Scotland

Sċotland (canonical neuter)
Sċotland (nominative singular)
Sċotland (accusative singular)
Sċotlandes (genitive singular)
Sċotlande (dative singular)

land of the Scots in Hibernia, i.e. Ireland

land of the Scots in Britain, i.e. Scotland


Alexandria

Alexandria (nominative singular)
Alexandrian (accusative singular)
Alexandrian (genitive singular)
Alexandrian (dative singular)

c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
[Commodus] hine ġesette tō hēahġerefan ofer Alexandrian
[Commodus] appointed him hēahġerefa over Alexandria


Italia

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hē [Pirrus] hæfde XX elpenda tō þǣm ġefeohte mid him, þe Rōmane ǣr na ne ne ġesawon: hē wæs sē forma mon þe hīe ǣrest on Italium brōhte.

And he [Pyrrhus] had twenty elephants with him in battle, which the Romans had never seen before; he was the first man to bring them to Italy.


Snotingaham

From Snot, name of a Saxon chieftain who conquered the settlement + -ing (“belonging to”) + hām (“home”).


Babilonie

Babylon (the ancient capital of the kingdom of Babylonia, in modern Iraq)


Babilonige

Babilōniġe (canonical feminine)
Babilōniġe (nominative singular)
Babilōniġan (accusative singular)
Babilōniġan (genitive singular)
Babilōniġan (dative singular)


Sicilia

Sicilia (nominative singular)
Sicilia (accusative singular)
Sicilia (genitive singular)
Sicilia (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: Sicilie, Sicilye
English: Sicily

From Latin Sicilia from Ancient Greek Σικελία (Sikelía), from Σίκελος (Síkelos, “Sicel”), the name of the Sicel people.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Sicilia þæt īġland is þrȳsċȳte.

Sicily (an island and former kingdom in Europe)


Estland

Ēstland (canonical neuter)
Ēstland (nominative singular)
Ēstland (accusative singular)
Ēstlandes (genitive singular)
Ēstlande (dative singular)

Middle English: Ēstland

Derived from the plural noun Ēste (“the Estonians”), from the name of the Aestii tribe (see Wikipedia). The first element could also be an unattested singular form *Ēst, from the same source. In any case, the second element is land.


Cent

Cent (nominative singular)
Cent (accusative singular)
Cente (accusative singular)
Cente (genitive singular)
Cente (dative singular)

From Latin Cantia, from a Celtic source probably meaning 'border' or 'coastal region'.


Arabia

Arabia (nominative singular)
Arabie (accusative singular)
Arabie (genitive singular)
Arabie (dative singular)

Arabia (a peninsula and region of Western Asia)


Irland

Īrland (canonical neuter)
Īrland (nominative singular)
Īrland (accusative singular)
Īrlandes (genitive singular)
Īrlande (dative singular)

Derived from Īras (“the Irish”) and land (“land, country”). The first element could also be an unattested singular form *Īr.


burg

byrġ (nominative plural)
burg (nominative singular)
byrġ (nominative plural)
burg (accusative singular)
byrġ (accusative plural)
byrġ (genitive singular)
burga (genitive plural)
byrġ (dative singular)
burgum (dative plural)

Middle English: burgh

Scots: burch, burgh

desc

English: borough, -borough, Brough, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury

→ English: burh (learned)

c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Wyrċaþ fæsten ymb þā burg.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þæt Ēstland is swīðe miċel, and þǣr biþ swīðe manega byrġ, and on ǣlcre byrġ biþ cyning.

Estonia is very large. There are a whole lot of towns, and every town has a king.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of St. Augustine's Soliloquies
Nāt iċ nā þȳ hwā Rōme burg timbrede þe iċ hit self ġesāwe, ac for þȳ þe hit man mē sæġde.

I don't know who built the city of Rome because I saw it myself, but because somebody told me.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Assumption of the Blessed Mary"
Sē Godes wiðersaca hine þā ġehāthierte and cwæþ, "Þā iċ fram fierde ġeċierre, iċ tōweorpe þās burg, and hīe ġesmēðe, and tō ierþlande āwende, swā þæt hēo biþ cornbǣru swīðor þonne manbǣru."

The adversary of God became furious and said, "When I return from the campaign, I will destroy this city, and level it, and turn it into farmland, so it is full of grain instead of people."


Nazareth

Nazareth (an ancient city in modern northern Israel)


Egypte

Egypte (nominative plural)
Egypte (accusative plural)
Egypta (genitive plural)
Egyptum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: Egipt
English: Egypt
→ Burmese: အီဂျစ် (igyac)
→ Chinese: 埃及 (Āijí)
→ Korean: 애굽 (Aegup)
→ Vietnamese: Ai Cập
→ Cornish: Ejyp
→ Gujarati: ઇજિપ્ત (ijipt)
→ Hindi: इजिप्ट (ijipṭ), इजिप्त (ijipt)
→ Iban: Ejip
→ Japanese: エジプト (Ejiputo)
→ Kannada: ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್ (ījipṭ)
→ Korean: 이집트 (Ijipteu)
→ Malayalam: ഈജിപ്റ്റ് (ījipṟṟ)
→ Maori: Īhipa
→ Marathi: इजिप्त (ijipta)
→ Navajo: Ííjip
→ Nepali: इजिप्ट (ijipṭa)
→ Odia: ଇଜିପ୍ଟ (ijipṭa)
→ Paiwan: Idjiputu
→ Thai: อียิปต์ (ii-yìp)

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


Norþweg

Norþweġ (canonical masculine)
Norþweġ (nominative singular)
Norþwegas (nominative plural)
Norþweġ (accusative singular)
Norþwegas (accusative plural)
Norþweġes (genitive singular)
Norþwega (genitive plural)
Norþweġe (dative singular)
Norþwegum (dative plural)

English: Norway

Originally a calque of Old Norse Norvegr ~ Norðvegr. Equivalent to norþ (“north”) + weġ (“way”).


wic

wīc (canonical neuter)
wīc (nominative singular)
wīc (nominative plural)
wīc (accusative singular)
wīc (accusative plural)
wīces (genitive singular)
wīca (genitive plural)
wīce (dative singular)
wīcum (dative plural)

Middle English: wic, wike, wyk, wych

English: -wick, -wich (in placenames)

From Proto-West Germanic *wīk, a merger of Latin vīcus and Proto-West Germanic *wīhs; both from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ- (“village”). Compare Proto-Germanic *wīhsą (“settlement, village”).

cog

temporary abode: camp, encampment, lodging


wic

wīc (canonical feminine)
wīc (nominative singular)
wīca (nominative plural)
wīce (nominative plural)
wīce (accusative singular)
wīca (accusative plural)
wīce (accusative plural)
wīce (genitive singular)
wīca (genitive plural)
wīce (dative singular)
wīcum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *wīku, from Proto-Germanic *wīkō, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to bend, curve”).


Dunholm

Middle English:

English: Durham

→ Old French: Duresm

Middle French: Duresm

→ English: Duresm

→ Latin: Dunelmun

→ English: Dunelm

dun (“hill, mountain”) + holm (“islet”, from Old Norse holmr, from Proto-Germanic *hulmaz)

compound

Durham (the county town of County Durham)


Scedenig

From Proto-Germanic *Skadinawjō, equivalent to sċeaþa + īeġ. Cognate with Old Norse Skáney.


Eoforwic

Eoforwīc (canonical neuter)
Eoforwīc (nominative singular)
Eoforwīc (accusative singular)
Eoforwīces (genitive singular)
Eoforwīce (dative singular)

desc

Middle English: Everwik, Eborwike, Eoverwic, Everwic, Everwich, Everwike, Everwyk

desctree

→ Old Norse: Jórvík
Icelandic: Jórvík
→ Faroese: Jórvík (learned)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Jorvik (learned)
→ Swedish: Jorvik (learned)
→ Danish: Jorvig (learned)
→ Middle English: York, Yorke, Ȝork, Ȝorke, Ȝorc, Ȝeorc
English: York

A folk-etymological alteration, based on eofor (“boar”) and the common placename suffix wīc (“village”), of the earlier Latin Eborācum, from pre-Brythonic *Eborākom, from Proto-Celtic *eburos (“yew-tree”) (compare Welsh efwr, Breton evor).


Ispania

Ispānia (canonical feminine)
Ispānia (nominative singular)
Ispānia (accusative singular)
Ispānia (genitive singular)
Ispānia (dative singular)

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


Sodoma

Sodoma (nominative singular)
Sodoman (accusative singular)
Sodoman (genitive singular)
Sodoman (dative singular)

From Ancient Greek Σόδομα (Sódoma), from the Biblical Hebrew סְדֹם (s'dóm).

Sodom (ancient Biblical city in Canaan, destroyed due to its sinfulness)


Denemearc

Denemearc (nominative singular)
Denemearce (accusative singular)
Denemearce (genitive singular)
Denemearce (dative singular)

From Dene + mearc, a calque of Old Norse Danmǫrk.


Hierusalem

English: Jerusalem

...hyt funde on Hierusalem on þæs Pontiscan Pilates domerne, eall swa hyt Nychodemus awrat, eall myd Ebresicum stafum on manegum bocum þus awryten.

11th century, Evangelium Nichodemi, University Library, Cambridge. MS Ii.2.11, 173v


Francland

Francland (nominative singular)
Francland (accusative singular)
Franclandes (genitive singular)
Franclande (dative singular)

Middle English: Fronc-lond

English: Frankland

From Franca (“the Franks'”) + land. Compare Icelandic Frakkland (“France”).


Francrice

Francrīċe (canonical neuter)
Frankrīċe (nominative singular)
Frankrīcu (nominative plural)
Frankrīċe (accusative singular)
Frankrīcu (accusative plural)
Frankrīċes (genitive singular)
Frankrīca (genitive plural)
Frankrīċe (dative singular)
Frankrīcum (dative plural)

Middle English: Francrice

From Franca (“the Franks'”) + rīċe (“kingdom, realm”). Compare Dutch Frankrijk (“France”), German Frankreich (“France”), Norwegian Frankrike (“France”).

com

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Maurus þā ferde mid miċelre blisse, and his ġeferan samod, to Francena riċe

Maurus then went with much bliss, along with his companions, to France.


Angelcynn

Angelcynn (nominative singular)
Angelcynn (accusative singular)
Angelcynnes (genitive singular)
Angelcynne (dative singular)


Grecland

Grēcland (canonical neuter)
Grēcland (nominative singular)
Grēcland (accusative singular)
Grēclandes (genitive singular)
Grēclande (dative singular)

desc

Middle English: Griccland, Griclond, Greclond

English: Greekland


Wealas

Wēalas (canonical masculine plural)
Wēalas (nominative plural)
Wēalas (accusative plural)
Wēala (genitive plural)
Wēalum (dative plural)

Middle English: Wales

English: Wales

Scots: Wales

→ Catalan: Gal·les

→ Old French: Gales (see there for further descendants)

/ˈwæ͜ɑː.lɑs/

From plural of wealh (“Celt, Welsh person”). Compare the second element in Cornwall, and also Gaul.


Sweorice

Swēorīċe (canonical neuter)
Swēorīċe (nominative singular)
Swēorīċu (nominative plural)
Swēorīċe (accusative singular)
Swēorīċu (accusative plural)
Swēorīċes (genitive singular)
Swēorīċa (genitive plural)
Swēorīċe (dative singular)
Swēorīċum (dative plural)


Sweoland

Swēoland (canonical neuter)
Swēoland (nominative singular)
Swēoland (accusative singular)
Swēolandes (genitive singular)
Swēolande (dative singular)


Snotingahamscir

Snotingahāmsċīr (canonical feminine)
Snotingahāmsċīr (nominative singular)
Snotingahāmsċīre (accusative singular)
Snotingahāmsċīre (genitive singular)
Snotingahāmsċīre (dative singular)


Finna land

Finna land (nominative singular)
Finna land (accusative singular)
Finna landes (genitive singular)
Finna lande (dative singular)


Romana rice

Rōmāna rīċe (canonical neuter)
Rōmāna rīċe (nominative singular)
Rōmāna rīċe (accusative singular)
Rōmāna rīċes (genitive singular)
Rōmāna rīċe (dative singular)

From the genitive form of Rōmāne + rīċe. Literally "empire of the Romans."

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Deposition of St. Martin, Bishop"
Hē wæs āfēded on Rōmāna rīċe.


Engla land

Engla land (nominative singular)
Engla land (accusative singular)
Engla landes (genitive singular)
Engla lande (dative singular)

⇒ German: England

desctree

> Middle English: Engelond, Engeland, Englelond, England, Engle lond, Englene lond (Early Middle English), Ingelond, Inglond, Ingland (Late Middle English) (inherited)
> English: England (inherited) (see there for further descendants)
> Scots: Ingland, England (inherited)
> Yola: Engelhoan (inherited)
→ Latin: Angliterra (calque)

→ Old French: Engleterre (calque)
Middle French: Angleterre
> French: Angleterre (inherited)
Italian: Inghilterra
→ Arabic: إِنْجِلْتِرَا (ʔinjiltirā)
→ Maltese: Ingilterra
→ Ottoman Turkish: انكلتره
> Turkish: İngiltere (inherited)
→ Azerbaijani: İngiltərə
> Norman: Angliétèrre (inherited)

From the genitive of Engle (“Angles”) + land (“land”). Literally "land of the Angles."


Portesmuða

Portesmūða (canonical masculine)
Portesmuða (nominative singular)
Portesmuðan (nominative plural)
Portesmuðan (accusative singular)
Portesmuðan (accusative plural)
Portesmuðan (genitive singular)
Portesmuðena (genitive plural)
Portesmuðan (dative singular)
Portesmuðum (dative plural)

Middle English: Portesmuða

English: Portsmouth


Exanceaster

Exanċeaster (canonical neuter)
Exanċeaster (nominative singular)
Exanċeastre (accusative singular)
Exanċeastre (genitive singular)
Exanċeastre (dative singular)

Middle English: Exchestre

English: Exeter

From Ex (“River Exe”) + ċeaster (“fortress, fortified town”), in some forms influenced by Latin Isca, both from Proto-Brythonic *Uɨsk.

affix

Exeter (a cathedral city in modern Devon, England)


Iraland

Īraland (canonical neuter)
Īraland (nominative singular)
Īraland (accusative singular)
Īralandes (genitive singular)
Īralande (dative singular)


Mierce

Mierċe (canonical masculine plural)
Mierċe (nominative plural)
Mierċe (accusative plural)
Miercna (genitive plural)
Mierċum (dative plural)

Literally, “border people”, from mearc (“border”).


Cantwara burg

Cantwara burg (nominative singular)
Cantwara burg (accusative singular)
Cantwara byriġ (genitive singular)
Cantwara byriġ (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: Caunterbury, Canterbiri, Canterburi, Canterbury, Caunterbery, Caunterbiri, Caunterbiry, Caunterburi, Cawnterbery, Kaunterburi
English: Canterbury
→ Old French: Canterbiri, Cantorebiri
French: Cantorbéry

→ Medieval Latin: Cantuaria

From the genitive of Cantware (“Kent or the people of Kent”) + burg (“city”).


Westseaxan

Westseaxan (nominative plural)
Westseaxan (accusative plural)
Westseaxna (genitive plural)
Westseaxum (dative plural)


Mægelan

English: Milan


Portesmuþa

Portesmūþa (canonical masculine)
Portesmuþa (nominative singular)
Portesmuþan (accusative singular)
Portesmuþan (genitive singular)
Portesmuþan (dative singular)

desc

Middle English: Portesmuþe, Portesmouþe, Portesmouthe, Portsmouthe

English: Portsmouth

Scots: Portsmou

Yola: *Po(r)smowth(e), *Po(r)smowdh(e)


Eotol

From Proto-West Germanic [Term?] and ultimately from Latin Italia (which itself was later borrowed into Old English as Italia, a doublet of this term). It appears not to be an Anglo-Saxon-era borrowing, as it shows the marks of a lengthy chain of vowel changes that can only be explained by a native evolution from a much earlier borrowing predating the Middle Ages.


Deorbyscir

Dēorbȳsċīr (canonical feminine)
Dēorbȳsċīr (nominative singular)
Dēorbȳsċīre (accusative singular)
Dēorbȳsċīre (genitive singular)
Dēorbȳsċīre (dative singular)


Gleawceasterscir

Glēawċeastersċīr (canonical feminine)
Glēawċeastersċīr (nominative singular)
Glēawċeastersċīre (accusative singular)
Glēawċeastersċīre (genitive singular)
Glēawċeastersċīre (dative singular)

Middle English: *Glowchestre schire

English: Gloucestershire

/ˈɡlæ͜ɑːw.t͡ʃæ͜ɑs.terˌʃiːr/


Gleawceaster

Glēawċeaster (canonical feminine)
Glēawċeaster (nominative singular)
Glēawċeastre (accusative singular)
Glēawċeastre (genitive singular)
Glēawċeastre (dative singular)

Middle English: Glowchestre

English: Gloucester


Suþhamtun

Sūþhāmtūn (canonical masculine)
Sūþhāmtūn (nominative singular)
Sūþhāmtūn (accusative singular)
Sūþhāmtūnes (genitive singular)
Sūþhāmtūne (dative singular)


Baþanceaster

Baþanċeaster (canonical feminine)
Baþanċeaster (nominative singular)
Baþanċeastre (accusative singular)
Baþanċeastre (genitive singular)
Baþanċeastre (dative singular)


Hamtunscir

Hāmtūnsċīr (canonical feminine)
Hāmtūnsċīr (nominative singular)
Hāmtūnsċīre (accusative singular)
Hāmtūnsċīre (genitive singular)
Hāmtūnsċīre (dative singular)

Middle English:

English: Hampshire


Andefera

Andefera (nominative singular)
Andeferan (accusative singular)
Andeferan (genitive singular)
Andeferan (dative singular)

Middle English: Andever, Andeafara

English: Andover

Possibly from Ande + ēa + fara, literally “farer over the river Ande”, or from Ande + ōfer, literally “[town situated on the] bank of the river Ande”.

compound

􂀿town situated on the􂁀 bank of the river Ande


Deorwente

Deorwente (nominative singular)
Deorwentan (accusative singular)
Deorwentan (genitive singular)
Deorwentan (dative singular)

English: Derwent

Of Brythonic origin, possibly from Proto-Brythonic *Deruentiū (found in Latin as Deruentiō), meaning "forest of oak trees," from *dar (“oak”). Alternative Brittonic origin suggests a compound corresponding to modern Welsh dŵr (“water”) + gent (“clear”).

Derwent (a county, a Yorkshire in Derbyshire, Cumbria and County Durham)


Egypta land

Egypta land (nominative singular)
Egypta land (accusative singular)
Egypta landes (genitive singular)
Egypta lande (dative singular)

From the genitive of Egypte (“the Egyptians”) + land (“land”). Literally "land of the Egyptians."

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Marcus sē godspellere be godes dihte ġefōr tō Aegipta lande and þǣr lǣrde þæt folc and to fulluhte ġebiġde frām þām fūlan hæþensċype.

Mark the Evangelist went to Egypt by God's order and there taught its people and turned its people towards baptism and away from foul heathenism.

Egypt (a country and ancient kingdom in North Africa and Western Asia)


Scrobbesbyrigscir

Sċrobbesbyriġsċīr (canonical feminine)
Sċrobbesbyriġsċīr (nominative singular)
Sċrobbesbyriġsċīre (accusative singular)
Sċrobbesbyriġsċīre (genitive singular)
Sċrobbesbyriġsċīre (dative singular)

Middle English:

English: Shropshire


Scrobbesburh

Sċrobbesburh (canonical feminine)
Sċrobbesburh (nominative singular)
Sċrobbesburh (accusative singular)
Sċrobbesbyriġ (genitive singular)
Sċrobbesbyriġ (dative singular)

Middle English:

English: Shrewsbury


Wæringwicscir

Wǣringwīċsċīr (canonical feminine)
Wǣringwīċsċīr (nominative singular)
Wǣringwīċsċīre (accusative singular)
Wǣringwīċsċīre (genitive singular)
Wǣringwīċsċīre (dative singular)

Middle English:

English: Warwickshire


Wæringwic

Wǣringwīċ (canonical neuter)
Wǣringwīċ (nominative singular)
Wǣringwīċ (accusative singular)
Wǣringwīċes (genitive singular)
Wǣringwīċe (dative singular)

Middle English: Warwyk

English: Warwick

[ˈwæː.riŋɡˌwiːt͡ʃ]

From wer (“weir”) + -ing (“of the”, used with masculine nouns) + wīċ (“dwelling place, village”).


Sicilie

Sicilie (nominative plural)
Sicilie (accusative plural)
Sicilia (genitive plural)
Sicilium (dative plural)

Sicily (an island and former kingdom in europe)


Ungrie

Ungrie (nominative plural)
Ungrie (accusative plural)
Ungria (genitive plural)
Ungrium (dative plural)

Borrowed from Latin Ungarī (“Hungarians”) or Ungaria (“Hungary”).

Hungary (a historical kingdom in Central Europe, occupying a larger area than modern Hungary)


Ungerland

Ungerland (nominative singular)
Ungerland (accusative singular)
Ungerlandes (genitive singular)
Ungerlande (dative singular)

Middle English: Hungerland

English: Hungarland, Hungerland

The first element is derived from Latin Ungaria (“Hungary”) or Ungarī (“Hungarians”), or else is an unattested Old English word meaning “a Hungarian,” from the same source. Other country names contain similar first elements, as in Swēoland (“Sweden”, literally “Swede land”) and Francland (“France”, literally “Frank land”); see also the prefix Angel-.
The second element is land (“land, country”).


Wineda land

Wineda land (nominative singular)
Wineda land (accusative singular)
Wineda landes (genitive singular)
Wineda lande (dative singular)


Frisland

Frīsland (canonical neuter)
Frīsland (nominative singular)
Frīsland (accusative singular)
Frīslandes (genitive singular)
Frīslande (dative singular)


Ira land

Īra land (canonical neuter)
Īra land (nominative singular)
Īra land (accusative singular)
Īra landes (genitive singular)
Īra lande (dative singular)


Sigelhearwena land

Siġelhearwena land (canonical neuter)
Siġelhearwena land (nominative singular)
Siġelhearwena land (accusative singular)
Siġelhearwena landes (genitive singular)
Siġelhearwena lande (dative singular)

Literally "land of the sun worshippers."


Scotta land

Sċotta land (canonical neuter)
Sċotta land (nominative singular)
Sċotta land (accusative singular)
Sċotta landes (genitive singular)
Sċotta lande (dative singular)


Peohta land

Peohta land (nominative singular)
Peohta land (accusative singular)
Peohta landes (genitive singular)
Peohta lande (dative singular)


Eastseaxan

Ēastseaxan (canonical masculine plural)
Ēastseaxan (nominative plural)
Ēastseaxan (accusative plural)
Ēastseaxna (genitive plural)
Ēastseaxum (dative plural)

Middle English: Estsex

English: Essex

/ˈæ͜ɑːstˌsæ͜ɑk.sɑn/


Frisena land

Frīsena land (canonical neuter)
Frīsena land (nominative singular)
Frīsena land (accusative singular)
Frīsena landes (genitive singular)
Frīsena lande (dative singular)


Middelseaxan

Middelseaxan (nominative plural)
Middelseaxan (accusative plural)
Middelseaxna (genitive plural)
Middelseaxum (dative plural)

Middle English: Middelsex

English: Middlesex


Suþseaxan

Sūþseaxan (canonical masculine plural)
Sūþseaxan (nominative plural)
Sūþseaxan (accusative plural)
Sūþseaxna (genitive plural)
Sūþseaxum (dative plural)

Middle English: Southsex

English: Sussex


Sumorsæte

Sumorsǣte (canonical masculine plural)
Sumorsǣte (nominative plural)
Sumorsǣte (accusative plural)
Sumorsǣta (genitive plural)
Sumorsǣtum (dative plural)

English: Somerset

An elliptical form of *Sumortūnsǣte, meaning "dwellers at Somerton". Equivalent to sumor (“summer”) + -sǣte (“dwellers”).


Defenas

Defenas (nominative plural)
Defenas (accusative plural)
Defena (genitive plural)
Defenum (dative plural)

Derived from an early medieval Celtic name for the Dumnonii, a British tribe that once lived in the area.


Defena scir

Defena sċīr (canonical feminine)
Defena sċīr (nominative singular)
Defena sċīre (accusative singular)
Defena sċīre (genitive singular)
Defena sċīre (dative singular)

English: Devonshire

Literally "County of the Devonians" or "County of Devon," more idiomatically "Devon County."


Elig

Ēlīg (canonical)
Ēlīg (nominative singular)
Ēlīge (accusative singular)
Ēlīge (genitive singular)
Ēlīge (dative singular)

Unknown. Often derived in folk etymologies from ǣl (“eel”).


Mercna land

Mercna land (nominative singular)
Mercna land (accusative singular)
Mercna landes (genitive singular)
Mercna lande (dative singular)

From the genitive of Merce (“Mercians”) + land (“land”). Literally "land of the Mercians."


Roðem

Borrowed from Old French *Rodem, earlier form of Roem, from Latin Rotomagus.

(hapax) The capital city of Normandy, France, on the River Seine.


Kiæresburh

Borrowed from Old Northern French *Kieresburg, Chieresburg, with representing the pronunciation /k/ north of the Joret Line, in turn from Old Norse kjarr + borg.

bor+

(hapax) Cherbourg (a town in Manche, Normandy, France)


Caðum

Borrowed from Old French *Cadom (later Cahom, Caem), likely from Latin *Catumagus.

Caen (a city in the Calvados department, Normandy, France).


Maðante

Borrowed from Old French *Meantes, *Medantes, from Medieval Latin Medanta, from Proto-Celtic *medu + *-anta.

(hapax) Mantes-la-Jolie (a town in Yvelines, Île-de-France, France)


Galwalas

Galwalas (nominative plural)
Galwalas (accusative plural)
Galwala (genitive plural)
Galwalum (dative plural)


Dorwitceaster

Dorwitċeaster (canonical feminine)
Dorwitċeaster (nominative singular)
Dorwitċeastre (accusative singular)
Dorwitċeastre (genitive singular)
Dorwitċeastre (dative singular)


Betleem

Latin Bethlehemum, from Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém), from Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bēṯ léḥem)

der

Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bēṯ léḥem)


Wintanceaster

Wintanċeaster (canonical masculine)
Wintanċeaster (nominative singular)
Wintanċeastre (accusative singular)
Wintanċeastre (genitive singular)
Wintanċeastre (dative singular)

English: Winchester

From Latin Venta Belgārum (literally “Venta of the Belgae”), possibly from Proto-Celtic *wentā (“town, place”), Proto-Indo-European *h₁wen- (“place (?)”) + ċeastre


Baþan

English: Bath

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *baþą (“bath”), named for its Roman baths


Creca land

Crēca land (canonical neuter)
Crēca land (nominative singular)
Crēca land (accusative singular)
Crēca landes (genitive singular)
Crēca lande (dative singular)


Hrofesceaster

Hrofesċeaster (canonical feminine)
Hrofesċeaster (nominative singular)
Hrofesċeastre (accusative singular)
Hrofesċeastre (genitive singular)
Hrofesċeastre (dative singular)


Cirenceaster

Ċirenċeaster (canonical feminine)
Ċirenċeaster (nominative singular)
Ċirenċeastre (accusative singular)
Ċirenċeastre (genitive singular)
Ċirenċeastre (dative singular)


Mameceaster

Mameċeaster (canonical feminine)
Mameċeaster (nominative singular)
Mameċeastre (accusative singular)
Mameċeastre (genitive singular)
Mameċeastre (dative singular)

Unclear. The first element may be from a word related to Breton mamm (“mother; female animal; womb”), in reference to a breast-shaped hill.
The second part is known to be from ceaster (“city”),


Norþhamtun

Norþhāmtūn (canonical neuter)
Norþhāmtūn (nominative singular)
Norþhāmtūn (accusative singular)
Norþhāmtūnes (genitive singular)
Norþhāmtūne (dative singular)

English: Northampton

From norþ (“north”) + Hāmtūn (its earlier name, changed to distinguish from other towns), from hām (“home”) + tūn (“town”).


Bedanford

English: Bedford


Colneceaster

Colneċeaster (canonical feminine)
Colneċeaster (nominative singular)
Colneċeastre (accusative singular)
Colneċeastre (genitive singular)
Colneċeastre (dative singular)

From the Colne, a river in Essex, + ċeaster (“fortified town, city”)


Grantanbrycg

Grantanbryċġ (canonical feminine)
Grantanbryċġ (nominative singular)
Grantanbryċġe (accusative singular)
Grantanbryċġe (genitive singular)
Grantanbryċġe (dative singular)

English: Cambridge

The first element is likely Celtic in origin; bryċġ is the Old English term for bridge.


Deorham

English: Dereham

From dēor (“wild animal”) + hām (“home”)


Ceasterscir

Ċeastersċir (canonical feminine)
Ċeastersċir (nominative singular)
Ċeastersċire (accusative singular)
Ċeastersċire (genitive singular)
Ċeastersċire (dative singular)

English: Cheshire

From Ċeaster (“Chester”) + sċir (“shire”)


Bebbanburg

English: Bamburgh

the village of Bamburgh in Northumbria, England


Suþrigea

Sūþrīġea (canonical masculine)
Sūþrīġea (nominative singular)
Sūþrīġean (nominative plural)
Sūþrīġean (accusative singular)
Sūþrīġean (accusative plural)
Sūþrīġean (genitive singular)
Sūþrīġena (genitive plural)
Sūþrīġean (dative singular)
Sūþrīġum (dative plural)

English: Surrey

From sūþ, sūþerne (“south, southern”) + -ġe (district, region)


Hreopadun

Hreopadūn (canonical feminine)
Hreopadūn (nominative singular)
Hreopadūne (accusative singular)
Hreopadūne (genitive singular)
Hreopadūne (dative singular)

English: Repton


Eoforwicceaster

Eoforwīcċeaster (canonical feminine)
Eoforwīcċeaster (nominative singular)
Eoforwīcċeastre (accusative singular)
Eoforwīcċeastre (genitive singular)
Eoforwīcċeastre (dative singular)

By surface analysis, Eoforwīc (“York”) + ċeaster (“town, city”)


Turecesieg

Turecesīeġ (canonical masculine)
Turecesīeġ (nominative singular)
Turecesīeġe (accusative singular)
Turecesīeġe (genitive singular)
Turecesīeġe (dative singular)

English: Torksey

The first element appears to be the genitive of a name *Turec; the second element is īeġ (“island”)


Cippanham

English: Chippenham

Chippenham, a village in Wiltshire, England


Eþandun

Eþandūn (canonical feminine)
Eþandūn (nominative singular)
Eþandūne (accusative singular)
Eþandūne (genitive singular)
Eþandūne (dative singular)

English: Edington

Edington, a village in Wiltshire, England


Æþelinga ieg

Æþelinga īeġ (canonical feminine)
Æþelinga īeġ (nominative singular)
Æþelinga īeġe (accusative singular)
Æþelinga īeġe (genitive singular)
Æþelinga īeġe (dative singular)

English: Athelney

From æþelinga (“genitive plural of æþeling (“prince, noble”)”) + īeġ (“island”)

com

genitive plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">æþeling</i> (“prince, noble”)

Athelney, a village in Somerset, England


Bannanburg

From *Banna (“name of a 6th-century Saxon chieftain said to have built a stockade in that place”) or bana, banna (“a byname meaning 'felon, murderer'”) + burg


Cartaina

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm þe Rōmeburg ġetimbred wæs IIII hunde wintra ⁊ II, þætte Cartaina þǣre burge ǣrendracan cōmon tō Rōme ⁊ him ġebudon þæt hīe frið him betwēonum hæfden...

Four hundred and two years after the city of Rome was built, ambassadors [from] the city of Carthage came to Rome and proposed that there be peace between them...


Lindcylene

English: Lincoln


Ligoraceaster

Ligoraċeaster (canonical feminine)
Ligoraċeaster (nominative singular)
Ligoraċeastre (accusative singular)
Ligoraċeastre (genitive singular)
Ligoraċeastre (dative singular)

English: Leicester


Cetrehta

Cetrehta (nominative singular)
Cetrehtan (accusative singular)
Cetrehtan (genitive singular)
Cetrehtan (dative singular)

English: Catterick


Loidis

English: Leeds

Leeds, a city in West Yorkshire, England


Cisseceaster

Ċisseċeaster (canonical feminine)
Ċisseċeaster (nominative singular)
Ċisseċeastre (accusative singular)
Ċisseċeastre (genitive singular)
Ċisseċeastre (dative singular)

English: Chichester


Dorceceaster

Dorceċeaster (canonical feminine)
Dorceċeaster (nominative singular)
Dorceċeastre (accusative singular)
Dorceċeastre (genitive singular)
Dorceċeastre (dative singular)

English: Dorchester


Tofeceaster

Tōfeċeaster (canonical feminine)
Tōfeċeaster (nominative singular)
Tōfeċeastre (accusative singular)
Tōfeċeastre (genitive singular)
Tōfeċeastre (dative singular)

English: Towcester


Ceortes ieg

Ċeortes īeġ (canonical feminine)
Ċeortes īeġ (nominative singular)
Ċeortes īeġe (accusative singular)
Ċeortes īeġe (genitive singular)
Ċeortes īeġe (dative singular)

English: Chertsey


Huntandunscir

Huntandūnsċīr (canonical feminine)
Huntandūnsċīr (nominative singular)
Huntandūnsċīre (accusative singular)
Huntandūnsċīre (genitive singular)
Huntandūnsċīre (dative singular)

English: Huntingdonshire

By surface analysis, Huntandūn (“Huntingdon”) + sċīr (“shire”)


Buccingahamscir

Buccingahāmsċīr (canonical feminine)
Buccingahāmsċīr (nominative singular)
Buccingahāmsċīre (accusative singular)
Buccingahāmsċīre (genitive singular)
Buccingahāmsċīre (dative singular)


Huntandun

Huntandūn (canonical feminine)
Huntandūn (nominative singular)
Huntandūne (accusative singular)
Huntandūne (genitive singular)
Huntandūne (dative singular)

English: Huntingdon

By surface analysis, hunta (“hunter”) + dūn (“hill, mountain”)


Dornwaraceaster

Dornwaraċeaster (canonical feminine)
Dornwaraċeaster (nominative singular)
Dornwaraċeastre (accusative singular)
Dornwaraċeastre (genitive singular)
Dornwaraċeastre (dative singular)


Ægles burg

Æġles burg (canonical feminine)
Æġles burg (nominative singular)
Æġles burg (accusative singular)
Æġles byrġ (genitive singular)
Æġles byrġ (dative singular)

English: Aylesbury

Aylesbury, a village in Buckinghamshire, England


Buttingtun

English: Boddington

Boddington, a village in Gloucestershire, England


Mediolana burg

Mediolana burg (nominative singular)
Mediolana burg (accusative singular)
Mediolana byrġ (genitive singular)
Mediolana byrġ (dative singular)

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Sebastianus hātte sum hāliġ godes þeġn, sē wæs lange on lāre on Mediolana byrġ.

A certain holy servant of God was named Sebastian, who for some time studied in Milan.


Ioppe

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
Ioppe hātte sum burh...


Sciþþia

Sciþþia (nominative singular)
Sciþþian (accusative singular)
Sciþþian (genitive singular)
Sciþþian (dative singular)

From Latin Scythia, from Ancient Greek Σκυθία (Skuthía).


Hagustaldesham

By surface analysis, hagostealdes (“of a young man”) + hām (“home, village, farm”)

Hexham, a town in Northumberland, England


Gomorre

From Ancient Greek Γόμορρᾰ (Gómorrha), from Biblical Hebrew עֲמֹרָה (ʿămōrā).

Gomorrah, a city destroyed in the Bible for its sinfulness


Læcedemonia

From Latin Lacedaemon, from Ancient Greek Λακεδαίμων (Lakedaímōn).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Leoniða, Læcedemonia cyning, Crēca byrġ, hæfde IIII þūsend monna, þā hē anġēan Xersis fōr, on ānum nearwan londfæstenne; ⁊ him þǣr mid ġefeohte wiðstōd.

Leonidas, king of Sparta, a Greek city, had four thousand men, when he marched against Xerxes, in a narrow fortified pass; and stood against him in battle.


Persea rice

By surface analysis, Persēa (“of the Persians”) + rīċe (“empire”)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter him feng his sunu tō Persēa rīċe Xersis.

After him his son Xerxes took over the Persian Empire.


Persibulis

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ siþþan fōr on Perse ⁊ ġeēode Persibulis þā burg heora cynestōl, sēo is ġiet welegast ealra burg.

And subsequently he marched on the Persians and conquered the city of Persepolis, their capital, which is still the wealthiest of all cities.

Persepolis, capital of the Persian Empire


Gaþes

Borrowed from Latin Gades, from Phoenician 𐤂𐤃𐤓 (gdr /gādēr, gādīr/, “a walled enclosure”).