ac

āc (canonical feminine)
āc (nominative singular)
ǣċ (nominative plural)
āc (accusative singular)
ǣċ (accusative plural)
ǣċ (genitive singular)
āce (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
ǣċ (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)
āc (nominative singular)
āca (nominative plural)
āce (nominative plural)
āce (accusative singular)
āca (accusative plural)
āce (accusative plural)
āce (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
āce (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)
āc (nominative singular)
ācas (nominative plural)
āc (accusative singular)
ācas (accusative plural)
āces (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
āce (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ook, ok, ak, ake
English: oak
Scots: aik, ake, yik (south)

(masculine)(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚪ (a)


Este

Ēste (canonical masculine plural)
Ēste (nominative plural)
Ēste (accusative plural)
Ēsta (genitive plural)
Ēstum (dative plural)

From the name of the Aestii tribe (see Wikipedia).


Perse

Perse (nominative plural)
Perse (accusative plural)
Persa (genitive plural)
Persea (genitive plural)
Persum (dative plural)
Perseum (dative plural)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þǣr wæs Persa X M ofslæġen ġehorsedra, ⁊ eahtatiġ M fēþena,⁊ eahtatiġ M ġefangenra.

There, 10,000 Persian cavalry were slain, and 80,000 infanty, and 80,000 were captured.


monaþ

Alternative form of manaþ; third-person singular present indicative of manian


leode

lēode (canonical feminine masculine plural)
lēode (nominative plural)
lēode (accusative plural)
lēoda (genitive plural)
lēodum (dative plural)

Middle English: lede, led, leed, leede, leyde, leod, leode, leude, lud, lude, lued, lyde, leoda, leodæ
English: lede (obsolete)
Scots: leid

Originally the plural of lēod, from Proto-West Germanic *liud(i), from Proto-Germanic *liudiz (“people”).

Ġēata lēode


heregeatwa

[H]eregeatu means literally ‘war-gear’ but it had a technical sense referring to the dues, originally consisting of war equipment, to be repaid to a lord on his tenant’s death.

2006 June 1 [1970], Richard Hamer, editor, A Choice of Anglo-Saxon Verse, Croydon: Faber & Faber, →ISBN, page 52:


geardagas

ġēardagas (canonical masculine plural)
ġēardagas (nominative plural)
ġēardagas (accusative plural)
ġēardaga (genitive plural)
ġēardagum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: ȝere day, yeere day, yere day, ȝereday, ȝerday, yeerday

English: yearday

Scots: yeir day

/ˈjæ͜ɑːrˌdɑ.ɡɑs/

[ˈjæ͜ɑːrˌdɑ.ɣɑs]

From Proto-West Germanic *jāradagōs, nominative/accusative plural of Proto-West Germanic *jāradag, equivalent to ġeāra (“yore”) + dagas (“days”). Cognate with Old Norse árdagar.

An man wæs on geardagum eardiende on þam iglande þe Creta hatte.

One man in days of old lived on the island that is called Crete.


wudu

wudu (nominative singular)
wuda (nominative plural)
wudu (accusative singular)
wuda (accusative plural)
wuda (genitive singular)
wuda (genitive plural)
wuda (dative singular)
wudum (dative plural)

Middle English: wude, wode

English: wood

Scots: wude, wuid

Dissimilated from earlier widu, from Proto-Germanic *widuz, from Proto-Indo-European *widʰu- (“tree, beam”).
Cognate with Old Saxon widu, Old High German witu, Old Norse viðr. The Indo-European root is also the source of Old Irish fid, Welsh gwŷdd.


Egypte

Egypte (nominative plural)
Egypte (accusative plural)
Egypta (genitive plural)
Egyptum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: Egipt
English: Egypt
→ Burmese: အီဂျစ် (igyac)
→ Chinese: 埃及 (Āijí)
→ Korean: 애굽 (Aegup)
→ Vietnamese: Ai Cập
→ Cornish: Ejyp
→ Gujarati: ઇજિપ્ત (ijipt)
→ Hindi: इजिप्ट (ijipṭ), इजिप्त (ijipt)
→ Iban: Ejip
→ Japanese: エジプト (Ejiputo)
→ Kannada: ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್ (ījipṭ)
→ Korean: 이집트 (Ijipteu)
→ Malayalam: ഈജിപ്റ്റ് (ījipṟṟ)
→ Maori: Īhipa
→ Marathi: इजिप्त (ijipta)
→ Navajo: Ííjip
→ Nepali: इजिप्ट (ijipṭa)
→ Odia: ଇଜିପ୍ଟ (ijipṭa)
→ Paiwan: Idjiputu
→ Thai: อียิปต์ (ii-yìp)

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


frætwe

Possibly contracted from for- + geatwe, a metathetical variant of getawa, with a sense of treasure being made and prepared. From Proto-Germanic *fratawō, from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂-.

Ða wæstmas, foldan frætwe.


feorh

feorh (nominative singular)
feorh (nominative plural)
feorh (accusative singular)
feorh (accusative plural)
fēores (genitive singular)
fēora (genitive plural)
fēore (dative singular)
fēorum (dative plural)
feorh (nominative singular)
fēoras (nominative plural)
feorh (accusative singular)
fēoras (accusative plural)
fēores (genitive singular)
fēora (genitive plural)
fēore (dative singular)
fēorum (dative plural)

Middle English: fere, vore

From Proto-West Germanic *ferh, from Proto-Germanic *ferhwą. Cognate with Old Frisian ferch, Old Saxon ferah, Old High German ferah, Old Norse fjǫr, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌿𐍃 (fairƕus).

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 755

And he saved his life, though he was often wounded.

And hē his feorh ġenerede, and þēah hē wæs oft ġewundod.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Deposition of St. Martin, Bishop"
Sum unġesċādwīs mann hine selfne āhēng and his feorh forlēt.

Some irrational person hanged himself and lost his life.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Sæġde þæt hēo wǣre on bedde liċġendu and hire man fēores ne wēnde.

She said that she was confined to a bed and was not expected to live [literally "her life was not expected"].

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of the Innocents"
Sē enġel cwæþ tō Iōsēpe, "Þā sind forþfarene þe ymb þæs ċildes feorh sieredon."

The angel told Joseph, "Those who conspired against the child's life are dead."

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of the Apostles Peter and Paul"
Nero þā þā hē þæs folces ġeþeahte āscode wearþ tō fēore āfyrhted and mid flēame tō wuda ġetengde.

When Nero heard about their pact, he feared for his life and rushed away into the woods.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On þām ġewinne ofslōg Antipater his mōdor, Cassandres lāfe, þēah þe hēo earmlīċe hire fēores tō him wilnode.

In the war, Antipater killed his mother, Cassander's widow, though she pitifully begged him for her life.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On þām dæġe þe hīe feohtan sċoldon, him cōm ān swā miċel hǣtu and swā miċel þurst þæt hīe him heora fēores ne wēndon.

On the day that they were supposed to fight, they were hit with so much heat and thirst that they thought they were going to die [literally "they didn't expect their life"].

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Iċ wāt þæt þū nāwht ne forslāwode þæt þū þīn āgen feorh for þīnne swēor ne sealde ġif þū hine ġesāwe on hwelcum earfoþum.

I know you would not hesitate to give your own life for your father-in-law if you saw him in any trouble.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Ġif þū nū wǣre weġfērend and hæfde miċel gold on þē and þū þonne becōme on þēofsċole, þonne ne wēnde þū þē þīnes fēores.

If you were traveling and had a lot of gold on you and you ran into a gang of robbers, you would think you were going to die [literally "you would not expect your life"].

c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
Hingwar sende þā sōna siþþan Ēadmunde cyninge bēotlīċ ǣrende: þæt hē ābūgan sċolde tō his manrǣdene ġif hē rōhte his fēores.

After that, Ivar immediately sent a gloating message to King Edmund: that he should submit to serving Ivar if he valued his life.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Loth cwæþ tō þām engle, "Hēr is ān lȳtlu burg swīðe nēah þǣr iċ mæġ mīn feorh ġenerian. Hēo is ān lȳtlu, and þēah iċ mæġ þǣr on libban."

Lot told the angel, "There's a little town around here, very close by, where I can preserve my life. It's a little one, but I can live there."

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Þā Seneca þā onfunde þæt hē dēad bēon sċolde, þā bēad hē ealle his ǣhte wiþ his fēore. Þā nolde Nero þæs onfōn ne him his fēores ġeunnan.

When Seneca found out that he was about to die, he offered all his possessions in exchange for his life. But Nero wouldn't accept them or grant him his life.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Rōmāne hæfdon þā nīewlīċe ġesett þæt þā þe hætt beran mōston, þonne hīe hwelċ folc oferwunnen hæfdon, þæt þā mōston ǣġðer habban ġe feorh ġe frēodōm.

The Romans had recently passed a law that whenever they conquered a people, anyone who was allowed to wear a hat could keep both their life and their freedom.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Sē þe him ǣr ġeþūhte þæt nān sǣ wiþhabban ne meahte þæt hē hine mid sċipum and mid his fultume āfyllan ne meahte, hē wæs eft biddende ānes lȳtles troges æt ānum earmum menn þæt hē meahte his feorh ġenerian.

The same man (Xerxes) who had thought that no sea could stop him from covering it with his ships and his army wound up begging a poor person for their little boat so he could save his life.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þā fēng Philippus tō Mæcedonia rīċe, and hit ealle hwīle on miċelum plēo and on miċelum earfoþum hæfde, þæt ǣġðer ġe him man ūtane of ōðrum lande on wann, ġe ēac þæt his āgen folc ymb his fēorh sierede, þæt him þā æt nīehstan lēofre wæs þæt hē ūte wunne þonne hē æt hām wǣre.

Then Philip came to the throne of Macedon, and held it with great danger and struggle. Not only was he fighting against other countries, but even his own people were plotting against his life, until he would finally rather fight abroad than be at home.


firas

fīras (canonical masculine plural)
fīras (nominative plural)
fīras (accusative plural)
fīra (genitive plural)
fīrum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *firhwijaz (“living being, person”), from Proto-Germanic *ferhuz (“life, body”). Cognate with Old Saxon fīrihos, Old Norse fírar.

inh

The Old English rune poem
ᚠ byþ frōfur fīra ġehwylċum...


bæc

bæċ (canonical feminine masculine neuter)
bæċ (nominative singular)
bacas (nominative plural)
bæċ (accusative singular)
bacas (accusative plural)
bæċes (genitive singular)
baca (genitive plural)
bæċe (dative singular)
bacum (dative plural)
bæċ (nominative singular)
bacu (nominative plural)
bæċ (accusative singular)
bacu (accusative plural)
bæċes (genitive singular)
baca (genitive plural)
bæċe (dative singular)
bacum (dative plural)
bæċ (nominative singular)
bæċa (nominative plural)
bæċe (nominative plural)
bæċe (accusative singular)
bæċa (accusative plural)
bæċe (accusative plural)
bæċe (genitive singular)
bæċa (genitive plural)
bæċe (dative singular)
bæċum (dative plural)

Middle English: bæcche, bæche, bache

English: beach, batch

From Proto-West Germanic *baki, from Proto-Germanic *bakiz.


ylde

ylde (nominative plural)
ylde (accusative plural)
ylda (genitive plural)
yldum (dative plural)


Wederas

Wederas (nominative plural)
Wederas (accusative plural)
Wedera (genitive plural)
Wederum (dative plural)


gifta

ġifta (canonical feminine plural)
ġifta (nominative plural)
ġifte (nominative plural)
ġifta (accusative plural)
ġifte (accusative plural)
ġifta (genitive plural)
ġiftum (dative plural)


Romane

Rōmāne (canonical masculine plural)
Rōmāne (nominative plural)
Rōmāne (accusative plural)
Rōmāna (genitive plural)
Rōmānum (dative plural)

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 11:48

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hē [Pirrus] hæfde XX elpenda tō þǣm ġefeohte mid him, þe Rōmane ǣr na ne ne ġesawon: hē wæs sē forma mon þe hīe ǣrest on Italium brōhte.

And he [Pyrrhus] had twenty elephants with him in battle, which the Romans had never seen before; he was the first man to bring them to Italy.


hyll

hyll (nominative singular)
hylla (nominative plural)
hylle (nominative plural)
hylle (accusative singular)
hylla (accusative plural)
hylle (accusative plural)
hylle (genitive singular)
hylla (genitive plural)
hylle (dative singular)
hyllum (dative plural)
hyll (nominative singular)
hyllas (nominative plural)
hyll (accusative singular)
hyllas (accusative plural)
hylles (genitive singular)
hylla (genitive plural)
hylle (dative singular)
hyllum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hil, hyl, hille, hylle, hul, hulle, helle
English: hill
Scots: hill, hull
Yola: hele, hile, hill


Bryttas

Bryttas (nominative plural)
Bryttas (accusative plural)
Brytta (genitive plural)
Bryttum (dative plural)


elde

elde (nominative plural)
elde (accusative plural)
elda (genitive plural)
eldum (dative plural)


gearwe

ang-adv

ġearwe (comparative ġearwor, superlative ġearwost or ġearwast)

ġearwe (canonical)
ġearwor (comparative)
ġearwost (superlative)
ġearwast (superlative)

Related to gearu (“ready, able”); both from Proto-Germanic *garwaz (“prepared”). See also Old Norse gǫrr (“accomplished, skilled”).

cog

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
Beoð swȳðor ġearwe to ðam þæt ge ðurh hwilwendlice gedreccednysse becumon to ðam ecum gefean, þær ge symle blissiað, blowende and mid Criste rixigende.

Be rather ready, that through transitory tribulation ye may come to the eternal joy, where ye will ever rejoice, blooming and reigning with Christ.


Engle

Engle (nominative plural)
Engle (accusative plural)
Engla (genitive plural)
Englum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *Anglī. The name is possibly derived from angol (“fishhook”), from Proto-Germanic *angulaz, referring to either the Angles' habitat on the Jutland coast, shaped like a fishhook, or the Angles' probable occupation as fishermen.


ælde

ælde (nominative plural)
ælde (accusative plural)
ælda (genitive plural)
ældum (dative plural)


Germanie

Ġermanie (canonical masculine plural)
Ġermanie (nominative plural)
Ġermanie (accusative plural)
Ġermania (genitive plural)
Ġermanium (dative plural)


niþþas

niþþas (nominative plural)
niþþas (accusative plural)
niþþa (genitive plural)
niþþum (dative plural)


Seaxe

Seaxe (nominative plural)
Seaxe (accusative plural)
Seaxna (genitive plural)
Seaxum (dative plural)

The older form is Seaxan, which is also quite common. The i-stem plural Seaxe formed sometime after i-umlaut had gone to completion, by analogy with other names of peoples such as Engle (“the Angles”), Mierċe (“the Mercians”), and Norþanhymbre (“the Northumbrians”).

Alternative form of Seaxan (“the Saxons”)


hosan

hosan (nominative plural)
hosan (accusative plural)
hosena (genitive plural)
hosum (dative plural)

→ Old Cornish: hos

→ Welsh: hosan

c. 973, Æthelwold, translation of the Rule of Saint Benedict
Hīe habbaþ sīde earmellan and pohhode hosan.


Wealas

Wēalas (canonical masculine plural)
Wēalas (nominative plural)
Wēalas (accusative plural)
Wēala (genitive plural)
Wēalum (dative plural)

Middle English: Wales

English: Wales

Scots: Wales

→ Catalan: Gal·les

→ Old French: Gales (see there for further descendants)

/ˈwæ͜ɑː.lɑs/

From plural of wealh (“Celt, Welsh person”). Compare the second element in Cornwall, and also Gaul.


Merce

Merċe (canonical masculine plural)
Merċe (nominative plural)
Merċe (accusative plural)
Mercna (genitive plural)
Merċum (dative plural)


hæc

hæċ (canonical feminine masculine)
hæċ (nominative singular)
hæċċa (nominative plural)
hæċċe (nominative plural)
hæċċe (accusative singular)
hæċċa (accusative plural)
hæċċe (accusative plural)
hæċċe (genitive singular)
hæċċa (genitive plural)
hæċċe (dative singular)
hæċċum (dative plural)
hæċ (nominative singular)
hæċċas (nominative plural)
hæċ (accusative singular)
hæċċas (accusative plural)
hæċċes (genitive singular)
hæċċa (genitive plural)
hæċċe (dative singular)
hæċċum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hacche, hach, hachche, hache, hak, hatche, hecche, heck, hek, hekke, hetche
English: hatch, heck
Scots: hatch, heck, haik


Peohtas

Peohtas (nominative plural)
Peohtas (accusative plural)
Peohta (genitive plural)
Peohtum (dative plural)

Probably from Celtic/Pictish; see Pictus.


Getwisan

Ġetwisan (canonical masculine plural)
Ġetwisan (nominative plural)
Ġetwisan (accusative plural)
Ġetwisena (genitive plural)
Ġetwisum (dative plural)

From the plural of ġetwisa (“twin”), translating Latin Geminī.

c. 995, Ælfric, Excerptiones de Arte Grammatica Anglice
Sume naman sind ēac þe nabbaþ ānfeald ġetæl, ac bēoþ ǣfre maniġfealdlīċe ġecwedene, swā swā bēoþ twā þāra twelf tācna, Ġetwisan and Fiscas.

There are also some nouns that don't have a singular number, but are always used in the plural, including two of the twelve Zodiac signs, Gemini and Pisces.


ielde

ielde (nominative plural)
ielde (accusative plural)
ielda (genitive plural)
ieldum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *aldīz (“human beings, people, men”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to nourish, grow”). Cognate with Old Saxon eldī (“human being, person, man”), Old Norse aldir (“men, mankind”). Related to Old English eald (“old”).

cog

... gold on grēote, þǣr hit nū gēn lifað,

10th century (manuscript date), Beowulf, lines 3167-3168

... gold under gravel, where it now still lies,
to men as useless, as it was before.


Crecas

Crēcas (canonical masculine plural)
Crēcas (nominative plural)
Crēcas (accusative plural)
Crēca (genitive plural)
Crēcum (dative plural)

Middle English: Greke

English: Greek

From Proto-West Germanic *Krēkō (“Greeks”).

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Þā hē ārīsende wæs, þā ġefēlde hē his līchaman healfne dǣl mid þǣre ādle ġeslæġen bēon þe Crēcas nemnaþ paralysis and wē cweðaþ lyftādl.

As he was getting up, he felt half his body being struck with the affliction that the Greeks call paralysis and we call "air sickness."


West-Seaxe

West-Seaxe (nominative plural)
West-Seaxe (accusative plural)
West-Seaxena (genitive plural)
West-Seaxum (dative plural)


Mierce

Mierċe (canonical masculine plural)
Mierċe (nominative plural)
Mierċe (accusative plural)
Miercna (genitive plural)
Mierċum (dative plural)

Literally, “border people”, from mearc (“border”).


Cantware

Cantware (nominative plural)
Cantware (accusative plural)
Cantwara (genitive plural)
Cantwarum (dative plural)

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 488

In this year Ash came to the throne, and he was the king of Kent for 23 years.

Hēr Æsċ fēng tō rīċe, and wæs þrēo and twēntiġ wintra Cantwara cyning.


Norþanhymbre

Norþanhymbre (nominative plural)
Norþanhymbre (accusative plural)
Norþanhymbra (genitive plural)
Norþanhymbrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: Northhumbre, Norðhumbre, Norþhumber, Norþhumbre, Northumbre
English: Northumber (obsolete)

Derived from norþan (“from the north”) + Humbre (“the Humber”), thus meaning 'people from north of the Humber'.


Seaxan

Seaxan (nominative plural)
Seaxan (accusative plural)
Seaxna (genitive plural)
Seaxum (dative plural)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sek-
Proto-Germanic *sahsą
Proto-West Germanic *sahs
Proto-West Germanic *sahsō
Old English Seaxan
From Proto-West Germanic *sahsan.

etymon

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript E, year 605

Augustine said, "If the Celts don't want peace with us, they'll have to perish at the hands [lit. "hand"] of the Saxons."

Augustīnus cwæþ, "Ġif Wēalas nyllaþ sibbe wiþ ūs, hīe sċulon æt Seaxna handa forweorðan."


Eastengle

Ēastengle (canonical masculine plural)
Ēastengle (nominative plural)
Ēastengle (accusative plural)
Ēastengla (genitive plural)
Ēastenglum (dative plural)

[ˈæ͜ɑːstˌeŋ.ɡle]

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript A, year 838

Herebryht and many others were killed by pagans in Mercia, and the same year many more people in Lindsey and East Anglia and Kent were killed by the pagan army.

Herebeorht wæs ofslæġen fram hǣðnum mannum and maniġe mid him on Miersċwarum and þȳ ilcan ġēare eft on Lindesiġe and on Ēastenglum and on Cantwarum wurdon maniġe menn ofslæġene fram þām herġe.


Ealdseaxan

Ealdseaxan (nominative plural)
Ealdseaxan (accusative plural)
Ealdseaxna (genitive plural)
Ealdseaxum (dative plural)

/ˈæ͜ɑldˌsæ͜ɑk.sɑn/

[ˈæ͜ɑɫdˌsæ͜ɑk.sɑn]


Westseaxe

Westseaxe (nominative plural)
Westseaxe (accusative plural)
Westseaxna (genitive plural)
Westseaxum (dative plural)


Westseaxan

Westseaxan (nominative plural)
Westseaxan (accusative plural)
Westseaxna (genitive plural)
Westseaxum (dative plural)


seolhyþa

seolhȳþa (canonical feminine)
seolhȳþe (nominative plural)
seolhȳþa (nominative plural)
seolhȳþe (accusative plural)
seolhȳþa (accusative plural)
seolhȳþa (genitive plural)
seolhȳþum (dative plural)

(plural only) waves where the seal swims


herþan

herþan (nominative plural)
herþan (accusative plural)
herþena (genitive plural)
herþum (dative plural)


sceallan

sċeallan (canonical masculine neuter)
sċeallan (nominative plural)
sċeallan (accusative plural)
sċeallena (genitive plural)
sċeallum (dative plural)

/ˈʃæ͜ɑl.lɑn/

[ˈʃæ͜ɑɫ.ɫɑn]


mannes getawa

mannes ġetawa (canonical feminine)
mannes ġetawa (nominative plural)
mannes ġetawa (accusative plural)
mannes ġetawa (genitive plural)
mannes ġetawum (dative plural)


getawa

ġetawa (canonical feminine)
ġetawa (nominative plural)
ġetawa (accusative plural)
ġetawa (genitive plural)
ġetawum (dative plural)


Langbeardas

Langbeardas (nominative plural)
Langbeardas (accusative plural)
Langbearda (genitive plural)
Langbeardum (dative plural)

[ˈlɑŋɡˌbæ͜ɑrˠ.dɑs]

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
On þǣm ġēare wurdon þā Gallie Rōmanum wiþerwearde, þe mon nū hǣt Longbeardas, ⁊ raþe þǣs heora folc tōgæddere ġelǣddon.

In that year, the Gauls, who are now called Lombards, became hostile to Rome, and quickly brought their people together.


Þyringas

Þyringas (nominative plural)
Þyringas (accusative plural)
Þyringa (genitive plural)
Þyringum (dative plural)


Hungerie

Hungrie (nominative plural)
Hugrie (accusative plural)
Hugria (genitive plural)
Hugrium (dative plural)


Ungrie

Ungrie (nominative plural)
Ungrie (accusative plural)
Ungria (genitive plural)
Ungrium (dative plural)

Borrowed from Latin Ungarī (“Hungarians”) or Ungaria (“Hungary”).


Mæcedonie

Mæcedonie (nominative plural)
Mæcedonie (accusative plural)
Mæcedonia (genitive plural)
Mæcedonium (dative plural)

Borrowed from Latin macedonī (“Macedonians”).


ielda bearn

head

ielda bearn n pl (nominative plural ielda bearn)

ielda bearn (nominative plural)
ielda bearn (nominative plural)
ielda bearn (accusative plural)
ielda bearna (genitive plural)
ielda bearnum (dative plural)

From genitive plural of ield + plural of bearn. Has parallels in Old Saxon eldibarn and Old Norse alda bǫrn, possibly stemming from a Proto-Germanic *aldijǫ̂ barnō.

Gaéþ eft, sé þe mót
tó medo módig siþþan morgenléoht
ofer ylda bearn óþres dógores

He who can will go back bravely to mead when the morning light of another day, the sun clothed in radiance, shines from the south over the sons of men.


hæleþa bearn

hæleþa bearn n pl (nominative plural hæleþa bearn)

hæleþa bearn (nominative plural)
bearn (nominative plural)
bearn (accusative plural)
bearna (genitive plural)
bearnum (dative plural)

From genitive plural of hæleþ + plural of bearn. Has a parallel in Old Saxon helithō barn, possibly stemming from a Proto-West Germanic *haliþō barnu, with a possible analog in Old Norse hǫlda synir.


fira bearn

fira bearn n pl (nominative plural fíra bearn)

From genitive plural of fíras + plural of bearn. Has a parallel in Old Saxon firihō barn, possibly stemming from a Proto-West Germanic *firhwijō barnu, with a possible analog in Old Norse fíra synir.


manna bearn

manna bearn n pl (nominative plural manna bearn)

manna bearn (nominative plural)
bearn (nominative plural)
bearn (accusative plural)
bearna (genitive plural)
bearnum (dative plural)

From genitive plural of mann + plural of bearn. Has a parallel in Old Saxon mannō barn, possibly stemming from a Proto-West Germanic *mannō barnu, with a possible analog in Old Norse manna synir.


Finnas

Finnas (nominative plural)
Finnas (accusative plural)
Finna (genitive plural)
Finnum (dative plural)

English: Fins

From Proto-Germanic *finnōz. Cognate with Old Norse Finnar.


Iudeas

Iūdēas (canonical masculine plural)
Iūdēas (nominative plural)
Iūdēas (accusative plural)
Iūdēa (genitive plural)
Iūdēum (dative plural)

From Latin iudaeī (“the Jews”), also the plural of iudaeus (“Jew”).

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, John 19:19

Pilate wrote an inscription and placed it over the cross. It read, THIS IS JESUS OF NAZARETH, KING OF THE JEWS.

Pīlātus wrāt oferġewrit and sette ofer his rōde. Þǣr wæs on ġewriten, ÞIS IS SĒ NĀZARENESCA HǢLEND, IŪDĒA CYNING.


Frisan

Frīsan (canonical masculine plural)
Frīsan (nominative plural)
Frīsan (accusative plural)
Frīsena (genitive plural)
Frīsum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *Frīsan, whence also Old Frisian Frīsa and Old High German Frīson. The Proto-Germanic form is uncertain, since Old Norse frísir is an i-stem; thus the West Germanic form points to *frīsaniz, while Old Norse points to *frīsīz. Note that variants with ē exist, but the oldest sources attest that these are secondary developments; see especially Latin Frīsiī, attested since the first century.


Eastseaxe

Ēastseaxe (canonical masculine plural)
Ēastseaxe (nominative plural)
Ēastseaxe (accusative plural)
Ēastseaxna (genitive plural)
Ēastseaxum (dative plural)

/ˈæ͜ɑːstˌsæ͜ɑk.se/


Scottas

Sċottas (canonical masculine plural)
Sċottas (nominative plural)
Sċottas (accusative plural)
Sċotta (genitive plural)
Sċottum (dative plural)

Middle English: Scottes

English: Scots

From Latin Scōtī, or from the same source.

the Scots (the Scottish people of northern Britain)

the Irish (the Gaelic-speaking people of Ireland and Scotland)


Eastseaxan

Ēastseaxan (canonical masculine plural)
Ēastseaxan (nominative plural)
Ēastseaxan (accusative plural)
Ēastseaxna (genitive plural)
Ēastseaxum (dative plural)

Middle English: Estsex

English: Essex

/ˈæ͜ɑːstˌsæ͜ɑk.sɑn/


Iras

Īras (canonical masculine plural)
Īras (nominative plural)
Īras (accusative plural)
Īra (genitive plural)
Īrum (dative plural)

Derived from Old Irish Ériu (“Ireland”), perhaps through Old Norse Írar (“the Irish”).


Suþseaxe

Sūþseaxe (canonical masculine plural)
Sūþseaxe (nominative plural)
Sūþseaxe (accusative plural)
Sūþseaxna (genitive plural)
Sūþseaxum (dative plural)


Middleseaxe

Middelseaxe (nominative plural)
Middelseaxe (accusative plural)
Middelseaxna (genitive plural)
Middelseaxum (dative plural)


Middelseaxan

Middelseaxan (nominative plural)
Middelseaxan (accusative plural)
Middelseaxna (genitive plural)
Middelseaxum (dative plural)

Middle English: Middelsex

English: Middlesex


Suþseaxan

Sūþseaxan (canonical masculine plural)
Sūþseaxan (nominative plural)
Sūþseaxan (accusative plural)
Sūþseaxna (genitive plural)
Sūþseaxum (dative plural)

Middle English: Southsex

English: Sussex


Ealdseaxe

Ealdseaxe (nominative plural)
Ealdseaxe (accusative plural)
Ealdseaxna (genitive plural)
Ealdseaxum (dative plural)

/ˈæ͜ɑldˌsæ͜ɑk.sɑn/

[ˈæ͜ɑɫdˌsæ͜ɑk.sɑn]


Sumorsæte

Sumorsǣte (canonical masculine plural)
Sumorsǣte (nominative plural)
Sumorsǣte (accusative plural)
Sumorsǣta (genitive plural)
Sumorsǣtum (dative plural)

English: Somerset

An elliptical form of *Sumortūnsǣte, meaning "dwellers at Somerton". Equivalent to sumor (“summer”) + -sǣte (“dwellers”).


Readingas

Rēadingas (canonical masculine plural)
Rēadingas (nominative plural)
Rēadingas (accusative plural)
Rēadinga (genitive plural)
Rēadingum (dative plural)

English: Reading

[ˈræ͜ɑː.diŋ.ɡɑs]

the Readingas, an Anglo-Saxon tribe that inhabited Reading


Eotas

Ēotas (canonical masculine plural)
Ēotas (nominative plural)
Ēotas (accusative plural)
Ēota (genitive plural)
Ēotum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *eutōz. Cognate with Old Norse jótar.


Defenas

Defenas (nominative plural)
Defenas (accusative plural)
Defena (genitive plural)
Defenum (dative plural)

Derived from an early medieval Celtic name for the Dumnonii, a British tribe that once lived in the area.


gefriend

ġefrīend (canonical masculine plural)
ġefrīend (nominative plural)
ġefrīend (accusative plural)
ġefrēonda (genitive plural)
ġefrēondum (dative plural)

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 23:12

On that day, Herod and Pilate became friends. Now, before then, they had been enemies.

On þām dæġe wurdon Hērōdes and Pīlātus ġefrīend. Sōðlīċe hīe wǣron ǣr ġefīend him betwēonum.


gefiend

ġefīend (canonical masculine plural)
ġefīend (nominative plural)
ġefīend (accusative plural)
ġefēonda (genitive plural)
ġefēondum (dative plural)

c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 23:12

That day, Herod and Pilate became friends. Now, before, they had been enemies.


hæteran

hæteran (nominative plural)
hæteran (accusative plural)
hæterena (genitive plural)
hæterum (dative plural)

(Late Old English) Alternative form of hæteru


hæteru

hæteru (nominative plural)
hæteru (accusative plural)
hætera (genitive plural)
hæterum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: hater, hatere, hatir, hatter, hattir, hatyr, heater, hetter

From Proto-West Germanic *hatiʀu, originally the fossilised plural of a z-stem noun; related to Middle High German hāȥ, hæȥ, hæȥe (“garment, clothing”), from Proto-West Germanic *hāt (“garment, clothing”).

der

Dictionary of Old English: A to I
w:Dictionary of Old English

University of Toronto
w:University of Toronto


Geatas

Ġēatas (nominative plural)
Ġēatas (accusative plural)
Ġēata (genitive plural)
Ġēatum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *gautaz, cognate with Old Norse gautar. Further etymology is unknown.

/ˈjæ͜ɑː.tɑs/


Geatas

/ˈjæ͜ɑː.tɑs/


ealdordagas

ealdordagas (nominative plural)
ealdordagas (accusative plural)
ealdordaga (genitive plural)
ealdordagum (dative plural)

[ˈæ͜ɑɫ.dorˌdɑ.ɣɑs]

From ealdor (“life, lifetime”) + dagas (“days”). Directly equivalent to Old Norse aldrdagar (“days of one's life; lifetime”).


suþernewudu

sūþernewudu (nominative singular)
sūþernewuda (nominative plural)
sūþernewudu (accusative singular)
sūþernewuda (accusative plural)
sūþernewuda (genitive singular)
sūþernewuda (genitive plural)
sūþernewuda (dative singular)
sūþernewudum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: southrenwode, sowthernwode, sothernwode

English: southernwood

Scots: soothernwid, sitherwid

→? Proto-Brythonic: *dexowluss (calque)

From sūþerne (“southern”) + wudu (“wood, tree”).


geodagas

ġeōdagas (canonical masculine plural)
ġeōdagas (nominative plural)
ġeōdagas (accusative plural)
ġeōdaga (genitive plural)
ġeōdagum (dative plural)

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Hwæt þū ġehīerdest þætte ġeōdagum ġelamp þæt ān swīðe wīs mann and swīðe rīċe ongann fandian ānes ūðwitan and hine bismrode for þon hē hine swā orgellīċe upp āhōf and bōde þæs þæt hē ūðwita wǣre.

You've heard that in ancient times, a very wise and successful man started to test a philosopher and mocked him for exalting himself so arrogantly and bragging that he was a philosopher.

Ġeōdagum Rōmāne and ēac Engle ġehālgodon on þissa tungla ġemynd heora dagas, and þone forman dæġ hīe hēton "sunnan dæġ," for þon hēo is ealra tungla wlitiġest.

In ancient times, both the Romans and the English sanctified the days of the week in honor of these stars. The first day they called "the day of the sun," because it is the brightest of all stars.


Þrowendas

Þrōwendas (canonical masculine plural)
Þrōwend (nominative plural)
Þrōwende (nominative plural)
Þrōwendas (nominative plural)
Þrōwend (accusative plural)
Þrōwende (accusative plural)
Þrōwendas (accusative plural)
Þrōwendra (genitive plural)
Þrōwendum (dative plural)

desc

→ English: Throwends, Throwens (learned)

Compare Proto-Norse *þrōwendīʀ m pl, from Proto-Germanic *þrōwōną (“to grow, thrive, prosper”) + *-ndz. Cognate with Old Norse þrǿndir, þrǿndr, Icelandic Þrændir and Norwegian trønder.

af

Mid Þyringum ic wæs and mid Þrowendum and mid Burgendum,

1898, Joseph Bosworth, Thomas Northcote Toller, An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, page 1072:

With Thuringians I was and with Throwends and with Burgundians,

Thronds, Throwends; a Norwegian people inhabiting the area of modern Trøndelag.


Iutas

Īutas (canonical masculine plural)
Iutas (nominative plural)
Iutas (accusative plural)
Iuta (genitive plural)
Iutum (dative plural)


Gyrwe

Ġyrwe (canonical masculine plural)
Ġyrwe (nominative plural)
Ġyrwe (accusative plural)
Ġyrwa (genitive plural)
Ġyrwum (dative plural)

Ecclesiastical History of the English People

English: Jarrow, Gyrwas

Likely derived from Proto-Germanic *gurwijō (“marsh, fen”). Equivalent to ġyru + -e ("marsh folk")


Suþanhymbre

Sūþanhymbre (canonical masculine plural)
Sūþanhymbre (nominative plural)
Sūþanhymbre (accusative plural)
Sūþanhymbra (genitive plural)
Sūþanhymbrum (dative plural)

Middle English: Southumbrians

Derived from sūþan (“from the south”) + [Term?] (“the Humber”) + Humbre, thus meaning 'from south of the Humber'.


Punice

Punice (nominative plural)
Punice (accusative plural)
Punica (genitive plural)
Punicum (dative plural)


Bryttwealas

From Bryttas (“British”) + Wealas (“Welsh”)

the Britons, especially pre-Anglo-Saxon Britons


Eotenas

Eotenas (nominative plural)
Eotenas (accusative plural)
Eotena (genitive plural)
Eotenum (dative plural)


Centingas

Centingas (nominative plural)
Centingas (accusative plural)
Centinga (genitive plural)
Centingum (dative plural)

By surface analysis, Cent (“Kent”) + -ing (“belonging to, of”)


Sadduceas

Sadducēas (nominative plural)
Sadducēas (accusative plural)
Sadducēa (genitive plural)
Sadducēum (dative plural)


Indeas

Indeas (nominative plural)
Indeas (accusative plural)
Indea (genitive plural)
Indeum (dative plural)


Hunas

Hūnas (canonical masculine plural)
Hūnas (nominative plural)
Hūnas (accusative plural)
Hūna (genitive plural)
Hūnum (dative plural)


heofonware

heofonware (nominative plural)
heofonwaru (nominative plural)
heofonware (accusative plural)
heofonwaru (accusative plural)
heofonwara (genitive plural)
heofonwarum (dative plural)

From heofon (“heaven”) + -ware (“residents”)


eorþware

eorþware (nominative plural)
eorþwaru (nominative plural)
eorþware (accusative plural)
eorþwaru (accusative plural)
eorþwara (genitive plural)
eorþwarum (dative plural)

From eorþe (“Earth”) + -ware (“residents”)


Pene

Pene (nominative plural)
Pene (accusative plural)
Pena (genitive plural)
Penum (dative plural)

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Æfter þǣm Rōmeburg ġetimbred wæs V hunde wintrum ⁊ XXXIII, Hannibal, Pena cyning, besǣt Saguntum Ispania burg...

533 years after Rome was built, Hannibal, king of the Carthaginians, laid siege to Saguntum, a city in Hispania.