hund

hund (nominative singular)
hundas (nominative plural)
hund (accusative singular)
hundas (accusative plural)
hundes (genitive singular)
hunda (genitive plural)
hunde (dative singular)
hundum (dative plural)

Middle English: hound, hund, honde

English: hound

Scots: hoond

From Proto-West Germanic *hund.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian hund, Old Saxon hund, Old Dutch hunt, Old High German hunt, Old Norse hundr, Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (hunds).
Indo-European cognates include Latin canis, Ancient Greek κύων (kúōn), Sanskrit श्वन् (śvan), Old Irish cú, Lithuanian šuõ.

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
Saga mē, hwylc man ǣrest wǣre wið hund sprecende?

Tell me, who was the first man that spake with a dog?

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Saints Alexander, Eventius, and Theodosius"
Þā cwæþ Aureliānus, "Eom iċ hund ġeþūht?

Then Aurelianus said, "Do I look like a dog?"


tiger

tigras (nominative plural)
tiger (nominative singular)
tigras (nominative plural)
tiger (accusative singular)
tigras (accusative plural)
tigres (genitive singular)
tigra (genitive plural)
tigre (dative singular)
tigrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tygre, tygur, tygyr, tigre, tiger, teger, tegre (partially from Old French)
English: tiger (see there for further descendants)
Scots: teeger

From Proto-West Germanic *tīgr (“tiger”).


turtle

turtle (nominative singular)
turtlan (nominative plural)
turtlan (accusative singular)
turtlan (accusative plural)
turtlan (genitive singular)
turtlena (genitive plural)
turtlan (dative singular)
turtlum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: turtle, tortle, turtel, turtul

English: turtle (archaic)

Ultimately from Latin turtur (“turtledove”), of imitative origin.


swan

Middle English: swon, swan, swone

From Proto-Germanic *swainaz. Doublet of sweġen, a borrowing from Old Norse.


colt

colt (nominative singular)
coltas (nominative plural)
colt (accusative singular)
coltas (accusative plural)
coltes (genitive singular)
colta (genitive plural)
colte (dative singular)
coltum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: colt, colte, collt, kowlt
English: colt
Scots: colt, cout, cowt
Yola: caule, caul, cawl, kawle

From Proto-Germanic *kultaz (“plump; stump; thick shape, bulb”), from Proto-Indo-European *gelt- (“something round, pregnant belly, child in the womb”), from *gel- (“to ball up, amass”).


fox

fox (nominative singular)
foxas (nominative plural)
fox (accusative singular)
foxas (accusative plural)
foxes (genitive singular)
foxa (genitive plural)
foxe (dative singular)
foxum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: fox, vox, wox
English: fox
Scots: fox
Yola: voxe, vox

From Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz. Cognate with Old Frisian *foks, Old Saxon fohs, Old Dutch fus, Old High German fuhs.

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints, quoting Matthew 8:20

Foxes have holes and birds have nests, but I have no dwelling where I can rest my head.

Foxas habbaþ holu and fugelas habbaþ nest, and iċ næbbe wununge hwider iċ mīn heafod ahyldan mæġe.


mase

māse (canonical feminine)
māsan (nominative plural)
māse (nominative singular)
māsan (nominative plural)
māsan (accusative singular)
māsan (accusative plural)
māsan (genitive singular)
māsena (genitive plural)
māsan (dative singular)
māsum (dative plural)

Middle English: mose

⇒ Middle English: titmose

English: titmouse


wand

wand (nominative singular)
wanda (nominative plural)
wande (nominative plural)
wande (accusative singular)
wanda (accusative plural)
wande (accusative plural)
wande (genitive singular)
wanda (genitive plural)
wande (dative singular)
wandum (dative plural)

Middle English: want, wont

English: want

Scots: want

From Proto-West Germanic *wand, from Proto-Germanic *wanduz (“mole”), from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to turn, twist, wind, braid”).


ra

rā (canonical masculine)
rān (nominative plural)
rā (nominative singular)
rān (nominative plural)
rān (accusative singular)
rān (accusative plural)
rān (genitive singular)
rāna (genitive plural)
rān (dative singular)
rām (dative plural)
rāum (dative plural)

Middle English: ro, roo (northern ra, raa)

English: roe

Scots: ra, rae

A contraction of earlier rāha, from Proto-West Germanic *raihō, *raih, from Proto-Germanic *raihô, *raihą. The 5th-century runic form ᚱᚨᛇᚺᚨᚾ (raïhan) is possibly an ancestor of this word, but may be North Germanic instead.


mus

mūs (canonical feminine)
mūs (nominative singular)
mȳs (nominative plural)
mūs (accusative singular)
mȳs (accusative plural)
mȳs (genitive singular)
mūse (genitive singular)
mūsa (genitive plural)
mȳs (dative singular)
mūsum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: mous, mouse, mowse, mows, mus, mowce, muse
English: mouse (see there for further descendants), moose (Northumbrian); muss
Scots: moose

From Proto-West Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *muh₂s.


bar

bār (canonical masculine)
bār (nominative singular)
bāras (nominative plural)
bār (accusative singular)
bāras (accusative plural)
bāres (genitive singular)
bāra (genitive plural)
bāre (dative singular)
bārum (dative plural)

Middle English: bor, boor, bore, boore, bar, bare, bayre
English: boar
Scots: bair
Yola: boar


leo

lēo (canonical feminine masculine)
lēo (nominative singular)
lēon (nominative plural)
lēon (accusative singular)
lēon (accusative plural)
lēon (genitive singular)
lēona (genitive plural)
lēon (dative singular)
lēom (dative plural)
lēoum (dative plural)

Eom iċ lēo ġif iċ menn ete?


storc

storc (nominative singular)
storcas (nominative plural)
storc (accusative singular)
storcas (accusative plural)
storces (genitive singular)
storca (genitive plural)
storce (dative singular)
storcum (dative plural)

Middle English: stork

English: stork


gos

gōs (canonical feminine)
gōs (nominative singular)
gēs (nominative plural)
gōs (accusative singular)
gēs (accusative plural)
gēs (genitive singular)
gōse (genitive singular)
gōsa (genitive plural)
gēs (dative singular)
gōsum (dative plural)

Middle English: goos, goce, gos, gose, gosse
English: goose
Scots: guse

From Proto-Germanic *gans, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰans-.

Exeter Book:
Hwīlum iċ grǣde swā gōs.
Sometimes I cry like a goose.


lamb

lambru (nominative plural)
lamb (nominative singular)
lambru (nominative plural)
lamb (accusative singular)
lambru (accusative plural)
lambes (genitive singular)
lambra (genitive plural)
lambe (dative singular)
lambrum (dative plural)
lomb (nominative singular)
lombur (nominative plural)
lomberu (nominative plural)
lomb (accusative singular)
lombur (accusative plural)
lomberu (accusative plural)
lombur (genitive singular)
lombra (genitive plural)
lombur (dative singular)
lombrum (dative plural)

Middle English: lamb, lomb, lambe

English: lamb

Scots: lam, lamb


da

dā (canonical feminine)
dā (nominative singular)
dān (nominative plural)
dān (accusative singular)
dān (accusative plural)
dān (genitive singular)
dāna (genitive plural)
dān (dative singular)
dām (dative plural)
dāum (dative plural)

Middle English: da, do, doo

Scots: da, dae

English: doe

From Proto-West Germanic *daijā, from Proto-Germanic *dajjǭ.


apa

apa (nominative singular)
apan (nominative plural)
apan (accusative singular)
apan (accusative plural)
apan (genitive singular)
apena (genitive plural)
apan (dative singular)
apum (dative plural)

Middle English: ape, eape, aape
English: ape
Scots: ape, aip

From Proto-West Germanic *apō, from Proto-Germanic *apô. Cognate with Old Frisian *apa, Old Saxon apo, Old Dutch *apo, Old High German affo, Old Norse api.

Sē apa fēoll of þām trēowe.

Þā ǣrestan menn nǣron þā sīðmestan apan.

Menn sind þā āne apan þe twifēte sind and uprihte gāþ.

Humans are the only primates that are bipedal and walk upright.


hwæl

hwæl (nominative singular)
hwalas (nominative plural)
hwæl (accusative singular)
hwalas (accusative plural)
hwæles (genitive singular)
hwala (genitive plural)
hwæle (dative singular)
hwalum (dative plural)

Middle English: whale, hwæl, qual, whal, swale, quall, quale, whaale, whalle, qwayll, wale, qwall, qwalle
English: whale
Scots: whaul

From Proto-West Germanic *hwal, from Proto-Germanic *hwalaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷálos (“large fish, sheatfish”). Cognate with Old Saxon hwal, Old High German wal, Old Norse hvalr, Latin squalus (“shark”). Perhaps also related to Finnish kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.


ule

ūle (canonical feminine)
ūle (nominative singular)
ūlan (nominative plural)
ūlan (accusative singular)
ūlan (accusative plural)
ūlan (genitive singular)
ūlena (genitive plural)
ūlan (dative singular)
ūlum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: oule, oul, owle, ule, howle, owlle

English: owl

Scots: oul, ool

From Proto-Germanic *uwwalǭ, originally a diminutive of *uwwô (“owl”) (Old High German hūwo, Old Saxon hūo), probably a word imitative of the animal's call, or a variant of *ūfaz, *ūfǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *up-.
See also Old English ūf or hūf, Swedish uv (“horned owl”), Babungo Auf; also Middle Low German ūle, Dutch uil, Old Norse ugla. A Germanic variant *uwwilǭ was the source of Old High German ūwila (German Eule).

onomatopoeic

imitative


æl

ǣl (canonical masculine)
ǣl (nominative singular)
ǣlas (nominative plural)
ǣl (accusative singular)
ǣlas (accusative plural)
ǣles (genitive singular)
ǣla (genitive plural)
ǣle (dative singular)
ǣlum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: el, eel, ele, hele, iel, yele
English: eel
Scots: eel
Yola: eale

From Proto-West Germanic *āl, from Proto-Germanic *ēlaz.


duce

dū̆ce (canonical feminine)
dūce (nominative singular)
dūcan (nominative plural)
dūcan (accusative singular)
dūcan (accusative plural)
dūcan (genitive singular)
dūcena (genitive plural)
dūcan (dative singular)
dūcum (dative plural)

Middle English: doke, ducke, dukke, dokke, douke, duke
English: duck
Scots: duik, deuk, dook
Yola: duucks (plural)

From the original meaning of "diver," from Proto-West Germanic *dūkan (“to duck, dive”).


earn

earn (nominative singular)
earnas (nominative plural)
earn (accusative singular)
earnas (accusative plural)
earnes (genitive singular)
earna (genitive plural)
earne (dative singular)
earnum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ern, arn, aryn, eerne, eren, erne, eron, ærn, earn (Early Middle English)
English: erne
Scots: earn, ern, erne

…Hwīlum iċ onhyrġe þone haswan earn, gūðfugles hlēoþor; hwīlum glidan reorde mūþe ġemǣne, hwīlum mǣwes song, þǣr iċ glado sitte.

…Sometimes I imitate the grey eagle, a speech of war-bird; sometimes a kite's voice with common mouth, sometimes a gull's song when I sit gladful.


floc

Middle English: floke, fluke, flewke

English: fluke

Scots: fluke, fluik

From Proto-West Germanic *flōk, from Proto-Germanic *flōką, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat, broad”).


gat

gāt (canonical feminine)
gāt (nominative singular)
gǣt (nominative plural)
gāt (accusative singular)
gǣt (accusative plural)
gǣt (genitive singular)
gāte (genitive singular)
gāta (genitive plural)
gǣt (dative singular)
gātum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: goot, got, gat, gote, goet, goth, gathe, geet
English: goat (see there for further descendants)
Scots: gait, gayt
Yola: geearth, geearte, gurth

From Proto-Germanic *gaits. Cognate with Old Frisian *gāt, Old Saxon gēt, Old Dutch *geit, Old High German geiz, Old Norse geit, Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 (gaits); and with Latin haedus (“kid”).

Iċ eom wunderliċu wiht, wrǣsne mīne stefne, hwīlum beorce swā hund, hwīlum blǣte swā gāt, hwīlum grǣde swā gōs, hwīlum ġielle swā hafoc,…

I am a wonderful thing, change my voice, sometimes bark like a hound, sometimes bleat like a goat, sometimes cry like a goose, sometimes yell like a hawk,…


lox

lox (nominative singular)
loxas (nominative plural)
lox (accusative singular)
loxas (accusative plural)
loxes (genitive singular)
loxa (genitive plural)
loxe (dative singular)
loxum (dative plural)

Middle English: lusk, losse (Early Middle English, Northern)
English: los, loz

From Proto-West Germanic *luhs. Cognate with Old Saxon lohs, Old High German luhs, Old Swedish lō. See los.


amore

amore (nominative singular)
amoran (nominative plural)
amoran (accusative singular)
amoran (accusative plural)
amoran (genitive singular)
amorena (genitive plural)
amoran (dative singular)
amorum (dative plural)

Middle English: *amere, *amre, *ambre

English: ammer

desc

⇒ Middle English: *yelwamre, *yelambre, *yelwambre

⇒ English: yelambre, yelamber, yellowhammer


æg

ǣġ (canonical neuter)
ǣġru (nominative plural)
ǣġ (nominative singular)
ǣġru (nominative plural)
ǣġ (accusative singular)
ǣġru (accusative plural)
ǣġes (genitive singular)
ǣġra (genitive plural)
ǣġe (dative singular)
ǣġrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ey, ay, aye, ei, eye, eyȝ, æȝ (Early Middle English)
English: ey (obsolete)

⇒ Middle English: cokeney, cokenay (disputed)

English: Cockney

From Proto-West Germanic *aij, from Proto-Germanic *ajją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm.


bula

bula (nominative singular)
bulan (nominative plural)
bulan (accusative singular)
bulan (accusative plural)
bulan (genitive singular)
bulena (genitive plural)
bulan (dative singular)
bulum (dative plural)

Middle English: bole, bule, bul, bolle, boule, bool, boole
English: bull
Scots: bul, bull

From Proto-Germanic *bulô (“bull”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥no-, from *bʰel- (“to blow, swell up”)


cu

cū (canonical feminine)
cȳ (nominative plural)
cū (nominative singular)
cȳ (nominative plural)
cū (accusative singular)
cȳ (accusative plural)
cūe (genitive singular)
cūs (genitive singular)
cȳ (genitive singular)
cūa (genitive plural)
cūna (genitive plural)
cȳ (dative singular)
cūm (dative plural)
cūum (dative plural)

Middle English: cou, cow, cowe, cu, kow, kowe, ku
English: cow (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: coo
Scots: coo, coe, cou
Yola: keow

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *kō (“cow”).

inh+

c. 992, Ælfric, "Of Saint James the Apostle"
Ān cū wearþ ġebrōht tō þām temple þæt man hīe ġeoffrode.

A cow was brought to the temple to be sacrificed.


bera

bera (nominative singular)
beran (nominative plural)
beran (accusative singular)
beran (accusative plural)
beran (genitive singular)
berena (genitive plural)
beran (dative singular)
berum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bere, bier, beare, beore, bore
English: bear (see there for further descendants)
Scots: beir

From Proto-Germanic *berô (“bear”). Cognate with Old Frisian *bera, Old Saxon bero, Old Dutch *bero, Old High German bero. The oblique stem *bern- gave Old Norse bjǫrn.


fugol

fugol (nominative singular)
fuglas (nominative plural)
fugol (accusative singular)
fuglas (accusative plural)
fugles (genitive singular)
fugla (genitive plural)
fugle (dative singular)
fuglum (dative plural)

Middle English: fowel, fowele, foul, foghel, fuȝel, foȝel, foughel, fouel, fowl
English: fowl
Scots: foul, fule
Yola: fowlès (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *fugl, from Proto-Germanic *fuglaz.
Cognate with Old Frisian fugel, Old Saxon fugal, Old Dutch fogal, Old High German fogal, Old Norse fugl, Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 (fugls).

wlonc bī wealle. · Sume wīġ fornōm,
ferede in forðweġe; · sumne fugel ōþbær
ofer hēanne holm; · sumne sē hāra wulf
dēaðe ġedǣlde, · sumne drēoriġhlēor
in eorðsċræfe · eorl ġehȳdde.

proud by the wall. The war took away some men,
carried into the forth-way; a bird bore away someone
over deep sea; the grey wolf shared someone with death;
a sad-faced warrior hid someone in earthen cave.


mæw

mǣw (canonical masculine)
mǣw (nominative singular)
mǣwas (nominative plural)
mǣw (accusative singular)
mǣwas (accusative plural)
mǣwes (genitive singular)
mǣwa (genitive plural)
mǣwe (dative singular)
mǣwum (dative plural)

Middle English: mewe, mawe, meau, mowe
English: mew (archaic)
Scots: maw (through confluence with Old Norse form)
→ Old French: maoe, mave, mauve
French: mauve
Old French: moette
French: mouette

From Proto-Germanic *maiwiz, a byform of Proto-Germanic *maiwaz. Cognate with West Frisian meau, miuw, Old Saxon mēu (Middle Low German meve, from which German Möwe), Dutch meeuw, Old Norse már, mór.

On gōdne dæġ ic ġefō crabban and telle mǣwas.

On a good day, I catch crabs and count seagulls.


catt

catt (nominative singular)
cattas (nominative plural)
catt (accusative singular)
cattas (accusative plural)
cattes (genitive singular)
catta (genitive plural)
catte (dative singular)
cattum (dative plural)

Middle English: cat, catt, catte, cate, kat, katte, kaat
English: cat
Scots: cat
Yola: kaudès, kauddès, kaudes (plural)

From Proto-Germanic *kattuz. Cognate with Old Saxon katto, Old Norse kǫttr, Old High German kazzo. A related word also existed in the Germanic languages with the feminine gender, represented in Old English by catte. The word appears to be related to Late Latin cattus as well as to similar words in the Slavic and Celtic languages, but the ultimate source is uncertain. See cat for more.

Hēo hrīemþ. Iċ hrīeme. Sē catt hrīemþ.


catte

catte (nominative singular)
cattan (nominative plural)
cattan (accusative singular)
cattan (accusative plural)
cattan (genitive singular)
cattena (genitive plural)
cattan (dative singular)
cattum (dative plural)

Middle English: catte, katte

From Proto-Germanic *kattǭ. Cognate with Old Frisian katte, Old Saxon katta, Middle Dutch katte (Dutch kat), Old High German kazza (German Katze), Old Norse ketta (Swedish katta). The word existed in the Germanic languages in a masculine gender also, represented in Old English by catt. The word appears to be related to Late Latin cattus as well as to similar words in the Slavic and Celtic languages, but the ultimate source is uncertain. See cat for more.


hafoc

hafoc (nominative singular)
hafocas (nominative plural)
hafoc (accusative singular)
hafocas (accusative plural)
hafoces (genitive singular)
hafoca (genitive plural)
hafoce (dative singular)
hafocum (dative plural)

Middle English: hauk, hafek, havek, havk, hawk, hawke, hafvek, hævek, heavek, hevek (Early Middle English)
English: hawk
Sranan Tongo: aka
Scots: hawk

→ Old Irish: sebac
Irish: seabhac
Manx: shawk
Scottish Gaelic: seabhag

→ Old Welsh: hebauc

Welsh: hebog

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *habuk.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian havek, Old Saxon havuk, Old Dutch havek, Old High German habuh, Old Norse haukr.

inh+

Iċ eom wunderliċu wiht, wrǣsne mīne stefne, hwīlum beorce swā hund, hwīlum blǣte swā gāt, hwīlum grǣde swā gōs, hwīlum ġielle swā hafoc,…


eoh

eoh (nominative singular)
ēos (nominative plural)
eoh (accusative singular)
ēos (accusative plural)
ēos (genitive singular)
ēona (genitive plural)
ēo (dative singular)
ēom (dative plural)
ēoum (dative plural)
eoh (nominative singular)
eoh (nominative plural)
eoh (accusative singular)
eoh (accusative plural)
ēos (genitive singular)
ēona (genitive plural)
ēo (dative singular)
ēom (dative plural)
ēoum (dative plural)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Germanic *ehwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos.

The Old English rune poem
ᛖ byþ for eorlum æþelinga wyn...

The horse is for earls as a princely pleasure...


eoh

ēoh (canonical masculine)
ēoh (nominative singular)
ēohas (nominative plural)
ēoh (accusative singular)
ēohas (accusative plural)
ēohes (genitive singular)
ēoha (genitive plural)
ēohe (dative singular)
ēohum (dative plural)

A variant of īw, from Proto-West Germanic *īh.


hors

hors (nominative singular)
hors (nominative plural)
hors (accusative singular)
hors (accusative plural)
horses (genitive singular)
horsa (genitive plural)
horse (dative singular)
horsum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hors, horse, horsse, horce, ors
English: horse; hoss (see there for further descendants)
Scots: horse, hors

From Proto-West Germanic *hross, from Proto-Germanic *hrussą (“horse”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run”).


mearh

mēaras (nominative plural)
mearh (nominative singular)
mēaras (nominative plural)
mearh (accusative singular)
mēaras (accusative plural)
mēares (genitive singular)
mēara (genitive plural)
mēare (dative singular)
mēarum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *marh.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian mar (“horse”), merie (“mare”) (West Frisian merje (“mare”)), Old Saxon merge, meriha (“mare”), Dutch merrie (“mare”), Old High German marah (“horse”), meriha (“mare”) (German Mähre (“mare”)), Old Norse marr (“horse”) (Icelandic mar), merr (“mare”) (Swedish märr (“mare”)), Gothic *𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍃 (*marhs). Beyond Germanic, cognate to Irish marc and Welsh march (“horse”).

Hwǣr cōm mearg? Hwǣr cōm mago? · Hwǣr cōm māþþumġyfa?
Hwǣr cōm symbla ġesetu? · Hwǣr sindon seledrēamas?
Ēalā beorht bune! · Ēalā byrnwiga!
Ēalā þēodnes þrym! · Hū sēo þrāg ġewāt,
ġenāp under nihthelm, · swā hēo nō wære.

Whither did the horse come? Whither did the man come? Whither did the treasure-giver come?
Whither did the seats of feasts come? Where are the hall-joys?
Alack and alas, bright cup! Alack and alas, mailed warrior!
Alack and alas, the army of the king! How did the time pass,
grow dark under the cover of night, as if it never did.


bearg

bearg (nominative singular)
beargas (nominative plural)
bearg (accusative singular)
beargas (accusative plural)
bearges (genitive singular)
bearga (genitive plural)
bearge (dative singular)
beargum (dative plural)

Middle English: barow, bareȝ, bareh, barew, barwe, borwȝ
English: barrow

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *barug, from Proto-Germanic *barugaz: cognate with Old Frisian barch (West Frisian baarch), Old Saxon barug (Dutch barg), Old High German barug (dialectal German Barch), Old Norse bǫrgr.


hengest

henġest (canonical masculine)
henġest (nominative singular)
henġestas (nominative plural)
henġest (accusative singular)
henġestas (accusative plural)
henġestes (genitive singular)
henġesta (genitive plural)
henġeste (dative singular)
henġestum (dative plural)

desc

⇒ Middle English: henxman, henxtman, henshman

English: henchman

→ Scots: hanchman

Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *hangist, from Proto-Germanic *hangistaz.

Ān hundred wildra horsa and sixtīene tame henġestas

a hundred wild horses and sixteen tame stallions. (Diplomatarium Anglicum)


eofor

eofor (nominative singular)
eoforas (nominative plural)
eofor (accusative singular)
eoforas (accusative plural)
eofores (genitive singular)
eofora (genitive plural)
eofore (dative singular)
eoforum (dative plural)

Middle English: ēver

From Proto-West Germanic *ebur.
Cognate with Old Saxon ebur, Dutch ever, Old High German ebur (German Eber), Old Norse jǫfurr, also Latin aper.


wulf

wulf (nominative singular)
wulfas (nominative plural)
wulf (accusative singular)
wulfas (accusative plural)
wulfes (genitive singular)
wulfa (genitive plural)
wulfe (dative singular)
wulfum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: wolf, wulf, woulf, wolfe
English: wolf, wolve (rare)
→ Ido: volfo (also from German)
Scots: wolf, woulf, wouff

From Proto-West Germanic *wulf, from Proto-Germanic *wulfaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ ēac þætte þrīe wulfas on ānre niht brōhton ānes dēades monnes līchoman binnan þā burg, ⁊ hiene þær siþþan tōbrugdon, oþ þā men onwōcan, ⁊ ūt urnon, ⁊ hīe siþþan aweġ flugon.

And on one night, three wolves brought the body of a dead man into the city, and then tore it to pieces, until the people awoke and ran out, and they ran away.

Wulf āna mæġ wulf ġefōn.

Sē wulf ġestrangaþ þone heorot.


ceo

desc

Middle English: ka, co, cheo, choȝe, choughe, chowe, chow

Scots: ka, kae, kea, keaw

English: coe, chough

From Proto-West Germanic *kahwu, probably ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative

a chough, a bird of the genus Corvus; a jay; crow; jackdaw


leax

leax (nominative singular)
leaxas (nominative plural)
leax (accusative singular)
leaxas (accusative plural)
leaxes (genitive singular)
leaxa (genitive plural)
leaxe (dative singular)
leaxum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: lax, lex
English: lax
Scots: lax

From Proto-Germanic *lahsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *lakso-. Cognate with Old High German lahs (German Lachs), Old Norse lax (Swedish lax). The Indo-European root is also the source of Lithuanian lašiša, Latvian lasis, Russian лосо́сь (losósʹ).


finc

finċ (canonical masculine)
finċ (nominative singular)
finċas (nominative plural)
finċ (accusative singular)
finċas (accusative plural)
finċes (genitive singular)
finċa (genitive plural)
finċe (dative singular)
finċum (dative plural)

Middle English: fynch, fincg, finch, fynche
English: finch
Scots: finch

From Proto-Germanic *finkiz, *finkô. Cognate with Middle Dutch vinke (whence Dutch vink), Old High German finko, finco (whence German Fink).


eowu

eowu (nominative singular)
eowa (nominative plural)
eowe (accusative singular)
eowa (accusative plural)
eowe (genitive singular)
eowena (genitive plural)
eowe (dative singular)
eowenum (dative plural)

Middle English: ewe, awe, eu, ouwe, yeue, yowe
English: ewe
Scots: yowe, yhow
Yola: yowe

From Proto-West Germanic *awi, from Proto-Germanic *awiz.
* Germanic cognates: Old Frisian ei, Old Saxon ewwi, Old High German ouwi (German Aue), Old Norse ær, Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹 (awēþi, “flock of sheep”).
* Indo-European cognates: Luwian 𒄩𒀀𒌑𒄿𒅖 (/ḫāwīs/), Latin ovis, Ancient Greek ὄϊς (óïs), Old Church Slavonic овьца (ovĭca) (Russian овца́ (ovcá)), Old Irish ói, Lithuanian avìs, Tocharian B awi.

Þā eowe man āsyndrede fram heora lambrum, and hīe belifon æt þām tūne, þǣr hīe ġemolcena wurdon.

The ewes were separated from their lambs, and they remained at the farm, where they were milked.


blanca

blanca (nominative singular)
blancan (nominative plural)
blancan (accusative singular)
blancan (accusative plural)
blancan (genitive singular)
blancena (genitive plural)
blancan (dative singular)
blancum (dative plural)

Middle English: blanke, blonke

From Proto-West Germanic *blankō, from Proto-Germanic *blankaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine, white”). Compare Old High German blancros (“white horse”), Old French blanke (“sheep”), Old Norse blakkr (“horse, steed”), Old Norse Blanka (“the mythical horse of Thideric (Dietrich) of Bern”).


binn

From a Celtic language, possibly Proto-Brythonic *benn (“cart, carriage”) (whence Middle Welsh benn, modern Welsh ben), from Proto-Celtic *bend(n)ā (whence Gaulish benna).


geac

ġēac (canonical masculine)
ġēac (nominative singular)
ġēacas (nominative plural)
ġēac (accusative singular)
ġēacas (accusative plural)
ġēaces (genitive singular)
ġēaca (genitive plural)
ġēace (dative singular)
ġēacum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: ȝek, yek, yeke, ȝeac, ȝeke

From Proto-West Germanic *gauk, from Proto-Germanic *gaukaz.

The Seafarer, line 53


docga

docgan (nominative plural)
docga (nominative singular)
docgan (nominative plural)
docgan (accusative singular)
docgan (accusative plural)
docgan (genitive singular)
docgena (genitive plural)
docgan (dative singular)
docgum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: dogge, dog, doge, doke
English: dog (see there for further descendants)
Scots: dug
Yola: dug

Unknown origin. There are several theories, none with much evidence. Possibly a diminutive of dox (“dark, dusky”) + -ga (diminutive suffix) (similar to frox >> frocga); or a diminutive of *docce (“stump, dock, doll”). See dog.


ryþþa

ryþþan (nominative plural)
ryþþa (nominative singular)
ryþþan (nominative plural)
ryþþan (accusative singular)
ryþþan (accusative plural)
ryþþan (genitive singular)
ryþþena (genitive plural)
ryþþan (dative singular)
ryþþum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *hruþjan- (“male dog”), clearly connected to Old High German rudio and Dutch reu. Possibly from *hruttōn- (“to roar”), from a Proto-Indo-European root shared by Ancient Greek κόρυζα (kóruza), Old English hrot. Or, from Proto-Germanic *hreutan-, *hrūtan-, *hruttōną (“to snore”), which would be related to Old Norse hrjóta.


roþhund

roþhund (nominative singular)
roþhundas (nominative plural)
roþhund (accusative singular)
roþhundas (accusative plural)
roþhundes (genitive singular)
roþhunda (genitive plural)
roþhunde (dative singular)
roþhundum (dative plural)


cycen

From Proto-Germanic *kukinō (“kitchen”).


seolh

sēolas (nominative plural)
seolh (nominative singular)
sēolas (nominative plural)
seolh (accusative singular)
sēolas (accusative plural)
sēoles (genitive singular)
sēola (genitive plural)
sēole (dative singular)
sēolum (dative plural)

English: seal

Scots: selch

⇒ Scots: selkie

→ English: selkie

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Swylċe ēac þēos eorþe is berende missenlīcra fugela ⁊ sǣwihta ⁊ hēr bēoþ oft fanġene seolas ⁊ hronas and mereswȳn; ⁊ hēr bēoþ oft numene missenlīcra cynna weolcsċylle ⁊ muscule, ⁊ on þām oft ġemette þā betstan meregrotan ǣlces hīwes.

This land also bears various birds and sea creatures, and seals, porpoises, and dolphins are often caught here; and various kinds of mussels and shellfish are often taken, and in them the best pearls of every color are often found.


heorot

heort (nominative singular)
heortas (nominative plural)
heort (accusative singular)
heortas (accusative plural)
heortes (genitive singular)
heorta (genitive plural)
heorte (dative singular)
heortum (dative plural)

Middle English: hert, harte, hartt, heert, heort
English: hart
Scots: hert

From Proto-West Germanic *herut, from Proto-Germanic *herutaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kerud- (Ancient Greek κόρυδος (kórudos, “crested lark”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (Latin cervus (“horn”)). Germanic cognates include Old Saxon hirot, Old High German hiruz, and Old Norse hjǫrtr.

Heorot

the great mead hall described in Beowulf


mecefisc

mēċefisċ (canonical masculine)
mēċefisċ (nominative singular)
mēċefiscas (nominative plural)
mēċefisċ (accusative singular)
mēċefiscas (accusative plural)
mēċefisċes (genitive singular)
mēċefisca (genitive plural)
mēċefisċe (dative singular)
mēċefiscum (dative plural)


blæge

blǣġe (canonical feminine)
blǣġe (nominative singular)
blǣġan (nominative plural)
blǣġan (accusative singular)
blǣġan (accusative plural)
blǣġan (genitive singular)
blǣġena (genitive plural)
blǣġan (dative singular)
blǣġum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *blaigijǭ (“blay, bleak, gudgeon”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyk- (“to shine”).


hragra

hrāgra (canonical masculine)
hrāgra (nominative singular)
hrāgran (nominative plural)
hrāgran (accusative singular)
hrāgran (accusative plural)
hrāgran (genitive singular)
hrāgrena (genitive plural)
hrāgran (dative singular)
hrāgrum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *hraigrō, from Proto-Germanic *hraigrô.


bridel

brīdel (canonical masculine)
brīdel (nominative singular)
brīdelas (nominative plural)
brīdel (accusative singular)
brīdelas (accusative plural)
brīdeles (genitive singular)
brīdela (genitive plural)
brīdele (dative singular)
brīdelum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bridel, bridell, bridil, bridill, bridle, brydel, brydul, brydyl, brydyll, brydylle
English: bridle
Scots: bridle


cealf

ċealf (canonical neuter)
ċealf (nominative singular)
ċealfru (nominative plural)
ċealf (accusative singular)
ċealfru (accusative plural)
ċealfes (genitive singular)
ċealfra (genitive plural)
ċealfe (dative singular)
ċealfrum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: calf, chalve, chelve, chalf, kelf

English: calf

Scots: cawf, cauf

From Proto-Germanic *kalbaz. Cognate with Old Frisian *kalf, Old Saxon kalf, Old Dutch kalf, Old High German kalb. Also Old Norse kalfr, which was a masculine a-stem, and Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉 (kalbō), which was a feminine ōn-stem.


cocc

cocc (nominative singular)
coccas (nominative plural)
cocc (accusative singular)
coccas (accusative plural)
cocces (genitive singular)
cocca (genitive plural)
cocce (dative singular)
coccum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: cok, cocke, cock, kok, coke, cooke, cokke
English: cock
Scots: cock, cok
Yola: cuck

From Proto-West Germanic *kokk, probably ultimately of imitative origin. Cognate with Old Norse kokkr, Late Latin coccus (whence Old French coc, Modern French coq) from the same Germanic source.

onomatopoeic

imitative


sceap

sċēap (canonical neuter)
sċēap (nominative singular)
sċēap (nominative plural)
sċēap (accusative singular)
sċēap (accusative plural)
sċēapes (genitive singular)
sċēapa (genitive plural)
sċēape (dative singular)
sċēapum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: schep, scheep, schepe, sheep, shepe, ssep (Kent, Southern)
English: sheep (see there for further descendants)
Scots: sheep
Yola: zheep, sheep

From Proto-West Germanic *skāp, from Proto-Germanic *skēpą.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Hit is weliġ þis ēalond on wæstmum ⁊ on trēowum misenlīcra cynna; ⁊ hit is ġesċræpe on lǣwe sċēapa ⁊ nēata; ⁊ on sumum stōwum wīnġeardas grōwaþ.

This island is rich in fruits and trees of various kinds; and it is suitable for the pasture of sheep and cattle; and in some places vineyards grow.

sċēap sċieran


elpend

elpend (nominative singular)
elpendas (nominative plural)
elpend (accusative singular)
elpendas (accusative plural)
elpendes (genitive singular)
elpenda (genitive plural)
elpende (dative singular)
elpendum (dative plural)

Middle English: elp, ylp

From Proto-West Germanic *elpand (“elephant; ivory”).

inh

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hē [Pirrus] hæfde XX elpenda tō þǣm ġefeohte mid him, þe Rōmane ǣr na ne ne ġesawon: hē wæs sē forma mon þe hīe ǣrest on Italium brōhte.

And he [Pyrrhus] had twenty elephants with him in battle, which the Romans had never seen before; he was the first man to bring them to Italy.


nædre

nǣdre (canonical feminine)
nǣdre (nominative singular)
nǣdran (nominative plural)
nǣdran (accusative singular)
nǣdran (accusative plural)
nǣdran (genitive singular)
nǣdrena (genitive plural)
nǣdran (dative singular)
nǣdrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: nadder [and other forms]
English: adder, edder (by rebracketing)
Scots: edder

From Proto-West Germanic *nadrā, from Proto-Germanic *nadrǭ. Cognate with Old High German natra, Old Norse naðra, Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌳𐍂𐍃 (nadrs).

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 10, verse 19

And now I gave you power to tread over adders and snakes and over each fiends' force. And no thing harms you.

And nū ic sealde ēow ānweald tō tredenne ofer nǣddran. And snacan and ofer ǣlc fēondes mæġen. And nān þing ēow ne derað...

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...for þon hit is nǣdrena ġecynd þæt heora mǣġen ⁊ hiera fēþe bið on heora ribbum swā ōþerra crēopendra wyrma bið on heora fōtum.

...for it is the class of snakes whose movement is on their ribs, just as the motion of other creeping reptiles is with their feet.


hriþer

hrīþer (canonical neuter)
hrīþer (nominative singular)
hrīþeru (nominative plural)
hrīþer (accusative singular)
hrīþeru (accusative plural)
hrīþeres (genitive singular)
hrīþera (genitive plural)
hrīþere (dative singular)
hrīþerum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: rother, reother, rither, rether

English: rother

From Proto-West Germanic *hrinþiʀ (“cattle”). Cognate with Old Frisian hrīther (“cattle”).

(countable) cow; bull; ox; head of cattle (any bovine animal)


oxa

oxa (nominative singular)
oxan (nominative plural)
oxan (accusative singular)
oxan (accusative plural)
oxan (genitive singular)
oxena (genitive plural)
oxna (genitive plural)
oxan (dative singular)
oxum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: oxe, hox, nox, occe, ocxe, okse, ox, oxhe, oxse
English: ox (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ox

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Nativiity of Our Lord"
"Sē oxa oncnēow his hlāford, and sē assa his hlāfordes binne."
"The ox knows his master, and the ass his master's bin."
Þā ġeseah hēo þæt cild licgan on binne, ðǣr sē oxa and sē assa ġewunelīce fōdan sēcað.

Then saw she the child lying in the bin, where the ox and the ass usually seek food.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Deuteronomy 28:31

Your ox will be slaughtered in front of you, and you won't get to taste it.

Man slihþ þīnne oxan beforan þē, and þū his ne ābītst.


swealwe

swealwe (nominative singular)
swealwan (nominative plural)
swealwan (accusative singular)
swealwan (accusative plural)
swealwan (genitive singular)
swealwena (genitive plural)
swealwan (dative singular)
swealwum (dative plural)

Middle English: swalwe, swalewe, swalowe, swhalow, sualow, swalow, swalue, swolwe, swaluwe, swalew, swalugh
English: swallow
Scots: swalla, swallae

From Proto-West Germanic *swalwā, related to Old High German swalwa, Old Norse svala.


osle

ōsle (canonical feminine)
ōsle (nominative singular)
ōslan (nominative plural)
ōslan (accusative singular)
ōslan (accusative plural)
ōslan (genitive singular)
ōslena (genitive plural)
ōslan (dative singular)
ōslum (dative plural)

Middle English: osel, osele, osul, osulle, osyll
English: oozel, ousel, ouzel (dialectal)
Scots: osil

Sēo wīflīċe ōsle ġetimbreþ nest þrēowa on ġēare.

The female blackbird builds a nest three times a year.


acweorna

ācweorna (canonical masculine)
ācweorna (nominative singular)
ācweornan (nominative plural)
ācweornan (accusative singular)
ācweornan (accusative plural)
ācweornan (genitive singular)
ācweornena (genitive plural)
ācweornan (dative singular)
ācweornum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: acquerne, aquerne, ocquerne, okerne, aquierne

gl

compare Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">íkorni</i>

>? English: con, conn (“squirrel”) (dialectal) (compare Old Norse íkorni)

>? Scots: con (“squirrel”) (compare Old Norse íkorni)

From Proto-West Germanic *aikwernō, from Proto-Germanic *aikwernô.


fina

fina (nominative singular)
finan (nominative plural)
finan (accusative singular)
finan (accusative plural)
finan (genitive singular)
finena (genitive plural)
finan (dative singular)
finum (dative plural)


fearh

fēaras (nominative plural)
fearh (nominative singular)
fēaras (nominative plural)
fearh (accusative singular)
fēaras (accusative plural)
fēares (genitive singular)
fēara (genitive plural)
fēare (dative singular)
fēarum (dative plural)

q

attested only in plural form <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">faren</i>

Middle English: *farow, *fargh (attested only in plural form faren)

English: farrow

Scots: ferrae, ferry, farry

Yola: farragh

From Proto-West Germanic *farh, from Proto-Germanic *farhaz, from Proto-Indo-European *pórḱos. Cognate with Old High German farah,
Latin porcus.


hræfn

hræfn (nominative singular)
hræfnas (nominative plural)
hræfn (accusative singular)
hræfnas (accusative plural)
hræfnes (genitive singular)
hræfna (genitive plural)
hræfne (dative singular)
hræfnum (dative plural)

Middle English: raven, reven, revin

English: raven

Scots: ravin, revin, rawin

From Proto-West Germanic *hrabn, from Proto-Germanic *hrabnaz. Cognate with Old Frisian raven, Old Saxon hraƀan, Old Dutch ravan, Old High German raban, Old Norse hrafn. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱorh₂-, whence Latin corvus.

Hræfen wandrode

Date uncertain, unknown author, Finnsburh fragment lines 34-35


cran

cran (nominative singular)
cranas (nominative plural)
cran (accusative singular)
cranas (accusative plural)
cranes (genitive singular)
crana (genitive plural)
crane (dative singular)
cranum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: crane, krane, cranne, craane, crone, craune
English: crane (see there for further descendants)
Scots: cran
⇒ Yola: kraanberry, kraaneberry

Se cran wæs standende on ānum sċancan.

Oft man ġehīerþ cranas lange ǣr hē hīe ġesiehþ.

You often hear cranes long before you see them.

Þā cranas wyrċaþ heora nest on ċiriċena belhūsum.

The cranes make their nests in the bell towers of churches.


hana

hana (nominative singular)
hanan (nominative plural)
hanan (accusative singular)
hanan (accusative plural)
hanan (genitive singular)
hanena (genitive plural)
hanan (dative singular)
hanum (dative plural)

Middle English: *hane (attested in hane-crau)

From Proto-West Germanic *hanō, from Proto-Germanic *hanô.


frosc

frosc (nominative singular)
froscas (nominative plural)
frosc (accusative singular)
froscas (accusative plural)
frosċes (genitive singular)
frosca (genitive plural)
frosċe (dative singular)
froscum (dative plural)

Middle English: frosk, frosch

English: frosk, frosh

From Proto-West Germanic *frosk, from Proto-Germanic *fruskaz.
Cognate with Old Frisian *frosk, Old Saxon *frosk, Old Dutch forsk, Old High German frosc, Old Norse froskr.


cribb

head

cribb f (nominative plural cribbe or cribba)

cribbe (nominative plural)
cribba (nominative plural)
cribb (nominative singular)
cribba (nominative plural)
cribbe (nominative plural)
cribbe (accusative singular)
cribba (accusative plural)
cribbe (accusative plural)
cribbe (genitive singular)
cribba (genitive plural)
cribbe (dative singular)
cribbum (dative plural)

English: crib

From Proto-West Germanic, from Proto-Germanic *kribjǭ.


colmase

cōlmāse (canonical feminine)
cōlmāse (nominative singular)
cōlmāsan (nominative plural)
cōlmāsan (accusative singular)
cōlmāsan (accusative plural)
cōlmāsan (genitive singular)
cōlmāsena (genitive plural)
cōlmāsan (dative singular)
cōlmāsum (dative plural)

Periparus ater
Periparus ater#Translingual


pawa

pāwa (canonical masculine)
pāwa (nominative singular)
pāwan (nominative plural)
pāwan (accusative singular)
pāwan (accusative plural)
pāwan (genitive singular)
pāwena (genitive plural)
pāwan (dative singular)
pāwum (dative plural)

Fēnixas habbaþ cambas on hēafde swā pāwan.

Phoenixes have crests on their head like peacocks.


wicg

wiċġ (canonical neuter)
wiċġ (nominative plural)
wiċġ (nominative singular)
wiċġ (nominative plural)
wiċġ (accusative singular)
wiċġ (accusative plural)
wiċġes (genitive singular)
wiċġa (genitive plural)
wiċġe (dative singular)
wiċġum (dative plural)

Middle English: *wigge, wig

English: widge

From Proto-West Germanic *wigi, from Proto-Germanic *wigją, from *weganą (“to carry”). Cognate with Old Saxon wigg, Old Norse vigg.


grighund

grīġhund (canonical masculine)
grīġhund (nominative singular)
grīġhundas (nominative plural)
grīġhund (accusative singular)
grīġhundas (accusative plural)
grīġhundes (genitive singular)
grīġhunda (genitive plural)
grīġhunde (dative singular)
grīġhundum (dative plural)

English: greyhound

From *grīeġ (cognate with Old Norse grøy (“bitch”)) + hund.


bucca

buccan (nominative plural)
bucca (nominative singular)
buccan (nominative plural)
buccan (accusative singular)
buccan (accusative plural)
buccan (genitive singular)
buccena (genitive plural)
buccan (dative singular)
buccum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bukke, bucke, buk, bocke, bucce, boke, buc
English: buck
Scots: buk, buke, buik
Yola: buch

From Proto-West Germanic *bukkō, from Proto-Germanic *bukkô (“male goat”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰugo- (“buck”). Akin to Old High German boc, Old Norse bukkr, Middle Dutch boc, Avestan 𐬠𐬏𐬰𐬀 (būza, “buck, goat”), Old Armenian բուծ (buc, “lamb”), Old English bucc (“male deer”).


nicor

nicoras (nominative plural)
nicor (nominative singular)
nicoras (nominative plural)
nicor (accusative singular)
nicoras (accusative plural)
nicores (genitive singular)
nicora (genitive plural)
nicore (dative singular)
nicorum (dative plural)

Middle English: niker, nycker

English: nicker, nickel

From Proto-Germanic *nikraz, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *neygʷ- (“to wash”). Cognate with Middle Dutch necker (Dutch nikker (“demon”)), Old High German nicchus (German Nix (“water sprite”)), Old Norse nykr (Faroese nykur, Swedish näck).


igil

iġil (canonical masculine)
iġilas (nominative plural)
iġil (nominative singular)
iġilas (nominative plural)
iġil (accusative singular)
iġilas (accusative plural)
iġiles (genitive singular)
iġila (genitive plural)
iġile (dative singular)
iġilum (dative plural)

Middle English: il

desc

⇒ Middle English: ilespil, ylspil, yspyle


glida

glida (nominative singular)
glidan (nominative plural)
glidan (accusative singular)
glidan (accusative plural)
glidan (genitive singular)
glidena (genitive plural)
glidan (dative singular)
glidum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: glede, glide
English: glede, glead
Scots: gled, gleed

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *glidā, from Proto-Germanic *glidǭ; related to glīdan (“to glide”)

inh+

10th century, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
Sē þe þurh rēaflāc ġewilnaþ þā þing þe hē mid his ēagum wiþūtan sċēawaþ, sē is glida, nā culfre.

Whoever wants to steal the things that he sees with his eyes without, he is a kite, not a dove.


ultor

ultor (nominative singular)
ultras (nominative plural)
ultor (accusative singular)
ultras (accusative plural)
ultres (genitive singular)
ultra (genitive plural)
ultre (dative singular)
ultrum (dative plural)

Perhaps from a British dialect form of Latin vultur (“vulture”).


mul

mūl (canonical masculine)
mūl (nominative singular)
mūlas (nominative plural)
mūl (accusative singular)
mūlas (accusative plural)
mūles (genitive singular)
mūla (genitive plural)
mūle (dative singular)
mūlum (dative plural)

Middle English: mule

desctree

English: mule
→ Hawaiian: miula
→ Irish: miúil
→ Maori: miūru


bridd

bridd (nominative singular)
briddas (nominative plural)
bridd (accusative singular)
briddas (accusative plural)
briddes (genitive singular)
bridda (genitive plural)
bridde (dative singular)
briddum (dative plural)

Middle English: brid, bryd, bridde

English: bird

Scots: byrd, bird

Unknown; the word appears to be exclusive to Old English and lacks cognates in any other Germanic languages. Liberman notes that dozens of origins have been both suggested and rejected, leaving its original meaning and etymology a mystery. It might possibly be from a non-Indo-European substrate, with a likely onomatopoeic origin.
Formally, the word may lead back to a Proto-West Germanic *bridi ~ *briddj-, possibly to Proto-Germanic *bridjaz, a derivative of *bredą (“board, plank, shelf", possibly also "perch, roost”), and may have therefore been used of young birds or fowl that were fledged and able to perch but not yet able to fly (i.e. "perch-ling", or "roost-ling"; compare modern English rooster, bougher, brancher, etc.), as opposed to fugol ~ fuglas the term for birds that were able to fly. If so, then possibly related to Old English bred (“board, plank, tablet”). Otherwise, the derivation remains unclear.

cog

chick (a young bird or fledgling, as opposed to an altricial chick or hatchling)


frocga

frocga (nominative singular)
frocgan (nominative plural)
frocgan (accusative singular)
frocgan (accusative plural)
frocgan (genitive singular)
frocgena (genitive plural)
frocgan (dative singular)
frocgum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: frogge, vrogge, frugge
English: frog, frock (dialectal) (see there for further descendants)
Scots: frog, froig
→ Welsh: broga


cenep

cenep (nominative singular)
cenepas (nominative plural)
cenep (accusative singular)
cenepas (accusative plural)
cenepes (genitive singular)
cenepa (genitive plural)
cenepe (dative singular)
cenepum (dative plural)

Middle English: kempe

English: kemp, kemps

From Proto-West Germanic *kanip, from Proto-Germanic *kanipaz. Akin to Old Frisian kenep, Old Norse kampr.


stær

staras (nominative plural)
stær (nominative singular)
staras (nominative plural)
stær (accusative singular)
staras (accusative plural)
stæres (genitive singular)
stara (genitive plural)
stære (dative singular)
starum (dative plural)

English: starling

From Proto-West Germanic *star, from Proto-Germanic *staraz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tern- (“starling”) and/or Proto-Indo-European *storo- (“starling”).


stær

English: stare

From Proto-Germanic *star- (“to be rigid”), from *ster- (“to be stiff, to be strong”).


aþexe

āþexe (canonical feminine)
āþexe (nominative singular)
āþexan (nominative plural)
āþexan (accusative singular)
āþexan (accusative plural)
āþexan (genitive singular)
āþexena (genitive plural)
āþexan (dative singular)
āþexum (dative plural)

Middle English: aske, arske
English: ask, askard
Scots: ask, esk, awsk

From Proto-West Germanic *agiþahsijā (“lizard, newt”).


bucc

From Proto-West Germanic *būk, from Proto-Germanic *būkaz (“belly, stomach”); perhaps representing a corruption of a diminutive ( + -uc) from Proto-West Germanic *būkuk (“miniature vessel”).


brocc

brocc (nominative singular)
broccas (nominative plural)
brocc (accusative singular)
broccas (accusative plural)
brocces (genitive singular)
brocca (genitive plural)
brocce (dative singular)
broccum (dative plural)

Middle English: brok

English: brock

Probably from a Celtic source akin to Irish broc, Welsh broch, Cornish brogh and thus ultimately from Proto-Celtic *brokkos.


fleogenda

flēogenda (canonical masculine)
fleogenda (nominative singular)
flēogendan (nominative plural)
fleogendan (accusative singular)
flēogendan (accusative plural)
fleogendan (genitive singular)
flēogendena (genitive plural)
fleogendan (dative singular)
flēogendum (dative plural)

Deverbal from flēogan (“to fly”), equivalent to flēogan + -ende + -a.


mereswin

mereswīn (canonical neuter)
mereswīn (nominative singular)
mereswīn (nominative plural)
mereswīn (accusative singular)
mereswīn (accusative plural)
mereswīnes (genitive singular)
mereswīna (genitive plural)
mereswīne (dative singular)
mereswīnum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: mereswyn, mereswyne, mersuine
English: mereswine
Scots: mereswine

From Proto-West Germanic *mariswīn. Equivalent to mere (“sea”) + swīn (“pig”). Cognate with Old Saxon meriswīn.

late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
Swylċe ēac þēos eorþe is berende missenlīcra fugela ⁊ sǣwihta ⁊ hēr bēoþ oft fanġene seolas ⁊ hronas and mereswȳn; ⁊ hēr bēoþ oft numene missenlīcra cynna weolcsċylle ⁊ muscule, ⁊ on þām oft ġemette þā betstan meregrotan ǣlces hīwes.

Mereswīn bēoþ swīðe plegol nīetenu.


assa

assa (nominative singular)
assas (nominative plural)
assa (accusative singular)
assas (accusative plural)
asses (genitive singular)
assa (genitive plural)
asse (dative singular)
assum (dative plural)

Middle English: asse

English: ass

Yola: ess

Back-formation from assen, from Celtic (compare Old Irish asan, Old Cornish asen), from Latin asinus.


hogg

hoggas (nominative plural)
hogg (nominative singular)
hoggas (nominative plural)
hogg (accusative singular)
hoggas (accusative plural)
hogges (genitive singular)
hogga (genitive plural)
hogge (dative singular)
hoggum (dative plural)

Middle English: hogge, hog

English: hog

Scots: hogg, hog

Uncertain. Possibly derived from Old Norse hǫggva (“to strike, chop, cut”), from Proto-Germanic *hawwaną (“to hew, forge”).
Alternatively, perhaps from Celtic, compare Welsh hwch (“sow”), Cornish hoch (“pig”) (whence probably modern English hoggan (“pork pasty”)); however, the possibility of British Celtic origin [Watkins, etc.] is regarded by OED as "improbable.".

der

hog, especially a castrated male (family Suidae)


cicen

ċicen (canonical neuter)
ċicen (nominative singular)
ċicenu (nominative plural)
ċicen (accusative singular)
ċicenu (accusative plural)
ċicenes (genitive singular)
ċicena (genitive plural)
ċicene (dative singular)
ċicenum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: chiken, chicoun, chike, cheke
English: chicken, chick
Scots: chikin, chekin, schik
Yola: chick, chicke

Unclear. Possibly from Proto-West Germanic *kiukīn, with gradual shortening of the first syllable vowel; or alternatively from Proto-Germanic *kukkīną, equivalent to cocc + -en.

unk

Unclear


hran

Anglo-Saxon runes
Delphinidae
Franks Casket
Orca
Pilot whale
Risso's dolphin
Épinal-Erfurt glossary

hran (nominative singular)
hranas (nominative plural)
hran (accusative singular)
hranas (accusative plural)
hranes (genitive singular)
hrana (genitive plural)
hrane (dative singular)
hranum (dative plural)

Origin unknown, cf. Épinal Glossary hran (c. 700) and Futhorc ᚻᚱᚩᚾᚫᛋ (hrónæs) (gen. sg.) on the Franks Casket (early 8th c.). Perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *harzaz (“a kind of fish”). Compare Norwegian harr (“grayling”), Swedish harr (“grayling”).

unknown

der

(gloss) ballaena

7~8th c., Glossa in Psalmos; Vatican Library MS. Pal. lat. 68, folio 12v

... seven fish fill a seal, seven seals fill a "hran", seven "hrans" fill a whale.

... VII fiscas sēlaes fyllu, sifu sēlas hronaes fyllu, sifu hronas hualaes fyllu.


stacga

stacga (nominative singular)
stacgan (nominative plural)
stacgan (accusative singular)
stacgan (accusative plural)
stacgan (genitive singular)
stacgena (genitive plural)
stacgan (dative singular)
stacgum (dative plural)

Middle English: stagge

English: stag

Volapük: stäg

From Proto-Germanic *staggijô (“stag, male animal, porcupine”), from Proto-Indo-European *stegʰ-, *stengʰ- (“to prick, stick, pierce”), equivalent to *stac- (compare Old English staca) + -ga (diminutive suffix). Cognate with Old Norse steggi (“male animal, drake”).


hæring

hǣring (canonical masculine)
hǣring (nominative singular)
hǣringas (nominative plural)
hǣring (accusative singular)
hǣringas (accusative plural)
hǣringes (genitive singular)
hǣringa (genitive plural)
hǣringe (dative singular)
hǣringum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hering, hereng, heiring, herring, hæring, haring
English: herring
Scots: hering, herring, herrin, haring
Yola: hereen, heereen


tife

tifan (nominative plural)
tife (nominative singular)
tifan (nominative plural)
tifan (accusative singular)
tifan (accusative plural)
tifan (genitive singular)
tifena (genitive plural)
tifan (dative singular)
tifum (dative plural)


fealca

fealca (nominative singular)
fealcan (nominative plural)
fealcan (accusative singular)
fealcan (accusative plural)
fealcan (genitive singular)
fealcena (genitive plural)
fealcan (dative singular)
fealcum (dative plural)

Middle English: falk (in placenames and personal names); fylkere

Scots: falk, fauk, faik; facky, feckie

From Proto-West Germanic *falkō, from Proto-Germanic *falkô (“hawk, falcon”).


ielfete

ielfete (nominative singular)
ielfetan (nominative plural)
ielfetan (accusative singular)
ielfetan (accusative plural)
ielfetan (genitive singular)
ielfetena (genitive plural)
ielfetan (dative singular)
ielfetum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *albut (“swan”).


nihthræfn

From niht + hræfn. Compare Old Saxon nahthraƀan.


nihtegale

nihtegale (nominative singular)
nihtegalan (nominative plural)
nihtegalan (accusative singular)
nihtegalan (accusative plural)
nihtegalan (genitive singular)
nihtegalena (genitive plural)
nihtegalan (dative singular)
nihtegalum (dative plural)

Middle English: nyghtgale, niȝtegale, nightegale, nightgale
English: nightgale (obsolete)
Scots: nychtgale

⇒ Middle English: nyghtyngale, nightingale, niȝtingale, nyhtingale, nyȝtyngale, nightyngale
English: nightingale
Scots: nichtingale

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *nahtigalā.


ceahhe

ċeahhe (canonical feminine)
ċeahhe (nominative singular)
ċeahhan (nominative plural)
ċeahhan (accusative singular)
ċeahhan (accusative plural)
ċeahhan (genitive singular)
ċeahhena (genitive plural)
ċeahhan (dative singular)
ċeahhum (dative plural)

Middle English: ka, ca, coo, koo; choughe, chowghe

Scots: ka, kae, kaae

English: chough

From Proto-West Germanic *kahu (“jackdaw, crow”), ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative


dufe

dūfe (canonical feminine)
dūfe (nominative singular)
dūfan (nominative plural)
dūfan (accusative singular)
dūfan (accusative plural)
dūfan (genitive singular)
dūfena (genitive plural)
dūfan (dative singular)
dūfum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: douve, dove, duve, dowve, dowe, doufe, douf
English: dove
Scots: doo, dow

From Proto-West Germanic *dūbā, from Proto-Germanic *dūbǭ.


scric

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *skrīkijaną (“to cry out”), in reference to the shrike's call


crawe

crāwe (canonical feminine)
crāwe (nominative singular)
crāwan (nominative plural)
crāwan (accusative singular)
crāwan (accusative plural)
crāwan (genitive singular)
crāwena (genitive plural)
crāwan (dative singular)
crāwum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: crowe, crawe, crow, crauw, craw
English: crow
Geordie English: craw
Scots: craw
Yola: croowe, crowe, crouw

From Proto-West Germanic *krāā. Cognate with West Frisian krie, Dutch kraai, and German Krähe.


bicce

biċċe (canonical feminine)
biċċe (nominative singular)
biċċan (nominative plural)
biċċan (accusative singular)
biċċan (accusative plural)
biċċan (genitive singular)
biċċena (genitive plural)
biċċan (dative singular)
biċċum (dative plural)

Middle English: bicche, beche, biche, bycche, byche, bikk, buche
English: bitch
→ Dutch: bitch
→? German: Betze, Bätze, Petze
→ French: bitch

Scots: bitch

→ Old French: biche (Anglo-Norman)

⇒ Middle French: bichon

French: bichon

→ English: bichon

From Proto-West Germanic *bikkjā, from Proto-Germanic *bikjǭ.


ramm

ramm (nominative singular)
rammas (nominative plural)
ramm (accusative singular)
rammas (accusative plural)
rammes (genitive singular)
ramma (genitive plural)
ramme (dative singular)
rammum (dative plural)

Middle English: ramme, ram, rom

English: ram

Scots: ram

c. 995, Ælfric, Excerptiones De Arte Grammatica Anglice
Sume synd omonima, id sunt vnivoca, ða ġetācniað mā þinga mid ānre clypunge: ariēs byð ram betwux sċēapum and ram tō wealġeweorce, and ariēs ys ān ðāra twelf tācna.

Some words signify multiple things with one name: aries is a ram among sheep and a ram for taking down walls, and Aries is a sign of the Zodiac.


cyta

cȳta (canonical masculine)
cȳta (nominative singular)
cȳtan (nominative plural)
cȳtan (accusative singular)
cȳtan (accusative plural)
cȳtan (genitive singular)
cȳtena (genitive plural)
cȳtan (dative singular)
cȳtum (dative plural)

Middle English: kyte, kete, kijt, kite, kute, kuyte
English: kite
Scots: kyt, kyte
→ Welsh: cud

From Proto-West Germanic *kūtijō, from Proto-Germanic *kūts (“bird of prey”).


bisæcc

bīsæcc (canonical feminine)
bīsæcc (nominative singular)
bīsæcca (nominative plural)
bīsæcce (nominative plural)
bīsæcce (accusative singular)
bīsæcca (accusative plural)
bīsæcce (accusative plural)
bīsæcce (genitive singular)
bīsæcca (genitive plural)
bīsæcce (dative singular)
bīsæccum (dative plural)

English: bysack


weþer

weþer (nominative singular)
weþras (nominative plural)
weþer (accusative singular)
weþras (accusative plural)
weþres (genitive singular)
weþra (genitive plural)
weþre (dative singular)
weþrum (dative plural)

Middle English: wether, weder

Scots: weddir

English: wether

From Proto-West Germanic *weþru, from Proto-Germanic *weþruz (“a yearling lamb; wether”), from Proto-Indo-European *wet- (“year”). Cognate with Latin vitulus.


fealcen

fealcen (nominative singular)
fealcnas (nominative plural)
fealcen (accusative singular)
fealcnas (accusative plural)
fealcnes (genitive singular)
fealcna (genitive plural)
fealcne (dative singular)
fealcnum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *falkan, from Proto-Germanic *falkanaz, related to *falkô.


ticcen

tiċċen (canonical neuter)
tiċċen (nominative singular)
tiċċenu (nominative plural)
tiċċen (accusative singular)
tiċċenu (accusative plural)
tiċċenes (genitive singular)
tiċċena (genitive plural)
tiċċene (dative singular)
tiċċenum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tichen, ticchen, tiche, tik-, tike-
English: tick, titch
Yola: titch, thick, tick


stirc

Middle English: styrke, sterk, stirk

English: stirk

Scots: stirk, styrk


olfend

olfend (nominative singular)
olfendas (nominative plural)
olfend (accusative singular)
olfendas (accusative plural)
olfendes (genitive singular)
olfenda (genitive plural)
olfende (dative singular)
olfendum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: olfent, olfend, olvont, olvende, olvente

From Proto-West Germanic *olbandu. Doublet of elpend.

Hē rād on olfende þurh þā wēstenne.

Īeðre biþ olfende tō gānne þurh nǣdle ēage þonne sē welega on Godes rīċe gā.

It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich person to enter the Kingdom of God.


elp

elp (nominative singular)
elpas (nominative plural)
elp (accusative singular)
elpas (accusative plural)
elpes (genitive singular)
elpa (genitive plural)
elpe (dative singular)
elpum (dative plural)

Middle English: elp


efete

efetan (nominative plural)
efete (nominative singular)
efetan (nominative plural)
efetan (accusative singular)
efetan (accusative plural)
efetan (genitive singular)
efetena (genitive plural)
efetan (dative singular)
efetum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: evete, efte, eefte, euete, ewte, eute
English: eft
Yola: eft


fyrgengat

fyrġengāt (canonical feminine)
fyrgengāt (nominative singular)
fyrgengǣt (nominative plural)
fyrgengāt (accusative singular)
fyrgengǣt (accusative plural)
fyrgengǣt (genitive singular)
fyrgengāte (genitive singular)
fyrgengāta (genitive plural)
fyrgengǣt (dative singular)
fyrgengātum (dative plural)


hearma

hearma (nominative singular)
hearman (nominative plural)
hearman (accusative singular)
hearman (accusative plural)
hearman (genitive singular)
hearmena (genitive plural)
hearman (dative singular)
hearmum (dative plural)

[ˈhæ͜ɑrˠ.mɑ]

From Proto-West Germanic *harmō, from Proto-Germanic *harmô (“ermine; weasel”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱormen-, *ḱormō (“weasel”). Cognate with Old High German harmo (“ferret”).


horshwæl

horshwæl (nominative singular)
horshwalas (nominative plural)
horshwæl (accusative singular)
horshwalas (accusative plural)
horshwæles (genitive singular)
horshwala (genitive plural)
horshwæle (dative singular)
horshwalum (dative plural)

Equivalent to hors (“horse”) + hwæl (“whale”). Cognate with Old Norse hrosshvalr.


styria

styrian (nominative plural)
styria (nominative singular)
styrian (nominative plural)
styrian (accusative singular)
styrian (accusative plural)
styrian (genitive singular)
styriena (genitive plural)
styrian (dative singular)
styrium (dative plural)

Middle English: store, stor

Scots: stur, sture, stuir

From Proto-West Germanic *sturjō, from Proto-Germanic *sturjô (“sturgeon”). Cognate with Old Saxon sturio (“sturgeon”), Old High German sturjo (“sturgeon”).


hæferblæte

English: hammerbleat


secgsceara

[ˈsed͡ʒˌʃɑ.rɑ]


wuduculfre

wuduculfre (nominative singular)
wuduculfran (nominative plural)
wuduculfran (accusative singular)
wuduculfran (accusative plural)
wuduculfran (genitive singular)
wuduculfrena (genitive plural)
wuduculfran (dative singular)
wuduculfrum (dative plural)


herefong

herefong (nominative singular)
herefongas (nominative plural)
herefong (accusative singular)
herefongas (accusative plural)
herefonges (genitive singular)
herefonga (genitive plural)
herefonge (dative singular)
herefongum (dative plural)


hicel

hicel (nominative singular)
hicelas (nominative plural)
hicel (accusative singular)
hicelas (accusative plural)
hiceles (genitive singular)
hicela (genitive plural)
hicele (dative singular)
hicelum (dative plural)

gl

in some forms, possibly merged with Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">higera</i>

Middle English: hykwale, heghwalle, hygh-whele, eywal (in some forms, possibly merged with Old English higera)

English: hickwall


tysca

tysċa (canonical masculine)
tysċa (nominative singular)
tysċan (nominative plural)
tysċan (accusative singular)
tysċan (accusative plural)
tysċan (genitive singular)
tysċena (genitive plural)
tysċan (dative singular)
tysċum (dative plural)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-West Germanic *tuskijō (literally “frog-catcher, frog-eater”), related to Old English tosċa (“frog, toad”) (compare Old English frysċa (“bittern”) from frosċ (“frog”)); or alternatively derived from Proto-West Germanic *tūsōn (“to ruffle”), related to Old English tysse (“coarse cloth”).


culfre

culfre (nominative singular)
culfran (nominative plural)
culfran (accusative singular)
culfran (accusative plural)
culfran (genitive singular)
culfrena (genitive plural)
culfran (dative singular)
culfrum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: culvere, colvere, culver

English: culver

Unknown. Speculated to be from Latin columbula, from Latin columba.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
Culfre is bilewite nyten, and fram geallan biternysse ælfremed. Soðlice ða halgan apostolas wæron swilce culfran æt heora ēhðyrlum, ðaða hí nán ðing on þisum middangearde ne gewilnodon, ac hí ealle ðing bilewitlice sceawodon, and næron mid gecnyrdnysse æniges reaflaces getogene to ðam ðe hi wiðutan sceawodon.

A dove is a meek animal, and a stranger to the bitterness of gall. Verily the holy apostles were as doves at their windows, when they desired nothing in this world, but they meekly beheld all things, and were not drawn by desire of any rapine to that which they beheld without.

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
Se ðe þurh reaflac gewilnað ða ðing þe hé mid his ēagum wiðutan sceawað, se is glida, nā culfre æt his ēhðyrlum.

He who by rapine desires the things that he beholds with his eyes without, is a kite, not a dove at his windows.


wæternædre

wæternǣdre (canonical feminine)
wæternǣdre (nominative singular)
wæternǣdran (nominative plural)
wæternǣdran (accusative singular)
wæternǣdran (accusative plural)
wæternǣdran (genitive singular)
wæternǣdrena (genitive plural)
wæternǣdran (dative singular)
wæternǣdrum (dative plural)

Middle English: watyrnedyre, water neddyr, watir edyr, watyradyr, water addre

English: water adder

From wæter + nǣdre. Cognate with Old High German wazzarnatra.


wuducoc

wuducoc (nominative singular)
wuducoccas (nominative plural)
wuducoc (accusative singular)
wuducoccas (accusative plural)
wuducocces (genitive singular)
wuducocca (genitive plural)
wuducocce (dative singular)
wuducoccum (dative plural)

Middle English: wodekok, wode-koc, wodecocke

English: woodcock


rudduc

rudduc (nominative singular)
rudducas (nominative plural)
rudduc (accusative singular)
rudducas (accusative plural)
rudduces (genitive singular)
rudduca (genitive plural)
rudduce (dative singular)
rudducum (dative plural)

Middle English: ruddok, roddocke

English: ruddock


eolh

ēolas (nominative plural)
eolh (nominative singular)
ēolas (nominative plural)
eolh (accusative singular)
ēolas (accusative plural)
ēoles (genitive singular)
ēola (genitive plural)
ēole (dative singular)
ēolum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: elk, elke
English: elk
→ German: Elk (obsolete)
→ Korean: 엘크 (elkeu)
→ Malayalam: എൽക്ക് (elkkŭ)
→ Welsh: elc

elk (UK), moose (US) (the largest member of the deer family; Alces alces)


spiht

spiht (nominative singular)
spihtas (nominative plural)
spiht (accusative singular)
spihtas (accusative plural)
spihtes (genitive singular)
spihta (genitive plural)
spihte (dative singular)
spihtum (dative plural)

Middle English: speght (late)

English: speight, specht, spekt, spight

Middle Scots: specht

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *spiht, *speht, from Proto-Germanic *spihtaz, *spehtaz.


þrostle

þrostle (nominative singular)
þrostlan (nominative plural)
þrostlan (accusative singular)
þrostlan (accusative plural)
þrostlan (genitive singular)
þrostlena (genitive plural)
þrostlan (dative singular)
þrostlum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: throstel, throstle, thrustel, threstel, thristel, throsle
English: throstle
Yola: drostal


scealfor

sċealfor (canonical feminine)
sċealfor (nominative singular)
sċealfra (nominative plural)
sċealfre (nominative plural)
sċealfre (accusative singular)
sċealfra (accusative plural)
sċealfre (accusative plural)
sċealfre (genitive singular)
sċealfra (genitive plural)
sċealfre (dative singular)
sċealfrum (dative plural)

[ˈʃæ͜ɑɫ.vor]


ganra

ganra (nominative singular)
ganran (nominative plural)
ganran (accusative singular)
ganran (accusative plural)
ganran (genitive singular)
ganrena (genitive plural)
ganran (dative singular)
ganrum (dative plural)

Middle English: gandre, gandere, gandir, gandur, gandyr, ganer, gonder
English: gander
Scots: ganare, ganer, ganner

→ Old Irish: ganndal

Irish: gandal

From Proto-West Germanic *ganʀō, from Proto-Germanic *ganzô (“gander”).


erschenn

ersċhenn (canonical feminine)
ersċhenn (nominative singular)
ersċhenna (nominative plural)
ersċhenne (nominative plural)
ersċhenne (accusative singular)
ersċhenna (accusative plural)
ersċhenne (accusative plural)
ersċhenne (genitive singular)
ersċhenna (genitive plural)
ersċhenne (dative singular)
ersċhennum (dative plural)


edischenn

edisċhenn (canonical feminine)
edisċhenn (nominative singular)
edisċhenna (nominative plural)
edisċhenne (nominative plural)
edisċhenne (accusative singular)
edisċhenna (accusative plural)
edisċhenne (accusative plural)
edisċhenne (genitive singular)
edisċhenna (genitive plural)
edisċhenne (dative singular)
edisċhennum (dative plural)


spearwa

spearwa (nominative singular)
spearwan (nominative plural)
spearwan (accusative singular)
spearwan (accusative plural)
spearwan (genitive singular)
spearwena (genitive plural)
spearwan (dative singular)
spearwum (dative plural)

Middle English: sparwe, sparowe, sparewe, speruwe, sparu, sparow, sparue, sparw, sparou, sparrou
English: sparrow
→ Manx: sparroo
Scots: sparrowe, sparow
Yola: sparrowe

The Old English Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew
Hēo ġeseah spearwan nest on ānum lāwertreowe.

She saw a sparrow's nest in a laurel tree.


ened

ened (nominative singular)
enede (nominative plural)
eneda (nominative plural)
ened (accusative singular)
enede (accusative singular)
enede (accusative plural)
eneda (accusative plural)
enede (genitive singular)
eneda (genitive plural)
enede (dative singular)
enedum (dative plural)

Middle English: ende, enede, hende, henede, heynd
Scots: ennet, annet, annot
English: ende, annet, annot

From Proto-West Germanic *anad, from Proto-Germanic *anadz.


wrenna

wrenna (nominative singular)
wrennan (nominative plural)
wrennan (accusative singular)
wrennan (accusative plural)
wrennan (genitive singular)
wrennena (genitive plural)
wrennan (dative singular)
wrennum (dative plural)

Middle English: wrenne, wranne

English: wren

Scots: wran


hroc

hrōc (canonical masculine)
hrōc (nominative singular)
hrōcas (nominative plural)
hrōc (accusative singular)
hrōcas (accusative plural)
hrōces (genitive singular)
hrōca (genitive plural)
hrōce (dative singular)
hrōcum (dative plural)

Middle English: roc, roke, rook

Scots: ruke, ruik

English: rook

From Proto-West Germanic *hrōk (“rook”).


lawerce

lāwerce (canonical feminine)
lāwerce (nominative singular)
lāwercan (nominative plural)
lāwercan (accusative singular)
lāwercan (accusative plural)
lāwercan (genitive singular)
lāwercena (genitive plural)
lāwercan (dative singular)
lāwercum (dative plural)

Middle English: larke, laverche, laveroc, laverke, laverock, leverock, lerke, livroche, laverok
English: lark, laverock, lavrock
Scots: lark, lork, laveirk, laverok
Yola: lereke, lerock

From Proto-Germanic *laiwarikǭ (“lark”).


struta

strūta (canonical masculine)
strūta (nominative singular)
strūtan (nominative plural)
strūtan (accusative singular)
strūtan (accusative plural)
strūtan (genitive singular)
strūtena (genitive plural)
strūtan (dative singular)
strūtum (dative plural)

Ultimately from Latin strūthiō (“ostrich”).


raredumle

rāredumle (canonical feminine)
rāredumle (nominative singular)
rāredumlan (nominative plural)
rāredumlan (accusative singular)
rāredumlan (accusative plural)
rāredumlan (genitive singular)
rāredumlena (genitive plural)
rāredumlan (dative singular)
rāredumlum (dative plural)


worhana

worhana (nominative singular)
worhanan (nominative plural)
worhanan (accusative singular)
worhanan (accusative plural)
worhanan (genitive singular)
worhanena (genitive plural)
worhanan (dative singular)
worhanum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *worʀahanō, from Proto-West Germanic *worʀō ~ *ūrzini, from Proto-Germanic *wurzô ~ *ūrziniz (“grouse”), + Proto-West Germanic *hanō (“cock, rooster”), from Proto-Germanic *hanô (“cock, rooster”).


ganot

ganot (nominative singular)
ganotas (nominative plural)
ganot (accusative singular)
ganotas (accusative plural)
ganotes (genitive singular)
ganota (genitive plural)
ganote (dative singular)
ganotum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ganet, ganat, gante
English: gannet
Yola: gannt

From Proto-West Germanic *ganut, related to Proto-Germanic *ganzô (“gander”), see also Dutch gent (“gander”).

waterfowl, especially a fen-duck or swan


byrdling

byrdling (nominative singular)
byrdlingas (nominative plural)
byrdling (accusative singular)
byrdlingas (accusative plural)
byrdlinges (genitive singular)
byrdlinga (genitive plural)
byrdlinge (dative singular)
byrdlingum (dative plural)

Middle English: birdling

English: birdling

Apparently from a Proto-Germanic *burdilingaz (equivalent to bord + -ling), though there are no cognates. Perhaps the literal meaning was originally "little shield," though in the surviving texts bord only means "shield" in poetry. Every modern Germanic language except English has the word "shield" in the word for "turtle": West Frisian skyldpod, Dutch schildpad, German Schildkröte, and Swedish sköldpadda all mean “shield toad,” Icelandic skjaldbaka and Faroese skjaldbøka both mean “shield back.” Also a few non-Germanic languages, cf. Estonian kilpkonn (literally “shield frog”) and Finnish kilpikonna (literally “shield toad”).


mearþ

mearþ (nominative singular)
mearþas (nominative plural)
mearþ (accusative singular)
mearþas (accusative plural)
mearþes (genitive singular)
mearþa (genitive plural)
mearþe (dative singular)
mearþum (dative plural)


wandeweorpe

wandeweorpe (nominative singular)
wandeweorpan (nominative plural)
wandeweorpan (accusative singular)
wandeweorpan (accusative plural)
wandeweorpan (genitive singular)
wandeweorpena (genitive plural)
wandeweorpan (dative singular)
wandeweorpum (dative plural)

From wand (“mole”) + weorpe (“thrower”).


otor

otor (nominative singular)
otras (nominative plural)
otor (accusative singular)
otras (accusative plural)
otres (genitive singular)
otra (genitive plural)
otre (dative singular)
otrum (dative plural)

Middle English: oter, otir, otur, otyre

Scots: otter

English: otter

From Proto-Germanic *utraz (“otter”), from Proto-Indo-European *udrós (“water animal, otter”).


feldefare

desctree

Middle English: feldefare, feldfar, feldfare, ffeldefare, ffeldfare, veldevare
English: fieldfare (dialectal feltyfare)
Scots: feltiflyer (reinterpreted)

Turdus pilaris
Turdus pilaris#Translingual


isearn

īsearn (canonical masculine)
īsearn (nominative singular)
īsearnas (nominative plural)
īsearn (accusative singular)
īsearnas (accusative plural)
īsearnes (genitive singular)
īsearna (genitive plural)
īsearne (dative singular)
īsearnum (dative plural)

/ˈiːsˌæ͜ɑrn/

[ˈiːzˌæ͜ɑrˠn]

From īs (“ice”) + earn (“eagle”). Compare Dutch ijsvogel, German Eisvogel.


bærs

From Proto-West Germanic *bars, from Proto-Germanic *barsaz (“perch”, literally “prickly”)


befer

befer (nominative singular)
befras (nominative plural)
befer (accusative singular)
befras (accusative plural)
befres (genitive singular)
befra (genitive plural)
befre (dative singular)
befrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bever, beauver, beever, befer, beofer, beuver, bevere, bevre, bevyr, bevyre, bewer, byvre
English: beaver
Scots: bever, baiver
→ Irish: béabhar

From earlier *bebr. The alternative form beofor must have the slightly different pre-form *bebur, since it shows back umlaut. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰébʰrus, whence Proto-Germanic *bebruz and Latin fiber.


reohhe

reohhe (nominative singular)
reohhan (nominative plural)
reohhan (accusative singular)
reohhan (accusative plural)
reohhan (genitive singular)
reohhena (genitive plural)
reohhan (dative singular)
reohhum (dative plural)

Middle English: reihe, reihhe, reȝge

English: reigh; (ray)

Uncertain. Perhaps related to Old English ruhha (“ray”).


rætt

rætt (nominative singular)
rættas (nominative plural)
rætt (accusative singular)
rættas (accusative plural)
rættes (genitive singular)
rætta (genitive plural)
rætte (dative singular)
rættum (dative plural)

Middle English: ratte, rotte, rat

English: rat

Scots: ratt, rat

From Proto-West Germanic *ratt, from Proto-Germanic *rattaz (whence also Old Frisian *rat). The various cognates reflect different preforms. The most common would be the feminine ō-stem *rattā: Old Frisian *ratte, Old Saxon ratta, Old Dutch *ratta, Old High German ratza. Old High German rato and ratta can only reflect borrowings post-dating the High German consonant shift, thus the non-geminate /t/ in rato is of unknown significance.


nihtgenge

nihtgenġe (canonical feminine)
nihtgenġe (nominative singular)
nihtgenġan (nominative plural)
nihtgenġan (accusative singular)
nihtgenġan (accusative plural)
nihtgenġan (genitive singular)
nihtgenġena (genitive plural)
nihtgenġan (dative singular)
nihtgenġum (dative plural)

From, and identical to, the feminine form of nihtgenġa (“night walker”).


merefisc

merefisċ (canonical masculine)
merefisċ (nominative singular)
merefisċas (nominative plural)
merefisċ (accusative singular)
merefisċas (accusative plural)
merefisċes (genitive singular)
merefisċa (genitive plural)
merefisċe (dative singular)
merefisċum (dative plural)


goshafoc

gōshafoc (canonical masculine)
gōshafoc (nominative singular)
gōshafocas (nominative plural)
gōshafoc (accusative singular)
gōshafocas (accusative plural)
gōshafoces (genitive singular)
gōshafoca (genitive plural)
gōshafoce (dative singular)
gōshafocum (dative plural)

Middle English: goshauk

English: goshawk


wealhhafoc

wealhhafoc (nominative singular)
wealhhafocas (nominative plural)
wealhhafoc (accusative singular)
wealhhafocas (accusative plural)
wealhhafoces (genitive singular)
wealhhafoca (genitive plural)
wealhhafoce (dative singular)
wealhhafocum (dative plural)

From wealh (“foreigner”) + hafoc (“hawk”).


mushafoc

mūshafoc (canonical neuter)
mūshafoc (nominative singular)
mūshafocas (nominative plural)
mūshafoc (accusative singular)
mūshafocas (accusative plural)
mūshafoces (genitive singular)
mūshafoca (genitive plural)
mūshafoce (dative singular)
mūshafocum (dative plural)

Middle English: *moushauk

English: mousehawk


carlfugol

carlfugol (nominative singular)
carlfuglas (nominative plural)
carlfugol (accusative singular)
carlfuglas (accusative plural)
carlfugles (genitive singular)
carlfugla (genitive plural)
carlfugle (dative singular)
carlfuglum (dative plural)


wudufugol

head

wudufugol m (nominative plural wudufuglas)

wudufuglas (nominative plural)
wudufugol (nominative singular)
wudufuglas (nominative plural)
wudufugol (accusative singular)
wudufuglas (accusative plural)
wudufugles (genitive singular)
wudufugla (genitive plural)
wudufugle (dative singular)
wudufuglum (dative plural)


wuduhana

wuduhana (nominative singular)
wuduhanan (nominative plural)
wuduhanan (accusative singular)
wuduhanan (accusative plural)
wuduhanan (genitive singular)
wuduhanena (genitive plural)
wuduhanan (dative singular)
wuduhanum (dative plural)


slawyrm

slāwyrm (canonical masculine)
slāwyrmas (nominative plural)
slāwyrm (nominative singular)
slāwyrmas (nominative plural)
slāwyrm (accusative singular)
slāwyrmas (accusative plural)
slāwyrmes (genitive singular)
slāwyrma (genitive plural)
slāwyrme (dative singular)
slāwyrmum (dative plural)


wyrmcynn

wyrmcynn (nominative plural)
wyrmcynn (nominative singular)
wyrmcynn (nominative plural)
wyrmcynn (accusative singular)
wyrmcynn (accusative plural)
wyrmcynnes (genitive singular)
wyrmcynna (genitive plural)
wyrmcynne (dative singular)
wyrmcynnum (dative plural)


hærenfagol

First element perhaps hǣren ("of hair"). Compare hattefagol. This might, however, be somehow a corruption of herinaciis (variant of erinaceus).


firgengat

firgengāt (canonical feminine)
firgengāt (nominative singular)
firgengǣt (nominative plural)
firgengāt (accusative singular)
firgengǣt (accusative plural)
firgengǣt (genitive singular)
firgengāte (genitive singular)
firgengāta (genitive plural)
firgengǣt (dative singular)
firgengātum (dative plural)


mæcefisc

mǣċefisċ (canonical masculine)
mǣċefisċ (nominative singular)
mǣċefiscas (nominative plural)
mǣċefisċ (accusative singular)
mǣċefiscas (accusative plural)
mǣċefisċes (genitive singular)
mǣċefisca (genitive plural)
mǣċefisċe (dative singular)
mǣċefiscum (dative plural)


dufedoppa

dūfedoppa (canonical masculine)
dūfedoppa (nominative singular)
dūfedoppan (nominative plural)
dūfedoppan (accusative singular)
dūfedoppan (accusative plural)
dūfedoppan (genitive singular)
dūfedoppena (genitive plural)
dūfedoppan (dative singular)
dūfedoppum (dative plural)

From *dūfe (“diver”) + *doppa (“dipper”) (compare diepan (“to dip”)). Compare dopfugol, dopened.


ierþling

ierþling (nominative singular)
ierþlingas (nominative plural)
ierþling (accusative singular)
ierþlingas (accusative plural)
ierþlinges (genitive singular)
ierþlinga (genitive plural)
ierþlinge (dative singular)
ierþlingum (dative plural)

Middle English: urþling, erdling

English: earthling


næderbita

nǣderbita (canonical masculine)
nǣderbita (nominative singular)
nǣderbitan (nominative plural)
nǣderbitan (accusative singular)
nǣderbitan (accusative plural)
nǣderbitan (genitive singular)
nǣderbitena (genitive plural)
nǣderbitan (dative singular)
nǣderbitum (dative plural)


hranfisc

hranfisċ (canonical masculine)
hranfisċ (nominative singular)
hranfiscas (nominative plural)
hranfisċ (accusative singular)
hranfiscas (accusative plural)
hranfisċes (genitive singular)
hranfisca (genitive plural)
hranfisċe (dative singular)
hranfiscum (dative plural)


hindcealf

hindċealf (canonical neuter)
hindċealf (nominative singular)
hindċealfru (nominative plural)
hindċealf (accusative singular)
hindċealfru (accusative plural)
hindċealfes (genitive singular)
hindċealfra (genitive plural)
hindċealfe (dative singular)
hindċealfrum (dative plural)

[ˈhindˌt͡ʃæ͜ɑɫf]

From Proto-Germanic *hindikalbaz. Cognate with Old Saxon hindkalf, Old High German hintkalb, and Old Norse hindarkálfr. Equivalent to hind (“hind”) + ċealf (“calf”).


sweordfisc

*sweordfisċ m (nominative plural *sweordfiscas)

sweordfisċ (canonical masculine)
sweordfiscas (nominative plural)
sweordfisċ (nominative singular)
sweordfiscas (nominative plural)
sweordfisċ (accusative singular)
sweordfiscas (accusative plural)
sweordfisċes (genitive singular)
sweordfisca (genitive plural)
sweordfisċe (dative singular)
sweordfiscum (dative plural)

Middle English: swerdfysche

English: swordfish

From Proto-Germanic *swerdafiskaz. Cognate with Middle Low German swertvisch, Old High German swertfisc, Old Norse sverðfiskr.


fiergengat

fiergengāt (canonical feminine)
fiergengāt (nominative singular)
fiergengǣt (nominative plural)
fiergengāt (accusative singular)
fiergengǣt (accusative plural)
fiergengǣt (genitive singular)
fiergengāte (genitive singular)
fiergengāta (genitive plural)
fiergengǣt (dative singular)
fiergengātum (dative plural)

Middle English: firegat

Rupicapra rupicapra
Rupicapra rupicapra#Translingual

chamois (a goat antelope (Rupicapra rupicapra))


scep

sċēp (canonical neuter)
sċēp (nominative singular)
sċēp (nominative plural)
sċēp (accusative singular)
sċēp (accusative plural)
sċēpes (genitive singular)
sċēpa (genitive plural)
sċēpe (dative singular)
sċēpum (dative plural)


hreremus

hrēremūs (canonical feminine)
hrēremūs (nominative singular)
hrēremȳs (nominative plural)
hrēremūs (accusative singular)
hrēremȳs (accusative plural)
hrēremȳs (genitive singular)
hrēremūse (genitive singular)
hrēremūsa (genitive plural)
hrēremȳs (dative singular)
hrēremūsum (dative plural)

Middle English: reremous

English: reremouse, rearmouse

From hrēran (“to whisk, stir”) + mūs (“mouse”).


hælftre

hælftre (nominative singular)
hælftra (nominative plural)
hælftre (nominative plural)
hælftre (accusative singular)
hælftra (accusative plural)
hælftre (accusative plural)
hælftre (genitive singular)
hælftra (genitive plural)
hælftre (dative singular)
hælftrum (dative plural)
hælftre (nominative singular)
hælftras (nominative plural)
hælftre (accusative singular)
hælftras (accusative plural)
hælftres (genitive singular)
hælftra (genitive plural)
hælftre (dative singular)
hælftrum (dative plural)
hælftre (nominative singular)
hælftru (nominative plural)
hælftre (accusative singular)
hælftru (accusative plural)
hælftres (genitive singular)
hælftra (genitive plural)
hælftre (dative singular)
hælftrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: halter, helter, heltre, heltere, helfter, heltyr, haltre, haltur, heltrer
English: halter
Scots: helter, heltir, hilter


dopfugol

dopfugol (nominative singular)
dopfuglas (nominative plural)
dopfugol (accusative singular)
dopfuglas (accusative plural)
dopfugles (genitive singular)
dopfugla (genitive plural)
dopfugle (dative singular)
dopfuglum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *dopfugl (“dipping bird”), related to *daupijan, *fugl. Compare Old Saxon dopfugul (“loon”). Compare also Old High German tūhfogal (“diving bird, dabchick”), Old English fugoldoppe (“dipping bird”).

cog

A dipping-fowl or other such type of waterfowl; moorhen; gull.


cæfester

Borrowed from Latin capistrum, from capi(ō) (“seize”) + -trum.


nihthroc

nihthrōc (canonical masculine)
nihthrōc (nominative singular)
nihthrōcas (nominative plural)
nihthrōc (accusative singular)
nihthrōcas (accusative plural)
nihthrōces (genitive singular)
nihthrōca (genitive plural)
nihthrōce (dative singular)
nihthrōcum (dative plural)


hacod

Middle English: *haket

English: haked

From Proto-West Germanic *hakud, *hakid (“pike”).


hornfisc

hornfisċ (canonical masculine)
hornfisċ (nominative singular)
hornfiscas (nominative plural)
hornfisċ (accusative singular)
hornfiscas (accusative plural)
hornfisċes (genitive singular)
hornfisca (genitive plural)
hornfisċe (dative singular)
hornfiscum (dative plural)

English: hornfish


spearhafoc

spearhafoc (nominative singular)
spearhafocas (nominative plural)
spearhafoc (accusative singular)
spearhafocas (accusative plural)
spearhafoces (genitive singular)
spearhafoca (genitive plural)
spearhafoce (dative singular)
spearhafocum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: sparhauk, sparehauk, sparrehawk, sparhauke, sparhawke, sperehauke, spere-hawke, sperhauk, sperhauke, sperhawke
English: sparhawk; sparrowhawk
Scots: sparhalk, sparhauke, sperhawke, sperhalk
→ Scottish Gaelic: speireag

From Proto-West Germanic *sparwahabuk, from Proto-Germanic *sparwahabukaz, equivalent to spearwa (“sparrow”) + hafoc (“hawk”). Cognate with Old Norse sparrhaukr.


stangiella

From stān (“stone”) + ġiellan (“to yell”)


stanbucca

stānbucca (canonical masculine)
stānbucca (nominative singular)
stānbuccan (nominative plural)
stānbuccan (accusative singular)
stānbuccan (accusative plural)
stānbuccan (genitive singular)
stānbuccena (genitive plural)
stānbuccan (dative singular)
stānbuccum (dative plural)

From stān (“stone”) + bucca (“he-goat”). Cognate with Dutch steenbok


eafisc

ēafisċ (canonical masculine)
ēafisċ (nominative singular)
ēafiscas (nominative plural)
ēafisċ (accusative singular)
ēafiscas (accusative plural)
ēafisċes (genitive singular)
ēafisca (genitive plural)
ēafisċe (dative singular)
ēafiscum (dative plural)


stearn

From Proto-Germanic *staraz, compare the modern starling.


heardra

A type of fish, glossed as red mullet and grey mullet


merenædre

merenǣdre (canonical masculine)
merenǣdre (nominative singular)
merenǣdran (nominative plural)
merenǣdran (accusative singular)
merenǣdran (accusative plural)
merenǣdran (genitive singular)
merenǣdrena (genitive plural)
merenǣdran (dative singular)
merenǣdrum (dative plural)


merenæddra

merenǣddra (canonical masculine)
merenǣddra (nominative singular)
merenǣddran (nominative plural)
merenǣddran (accusative singular)
merenǣddran (accusative plural)
merenǣddran (genitive singular)
merenǣddrena (genitive plural)
merenǣddran (dative singular)
merenǣddrum (dative plural)


fyxe

fyxe (nominative singular)
fyxan (nominative plural)
fyxan (accusative singular)
fyxan (accusative plural)
fyxan (genitive singular)
fyxena (genitive plural)
fyxan (dative singular)
fyxum (dative plural)

Middle English: fixen, ffixen
English: vixen

From Proto-West Germanic *fuhsini, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsinī.

Ærest on merce Cumb ðonne on grenan pytt ðonne on ðone torr æt mercecumbes æwielme ðonne on ðene waldes stan ðonne on ðone dic ðær esne ðone weg fordealf ðonon of dune on ðæs wælles heafod ðonne ðær of dune on broc oð tiddesford ðonne up on broc oð heottes dic to ðære flodan from ðære flodan of dūne ðær fyxan dic to broce gæð ⁊ ðonne of dune on broc oð sǣ.

847, Æthelwulf, Codex Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonici, published 1840:


þunorbodu

The first element is from þunor (“thunder”)

Sparus aurata
Sparus aurata#Translingual

(zoology) gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata)


tadige

Middle English: tode, toode, tade, tadde, toade
English: toad
Scots: tade, taid, taed, ted


sucga

a kind of bird, potentially the whitethroat


hægsugga

hæġsugga (canonical masculine)
hæġsugga (nominative singular)
hæġsuggan (nominative plural)
hæġsuggan (accusative singular)
hæġsuggan (accusative plural)
hæġsuggan (genitive singular)
hæġsuggena (genitive plural)
hæġsuggan (dative singular)
hæġsuggum (dative plural)

From hæġ (“fence”) + sugga (“a kind of bird”)


stæþswealwe

stæþswealwe (nominative singular)
stæþswealwan (nominative plural)
stæþswealwan (accusative singular)
stæþswealwan (accusative plural)
stæþswealwan (genitive singular)
stæþswealwena (genitive plural)
stæþswealwan (dative singular)
stæþswealwum (dative plural)

From stæþ (“shore”) + swealwe (“swallow”)


sisemus

sisemūs (nominative singular)
sisemȳs (nominative plural)
sisemūs (accusative singular)
sisemȳs (accusative plural)
sisemȳs (genitive singular)
sisemūse (genitive singular)
sisemūsa (genitive plural)
sisemȳs (dative singular)
sisemūsum (dative plural)

The mūs element is from Proto-West Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *múh₂s; the sise element is uncertain.


sceapheord

sċēapheord (canonical feminine)
sċēapheord (nominative singular)
sċēapheorda (nominative plural)
sċēapheorde (nominative plural)
sċēapheorde (accusative singular)
sċēapheorda (accusative plural)
sċēapheorde (accusative plural)
sċēapheorde (genitive singular)
sċēapheorda (genitive plural)
sċēapheorde (dative singular)
sċēapheordum (dative plural)

/ˈʃæ͜ɑːpˌxe͜ord/

[ˈʃæ͜ɑːpˌhe͜orˠd]


fugolcynn

fugolcynn (nominative singular)
fugolcynn (accusative singular)
fugolcynnes (genitive singular)
fugolcynne (dative singular)

From fugol (“bird”) + cynn (“kind, kin, race”)


sadolboga

sadolboga (nominative singular)
sadolbogan (nominative plural)
sadolbogan (accusative singular)
sadolbogan (accusative plural)
sadolbogan (genitive singular)
sadolbogena (genitive plural)
sadolbogan (dative singular)
sadolbogum (dative plural)

English: saddle bow


wiehtel

wiehtel (nominative singular)
wiehtela (nominative plural)
wiehtele (nominative plural)
wiehtele (accusative singular)
wiehtela (accusative plural)
wiehtele (accusative plural)
wiehtele (genitive singular)
wiehtela (genitive plural)
wiehtele (dative singular)
wiehtelum (dative plural)


wuduhenn

wuduhenn (nominative singular)
wuduhenna (nominative plural)
wuduhenne (nominative plural)
wuduhenne (accusative singular)
wuduhenna (accusative plural)
wuduhenne (accusative plural)
wuduhenne (genitive singular)
wuduhenna (genitive plural)
wuduhenne (dative singular)
wuduhennum (dative plural)

Middle English: *wodehen, wodhen

English: woodhen


fennyce

fennȳċe (canonical feminine masculine)
fennȳċe (nominative singular)
fennȳċan (nominative plural)
fennȳċean (nominative plural)
fennȳċan (accusative singular)
fennȳċean (accusative singular)
fennȳċan (accusative plural)
fennȳċean (accusative plural)
fennȳċan (genitive singular)
fennȳċean (genitive singular)
fennȳċena (genitive plural)
fennȳċan (dative singular)
fennȳċean (dative singular)
fennȳċum (dative plural)
fennȳċeum (dative plural)
fennȳċe (nominative singular)
fennȳċas (nominative plural)
fennȳċeas (nominative plural)
fennȳċe (accusative singular)
fennȳċas (accusative plural)
fennȳċeas (accusative plural)
fennȳċes (genitive singular)
fennȳċa (genitive plural)
fennȳċea (genitive plural)
fennȳċe (dative singular)
fennȳċum (dative plural)
fennȳċeum (dative plural)


hleapewince

English: lapwing

From hlēapan (“to leap”) + wincian (“to wink”)


hicemase

hicemāse (canonical feminine)
hicemāse (nominative singular)
hicemāsan (nominative plural)
hicemāsan (accusative singular)
hicemāsan (accusative plural)
hicemāsan (genitive singular)
hicemāsena (genitive plural)
hicemāsan (dative singular)
hicemāsum (dative plural)

Middle English: hekemose


higera

higera (nominative singular)
higeran (nominative plural)
higeran (accusative singular)
higeran (accusative plural)
higeran (genitive singular)
higerena (genitive plural)
higeran (dative singular)
higerum (dative plural)

gl

Middle English: heghwalle, hygh-whele, eywal (partially, contributing the first component)

desc

English: (dialectal) haihow, heighaw, high hoe, haho (“woodpecker”)

From Proto-West Germanic *higurō (“a type of bird, jay”).


nefugol

nēfugol (canonical neuter)
nēfugol (nominative singular)
nēfuglas (nominative plural)
nēfugol (accusative singular)
nēfuglas (accusative plural)
nēfugles (genitive singular)
nēfugla (genitive plural)
nēfugle (dative singular)
nēfuglum (dative plural)


truht

desctree

Middle English: troute, trought, troughte, trouȝt, trouhte, trowȝte, trowt, trowte, trowyt, trught, trute, trwght, tryotht
English: trout
Scots: trout, troot

From Late Latin tructa, possibly from Ancient Greek τρώκτης (trṓktēs).


wilde assa

wilde assa (nominative singular)
wilde assas (nominative plural)
wilde assa (accusative singular)
wilde assas (accusative plural)
wilde asses (genitive singular)
wilde assa (genitive plural)
wilde asse (dative singular)
wilde assum (dative plural)


turtla

turtla (nominative singular)
turtlan (nominative plural)
turtlan (accusative singular)
turtlan (accusative plural)
turtlan (genitive singular)
turtlena (genitive plural)
turtlan (dative singular)
turtlum (dative plural)


goldfinc

goldfinċ (canonical masculine)
goldfinċ (nominative singular)
goldfinċas (nominative plural)
goldfinċ (accusative singular)
goldfinċas (accusative plural)
goldfinċes (genitive singular)
goldfinċa (genitive plural)
goldfinċe (dative singular)
goldfinċum (dative plural)

English: goldfinch


guþfugol

gūþfugol (canonical masculine)
gūþfugol (nominative singular)
gūþfuglas (nominative plural)
gūþfugol (accusative singular)
gūþfuglas (accusative plural)
gūþfugles (genitive singular)
gūþfugla (genitive plural)
gūþfugle (dative singular)
gūþfuglum (dative plural)


guþhafoc

gūþhafoc (canonical masculine)
gūþhafoc (nominative singular)
gūþhafocas (nominative plural)
gūþhafoc (accusative singular)
gūþhafocas (accusative plural)
gūþhafoces (genitive singular)
gūþhafoca (genitive plural)
gūþhafoce (dative singular)
gūþhafocum (dative plural)


sceadd

English: shad

When comparing Old Norse skaddr and dialectal Norwegian skadd (“a small whitefish”), unless the languages all borrowed from each other, the [d] that occurs in all three is best explained as a borrowing from some European substrate language.


olfendmere

olfendmere (nominative singular)
olfendmeran (nominative plural)
olfendmeran (accusative singular)
olfendmeran (accusative plural)
olfendmeran (genitive singular)
olfendmerena (genitive plural)
olfendmeran (dative singular)
olfendmerum (dative plural)


ræcc

Middle English: rache, racche, rachche, ratche, rech
English: rache, rach, ratch
Scots: rache, rach, ratch


hwilpe

Cognate with Scots whaup and Dutch wulp; possibly related to English yarwhelp.