craft

desctree

Middle Dutch: cracht, craft
Dutch: kracht
Afrikaans: krag
Limburgish: krach


sela

Middle Dutch: siele
Dutch: ziel
Afrikaans: siel
Limburgish: zeel

Irlosin sol an frithe sela mina fan then thia ginacont mi, wanda under managon he was mit mi.

He shall deliver in peace my soul from those who attack me, for amongst many he was with me.


winter

Middle Dutch: winter
Dutch: winter
Afrikaans: winter
Negerhollands: winter
→ Sranan Tongo: wenter
Limburgish: wintjer


win

Middle Dutch: wijn
Dutch: wijn
Afrikaans: wyn
Berbice Creole Dutch: win
Negerhollands: wien, win
→ Saramaccan: wín
→? Sranan Tongo: win
→ Lokono: wing
→ Caribbean Javanese: win
Limburgish: wien

From Proto-West Germanic *wīn, from Latin vīnum.


hunt

Middle Dutch: hont

Dutch: hond


hunt

Middle Dutch: hont

Dutch: hont, hond

From Proto-Germanic *hundą. Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 (hund) and Old English hund.

around 0.14 hectare, equivalent to one hundred ruoda


al

From Proto-Germanic *alhs. Cognate with Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌷𐍃 (alhs) and Old English ealh.


arm

Middle Dutch: arm
Dutch: arm
Afrikaans: arm
Javindo: arrem
Negerhollands: arm, erm
Limburgish: erm

From Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz.


man

man (nominative singular)
manna (nominative plural)
man (accusative singular)
manna (accusative plural)
mannis (genitive singular)
manno (genitive plural)
manne (dative singular)
mannon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: man

Dutch: man

Limburgish: man

Zealandic: man

From Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann-.


ben

bēn (canonical neuter)
bēn (nominative singular)
bēn (nominative plural)
bēn (accusative singular)
bēn (accusative plural)
bēnis (genitive singular)
-es (genitive singular)
bēno (genitive plural)
bēne (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
bēnon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: bêen
Dutch: been
Afrikaans: been
Berbice Creole Dutch: been
Jersey Dutch: beîn
Negerhollands: been
→ Lokono: bèna
Limburgish: bein


got

got (nominative singular)
goda (nominative plural)
got (accusative singular)
goda (accusative plural)
godis (genitive singular)
godô (genitive plural)
gode (dative singular)
godon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: got
Dutch: god, God
Afrikaans: god, God
Limburgish: gód, Gód

From Proto-West Germanic *god, from Proto-Germanic *gudą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰutós.


dodo

dōdo (canonical masculine)
dōdo (nominative singular)
dōdon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
dōdo (accusative singular)
dōdon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
dōdin (genitive singular)
dōdono (genitive plural)
dōdon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
dōdon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: dôde

Dutch: dode


felt

Middle Dutch: velt

Dutch: veld
Afrikaans: veld
→ English: veld
Negerhollands: veld
→ Caribbean Javanese: fèlt

From Proto-West Germanic *felþu, from Proto-Germanic *felþuz.


era

Middle Dutch: êre
Dutch: eer
Afrikaans: eer
Negerhollands: eer
Limburgish: ieër

From Proto-West Germanic *aiʀu, from Proto-Germanic *aizō.


calf

Middle Dutch: calf
Dutch: kalf
Limburgish: kalf


salt

Middle Dutch: sout

Dutch: zout (see there for further descendants)

Limburgish: zaat


hem

Middle Dutch: hêem
Dutch: heem, heim (possibly from German), -em, -hem, -gem (in placenames)
Afrikaans: heim
Limburgish: heim

From Proto-West Germanic *haim, from Proto-Germanic *haimaz.


munt

Middle Dutch: mont
Dutch: mond
Afrikaans: mond
Javindo: mon
Negerhollands: mond, mon, mun, mont
→ Virgin Islands Creole: mon, mout (dated)
Petjo: mon
Skepi Creole Dutch: mont
Limburgish: móndj


osso

osso (nominative singular)
osson (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
osso (accusative singular)
osson (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
ossin (genitive singular)
ossono (genitive plural)
osson (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
osson (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: osse

Dutch: os
Afrikaans: os
Negerhollands: os


dag

dag (nominative singular)
daga (nominative plural)
dag (accusative singular)
daga (accusative plural)
dages (genitive singular)
dago (genitive plural)
dage (dative singular)
dagon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: dach
Dutch: dag
Afrikaans: dag
Berbice Creole Dutch: daka
Jersey Dutch: dâx
Negerhollands: dag, dak
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dak (archaic)
Petjo: dah
Skepi Creole Dutch: dak, dagka
→ Saramaccan: dáka
Limburgish: daag
West Flemish: dag
Zealandic: dag

From Proto-West Germanic *dag, from Proto-Germanic *dagaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn, to be illuminated”).

der

mānodag

piece of land with special feudal duties


dal

desctree

Middle Dutch: dal
Dutch: dal
Afrikaans: dal
Limburgish: daal


meri

Middle Dutch: mēre, mare

Dutch: meer, (regional) maar


meri

Middle Dutch: meer

Dutch: (obsolete) meer


bia

Middle Dutch: bië

Dutch: bij

Afrikaans: by

West Flemish: bie

Zealandic: bie, bieë


mus

Middle Dutch: muus
Dutch: muis
Afrikaans: muis
Jersey Dutch: mäus
Negerhollands: mischi, miśi, muśi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: mus
→ Sranan Tongo: moismoisi
Limburgish: moes

From Proto-West Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Germanic *mūs.


judo

Middle Dutch: jōde

Dutch: jood


ars

Middle Dutch: āers

Dutch: aars
Afrikaans: aars

From Proto-West Germanic *ars, from Proto-Germanic *arsaz.


wort

wort (nominative singular)
wort (nominative plural)
wort (accusative singular)
wort (accusative plural)
wordes (genitive singular)
wordo (genitive plural)
worde (dative singular)
wordon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: wort
Dutch: woord
Limburgish: waord, waordj


eth

ēthe (nominative singular)
-i (nominative singular)
ēthe (nominative plural)
-i (nominative plural)
ēthe (accusative singular)
-i (accusative singular)
ēthe (accusative plural)
-i (accusative plural)
ēthes (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
ētho (genitive plural)
ēthe (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
ēthon (dative plural)


smith

Middle Dutch: smit
Dutch: smid
Afrikaans: smid
Negerhollands: smid
→ Munsee: shumát
→ Papiamentu: smet, smid
→ Sranan Tongo: smeti, smitti
→ Saramaccan: simítima
→ Unami: shëmìt, shmìt
Limburgish: smeid, smieëd


berg

berg (nominative singular)
berga (nominative plural)
berg (accusative singular)
berga (accusative plural)
bergas (genitive singular)
berge (genitive plural)
-o (genitive plural)
bergo (dative singular)
bergon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: berch
Dutch: berg
Afrikaans: berg
→ English: berg
Berbice Creole Dutch: berki
Jersey Dutch: bêrix
Negerhollands: berg, bergi
→ Virgin Islands Creole: berg, bergi
→ Aukan: beligi
→ Sranan Tongo: bergi
→ Caribbean Javanese: bérgi
Limburgish: berg


mano

māno (canonical masculine)
māno (nominative singular)
mānon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
māno (accusative singular)
mānon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
mānin (genitive singular)
mānono (genitive plural)
mānon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
mānon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: mâne
Dutch: maan
Afrikaans: maan
Berbice Creole Dutch: manti
Jersey Dutch: mân, môn
Negerhollands: maand, man, maen
→ Aukan: manti
Limburgish: maon
West Flemish: moane
Zealandic: maene, maone


weg

weg (nominative singular)
wega (nominative plural)
weg (accusative singular)
wega (accusative plural)
weges (genitive singular)
wego (genitive plural)
wege (dative singular)
wegon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: wech
Dutch: weg
Afrikaans: weg
Limburgish: waeg


bom

Middle Dutch: bôom
Dutch: boom
Limburgish: boum


hus

Middle Dutch: huus
Dutch: huis
Afrikaans: huis
Javindo: guis, huis, geis, heis
Jersey Dutch: häus
Negerhollands: hoes, hus, huus
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hus (dated)
Petjo: heis
Skepi Creole Dutch: huis, hoose
Limburgish: hoes


grunt

Middle Dutch: gront

Dutch: grond


dier

Middle Dutch: dier

Dutch: dier

From Proto-West Germanic *deuʀ, from Proto-Germanic *deuzą, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewsóm.


draco

Middle Dutch: drāke
Dutch: draak
Afrikaans: draak
Limburgish: draagk, draogk


gero

Middle Dutch: gēre

Dutch: geer


fisc

Middle Dutch: visch
Dutch: vis
Afrikaans: vis
Berbice Creole Dutch: fesi
Jersey Dutch: väśe
Negerhollands: visch, vesch, fes, fis, vis
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fis (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: fesi, fisse, fiche
Petjo: fis
→? Aukan: fisi
Limburgish: visj, vèsj
West Flemish: vissch

From Frankish and Proto-West Germanic *fisk, Proto-Germanic *fiskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *peysk- (“fish”).


brand

Middle Dutch: brant
Dutch: brand
Afrikaans: brand
Limburgish: brandj

From Proto-West Germanic *brand, from Proto-Germanic *brandaz.


lo

Middle Dutch: lôo

Dutch: loo


jar

Middle Dutch: jâer
Dutch: jaar
Afrikaans: jaar
Berbice Creole Dutch: jari
Jersey Dutch: jâr
Negerhollands: jaer, jaar, yer
→ Aukan: yali
→ Sranan Tongo: yari
→ Caribbean Javanese: yari
→ Saramaccan: jáa
Limburgish: jaor
West Flemish: joar
Zealandic: jaer, jaor


wif

wīf (canonical neuter)
wīf (nominative singular)
wīf (nominative plural)
wīf (accusative singular)
wīf (accusative plural)
wīvis (genitive singular)
-es (genitive singular)
wīvo (genitive plural)
wīve (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
wīvon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: wijf
Dutch: wijf
Afrikaans: wyf
Jersey Dutch: wāif
Negerhollands: wief, wif
Skepi Creole Dutch: weef
Sranan Tongo: wefi
Limburgish: wief
West Flemish: wuuf
Zealandic: wuuf

From Proto-West Germanic *wīb, from Proto-Germanic *wībą.
Cognate with Old Frisian wīf, Old Saxon wīf, Old English wīf, Old High German wīb, Old Norse víf.

c. 1000 CE, Leiden Willeram;
Thie thiernan sahon sie ande zaldon sie ze aller wivo saligosta

The girls saw her and counted her as the most fortunate of all women

c. 1100 CE, Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible;
Thure sinen bosen nith betroch er thaz arme wif

Because of his evil hate, he decieved that poor woman


fro

frō (canonical masculine)
frō (nominative singular)
frōn (nominative plural)
frōn (accusative singular)
frōn (accusative plural)
frōn (genitive singular)
frōno (genitive plural)
frōn (dative singular)
frōn (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *frauwjō, from Proto-Germanic *frawjô. Related to Old High German frō, Old English frēa and Old Norse Freyr.


holt

Middle Dutch: hout
Dutch: hout
Afrikaans: hout
Limburgish: hówtj

From Proto-West Germanic *holt, from Proto-Germanic *hultą.


ora

Middle Dutch: ôre
Dutch: oor
Afrikaans: oor
Jersey Dutch: ôr
Negerhollands: oor, hoor, ho
Limburgish: oear

From Proto-West Germanic *auʀā, from the voiced Verner alternant of Proto-Germanic *ausô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ows-.


buc

Middle Dutch: boc
Dutch: bok (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: bók
West Flemish: buk

From Proto-West Germanic *bukk, from Proto-Germanic *bukkaz.


buc

Middle Dutch: buuc
Dutch: buik
Afrikaans: buik
Negerhollands: buk, big, bik
Skepi Creole Dutch: buk
Limburgish: boek
West Flemish: buuk
Zealandic: buuk

From Proto-West Germanic *būk, from Proto-Germanic *būkaz.


sten

Middle Dutch: stêen
Dutch: steen
Afrikaans: steen
→ Sotho: setene
→ Southern Ndebele: isitina
→ Zulu: isitini
Fanagalo: stin
Berbice Creole Dutch: ten
Negerhollands: steen, stin, sten
→ Virgin Islands Creole: sten (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: stene, stenna
→ Papiamentu: stenchi (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: stein

From Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.


bona

Middle Dutch: bône
Dutch: boon
Afrikaans: boon
→ Xhosa: imbotyi (from the diminutive)
Berbice Creole Dutch: bono
Negerhollands: bontśi, boontje, boonschi (from the diminutive)
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bontsi (archaic)
→ Caribbean Javanese: bontyis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Indonesian: buncis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Petjo: bontjies, boontjies
→ Javanese: buncis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Papiamentu: bonchi, boontsje (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: bonki (from the diminutive)
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bongki
Limburgish: boean


rinc

Middle Dutch: rinc
Dutch: ring
Afrikaans: ring
Negerhollands: rink, riṅ
→? Aukan: linga
→ Indonesian: ring
→ Papiamentu: renchi, ringtsje (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: rink

From Proto-West Germanic *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz.


strata

Middle Dutch: strâte
Dutch: straat (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: sjtraot, straot

From Proto-West Germanic *strātu, from Latin strāta.


forno

forno (nominative singular)
fornon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
forno (accusative singular)
fornon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
fornin (genitive singular)
fornono (genitive plural)
fornon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
fornon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: vōorne

Dutch: voorn


brado

Middle Dutch: brâde

Afrikaans: braai

→ Dutch: braai

→ English: braai


fuir

fuir (nominative singular)
fuir (nominative plural)
fuir (accusative singular)
fuir (accusative plural)
fuiris (genitive singular)
-es (genitive singular)
fuiro (genitive plural)
fuire (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
fuiron (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: vuur
Dutch: vuur
Afrikaans: vuur
Javindo: vier
Jersey Dutch: vuer, vîr
Negerhollands: vuur, fi, vier
Skepi Creole Dutch: fir
Limburgish: vuur
West Flemish: vier
Zealandic: vier

From Proto-West Germanic *fuir, from Proto-Germanic *fōr, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥.


tunga

tunga (nominative singular)
tungon (nominative plural)
tungon (accusative singular)
tungon (accusative plural)
tungon (genitive singular)
tungno (genitive plural)
tungon (dative singular)
tungon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: tonge
Dutch: tong
Afrikaans: tong
Negerhollands: tong, toṅ, tung
→ Virgin Islands Creole: ton (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: tunk
→? Sranan Tongo: tongo
→ Aukan: tongo
→ Kwinti: tongo
→ Saramaccan: tongò
Limburgish: tóng

From Proto-West Germanic *tungā, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.


stat

Middle Dutch: stat, stede

Dutch: stad, stede, stee


ravan

Middle Dutch: rāven

Dutch: raaf


geit

Middle Dutch: geit

Dutch: geit
Afrikaans: geit

Limburgish: geit


har

Middle Dutch: hâer

Dutch: haar


tant

Middle Dutch: tant

Dutch: tand


horo

Middle Dutch: hōre

Dutch: hore


lito

lito (nominative singular)
liton (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
lito (accusative singular)
liton (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
litin (genitive singular)
litono (genitive plural)
liton (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
liton (dative plural)

early 6th c., King Clovis I, Salic law
maltho thi afrio lito


a

Middle Dutch: â

Dutch: a, Aa


folc

folc (nominative singular)
folc (nominative plural)
folc (accusative singular)
folc (accusative plural)
folcis (genitive singular)
-es (genitive singular)
folco (genitive plural)
folce (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
folcon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: volc
Dutch: volk
Afrikaans: volk
Negerhollands: volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk
→ Sranan Tongo: folku
Limburgish: vouk

From Proto-West Germanic *folk, from Proto-Germanic *fulką.


burg

Middle Dutch: borch, burch
Dutch: burg, burcht
Afrikaans: burg
Limburgish: bórg, börch

From Proto-West Germanic *burg, from Proto-Germanic *burgz.


medu

Middle Dutch: mēde
Dutch: mede, mee


wulf

Middle Dutch: wolf
Dutch: wolf
Afrikaans: wolf
Jersey Dutch: wâlf
Negerhollands: wuluwuluk
→ Virgin Islands Creole: wuluwuluk (dated)
Limburgish: wólf

From Proto-West Germanic *wulf, from Proto-Germanic *wulfaz.


hof

Middle Dutch: hof
Dutch: hof
Afrikaans: hof
Negerhollands: hofje, hofi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
→ Papiamentu: hòfi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: haof, hoof
→ Scots: howff(Please either change this template to or insert a ====Descendants==== section in howff)

Middle Dutch: hof
Dutch: hof
Afrikaans: hof
Negerhollands: hofje, hofi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
→ Papiamentu: hòfi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: haof, hoof
→ Scots: howff(Please either change this template to {{desc}} or insert a ====Descendants==== section in howff)

From Proto-West Germanic *hof, from Proto-Germanic *hufą.


seo

Middle Dutch: sêe f or m
Dutch: zee f
Afrikaans: see
Berbice Creole Dutch: sei
Javindo: see
Negerhollands: see
→ Saramaccan: zé
→ Sranan Tongo: se
Limburgish: zieë f
West Flemish: zji m or f, zêe


ger

Middle Dutch: gêer
Dutch: geer

From Proto-West Germanic *gaiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *gaizaz (“spear, pike, javelin”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoys-ós (“pointed stick, spear”), from *ǵʰey- (“to drive, move, fling”).


endi

ende (nominative singular)
-i (nominative singular)
ende (nominative plural)
-i (nominative plural)
ende (accusative singular)
-i (accusative singular)
ende (accusative plural)
-i (accusative plural)
endes (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
endo (genitive plural)
ende (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
endon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: ende

Dutch: einde

Limburgish: ènj

From Proto-West Germanic *andī, from Proto-Germanic *andijaz.


mago

mago (nominative singular)
magon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
mago (accusative singular)
magon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
magin (genitive singular)
magono (genitive plural)
magon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
magon (dative plural)

desctree

Middle Dutch: māge
Dutch: maag
Afrikaans: maag
Negerhollands: maag
→ Indonesian: mag
Limburgish: maag


walt

walt (nominative singular)
walt (nominative plural)
walt (accusative singular)
walt (accusative plural)
waldes (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
waldo (genitive plural)
walde (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
waldon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: wout
Dutch: woud
Limburgish: waadj


hara

Possibly related to Proto-Germanic *harugaz (“pile of stones”).

cog

Asperen
Dulder
Eenrum
Enter, Netherlands
Gaanderen
Heeswijk-Dinther
Lonneker
Losser
Macharen
Mander, Overijssel
Oorderen
Steenderen
Varsenare
Walcheren
Wassenaar
Wetteren
Zevenaar


oga

desctree

Middle Dutch: ôge
Dutch: oog
Limburgish: oug


lif

Middle Dutch: lijf

Dutch: lijf

From Proto-West Germanic *līb, from Proto-Germanic *lībą. Cognate with Old English līf, Old Frisian līf and Old High German līb


scala

Middle Dutch: scale, schale

Dutch: schaal


duva

Middle Dutch: duve
Dutch: duif
Afrikaans: duif
Negerhollands: dufje, difi, diffie
→ Sranan Tongo: doifi
Limburgish: doef

Leiden Willeram, late 11th century;
Thiu duva, thie thar nistelot in then steynlocheron ande in then hegge holeron,

The dove that nests in the rock fractures and the holes in the hedge,


golt

Middle Dutch: gout
Dutch: goud
Afrikaans: goud
Berbice Creole Dutch: gautu
Negerhollands: gaut, goud, gout
Skepi Creole Dutch: gaut
→ Sranan Tongo: gowtu
→ Caribbean Javanese: gautu
→ Saramaccan: góútu
→ Trió: koutu
Limburgish: góldj

From Proto-West Germanic *golþ, from Proto-Germanic *gulþą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰĺ̥tom.


naht

Middle Dutch: nacht
Dutch: nacht
Afrikaans: nag
Negerhollands: nacht, nagt
Limburgish: nach
West Flemish: nacht

From Proto-West Germanic *naht, from Proto-Germanic *nahts.


swert

swert (nominative singular)
swert (nominative plural)
swert (accusative singular)
swert (accusative plural)
swertis (genitive singular)
-es (genitive singular)
swerto (genitive plural)
swerte (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
swerton (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: swert
Dutch: zwaard
Afrikaans: swaard
Negerhollands: sweerd
Limburgish: zwerd
West Flemish: zwoard
Zealandic: zwaerd

From Proto-West Germanic *swerd, from Proto-Germanic *swerdą, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to cut, to fester”).


swin

swīn (canonical neuter)
swīn (nominative singular)
swīn (nominative plural)
swīn (accusative singular)
swīn (accusative plural)
swīnis (genitive singular)
-es (genitive singular)
swīno (genitive plural)
swīne (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
swīnon (dative plural)

desctree

Middle Dutch: swijn
Dutch: zwijn
Afrikaans: swyn
Limburgish: zwien

From Proto-West Germanic *swīn, from Proto-Germanic *swīną. Akin to Old English swīn, Old Saxon swīn and Old Norse svín.


brunno

Middle Dutch: borne

Dutch: bron

Afrikaans: bron

From Proto-West Germanic *brunnō, from Proto-Germanic *brunnô.


crampo

Middle Dutch: crampe

Dutch: kramp

From Frankish *krampa, from Proto-Germanic *krampô, related to *krampō.


cundo

cundo (nominative singular)
cundon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
cundo (accusative singular)
cundon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
cundin (genitive singular)
cundono (genitive plural)
cundon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
cundon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: conde

Dutch: konde


haso

haso (nominative singular)
hason (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
haso (accusative singular)
hason (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
hasin (genitive singular)
hasono (genitive plural)
hason (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
hason (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: hāse

Dutch: haas


herro

hērro (canonical masculine)
hērro (nominative singular)
hērron (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
hērro (accusative singular)
hērron (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
hērrin (genitive singular)
hērrono (genitive plural)
hērron (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
hērron (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: hêre
Dutch: heer
Afrikaans: heer
Limburgish: hieër


sunna

sunna (nominative singular)
̈*sunnon (nominative plural)
sunna (accusative singular)
sunnon (accusative plural)
sunnun (genitive singular)
sunneno (genitive plural)
sunnun (dative singular)
sunnon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: sonne f or m
Dutch: zon
Afrikaans: son
Berbice Creole Dutch: sono
Jersey Dutch: zon
Negerhollands: son, zon
→ Sranan Tongo: son (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: zón
West Flemish: zunne
Zealandic: zunne

From Proto-West Germanic *sunnā (“sun”).


sunna

Son (a village in modern North Brabant, the Netherlands)


hano

hano (nominative singular)
hanon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
hano (accusative singular)
hanon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
hanin (genitive singular)
hanono (genitive plural)
hanon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
hanon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: hāne

Dutch: haan


namo

namo (nominative singular)
namin (nominative plural)
namin (accusative singular)
namin (accusative plural)
namin (genitive singular)
namno (genitive plural)
namin (dative singular)
namon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: nāme
Dutch: naam
Limburgish: naam, naom


bogo

bogo (nominative singular)
bogon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
bogo (accusative singular)
bogon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
bogin (genitive singular)
bogono (genitive plural)
bogon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
bogon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: bōge

Dutch: boog

Afrikaans: boog


fano

Middle Dutch: vāne

Dutch: vaan


folo

folo (nominative singular)
folon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
folo (accusative singular)
folon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
folin (genitive singular)
folono (genitive plural)
folon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
folon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: vōle

Dutch: vool


thorp

Middle Dutch: dorp

Dutch: dorp
Afrikaans: dorp
→ Fanagalo: dorop
→ Sotho: toropo
→ Tswana: toropo
→ Venda: ḓorobo
→ Xhosa: idolophu
→ Zulu: idolobha
Negerhollands: dorp
→ English: dorp
→ Papiamentu: dorp
→ Sranan Tongo: dorpu

Limburgish: dörp

→ Middle Scots: dorp, drop

Scots: dorp


regan

Middle Dutch: rēgen
Dutch: regen
Afrikaans: reën
Negerhollands: regen, regn, rign, regon
Skepi Creole Dutch: regen, ragin
Limburgish: raenger
West Flemish: rin, rein

From Proto-West Germanic *regn, from Proto-Germanic *regną.


slango

slango (nominative singular)
slangon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
slango (accusative singular)
slangon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
slangin (genitive singular)
slangono (genitive plural)
slangon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
slangon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: slange
Dutch: slang
Afrikaans: slang
Berbice Creole Dutch: slanggi
Negerhollands: slang, slaṅ
Skepi Creole Dutch: slanka
→ Aukan: salan
→ Caribbean Javanese: selang
→ Indonesian: slang (“hose”)
→ Papiamentu: slan
Limburgish: slang


sneo

Middle Dutch: snêe
Dutch: sneeuw
Afrikaans: sneeu
Negerhollands: sneew
→ Papiamentu: sneu, sneeuw
→ Sranan Tongo: snew
Limburgish: snieë

From Proto-West Germanic *snaiw, from Proto-Germanic *snaiwaz.


falco

falco (nominative singular)
falcon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
falco (accusative singular)
falcon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
falcin (genitive singular)
falcono (genitive plural)
falcon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
falcon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: valke

Dutch: valk

From Proto-West Germanic *falkō, from Proto-Germanic *falkô.


wini

wine (nominative singular)
wino (nominative singular)
wine (accusative singular)
wino (accusative singular)
wines (genitive singular)
wine (dative singular)
wino (dative singular)
winon (dative singular)

From Proto-West Germanic *wini, whence also Old Saxon wini, Old English wine, Old Frisian wine, Old High German wini, Old Norse vinr.

These is hunt mines wines

Eerlich bistu, wine min


sant

Middle Dutch: sant

Dutch: zand


brugga

Middle Dutch: brugge
Dutch: brug, Brugge
Afrikaans: brug
→ Papiamentu: brùg
Limburgish: brögk


lut

Middle Dutch: geluut, geluet, geluyt
Dutch: geluid
Afrikaans: geluid
Petjo: heluit

From Proto-Germanic *hleuþą (“sound”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-to-, derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- (“hear”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸 (hliuþ).


farn

Middle Dutch: varen

Dutch: varen

Afrikaans: varing

From Proto-West Germanic *farn. Compare Old English fearn and Old Saxon farn.


fogal

fogal (nominative singular)
fogala (nominative plural)
fogal (accusative singular)
fogala (accusative plural)
fogales (genitive singular)
fogalo (genitive plural)
fogale (dative singular)
fogalon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: vōgel
Dutch: vogel
Afrikaans: voël
→ English: voël
Jersey Dutch: fœüxel
Negerhollands: vogel
Skepi Creole Dutch: fogul
→? Sranan Tongo: fowru, vol, vool
→ Saramaccan: fóu
Limburgish: vogel, voeagel
West Flemish: veugel
Zealandic: veugel

From Proto-West Germanic *fugl, from Proto-Germanic *fuglaz.

Thie fogal ne is hiera. Thie is bi themo thorpe.

The bird is not here. It (literally "he") is in the town.

Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan

All birds have started to build their nests


fingar

Middle Dutch: vinger
Dutch: vinger
Afrikaans: vinger
Berbice Creole Dutch: finggri
Negerhollands: vinger, fiṅgu, finger
→? Aukan: finga
→? Caribbean Hindustani: ungri
→? Sranan Tongo: finga
→ Saramaccan: fingá
Limburgish: vinger, vènger

From Proto-West Germanic *fingr, from Proto-Germanic *fingraz.


casto

Middle Dutch: caste

Dutch: kast


lera

Middle Dutch: lêre
Dutch: leer
Limburgish: lieër

From Proto-West Germanic *laiʀu, from Proto-Germanic *laizō.


armo

Middle Dutch: arme

Dutch: arme


gravo

grāvo (canonical masculine)
gravo (nominative singular)
gravon (nominative plural)
gravo (accusative singular)
gravon (accusative plural)
gravon (genitive singular)
gravon (genitive plural)
gravin (dative singular)
gravon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: grâve

Dutch: graaf

Afrikaans: graaf

count; servant of the king with a specific supervisory task


nivelen

Likely from *niuwal, which is either a compound of niuwi (“new”) or *al (“house, farmstead, holy place”) or comes from Proto-West Germanic *niwialhô- (“low-lying”).

inh

Nieuwaal (a village in modern Gelderland, the Netherlands)


bluot

bluot (nominative singular)
bluot (nominative plural)
bluot (accusative singular)
bluot (accusative plural)
bluotis (genitive singular)
-es (genitive singular)
bluoto (genitive plural)
bluote (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
bluoton (dative plural)

desctree

Middle Dutch: bloet
Dutch: bloed
Afrikaans: bloed
Berbice Creole Dutch: blutu
Javindo: bloet
Skepi Creole Dutch: blut
→? Sranan Tongo: brudu
→ Aukan: buulu
→ Saramaccan: buúu
Limburgish: blood

From Proto-West Germanic *blōd, from Proto-Germanic *blōþą.


brot

brōt (canonical neuter)
brōt (nominative singular)
brōt (nominative plural)
brōt (accusative singular)
brōt (accusative plural)
brōtis (genitive singular)
-es (genitive singular)
brōto (genitive plural)
brōte (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
brōton (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: brôot
Dutch: brood
Afrikaans: brood
Berbice Creole Dutch: broto
Jersey Dutch: brôt
Negerhollands: brood, brot
Skepi Creole Dutch: brot
Limburgish: broead

From Proto-West Germanic *braud, from Proto-Germanic *braudą.


ando

Middle Dutch: ande


baco

Middle Dutch: bāke

Dutch: baak


hagal

Middle Dutch: hagel
Dutch: hagel
Afrikaans: hael
Berbice Creole Dutch: hagli
Negerhollands: hagel
→ Papiamentu: hagel
→ Sranan Tongo: agra
→ Caribbean Javanese: agrah
→ Saramaccan: hága, ága
Limburgish: hagel, haachel


bort

Middle Dutch: bort

Dutch: bord

Afrikaans: bord

From Proto-West Germanic *bord, from Proto-Germanic *burdą.


fus

Middle Dutch: vos
Dutch: vos
Afrikaans: vos
Jersey Dutch: vośe
Negerhollands: vos
Limburgish: vósj


cuo

Middle Dutch: coe
Dutch: koe (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: ków
West Flemish: koe


sorga

sorga (nominative singular)
sorga (accusative singular)
sorge (accusative singular)
sorgan (genitive singular)
sorgan (dative singular)

Middle Dutch: sorge, zorge, soorge
Dutch: zorg
Afrikaans: sorg
Negerhollands: sorg
Sranan Tongo: sorgu
→ Caribbean Hindustani: sorgu
→ Indonesian: rawat (semantic loan)

From Proto-West Germanic *sorgu, from Proto-Germanic *surgō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swergʰ- (“watch over, worry; be ill, suffer”).


hovit

hōvit (canonical neuter)
hōvit (nominative singular)
hōvid (nominative singular)
hōvit (nominative plural)
hōvit (accusative singular)
hōvit (accusative plural)
hōvidis (genitive singular)
-es (genitive singular)
hōvido (genitive plural)
hōvide (dative singular)
-a (dative singular)
hōvidon (dative plural)

desctree

Middle Dutch: hôvet
Dutch: hoofd
Afrikaans: hoof
→ Indonesian: hop
Negerhollands: hoofd
Limburgish: houf-, höjdj- (compounds only)

Sattos aruit an ruggi unsin, gesattos man ouir hôvit unsa

You set tribulations on our back, you set men over our heads


hupi

Middle Dutch: hope, huepe

Dutch: heup
Afrikaans: heup
Negerhollands: hep, heep

From Proto-West Germanic *hupi, from Proto-Germanic *hupiz.


igil

Middle Dutch: ēgel

Dutch: egel


blindo

Middle Dutch: blinde

Dutch: blinde


feni

Middle Dutch: vēne

Dutch: veen

Middle Dutch: venne

Dutch: ven

From Proto-West Germanic *fani, from Proto-Germanic *fanją.


milta

Middle Dutch: milte

Dutch: milt

Afrikaans: milt


riki

Middle Dutch: rike

Dutch: rijk

Afrikaans: ryk

From Proto-West Germanic *rīkī (“kingdom, realm”).


stier

Middle Dutch: stier

Dutch: stier
Afrikaans: stier


farro

farro (nominative singular)
farron (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
farro (accusative singular)
farron (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
farrin (genitive singular)
farrono (genitive plural)
farron (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
farron (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: varre

Dutch: var


hant

hant (nominative singular)
handi (nominative plural)
hant (accusative singular)
handi (accusative plural)
handa (genitive singular)
hando (genitive plural)
handa (dative singular)
handon (dative plural)

desctree

Middle Dutch: hant
Dutch: hand
Limburgish: handj
Zealandic: and


gardo

Middle Dutch: garde

Dutch: gaard

Limburgish: gäörd


lant

lant (nominative singular)
lant (nominative plural)
lant (accusative singular)
lant (accusative plural)
lantis (genitive singular)
-es (genitive singular)
lanto (genitive plural)
lante (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
lanton (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: lant
Dutch: land
Afrikaans: land
Berbice Creole Dutch: alanda, landi
Negerhollands: land, lant, lan
Skepi Creole Dutch: land, lantta
→ Sranan Tongo: lanti (see there for further descendants)
>? Javanese: ꦭꦤ꧀ (lan)
Limburgish: landj
Zealandic: land


fadar

Middle Dutch: vāder, vaer (loss of -d-)
Dutch: vader
Afrikaans: vader
Berbice Creole Dutch: fadir
Javindo: fader
Jersey Dutch: vâder
Negerhollands: vader
Skepi Creole Dutch: father
Limburgish: vajer, vader


buti

Middle Dutch: *buute, *buete

Dutch: buit
Afrikaans: buit
→ West Frisian: bût, bút

→ Middle Low German: bûte f, büte
→ Middle High German: biute
German: Beute
Yiddish: בײַטן (baytn)
→ Old Czech: bít, bíta
Early Modern Czech: bít, bíta
→ Old Norse: býti n
Icelandic: býti
Swedish: byte
Old Danish: bythæ
Danish: bytte

→? Vulgar Latin: *būtinus (or *boudinus ← Gaulish *boudi)

Old French: butin (“spoils, plunder; allotment”), botin
Middle French: butin
French: butin
→ Breton: butin
→ Catalan: botí
→ Middle English: bottyne, botye, buty
English: booty, bootyn (archaic)

⇒ Old French: butiner

→ Middle Dutch: butineren

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Uncertain; possibly borrowed from Gaulish *boudi, from Proto-Celtic *boudi (“profit, gains; victory”), or perhaps from Proto-West Germanic *biūtijan, from *bi- (locative prefix) + *ūt (“out, outward”) + *-jan.

af

bytte

→ Old Norse: býta (or ← Middle Dutch); Danish


keiser

keisere (nominative singular)
-i (nominative singular)
keisere (nominative plural)
-i (nominative plural)
keisere (accusative singular)
-i (accusative singular)
keisere (accusative plural)
-i (accusative plural)
keiseres (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
keisero (genitive plural)
keisere (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
keiseron (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: keiser

Dutch: keizer


kint

kint (nominative singular)
kint (nominative plural)
kind (nominative plural)
kint (accusative singular)
kint (accusative plural)
kindes (genitive singular)
kinde (genitive plural)
-o (genitive plural)
kinde (dative singular)
kinden (dative plural)
-on (dative plural)

desctree

Middle Dutch: kint
Dutch: kind
Afrikaans: kind
Jersey Dutch: känt
Negerhollands: kind, kint, kin, ken
Skepi Creole Dutch: kente, kinte
Limburgish: kindj

From Proto-West Germanic *kind (“child”).


bodo

Middle Dutch: bōde

Dutch: bode

Afrikaans: bode


gebet

gebet (nominative singular)
gebet (nominative plural)
gebet (accusative singular)
gebet (accusative plural)
gebetis (genitive singular)
-es (genitive singular)
gebeto (genitive plural)
gebete (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
gebeton (dative plural)


flo

Middle Dutch: vlô

Dutch: vlo

Limburgish: vlouch


lieht

Middle Dutch: licht

Dutch: licht


cruci

Middle Dutch: crûce, crûs

Dutch: kruis
Afrikaans: kruis
Negerhollands: kroes, cruis, krus
→ Caribbean Javanese: krèis
→ Indonesian: kres

Limburgish: kruutse

West Flemish: kruus


nutu

Middle Dutch: nōte
Dutch: noot
Afrikaans: neut
Jersey Dutch: nœüt, nût
Negerhollands: neet, noot
Skepi Creole Dutch: noot
→ Papiamentu: nechi, neetsje, neetsjie (from the diminutive)
→ Saramaccan: notò
Limburgish: noeat (with unexpected oea)

From Proto-West Germanic *hnut, from Proto-Germanic *hnuts.


felisa

Velsen (a village in modern North Holland, the Netherlands)


skilt

Middle Dutch: schilt
Dutch: schild
Afrikaans: skild
Limburgish: sjèldj, sjildj


muoder

Middle Dutch: moeder
Dutch: moeder
Afrikaans: moeder
Negerhollands: muder, moeder
Limburgish: moder
Zealandic: moeder

From Proto-West Germanic *mōder, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr.


fuot

fuot (nominative singular)
fuoti (nominative plural)
fuot (accusative singular)
fuoti (accusative plural)
fuotis (genitive singular)
fuoto (genitive plural)
fuote (dative singular)
fuoton (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: voet
Dutch: voet
Limburgish: voot

From Proto-West Germanic *fōt, from Proto-Germanic *fōts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds.


herta

herta (nominative singular)
hertin (nominative plural)
herta (accusative singular)
hertin (accusative plural)
hertin (genitive singular)
hertno (genitive plural)
hertin (dative singular)
herton (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: herte, harte
Dutch: hart
Afrikaans: hart
Limburgish: hert
West Flemish: erte


watar

watar (nominative singular)
watar (nominative plural)
watar (accusative singular)
watar (accusative plural)
watris (genitive singular)
watro (genitive plural)
watre (dative singular)
watare (dative singular)
watron (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: wāter
Dutch: water
Afrikaans: water
Javindo: water
Negerhollands: watu, water, water, waeter
Petjo: watter
Skepi Creole Dutch: water
→? Sranan Tongo: watra
→ Aukan: wataa
→ Saramaccan: wáta
Limburgish: water
West Flemish: woater

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wed-
Proto-Indo-European *-r̥
Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥
Proto-Germanic *watōr
Proto-West Germanic *watar
Old Dutch watar
From Proto-West Germanic *watar, from Proto-Germanic *watōr, from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥.

etymon

UUi lithon thuro fûir in thuro uuatir, in brâhtos unsig an cuolithon

We went through fire and through water, and you brought us to coolness

Visc flot aftar themo watare, verbrustun sina vetherun. Tho gihelida ina use Druhtin: The selvo Druhtin, thie thena visc gihelda, thie gihele that hers theru. Spurihelti. AMEN.


ertha

desctree

Middle Dutch: erde
Dutch: aarde
Afrikaans: aarde
Negerhollands: aarde, adu, aerde
→ Virgin Islands Creole: adu, ard (archaic)
→ Indonesian: arde
Limburgish: aerd, aerj


stuol

Middle Dutch: stoel
Dutch: stoel
Afrikaans: stoel
→ Southern Ndebele: ísítúlo
→ Shona: chitúru
→ Sotho: setulo
→ Swazi: sítúlo
→ Tsonga: xitulu
→ Xhosa: ísítúlo
→ Zulu: ísítúlo
Jersey Dutch: stûl
Negerhollands: stoel, stul, stuel
Skepi Creole Dutch: stool
→ Aukan: sutuu
→ Fanagalo: stul (possibly via Zulu or from English)
→ Papiamentu: stul, stoeltsje, stoeltji
→ Sranan Tongo: sturu
Limburgish: stool


ginatha

Middle Dutch: genâde
Dutch: genade
Limburgish: gnäöj

From gi + nātha, from Proto-Germanic *nēþō-, from Proto-Indo-European *net- (“to favor, protect”), see also Gothic 𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (niþan, “to help”). Compare German Gnade.


himil

himil (nominative singular)
himila (nominative plural)
-as (nominative plural)
himil (accusative singular)
himila (accusative plural)
-as (accusative plural)
himiles (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
himilo (genitive plural)
himile (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
himilon (dative plural)

desctree

Middle Dutch: hēmel
Dutch: hemel
Afrikaans: hemel
Limburgish: hieëmel

c. 1100 CE, Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible

On the ceiling stood the stones, both large and small, more and less, like the stars in the sky.

Inthemo himilze stont thaz gestêine. beithe groz ande cleine. Minnere ande merre. also an themo himile that gestirne.

(singular only) heavens, sky (visible sky)

c. 1100 CE, Leiden Willeram

The true peacemaker, who ended the hostilities between God and man, he has a prepared a table there in Heaven for his loved ones.

Ther uerus pacificus, the ther mit sinemo dootha dissoluit inimicitias inter deum et hominem, her hauet uore gegarewet sinen holden eynan disk thar ze himole.

Miletus, ein biscof uns saget uan sancta Marien, there maget That se uerscêithe in themo anderen jare that zo himile was geuaren unse herre And[e] bi monte oliueti blíue thar unse herr[e] zo themo himile stige

Miletus, a bishop, told us about the Holy Mary, that she died in the year following [the year] that our Lord ascended Heaven and remained at the Mount of Olives, where our Lord ascended Heaven.

(religion) heaven (divine abode; type of afterlife)


levara

Middle Dutch: lēvere

Dutch: lever
Afrikaans: lewer
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefre
Negerhollands: leber
→ Aukan: lebii
→ Indonesian: lever
→ Saramaccan: lebèn
→ Sranan Tongo: lefre
→ Caribbean Javanese: léfer


morth

Middle Dutch: mord, mort, moort

Dutch: moord

From Proto-West Germanic *morþ, from Proto-Germanic *murþą.


thas

Middle Dutch: das
Dutch: das
Afrikaans: das, dassie
→ English: dassie
Jersey Dutch: dās
→ West Frisian: das
Limburgish: dasj
West Flemish: das

From Proto-West Germanic *þahs, Proto-Germanic *þahsuz.


wraca

Middle Dutch: wrake

Dutch: wraak

From Proto-West Germanic *wrāku. Cognate with Old English wrǣc and Old High German rahha.

Between 900 and 1000 CE, die Berliner Handschrift [the Berlin manuscript], psalm 57:12 (psalm 58:10 in modern English versions; psalm 58:10 or 58:11 in modern Dutch versions)

The righteous will rejoice when he sees the vengeance.
*Note that the 'w' was written as 'uu' in Old Dutch.

Blithon sal rehlico so he gesiet uuraca.


beki

Middle Dutch: bēke
Dutch: beek
Limburgish: baek

From Proto-West Germanic *baki, from Proto-Germanic *bakiz (“brook, beach”).


frithu

Middle Dutch: vrēde
Dutch: vrede
Afrikaans: vrede
Negerhollands: vreed, vrede, vreede
Sranan Tongo: vrede, freide
Limburgish: vrieëd

From Proto-West Germanic *friþu, from Proto-Germanic *friþuz.

10th century, Wachtendonck Psalms

Irlōsin sol an frithe sēla mīna fan thēn thia ginācont mī, wanda under managon hē was mit mī.


ottar

Middle Dutch: otter
Dutch: otter
Berbice Creole Dutch: otro
Limburgish: ódder


tharm

Middle Dutch: darm, dāerm, derm

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">derm</i>

Dutch: darm (dialectal derm)

Afrikaans: derm

→ English: derm

Limburgish: derm

West Flemish: derm

From Proto-West Germanic *þarm, from Proto-Germanic *þarmaz.


thio

Middle Dutch: dië

Dutch: dij
Afrikaans: dy

Limburgish: die, diech


brudigomo

Middle Dutch: brudegōme

Dutch: bruidegom


scap

Middle Dutch: schâep

desctree

Dutch: schaap
Afrikaans: skaap
Berbice Creole Dutch: skapu
Jersey Dutch: sxâp
Negerhollands: skaap, skap
→ Lokono: sjikapoe, shikápo
→ Sranan Tongo: skapu
→ Saramaccan: sikáfu, sikápu
→ Warao: sikabo

Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible, early 12th century;
Sine scaf er leret, thie zigen er bekeret.

He teaches his sheep, he converts the goats


gilovo

Middle Dutch: gelôve

Dutch: geloof
Afrikaans: geloof
Negerhollands: geloof, gelovf, gloof


busc

Middle Dutch: bosch

Dutch: bos

From Proto-West Germanic *busk, from Proto-Germanic *buskaz.


burstil

Middle Dutch: burstel, borstel

Dutch: borstel

West Flemish: burstel

From Proto-Germanic *burstiz (“bristle, point, tip”).


gefadero

gefadero (nominative singular)
gefaderen (nominative plural)
gefaderen (accusative singular)
gefaderen (accusative plural)
gefaderen (genitive singular)
gefaderono (genitive plural)
gefaderen (dative singular)
gefaderon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: gevādere
Dutch: gevader

From Proto-West Germanic *gafadurjō, from *ga- + *fader + *-jō, literally “co-father”.


liehtfat

Middle Dutch: lichtvat
Dutch: lichtvat

A compound of lieht (“light”) + fat (“vat, vessel”).


golda

From Proto-West Germanic *golþ (“gold”) + *ahu (“river”).

Gouda (a city in modern South Holland, the Netherlands)


leppa

Middle Dutch: leppe

desctree

Dutch: lip
Afrikaans: lip
Negerhollands: lip, lepp
→ Papiamentu: lep, lip, leep


bevar

Middle Dutch: bēver
Dutch: bever
Afrikaans: bewer
Limburgish: baever


magith

Middle Dutch: māget, meit

Dutch: maagd, meid


gilico

Middle Dutch: gelike

Dutch: gelijke


huova

Middle Dutch: hoeve

Dutch: hoeve


kempo

Middle Dutch: kempe

Dutch: kempe


friunt

head

friunt m (nominative plural friunde or friund)

friunde (nominative plural)
friund (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle Dutch: vrient
Dutch: vriend
Afrikaans: vriend
Berbice Creole Dutch: frindi
Javindo: friend
Jersey Dutch: vrînt
Negerhollands: vriend, vrient
Petjo: pring (archaic)
Limburgish: vröndj

From Proto-West Germanic *friund, from Proto-Germanic *frijōndz.


cristin

Middle Dutch: cristen, kersten

Dutch: christen
Negerhollands: christ
→ Caribbean Javanese: Kristen

Afrikaans: Christen

c. 1000 CE, Leiden Willeram;
Hiro kind Iudei vuchta so ernesthafto wither the cristinen

Her children, the Jews, fought so hard against the Christians

(Christianity) Christian, a believer in Christianity.


balco

Middle Dutch: balke
Dutch: balk
Afrikaans: balk
Negerhollands: balk
→ Caribbean Javanese: baleg, balok
→ Javanese: ꦧꦭꦺꦴꦏ꧀ (balok)
→ Indonesian: balok
→ Malay: balak
> Indonesian: balak (inherited)
→ Papiamentu: balki (from the diminutive)
→ Saramaccan: báíki
→ Sranan Tongo: barki, balk
→ Caribbean Hindustani: barki
Limburgish: balk


mennisco

Middle Dutch: mensche

Dutch: mens


heritogo

Middle Dutch: hertōge

Dutch: hertog
Afrikaans: hertog


liut

Middle Dutch: liede

Dutch: lieden

From Proto-West Germanic *liud(i), from Proto-Germanic *liudiz.


kirica

Middle Dutch: kerke

Dutch: kerk


bruoc

Middle Dutch: broec

Dutch: broek


bruoc

desc

Middle Dutch: bruec, broec, brouc, brouck, broek

Dutch: broek


gidelo

Middle Dutch: gedêle


githanco

Middle Dutch: gedanke


jungiro

Middle Dutch: jongere

Dutch: jonger

Substantive form of jungiro (“younger”).


heiligo

heiligo (nominative singular)
heiligon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
heiligo (accusative singular)
heiligon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
heiligin (genitive singular)
heiligono (genitive plural)
heiligon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
heiligon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: heilige

Dutch: heilige


hermilo

hermilo (nominative singular)
hermilon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
hermilo (accusative singular)
hermilon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
hermilin (genitive singular)
hermilono (genitive plural)
hermilon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
hermilon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: hermel

Dutch: hermel

From *harmo + -il-. Parallel in formation to Old High German harmilo.


hirut

desctree

Middle Dutch: hert, hēert
Dutch: hert
Afrikaans: hert
Limburgish: hèrtj


cnapo

cnapo (nominative singular)
cnapon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
cnapo (accusative singular)
cnapon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
cnapin (genitive singular)
cnapono (genitive plural)
cnapon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
cnapon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: cnāpe

Dutch: knaap


cnio

Middle Dutch: cnie
Dutch: knie
Afrikaans: knie
Limburgish: kneen (plural reanalysed as singular)

From Proto-West Germanic *kneu, from Proto-Germanic *knewą.


crano

crano (nominative singular)
cranon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
crano (accusative singular)
cranon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
cranin (genitive singular)
cranono (genitive plural)
cranon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
cranon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: crāne, crāen

Dutch: kraan (see there for further descendants)

Limburgish: kraan

West Flemish: kraan

→ Walloon: cråne

From Proto-West Germanic *kranō, from Proto-Germanic *kranô.


sculdero

sculdero (nominative singular)
sculderon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
sculdero (accusative singular)
sculderon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
sculderin (genitive singular)
sculderono (genitive plural)
sculderon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
sculderon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: schoudere

Dutch: schouder

Limburgish: sjouwer


ecorno

ēcorno (canonical masculine)
ēcorno (nominative singular)
ēcornon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
ēcorno (accusative singular)
ēcornon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
ēcornin (genitive singular)
ēcornono (genitive plural)
ēcornon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
ēcornon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: êencōren

Dutch: eekhoorn


leido

leido (nominative singular)
leidon (nominative plural)
-un (nominative plural)
leido (accusative singular)
leidon (accusative plural)
-un (accusative plural)
leidin (genitive singular)
leidono (genitive plural)
leidon (dative singular)
-in (dative singular)
leidon (dative plural)


flesc

flēsc (canonical neuter)
flēsc (nominative singular)
flēsc (nominative plural)
flēsc (accusative singular)
flēsc (accusative plural)
flēscis (genitive singular)
-es (genitive singular)
flēsco (genitive plural)
flēsce (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
flēscon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: vlêesch
Dutch: vlees
Afrikaans: vleis
Negerhollands: vleesch, fleis, vleis
→ West Frisian: fleis
Limburgish: vleisj


druhtin

From Proto-West Germanic *druhtin, from Proto-Germanic *druhtinaz.

Leiden Willeram, late 11th century,
Also deda unser drohtin.


hulpere

hulpere (nominative singular)
-i (nominative singular)
hulpere (nominative plural)
-i (nominative plural)
hulpere (accusative singular)
-i (accusative singular)
hulpere (accusative plural)
-i (accusative plural)
hulperes (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
hulpero (genitive plural)
hulpere (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
hulperon (dative plural)


suert

suert (nominative singular)
suert (nominative plural)
suert (accusative singular)
suert (accusative plural)
suertis (genitive singular)
-es (genitive singular)
suerto (genitive plural)
suerte (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
suerton (dative plural)


appoldro

From Proto-West Germanic *apuldrō (“settlement by the apple trees”).

inh

Apeldoorn (a city in modern Gelderland, the Netherlands)


scagha

From Proto-West Germanic *skagō, from Proto-Germanic *skōgaz (“wood, grove, undergrowth”).

der

Schagen (a city in modern North Holland, the Netherlands)


scoronlo

From Proto-West Germanic *skor (“shore”) (related to *skeran) + *lauh (“clearing”), from Proto-Germanic *lauhaz.

Schoorl (a village in modern North Holland, the Netherlands)


naruthi

Naarden (a city in modern North Holland, the Netherlands)


medemolaca

From Proto-West Germanic *medumō (“middle”) + *laku (“stream”).

A stream in North Holland, the Netherlands

Medemblik (a city in modern North Holland, the Netherlands)


heileginlo

From Proto-West Germanic *hailag (“holy”) + *lauh (“clearing”).

Heiloo (a village in modern North Holland, the Netherlands)


marsna

Maarssen (a village in modern Utrecht, the Netherlands)


ganipi

Gennep (a village in modern Limburg, the Netherlands)


herla

Heerlen (a city in modern Limburg, the Netherlands)


oroscoth

Oirschot (a village in modern North Brabant, the Netherlands)


niumaga

From Latin Noviomagus, a shortening of Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum.

Nijmegen (a city in modern Gelderland, the Netherlands)


eresloch

From a name *ere + Proto-West Germanic *lauh (“clearing”) << Proto-Germanic *lauhaz. The first element could be related to the first element of Ariovistus.

Eersel (a village in modern North Brabant, the Netherlands)


budilio

From Proto-West Germanic *bōþl (“dwelling”) + *-i (place suffix). Related to English bold (“dwelling, building”).

Budel (a village in modern North Brabant, the Netherlands)


wesepa

Weesp (a city in modern North Holland, the Netherlands)


haralem

From a name *haral + Proto-West Germanic *haim (“home”). For the first element see Proto-Germanic *harugaz (“elevated place, altar”).

Haarlem (a city in modern North Holland, the Netherlands)


clova

desc

→ Old French: gloon (via an oblique case)

Indirectly from *clievan, from Proto-Germanic *kleubaną.


hovitman

hōvitman (canonical masculine)
hōvitman (nominative singular)
hōvitmanna (nominative plural)
hōvitman (accusative singular)
hōvitmanna (accusative plural)
hōvitmannis (genitive singular)
hōvitmanno (genitive plural)
hōvitmanne (dative singular)
hōvitmannon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: hôvetman

Dutch: hoofdman

From Proto-West Germanic *haubidamann. Cognate with Old High German houbitman, Old Saxon hōvidmann, Old English hēafodmann. Equivalent to hōvit- + man.


muos

muos (n) (canonical)
muos (nominative singular)
muos (nominative plural)
muos (accusative singular)
muos (accusative plural)
muosis (genitive singular)
-es (genitive singular)
muoso (genitive plural)
muose (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
muoson (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: moes

Dutch: moes

From Proto-West Germanic *mōs, from Proto-Germanic *mōsą (“porridge, food”), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“wet, fat, dripping”). Related to English mush.


cuninc

cuninc (nominative singular)
kuninga (nominative plural)
cuninc (accusative singular)
kuninga (accusative plural)
kuningis (genitive singular)
kuningo (genitive plural)
kuninge (dative singular)
kuningon (dative plural)

desctree

Middle Dutch: cōninc
Dutch: koning
Afrikaans: koning
Negerhollands: koning, kiniṅ
→ Mohegan-Pequot: kunnung
→ Sranan Tongo: kownu
→ Lokono: kónoe
→ Aukan: konu
→ Kari'na: konu
Limburgish: keuning

From Proto-West Germanic *kuning, from Proto-Germanic *kuningaz.

nu saget mir einen kuning other greven, the an uren got wille gelouven, that se sagent, that ist gelogen, thes ist thaz arme volc bedrogen

Mention one king or earl who wants to believe in their god, what they say is a lie, that's how the people are being deceived .


skenco

Middle Dutch: schenke, schinke

From earlier Old Dutch *skankjo, from Proto-West Germanic *skankijō. Equivalent to skenken (“to pour”) + -o (“forms an agent noun”).


tavala

desctree

Middle Dutch: tâfele
Dutch: tafel
Afrikaans: tafel (see there for further descendants)
Berbice Creole Dutch: tafl
Jersey Dutch: tâfel
Negerhollands: tafel, tavul, tawul, taul, taful, tavl, taefel
→ Virgin Islands Creole: tavul (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: tafl
→ Aukan: tafaa
→ Saramaccan: táfu
→ Sranan Tongo: tafra
→ Lokono: tafolo
→ Caribbean Hindustani: tafrá
→ Caribbean Javanese: tafrah, taprah
→ Kari'na: tapara
→ Trió: tafra
Limburgish: taofel


bruother

Middle Dutch: broeder

Dutch: broeder, broer

Afrikaans: broeder, broer

Limburgish: broor

From Proto-West Germanic *brōþer. Cognate with Old Saxon brōthar and Old Frisian brōther.


afgot

afgot (nominative singular)
afgot (nominative plural)
afgot (accusative singular)
afgot (accusative plural)
afgodes (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
afgodo (genitive plural)
afgode (dative singular)
-i (dative singular)
afgodon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: afgot, afgod, avegot

Dutch: afgod

Negerhollands: afgod

From af (“away from”) + got (“god”), from Proto-West Germanic *ab and Proto-West Germanic *god respectively. Possibly a calque of Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐌲𐌿𐌸𐍃 (afguþs). Compare Old High German abgot, Old Frisian afgod.

Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible, early 12th century;
Thice gescach inther zît, thaz begunde thie cristenheit von ther heithener thiet, thie noch thie afgot beget.

This happened in the time that Christianity arose from the pagan folk that still worships the false deities.

(religion, derogatory) idol; false or pagan deity


slekki

Middle Dutch: slecke, slacke

Dutch: slak

Afrikaans: slak


niuwal

From niuwi (“new”) + *al (“house, farmstead, holy place”).


meriswin

desc

Middle Dutch: mēerswijn, maerswijn, merswijn

Dutch: meerzwijn

From Proto-West Germanic *mariswīn. Equivalent to meri (“sea”) + *swīn (“pig”). Cognate with Old High German meriswīn (“dolphin”). Compare also Dutch zeevarken (“porpoise”), from zee (“sea”) + varken (“pig”).


fethera

fethera (nominative singular)
fetheron (nominative plural)
-a (nominative plural)
fethera (accusative singular)
fetheron (accusative plural)
-a (accusative plural)
fetheron (genitive singular)
fetherono (genitive plural)
fethero (dative singular)
fetheron (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: vedere

Dutch: veder, veer

Afrikaans: veer

→ Caribbean Javanese: pir

→ Indonesian: per (“spring”)

From Proto-West Germanic *feþru, from Proto-Germanic *feþrō. Related to Old High German fedara and Old Saxon fethara.

10th century CE, Die altmittel- und altniederfränkischen Psalmen und Glossen [The Old Middle and Old Low Franconian psalms and glosses];
In an getheke fetherono thinro mendon sal.

And under the cover of your feathers I will rejoice.

c. 900 CE, Oostnederrijns-Westfaalse paarden- en wormbezwering [Eastern Lower Rhine-Westphalian horse and worm excorsism];
Visc flot aftar themo uuatare. uerbrustun. sina uetherun.

The fish floated on the water; his fins tore.


frono

Inflected form of *frō (“lord”), from Proto-West Germanic *frauwjō (“lord”), from Proto-Germanic *frawjô (“lord”). Related to Old High German frōno (“of the lord”), Old English frēa (“lord”) and Old Norse Freyr.


lūt

From Proto-West Germanic *hleuþ, from Proto-Germanic *hleuþą (“sound”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-to-, derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- (“hear”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸 (hliuþ).


Meriwido

Middle Dutch: marwede
Dutch: Merwede

Compound of meri (“lake, sea”) + *widu (“wood”).


gehortha

gihōrtha (canonical neuter)
gihōrtha (nominative singular)
gihōrthin (nominative plural)
gihōrtha (accusative singular)
gihōrthin (accusative plural)
gihōrthin (genitive singular)
gihōrthono (genitive plural)
gehōrthin (dative singular)
gihōrthon (dative plural)


walacheri

Middle Dutch: walcheren

Dutch: Walcheren

→ English: Walcheren

Compound of *walc (“moist, humid”) + *heri (“sandy ridge”).

af

A former island in Zeeland, The Netherlands.


buoc

desctree

Middle Dutch: boec
Dutch: boek (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: book
→ Middle French: boucquain (via diminutive forms *boeckin, *boeckijn)
French: bouquin

From Proto-West Germanic *bōk, from Proto-Germanic *bōks. Related to Old High German buoh, Old English bōc and Old Saxon bōk.

Wi habbon that buok gelesan, anda hit was vilo guot.

We have read the (that) book, and it was very good.

Die altmittel- und altniederfränkischen Psalmen und Glossen [The Old Middle and Old Low Franconian psalms and glosses]; Between 900 and 1000 CE;
Fardiligon uuerthin fan buoke libbendero

Let them be blotted out of the book of the living (KJV)


thinc

thinc (nominative singular)
thing (nominative plural)
thinc (accusative singular)
thing (accusative plural)
thingis (genitive singular)
thingo (genitive plural)
thinge (dative singular)
thingon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: dinc
Dutch: ding
Afrikaans: ding
Berbice Creole Dutch: dinggi
Jersey Dutch: däng
Limburgish: dink, ding