿town situated on the􂁀 bank of the river Ande


Deorwente

Deorwente (nominative singular)
Deorwentan (accusative singular)
Deorwentan (genitive singular)
Deorwentan (dative singular)

English: Derwent

Of Brythonic origin, possibly from Proto-Brythonic *Deruentiū (found in Latin as Deruentiō), meaning "forest of oak trees," from *dar (“oak”). Alternative Brittonic origin suggests a compound corresponding to modern Welsh dŵr (“water”) + gent (“clear”).

Derwent (a county, a Yorkshire in Derbyshire, Cumbria and County Durham)


Egypta land

Egypta land (nominative singular)
Egypta land (accusative singular)
Egypta landes (genitive singular)
Egypta lande (dative singular)

From the genitive of Egypte (“the Egyptians”) + land (“land”). Literally "land of the Egyptians."

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Marcus sē godspellere be godes dihte ġefōr tō Aegipta lande and þǣr lǣrde þæt folc and to fulluhte ġebiġde frām þām fūlan hæþensċype.

Mark the Evangelist went to Egypt by God's order and there taught its people and turned its people towards baptism and away from foul heathenism.

Egypt (a country and ancient kingdom in North Africa and Western Asia)


Scrobbesburh

Sċrobbesburh (canonical feminine)
Sċrobbesburh (nominative singular)
Sċrobbesburh (accusative singular)
Sċrobbesbyriġ (genitive singular)
Sċrobbesbyriġ (dative singular)

Middle English:

English: Shrewsbury


Scrobbesbyrigscir

Sċrobbesbyriġsċīr (canonical feminine)
Sċrobbesbyriġsċīr (nominative singular)
Sċrobbesbyriġsċīre (accusative singular)
Sċrobbesbyriġsċīre (genitive singular)
Sċrobbesbyriġsċīre (dative singular)

Middle English:

English: Shropshire


Wæringwicscir

Wǣringwīċsċīr (canonical feminine)
Wǣringwīċsċīr (nominative singular)
Wǣringwīċsċīre (accusative singular)
Wǣringwīċsċīre (genitive singular)
Wǣringwīċsċīre (dative singular)

Middle English:

English: Warwickshire


Wæringwic

Wǣringwīċ (canonical neuter)
Wǣringwīċ (nominative singular)
Wǣringwīċ (accusative singular)
Wǣringwīċes (genitive singular)
Wǣringwīċe (dative singular)

Middle English: Warwyk

English: Warwick

[ˈwæː.riŋɡˌwiːt͡ʃ]

From wer (“weir”) + -ing (“of the”, used with masculine nouns) + wīċ (“dwelling place, village”).


Lundene brycg

Lundene bryċġ (canonical neuter)
Lundene bryċġ (nominative singular)
Lundene bryċġe (accusative singular)
Lundene bryċġe (genitive singular)
Lundene bryċġe (dative singular)

English: London Bridge

Literally, “London's bridge”, or more loosely translated as “the bridge of London”.


Iordan

English: Jordan

From Latin Iordanēs, from Ancient Greek Ἰορδάνης (Iordánēs), from Biblical Hebrew יַרְדֵּן (yardén, “Jordan (river)”).


Rome burg

Rōme burg (canonical feminine)
Rōme burg (nominative singular)
Rōme burg (accusative singular)
Rōme byrġ (genitive singular)
Rōme byrġ (dative singular)

ang-decl-noun

Declension of Rome burg (strong consonant stem)

c. 992, Ælfric of Eynsham, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
Hē ġeċēas fisċeras ǣr þon þe hē cure cāseras, for þon þe betere is þæt sē cāsere, þonne hē tō Rōme byrġ becymþ, þæt hē weorpe his cynehelm and ġecneowiġe æt þæs fisċeres ġemynde þonne sē fisċere ġecneowiġe æt þæs cāseres ġemynde.

He chose fishermen before he chose emperors, because it is better for an emperor when he comes to Rome to cast aside his crown and kneel at a memorial of a fisherman than for a fisherman to kneel at a memorial of an emperor.

c. 992, Ælfric of Eynsham, "The Universal Faith"
Swā hraðe swā hēo upp āspringþ on ǣrne morgen, hēo sċīnþ on Hierūsalem, and on Rōme byrġ, and on þissum earde, and on eallum eardum ætgædere, and hwæðere hēo is ġesċeaft, and gǣþ be Godes dihte.

As soon as it comes up in the early morning, it shines on Jerusalem, and on the city of Rome, and on this country and all countries at once, and yet it's a creation, and it's only moving where God tells it to.


Sicilie

Sicilie (nominative plural)
Sicilie (accusative plural)
Sicilia (genitive plural)
Sicilium (dative plural)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On ðǣre tīde fōr Leuinius sē consul of Mæcedonia on Sicilie mid sċiphere, ⁊ þǣr ġeēode Agrigentum þā burg, ⁊ ġefeng Hannonam heora lāttēow.

At that time, the consul Laevinus went out from Macedonia to Sicily with a fleet, and there conquered the city of Agrigentum, and captured its leader Hannonem.


særima

sǣrima (canonical masculine)
sǣrima (nominative singular)
sǣriman (nominative plural)
sǣriman (accusative singular)
sǣriman (accusative plural)
sǣriman (genitive singular)
sǣrimena (genitive plural)
sǣriman (dative singular)
sǣrimum (dative plural)


Ungrie

Ungrie (nominative plural)
Ungrie (accusative plural)
Ungria (genitive plural)
Ungrium (dative plural)

Borrowed from Latin Ungarī (“Hungarians”) or Ungaria (“Hungary”).

Hungary (a historical kingdom in Central Europe, occupying a larger area than modern Hungary)


Mæcedonie

Mæcedonie (nominative plural)
Mæcedonie (accusative plural)
Mæcedonia (genitive plural)
Mæcedonium (dative plural)

Borrowed from Latin macedonī (“Macedonians”).

At that time, the consul Laevinus went out from Macedonia to Sicilie with a fleet, and there conquered the city of Agrigentum, and captured its leader Hannonem.


Ungerland

Ungerland (nominative singular)
Ungerland (accusative singular)
Ungerlandes (genitive singular)
Ungerlande (dative singular)

Middle English: Hungerland

English: Hungarland, Hungerland

The first element is derived from Latin Ungaria (“Hungary”) or Ungarī (“Hungarians”), or else is an unattested Old English word meaning “a Hungarian,” from the same source. Other country names contain similar first elements, as in Swēoland (“Sweden”, literally “Swede land”) and Francland (“France”, literally “Frank land”); see also the prefix Angel-.
The second element is land (“land, country”).


Wineda land

Wineda land (nominative singular)
Wineda land (accusative singular)
Wineda landes (genitive singular)
Wineda lande (dative singular)


Frisland

Frīsland (canonical neuter)
Frīsland (nominative singular)
Frīsland (accusative singular)
Frīslandes (genitive singular)
Frīslande (dative singular)


Ira land

Īra land (canonical neuter)
Īra land (nominative singular)
Īra land (accusative singular)
Īra landes (genitive singular)
Īra lande (dative singular)


Scotta land

Sċotta land (canonical neuter)
Sċotta land (nominative singular)
Sċotta land (accusative singular)
Sċotta landes (genitive singular)
Sċotta lande (dative singular)


Frisena land

Frīsena land (canonical neuter)
Frīsena land (nominative singular)
Frīsena land (accusative singular)
Frīsena landes (genitive singular)
Frīsena lande (dative singular)


Peohta land

Peohta land (nominative singular)
Peohta land (accusative singular)
Peohta landes (genitive singular)
Peohta lande (dative singular)


Middelseaxan

Middelseaxan (nominative plural)
Middelseaxan (accusative plural)
Middelseaxna (genitive plural)
Middelseaxum (dative plural)

Middle English: Middelsex

English: Middlesex


Eastseaxan

Ēastseaxan (canonical masculine plural)
Ēastseaxan (nominative plural)
Ēastseaxan (accusative plural)
Ēastseaxna (genitive plural)
Ēastseaxum (dative plural)

Middle English: Estsex

English: Essex

/ˈæ͜ɑːstˌsæ͜ɑk.sɑn/


Sigelhearwena land

Siġelhearwena land (canonical neuter)
Siġelhearwena land (nominative singular)
Siġelhearwena land (accusative singular)
Siġelhearwena landes (genitive singular)
Siġelhearwena lande (dative singular)

Literally "land of the sun worshippers."


Suþseaxan

Sūþseaxan (canonical masculine plural)
Sūþseaxan (nominative plural)
Sūþseaxan (accusative plural)
Sūþseaxna (genitive plural)
Sūþseaxum (dative plural)

Middle English: Southsex

English: Sussex


Sumorsæte

Sumorsǣte (canonical masculine plural)
Sumorsǣte (nominative plural)
Sumorsǣte (accusative plural)
Sumorsǣta (genitive plural)
Sumorsǣtum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: Somersete, Somerseete, Somerset, Somyrset
English: Somerset
→ Old French: Sumersete

An elliptical form of *Sumortūnsǣte, meaning "dwellers at Somerton". Equivalent to sumor (“summer”) + -sǣte (“dwellers”).


Defena scir

Defena sċīr (canonical feminine)
Defena sċīr (nominative singular)
Defena sċīre (accusative singular)
Defena sċīre (genitive singular)
Defena sċīre (dative singular)

English: Devonshire

Literally "County of the Devonians" or "County of Devon," more idiomatically "Devon County."


Defenas

Defenas (nominative plural)
Defenas (accusative plural)
Defena (genitive plural)
Defenum (dative plural)

Derived from an early medieval Celtic name for the Dumnonii, a British tribe that once lived in the area.


Lundenisc

Lundenisċ (canonical)
Lundenisċ (masculine nominative singular)
Lundenisċ (feminine nominative singular)
Lundenisċ (neuter nominative singular)
Lundenisċne (accusative masculine singular)
Lundenisċe (accusative feminine singular)
Lundenisċ (accusative neuter singular)
Lundenisċes (genitive masculine singular)
Lundenisċre (feminine genitive singular)
Lundenisċes (genitive neuter singular)
Lundenisċum (dative masculine singular)
Lundenisċre (dative feminine singular)
Lundenisċum (dative neuter singular)
Lundenisċe (instrumental masculine singular)
Lundenisċre (feminine instrumental singular)
Lundenisċe (instrumental neuter singular)
Lundenisċe (masculine nominative plural)
Lundenisċa (feminine nominative plural)
Lundenisċe (feminine nominative plural)
Lundenisċ (neuter nominative plural)
Lundenisċe (accusative masculine plural)
Lundenisċa (accusative feminine plural)
Lundenisċe (accusative feminine plural)
Lundenisċ (accusative neuter plural)
Lundenisċra (genitive masculine plural)
Lundenisċra (feminine genitive plural)
Lundenisċra (genitive neuter plural)
Lundenisċum (dative masculine plural)
Lundenisċum (dative feminine plural)
Lundenisċum (dative neuter plural)
Lundenisċum (instrumental masculine plural)
Lundenisċum (feminine instrumental plural)
Lundenisċum (instrumental neuter plural)
Lundenisċa (masculine nominative singular)
Lundenisċe (feminine nominative singular)
Lundenisċe (neuter nominative singular)
Lundenisċan (accusative masculine singular)
Lundenisċan (accusative feminine singular)
Lundenisċe (accusative neuter singular)
Lundenisċan (genitive masculine singular)
Lundenisċan (feminine genitive singular)
Lundenisċan (genitive neuter singular)
Lundenisċan (dative masculine singular)
Lundenisċan (dative feminine singular)
Lundenisċan (dative neuter singular)
Lundenisċan (instrumental masculine singular)
Lundenisċan (feminine instrumental singular)
Lundenisċan (instrumental neuter singular)
Lundenisċan (masculine nominative plural)
Lundenisċan (feminine nominative plural)
Lundenisċan (neuter nominative plural)
Lundenisċan (accusative masculine plural)
Lundenisċan (accusative feminine plural)
Lundenisċan (accusative neuter plural)
Lundenisċra (genitive masculine plural)
Lundenisċena (genitive masculine plural)
Lundenisċra (feminine genitive plural)
Lundenisċena (feminine genitive plural)
Lundenisċra (genitive neuter plural)
Lundenisċena (genitive neuter plural)
Lundenisċum (dative masculine plural)
Lundenisċum (dative feminine plural)
Lundenisċum (dative neuter plural)
Lundenisċum (instrumental masculine plural)
Lundenisċum (feminine instrumental plural)
Lundenisċum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: Londenyssh

English: Londonish

þām Lundenescan folce

upp and niðer on þā Lundenescan strǣta


Elig

Ēlīg (canonical)
Ēlīg (nominative singular)
Ēlīge (accusative singular)
Ēlīge (genitive singular)
Ēlīge (dative singular)

Unknown. Often derived in folk etymologies from ǣl (“eel”). Dowdy prefers a derivation from Elysium, while Miller prefers a Celtic/Brythonic origin such as helyg (“willows”) or heli (“saltwater”). More at Ely.


fiergen

fiergen (nominative singular)
fiergen (nominative plural)
fiergen (accusative singular)
fiergen (accusative plural)
fiergenes (genitive singular)
fiergena (genitive plural)
fiergene (dative singular)
fiergenum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *fergunī, from Proto-Germanic *fergunją. Cognate with Old Norse fjǫrgyn (“earth, land”), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 (fairguni, “mountain”).


Wiltunscir

Wiltūnsċīr (canonical feminine)
Wiltūnsċīr (nominative singular)
Wiltūnsċīre (accusative singular)
Wiltūnsċīre (genitive singular)
Wiltūnsċīre (dative singular)

Middle English: Wilteschire, Willschir, Wiltshire, Wylteschire, Wylteshire
English: Wiltshire; Wilsher, Wilshire, Willshire (surnames)


bearu

bearu (nominative singular)
bearwas (nominative plural)
bearu (accusative singular)
bearwas (accusative plural)
bearwes (genitive singular)
bearwa (genitive plural)
bearwe (dative singular)
bearwum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: berwe, barwe, berewe, barewe, barou

gl

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">bǣr</i> (“pasture”)

Middle English: ber, bere, beare, byar, biare, byare, bir (in placenames only) (merged with descendant of Old English bǣr (“pasture”))

From Proto-West Germanic *baru, from Proto-Germanic *barwaz (“tree, pine forest, grove”).

inh

Iċ eom līġbysiġ, lāce mid winde, bewunden mid wuldre, wedre ġesomnad, fūs forðweġes, fȳre ġemelted, bearu blōwende, byrnende glēd.

I am busy with fire, sway with wind, wrapped with worship, gathered in good weather, ready to go forward, melted by fire, a blooming grove, a burning ember.


fifeldor

fīfeldōr (canonical neuter)
fīfeldōr (nominative singular)
fīfeldōr (accusative singular)
fīfeldōres (genitive singular)
fīfeldōre (dative singular)

From fīfel + dōr, literally “monster or terror-door”.

af

epithet of the river Eider, the boundary between Holstein and Schleswig


Mercna land

Mercna land (nominative singular)
Mercna land (accusative singular)
Mercna landes (genitive singular)
Mercna lande (dative singular)

From the genitive of Merce (“Mercians”) + land (“land”). Literally "land of the Mercians."


stanbeorg

stānbeorg (canonical masculine)
stānbeorg (nominative singular)
stānbeorgas (nominative plural)
stānbeorg (accusative singular)
stānbeorgas (accusative plural)
stānbeorges (genitive singular)
stānbeorga (genitive plural)
stānbeorge (dative singular)
stānbeorgum (dative plural)

From stān (“stone”) + beorg (“mountain, hill”)


cnoll

cnoll (nominative singular)
cnollas (nominative plural)
cnoll (accusative singular)
cnollas (accusative plural)
cnolles (genitive singular)
cnolla (genitive plural)
cnolle (dative singular)
cnollum (dative plural)

Middle English: knol, knolle, cnolle

English: knoll

From Proto-Germanic *knudan-, *knudla-, *knulla- (“lump”)


Roðem

Borrowed from Old French *Rodem, earlier form of Roem, from Latin Rotomagus.

(hapax) Rouen (the capital city of Normandy, France, on the River Seine).


Kiæresburh

Borrowed from Old Northern French *Kieresburg, Chieresburg, with representing the pronunciation /k/ north of the Joret Line, in turn from Old Norse kjarr + borg.

bor+

(hapax) Cherbourg (a town in Manche, Normandy, France)


Caðum

Borrowed from Old French *Cadom (later Cahom, Caem), likely from Latin *Catumagus.

Caen (a city in the Calvados department, Normandy, France).


Maðante

Borrowed from Old French *Meantes, *Medantes, from Medieval Latin Medanta, from Proto-Celtic *medu + *-anta.

(hapax) Mantes-la-Jolie (a town in Yvelines, Île-de-France, France)


Humbre

Humbre (nominative singular)
Humbran (accusative singular)
Humbran (genitive singular)
Humbran (dative singular)

English: Humber

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Đa was on þā tīd Æðelbyrht cyning hāten on Centrīċe, ⁊ mihtiġ: hē hæfde rīċe ōð ġemæro Humbre strēames, sē tōsċēadeð sūðfolce Angelþēode ⁊ nordfolc.

At that time the powerful Athelbert was king of the kingdom of Kent; his authority extended to the boundary of the Humber, which divides the southern English from the northern English.


Galwalas

Galwalas (nominative plural)
Galwalas (accusative plural)
Galwala (genitive plural)
Galwalum (dative plural)


Dorwitceaster

Dorwitċeaster (canonical feminine)
Dorwitċeaster (nominative singular)
Dorwitċeastre (accusative singular)
Dorwitċeastre (genitive singular)
Dorwitċeastre (dative singular)


Betleem

Latin Bethlehemum, from Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém), from Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bēṯ léḥem)

der

Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bēṯ léḥem)


Lundentun

Lundentūn (canonical masculine)
Lundentūn (nominative singular)
Lundentūn (accusative singular)
Lundentūnes (genitive singular)
Lundentūne (dative singular)

English: London Town


Wintanceaster

Wintanċeaster (canonical masculine)
Wintanċeaster (nominative singular)
Wintanċeastre (accusative singular)
Wintanċeastre (genitive singular)
Wintanċeastre (dative singular)

English: Winchester

From Latin Venta Belgārum (literally “Venta of the Belgae”), possibly from Proto-Celtic *wentā (“town, place”), Proto-Indo-European *h₁wen- (“place (?)”) + ċeastre


Baþan

English: Bath

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *baþą (“bath”), named for its Roman baths


Crecgan ford

English: Crayford


Creca land

Crēca land (canonical neuter)
Crēca land (nominative singular)
Crēca land (accusative singular)
Crēca landes (genitive singular)
Crēca lande (dative singular)


stanhliþ

stānhliþ (canonical neuter)
stānhliþ (nominative singular)
stānhliþu (nominative plural)
stānhliþ (accusative singular)
stānhliþu (accusative plural)
stānhliþes (genitive singular)
stānhliþa (genitive plural)
stānhliþe (dative singular)
stānhliþum (dative plural)


stanclif

stānclif (canonical neuter)
stānclif (nominative singular)
stānclifu (nominative plural)
stānclif (accusative singular)
stānclifu (accusative plural)
stānclifes (genitive singular)
stānclifa (genitive plural)
stānclife (dative singular)
stānclifum (dative plural)


Cirenceaster

Ċirenċeaster (canonical feminine)
Ċirenċeaster (nominative singular)
Ċirenċeastre (accusative singular)
Ċirenċeastre (genitive singular)
Ċirenċeastre (dative singular)


Hrofesceaster

Hrofesċeaster (canonical feminine)
Hrofesċeaster (nominative singular)
Hrofesċeastre (accusative singular)
Hrofesċeastre (genitive singular)
Hrofesċeastre (dative singular)


Gandis

Gandis (nominative singular)
Gandis (accusative singular)
Gandis (genitive singular)
Gandis (dative singular)

From Ancient Greek Γάγγης (Gángēs), from Sanskrit गङ्गा (gáṅgā, literally “swift-goer”), from the verbal root गम् (gam, “to go”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem- (“to come”).

the Ganges River in India and Bangladesh


Mameceaster

Mameċeaster (canonical feminine)
Mameċeaster (nominative singular)
Mameċeastre (accusative singular)
Mameċeastre (genitive singular)
Mameċeastre (dative singular)

Unclear. The first element may be from a word related to Breton mamm (“mother; female animal; womb”), in reference to a breast-shaped hill.
The second part is known to be from ceaster (“city”),


Norþhamtun

Norþhāmtūn (canonical neuter)
Norþhāmtūn (nominative singular)
Norþhāmtūn (accusative singular)
Norþhāmtūnes (genitive singular)
Norþhāmtūne (dative singular)

English: Northampton

From norþ (“north”) + Hāmtūn (its earlier name, changed to distinguish from other towns), from hām (“home”) + tūn (“town”).


Bedanford

English: Bedford


Colneceaster

Colneċeaster (canonical feminine)
Colneċeaster (nominative singular)
Colneċeastre (accusative singular)
Colneċeastre (genitive singular)
Colneċeastre (dative singular)

From the Colne, a river in Essex, + ċeaster (“fortified town, city”)


Grantanbrycg

Grantanbryċġ (canonical feminine)
Grantanbryċġ (nominative singular)
Grantanbryċġe (accusative singular)
Grantanbryċġe (genitive singular)
Grantanbryċġe (dative singular)

English: Cambridge

The first element is likely Celtic in origin; bryċġ is the Old English term for bridge.


Brycgstow

Bryċġstōw (canonical feminine)
Bryċġstōw (nominative singular)
Bryċġstōwe (accusative singular)
Bryċġstōwe (genitive singular)
Bryċġstōwe (dative singular)

English: Bristol


Deorham

English: Dereham

From dēor (“wild animal”) + hām (“home”)


Ceasterscir

Ċeastersċir (canonical feminine)
Ċeastersċir (nominative singular)
Ċeastersċire (accusative singular)
Ċeastersċire (genitive singular)
Ċeastersċire (dative singular)

desctree

modified after <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">Chestre</i>

Middle English: Chestreschire, Chestershire, Chestirschire, Chestreschyre, Chesturschire, Chestyrschire, Cheschir, Cheschire, Chesshire (reduced) (modified after Chestre)
English: Cheshire

From Ċeaster (“Chester”) + sċir (“shire”)


Lundenwaran

From Lunden (“London”) + -waran (“people of”)


Lindesege

English: Lindsay

Lindsey, the north part of Lincolnshire in England


Bebbanburg

English: Bamburgh

the village of Bamburgh in Northumbria, England


Deprobane

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Ταπροβάνη (Taprobánē)


Cynges tun

English: Kingston

From cyninges (“of a/the king”) + tūn (“town”)


Bedanfordscir

desctree

Middle English: Bedefordschire, Bedfordschir, Bedefordschyre
English: Bedfordshire

From Bedanford (“Bedford”) + sċīr (“shire”)


Suþrigea

Sūþrīġea (canonical masculine)
Sūþrīġea (nominative singular)
Sūþrīġean (nominative plural)
Sūþrīġean (accusative singular)
Sūþrīġean (accusative plural)
Sūþrīġean (genitive singular)
Sūþrīġena (genitive plural)
Sūþrīġean (dative singular)
Sūþrīġum (dative plural)

English: Surrey

From sūþ, sūþerne (“south, southern”) + -ġe (district, region)


Hreopadun

Hreopadūn (canonical feminine)
Hreopadūn (nominative singular)
Hreopadūne (accusative singular)
Hreopadūne (genitive singular)
Hreopadūne (dative singular)

English: Repton


Acsan mynster

Acsan mynster (nominative singular)
Acsan mynster (accusative singular)
Acsan mynstres (genitive singular)
Acsan mynstre (dative singular)

English: Axminster

From Asca (“the river Axe”) + mynster (“monastery”)


Sciraburna

Sċīraburna (canonical masculine)
Sċīraburna (nominative singular)
Sċīraburnan (accusative singular)
Sċīraburnan (genitive singular)
Sċīraburnan (dative singular)

English: Sherborne

From sċīr (“bright, clear”) + burna (“stream”)


Turecesieg

Turecesīeġ (canonical masculine)
Turecesīeġ (nominative singular)
Turecesīeġe (accusative singular)
Turecesīeġe (genitive singular)
Turecesīeġe (dative singular)

English: Torksey

The first element appears to be the genitive of a name *Turec; the second element is īeġ (“island”)


Eoforwicceaster

Eoforwīcċeaster (canonical feminine)
Eoforwīcċeaster (nominative singular)
Eoforwīcċeastre (accusative singular)
Eoforwīcċeastre (genitive singular)
Eoforwīcċeastre (dative singular)

By surface analysis, Eoforwīc (“York”) + ċeaster (“town, city”)

surf

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
⁊ he ðǣr on Eoforwīcċeastre ādle forðferde;


Lyge

Lyġe (canonical feminine)
Lyġe (nominative singular)
Lyġan (accusative singular)
Lyġan (genitive singular)
Lyġan (dative singular)


Cippanham

English: Chippenham

Chippenham, a village in Wiltshire, England


Æþelinga ieg

Æþelinga īeġ (canonical feminine)
Æþelinga īeġ (nominative singular)
Æþelinga īeġe (accusative singular)
Æþelinga īeġe (genitive singular)
Æþelinga īeġe (dative singular)

English: Athelney

From æþelinga (“genitive plural of æþeling (“prince, noble”)”) + īeġ (“island”)

com

genitive plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">æþeling</i> (“prince, noble”)

Athelney, a village in Somerset, England


Indea

From Latin India, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδία (Indía), from Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós, “Indus river”), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿdūš), from Sanskrit सिन्धु (sindhu), ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”).


Lundenburg

Lundenburg (nominative singular)
Lundenburg (accusative singular)
Lundenbyrġ (genitive singular)
Lundenbyrġ (dative singular)


Lundenceaster

Lundenċeaster (canonical feminine)
Lundenċeaster (nominative singular)
Lundenċeastre (accusative singular)
Lundenċeastre (genitive singular)
Lundenċeastre (dative singular)


Eþandun

Eþandūn (canonical feminine)
Eþandūn (nominative singular)
Eþandūne (accusative singular)
Eþandūne (genitive singular)
Eþandūne (dative singular)

English: Edington

Edington, a village in Wiltshire, England


Bannanburg

From *Banna (“name of a 6th-century Saxon chieftain said to have built a stockade in that place”) or bana, banna (“a byname meaning 'felon, murderer'”) + burg


Cartaina

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm þe Rōmeburg ġetimbred wæs IIII hunde wintra ⁊ II, þætte Cartaina þǣre burge ǣrendracan cōmon tō Rōme ⁊ him ġebudon þæt hīe frið him betwēonum hæfden...

Four hundred and two years after the city of Rome was built, ambassadors [from] the city of Carthage came to Rome and proposed that there be peace between them...


Lindcylene

English: Lincoln


Treonta

Trēonta (canonical masculine)
Trēonta (nominative singular)
Trēontan (accusative singular)
Trēontan (genitive singular)
Trēontan (dative singular)

English: Trent


Ligoraceaster

Ligoraċeaster (canonical feminine)
Ligoraċeaster (nominative singular)
Ligoraċeastre (accusative singular)
Ligoraċeastre (genitive singular)
Ligoraċeastre (dative singular)

English: Leicester


Loidis

English: Leeds

Leeds, a city in West Yorkshire, England


Mældun

From mǣl (“sign, cross, monument”) + dūn (“hill”), meaning something like "monument hill."


Cetrehta

Cetrehta (nominative singular)
Cetrehtan (accusative singular)
Cetrehtan (genitive singular)
Cetrehtan (dative singular)

English: Catterick


Cisseceaster

Ċisseċeaster (canonical feminine)
Ċisseċeaster (nominative singular)
Ċisseċeastre (accusative singular)
Ċisseċeastre (genitive singular)
Ċisseċeastre (dative singular)

English: Chichester


Tofeceaster

Tōfeċeaster (canonical feminine)
Tōfeċeaster (nominative singular)
Tōfeċeastre (accusative singular)
Tōfeċeastre (genitive singular)
Tōfeċeastre (dative singular)

English: Towcester


Dorceceaster

Dorceċeaster (canonical feminine)
Dorceċeaster (nominative singular)
Dorceċeastre (accusative singular)
Dorceċeastre (genitive singular)
Dorceċeastre (dative singular)

English: Dorchester


Ceortes ieg

Ċeortes īeġ (canonical feminine)
Ċeortes īeġ (nominative singular)
Ċeortes īeġe (accusative singular)
Ċeortes īeġe (genitive singular)
Ċeortes īeġe (dative singular)

English: Chertsey


Buccingahamscir

Buccingahāmsċīr (canonical feminine)
Buccingahāmsċīr (nominative singular)
Buccingahāmsċīre (accusative singular)
Buccingahāmsċīre (genitive singular)
Buccingahāmsċīre (dative singular)


Huntandun

Huntandūn (canonical feminine)
Huntandūn (nominative singular)
Huntandūne (accusative singular)
Huntandūne (genitive singular)
Huntandūne (dative singular)

English: Huntingdon

By surface analysis, hunta (“hunter”) + dūn (“hill, mountain”)


Huntandunscir

Huntandūnsċīr (canonical feminine)
Huntandūnsċīr (nominative singular)
Huntandūnsċīre (accusative singular)
Huntandūnsċīre (genitive singular)
Huntandūnsċīre (dative singular)

English: Huntingdonshire

By surface analysis, Huntandūn (“Huntingdon”) + sċīr (“shire”)


Dornwaraceaster

Dornwaraċeaster (canonical feminine)
Dornwaraċeaster (nominative singular)
Dornwaraċeastre (accusative singular)
Dornwaraċeastre (genitive singular)
Dornwaraċeastre (dative singular)


Tenetland

By surface analysis, Tenet (“Isle of Thanet”) + land (“land”)


Tenet

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Þonne is on ēasteweardre Cent myċel ēaland Tenet, þæt is syx hund hīda miċel æfter Angelcynnes ǣhte. Þæt ēalond tōsċēadeð Wantsumo strēam frām þām tōġeþeoddan lande. Sē is þreora furlunga brād: ⁊ on twām stōwum is oferfernes, ⁊ ǣġhwæþer ende līð on sǣ.

Now to the east of Cent there is the great island of Thanet, which contains six hundred hides by the English manner of reckoning. The island separates the Wantsum Channel from the adjacent land. It is three furlongs wide; and it can be crossed in two places, and at each end flows into the sea.


Fullanham

English: Fulham


Pante

Pante (nominative singular)
Pantan (accusative singular)
Pantan (genitive singular)
Pantan (dative singular)

the Blackwater, a river in Essex, England


Ægles burg

Æġles burg (canonical feminine)
Æġles burg (nominative singular)
Æġles burg (accusative singular)
Æġles byrġ (genitive singular)
Æġles byrġ (dative singular)

English: Aylesbury

Aylesbury, a village in Buckinghamshire, England


Buttingtun

English: Boddington

Boddington, a village in Gloucestershire, England


Persisc

Persisċ (canonical)
Persisċ (masculine nominative singular)
Persisċ (feminine nominative singular)
Persisċ (neuter nominative singular)
Persisċne (accusative masculine singular)
Persisċe (accusative feminine singular)
Persisċ (accusative neuter singular)
Persisċes (genitive masculine singular)
Persisċre (feminine genitive singular)
Persisċes (genitive neuter singular)
Persisċum (dative masculine singular)
Persisċre (dative feminine singular)
Persisċum (dative neuter singular)
Persisċe (instrumental masculine singular)
Persisċre (feminine instrumental singular)
Persisċe (instrumental neuter singular)
Persisċe (masculine nominative plural)
Persisċa (feminine nominative plural)
Persisċe (feminine nominative plural)
Persisċ (neuter nominative plural)
Persisċe (accusative masculine plural)
Persisċa (accusative feminine plural)
Persisċe (accusative feminine plural)
Persisċ (accusative neuter plural)
Persisċra (genitive masculine plural)
Persisċra (feminine genitive plural)
Persisċra (genitive neuter plural)
Persisċum (dative masculine plural)
Persisċum (dative feminine plural)
Persisċum (dative neuter plural)
Persisċum (instrumental masculine plural)
Persisċum (feminine instrumental plural)
Persisċum (instrumental neuter plural)
Persisċa (masculine nominative singular)
Persisċe (feminine nominative singular)
Persisċe (neuter nominative singular)
Persisċan (accusative masculine singular)
Persisċan (accusative feminine singular)
Persisċe (accusative neuter singular)
Persisċan (genitive masculine singular)
Persisċan (feminine genitive singular)
Persisċan (genitive neuter singular)
Persisċan (dative masculine singular)
Persisċan (dative feminine singular)
Persisċan (dative neuter singular)
Persisċan (instrumental masculine singular)
Persisċan (feminine instrumental singular)
Persisċan (instrumental neuter singular)
Persisċan (masculine nominative plural)
Persisċan (feminine nominative plural)
Persisċan (neuter nominative plural)
Persisċan (accusative masculine plural)
Persisċan (accusative feminine plural)
Persisċan (accusative neuter plural)
Persisċra (genitive masculine plural)
Persisċena (genitive masculine plural)
Persisċra (feminine genitive plural)
Persisċena (feminine genitive plural)
Persisċra (genitive neuter plural)
Persisċena (genitive neuter plural)
Persisċum (dative masculine plural)
Persisċum (dative feminine plural)
Persisċum (dative neuter plural)
Persisċum (instrumental masculine plural)
Persisċum (feminine instrumental plural)
Persisċum (instrumental neuter plural)


Read Sæ

Rēad Sǣ (canonical feminine)
Rēad Sǣ (nominative singular)
Rēad Sǣ (accusative singular)
Rēad Sǣ (genitive singular)
Rēad Sǣ (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: Rede See, reade sea, ræden sæ, rede se, Red See, Reede See, rede See
English: Red Sea

/ræ͜ɑːd sæː/

Calque of Latin Mare Rubrum, equivalent to rēad (“red”) + sǣ (“sea”).


Mediolana burg

Mediolana burg (nominative singular)
Mediolana burg (accusative singular)
Mediolana byrġ (genitive singular)
Mediolana byrġ (dative singular)

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Sebastianus hātte sum hāliġ godes þeġn, sē wæs lange on lāre on Mediolana byrġ.

A certain holy servant of God was named Sebastian, who for some time studied in Milan.


Ioppe

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Ioppe hātte sum burh...


dunscræf

dūnsċræf (canonical neuter)
dūnsċræf (nominative singular)
dūnsċrafu (nominative plural)
dūnsċræf (accusative singular)
dūnsċrafu (accusative plural)
dūnsċræfes (genitive singular)
dūnsċrafa (genitive plural)
dūnsċræfe (dative singular)
dūnsċrafum (dative plural)


Chaldea land

Chaldea land (nominative singular)
Chaldea land (accusative singular)
Chaldea landes (genitive singular)
Chaldea lande (dative singular)

Chaldea, a region in Mesopotamia in the Bible


Sciþþia

Sciþþia (nominative singular)
Sciþþian (accusative singular)
Sciþþian (genitive singular)
Sciþþian (dative singular)

From Latin Scythia, from Ancient Greek Σκυθία (Skuthía).


Hlude

the Teme, A river which rises in Powys, Wales, before entering England, flowing through Shropshire, Herefordshire, for a short distance, and Worcestershire


Hagustaldesham

By surface analysis, hagostealdes (“of a young man”) + hām (“home, village, farm”)

surf

Hexham, a town in Northumberland, England


Gomorre

From Ancient Greek Γόμορρᾰ (Gómorrhă), from Biblical Hebrew עֲמֹרָה (ʿămōrā).

Gomorrah, a city destroyed in the Bible for its sinfulness


Læcedemonia

From Latin Lacedaemon, from Ancient Greek Λακεδαίμων (Lakedaímōn).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Leoniða, Læcedemonia cyning, Crēca byrġ, hæfde IIII þūsend monna, þā hē anġēan Xersis fōr, on ānum nearwan londfæstenne; ⁊ him þǣr mid ġefeohte wiðstōd.

Leonidas, king of Sparta, a Greek city, had four thousand men, when he marched against Xerxes, in a narrow fortified pass; and stood against him in battle.


Pulgara land

Equivalent to Pulgare (“the Bulgarians”) + land (“land”).


Persea rice

By surface analysis, Persēa (“of the Persians”) + rīċe (“empire”)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter him feng his sunu tō Persēa rīċe Xersis.

After him his son Xerxes took over the Persian Empire.


Persibulis

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ siþþan fōr on Perse ⁊ ġeēode Persibulis þā burg heora cynestōl, sēo is ġiet welegast ealra burg.

And subsequently he marched on the Persians and conquered the city of Persepolis, their capital, which is still the wealthiest of all cities.

Persepolis, capital of the Persian Empire


Ilirice

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On þǣm ġēare Ilirice ofslōgon Rōmana ǣrendracan.

In that year, Illyria killed Roman ambassadors.


Gaþes

Borrowed from Latin Gades, from Phoenician 𐤂𐤃𐤓 (gdr /gādēr, gādīr/, “a walled enclosure”).


Olimphus

From Latin Olympus, from Ancient Greek Ὄλυμπος (Ólumpos).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Fuluius sē consul fōr mid firde on Crēce tō þǣm beorgum þe mon Olimphus hæt.

The consul Fulvius went to Greece with an army, to the mountain known as Olympus.


Weogornaceaster

Weorgornaċeaster (canonical feminine)
Weogornaċeaster (nominative singular)
Weogornaċeastre (accusative singular)
Weogornaċeastre (genitive singular)
Weogornaċeastre (dative singular)

From Weogorna + ċeaster, literally “Fort of the Weogoran”.

af

Worcester (a town in Worcestershire, England)


Lindisfarena

English: Lindisfarne

Genitive plural of an unattested nominative/accusative *Lindisfaran.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Þæt iċ bē ðām hālgan fæder Cūðbyrhte wrāt oððe on þysse bēċ oððe on ōðre, þā dǣda his līfes, sume iċ ǣrest nom of þām ġewrītum ðe iċ āwriten ġemette mid þām brōðrum þǣre ċyriċean æt Lindesfearona ēa sumu ðā þe iċ sylf onġitan mihte þurh swīðe ġetrēowa manna ġesæġene iċ tōycte.

That which I wrote about the holy father Cuthbert, either in this book or another, about his life's deeds, some I took first from what I found among the brethren of the church at Lindisfarne, and I have added on the particulars which I could glean through conversations with very trustworthy people.

Lindisfarne (an island off the coast of England)


Wætlingaceaster

The second element is from ceaster (“city”),

St. Albans (cathedral city in Hertfordshire, England)


geriþe

ġerīþe (canonical neuter)
ġerīþe (nominative singular)
ġerīþu (nominative plural)
ġerīþe (accusative singular)
ġerīþu (accusative plural)
ġerīþes (genitive singular)
ġerīþa (genitive plural)
ġerīþe (dative singular)
ġerīþum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *garīþī, from Proto-Germanic *garīþiją, equivalent to ġe- + rīþ + -e.


Wantsumo

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Þonne is on ēasteweardre Cent myċel ēaland Tenet, þæt is syx hund hīda miċel æfter Angelcynnes ǣhte. Þæt ēalond tōsċēadeð Wantsumo strēam frām þām tōġeþeoddan lande. Sē is þrēora furlunga brād: ⁊ on twām stōwum is oferfernes, ⁊ ǣġhwæþer ende līð on sǣ.

Now to the east of Cent there is the great island of Thanet, which contains six hundreds hides by the English manner of reckoning. The island separates the Wantsum Channel from the adjacent land. It is three furlongs wide; and it can be crossed in two places, and at each end flows into the sea.