hund

hund (nominative singular)
hundas (nominative plural)
hund (accusative singular)
hundas (accusative plural)
hundes (genitive singular)
hunda (genitive plural)
hunde (dative singular)
hundum (dative plural)

Middle English: hound, hund, honde

English: hound

Scots: hoond

From Proto-West Germanic *hund.
Germanic cognates include Old Frisian hund, Old Saxon hund, Old Dutch hunt, Old High German hunt, Old Norse hundr, Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (hunds).
Indo-European cognates include Latin canis, Ancient Greek κύων (kúōn), Sanskrit श्वन् (śvan), Old Irish cú, Lithuanian šuõ.

The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
Saga mē, hwylc man ǣrest wǣre wið hund sprecende?

Tell me, who was the first man that spake with a dog?

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Saints Alexander, Eventius, and Theodosius"
Þā cwæþ Aureliānus, "Eom iċ hund ġeþūht?

Then Aurelianus said, "Do I look like a dog?"


tiger

tigras (nominative plural)
tiger (nominative singular)
tigras (nominative plural)
tiger (accusative singular)
tigras (accusative plural)
tigres (genitive singular)
tigra (genitive plural)
tigre (dative singular)
tigrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tygre, tygur, tygyr, tigre, tiger, teger, tegre (partially from Old French)
English: tiger (see there for further descendants)
Scots: teeger

From Proto-West Germanic *tīgr (“tiger”).


turtle

turtle (nominative singular)
turtlan (nominative plural)
turtlan (accusative singular)
turtlan (accusative plural)
turtlan (genitive singular)
turtlena (genitive plural)
turtlan (dative singular)
turtlum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: turtle, tortle, turtel, turtul

English: turtle (archaic)

Ultimately from Latin turtur (“turtledove”), of imitative origin.


rose

head

rōse f (nominative plural rōsan or rōsa)

rōse (canonical feminine)
rōsan (nominative plural)
rōsa (nominative plural)
rōse (nominative singular)
rōsan (nominative plural)
rōsan (accusative singular)
rōsan (accusative plural)
rōsan (genitive singular)
rōsena (genitive plural)
rōsan (dative singular)
rōsum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: rose, roose, rosse, roos, ros
English: rose (see there for further descendants)
Scots: rose


swan

Middle English: swon, swan, swone

From Proto-Germanic *swainaz. Doublet of sweġen, a borrowing from Old Norse.


bled

blēd (canonical feminine)
blēd (nominative singular)
blēda (nominative plural)
blēde (nominative plural)
blēde (accusative singular)
blēda (accusative plural)
blēde (accusative plural)
blēde (genitive singular)
blēda (genitive plural)
blēde (dative singular)
blēdum (dative plural)

Middle English: blede, bled

English: blead

Scots: bleed

From Proto-Germanic *blēduz, *blōdiz (“blossom, sprout”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-. Related to blōwan (“to bloom, blossom”).


ear

ēar (canonical masculine)
ēar (nominative singular)
ēaras (nominative plural)
ēar (accusative singular)
ēaras (accusative plural)
ēares (genitive singular)
ēara (genitive plural)
ēare (dative singular)
ēarum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *aur, from Proto-Germanic *auraz. Akin to Old Norse aurr (“mud”).


palm

Middle English: palme, paume, pame
English: palm
→ Malay: palma, ڤلما
Scots: paum
Yola: polm

From Latin palma (“palm-tree, palm-branch, palm of the hand”).


bog

bōg (canonical masculine)
bōg (nominative singular)
bōgas (nominative plural)
bōg (accusative singular)
bōgas (accusative plural)
bōges (genitive singular)
bōga (genitive plural)
bōge (dative singular)
bōgum (dative plural)

Middle English: boȝ, bogh

English: bough

Scots: beuch

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *bōguz. Cognate with Old Saxon bōg, Old High German buog, Old Norse bógr.


colt

colt (nominative singular)
coltas (nominative plural)
colt (accusative singular)
coltas (accusative plural)
coltes (genitive singular)
colta (genitive plural)
colte (dative singular)
coltum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: colt, colte, collt, kowlt
English: colt
Scots: colt, cout, cowt
Yola: caule, caul, cawl, kawle

From Proto-Germanic *kultaz (“plump; stump; thick shape, bulb”), from Proto-Indo-European *gelt- (“something round, pregnant belly, child in the womb”), from *gel- (“to ball up, amass”).


box

box (nominative singular)
boxas (nominative plural)
box (accusative singular)
boxas (accusative plural)
boxes (genitive singular)
boxa (genitive plural)
boxe (dative singular)
boxum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: box, boxe
English: box (see there for further descendants)
Scots: box


fox

fox (nominative singular)
foxas (nominative plural)
fox (accusative singular)
foxas (accusative plural)
foxes (genitive singular)
foxa (genitive plural)
foxe (dative singular)
foxum (dative plural)

Middle English: fox, vox, wox
English: fox
Scots: fox
Yola: voxe, vox

From Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz. Cognate with Old Frisian *foks, Old Saxon fohs, Old Dutch fus, Old High German fuhs.

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints, quoting Matthew 8:20

Foxes have holes and birds have nests, but I have no dwelling where I can rest my head.

Foxas habbaþ holu and fugelas habbaþ nest, and iċ næbbe wununge hwider iċ mīn heafod ahyldan mæġe.


mase

māse (canonical feminine)
māsan (nominative plural)
māse (nominative singular)
māsan (nominative plural)
māsan (accusative singular)
māsan (accusative plural)
māsan (genitive singular)
māsena (genitive plural)
māsan (dative singular)
māsum (dative plural)

Middle English: mose

⇒ Middle English: titmose

English: titmouse


wir

wīr (canonical masculine)
wīras (nominative plural)

Middle English: wir, wyr

Scots: wire, weyr

English: wire

From Proto-Germanic *wīraz. Cognate with Middle Low German wīre, and related to late Old Norse víravirki (“filigree work”), Old High German wiara.


wand

wand (nominative singular)
wanda (nominative plural)
wande (nominative plural)
wande (accusative singular)
wanda (accusative plural)
wande (accusative plural)
wande (genitive singular)
wanda (genitive plural)
wande (dative singular)
wandum (dative plural)

Middle English: want, wont

English: want

Scots: want

From Proto-West Germanic *wand, from Proto-Germanic *wanduz (“mole”), from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to turn, twist, wind, braid”).


boc

bōc (canonical feminine)
bōc (nominative singular)
bōca (nominative plural)
bōce (nominative plural)
bōce (accusative singular)
bōca (accusative plural)
bōce (accusative plural)
bōce (genitive singular)
bōca (genitive plural)
bōce (dative singular)
bōcum (dative plural)


ac

āc (canonical feminine)
āc (nominative singular)
ǣċ (nominative plural)
āc (accusative singular)
ǣċ (accusative plural)
ǣċ (genitive singular)
āce (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
ǣċ (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)
āc (nominative singular)
āca (nominative plural)
āce (nominative plural)
āce (accusative singular)
āca (accusative plural)
āce (accusative plural)
āce (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
āce (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)
āc (nominative singular)
ācas (nominative plural)
āc (accusative singular)
ācas (accusative plural)
āces (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
āce (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ook, ok, ak, ake
English: oak
Scots: aik, ake, yik (south)

(masculine)(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚪ (a)


ac

Middle English: ac, ak, ah

Ne ġēotaþ wē tēaras, ac blōd.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Nōn egō, sed tū: “Nā iċ, ac þū.” Nōn bōs est, sed equus: “Nis hit nā oxa, ac is hors.”

Non ego, sed tu: “Not me, you.” Non bos est, sed equus: “It's not an ox, it's a horse.”

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
and gif we forleosað þas lænan woruld-þingc, þonne sceole we witan þæt ure wunung nis na her ac is on heofonum gif we hopiað to gode.

and if we lose the transitory things of this world, then should we know that our dwelling is not here, but is in heaven, if we hope in God.

but instead: in this sense ac should sometimes be translated as "but," but most often it is best left untranslated


ra

rā (canonical masculine)
rān (nominative plural)
rā (nominative singular)
rān (nominative plural)
rān (accusative singular)
rān (accusative plural)
rān (genitive singular)
rāna (genitive plural)
rān (dative singular)
rām (dative plural)
rāum (dative plural)

Middle English: ro, roo (northern ra, raa)

English: roe

Scots: ra, rae

A contraction of earlier rāha, from Proto-West Germanic *raihō, *raih, from Proto-Germanic *raihô, *raihą. The 5th-century runic form ᚱᚨᛇᚺᚨᚾ (raïhan) is possibly an ancestor of this word, but may be North Germanic instead.


mus

mūs (canonical feminine)
mūs (nominative singular)
mȳs (nominative plural)
mūs (accusative singular)
mȳs (accusative plural)
mȳs (genitive singular)
mūse (genitive singular)
mūsa (genitive plural)
mȳs (dative singular)
mūsum (dative plural)

Middle English: mous, mouse, mowse, mows, mus, mowce, muse
English: mouse (see there for further descendants), moose (Northumbrian); muss
Scots: moose

From Proto-West Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *muh₂s.


bar

bār (canonical masculine)
bār (nominative singular)
bāras (nominative plural)
bār (accusative singular)
bāras (accusative plural)
bāres (genitive singular)
bāra (genitive plural)
bāre (dative singular)
bārum (dative plural)

Middle English: bor, boor, bore, boore, bar, bare, bayre
English: boar
Scots: bair
Yola: boar


denn

denn (nominative singular)
denn (nominative plural)
denn (accusative singular)
denn (accusative plural)
dennes (genitive singular)
denna (genitive plural)
denne (dative singular)
dennum (dative plural)


leo

lēo (canonical feminine masculine)
lēo (nominative singular)
lēon (nominative plural)
lēon (accusative singular)
lēon (accusative plural)
lēon (genitive singular)
lēona (genitive plural)
lēon (dative singular)
lēom (dative plural)
lēoum (dative plural)

Eom iċ lēo ġif iċ menn ete?


storc

storc (nominative singular)
storcas (nominative plural)
storc (accusative singular)
storcas (accusative plural)
storces (genitive singular)
storca (genitive plural)
storce (dative singular)
storcum (dative plural)

Middle English: stork

English: stork


rude

rūde (canonical feminine)
rūde (nominative singular)
rūdan (nominative plural)
rūdan (accusative singular)
rūdan (accusative plural)
rūdan (genitive singular)
rūdena (genitive plural)
rūdan (dative singular)
rūdum (dative plural)


gos

gōs (canonical feminine)
gōs (nominative singular)
gēs (nominative plural)
gōs (accusative singular)
gēs (accusative plural)
gēs (genitive singular)
gōse (genitive singular)
gōsa (genitive plural)
gēs (dative singular)
gōsum (dative plural)

Middle English: goos, goce, gos, gose, gosse
English: goose
Scots: guse

From Proto-Germanic *gans, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰans-.

Exeter Book:
Hwīlum iċ grǣde swā gōs.
Sometimes I cry like a goose.


lamb

lambru (nominative plural)
lamb (nominative singular)
lambru (nominative plural)
lamb (accusative singular)
lambru (accusative plural)
lambes (genitive singular)
lambra (genitive plural)
lambe (dative singular)
lambrum (dative plural)
lomb (nominative singular)
lombur (nominative plural)
lomberu (nominative plural)
lomb (accusative singular)
lombur (accusative plural)
lomberu (accusative plural)
lombur (genitive singular)
lombra (genitive plural)
lombur (dative singular)
lombrum (dative plural)

Middle English: lamb, lomb, lambe

English: lamb

Scots: lam, lamb


da

dā (canonical feminine)
dā (nominative singular)
dān (nominative plural)
dān (accusative singular)
dān (accusative plural)
dān (genitive singular)
dāna (genitive plural)
dān (dative singular)
dām (dative plural)
dāum (dative plural)

Middle English: da, do, doo

Scots: da, dae

English: doe

From Proto-West Germanic *daijā, from Proto-Germanic *dajjǭ.


muscle

muscle (nominative singular)
musclan (nominative plural)
musclan (accusative singular)
musclan (accusative plural)
musclan (genitive singular)
musclena (genitive plural)
musclan (dative singular)
musclum (dative plural)

Middle English: muscle, moskle, muschyl, muscul, muskall, muskel, muskele, muskell, muskle, muskyl, muskyll, musshell, mustul
English: mussel
Scots: mushle

Borrowed from Late Latin mūscula, from Latin mūsculus.


apa

apa (nominative singular)
apan (nominative plural)
apan (accusative singular)
apan (accusative plural)
apan (genitive singular)
apena (genitive plural)
apan (dative singular)
apum (dative plural)

Middle English: ape, eape, aape
English: ape
Scots: ape, aip

From Proto-West Germanic *apō, from Proto-Germanic *apô. Cognate with Old Frisian *apa, Old Saxon apo, Old Dutch *apo, Old High German affo, Old Norse api.

Sē apa fēoll of þām trēowe.

Þā ǣrestan menn nǣron þā sīðmestan apan.

Menn sind þā āne apan þe twifēte sind and uprihte gāþ.

Humans are the only primates that are bipedal and walk upright.


æsc

æsċ (canonical masculine)
æscas (nominative plural)
æsċ (nominative singular)
æscas (nominative plural)
æsċ (accusative singular)
æscas (accusative plural)
æsċes (genitive singular)
æsca (genitive plural)
æsċe (dative singular)
æscum (dative plural)

Middle English: asshe
English: ash
Scots: aish, esh

→ English: æsc (learned)

From Proto-West Germanic *ask. See there for more.

a kind of small, light Viking ship used for raids


fleoge

flēoge (canonical feminine)
flēoge (nominative singular)
flēogan (nominative plural)
flēogan (accusative singular)
flēogan (accusative plural)
flēogan (genitive singular)
flēogena (genitive plural)
flēogan (dative singular)
flēogum (dative plural)

Middle English: flye, fflye, fleȝe, flei, fleie, fley, fleye, flie, fliȝe, vliȝe, vlye
English: fly
Scots: flee, fle, flei

From Proto-Germanic *fleugǭ, whence also Old High German flioga. Akin to Old Norse fluga.


moþþe

moþþe (nominative singular)
moþþan (nominative plural)
moþþan (accusative singular)
moþþan (accusative plural)
moþþan (genitive singular)
moþþena (genitive plural)
moþþan (dative singular)
moþþum (dative plural)

English: moth


loppestre

loppestre (nominative singular)
loppestran (nominative plural)
loppestran (accusative singular)
loppestran (accusative plural)
loppestran (genitive singular)
loppestrena (genitive plural)
loppestran (dative singular)
loppestrum (dative plural)

Middle English: loppestere
English: lobster
Scots: lapster, labster
Yola: labstaar

Possibly a corruption of Latin locusta (“lobster, locust”) + the Old English feminine agent suffix -estre; or from lobbe, loppe (“spider”) + the feminine agent suffix -estre, equivalent to lop + -ster.


hwæl

hwæl (nominative singular)
hwalas (nominative plural)
hwæl (accusative singular)
hwalas (accusative plural)
hwæles (genitive singular)
hwala (genitive plural)
hwæle (dative singular)
hwalum (dative plural)

Middle English: whale, hwæl, qual, whal, swale, quall, quale, whaale, whalle, qwayll, wale, qwall, qwalle
English: whale
Scots: whaul

From Proto-West Germanic *hwal, from Proto-Germanic *hwalaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷálos (“large fish, sheatfish”). Cognate with Old Saxon hwal, Old High German wal, Old Norse hvalr, Latin squalus (“shark”). Perhaps also related to Finnish kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.


ule

ūle (canonical feminine)
ūle (nominative singular)
ūlan (nominative plural)
ūlan (accusative singular)
ūlan (accusative plural)
ūlan (genitive singular)
ūlena (genitive plural)
ūlan (dative singular)
ūlum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: oule, oul, owle, ule, howle, owlle

English: owl

Scots: oul, ool

From Proto-Germanic *uwwalǭ, originally a diminutive of *uwwô (“owl”) (Old High German hūwo, Old Saxon hūo), probably a word imitative of the animal's call, or a variant of *ūfaz, *ūfǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *up-.
See also Old English ūf or hūf, Swedish uv (“horned owl”), Babungo Auf; also Middle Low German ūle, Dutch uil, Old Norse ugla. A Germanic variant *uwwilǭ was the source of Old High German ūwila (German Eule).

onomatopoeic

imitative


æl

ǣl (canonical masculine)
ǣl (nominative singular)
ǣlas (nominative plural)
ǣl (accusative singular)
ǣlas (accusative plural)
ǣles (genitive singular)
ǣla (genitive plural)
ǣle (dative singular)
ǣlum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: el, eel, ele, hele, iel, yele
English: eel
Scots: eel
Yola: eale

From Proto-West Germanic *āl, from Proto-Germanic *ēlaz.


duce

dū̆ce (canonical feminine)
dūce (nominative singular)
dūcan (nominative plural)
dūcan (accusative singular)
dūcan (accusative plural)
dūcan (genitive singular)
dūcena (genitive plural)
dūcan (dative singular)
dūcum (dative plural)

Middle English: doke, ducke, dukke, dokke, douke, duke
English: duck
Scots: duik, deuk, dook
Yola: duucks (plural)

From the original meaning of "diver," from Proto-West Germanic *dūkan (“to duck, dive”).


earn

earn (nominative singular)
earnas (nominative plural)
earn (accusative singular)
earnas (accusative plural)
earnes (genitive singular)
earna (genitive plural)
earne (dative singular)
earnum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ern
English: erne
Scots: earn, ern, erne

…Hwīlum iċ onhyrġe þone haswan earn, gūðfugles hlēoþor; hwīlum glidan reorde mūþe ġemǣne, hwīlum mǣwes song, þǣr iċ glado sitte.

…Sometimes I imitate the grey eagle, a speech of war-bird; sometimes a kite's voice with common mouth, sometimes a gull's song when I sit gladful.


bean

head

bēan f (nominative plural bēana or bēane)

bēan (canonical feminine)
bēana (nominative plural)
bēane (nominative plural)
bēan (nominative singular)
bēana (nominative plural)
bēane (nominative plural)
bēane (accusative singular)
bēana (accusative plural)
bēane (accusative plural)
bēane (genitive singular)
bēana (genitive plural)
bēane (dative singular)
bēanum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bene, beane, beene, beyn, ben, bean
English: bean
Scots: bein, bene
Yola: beanès, beanes, baanès, baanes, banès (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *baunu.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian bāne, bām (West Frisian bean), Old Saxon bōna (Low German Bohn), Dutch boon, Old High German bōna (German Bohne), Old Norse baun (Danish bønne, Swedish böna).


pere

pere (nominative singular)
peran (nominative plural)
peran (accusative singular)
peran (accusative plural)
peran (genitive singular)
perena (genitive plural)
peran (dative singular)
perum (dative plural)

English: pear


budda

buddan (nominative plural)
budda (nominative singular)
buddan (nominative plural)
buddan (accusative singular)
buddan (accusative plural)
buddan (genitive singular)
buddena (genitive plural)
buddan (dative singular)
buddum (dative plural)

Middle English: budde, boude, boode

English: boud; bug

From Proto-West Germanic *buʀdō, from Proto-Germanic *buzdô (“beetle, grub, swelling”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰūs- (“to move quickly”). Cognate with Middle Low German buddech (“thick, swollen”), Low German budde (“louse, grub”), Old Norse budda (“purse”). See bug.


sure

desctree

Middle English: soure, sure, shoure
Yola: zour


floc

Middle English: floke, fluke, flewke

English: fluke

Scots: fluke, fluik

From Proto-West Germanic *flōk, from Proto-Germanic *flōką, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat, broad”).


beam

bēam (canonical masculine)
bēam (nominative singular)
bēamas (nominative plural)
bēam (accusative singular)
bēamas (accusative plural)
bēames (genitive singular)
bēama (genitive plural)
bēame (dative singular)
bēamum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: beem, beam, bem, beme, beume, beam, beame (Northern), beam, beom (Early Middle English)
English: beam
→ German: beamen
→ Japanese: ビーム
→ Dutch: beamen
Scots: beam


hoc

hoccas (nominative plural)
hoc (nominative singular)
hoccas (nominative plural)
hoc (accusative singular)
hoccas (accusative plural)
hocces (genitive singular)
hocca (genitive plural)
hocce (dative singular)
hoccum (dative plural)

hollyhock


gat

gāt (canonical feminine)
gāt (nominative singular)
gǣt (nominative plural)
gāt (accusative singular)
gǣt (accusative plural)
gǣt (genitive singular)
gāte (genitive singular)
gāta (genitive plural)
gǣt (dative singular)
gātum (dative plural)

Middle English: goot, got, gat, gote, goet, goth, gathe, geet
English: goat (see there for further descendants)
Scots: gait, gayt
Yola: geearth, geearte, gurth

From Proto-Germanic *gaits. Cognate with Old Frisian *gāt, Old Saxon gēt, Old Dutch *geit, Old High German geiz, Old Norse geit, Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 (gaits); and with Latin haedus (“kid”).

Iċ eom wunderliċu wiht, wrǣsne mīne stefne, hwīlum beorce swā hund, hwīlum blǣte swā gāt, hwīlum grǣde swā gōs, hwīlum ġielle swā hafoc,…

I am a wonderful thing, change my voice, sometimes bark like a hound, sometimes bleat like a goat, sometimes cry like a goose, sometimes yell like a hawk,…


lox

lox (nominative singular)
loxas (nominative plural)
lox (accusative singular)
loxas (accusative plural)
loxes (genitive singular)
loxa (genitive plural)
loxe (dative singular)
loxum (dative plural)

Middle English: lusk
English: los, loz

From Proto-West Germanic *luhs. Cognate with Old Saxon lohs, Old High German luhs, Old Swedish lō. See los.


wad

wād (canonical neuter)
wād (nominative singular)
wād (nominative plural)
wād (accusative singular)
wād (accusative plural)
wādes (genitive singular)
wāda (genitive plural)
wāde (dative singular)
wādum (dative plural)

Middle English: wad, wod, wadde, wode

Scots: wad, waid

English: woad

Middle English: welde, wolde

English: weld, wold

From Proto-West Germanic *waiʀd, from Proto-Germanic *waizdaz.


elm

elm (nominative singular)
elmas (nominative plural)
elm (accusative singular)
elmas (accusative plural)
elmes (genitive singular)
elma (genitive plural)
elme (dative singular)
elmum (dative plural)

Middle English: elm, alme, elme, helm, ulme
English: elm (dialectal ellum)
Scots: elm

From Proto-West Germanic *elm, from Proto-Germanic *elmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁élem (“mountain elm”).


wyrm

wyrm (nominative singular)
wyrmas (nominative plural)
wyrm (accusative singular)
wyrmas (accusative plural)
wyrmes (genitive singular)
wyrma (genitive plural)
wyrme (dative singular)
wyrmum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: worm, werm, wirm, wurm, wyrm, wyrme, wrim, worme
English: worm
Scots: worm, wirm

→ English: wyrm

From Proto-Germanic *wurmiz (“worm, serpent, snake”), from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis (“worm”). Cognate with Old Frisian wirm, Old Saxon wurm, Old High German wurm, Old Norse ormr, and Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌼𐍃 (waurms). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin vermis (“worm”), Lithuanian varmas (“midge”), Old East Slavic вермие (vermie, “locusts, worms”), and Ancient Greek ῥόμος (rhómos, “earthworm”).


æg

ǣġ (canonical neuter)
ǣġru (nominative plural)
ǣġ (nominative singular)
ǣġru (nominative plural)
ǣġ (accusative singular)
ǣġru (accusative plural)
ǣġes (genitive singular)
ǣġra (genitive plural)
ǣġe (dative singular)
ǣġrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ey
English: ey (obsolete)

⇒ Middle English: cokeney, cokenay (disputed)

English: Cockney

From Proto-West Germanic *aij, from Proto-Germanic *ajją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm.


bula

bula (nominative singular)
bulan (nominative plural)
bulan (accusative singular)
bulan (accusative plural)
bulan (genitive singular)
bulena (genitive plural)
bulan (dative singular)
bulum (dative plural)

Middle English: bole, bule, bul, bolle, boule, bool, boole
English: bull
Scots: bul, bull

From Proto-Germanic *bulô (“bull”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥no-, from *bʰel- (“to blow, swell up”)


berge

berġe (canonical feminine)
berġe (nominative singular)
berġan (nominative plural)
berġan (accusative singular)
berġan (accusative plural)
berġan (genitive singular)
berġena (genitive plural)
berġan (dative singular)
berġum (dative plural)

Middle English: berye, berȝe, berie, bery, byry, beriye
English: berry
Scots: berie, bery, berrie, berry
Yola: kraanberry


cu

cū (canonical feminine)
cȳ (nominative plural)
cū (nominative singular)
cȳ (nominative plural)
cū (accusative singular)
cȳ (accusative plural)
cūe (genitive singular)
cūs (genitive singular)
cȳ (genitive singular)
cūa (genitive plural)
cūna (genitive plural)
cȳ (dative singular)
cūm (dative plural)
cūum (dative plural)

Middle English: cou, cow, cowe, cu, kow, kowe, ku
English: cow (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: coo
Scots: coo, coe, cou
Yola: keow

c. 992, Ælfric, "Of Saint James the Apostle"
Ān cū wearþ ġebrōht tō þām temple þæt man hīe ġeoffrode.

A cow was brought to the temple to be sacrificed.


bera

bera (nominative singular)
beran (nominative plural)
beran (accusative singular)
beran (accusative plural)
beran (genitive singular)
berena (genitive plural)
beran (dative singular)
berum (dative plural)

Middle English: bere, bier, beare, beore, bore
English: bear (see there for further descendants)
Scots: beir

From Proto-Germanic *berô (“bear”). Cognate with Old Frisian *bera, Old Saxon bero, Old Dutch *bero, Old High German bero. The oblique stem *bern- gave Old Norse bjǫrn.


fugol

fugol (nominative singular)
fuglas (nominative plural)
fugol (accusative singular)
fuglas (accusative plural)
fugles (genitive singular)
fugla (genitive plural)
fugle (dative singular)
fuglum (dative plural)

Middle English: fowel, fowele, foul, foghel, fuȝel, foȝel, foughel, fouel, fowl
English: fowl
Scots: foul, fule
Yola: fowlès (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *fugl, from Proto-Germanic *fuglaz.
Cognate with Old Frisian fugel, Old Saxon fugal, Old Dutch fogal, Old High German fogal, Old Norse fugl, Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 (fugls).


mæw

mǣw (canonical masculine)
mǣw (nominative singular)
mǣwas (nominative plural)
mǣw (accusative singular)
mǣwas (accusative plural)
mǣwes (genitive singular)
mǣwa (genitive plural)
mǣwe (dative singular)
mǣwum (dative plural)

Middle English: mewe, mawe, meau, mowe
English: mew (archaic)
Scots: maw (through confluence with Old Norse form)
→ Old French: maoe, mave, mauve
French: mauve
Old French: moette
French: mouette

From Proto-Germanic *maiwiz, a byform of Proto-Germanic *maiwaz. Cognate with West Frisian meau, miuw, Old Saxon mēu (Middle Low German meve, from which German Möwe), Dutch meeuw, Old Norse már, mór.

On gōdne dæġ ic ġefō crabban and telle mǣwas.

On a good day, I catch crabs and count seagulls.


catte

catte (nominative singular)
cattan (nominative plural)
cattan (accusative singular)
cattan (accusative plural)
cattan (genitive singular)
cattena (genitive plural)
cattan (dative singular)
cattum (dative plural)

Middle English: catte, katte

From Proto-Germanic *kattǭ. Cognate with Old Frisian katte, Old Saxon katta, Middle Dutch katte (Dutch kat), Old High German kazza (German Katze), Old Norse ketta (Swedish katta). The word existed in the Germanic languages in a masculine gender also, represented in Old English by catt. The word appears to be related to Late Latin cattus as well as to similar words in the Slavic and Celtic languages, but the ultimate source is uncertain. See cat for more.


catt

catt (nominative singular)
cattas (nominative plural)
catt (accusative singular)
cattas (accusative plural)
cattes (genitive singular)
catta (genitive plural)
catte (dative singular)
cattum (dative plural)

Middle English: cat, catt, catte, cate, kat, katte, kaat
English: cat
Scots: cat
Yola: kaudès, kauddès, kaudes (plural)

From Proto-Germanic *kattuz. Cognate with Old Saxon katto, Old Norse kǫttr, Old High German kazzo. A related word also existed in the Germanic languages with the feminine gender, represented in Old English by catte. The word appears to be related to Late Latin cattus as well as to similar words in the Slavic and Celtic languages, but the ultimate source is uncertain. See cat for more.

Hēo hrīemþ. Iċ hrīeme. Sē catt hrīemþ.


hafoc

hafoc (nominative singular)
hafocas (nominative plural)
hafoc (accusative singular)
hafocas (accusative plural)
hafoces (genitive singular)
hafoca (genitive plural)
hafoce (dative singular)
hafocum (dative plural)

Middle English: hauk, hafek, havek, havk, hawk, hawke, hafvek, hævek, heavek, hevek (Early Middle English)
English: hawk
Sranan Tongo: aka
Scots: hawk

→ Old Irish: sebac
Irish: seabhac
Manx: shawk
Scottish Gaelic: seabhag

→ Old Welsh: hebauc

Welsh: hebog

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *habuk.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian havek, Old Saxon havuk, Old Dutch havek, Old High German habuh, Old Norse haukr.


eoh

eoh (nominative singular)
ēos (nominative plural)
eoh (accusative singular)
ēos (accusative plural)
ēos (genitive singular)
ēona (genitive plural)
ēo (dative singular)
ēom (dative plural)
ēoum (dative plural)
eoh (nominative singular)
eoh (nominative plural)
eoh (accusative singular)
eoh (accusative plural)
ēos (genitive singular)
ēona (genitive plural)
ēo (dative singular)
ēom (dative plural)
ēoum (dative plural)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Germanic *ehwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos.

The Old English rune poem
ᛖ byþ for eorlum æþelinga wyn...

The horse is for earls as a princely pleasure...


eoh

ēoh (canonical masculine)
ēoh (nominative singular)
ēohas (nominative plural)
ēoh (accusative singular)
ēohas (accusative plural)
ēohes (genitive singular)
ēoha (genitive plural)
ēohe (dative singular)
ēohum (dative plural)

A variant of īw, from Proto-West Germanic *īh.


treow

trēow (canonical neuter)
trēow (nominative singular)
trēowu (nominative plural)
trēow (accusative singular)
trēowu (accusative plural)
trēowes (genitive singular)
trēowa (genitive plural)
trēowe (dative singular)
trēowum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tre, tree, treo, trew, trewe, treou, trow, trowe
English: tree
Scots: tree
Yola: tren (plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *treu, from Proto-Germanic *trewą. Germanic cognates include Old Frisian trē, Old Saxon trio, Old Norse tré, Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 (triu).

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 19, verse 4

Then he ran in front and climbed (lit. ascended) up on a tree. From sycamores that he saw him. For which he would go from there.

Þā arn hē beforan and stāh ūp on ān trēow. Sicomorum þ hē hine ġesāwe. forþām þe hē wolde þanon faran...


iw

īw (canonical masculine)
īw (nominative singular)
īwas (nominative plural)
īw (accusative singular)
īwas (accusative plural)
īwes (genitive singular)
īwa (genitive plural)
īwe (dative singular)
īwum (dative plural)

Middle English: ew, u, iw, iv, eev, hw, ewe
English: yew
Scots: yew, ewe
Yola: yew

From Proto-Germanic *īwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw-, a suffixed form of the base *h₁eyH- (“reddish, colourful”).
Cognate with Old High German īwa (German Eibe), Middle Low German īwe, Dutch ijf, Old Norse ýr (“bow, yew”). The Indo-European root is perhaps also the source of Old Irish ibar (Irish iúr), Proto-Balto-Slavic *eiwas (Lithuanian ievà), Proto-Slavic *jьva (Russian и́ва (íva, “willow”)), Latin ūva (“bunch of grapes”)).
The West Germanic languages have a variant *īhwaz with a guttural consonant, represented by Old English ēoh.


hors

hors (nominative singular)
hors (nominative plural)
hors (accusative singular)
hors (accusative plural)
horses (genitive singular)
horsa (genitive plural)
horse (dative singular)
horsum (dative plural)

Middle English: hors, horse, horsse, horce, ors
English: horse; hoss (see there for further descendants)
Scots: horse, hors

From Proto-West Germanic *hross, from Proto-Germanic *hrussą (“horse”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run”).


mearh

mēaras (nominative plural)
mearh (nominative singular)
mēaras (nominative plural)
mearh (accusative singular)
mēaras (accusative plural)
mēares (genitive singular)
mēara (genitive plural)
mēare (dative singular)
mēarum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *marh.
Cognates
Cognate with Old Frisian mar (“horse”), merie (“mare”) (West Frisian merje (“mare”)), Old Saxon merge, meriha (“mare”), Dutch merrie (“mare”), Old High German marah (“horse”), meriha (“mare”) (German Mähre (“mare”)), Old Norse marr (“horse”) (Icelandic mar), merr (“mare”) (Swedish märr (“mare”)), Gothic *𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍃 (*marhs). Beyond Germanic, cognate to Irish marc and Welsh march (“horse”).


ægwyrt

ǣġwyrt (canonical feminine)
ǣġwyrt (nominative singular)
ǣġwyrta (nominative plural)
ǣġwyrte (nominative plural)
ǣġwyrte (accusative singular)
ǣġwyrta (accusative plural)
ǣġwyrte (accusative plural)
ǣġwyrte (genitive singular)
ǣġwyrta (genitive plural)
ǣġwyrte (dative singular)
ǣġwyrtum (dative plural)


blæd

blǣd (canonical masculine)
blǣd (nominative singular)
blǣdas (nominative plural)
blǣd (accusative singular)
blǣdas (accusative plural)
blǣdes (genitive singular)
blǣda (genitive plural)
blǣde (dative singular)
blǣdum (dative plural)

From a conflation of Proto-Germanic *blēdaz, *blēdō (“flower, leaf”) and Proto-Germanic *blēdaz (“blowing, blast”). Cognate with Old High German blāt (“flower, blossom, prosperity; blowing, breeze, windgust”). Related to Old English blǣdre (“bubble, blister, pimple”), blǣst (“windgust”). More at bladder, blast, blow.

cog

Warað hine wræclāst, · nales wunden gold,
ferðloca frēoriġ, · nalæs foldan blǣd.

His path of exile not at all hold twisted gold,
the cold spirit, not at all earth's glory.

inspiration; breath, life, spirit; glory, splendor


æppel

æppla (nominative plural)
æppel (nominative singular)
æppla (nominative plural)
æppel (accusative singular)
æppla (accusative plural)
æppla (genitive singular)
æppla (genitive plural)
æppla (dative singular)
æpplum (dative plural)
æppel (nominative singular)
æpplas (nominative plural)
æppel (accusative singular)
æpplas (accusative plural)
æpples (genitive singular)
æppla (genitive plural)
æpple (dative singular)
æpplum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: appel, apple, appyl, appyll, appil, appill, appell, eppel, appul, appull, appulle, eappel, æppel, æpple, eappel (Early Middle English)
English: apple (see there for further descendants)
Scots: aipple

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *applu, from Proto-Germanic *apluz.


wyrt

wyrt (nominative singular)
wyrte (nominative plural)
wyrta (nominative plural)
wyrt (accusative singular)
wyrte (accusative singular)
wyrte (accusative plural)
wyrta (accusative plural)
wyrte (genitive singular)
wyrta (genitive plural)
wyrte (dative singular)
wyrtum (dative plural)

Middle English: wurt, worte, wort

English: wort

Middle Scots: *wort (attested in plural wortis)

Scots: wirt

desc

⇒ Middle English: wurten, worten (“resembling or pertaining to spice, herbal”, adj)

From Proto-West Germanic *wurti, from Proto-Germanic *wurt-, the oblique stem of *wrōts (whence root).
Cognate with Old Saxon wurt, Old High German wurz, Old Norse urt, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐍃 (waurts).

c. 992, Ælfric, "The 16th Sunday After Pentecost"
Wyrta sind īeðelīca ġesċeafta and þurh winterlīcne ċiele simle forsēariaþ.

Plants are tender creatures, and they always wither in the winter cold.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Sumra wyrta oþþe sumes wuda eard biþ on dūnum, sumra on merscum, sumra on mōrum, sumra on clūdum, sumra on barum sandum.

Some plants and trees have their home on hills, some in marshes, some on moors, some on rocks, some on bare sand.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Æppla, græs, and wyrta, and treowu forealdiaþ and forsēariaþ, and ōðru cumaþ, grēnu weaxaþ, and ġierwaþ and rīpaþ, for þæt hīe eft onġinnaþ sēarian.

Apples, grass, and plants, and trees grow old and wither, while others appear, grow green, reach maturity, and ripen, and with that they begin to wither as well.


fic

fīc (canonical masculine)
fīc (nominative singular)
fīcas (nominative plural)
fīc (accusative singular)
fīcas (accusative plural)
fīces (genitive singular)
fīca (genitive plural)
fīce (dative singular)
fīcum (dative plural)

Middle English: fike, fyke

English: fike, fig


bearg

bearg (nominative singular)
beargas (nominative plural)
bearg (accusative singular)
beargas (accusative plural)
bearges (genitive singular)
bearga (genitive plural)
bearge (dative singular)
beargum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: barow, bareȝ, bareh, barew, barwe, borwȝ
English: barrow

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *barug, from Proto-Germanic *barugaz: cognate with Old Frisian barch (West Frisian baarch), Old Saxon barug (Dutch barg), Old High German barug (dialectal German Barch), Old Norse bǫrgr.


hengest

henġest (canonical masculine)
henġest (nominative singular)
henġestas (nominative plural)
henġest (accusative singular)
henġestas (accusative plural)
henġestes (genitive singular)
henġesta (genitive plural)
henġeste (dative singular)
henġestum (dative plural)

desc

⇒ Middle English: henxman, henxtman, henshman

English: henchman

→ Scots: hanchman

Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)

From Proto-West Germanic *hangist, from Proto-Germanic *hangistaz.

Ān hundred wildra horsa and sixtīene tame henġestas

a hundred wild horses and sixteen tame stallions. (Diplomatarium Anglicum)


eofor

eofor (nominative singular)
eoforas (nominative plural)
eofor (accusative singular)
eoforas (accusative plural)
eofores (genitive singular)
eofora (genitive plural)
eofore (dative singular)
eoforum (dative plural)

Middle English: ēver

From Proto-West Germanic *ebur.
Cognate with Old Saxon ebur, Dutch ever, Old High German ebur (German Eber), Old Norse jǫfurr, also Latin aper.


wulf

wulf (nominative singular)
wulfas (nominative plural)
wulf (accusative singular)
wulfas (accusative plural)
wulfes (genitive singular)
wulfa (genitive plural)
wulfe (dative singular)
wulfum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: wolf, wulf, woulf, wolfe
English: wolf, wolve (rare)
→ Ido: volfo (also from German)
Scots: wolf, woulf, wouff

From Proto-West Germanic *wulf, from Proto-Germanic *wulfaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos.

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ ēac þætte þrīe wulfas on ānre niht brōhton ānes dēades monnes līchoman binnan þā burg, ⁊ hiene þær siþþan tōbrugdon, oþ þā men onwōcan, ⁊ ūt urnon, ⁊ hīe siþþan aweġ flugon.

And on one night, three wolves brought the body of a dead man into the city, and then tore it to pieces, until the people awoke and ran out, and they ran away.

Wulf āna mæġ wulf ġefōn.

Sē wulf ġestrangaþ þone heorot.


ceo

desc

Middle English: ka, co, cheo, choȝe, choughe, chowe, chow

Scots: ka, kae, kea, keaw

English: coe, chough

From Proto-West Germanic *kahwu, probably ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative

a chough, a bird of the genus Corvus; a jay; crow; jackdaw


leax

leax (nominative singular)
leaxas (nominative plural)
leax (accusative singular)
leaxas (accusative plural)
leaxes (genitive singular)
leaxa (genitive plural)
leaxe (dative singular)
leaxum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: lax, lex
English: lax
Scots: lax

From Proto-Germanic *lahsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *lakso-. Cognate with Old High German lahs (German Lachs), Old Norse lax (Swedish lax). The Indo-European root is also the source of Lithuanian lašiša, Latvian lasis, Russian лосо́сь (losósʹ).


finc

finċ (canonical masculine)
finċ (nominative singular)
finċas (nominative plural)
finċ (accusative singular)
finċas (accusative plural)
finċes (genitive singular)
finċa (genitive plural)
finċe (dative singular)
finċum (dative plural)

Middle English: fynch, fincg, finch, fynche
English: finch
Scots: finch

From Proto-Germanic *finkiz, *finkô. Cognate with Middle Dutch vinke (whence Dutch vink), Old High German finko, finco (whence German Fink).


wudu

wudu (nominative singular)
wuda (nominative plural)
wudu (accusative singular)
wuda (accusative plural)
wuda (genitive singular)
wuda (genitive plural)
wuda (dative singular)
wudum (dative plural)

Middle English: wude, wode

English: wood

Scots: wude, wuid

Dissimilated from earlier widu, from Proto-Germanic *widuz, from Proto-Indo-European *widʰu- (“tree, beam”).
Cognate with Old Saxon widu, Old High German witu, Old Norse viðr. The Indo-European root is also the source of Old Irish fid, Welsh gwŷdd.


eowu

eowu (nominative singular)
eowa (nominative plural)
eowe (nominative plural)
eowe (accusative singular)
eowa (accusative plural)
eowe (accusative plural)
eowe (genitive singular)
eowa (genitive plural)
eowe (dative singular)
eowum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ewe, awe, eu, ouwe, yeue, yowe
English: ewe
Scots: yowe, yhow
Yola: yowe

From Proto-West Germanic *awi, from Proto-Germanic *awiz.
* Germanic cognates: Old Frisian ei, Old Saxon ewwi, Old High German ouwi (German Aue), Old Norse ær, Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹 (awēþi, “flock of sheep”).
* Indo-European cognates: Luwian 𒄩𒀀𒌑𒄿𒅖 (/ḫāwīs/), Latin ovis, Ancient Greek ὄϊς (óïs), Old Church Slavonic овьца (ovĭca) (Russian овца́ (ovcá)), Old Irish ói, Lithuanian avìs, Tocharian B awi.

Þā eowe man āsyndrede fram heora lambrum, and hīe belifon æt þām tūne, þǣr hīe ġemolcena wurdon.

The ewes were separated from their lambs, and they remained at the farm, where they were milked.


blanca

blanca (nominative singular)
blancan (nominative plural)
blancan (accusative singular)
blancan (accusative plural)
blancan (genitive singular)
blancena (genitive plural)
blancan (dative singular)
blancum (dative plural)

Middle English: blanke, blonke

From Proto-West Germanic *blankō, from Proto-Germanic *blankaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine, white”). Compare Old High German blancros (“white horse”), Old French blanke (“sheep”), Old Norse blakkr (“horse, steed”), Old Norse Blanka (“the mythical horse of Thideric (Dietrich) of Bern”).


cropp

cropp (nominative singular)
croppas (nominative plural)
cropp (accusative singular)
croppas (accusative plural)
croppes (genitive singular)
croppa (genitive plural)
croppe (dative singular)
croppum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: croppe, crop, crope, croupe
English: crop
Scots: crap, crop, croip, cropt, croup, croop

From Proto-Germanic *kruppaz; cognate with Old High German kropf (German Kropf), Old Norse kroppr, Dutch krop.


binn

From a Celtic language, possibly Proto-Brythonic *benn (“cart, carriage”) (whence Middle Welsh benn, modern Welsh ben), from Proto-Celtic *bend(n)ā (whence Gaulish benna).


dæges eage

dæġes ēage (canonical neuter)
dæġes ēage (nominative singular)
dæġes ēagan (nominative plural)
dæġes ēage (accusative singular)
dæġes ēagan (accusative plural)
dæġes ēagan (genitive singular)
dæġes ēagena (genitive plural)
dæġes ēagan (dative singular)
dæġes ēagum (dative plural)

Middle English: dayesye

English: daisy


garleac

gārlēac (canonical neuter)
gārlēac (nominative singular)
gārlēac (nominative plural)
gārlēac (accusative singular)
gārlēac (accusative plural)
gārlēaces (genitive singular)
gārlēaca (genitive plural)
gārlēace (dative singular)
gārlēacum (dative plural)

Middle English: garlek

English: garlic

Scots: garlek, garlik

→ Middle Irish: gáirleóg

Irish: gairleog

/ˈɡɑːrˌlæ͜ɑːk/

From gār (“spear”) + lēac (“leek”). Compare Old Norse geirlaukr (“garlic”).


geac

ġēac (canonical masculine)
ġēac (nominative singular)
ġēacas (nominative plural)
ġēac (accusative singular)
ġēacas (accusative plural)
ġēaces (genitive singular)
ġēaca (genitive plural)
ġēace (dative singular)
ġēacum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: ȝek, yek, yeke, ȝeac, ȝeke

From Proto-West Germanic *gauk, from Proto-Germanic *gaukaz.

The Seafarer, line 53


docga

docgan (nominative plural)
docga (nominative singular)
docgan (nominative plural)
docgan (accusative singular)
docgan (accusative plural)
docgan (genitive singular)
docgena (genitive plural)
docgan (dative singular)
docgum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: dogge, dog, doge, doke
English: dog (see there for further descendants)
Scots: dug
Yola: dug

Unknown origin. There are several theories, none with much evidence. Possibly a diminutive of dox (“dark, dusky”) + -ga (diminutive suffix) (similar to frox >> frocga); or a diminutive of *docce (“stump, dock, doll”). See dog.


leac

lēac (canonical neuter)
lēac (nominative singular)
lēac (nominative plural)
lēac (accusative singular)
lēac (accusative plural)
lēaces (genitive singular)
lēaca (genitive plural)
lēace (dative singular)
lēacum (dative plural)

Middle English: lek, leek, leeke, leke, leyke
English: leek
→ Maori: riki
Scots: leke, leik

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *lauk, from Proto-Germanic *laukaz.
Cognate with Old Saxon lōk (Low German Look), Dutch look, Old High German louh (German Lauch), Old Norse laukr (Danish løg, Swedish lök, Icelandic laukur).

inh+

(generally) An allium; a plant of the genus Allium.

Allium ampeloprasum
Allium ampeloprasum#Translingual

Allium sativum
Allium sativum#Translingual

(specifically) A leek (Allium ampeloprasum) or garlic (Allium sativum).


ryþþa

ryþþan (nominative plural)
ryþþa (nominative singular)
ryþþan (nominative plural)
ryþþan (accusative singular)
ryþþan (accusative plural)
ryþþan (genitive singular)
ryþþena (genitive plural)
ryþþan (dative singular)
ryþþum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *hruþjan- (“male dog”), clearly connected to Old High German rudio and Dutch reu. Possibly from *hruttōn- (“to roar”), from a Proto-Indo-European root shared by Ancient Greek κόρυζα (kóruza), Old English hrot. Or, from Proto-Germanic *hreutan-, *hrūtan-, *hruttōną (“to snore”), which would be related to Old Norse hrjóta.


roþhund

roþhund (nominative singular)
roþhundas (nominative plural)
roþhund (accusative singular)
roþhundas (accusative plural)
roþhundes (genitive singular)
roþhunda (genitive plural)
roþhunde (dative singular)
roþhundum (dative plural)


cycen

From Proto-Germanic *kukinō (“kitchen”).


seolh

sēolas (nominative plural)
seolh (nominative singular)
sēolas (nominative plural)
seolh (accusative singular)
sēolas (accusative plural)
sēoles (genitive singular)
sēola (genitive plural)
sēole (dative singular)
sēolum (dative plural)

English: seal

Scots: selch

⇒ Scots: selkie

→ English: selkie


mistel

desctree

Middle English: mistel, mistell, mystil, mystill, mystyl
English: mistle
Scots: misle

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *mistil, from Proto-Germanic *mistilaz.


beomodor

bēomōdor (canonical feminine)
bēomōdor (nominative singular)
bēomōdra (nominative plural)
bēomōdru (nominative plural)
bēomōdor (accusative singular)
bēomōdra (accusative plural)
bēomōdru (accusative plural)
bēomōdor (genitive singular)
bēomēder (genitive singular)
bēomōdra (genitive plural)
bēomēder (dative singular)
bēomōdrum (dative plural)

→? English: beemother (calque)

From Proto-West Germanic *bijamōder, equivalent to bēo + mōdor. Cognate with Old High German bīmuoter (“queen-bee”).


beowyrt

head

bēowyrt f (nominative plural bēowyrte or bēowyrta)

bēowyrt (canonical feminine)
bēowyrte (nominative plural)
bēowyrta (nominative plural)
bēowyrt (nominative singular)
bēowyrte (nominative plural)
bēowyrta (nominative plural)
bēowyrt (accusative singular)
bēowyrte (accusative singular)
bēowyrte (accusative plural)
bēowyrta (accusative plural)
bēowyrte (genitive singular)
bēowyrta (genitive plural)
bēowyrte (dative singular)
bēowyrtum (dative plural)

Middle English: beowurt

English: beewort

From bēo + wyrt. Calque of Latin apiastrum, apiāgō.

Acorus calamus
Acorus calamus#Translingual


dran

drān (canonical feminine)
drān (nominative singular)
drāna (nominative plural)
drāne (nominative plural)
drāne (accusative singular)
drāna (accusative plural)
drāne (accusative plural)
drāne (genitive singular)
drāna (genitive plural)
drāne (dative singular)
drānum (dative plural)

Middle English: drane, drone

English: drone

Scots: dron

From Proto-West Germanic *drānu (“drone”).
Cognate with Old Saxon drān (Low German drōne), Old High German treno (dialectal German Dräne).


heorot

heort (nominative singular)
heortas (nominative plural)
heort (accusative singular)
heortas (accusative plural)
heortes (genitive singular)
heorta (genitive plural)
heorte (dative singular)
heortum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hert, harte, hartt, heert, heort
English: hart
Scots: hert

From Proto-West Germanic *herut, from Proto-Germanic *herutaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kerud- (Ancient Greek κόρυδος (kórudos, “crested lark”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (Latin cervus (“horn”)). Germanic cognates include Old Saxon hirot, Old High German hiruz, and Old Norse hjǫrtr.

Heorot

the great mead hall described in Beowulf


mecefisc

mēċefisċ (canonical masculine)
mēċefisċ (nominative singular)
mēċefiscas (nominative plural)
mēċefisċ (accusative singular)
mēċefiscas (accusative plural)
mēċefisċes (genitive singular)
mēċefisca (genitive plural)
mēċefisċe (dative singular)
mēċefiscum (dative plural)


blæge

blǣġe (canonical feminine)
blǣġe (nominative singular)
blǣġan (nominative plural)
blǣġan (accusative singular)
blǣġan (accusative plural)
blǣġan (genitive singular)
blǣġena (genitive plural)
blǣġan (dative singular)
blǣġum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *blaigijǭ (“blay, bleak, gudgeon”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyk- (“to shine”).


holen

holnas (nominative plural)
holen (nominative singular)
holnas (nominative plural)
holen (accusative singular)
holnas (accusative plural)
holnes (genitive singular)
holna (genitive plural)
holne (dative singular)
holnum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: holyn, holin, holy, holly

English: holly, hollen

Scots: holin, hollin, holyn

Middle English: holme, holm

English: holm


hragra

hrāgra (canonical masculine)
hrāgra (nominative singular)
hrāgran (nominative plural)
hrāgran (accusative singular)
hrāgran (accusative plural)
hrāgran (genitive singular)
hrāgrena (genitive plural)
hrāgran (dative singular)
hrāgrum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *hraigrō, from Proto-Germanic *hraigrô.


bece

beċe (canonical masculine)
beċas (nominative plural)

Alternative form of bæċ (“stream; brook”)


þistel

þistlas (nominative plural)
þistel (nominative singular)
þistlas (nominative plural)
þistel (accusative singular)
þistlas (accusative plural)
þistles (genitive singular)
þistla (genitive plural)
þistle (dative singular)
þistlum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: thistel, þistel, thystyl, þistil, thestel, thystylle, thystyll, þestel, thistill, þystel, þissle, thystul
English: thistle
Scots: thrissel

From Proto-West Germanic *þistil. Cognate with Old High German distil, Old Norse þistill.


bridel

brīdel (canonical masculine)
brīdel (nominative singular)
brīdelas (nominative plural)
brīdel (accusative singular)
brīdelas (accusative plural)
brīdeles (genitive singular)
brīdela (genitive plural)
brīdele (dative singular)
brīdelum (dative plural)

Middle English: bridel, bridell, bridil, bridill, bridle, brydel, brydul, brydyl, brydyll, brydylle
English: bridle
Scots: bridle


cweorn

Middle English: quern, querne, queerne, cwerne, quyerne, quyrne, qwerne, whern, qweryn, qwhern
English: quern, kern, curn, quirn
Scots: querne, quern, queirn, queern
Yola: querne


cocc

cocc (nominative singular)
coccas (nominative plural)
cocc (accusative singular)
coccas (accusative plural)
cocces (genitive singular)
cocca (genitive plural)
cocce (dative singular)
coccum (dative plural)

Middle English: cok, cocke, cock, kok, coke, cooke, cokke
English: cock
Scots: cock, cok
Yola: cuck

From Proto-West Germanic *kokk, probably ultimately of imitative origin. Cognate with Old Norse kokkr, Late Latin coccus (whence Old French coc, Modern French coq) from the same Germanic source.

onomatopoeic

imitative


cealf

ċealf (canonical neuter)
ċealf (nominative singular)
ċealfru (nominative plural)
ċealf (accusative singular)
ċealfru (accusative plural)
ċealfes (genitive singular)
ċealfra (genitive plural)
ċealfe (dative singular)
ċealfrum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: calf, chalve, chelve, chalf, kelf

English: calf

Scots: cawf, cauf

From Proto-Germanic *kalbaz. Cognate with Old Frisian *kalf, Old Saxon kalf, Old Dutch kalf, Old High German kalb. Also Old Norse kalfr, which was a masculine a-stem, and Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉 (kalbō), which was a feminine ōn-stem.


sceap

sċēap (canonical neuter)
sċēap (nominative singular)
sċēap (nominative plural)
sċēap (accusative singular)
sċēap (accusative plural)
sċēapes (genitive singular)
sċēapa (genitive plural)
sċēape (dative singular)
sċēapum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: schep, scheep, schepe, sheep, shepe, ssep (Kent, Southern)
English: sheep (see there for further descendants)
Scots: sheep
Yola: zheep, sheep

From Proto-West Germanic *skāp, from Proto-Germanic *skēpą.

sċēap sċieran


græs

grasu (nominative plural)
græs (nominative singular)
grasu (nominative plural)
græs (accusative singular)
grasu (accusative plural)
græses (genitive singular)
grasa (genitive plural)
græse (dative singular)
grasum (dative plural)

Middle English: gras, grasse, gresse, gres, gers, grece, græs, grace, gars, grys, grisse, grese
English: grass
Tok Pisin: gras, garas
Fiji Hindi: giraas
Scots: gress, gres, grais, graiss, grase, gers, girs

From Proto-Germanic *grasą, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreH₁- (“grow, become green”). Cognate with Old Frisian gres, Old Saxon gras, Old High German gras, Old Norse gras, Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐍃 (gras).


elpend

elpend (nominative singular)
elpendas (nominative plural)
elpend (accusative singular)
elpendas (accusative plural)
elpendes (genitive singular)
elpenda (genitive plural)
elpende (dative singular)
elpendum (dative plural)

Middle English: elp, ylp

From Proto-West Germanic *elpand (“elephant; ivory”).

inh

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
⁊ hē [Pirrus] hæfde XX elpenda tō þǣm ġefeohte mid him, þe Rōmane ǣr na ne ne ġesawon: hē wæs sē forma mon þe hīe ǣrest on Italium brōhte.

And he [Pyrrhus] had twenty elephants with him in battle, which the Romans had never seen before; he was the first man to bring them to Italy.


læce

lǣċe (canonical masculine)
lǣċe (nominative singular)
lǣċas (nominative plural)
lǣċe (accusative singular)
lǣċas (accusative plural)
lǣċes (genitive singular)
lǣċa (genitive plural)
lǣċe (dative singular)
lǣċum (dative plural)

Middle English: leche

English: leech

Probably assimilated to Etymology 1 above, by popular etymology, though its use probably predated the term for a doctor.
Of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly from a Germanic base meaning "to pluck, tear" (compare Old High German liochan (“to tear”)), evolving into "suck," ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewǵ- (“to break, tear”), see also Ancient Greek λευγαλέος (leugaléos), λυγρός (lugrós), Sanskrit रुजति (rujati, “to break open, shatter, injure, cause pain”), Latvian lauzt (“to break, fracture”).
Cognate with Middle Dutch lake, leke (modern Dutch laak).


nædre

nǣdre (canonical feminine)
nǣdre (nominative singular)
nǣdran (nominative plural)
nǣdran (accusative singular)
nǣdran (accusative plural)
nǣdran (genitive singular)
nǣdrena (genitive plural)
nǣdran (dative singular)
nǣdrum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: nadder [and other forms]
English: adder, edder (by rebracketing)
Scots: edder

From Proto-West Germanic *nadrā, from Proto-Germanic *nadrǭ. Cognate with Old High German natra, Old Norse naðra, Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌳𐍂𐍃 (nadrs).

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 10, verse 19

And now I gave you power to tread over adders and snakes and over each fiends' force. And no thing harms you.

And nū ic sealde ēow ānweald tō tredenne ofer nǣddran. And snacan and ofer ǣlc fēondes mæġen. And nān þing ēow ne derað...

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...for þon hit is nǣdrena ġecynd þæt heora mǣġen ⁊ hiera fēþe bið on heora ribbum swā ōþerra crēopendra wyrma bið on heora fōtum.

...for it is the class of snakes whose movement is on their ribs, just as the motion of other creeping reptiles is with their feet.


popig

Ultimately from Latin papāver, probably with alteration of the ending after -iġ.


oxa

oxa (nominative singular)
oxan (nominative plural)
oxan (accusative singular)
oxan (accusative plural)
oxan (genitive singular)
oxena (genitive plural)
oxna (genitive plural)
oxan (dative singular)
oxum (dative plural)

Middle English: oxe, hox, nox, occe, ocxe, okse, ox, oxhe, oxse
English: ox (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ox

c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Nativiity of Our Lord"
"Sē oxa oncnēow his hlāford, and sē assa his hlāfordes binne."
"The ox knows his master, and the ass his master's bin."
Þā ġeseah hēo þæt cild licgan on binne, ðǣr sē oxa and sē assa ġewunelīce fōdan sēcað.

Then saw she the child lying in the bin, where the ox and the ass usually seek food.

late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Deuteronomy 28:31

Your ox will be slaughtered in front of you, and you won't get to taste it.

Man slihþ þīnne oxan beforan þē, and þū his ne ābītst.


hriþer

hrīþer (canonical neuter)
hrīþer (nominative singular)
hrīþeru (nominative plural)
hrīþer (accusative singular)
hrīþeru (accusative plural)
hrīþeres (genitive singular)
hrīþera (genitive plural)
hrīþere (dative singular)
hrīþerum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: rother, reother, rither, rether

English: rother

From Proto-West Germanic *hrinþiʀ (“cattle”). Cognate with Old Frisian hrīther (“cattle”).

(countable) cow; bull; ox; head of cattle (any bovine animal)


swealwe

swealwe (nominative singular)
swealwan (nominative plural)
swealwan (accusative singular)
swealwan (accusative plural)
swealwan (genitive singular)
swealwena (genitive plural)
swealwan (dative singular)
swealwum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: swalwe, swalewe, swalowe, swhalow, sualow, swalow, swalue, swolwe, swaluwe, swalew, swalugh
English: swallow
Scots: swalla, swallae

From Proto-West Germanic *swalwā, related to Old High German swalwa, Old Norse svala.


osle

ōsle (canonical feminine)
ōsle (nominative singular)
ōslan (nominative plural)
ōslan (accusative singular)
ōslan (accusative plural)
ōslan (genitive singular)
ōslena (genitive plural)
ōslan (dative singular)
ōslum (dative plural)

Middle English: osel, osele, osul, osulle, osyll
English: oozel, ousel, ouzel (dialectal)
Scots: osil

Sēo wīflīċe ōsle ġetimbreþ nest þrēowa on ġēare.

The female blackbird builds a nest three times a year.


acweorna

ācweorna (canonical masculine)
ācweorna (nominative singular)
ācweornan (nominative plural)
ācweornan (accusative singular)
ācweornan (accusative plural)
ācweornan (genitive singular)
ācweornena (genitive plural)
ācweornan (dative singular)
ācweornum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: acquerne, aquerne, ocquerne, okerne, aquierne

gl

compare Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">íkorni</i>

>? English: con, conn (“squirrel”) (dialectal) (compare Old Norse íkorni)

>? Scots: con (“squirrel”) (compare Old Norse íkorni)

From Proto-West Germanic *aikwernō, from Proto-Germanic *aikwernô.


fina

fina (nominative singular)
finan (nominative plural)
finan (accusative singular)
finan (accusative plural)
finan (genitive singular)
finena (genitive plural)
finan (dative singular)
finum (dative plural)


fearh

fēaras (nominative plural)
fearh (nominative singular)
fēaras (nominative plural)
fearh (accusative singular)
fēaras (accusative plural)
fēares (genitive singular)
fēara (genitive plural)
fēare (dative singular)
fēarum (dative plural)

q

attested only in plural form <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">faren</i>

Middle English: *farow, *fargh (attested only in plural form faren)

English: farrow

Scots: ferrae, ferry, farry

Yola: farragh

From Proto-West Germanic *farh, from Proto-Germanic *farhaz, from Proto-Indo-European *pórḱos. Cognate with Old High German farah,
Latin porcus.


atorcoppe

ātorcoppe (canonical feminine)
ātorcoppe (nominative singular)
ātorcoppan (nominative plural)
ātorcoppan (accusative singular)
ātorcoppan (accusative plural)
ātorcoppan (genitive singular)
ātorcoppena (genitive plural)
ātorcoppan (dative singular)
ātorcoppum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: attercoppe, addercoppe, hadercoppe, nedercoppe
English: attercop
Translingual: Attercopus
Scots: attircop, attercop
Yola: attercop

ātor (“poison”) + *coppe (“something round”), from Proto-West Germanic *kopp. Identical in formation to Old Danish ederkoppæ (whence Danish edderkop) and Old Swedish eterkoppe. For more, see cop.


æcern

æcern (nominative singular)
æcernu (nominative plural)
æcern (accusative singular)
æcernu (accusative plural)
æcernes (genitive singular)
æcerna (genitive plural)
æcerne (dative singular)
æcernum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: acorn
English: acorn
Scots: aicorn

From Proto-Germanic *akraną, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógeh₂ (“berry”). Cognate with Old Frisian akern, Old Saxon akeran, Old High German ackeran, Old Norse akarn, Gothic 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 (akran).


hræfn

hræfn (nominative singular)
hræfnas (nominative plural)
hræfn (accusative singular)
hræfnas (accusative plural)
hræfnes (genitive singular)
hræfna (genitive plural)
hræfne (dative singular)
hræfnum (dative plural)

Middle English: raven, reven, revin

English: raven

Scots: ravin, revin, rawin

From Proto-West Germanic *hrabn, from Proto-Germanic *hrabnaz. Cognate with Old Frisian raven, Old Saxon hraƀan, Old Dutch ravan, Old High German raban, Old Norse hrafn. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱorh₂-, whence Latin corvus.

Hræfen wandrode

Date uncertain, unknown author, Finnsburh fragment lines 34-35


cran

cran (nominative singular)
cranas (nominative plural)
cran (accusative singular)
cranas (accusative plural)
cranes (genitive singular)
crana (genitive plural)
crane (dative singular)
cranum (dative plural)

Middle English: crane, krane, cranne, craane, crone, craune
English: crane (see there for further descendants)
Scots: cran
Yola: kraanberry, kraaneberry

Se cran wæs standende on ānum sċancan.

Oft man ġehīerþ cranas lange ǣr hē hīe ġesiehþ.

You often hear cranes long before you see them.

Þā cranas wyrċaþ heora nest on ċiriċena belhūsum.

The cranes make their nests in the bell towers of churches.


fearn

fearn (nominative singular)
fearn (nominative plural)
fearn (accusative singular)
fearn (accusative plural)
fearnes (genitive singular)
fearna (genitive plural)
fearne (dative singular)
fearnum (dative plural)

Middle English: fern, vern, fearn, farn, varn, firn
English: fern
Scots: farne, fairn
Yola: vearne, fearn

From Proto-West Germanic *farn, from Proto-Indo-European *p(t)erH-. Cognate with Old High German farn (German Farn).


hana

hana (nominative singular)
hanan (nominative plural)
hanan (accusative singular)
hanan (accusative plural)
hanan (genitive singular)
hanena (genitive plural)
hanan (dative singular)
hanum (dative plural)

Middle English: *hane (attested in hane-crau)

From Proto-West Germanic *hanō, from Proto-Germanic *hanô.


frosc

frosc (nominative singular)
froscas (nominative plural)
frosc (accusative singular)
froscas (accusative plural)
frosċes (genitive singular)
frosca (genitive plural)
frosċe (dative singular)
froscum (dative plural)

Middle English: frosk, frosch

English: frosk, frosh

From Proto-West Germanic *frosk, from Proto-Germanic *fruskaz.
Cognate with Old Frisian *frosk, Old Saxon *frosk, Old Dutch forsk, Old High German frosc, Old Norse froskr.


cribb

head

cribb f (nominative plural cribbe or cribba)

cribbe (nominative plural)
cribba (nominative plural)
cribb (nominative singular)
cribba (nominative plural)
cribbe (nominative plural)
cribbe (accusative singular)
cribba (accusative plural)
cribbe (accusative plural)
cribbe (genitive singular)
cribba (genitive plural)
cribbe (dative singular)
cribbum (dative plural)

English: crib

From Proto-West Germanic, from Proto-Germanic *kribjǭ.


ceder

ċeder (canonical feminine)
ċeder (nominative singular)
ċedra (nominative plural)
ċedre (nominative plural)
ċedre (accusative singular)
ċedra (accusative plural)
ċedre (accusative plural)
ċedre (genitive singular)
ċedra (genitive plural)
ċedre (dative singular)
ċedrum (dative plural)

gl

Middle English: cedre (attested 1175 as cedrus (plural); merged with Old French cedre)

English: cedar

Scots: ceder, cedir


colmase

cōlmāse (canonical feminine)
cōlmāse (nominative singular)
cōlmāsan (nominative plural)
cōlmāsan (accusative singular)
cōlmāsan (accusative plural)
cōlmāsan (genitive singular)
cōlmāsena (genitive plural)
cōlmāsan (dative singular)
cōlmāsum (dative plural)

Periparus ater
Periparus ater#Translingual


dora

dora (nominative singular)
doran (nominative plural)
doran (accusative singular)
doran (accusative plural)
doran (genitive singular)
dorena (genitive plural)
doran (dative singular)
dorum (dative plural)

desc

English: dor, dumbledore, dorbeetle, dorfly, dorrfly

From Proto-Germanic *durô (“bumblebee, humming insect”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-, *dʰrēn- (“bee, hornet, drone”). Related to Middle Low German dorne (“bumblebee”), Middle Dutch dorne (“bumblebee”), Dutch dar (“drone”), Old English drān (“drone”). More at drone, dor.


pise

pise (nominative singular)
pisan (nominative plural)
pisan (accusative singular)
pisan (accusative plural)
pisan (genitive singular)
pisena (genitive plural)
pisan (dative singular)
pisum (dative plural)

From Late Latin pisa, from Latin pisum, from Ancient Greek πίσον (píson), πῐ́σος (písos), πισός (pisós).


porr

porr (nominative singular)
porr (nominative plural)
porr (accusative singular)
porr (accusative plural)
porres (genitive singular)
porra (genitive plural)
porre (dative singular)
porrum (dative plural)

>? Middle English: porre (possibly reborrowed from Latin)


horte

horte (nominative singular)
hortan (nominative plural)
hortan (accusative singular)
hortan (accusative plural)
hortan (genitive singular)
hortena (genitive plural)
hortan (dative singular)
hortum (dative plural)


pawa

pāwa (canonical masculine)
pāwa (nominative singular)
pāwan (nominative plural)
pāwan (accusative singular)
pāwan (accusative plural)
pāwan (genitive singular)
pāwena (genitive plural)
pāwan (dative singular)
pāwum (dative plural)

Fēnixas habbaþ cambas on hēafde swā pāwan.

Phoenixes have crests on their head like peacocks.


wicg

wiċġ (canonical neuter)
wiċġ (nominative plural)
wiċġ (nominative singular)
wiċġ (nominative plural)
wiċġ (accusative singular)
wiċġ (accusative plural)
wiċġes (genitive singular)
wiċġa (genitive plural)
wiċġe (dative singular)
wiċġum (dative plural)

Middle English: *wigge, wig

English: widge

From Proto-West Germanic *wigi, from Proto-Germanic *wigją, from *weganą (“to carry”). Cognate with Old Saxon wigg, Old Norse vigg.


fenix

fēnix (canonical masculine)
fēnix (nominative singular)
fēnixas (nominative plural)
fēnix (accusative singular)
fēnixas (accusative plural)
fēnixes (genitive singular)
fēnixa (genitive plural)
fēnixe (dative singular)
fēnixum (dative plural)

English: phoenix

From Latin phoenīx, from Ancient Greek φοῖνιξ (phoînix), from Egyptian bnw (boinu, “grey heron”).


minte

minte (nominative singular)
mintan (nominative plural)
mintan (accusative singular)
mintan (accusative plural)
mintan (genitive singular)
mintena (genitive plural)
mintan (dative singular)
mintum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: mynte, mente, mint, minte, mynt
English: mint
Scots: mint
→ Welsh: mint


ostre

ostre (nominative singular)
ostran (nominative plural)
ostran (accusative singular)
ostran (accusative plural)
ostran (genitive singular)
ostrena (genitive plural)
ostran (dative singular)
ostrum (dative plural)


grighund

grīġhund (canonical masculine)
grīġhund (nominative singular)
grīġhundas (nominative plural)
grīġhund (accusative singular)
grīġhundas (accusative plural)
grīġhundes (genitive singular)
grīġhunda (genitive plural)
grīġhunde (dative singular)
grīġhundum (dative plural)

English: greyhound

From *grīeġ (cognate with Old Norse grøy (“bitch”)) + hund.


yn

ȳn (canonical feminine)
ȳn (nominative singular)
ȳna (nominative plural)
ȳne (nominative plural)
ȳne (accusative singular)
ȳna (accusative plural)
ȳne (accusative plural)
ȳne (genitive singular)
ȳna (genitive plural)
ȳne (dative singular)
ȳnum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *ūniju, *unnjā (“onion”).


loppe

loppe (nominative singular)
loppan (nominative plural)
loppan (accusative singular)
loppan (accusative plural)
loppan (genitive singular)
loppena (genitive plural)
loppan (dative singular)
loppum (dative plural)

Middle English: loppe

English: lop

Sense of "spider, silkworm" from Proto-Germanic *lubbō, *lubbǭ (“that which hangs or dangles”), from Proto-Indo-European *lep- (“to peel, skin”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian lobbe (“hanging lump of flesh”), Middle Low German lobbe and Middle Dutch lobbe (“dangling part”), Dutch lob (“hanging lip, ruffle or sleeve”). More at lobe.
Sense of "flea" from Proto-Germanic *luppǭ (“flea, sandflea”, originally “jumper”), from Proto-Germanic *luppijaną (“to jump, dart”). Cognate with Danish loppe (“flea”), Swedish loppa (“flea”), Middle High German lüpfen, lupfen (“to release and raise aloft, move quickly”).


bucca

buccan (nominative plural)
bucca (nominative singular)
buccan (nominative plural)
buccan (accusative singular)
buccan (accusative plural)
buccan (genitive singular)
buccena (genitive plural)
buccan (dative singular)
buccum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: bukke, bucke, buk, bocke, bucce, boke, buc
English: buck
Scots: buk, buke, buik
Yola: buch

From Proto-West Germanic *bukkō, from Proto-Germanic *bukkô (“male goat”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰugo- (“buck”). Akin to Old High German boc, Old Norse bukkr, Middle Dutch boc, Avestan 𐬠𐬏𐬰𐬀 (būza, “buck, goat”), Old Armenian բուծ (buc, “lamb”), Old English bucc (“male deer”).


nicor

nicoras (nominative plural)
nicor (nominative singular)
nicoras (nominative plural)
nicor (accusative singular)
nicoras (accusative plural)
nicores (genitive singular)
nicora (genitive plural)
nicore (dative singular)
nicorum (dative plural)

Middle English: niker, nycker

English: nicker, nickel

From Proto-Germanic *nikwus, *nikwis, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *neygʷ- (“to wash”). Cognate with Middle Dutch necker (Dutch nikker (“demon”)), Old High German nicchus (German Nix (“water sprite”)), Old Norse nykr (Faroese nykur, Swedish näck).


igil

iġil (canonical masculine)
iġilas (nominative plural)
iġil (nominative singular)
iġilas (nominative plural)
iġil (accusative singular)
iġilas (accusative plural)
iġiles (genitive singular)
iġila (genitive plural)
iġile (dative singular)
iġilum (dative plural)

Middle English: il

desc

⇒ Middle English: ilespil, ylspil, yspyle


glida

glida (nominative singular)
glidan (nominative plural)
glidan (accusative singular)
glidan (accusative plural)
glidan (genitive singular)
glidena (genitive plural)
glidan (dative singular)
glidum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: glede, glide
English: glede, glead
Scots: gled, gleed

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *glidā, from Proto-Germanic *glidǭ; related to glīdan (“to glide”)

inh+

10th century, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
Sē þe þurh rēaflāc ġewilnaþ þā þing þe hē mid his ēagum wiþūtan sċēawaþ, sē is glida, nā culfre.

Whoever wants to steal the things that he sees with his eyes without, he is a kite, not a dove.


alor

alor (nominative singular)
aloras (nominative plural)
alor (accusative singular)
aloras (accusative plural)
alores (genitive singular)
alora (genitive plural)
alore (dative singular)
alorum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: aldre, alder, aldur, aldyr, aleyre, aller, alre, althir, olr
English: alder
Scots: aller

From Proto-West Germanic *aluʀu, from Proto-Germanic *aluz, *alusō, variant of *alizō, *alisō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élis- (compare Hittite [script needed] (alanza(n)), Latin alnus, Latvian al̃ksnis, Polish olcha, Albanian halë (“black pine”), Ancient Macedonian (Hesychius) ἄλιζα (áliza, “white poplar”).


æspe

Middle English: aspe; aspen

English: asp; aspen

From Proto-West Germanic *aspu, from Proto-Germanic *aspō.


ampre

ampre (nominative singular)
ampran (nominative plural)
ampran (accusative singular)
ampran (accusative plural)
ampran (genitive singular)
amprena (genitive plural)
ampran (dative singular)
amprum (dative plural)


hramsa

hramsa (nominative singular)
hramsan (nominative plural)
hramsan (accusative singular)
hramsan (accusative plural)
hramsan (genitive singular)
hramsena (genitive plural)
hramsan (dative singular)
hramsum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: ramson, ramsoun, rameson, ramesen, rampson, rampsoun

English: ramson, buckrams, rams, ramps (dialectal)

Scots: ramps, ramsh

Allium ursinum
Allium ursinum#Translingual

garlic, ramsons, wild garlic, Allium ursinum


mealwe

mealwe (nominative singular)
mealwan (nominative plural)
mealwan (accusative singular)
mealwan (accusative plural)
mealwan (genitive singular)
mealwena (genitive plural)
mealwan (dative singular)
mealwum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: malwe
English: mallow
>? Scots: maw


beogang

bēogang (canonical masculine)
bēogang (nominative singular)
bēogangas (nominative plural)
bēogang (accusative singular)
bēogangas (accusative plural)
bēoganges (genitive singular)
bēoganga (genitive plural)
bēogange (dative singular)
bēogangum (dative plural)

/ˈbe͜oːˌɡɑnɡ/

[ˈbe͜oːˌɡɑŋɡ]


dile

Middle English: dile, dyle, dille, dylle
English: dill

Anethum graveolens
Anethum graveolens#Translingual


welig

welig (nominative singular)
weligas (nominative plural)
welig (accusative singular)
weligas (accusative plural)
weliges (genitive singular)
weliga (genitive plural)
welige (dative singular)
weligum (dative plural)

Middle English: wylow, welew, weleygh, welo, welogh, welou, wely, whilwh, wilew, wilghe, wilou, wilowh, wilwe, wylew, wylgh, wylugh, wylw
English: willow
Scots: willy, willie


mul

mūl (canonical masculine)
mūl (nominative singular)
mūlas (nominative plural)
mūl (accusative singular)
mūlas (accusative plural)
mūles (genitive singular)
mūla (genitive plural)
mūle (dative singular)
mūlum (dative plural)

Middle English: mule

English: mule
→ Hawaiian: miula
→ Irish: miúil
→ Maori: miūru


bridd

bridd (nominative singular)
briddas (nominative plural)
bridd (accusative singular)
briddas (accusative plural)
briddes (genitive singular)
bridda (genitive plural)
bridde (dative singular)
briddum (dative plural)

Middle English: brid, bryd, bridde

English: bird

Scots: byrd, bird

Unknown; the word appears to be exclusive to Old English and lacks cognates in any other Germanic languages. Liberman notes that dozens of origins have been both suggested and rejected, leaving its original meaning and etymology a mystery. It might possibly be from a non-Indo-European substrate, with a likely onomatopoeic origin.
Formally, the word may lead back to a Proto-West Germanic *bridi ~ *briddj-, possibly to Proto-Germanic *bridjaz, a derivative of *bredą (“board, plank, shelf", possibly also "perch, roost”), and may have therefore been used of young birds or fowl that were able to perch but not quite able to fly (i.e. "perch-ling", or "roost-ling"; compare modern English rooster, bougher, brancher, etc.). If so, then possibly related to Old English bred (“board, plank, tablet”). Otherwise, the derivation remains unclear.

cog

chick (a young bird or fledgling, as opposed to an altricial chick or hatchling)


ofett

ofett (nominative singular)
ofett (nominative plural)
ofett (accusative singular)
ofett (accusative plural)
ofettes (genitive singular)
ofetta (genitive plural)
ofette (dative singular)
ofettum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ovet, ofet, ofvet (Early Middle English)
English: ovest (dialectal)


frocga

frocga (nominative singular)
frocgan (nominative plural)
frocgan (accusative singular)
frocgan (accusative plural)
frocgan (genitive singular)
frocgena (genitive plural)
frocgan (dative singular)
frocgum (dative plural)

Middle English: frogge, vrogge, frugge
English: frog, frock (dialectal) (see there for further descendants)
Scots: frog, froig
→ Welsh: broga


blædnes

blǣdnes (canonical feminine)
blǣdnes (nominative singular)
blǣdnessa (nominative plural)
blǣdnesse (nominative plural)
blǣdnesse (accusative singular)
blǣdnessa (accusative plural)
blǣdnesse (accusative plural)
blǣdnesse (genitive singular)
blǣdnessa (genitive plural)
blǣdnesse (dative singular)
blǣdnessum (dative plural)

From blǣd, blēd + -nes. Akin to Old English blēd (“fruit, flower”).


cenep

cenep (nominative singular)
cenepas (nominative plural)
cenep (accusative singular)
cenepas (accusative plural)
cenepes (genitive singular)
cenepa (genitive plural)
cenepe (dative singular)
cenepum (dative plural)

Middle English: kempe

English: kemp, kemps

From Proto-West Germanic *kanip, from Proto-Germanic *kanipaz. Akin to Old Frisian kenep, Old Norse kampr.


stær

staras (nominative plural)
stær (nominative singular)
staras (nominative plural)
stær (accusative singular)
staras (accusative plural)
stæres (genitive singular)
stara (genitive plural)
stære (dative singular)
starum (dative plural)

English: starling

From Proto-West Germanic *star, from Proto-Germanic *staraz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tern- (“starling”) and/or Proto-Indo-European *storo- (“starling”).


stær

English: stare

From Proto-Germanic *star- (“to be rigid”), from *ster- (“to be stiff, to be strong”).


aþexe

āþexe (canonical feminine)
āþexe (nominative singular)
āþexan (nominative plural)
āþexan (accusative singular)
āþexan (accusative plural)
āþexan (genitive singular)
āþexena (genitive plural)
āþexan (dative singular)
āþexum (dative plural)

Middle English: aske, arske
English: ask, askard
Scots: ask, esk, awsk

From Proto-West Germanic *agiþahsijā (“lizard, newt”).


bucc

bucc (nominative singular)
buccas (nominative plural)
bucc (accusative singular)
buccas (accusative plural)
bucces (genitive singular)
bucca (genitive plural)
bucce (dative singular)
buccum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *bukk, from Proto-Germanic *bukkaz (“male deer”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ- (“ram”). Akin to Old High German boc, Old Norse bukkr, Old English bucca (“buck, male goat”).


bucc

From Proto-West Germanic *būk, from Proto-Germanic *būkaz (“belly, stomach”); perhaps representing a corruption of a diminutive ( + -uc) from Proto-West Germanic *būkuk (“miniature vessel”).


blostm

blōstm (canonical feminine masculine)
blōstm (nominative singular)
blōstmas (nominative plural)
blōstm (accusative singular)
blōstmas (accusative plural)
blōstmes (genitive singular)
blōstma (genitive plural)
blōstme (dative singular)
blōstmum (dative plural)
blōstm (nominative singular)
blōstma (nominative plural)
blōstme (nominative plural)
blōstme (accusative singular)
blōstma (accusative plural)
blōstme (accusative plural)
blōstme (genitive singular)
blōstma (genitive plural)
blōstme (dative singular)
blōstmum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: blostme, blosme, blossom

English: blossom

From Proto-West Germanic *blōstm, from Proto-Germanic *blōsmaz, *blōstmō (“flower”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-.


blostma

blōstma (canonical masculine)
blōstma (nominative singular)
blōstman (nominative plural)
blōstman (accusative singular)
blōstman (accusative plural)
blōstman (genitive singular)
blōstmena (genitive plural)
blōstman (dative singular)
blōstmum (dative plural)

Middle English: blostme, blosme

English: blossom

Scots: blossum, blossom

From Proto-West Germanic *blōstmō, from Proto-Germanic *blōstmô (“flower”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-. Cognate with Old Norse blómstr.

Exeter Book, riddle 40

Though a lily is bright in its bloom, I am better than it.

Þēah þe līlie sīe beorht on blostman, iċ eom betere þonne hēo.


swamm

swamm (nominative singular)
swammas (nominative plural)
swamm (accusative singular)
swammas (accusative plural)
swammes (genitive singular)
swamma (genitive plural)
swamme (dative singular)
swammum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *swamm, from Proto-Germanic *swammaz (“tree-fungus, mushroom, sponge”), from Proto-Indo-European *swombh- (“sponge, tree-fungus, swamp”).
Cognate with Old High German swamb (“mushroom”) (German Schwamm), Old Norse svǫppr (“sponge, fungus”), Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐍃 (swamms, “sponge”). More at swamp.


cipp

ċipp (canonical masculine)
ċipp (nominative singular)
ċippas (nominative plural)
ċipp (accusative singular)
ċippas (accusative plural)
ċippes (genitive singular)
ċippa (genitive plural)
ċippe (dative singular)
ċippum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *kipp, from Proto-Germanic *kippaz, *kipaz (“log, beam, fetter, foot-block”), of uncertain origin. Often aligned with Latin cippus, cīpus (“post, stake, pointed column made of wood or stone”), though borrowing from the Latin is inconclusive. The Germanic and Latin terms may have been independent borrowings from a third unknown source language.
Akin to Old Saxon kipp, kip (“stick, post”), Old Dutch kip (“fetter”), Old High German kipf (“axle, stave”), Old Norse keppr (“cudgel, club”).


wicga

From Proto-Germanic *weganą (“to move, wiggle”) + -ga (diminutive suffix). Related to Old English weġan (“to move”), Middle English wiglen (“to wiggle”).


brocc

brocc (nominative singular)
broccas (nominative plural)
brocc (accusative singular)
broccas (accusative plural)
brocces (genitive singular)
brocca (genitive plural)
brocce (dative singular)
broccum (dative plural)

Middle English: brok

English: brock

Probably from a Celtic source akin to Irish broc, Welsh broch, Cornish brogh and thus ultimately from Proto-Celtic *brokkos.


beorma

beorma (nominative singular)
beorman (nominative plural)
beorman (accusative singular)
beorman (accusative plural)
beorman (genitive singular)
beormena (genitive plural)
beorman (dative singular)
beormum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: berme, barme, berm, barm, beorme
English: barm
Scots: barm, berme, barme, baurm
Yola: barrm

From Proto-West Germanic *bermō (“yeast, leaven”), from Proto-Indo-European *bher- (“to boil up”), from *bʰrewe- (“to boil, bubble, burn”). Akin to West Frisian berme (“barm”), Middle Dutch berm, barm (“barm”); Low German Bärm, Bärme; Swedish bärme; Old English brēowan (“to brew”), bēor (“beer”). Cognate to Albanian burmë (“fully ripe”). More at brew, beer.


fleogenda

flēogenda (canonical masculine)
fleogenda (nominative singular)
flēogendan (nominative plural)
fleogendan (accusative singular)
flēogendan (accusative plural)
fleogendan (genitive singular)
flēogendena (genitive plural)
fleogendan (dative singular)
flēogendum (dative plural)

Deverbal from flēogan (“to fly”), equivalent to flēogan + -ende + -a.


mereswin

mereswīn (canonical neuter)
mereswīn (nominative singular)
mereswīn (nominative plural)
mereswīn (accusative singular)
mereswīn (accusative plural)
mereswīnes (genitive singular)
mereswīna (genitive plural)
mereswīne (dative singular)
mereswīnum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: mereswyn, mereswyne, mersuine
English: mereswine
Scots: mereswine

From Proto-West Germanic *mariswīn. Equivalent to mere (“sea”) + swīn (“pig”). Cognate with Old Saxon meriswīn.

Mereswīn bēoþ swīðe plegol nīetenu.


fingerdocce

From finger + *docce, from Proto-West Germanic *dokkā, from Proto-Germanic *dukkǭ (“strength, power”).

der

Digitalis purpurea
Digitalis purpurea#Translingual


assa

assa (nominative singular)
assas (nominative plural)
assa (accusative singular)
assas (accusative plural)
asses (genitive singular)
assa (genitive plural)
asse (dative singular)
assum (dative plural)

Middle English: asse

English: ass

Yola: ess

Back-formation from assen, from Celtic (compare Old Irish asan, Old Cornish asen), from Latin asinus.


hogg

hoggas (nominative plural)
hogg (nominative singular)
hoggas (nominative plural)
hogg (accusative singular)
hoggas (accusative plural)
hogges (genitive singular)
hogga (genitive plural)
hogge (dative singular)
hoggum (dative plural)

Middle English: hogge, hog

English: hog

Scots: hogg, hog

Uncertain. Possibly derived from Old Norse hǫggva (“to strike, chop, cut”), from Proto-Germanic *hawwaną (“to hew, forge”).
Alternatively, perhaps from Celtic, compare Welsh hwch (“sow”), Cornish hoch (“pig”) (whence probably modern English hoggan (“pork pasty”)); however, the possibility of British Celtic origin [Watkins, etc.] is regarded by OED as "improbable.".

der

hog, especially a castrated male (family Suidae)


cicen

ċicen (canonical neuter)
ċicen (nominative singular)
ċicenu (nominative plural)
ċicen (accusative singular)
ċicenu (accusative plural)
ċicenes (genitive singular)
ċicena (genitive plural)
ċicene (dative singular)
ċicenum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: chiken, chicoun, chike, cheke
English: chicken, chick
Scots: chikin, chekin, schik
Yola: chick, chicke

Unclear. Possibly from Proto-West Germanic *kiukīn, with gradual shortening of the first syllable vowel; or alternatively from Proto-Germanic *kukkīną, equivalent to cocc + -en.

unk

Unclear


hran

hrān (canonical masculine)
hrān (nominative singular)
hrānas (nominative plural)
hrān (accusative singular)
hrānas (accusative plural)
hrānes (genitive singular)
hrāna (genitive plural)
hrāne (dative singular)
hrānum (dative plural)

Calque of Old Norse hreinn, as if from Proto-West Germanic *hrain, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hrainaz. At the time, Old Norse and Old English were sufficiently close that the correspondance between ā and ei was transparent, as in words like stān (“stone”) and steinn (“id.”).

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
Þā dēor hī hātaþ hrānas...


stacga

stacga (nominative singular)
stacgan (nominative plural)
stacgan (accusative singular)
stacgan (accusative plural)
stacgan (genitive singular)
stacgena (genitive plural)
stacgan (dative singular)
stacgum (dative plural)

Middle English: stagge

English: stag

Volapük: stäg

From Proto-Germanic *staggijô (“stag, male animal, porcupine”), from Proto-Indo-European *stegʰ-, *stengʰ- (“to prick, stick, pierce”), equivalent to *stac- (compare Old English staca) + -ga (diminutive suffix). Cognate with Old Norse steggi (“male animal, drake”).


cwice

Middle English: quike, quyke, quich

English: quitch, couch

⇒ English: quitchgrass, couch grass

⇒ English: quickgrass, quackgrass

⇒ Early Scots: quickens

Scots: quickene, quicken

From Proto-West Germanic *kwikwā, from Proto-Germanic *kwikwaz (“alive; living; quick”), related to Old High German quecca, Middle Low German kweke.


hæring

hǣring (canonical masculine)
hǣring (nominative singular)
hǣringas (nominative plural)
hǣring (accusative singular)
hǣringas (accusative plural)
hǣringes (genitive singular)
hǣringa (genitive plural)
hǣringe (dative singular)
hǣringum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hering, hereng, heiring, herring, hæring, haring
English: herring
Scots: hering, herring, herrin, haring
Yola: hereen, heereen


slah

slāh (canonical feminine)
slāh (nominative singular)
slān (nominative plural)
slān (accusative singular)
slān (accusative plural)
slān (genitive singular)
slāna (genitive plural)
slān (dative singular)
slāum (dative plural)
slām (dative plural)

Middle English: sla, slo

English: sloe

Scots: slae

From Proto-West Germanic *slaihā, from Proto-Germanic *slaihǭ.


tife

tifan (nominative plural)
tife (nominative singular)
tifan (nominative plural)
tifan (accusative singular)
tifan (accusative plural)
tifan (genitive singular)
tifena (genitive plural)
tifan (dative singular)
tifum (dative plural)


gearwe

ang-adv

ġearwe (comparative ġearwor, superlative ġearwost or ġearwast)

ġearwe (canonical)
ġearwor (comparative)
ġearwost (superlative)
ġearwast (superlative)

Related to gearu (“ready, able”); both from Proto-Germanic *garwaz (“prepared”). See also Old Norse gǫrr (“accomplished, skilled”).

cog

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
Beoð swȳðor ġearwe to ðam þæt ge ðurh hwilwendlice gedreccednysse becumon to ðam ecum gefean, þær ge symle blissiað, blowende and mid Criste rixigende.

Be rather ready, that through transitory tribulation ye may come to the eternal joy, where ye will ever rejoice, blooming and reigning with Christ.


fealca

fealca (nominative singular)
fealcan (nominative plural)
fealcan (accusative singular)
fealcan (accusative plural)
fealcan (genitive singular)
fealcena (genitive plural)
fealcan (dative singular)
fealcum (dative plural)

Middle English: falk (in placenames and personal names); fylkere

Scots: falk, fauk, faik; facky, feckie

From Proto-West Germanic *falkō, from Proto-Germanic *falkô (“hawk, falcon”).


hwerhwette

hwerhwette (nominative singular)
hwerhwettan (nominative plural)
hwerhwettan (accusative singular)
hwerhwettan (accusative plural)
hwerhwettan (genitive singular)
hwerhwettena (genitive plural)
hwerhwettan (dative singular)
hwerhwettum (dative plural)

Unknown. Possibly related to Latin cucurbita and Sanskrit कर्कटी (karkaṭī), whence Hindi ककड़ी (kakṛī), all in the sense "cucumber".


fleah

flēah (canonical masculine)
flēah (nominative singular)
flēas (nominative plural)
flēah (accusative singular)
flēas (accusative plural)
flēas (genitive singular)
flēana (genitive plural)
flēa (dative singular)
flēam (dative plural)
flēaum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: fle, flee, flei, fleigh, fley
English: flea (dialectal fleck)
Scots: flech, flaich, fle, flae
Yola: fleen (plural)

From Proto-Germanic *flauhaz, from Proto-Indo-European *plówkos, a variant of *plúsis (“flea”). Cognate with Old High German flōh, Old Norse fló.


ielfete

ielfete (nominative singular)
ielfetan (nominative plural)
ielfetan (accusative singular)
ielfetan (accusative plural)
ielfetan (genitive singular)
ielfetena (genitive plural)
ielfetan (dative singular)
ielfetum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *albut (“swan”).


nihthræfn

From niht + hræfn. Compare Old Saxon nahthraƀan.


nihtegale

nihtegale (nominative singular)
nihtegalan (nominative plural)
nihtegalan (accusative singular)
nihtegalan (accusative plural)
nihtegalan (genitive singular)
nihtegalena (genitive plural)
nihtegalan (dative singular)
nihtegalum (dative plural)

Middle English: nyghtgale, niȝtegale, nightegale, nightgale
English: nightgale (obsolete)
Scots: nychtgale

⇒ Middle English: nyghtyngale, nightingale, niȝtingale, nyhtingale, nyȝtyngale, nightyngale
English: nightingale
Scots: nichtingale

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *nahtigalā.


meteswamm

meteswamm (nominative singular)
meteswammas (nominative plural)
meteswamm (accusative singular)
meteswammas (accusative plural)
meteswammes (genitive singular)
meteswamma (genitive plural)
meteswamme (dative singular)
meteswammum (dative plural)


beobread

bēobrēad (canonical neuter)
bēobrēad (nominative singular)
bēobrēadru (nominative plural)
bēobrēad (accusative singular)
bēobrēadru (accusative plural)
bēobrēades (genitive singular)
bēobrēadra (genitive plural)
bēobrēade (dative singular)
bēobrēadrum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: beobread, beobræd, beoblæd (error)

English: beebread

/ˈbe͜oːˌbræ͜ɑːd/


ceahhe

ċeahhe (canonical feminine)
ċeahhe (nominative singular)
ċeahhan (nominative plural)
ċeahhan (accusative singular)
ċeahhan (accusative plural)
ċeahhan (genitive singular)
ċeahhena (genitive plural)
ċeahhan (dative singular)
ċeahhum (dative plural)

Middle English: ka, ca, coo, koo; choughe, chowghe

Scots: ka, kae, kaae

English: chough

From Proto-West Germanic *kahu (“jackdaw, crow”), ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative


dufe

dūfe (canonical feminine)
dūfe (nominative singular)
dūfan (nominative plural)
dūfan (accusative singular)
dūfan (accusative plural)
dūfan (genitive singular)
dūfena (genitive plural)
dūfan (dative singular)
dūfum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: douve, dove, duve, dowve, dowe, doufe, douf
English: dove
Scots: doo, dow

From Proto-West Germanic *dūbā, from Proto-Germanic *dūbǭ.


scric

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *skrīkijaną (“to cry out”), in reference to the shrike's call


crawe

crāwe (canonical feminine)
crāwe (nominative singular)
crāwan (nominative plural)
crāwan (accusative singular)
crāwan (accusative plural)
crāwan (genitive singular)
crāwena (genitive plural)
crāwan (dative singular)
crāwum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: crowe, crawe, crow, crauw, craw
English: crow
Geordie English: craw
Scots: craw
Yola: croowe, crowe, crouw

From Proto-West Germanic *krāā. Cognate with West Frisian krie, Dutch kraai, and German Krähe.


bicce

biċċe (canonical feminine)
biċċe (nominative singular)
biċċan (nominative plural)
biċċan (accusative singular)
biċċan (accusative plural)
biċċan (genitive singular)
biċċena (genitive plural)
biċċan (dative singular)
biċċum (dative plural)

Middle English: bicche, beche, biche, bycche, byche, bikk, buche
English: bitch
→ Dutch: bitch
→? German: Betze, Bätze, Petze
→ French: bitch

Scots: bitch

→ Old French: biche (Anglo-Norman)

⇒ Middle French: bichon

French: bichon

→ English: bichon

From Proto-West Germanic *bikkjā, from Proto-Germanic *bikjǭ.


finul

finul (nominative singular)
finulas (nominative plural)
finul (accusative singular)
finulas (accusative plural)
finules (genitive singular)
finula (genitive plural)
finule (dative singular)
finulum (dative plural)

Middle English: fenell, fenel, fenyl, fenele, vinel, finelle, fenelle
English: fennel
Scots: fennel

From Proto-West Germanic *fenukl, from Vulgar Latin *fēnuclum, from Latin fēnuculum.


mapulder

mapulder (nominative singular)
mapulderas (nominative plural)
mapulder (accusative singular)
mapulderas (accusative plural)
mapulderes (genitive singular)
mapuldera (genitive plural)
mapuldere (dative singular)
mapulderum (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *mapulaz, possibly a corruption or based on *aplaz *trewą (Old English apuldor, æppeltrēow).
Compare Old High German mazaltra, mazzaltra (German Maßholder).


gorst

gorst (nominative singular)
gorstas (nominative plural)
gorst (accusative singular)
gorstas (accusative plural)
gorstes (genitive singular)
gorsta (genitive plural)
gorste (dative singular)
gorstum (dative plural)

Middle English: gorst, gors, gorste, gost, grost
English: gorse
Yola: goss, gorr

From Proto-West Germanic *gorst, from Proto-Germanic *gurstaz.


ramm

ramm (nominative singular)
rammas (nominative plural)
ramm (accusative singular)
rammas (accusative plural)
rammes (genitive singular)
ramma (genitive plural)
ramme (dative singular)
rammum (dative plural)

Middle English: ramme, ram, rom

English: ram

Scots: ram

c. 995, Ælfric, Excerptiones De Arte Grammatica Anglice
Sumu word ġetācniaþ mā mid ānre clipunge: ariēs biþ ramm betwēox sċēapum and ramm tō wealġeweorce, and ariēs is ān þāra twelf tācna.

Some words signify multiple things with one name: aries is a ram among sheep and a ram for taking down walls, and Aries is a sign of the Zodiac.


bræmel

brǣmel (canonical masculine)
brǣmel (nominative singular)
brǣmelas (nominative plural)
brǣmel (accusative singular)
brǣmelas (accusative plural)
brǣmeles (genitive singular)
brǣmela (genitive plural)
brǣmele (dative singular)
brǣmelum (dative plural)

Middle English: brembel, brambel, brimbel
English: bramble
Scots: brimmle
Yola: brimel


cyta

cȳta (canonical masculine)
cȳta (nominative singular)
cȳtan (nominative plural)
cȳtan (accusative singular)
cȳtan (accusative plural)
cȳtan (genitive singular)
cȳtena (genitive plural)
cȳtan (dative singular)
cȳtum (dative plural)

Middle English: kyte, kete, kijt, kite, kute, kuyte
English: kite
Scots: kyt, kyte
→ Welsh: cud

From Proto-West Germanic *kūtijō, from Proto-Germanic *kūts (“bird of prey”).


hune

hune (nominative singular)
hunan (nominative plural)
hunan (accusative singular)
hunan (accusative plural)
hunan (genitive singular)
hunena (genitive plural)
hunan (dative singular)
hunum (dative plural)


mycg

myċġ (canonical masculine)
myċġ (nominative singular)
myċġas (nominative plural)
myċġ (accusative singular)
myċġas (accusative plural)
myċġes (genitive singular)
myċġa (genitive plural)
myċġe (dative singular)
myċġum (dative plural)

Middle English: migge, mydge

Scots: mige, midge

English: midge; midget

From Proto-West Germanic *muggju, from Proto-Germanic *mugjō (“midge, mosquito, gnat”). Akin to Old Saxon muggia, Old High German mucka, mugga, Old Norse mý.


bisæcc

bīsæcc (canonical feminine)
bīsæcc (nominative singular)
bīsæcca (nominative plural)
bīsæcce (nominative plural)
bīsæcce (accusative singular)
bīsæcca (accusative plural)
bīsæcce (accusative plural)
bīsæcce (genitive singular)
bīsæcca (genitive plural)
bīsæcce (dative singular)
bīsæccum (dative plural)

English: bysack


haguþorn

haguþorn (nominative singular)
haguþornas (nominative plural)
haguþorn (accusative singular)
haguþornas (accusative plural)
haguþornes (genitive singular)
haguþorna (genitive plural)
haguþorne (dative singular)
haguþornum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: hawthorn, haȝ þorn, haȝþorne, haue-thorne, hauȝ þorne, hauthorne, hauþorn, hauþorne, hawethorn, hawethorne, haweþorn, hawe-þorn, hawe þorn, hawȝþorn, hawthern, hawthorne, hawthorun, haw-thron, hawþrone
English: hawthorn
Scots: hawthorn

→ Old Norse: hagþorn

Old Swedish: haghþorn

Swedish: hagtorn

From Proto-West Germanic *haguþorn, from *hagu (“enclosure; pasture”) + *þorn (“thorn; briar”). Cognate with Old Saxon haguthorn, Old High German hagudorn, Old Dutch *haguthorn.


weþer

weþer (nominative singular)
weþras (nominative plural)
weþer (accusative singular)
weþras (accusative plural)
weþres (genitive singular)
weþra (genitive plural)
weþre (dative singular)
weþrum (dative plural)

Middle English: wether, weder

Scots: weddir

English: wether

From Proto-West Germanic *weþru, from Proto-Germanic *weþruz (“a yearling lamb; wether”), from Proto-Indo-European *wet- (“year”). Cognate with Latin vitulus.


feldswamm

head

feldswamm m (nominative plural feldswammas)


æmete

ǣmete (canonical feminine)
ǣmete (nominative singular)
ǣmetan (nominative plural)
ǣmetan (accusative singular)
ǣmetan (accusative plural)
ǣmetan (genitive singular)
ǣmetena (genitive plural)
ǣmetan (dative singular)
ǣmetum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ampte, amte, emete, amete, emotte, emot, ante, empt, empte, amote
English: ant, emmet
Scots: emmot, emott, imat
⇒ Yola: emothee


ynneleac

ynnelēac (canonical neuter)
ynnelēac (nominative plural)

desc

Middle English: hinneleac, henneleac, hynneleac

From Proto-West Germanic *unnjalauk. Equivalent to ynne (“onion”) + lēac (“leek”).


begbeam

beġbēam (canonical masculine)
beġbēamas (nominative plural)
beġbēam (nominative singular)
beġbēamas (nominative plural)
beġbēam (accusative singular)
beġbēamas (accusative plural)
beġbēames (genitive singular)
beġbēama (genitive plural)
beġbēame (dative singular)
beġbēamum (dative plural)

From *beġ (“berry”) + bēam (“tree”). Compare beġer, beriġe.


fealcen

fealcen (nominative singular)
fealcnas (nominative plural)
fealcen (accusative singular)
fealcnas (accusative plural)
fealcnes (genitive singular)
fealcna (genitive plural)
fealcne (dative singular)
fealcnum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *falkan, from Proto-Germanic *falkanaz, related to *falkô.


ticcen

tiċċen (canonical neuter)
tiċċen (nominative singular)
tiċċenu (nominative plural)
tiċċen (accusative singular)
tiċċenu (accusative plural)
tiċċenes (genitive singular)
tiċċena (genitive plural)
tiċċene (dative singular)
tiċċenum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: tichen, ticchen, tiche, tik-, tike-
English: tick, titch
Yola: titch, thick, tick


seolcwyrm

head

seolcwyrm m (nominative plural seolcwyrmas)

seolcwyrmas (nominative plural)
seolcwyrm (nominative singular)
seolcwyrmas (nominative plural)
seolcwyrm (accusative singular)
seolcwyrmas (accusative plural)
seolcwyrmes (genitive singular)
seolcwyrma (genitive plural)
seolcwyrme (dative singular)
seolcwyrmum (dative plural)

Middle English: silkwirm

English: silkworm